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Brett Favre and the art of great timing
There are a million factors that fed the legend of Brett Favre.
His numbers and streaks, his good looks and charisma. His postseason awards and his charmed 1996 Super Bowl season. By the time of his third and final retirement in 2011, the media's adoration of the gunslinger had become so cliche that Frank Caliendo built a career on making fun of it. One reason typically gets ignored.
Brett Favre was peerless in a very literal sense.
Look at the state of the league in January 1998, probably the zenith of his career. At 28-years-old Favre had just finished his third MVP season. The Packers were the reigning champions, challenging for a repeat.
In the broader sense, the league's best quarterbacks are getting old. Dan Marino, Steve Young, and John Elway are all in their late-thirties. Warren Moon is 41. Troy Aikman's career is coming to a premature end due to concussions. In the last two drafts, only one quarterback has been taken in the first round: Jim Druckenmiller. Favre is simultaneously the league's best quarterback and best young quarterback.
Brett Favre picked the best possible time to be alive.
Born in 1969, Favre was in middle school when six quarterbacks were taken in the first round of 1983 draft. Four of them turned out to be longterm starters; three were elite; two of those went to the Hall of Fame and were still playing in 1998. That draft started a trend.
Throughout the next six years, good and great quarterbacks flooded the draft. The period produced five busts in Canton: Marino, Elway, Aikman, Young, and Warren Moon. Eight quarterbacks who entered the league during this period threw for at least 200 touchdowns in their careers.
If those years were the roaring twenties, then the day after Favre was taken in the 1991 draft was black Tuesday.
In the 1997 playoffs, half of the quarterbacks were younger than Favre, but they were a mediocre bunch. The best was Drew Bledsoe, who had been promising during his first few seasons, but who would never appear in another playoff game. Then there was Mark Brunell, a former back-up in Green Bay, who came to define the term "game manager" in Jacksonville. Of course, Kordell Stewart, a tantalizing athlete who never quite mastered the position, was a few years away from officially failing to live up to expectations. After that, it gets ugly.
Trent Dilfer, widely perceived to be the standard of how bad a quarterback can be and still win a Super Bowl. Elvis Grbac, who would replace him in Baltimore and prove that theory to be correct. Also, young Danny Kanell, who never achieved the status as a full-time starter during his brief six-year career.
There was no next generation behind Favre. In seven years, not a single future Hall of Fame Quarterback entered the league: the longest gap since 1949-1956.
Three types of quarterback tend to get the most media attention: rising stars, current greats, and aging legends. In every facet of his career, Favre had a near monopoly on each basket.
Marino and Elway were tied at the hip. Young and Aikman battled for NFC dominance in the early 1990s. Even later iterations seemed to come in pairs and cross paths: Brady and Manning, Roethlisberger and Rodgers. On the other hand, Favre had no nemesis. He beat Bledsoe in 1997, and that seemed to settle the debate.
The drafts from 1990 to 1997 look like a recession. There were outright busts (Heath Shuler, Andre Ware, Rick Mirer), mild disappointments (Dilfer, Jeff George) and even a few mild successes (Bledsoe and Steve McNair).
The end of the recession went straight into a boom. Kurt Warner, Todd Hasselbeck, and, most notably, Peyton Manning entered the league in 1998. The 1999 draft produced Donovan McNabb. Then Tom Brady came in 2000, Michael Vick and Drew Brees in 2001, Carson Palmer in 2003, Eli Manning, Philip Rivers, and Ben Roethlisberger in 2004, and finally Alex Smith and Aaron Rodgers in 2005. During that era, six of seven drafts produced a franchise quarterback.
This era will likely exceed the 1980s in Hall of Fame inductions. Warner has already been inducted. Peyton Manning, Brady, Brees, and Rodgers seem likely, with Eli Manning, Rivers, and Roethlisberger remaining possibilities.
The boom was mirrored by the rapid exit of the old guard. Elway retired after the 1998 season. Young and Marino followed the next year. Aikman, the youngest of generation, left in 2000.
That exodus meant that Favre, who was allowed to retain the status of being the best young quarterback in the league until age 28, took the mantle of being the best legacy quarterback at age 30. He went seamlessly from rising star to an aging generation of one.
For an entire decade, Favre was the only quarterback on retirement watch. He helped his case by remaining effective for nearly the whole time. However, it bears mentioning, that he did relatively little to expand his Canton resume after losing Super Bowl in 1998. He was a mainstay in the playoffs, but he never got past another NFC championship game.
Still, his retirements were massive stories. Since injuries had taken Young and Aikman and Marino's star had diminished slightly after years of mediocre Dolphins teams, the prospect of his retirement hung over the league in a way that hadn't happened since Elway a full decade before. It took five more years for Peyton Manning's decision to match the attention, and even then, it was mingled with a discussion of the potential retirement of Tom Brady.
That is the charmed life of Brett Favre: starting two years after Troy Aikman and seven years before Peyton Manning. In sports, timing is everything.


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This is my new blog, I hope it will develop over the coming weeks into something somebody somewhere might want to read occasionally.
I am English but have lived in the South of France for the past 41/2 years so if anybody is in the same position – or wants to be! – let's chat. There are various aspects of life here that are challenging but also wonderful. Probably the most challenging thing is moving here with children and all that involves, schools, health, language problems, etc. My girls are 16 and 14 now so are going through the 'secondary school' level of education.
We also brought our animals out with us but have since, mysteriously, acquired more. We have dogs, cats, chickens and, at one time, had an edible dormouse or 'Loire' but he is no more although we didn't eat him!
My husband works most of the time in the U.K. , returning most weekends, so that is another challenge which we had to face as a family but has now become the norm.
I spend my time driving my girls to school, friends, etc., walking dogs, and creating lots of things. I have a sort of compulsion which means I need to have some project on the go at all times. I've tried most crafts but my favourite things are to do with fabric and I love making things for the home, for gifts, for friends. I also like doing re-upholstery and often look out for old chairs that need some attention.

subset: commoncrawl


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Food & Wine Matching
Sometimes we just need a bit of dinner inspiration. Try one of our favorite recipes, crafted specifically to pair with our red and white wines. Browse our wine pairing recipes by looking at the dish or the type of wine you'd like to serve, and ta-da - dinner inspiration is yours! From ideal Pinot Grigio pairing to diverse wine matching, we have recipes with red and white wine to fit every occasion.
Pinot Grigio
Italian Pinot Grigio Wine – Ecco Domani 2015
Ecco Domani Pinot Grigio wine offers light citrus and delicate floral aromas, tropical fruit flavors and a crisp, refreshing finish. Try matching our Pinot Grigio wine with light pastas, poultry and fish.See Recipes
Merlot Wine – Ecco Domani 2015
Ecco Domani Merlot wine is medium-bodied with ripe cherry aromas and plush blackberry flavors. Looking for new ideas for food and wine matching? This wine matches well with a variety of dishes, such as tomato-based pastas, poultry, grilled steak, and risotto.See Recipes


text: I run an online league on xpert11. My league has vacancies, so if you like things like football manager then this will be right up your street. Please follow the link to my advert. All are welcome and it's FREE http://www.xperteleven.com/leagueInf...id=113363&dh=3 6 divisions of 8 teams, with 12 VIP prizes available for everyone to win. Whether you are a long term member of Xpert or new to the game, you are more than welcome to join us. We have managers from all over the world awaiting your challenge. Can you compete with the best? Choose from the teams currently available or join us with a brand new team. ALL ARE WELCOME. Sign up and show us what you've got Many thanks for looking


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Wonderful Wall Decor Bathroom Bathroom Wall Decor Kids Handprints Craft Ideas Pinterest - The Wall Decor Bathroom is a practical space that is mostly concentrated on the best ways to ideal maximize the little area in it, yet there is no factor whey it must not be very ornamental too. Often times all you require is seeing those used low-cost yet cute things that can add great deals of personality and also sophistication to the space. Inspect out various garage sale, public auctions, second hand shops and also especially antique markets for embellishing ideas.
When you are following remodeling your shower room, rather than buying the common sinks that everybody including your neighbor has, why do not you obtain some elegant and also different sink kinds such as vintage pedestal sinks at various garage or garage sale. Occasionally you can truly good luck out with a beautiful item merely since the family members is removaling away and also they truly require to offer out. Having a gorgeous large old style sink can add great deals of personality to any type of shower room.
If you can't discover a sink that you like, you can also make it look vintage by including antique accessories and also antique fixtures made from cast iron.
A idea I have reviewed in a magazine a while back was to add rubber bike tires as mirror structures. Currently this is a idea that I wouldn't have believed in a million years around. All you require is two round low-cost mirrors from your neighborhood store - nevertheless see to it to initial action the diameter to fit inside the tires well. Include two of these mirrors on the wall surface simply over your new old made style sink and also you'll see the distinction in your shower room currently, and also you have hardly begun with the redecoration. Also obtain some steel bars and also shelves that you can comfortably position on your wall surface beside your new posh mirrors over your sink, and also the look will be absolutely vintage and also special. Additionally you can quickly obtain antique stained glass home windows that not just guarantee your personal privacy yet also revive your shower room to a vintage style that was very popular in the 1920s.
Don't neglect that washrooms are spaces with a high level of web traffic everyday so stay clear of buying extremely fragile things that are quickly breakable. If you are installing a vintage tap, you may require to employ a specialist plumber because they have other fittings than the common modern-day taps and also sinks.
Wonderful Wall Decor Bathroom Bathroom Wall Decor Kids Handprints Craft Ideas Pinterest image below is part of the best post in the Bathroom, Uploaded on September, 3 2016 by admin. You can see a gallery of wallpaper other Types of Bathroom, at the bottom of the Wonderful Wall Decor Bathroom Bathroom Wall Decor Kids Handprints Craft Ideas Pinterest pictures. Get segments interesting article about Bathroom, that may help you. Here we post about Wonderful Wall Decor Bathroom Bathroom Wall Decor Kids Handprints Craft Ideas Pinterest, we hope you enjoyed it.


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Viewed products
Customizable models of flyers or...
New product
Customizable models of flyers or brochure. Leaflets and brochures online editor. Create your flyer or brochure with your own changes, free, fast and easy.
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|Print Dimensions
|A4 (210 x 297 mm) (8.3 x 11.7 inch)
|Orizontal (Landscape)
|two bendings
|Final Dimensions
|100 x 210 mm (3.9 x 8.3 inch)
Flyers (Brochure) - Abstra 2
Z fold
Customizable flyer/brochure. Make your own changes: edit the text, change the font, replace the colors, add your logo and photo, save and download, for free.
! to edit press " Customize this design " button.
! after edit you can download by pressing " Download PDF " button.
• you can reset the design by pressing " Create another one " button.
• you can see all your projects at your ACCOUNT PAGE.
You can edit all elements in your design; the text font, color and position, the background color or image, all the other images, you can chose from your Facebook or Instagram account what image you want or upload from your device.
If need help we are here for you, contact us thru "online chat" (you can find the chat at bottom-right on your screen), or thru Contact form. If we are not online we try to answer your questions and to help you as soon as possible!
The flyers and brochures (printed on paper or in electronic format, usualy a pdf file) are a form of advertisement or promotional documents for distribution and posted or distributed in a public place, handed out to individuals or sent through the mail. The printed formats can have one face or both faces printed, and can be folded.
Si nu numai....
excelent design
Imi place designul, complex dar curat.
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Sowing the seed: an exhortation to prayer
NOTES BY SR.VALERY O.P FROM A COMMUNITY RETREAT given by Fr. Benedict Jonak O.P Friday Feb.26 2018
Prayer, Fr.Benedict began, is essentially something for spiritual beings: angels and ourselves. Creation as a whole praises God by being the beautiful, ordered thing it is. It praises, but it does not pray. Only spiritual beings, gifted with intellects, are able to communicate with their Maker, are invited, through the sacrifice of Jesus, God's Son, even to be friends of God. Christian prayer is IN JESUS and we offer our prayer with Jesus.
This, I think, was the key motif of the day. We pray "through Him and with Him and in Him" in the Holy Spirit of adoption. It is as 'sons in the Son', as adopted in Christ and Baptized in his name, that we can call God 'Abba, Father' and know that we will be answered. We must 'educate our hearts' to understand and pray prayer 'in Christ'. We use words to pray, as we must, but in the end words are not what is important; what is important is the orientation of our hearts, our one-ness with Christ in his sacrificial offering; our understanding that in him we pray in the true 'Temple of the Lord'. We were introduced to an ancient latin hymn which begins: "Cultor Dei memento..", translated "Servant of God remember..". Fr. Benedict explained that the exact translation of 'cultor' is not 'servant', but cultivator, or farmer or gardener. Christ in the garden after the resurrection was taken to be the gardener and it is a very appropriate title; he is indeed the gardener, the cultivator of the Kingdom of Heaven. Christ is the Head Gardener, but he has invited and enabled his followers to work with him, to be 'cultivators' of the Faith among their fellow human beings. There is something very comforting about this analogy of farming, of cultivating, as Fr Benedict showed when he took up this theme again in his sermon at Mass. The Gospel of the day's Mass introduced parables that liken the Kingdom of Heaven to 'seed' planted in the ground that "once it is sown (it) grows into the biggest shrub of them all". Seed lies in the ground and germinates and "of its own accord …produces first the shoot, then the ear, then the full grain in the ear. How (we) do not know"; it happens whether the 'cultivator' is awake or asleep. I remember how my father, who was a farmer, would in early spring time, walk out over the fields to see how the crops were coming on; was the new growth 'coming on'? Though bishops, teachers or preachers sow the Word of Faith and cultivate it, its growth and fruit bearing are outside their control: the Lord is always the Master of the harvest and we, while we are "workers in the vineyard" can rest in the certainty and comfort that He is in charge, not we. So what part does prayer play in this 'cultivating'? What is prayer for? In the first place, to achieve union with God, the "Lord of the vineyard". Christ's mission included our deification. Prayer in Faith, in Hope, in Love, transforms us and by means of this union we share in Christ's mission as "Cultor", praying for others, praying for unity "that we may all be one", Christ's great desire.


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TORRE PEDRERA certainly provides at least two practical advantages: it is quieter and safer than in Rimini. But at the same time, it is just minutes from the trendy resort of Italy and from all the attractions of the Adriatic Coast of Rimini.
The Adriatic coast of Romagna is famous worldwide for its sandy place to find all kinds of emotions. Lots of fun for a great holiday for everyone: for those who are traveling with family, who want to enjoy a quiet holiday by the couple, or those who want to live contrary to all the nightlife Romagna both day and night. And the Montmartre Apartments are located right on the seafront in Rimini at Torre Pedrera. From the terrace of your apartment you can enjoy a beautiful view of the Adriatic Sea.
Rimini's beaches are equipped with bathing establishments offer every kind of service: in addition to the classic and inevitable umbrellas with loungers for sunbathing, there are launge café to enjoy pre-dinner drinks on the promenade to get ice cream or just a snack a drink, and restaurants where you can dance with your feet in the sand. And for sports enthusiasts, there are tennis rackets, basketball, beach volleyball and bocce. Among the many events that the Riviera of Rimini offers, in fact, there are those sports: have now become a milestone in the Riviera Beach Games, the Olympics of beach games that allow you to enjoy sporting events of the highest level directly by the sea.
The promenade of Rimini with its beaches and with the multitude of events that has become an occasion to meet: born loves and friendships, memories of a memorable evening took place right on our coast. It is probably the very feature of the beach, made of fine golden sand, is preferred by all, especially families with children. The little ones are in fact on our waterfront areas in which to enjoy without ever stopping because in most of the bathing establishments there are areas equipped for them with games of all kinds.
The promenade of Torre Pedrera in particular onto which the Montmartre Apartments is particularly safe for when you want to take a bath: it is protected by rows of rocks that make the water safe and protected against sudden current. Is shallow and disgradanti and this feature has the rest of the Adriatic Sea, a swimming school itself for generations of swimmers, both Italian and foreign.
Above all, every beach is protected by a lifeguard who constantly watches over tourists and monitors the water to be a fundamental reference point, becoming often a friend.
For walkers there is nothing better than to enjoy the beach in the morning when the sun rises on the Adriatic Sea: moments in which colors and ideas come together in a unique atmosphere, because most of the tourists still sleeping and waterfront with its beaches are almost deserted. In the evening, offers unique moments of relaxation, when the day begins to fade and return the breeze with the enchanting sound of the sea.
Montmartre Apartments offer all this in a unique holiday because Montmartre Apartments are on the sea in Rimini.


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Wall Mount - PIR Occupancy Sensor
-This Product is Obsolete
FeaturesWall Mounted Passive Infrared (PIR) Occupancy Sensor accurately detects occupancy and automatically switches lighting on and off as needed. This sensor is wall or ceiling mounted for superior motion detection.
The PIR Occupancy Sensor has 3 interchangeable lenses for custom coverage patterns. The Wide Angle lens has a 2500 square foot coverage area when the sensor is mounted 8 feet high, the Long Range lens has a 102 linear foot coverage area @ 10 ft. high and the High Bay lens has a 54 linear foot coverage area @ 30 ft. high. With a 110 degree field of view the these sensors are ideal for warehouse, business and office settings.
Wall Mount PIR Occupancy Sensors also incorporate an integral light level sensor to prevent lighting from switching On when sufficient ambient light is present, such as is commonly found in windowed areas.
- 2500 sq. ft. coverage area @ 8 ft. 110 degree field of view
- Light Level Sensing (from 0.5 to 250 foot-candles)
- Adjustable Time Delay (pre-set time delays from 15 seconds to 30 minutes)
- Isolated Relay
- Red and green LED motion indicators
- Manual Bypass
- Front located adjustment access cover
- UL/cUL Listed


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1. What time period is covered by the book?
From Roman times to the middle of the 13th century.
2. What city is the central subject of the book?
3. Prior to Roman conquest, what state is modern-day France in?
It is primarily wilderness, dotted by a few small villages.
4. Where do the burghers get their name?
From the cities they dwell in.
5. What is Latin for "a place where people congregate inside walls?"
(read all 180 Short Answer Questions and Answers)
This section contains 5,444 words
(approx. 19 pages at 300 words per page)


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Words Above AvatarInformation about how the forums and the official website operate, etc. Post here if you're having trouble and want an admin/moderator to see!
Moderator: David
9 posts • Page 1 of 1
Words Above Avatar
Hey i was just wondering, what does the song name above peoples avatars actually mean? is it something to do with the number of posts they have? I'm confused
The words above the avatar's are calling 'rankings', your 'rank' depends on how many posts you've made to the forum. Here's the list of rankings...
Supersonic 50
Mr Moon 500
Space Cowboy 1000
Starchild 2000
Dynamite 3000
Runaway 5000
Anyway hope that makes sense
yup! i went from about 20 to nearly 200 in 2 or 3 days. take part in some of the more active topics. always helps
haha that's called post boosting!
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Goods Vehicle Operator's LicenceNotice ID: SW4321590
Goods Vehicle Operator's Licence
Mr R Tayler trading as RJT Groundworks Services Ltd. of 20 Nursteed Close, Devizes, Wiltshire SN10 3EU is applying for a licence to use Lodge farm Poulshot Road, Poulshot, Devizes SN10 1RQ as an as an operating centre for 1 goods vehicles and 0 trailers.
Owners or occupiers of land (including buildings) near the operating centre(s) who believe that their use or enjoyment of that land would be affected, should make written representations to the Traffic Commissioner at Hillcrest House, 386 Harehills Lane, Leeds, LS9 6NF, stating their reasons, within 21 days of this notice. Representors must at the same time send a copy of their representations to the applicant at the address given at the top of this notice. A Guide to Making Representations is available from the Traffic Commissioner's office.


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A Self-Love reflection from Julie
I love how I feel stronger and more in-tune with my body every day. As I start to increase my strength training and yoga, and take on new fitness challenges like spinning and running a half-marathon, I am amazed at how strong and able my body feels. It is driving me to listen to my body and figure out what works best for me.
Do you like workin' your legs?
I have to admit I love my legs. I have really big, muscular calves and there are times when I've had people stop me and say 'I love your calves'. I used to be self-conscious of my calves…but now I LOVE them.
I woke up this morning and thought 'Just go to the gym and you'll feel so much better.' I was inspired by Cynthia who was inspired by IowaGirlEats. When I read throught IGE's 'workout' section..I knew that LEGS it was today.
Legs A Burnin' Everything three times through
- Plie Squats
- x20 normal x10 pulses
- (w/ 12.5kg/25lbs barbell on your shoulders)
- x20 normal x10 pulses
- Lunges
- x20 normal x10 pulses each side
- (w/ 6kg/12lb weight in one hand)
- x20 normal x10 pulses each side
- Exercise ball hamstring pull ins
- x20
- Leg Side Shooters
- x25 each side
- (w/ 4kg/8lb weight on leg that is lifting)
- x25 each side
- Chair squats
- x20 normal x 10 pulses
- (w/ 4kg/8lb weight)
- x20 normal x 10 pulses
I felt like I had lactic acid pumping straight into my muscles…amazing! I always ALWAYS feel better once I workout. I have to admit when I was looking at myself today I was a bit disappointed with the way my body looked. However, with each leg pump, sweaty lunge, kicker that annoyance/frustration left.
I came home and powered up with some cereal. 1 c. rice krispies, 1 c. Special K, 1/2 c. raisin bran and 1 banana.
Normally I would have gone back for more, but I just am going to sit on one serve and see how I feel.
Which leg workout do you love to hate, hate to love? What other part of your body do you like to work?


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Boris Johnson: I'll continue to speak my mind
The politician has previously come under fire for his handling of the imprisonment of British-Iranian citizen Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe.
Boris Johnson has defended his record as foreign secretary and mayor of London, pledging to be a politician "who sticks by what (he) believes in".
Apologising for upset caused by gaffes during his tenure, the Tory leadership candidate said he did not enjoy offending people but also claimed the public deserve a prime minister who speaks their mind.
The politician has previously come under fire for his handling of the continuing incarceration of British-Iranian citizen Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe, and when he labelled Burka-wearing Muslim women "letterboxes".
I will continue to speak my mind because I think people deserve to hear what's going on in my head Boris Johnson
In an interview with the BBC's political editor Laura Kuenssberg, Mr Johnson said: "What I pledge to, you know, and what I think the people of this country want to hear is, I will be a politician who sticks by what I believe in.
"Yes occasionally I may say things as I've said before, that cause offence, and I'm sorry for the offence and I'm sorry for the offence I caused, but I will continue to speak my mind because I think people deserve to hear what's going on in my head."
The current favourite to be the next Prime Minister also denied being careless with the truth when probed about his tenure as foreign secretary from 2016 to 2018.
Referring to Mrs Zaghari-Ratcliffe, Mr Johnson said: "I think of course people will want to point the finger of blame at me if they possibly can, but actually all that does is serve to exculpate, lift the blame of the people who are really responsible, who are the Iranian Revolutionary Guard.
"And if you look, talk about overachieving in the Foreign Office, we were told that we had to orchestrate, and we did, an international response to the poisonings by Russia in Salisbury, and we thought we would be lucky to get 30 Russian spies expelled around the world in support of the UK by other countries.
"We actually got 153 spies expelled around the world; I don't think there's ever been a diplomatic coup like."
"So don't look at what people say about me, look at what I actually deliver," he added.
Mr Johnson has previously dodged interviews during his campaign to be prime minister, including taking part in head-to-head television debates until after ballot papers have gone out to party members.
In an article in the Times, Jeremy Hunt accused Mr Johnson of cowardice, saying a new prime minister needed the "legitimacy" of having arguments subjected to proper media scrutiny.
Asked for his response to being called a "coward" by his rival, Mr Johnson said: "Look you know I just always invoke the 11th commandment of Ronald Reagan which is 'thou shalt never speak ill of a fellow conservative'."


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Christine has had more than 40 solo exhibits.
Her 2019 solo exhibit entitled FOUND BEAUTY will run from February 12 to March 3, 2019 at The Arts Centre at Cedar Hill, 3220 Cedar Hill Road, Victoria, BC.
A previous solo exhibit in April 2017 was entitled SOLILOQUY on CANVAS. Many pieces from both the current and previous shows are on this website.
Many collectors will associate Christine's originals with the Gallery at Sooke Harbour House. After continuous representation since 1998, sales of more than eighty originals and one hundred and fifty reproductions, due to issues with current management, she has reluctantly discontinued representation by that Gallery.
Contact information:
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Telephone: (250) 592-3525
Address: 1951 Woodley Road,
Victoria, B.C. Canada V8P 1K4


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Dummi Lewczyszyn is a visual artist based in Brno, Czech Republic. She started her creative career at an early age, the camera is in her hand from the beginning. For several years she worked as a model, then decided to stay behind the lens. Thanks to modeling experience she can work with models and create a pleasant atmosphere while photoshoot. She takes professional photographs since 2016.
Her work is characterized by purity and simplicity. She devotes mainly to black and white photography. In the photographs she captures the natural beauty of every model in a simple way.
In addition to fashion and portrait photography, she also focuses on product photography (portfolio on request), interior photography and events. She is open to any collaboration.
Clients & references
- Rebelion store Brno, fashion store
- Anouk de Poulain, fashion designer
- Karolina Dvorakova, fashion designer
- Adela Mitrengova, fashion designer
- Ell Koukalova, blogger
- ZAELBETH, singer
- by.Ann Jewelry, designer
- Alesbary, fashion designer
- NEST interier, interior design
- Grey, fashion concept store
- SALONc4, custom tailor
- Fabrik Urban House, café
- La Chévre & Le Chaton, cosmetics
- Brno design Days
- Yo Soy, designer
- Karma Eating
- Fashion MAP
- The Book Magazine
- Grand Garbage


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Sudden influxes of new contributors to online communities can cause apprehension and resentment among existing members, potentially leading to the displacement of existing members by newcomers. We analyze the impact of a sudden influx of new contributors to r/TwoXChromosomes, an online community in which the experiences and perspectives of female-identified individuals are discussed. Though we find evidence of a small displacement effect, other factors, such as the passage of time and the 2016 U.S. presidential election, have far larger impacts on the retention of existing contributors. We also find that after the influx, discussion topics shifted temporarily toward general statements about women and men, followed by a lasting shift away from appearance-related topics toward topics relating to motherhood. In sum, the evidence suggests that in this particular case, fears of displacement by a sudden influx of newcomers are exaggerated, and that technology designers, users, and online community managers should consider the impact of a wider variety of factors when considering how to maintain cohesive online communities.
Over the past decade, anonymous, topic-oriented discussion communities have enjoyed significant growth. Nowhere is this growth more evident than among the topic-oriented discussions hosted on Reddit, a Web site and mobile application that allows registered users to create topic-oriented discussion groups (i.e., 'subreddits'), engage in discussions, and vote on content and comments to increase or decrease their subsequent visibility. Since 2008, Reddit has grown from several hundred subreddits with a cumulative total of several hundred thousand comments posted per month to over one million subreddits with, cumulatively, over 100 million comments posted per month (pushshift.io, 2018).
In addition to growth in the number of subreddits, many individual subreddits have grown significantly in terms of the number of contributors to discussions. This 'community-level' growth can be framed in positive ways: as democratization of a medium formerly reserved for a privileged few, or as necessary for survival in competitive marketplaces of attention. However, many contributors to online communities view growth with a degree of apprehension (Grossman, 1997), characterizing newcomers as unwelcome outsiders or interlopers (Buyukozturk, et al., 2018). Chief among the fears of long-time contributors is the fear that new contributors will displace existing contributors. Even in online spaces that do not have limitations that constrain the number of members of communities, displacement can result from growth. One potential process by which such displacement occurs relates to interests and perspectives of the community evident in comments posted by users. As new members contribute to discourse, the topics and/or tenor of discussions change in such a way that existing members no longer feel that participation is worthwhile. Though there is evidence that long-time contributors to online discourse view new contributors as a potential threat to the integrity of online communities (Boero and Pascoe, 2012; Honeycutt, 2005; Yeshua-Katz, 2016), researchers have yet to use large-scale quantitative analyses to examine the phenomenon of displacement as it relates to changing patterns of participation and qualities of expressions in an online community.
The present study explores this phenomenon through an analysis of growth, commenter displacement, and the topics of discourse in TwoXChromosomes, a subreddit dedicated to discussions 'relevant to the existence and/or experience of girlhood, from any perspective' (TwoXChromosomes, 2018). TwoXChromosomes (2XC) is an ideal community in which to study interrelations of growth, contributor displacement, and topics of discourse because of how the size of the community (i.e., the number of commenters) varied over the course of its nine-year history. After three years of steady growth and two years of stagnation, 2XC experienced a sudden influx of commenters in May of 2014, trebling in size overnight. This sudden growth was largely the result of the website adding the subreddit to the list of 'default' subreddits that are seen by all new users. By examining whether or not commenters who contributed to 2XC's discourse prior to May 2014 remained after this event, we provide evidence that speaks to the questions of whether sudden growth necessarily comes at the expense of existing community members, and how sudden growth affects qualities of discussions. Additionally, we contribute to the study of all online communities by introducing a novel means of analyzing online community growth.
Situating TwoXChromosomes within the context of Reddit
Before proceeding, it is necessary to describe several attributes of Reddit that are relevant to questions of community growth and its effects on discourse. In contrast to other popular social media platforms such as Facebook, Reddit does not foreground users' identities or levels of experience or expertise. Though the site has made recent efforts to add functionality similar to social networking websites such as the ability to follow another user's posts and comments, Reddit has more closely resembled a collection of discussion boards for most of its history. As such, Reddit is less of a way to connect to other individuals and more a way to distribute and access content and a venue for discussions.
Subreddits are public by default, meaning that any registered user can contribute content or comments. Newcomers need not petition a moderator in order to contribute, nor do they need to join, follow, or subscribe to a subreddit to post or comment. The size of subreddits such as 2XC (which, prior to the time it was added to the default subreddits in May 2014, possessed 8,506 unique contributors per month) and the difficulty of determining a user's prior contributions make the process of 'gatekeeping' — preventing certain types of newcomers from joining discourse — more difficult than is the case in many smaller online and off-line communities. Whereas existing users of many online communities present newcomers with a variety of barriers or boundaries to gaining acceptance (Gallagher and Savage, 2015; Yeshua-Katz, 2016), Reddit's relative openness and increasing popularity make such 'boundary work' difficult.
The visibility of posts and comments on Reddit is determined by other registered users, who may 'upvote' or 'downvote' each post or comment. Content and comments are typically sorted by the number of upvotes minus the number of downvotes received. This sorting mechanism has the effect of flattening Reddit's hierarchy [1] — experienced users' votes are worth no more than those of newcomers — while providing another means by which large influxes of newcomers can change discussions. In addition to simply contributing comments to discussions, newcomers may upvote comments that reflect their preferences and sensibilities. Commenters who receive fewer upvotes are less likely to have their comments seen by other users, and may feel less motivated to contribute in the future (Halavais, 2009). It is thus through their voting power that large groups of newcomers may affect subsequent discourse in subreddits such as 2XC.
Just as it is relatively easy to contribute to any given subreddit, it is relatively easy to start new subreddits. There are no special qualifications one must possess in order to create a subreddit, though attracting and retaining enough users to regularly contribute the engaging content or commentary necessary to sustain subreddits is difficult. In the cases of 2XC and other subreddits that experienced sudden influxes of newcomers and/or changes to moderation rules, long-time contributors have created 'splinter subreddits' (e.g., r/TrollXChromosomes) that respond to a perceived demand for content and comments reflecting the interests of users prior to the change in contributorships or rules. Such splinter subreddits may allow existing contributors to retain access to the types of content and discussions to which they've become accustomed even after abandoning the original subreddit, decreasing the cost of leaving and increasing the likelihood of displacement.
Having established the relative ease with which contributors may enter and leave the online discussion communities of Reddit, we now briefly survey extant research on the reactions of existing contributors to sudden influxes of newcomers to online discourse.
Eternal Septembers
Sudden influxes of new contributors to online communities are not uncommon. Usenet, one of the first collections of open online discussion-based communities, experienced such influxes every September, when college students who could not otherwise access the Internet would join the group in large numbers. In 1993, the popular Internet service provider America Online provided its users with access to Usenet, resulting in a significantly larger influx of new contributors. Many new contributors, including users who posted frequent business solicitations (i.e., 'spam'), stayed, leading some users to refer to the influx as an 'Eternal September' (Grossman, 1997). Long-time members of the Usenet communities lamented the influx, observing that the new contributors had changed the character of the community via their contributions to the discussions (Grossman, 1997; Kiene, et al., 2016).
Since then, many online communities have recognized the disruptive power of a sudden influx of newcomers and dealt with its consequences. Newcomers can disrupt experienced users' sense of the continuity of online communities, either due to newcomers' earnest unfamiliarity with community norms or as a result of newcomers' deliberate attempts to disrupt or change those norms (Kraut, et al., 2012). There is also the sense, among many experienced members of online communities, that newcomers lack the level of commitment required to continually post the substantive contributions that are online communities' lifeblood (Kraut, et al., 2012). These beliefs about the influence of newcomers have been borne out in several empirical studies. In the context of Wikipedia, a collectively created knowledge repository, newcomers were found to be more likely to vandalize pages (Adler and Alfaro, 2007). Massa's (2017) study of Anonymous, a diffuse online community which migrated across a variety of message boards and platforms for over a decade, demonstrated a link between a rapid influx of new visitors and a shift away from conversations about free speech toward other activism-related topics (e.g., human rights) [2].
Specific attributes of Reddit have precipitated sudden influxes of newcomers to various subreddits. New Reddit users are shown content from a collection of subreddits. Once registered, users have the ability to curate the subreddits that appear on their home page. The subreddits that comprise the uncurated lists of content are known as 'default' subreddits. The default subreddit are a kind of entry point for new users; the list of default subreddits have been changed by Web site administrators periodically (https://www.reddit.com/r/defaults/top/?t=all) before being phased out in 2017 (Social Media Week, 2017). When a subreddit was added to the list of defaults, its exposure to new Reddit users increased and the number of contributors to its discourse typically increased as well (Lin, et al., 2017).
The impact of contributions of newcomers on an online community can be assessed in a variety of ways. Previous studies have used grounded theory, in-depth interviews, and ethnographic methods to assess community members' subjective experiences of such changes (e.g., Kiene, et al., 2016; Massanari, 2014; Rivera and Cox, 2016). Relevant to the focus of the current study, Lin and colleagues (2017) examined three outcomes relating to sudden influxes of newcomers to 10 subreddits: existing users' subjective responses to new content (manifest by complaint comments in response to newcomers' comments); the topic specificity of content of comments (i.e., specifically, whether or not the topics of comments posted by newcomers tended to be less distinct from the topics posted on Reddit generally); the tendency of newcomers to comment on a smaller proportion of content. Most relevant to the research questions addressed in the present study, they did not find evidence that sudden influxes of new commenters caused discussion topics to change in relation to the topics generally addressed on Reddit at large.
In this study, we build on this existing body of research on the impact of newcomers to online topic-oriented discussion communities by examining two facets of change. Additionally, we are interested in the extent to which changes, should they exist, are temporary or lasting. By taking a wide view of the community and examining nearly a decade of discourse on 2XC, we speak to these questions directly. Our research questions, stated below, are intended to address the concerns of community members and to take into account both the collective makeup of contributors to discourse (who is speaking) and the content of discourse (what is being said):
RQ1a: Did the sudden influx of newcomers to 2XC in May 2014 displace existing contributors?
RQ1b: If a displacement effect occurred, did it last?
RQ2a: In what ways, if any, did the topics of discussions change in response to the addition of 2XC to the defaults?
RQ2b: If a change occurred, did the prevalence of particular topics persist over time?
For the purposes of this study, we accessed a publicly accessible database containing all comments posted on Reddit from 2005 to 2018 (pushshift.io, 2018). We used SQL and Python code to assess the variables outlined in the following sub-sections. The database structure allows us to determine the usernames of contributors to 2XC for each month. It also allows us to sample comments made in 2XC each month. We examined usernames of contributors and comment samples from the first month of 2XC's existence, July 2009, to July 2018. Thus, the sample included 58 months of data prior to the point in time at which 2XC was added to the default subreddits (May 2014), and 51 months including and after this point in time. The unit of analysis is one month.
Number of unique monthly commenters
To speak to the question of the degree to which the total number of contributors to 2XC's discourse increased immediately after its addition to the default subreddits, the total number of unique commenters in each month from July 2009 to July 2018 was assessed through a database query (M = 14860.49; SD = 8803.18).
Commenter cohort retention and commenting frequency
To assess the balance of contributions during a given month from individuals who contributed prior to May 2014 ('existing contributors') and those who began contributing in or after May 2014 ('newcomers'), we developed two novel means of assessing the levels of experience of commenters to 2XC in a given month. This was done chiefly to address the ways in which simply lumping all existing contributors together fails to reflect two key aspects of their status within the community: when they began contributing to discussions on 2XC (i.e., what commenter cohort they belonged to) and how frequently they contributed to discussions on 2XC (i.e., their commenting frequency). By taking into account the proportion of contributors in a given month from particular commenter cohorts and particular commenting frequency levels, we can create a more nuanced picture of the aggregate levels of experience among commenters in a given month. We developed a database query script that yielded the following information about each month of contributors of comments in 2XC: the number of contributors who had posted X number of previous months in 2XC (commenting frequency of contributors to 2XC for a given month) and the number of contributors from each prior commenter cohort.
Cohort retention rate
From month to month, each commenter cohort retains a percentage of its original size. For example, a cohort in which all commenters returned to comment in the subsequent month would have a retention rate of 100 percent, while a cohort in which half of the commenters returned to comment in the subsequent month would have a retention rate of 50 percent. In order to determine whether or not, or to what extent, existing contributors were displaced by newcomers, we must determine whether or not the retention rate of pre-May-2014 cohorts declined significantly immediately after May 2014. Retention rates were assessed by dividing the number of contributors from a given cohort during a given month by the original size of the cohort.
To account for the fact that cohorts may diminish in size over time, we created a variable that reflects the order in which a given month occurred in the history of the commenter cohort. By controlling for order, we can further isolate the unique contribution of the addition to the defaults on the cohort retention rates of pre-May-2014 cohorts.
Discussion topics
There are a variety of means by which to determine topics of discussions in online communities. Many content analyses of online discussion communities employ human coders (e.g., Gerstenfeld, et al., 2003), an approach which has the advantage of human understanding of context clues that may be absent from automated approaches. The disadvantage to this approach is that it renders the coding of large sets of content, such as the ones in the present study, impractical. Despite their limitations (e.g., inability to determine meaning in context to the extent that humans are capable), automated approaches to analyzing content can provide some basic insight into changing patterns within large sets of content (Lewis, et al., 2013).
Each month, hundreds of thousands of comments are posted to 2XC. So as to expedite the data analysis process, samples of 1,000 comments were downloaded for each month from July 2009 to July 2018 from the database. Comments were chosen by assigning all comments in the month a number, and then selecting numbers at random as a criterion for inclusion in the sample. These samples were then analyzed using Leximancer software. Leximancer uses a 'semantic mapping' method to evaluate the co-occurrence of particular words in a body of text. The program uses a kind of virtual space in which to locate words in relation to one another. Words that frequently co-occur are placed closer together while words that do not frequently co-occur are places further apart. This means of representing words in a virtual space (i.e., semantic mapping) mimics the manner in which humans learn language (Lin, et al., 1991; Smith and Humphreys, 2006). Words that cluster together are referred to as a 'concept.' Leximancer assigns a name to each concept based on the most frequently occurring word in the cluster.
Leximancer has no a priori knowledge of meaning or language. Thus, it was necessary for us to evaluate the list of concepts derived from the comment samples and determine which of these could be meaningfully understood as discussion topics. Some words (e.g., 'control', 'things') do not, in and of themselves, reveal much about meaning or context, either because they can be used to refer to a wide variety of ideas (e.g., 'things') are can be used in a variety of ways (e.g., to lose 'control,' or to use birth 'control'). In analyzing each monthly set of comments, the program yields a list of concepts with coefficients that reflect the frequency with which the concepts occur in that set of comments. In the Appendix, we provide a list of all concepts derived from our complete set of 97 months of 1,000 comment samples, using bold type to denote concepts that were treated as discussion topics in our analysis.
Patterns in 2XC growth and commenter experience
Before addressing the question of 2XC commenter displacement in May 2014, it is important to establish the context in which such changes in commenter behavior were taking place. By examining changes over time to the overall number of 2XC commenters, commenter cohort size, cohort retention rates, and commenting frequency, we were able to establish a clear timeline of 2XC's history (see Figures 1–8). This history was marked by periods of growth and decline, both gradual and sudden.
Figure 1: Overall number of commenters to r/TwoXChromosomes, July 2009 — July 2018. Note: Larger version of Figure 1 available here.
Figure 2: r/TwoXChromosomes July 2009 commenter cohort retention, July 2009 — July 2018. Note: Larger version of Figure 2 available here.
Figure 3: r/TwoXChromosomes Sept 2011 commenter cohort retention Sept 2011 — July 2018. Note: Larger version of Figure 3 available here.
Figure 4: r/TwoXChromosomes Feb 2012 commenter cohort retention Feb 2012 — July 2018. Note: Larger version of Figure 4 available here.
Figure 5: r/TwoXChromosomes May 2014 commenter cohort retention May 2014 — July 2018. Note: Larger version of Figure 5 available here.
Figure 6: r/TwoXChromosomes contributors who commented in five separate months. Note: Larger version of Figure 6 available here.
Figure 7: r/TwoXChromosomes contributors who commented in 10 separate months. Note: Larger version of Figure 7 available here.
Figure 8: r/TwoXChromosomes contributors who commented in 20 separate months. Note: Larger version of Figure 8 available here.
The first period, from July 2009 to December 2011, shows steady growth: the overall number of commenters increases from month to month and a greater number of commenters of varying levels of commenting frequency — from those who had commented in only two different months to those who had commented in 10 different months — were being retained. Near the end of this period, from September 2011 to January 2012, we see evidence of commenter cohorts that are especially 'loyal': a greater proportion of cohorts who joined the 2XC discussions return to comment in subsequent months than the cohorts that preceded them or those that followed in the next two and a half years. Commenting frequency data corroborate this finding: 10 months subsequent to October 2011, we see a high point for commenters who had commented in 10 previous months; 20 months subsequent to October 2011, we see a high point for commenters who had commented in 20 prior months; 30 months subsequent to October 2011, we see a high point for commenters who had commented in 30 prior months. This suggests that during this period, 2XC is adding additional commenters and more of these commenters are continuing to contribute to discussions than was the case during any other period in the subreddit's history.
Following this is a period of steady decline, from February 2012 to April 2014. The overall number of commenters declines, cohorts decrease in size, and the percentages of each of the cohorts who joined the 2XC discussions during this time period that are retained in subsequent months decline. Again, commenting frequency data are consistent with this pattern: there are steady declines across all commenting frequency levels in months subsequent to this period. This suggests that 2XC was not attracting new commenters at the rate at which it had previously, and that the few commenters that were joining were not especially loyal.
In May 2014, retention rates for previous cohorts increase temporarily, as a greater proportion of commenters from all previous cohorts participate in discussions than was the case in the months immediately prior to May 2014. There is also a sharp increase in the number of new commenters, as would be expected when the subreddit becomes visible to a large number of potential commenters. This cohort maintains a retention rate similar to the ones before it, despite the fact that it is several times as large as previous cohorts. In other words, May 2014 added a very large number of casual commenters who did not return, but also added a new core of loyal commenters that was proportional to its size, and therefore considerably larger than the loyal cores of previous smaller cohorts. Unlike the previous peak of loyalty in late 2011, this relatively high number of loyal commenters was maintained for many months, suggesting that in the months subsequent to May 2014, cohorts maintained a balance between large numbers of casual commenters who came and went, and sizable cores of loyal commenters who returned to comment in 5, 10, or 20 subsequent months.
In the first half of 2016, the number of unique commenters starts to grow significantly from month to month, reaching its apogee in January 2017 when 42,463 commenters contribute to 2XC discussions. This period coincided with the 2016 U.S. presidential election and its aftermath, an event that is significant to the interests of 2XC in several ways. The election featured the first female nominee of a major political party, and a Republican nominee who was known to have disparaged women and who, if elected, would likely nominate judges to the U.S. Supreme Court who opposed legal abortion. After Republican nominee Donald Trump was elected president in November 2016, women organized a protest march in Washington D.C., coinciding with Trump's inauguration.
In February 2017, there is a steep decline in participation at all experience levels and in all cohorts. The number of commenters to 2XC declined to levels just below May 2014–January 2016 levels, suggesting that a new baseline of commenters had been established in May 2014 (between 20,000–25,000 commenters per month), which was added to by 10,000–20,000 commenters whose interest in contributing to 2XC coincided with the 2016 election.
From March 2017 to July 2018 (the last month in the data set), the number of 2XC commenters gradually increases, as do the number of contributors at various commenting frequency levels. This suggests that subsequent to the conclusion of the 2016 election, 2XC has rebuilt a new core of loyal contributors while simultaneously accruing an increasing number of casual commenters who do not return.
Assessing displacement
To determine the extent to which newcomers to 2XC displaced existing commenters in May 2014, we isolated the effects of several factors on the percentage of commenters from a given cohort that were retained in the months following May 2014. First, we took into account the extent to which cohorts diminish over time. It is likely, given the forces of attrition, that months that come later in a cohort's history are likely to lower retention rates (Panek, et al., 2018). By controlling for the order in which a given month took place in the history of the cohort, we could account for this factor (order). Next, we controlled for the original size of each cohort (cohort size), as larger cohorts, we surmised, would be more likely to be comprised of casual commenters who were unlikely to be motivated to return. Additionally, we recognized that the 2016 election may have brought commenters from pre-May-2014 cohorts back into the fold, which might have negated any displacement effect occurring in May 2014. We also recognized that in May 2014, many commenters from pre-May-2014 cohorts returned to comment in May 2014 but then apparently left (most commenter cohorts show a spike in participation in May 2014 that declines immediately afterward). So as to isolate the displacement effect from these influences, we assessed the retention rates for cohorts from June 2014 to December 2015 and compared them to retention rates of those cohorts at other points in time. To facilitate comparison, we also made the number of months examined in each cohort equal to one another: we examined retention rates in the first 50 months of the 58 commenter cohorts originating between July 2009 and April 2014.
We entered three predictor variables in a linear regression equation: Order, Cohort Size, and whether or not a given month occurred in the 19 months subsequent to May 2014. The regression determined the extent to which each of these three variables contributed to variance in cohort retention rates.
Table 1: Regression results predicting monthly retention rates of commenter cohorts in r/TwoXChromosomes from July 2009 to July 2018.
Note: ***p<.001; n=2,900. Standardized coefficients are reported.
Model fit statistics: R2 = .65; Adjusted R2 = .68. Standard error of estimate = .05.
Dependent variable Percentage of commenters retained
Overall number of commenters in 2XC that month (i.e., cohort size) -.46 (.001)*** Order -.65 (.001)*** June 2014 December 2015/Other months -.10 (.002)***
Results of the analysis (see Table 1) show unique effects of all three predictor variables. Order was highly negatively correlated with retention rate (B = -.63, p < .001); the later a month occurred in a history of a cohort, the smaller the percentage retained. Cohort size was highly negatively correlated with retention rate (B = -.46, p < .001); in larger cohorts, a smaller percentage of commenters returned to comment in subsequent months. There was also a small post-May-2014 effect (B = -.10, p < .001), such that in the 19 months after May 2014, cohorts retained fewer commenters than they did during months prior to or following that time period.
Discussion topics
To examine possible changes in discussion topics, we present several charts depicting the frequency with which concepts were observed in the 97 1,000-comment samples (July 2009 — July 2018). For ease of comprehension, we divided the concepts into seven charts (Figures 9a–9h). Each chart groups together several concepts that are related in some way, part of a particular domain or theme. For purposes of brevity, we review the clearest changes in frequencies as revealed by these charts.
Figure 9a: Frequency with which gender-related topics occurred in 1,000-comment samples from r/TwoXChromosomes. Note: Larger version of Figure 9a available here.
Figure 9b: Frequency with which appearance-related topics occurred in 1,000-comment samples from r/TwoXChromosomes. Note: Larger version of Figure 9b available here.
Figure 9c: Frequency with which motherhood-related topics occurred in 1,000-comment samples from r/TwoXChromosomes. Note: Larger version of Figure 9c available here.
Figure 9d: Frequency with which sex-related or health-related topics occurred in 1,000-comment samples from r/TwoXChromosomes. Note: Larger version of Figure 9d available here.
Figure 9e: Frequency with which family-related or relationship-related topics occurred in 1,000-comment samples from r/TwoXChromosomes. Note: Larger version of Figure 9e available here.
Figure 9f: Frequency with which school-related or work-related topics occurred in 1,000-comment samples from r/TwoXChromosomes. Note: Larger version of Figure 9f available here.
Figure 9g: Frequency with which meta-discussion topics occurred in 1,000-comment samples from r/TwoXChromosomes. Note: Larger version of Figure 9g available here.
Figure 9h: Frequency with which belief-related or politics-related discussion topics occurred in 1,000-comment samples from r/TwoXChromosomes.. Note: Larger version of Figure 9h available here.
While some topics remain relatively consistent in their frequency over the entire observed period of time (sex; work), many other topics fluctuated in frequency over time. For example, topics relating to gender (see Figure 9a) are very frequent in the first stage of 2XC's development, become less frequent until October 2011, at which point they become somewhat more frequent until May 2014. At this point, the topics double or treble in frequency, suggesting a change in the use of gender terms that corresponded with the addition of new contributors. During this time, the topics 'sub' (typically used as an abbreviation of 'subreddit') and 'comment' both become more frequent for a brief period of time (see Figure 9g). Subsequent to this time period, gender topics gradually decline in frequency until late 2017, when they experience another brief surge in frequency.
Topics relating to appearance (see Figure 9b) appear to decline over time. In the case of one of these concepts — 'hair' — the change in frequency corresponds roughly, though not precisely, with the addition of 2XC to the default subreddits in May 2014. 'Hair' is a relatively common topic of discussion until February 2014, after which point it is not discussed. In addition to these appearance-related topics, the topic of 'friends' occurs considerably less frequently after May 2014 (see Figure 9e). Conversely, topics relating to motherhood become more frequent over time (see Figure 9c). The topics 'child/children' and 'birth' are discussed relatively infrequently until mid-2014, after which they become more consistently frequent topics of discussion. In late 2017/early 2018, these topics experience a strong surge in frequency. Also in late 2017/early 2018, there is a surge in the frequency of topics relating to matters of politics, religion, or ethics, all of which were not present in early months (see Figure 9h).
Taken together, the findings of this study suggest that the addition of 2XC to the default subreddits precipitated a range of changes to the community, some of which persisted for years, and some of which did not. There is evidence to suggest that more experienced users were displaced by newcomers; however, it must be stressed that this effect was very small (B = -.10). Many factors influence whether or not first-time contributors to 2XC's discourse return to comment again, not the least of which is time. As time passes, cohorts lose contributing members at a roughly hyperbolic rate. In nearly all of the cohorts examined, the majority of first-time commenters in any given month do not return to comment again. After two months have passed, more than 75 percent of the cohort typically have left. 2XC, like many online communities (Dabbish, et al., 2012; Davidson, et al., 2019), is in a continual state of renewal, losing all but a small core of, at most, a few hundred loyal commenters. These high turnover rates in online communities are not necessarily bad; Dabbish and colleagues (2012) find that high turnover can convey a sense of liveliness or activity that attracts newcomers, especially when community contributors share a sense of common identity. Though 2XC possesses a years-long history and a kind of 'cultural memory' that is preserved in its archived discourse, the relatively short duration of the average commenters' cycle of contributions makes it unlikely to be significantly disrupted by any particular event.
It is also important to recognize the context in which 2XC was added to the defaults. In April 2014, 2XC was not a flourishing community in the sense that it was not attracting as many new commenters as it once had, and the commenters that were joining at the time were less likely to return than had previously been the case. The addition to the defaults had a small displacing effect, but without the infusion of new, loyal commenters that it brought, it seems likely that the subreddit would have languished. In addition to the effect of the passage of time, a factor that is external to the subreddit — the 2016 U.S. election — had a profound-but-temporary effect on the community. Many existing contributors returned to discussions in 2016 or continued to participate for more months than would otherwise be expected. However, after the presidential inauguration in January 2017, retention rates for all cohorts dropped sharply. In fact, this sharp decline in cohort retention more closely resembled the expected displacement effect than the effect we observed. If any event signaled an exodus of existing, loyal commenters from 2XC, it was not the addition of 2XC to the default subreddits, but the end of the 2016 election and its immediate aftermath.
Keeping in mind that the vast majority of contributors from a given cohort do not continue to contribute for more than a few months, the persistence of popular topics reflects a kind of persistent community norm rather than the interests of particular users. Such persistently popular topics are indicative of commonalities between past contributors with the ones that replace them, a common identity linked to the venue rather than the transient groups of users that inhabit it. When topics become more or less popular, it suggests that the norm has shifted, and that the contributors who replace past contributors do not share some interests. Concurrent with the influx of newcomers to 2XC's discourse, the data show consistent frequency of some topics — such as sex, rape, and work — but changes in frequency in others — such as hair, friends, and children.
Gender topics (e.g., woman/women, man/men), which frequently occurred when the subreddit was first created and immediately after May 2014, correspond to periods of invention, or re-invention, in the history of 2XC. It is possible that such topics are discussed as the community establishes, and then re-establishes, its identity. As 2XC becomes more stable and the retention rates climb, perhaps the shared ideas about gender become 'taken for granted.' The nadir in the frequency with which these topics occurred corresponded to the high point of cohort retention rates (late 2011). Contributors are free to talk less about gender as an aspect of their identities or about women or men in the aggregate, and more about their interests and experiences.
Just as external events drive patterns of participation, so too do they influence topics of discourse. The changes in popular topics in late 2017 corresponds to the contentious nomination of Brett Kavanaugh to the U.S. Supreme Court. Kavanaugh was accused by multiple women of sexual assault or misconduct. It is likely that this event drove the discussion toward topics relating to law, sexual assault, and feminism. Additionally, surges in the frequency of topics relating to birth or children were likely a part of discussions of abortion, as Kavanaugh's confirmation as Supreme Court judge was seen by many as a likely precursor to the overturning of the laws protecting women's access to safe, legal abortion.
Overall, there is little evidence that the changes wrought by the addition of 2XC to the default subreddits permanently shifted the focus of the group away from the experiences and perspectives of women. Rather, after a relatively brief period of disruption, a new community of women with a different set of concerns, many of which reflect a kind of outward turn toward the political/public sphere, began to take root in 2015. Prior ethnographic research on 2XC conducted prior to addition to the defaults (Workman and Coleman, 2014) found that 2XC contributors viewed it as an inclusive 'safe space' where girls and women could be insulated from the hostile, male-dominated rhetoric of many other subreddits. Our findings suggest that 2XC remained a space for discussions relating to girls' and women's experiences after a sudden influx of newcomers, but that the topics of these discussions reflected a new set of interests. They suggest that despite the evoking of the single biological attribute of chromosomes in the title of the subreddit (r/TwoXChromosomes), contributors in 2XC's discourse express their identities in a range of ways. Popular discussion topics evoke motherhood or citizenship while eliding categories of race and class. While it is important to understand 2XC in the context of the gender power dynamic online, a dynamic which often replicates off-line inequities (Herring, 2003), it is equally important to recognize differences among female-identifying contributors and potential contributors, and to understand how those differences manifest themselves in popular topics of discussion in online communities such as 2XC. This study is intended to be understood as a case study. In its approach to understanding the impact of a sudden influx of newcomers to an online community, it examines a larger number of users for a longer duration than many qualitative studies of this phenomenon (e.g., Yeshua-Katz, 2016). Though previous studies have used case studies as a way to understand the impact of newcomers to online communities (e.g., Honeycutt, 2005), many of these case studies pre-date the widespread adoption of the Internet and the subsequent growth of online communities. The present study permits a better understanding of the effects of rapid growth in the era of widespread Internet and social media adoption.
This study is intended to serve as an example of how researchers might examine such changes over long periods of time, and not as a definitive account of displacement effects in all possible contexts. The content analysis for this study was rudimentary, and did not examine sentiment or context of usage or particular terms. Though we can be reasonably certain that contributors to 2XC discussed the topic of children more frequently subsequent to May 2014, we cannot know what they had to say about this topic without a more in-depth analysis. In-depth analysis of the content would do well to examine a portion of the comments using qualitative methods so as to better understand the meaning of the discourse and how it changed over time. Lastly, the study takes a narrow view toward community, ignoring the role of those who visit 2XC but did not contribute to its discourse. Further research could examine the experiences of these other users and determine whether the changes in discourse that followed May 2014 corresponded to a difference in readership of the comments.
While some online community members go to great efforts to attract new contributors, others are circumspect of the benefits they bring to the community. Through empirical research studies such as the present study, we may identify the types of changes that occur when a large number of new contributors join the discussions. This case study demonstrates an instance in which a topic-oriented online community remains robust long after such a sudden change, though changes to its discourse precipitated by this change appear to last. 2XC remained a place where Internet users could discuss the experiences and issues important to girls and women, but the analysis made it clear that different girls and women prefer to discuss different topics at different times. There is little evidence that the influx of newcomers forced women out, but there is evidence that the community became more outwardly focused in its wake, a trend that was reinforced by the election of Donald Trump and the appointment of Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court. Though there may be no recovering the earlier version of the community, its replacement appears no less legitimate.
About the authors
Dr. Elliot Panek studies the uses and effects of digital media from sociological and psychological perspectives. He has published research on the social dynamics of online communities, social media and narcissism, and media addiction.
Direct comments to: epanek [at] ua [dot] edu
Wyatt Harrison is an undergraduate student at the University of Alabama, studying management information systems.
E-mail: wvharrison [at] crimson [dot] ua [dot] edu
Jue Hou is a Ph.D candidate in the College of Communication and Information Sciences at the University of Alabama.
E-mail: jhou7 [at] crimson [dot] ua [dot] edu
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Concepts derived by Leximancer software from 1,000–comment monthly samples from July 2009 — July 2018 in the r/TwoXChromosome subreddit.
Note: Discussion topics are listed in bold.
able everyone issue pain Stop abortion everything issues parents stuff abortions experience job pay sub advice face kids people support alt-right fact law person sure agree family least place take anyone feel leave porn taking aren't feeling life post talk argument felt likely pro-life talking baby feminism live pregnancy tell bad feminist long pregnant things based female look probably thought believe friend looking problem time best friends love rape times better gender makes read told birth gets making real trump body girl male reason try boyfriend girls man religion trying care government matter religious understand case gt means relationship use change guy medical rights used child guys men risk usually children hair mind saying wanted choice happen money school wear comes happened mom seems week comment happy mother sense weight comments harassment months sex white completely having need sexual whole control home nice sister woman day hope old shit women different http op situation work doctor human opinion social world doing husband others society wrong down idea someone year equality important sorry instead sounds start
Editorial history
Received 25 June 2019; revised 15 August 2019; accepted 28 August 2019.
This paper is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Change by default: Exploring the effects of a sudden influx of newcomers on the discourse of r/TwoXChromosomes
by Elliot Panek, Wyatt Harrison, and Jue Hou.
First Monday, Volume 24, Number 10 - 7 October 2019
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v24i10.10143
A Great Cities Initiative of the University of Illinois at Chicago University Library.
© First Monday, 1995-2019. ISSN 1396-0466.


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text:
Other Korffing Web Sites - Clickable
Tuesday, November 15, 2011
Kal K. Korff EXPOSED AGAIN!!
The first time I heard of Kal Korff was when I
saw a video he had done called "Final Verdict: JFK's Murder Solved!" My having personally studied the JFK assassination for over a quarter of a century and having bought and read through a complete set of the 26 volumes of the Warren Commission and studied the findings of the House Select Committee on Assassinations, I wanted to know just how Kal Korff had managed to do what no one else had done, including two Government inquiries. Rather than to go into great depths of the fiasco pertaining to Korff's video on the Kennedy case – I'll just share a quick example of his inability or a lack of desire to learn the subject matter before making definitive
claims about something.
In the opening minutes of the 'Final Verdict: JFK's Murder Solved' video … Korff mentions a little girl in "red pants" who is seen on the Zapruder film. Korff then gives her name as Linda Kay Willis and tells us what she said about the shooting. Linda Kay Willis had testified before the Warren Commission. I should tell everyone that the girl Kal Korff is talking about seeing on the Zapruder film was Rosemary Willis, not Linda Kay Willis. Rosemary is Linda Kay's sister. Rosemary did not testify before the Commission, nor did either sister have on pants during the Kennedy assassination. Korff was in error because he did not know his subject matter well enough before trying to appear as an authority on it!
Kal Korff wrongly identifies the little girl in the Zapruder Film and mistook her for wearing pants
ahahahahahahahhhhaaa!!!!!!! There you have it lads! The work of "accredited investigative journalist" Kal K. Korff. hhhaaaahhaahaahahahahahahahahaa!!!!!!
19 comments:
The website that passage was quoted from can be found here
The JFK passage was being used as an example of how Kal Korff pronounces himself as an expert on various subjects while making fundamental errors on basic factual data readily available to any lay person. Let alone a "researcher" presuming a voice of authority on a subject, and the author's intent was to demonstrate that Kal Korff had made similar mistakes in his "expose" of the Patterson/Gimlin Bigfoot film. What Kal Korff apparently fails to comprehend is that getting basic factual information wrong undermines whatever argument he brings to a subject.
- November 15, 2011
Keep denying it all Korff.
You are lying.
We know it, and nearly every single one of your Face Book "friends" know this as well.
Not a single link posted EVER, pointing to a single newspaper which published dummies SYNDICATED .PDF's.
Keep crowing Korff.
We will not stop until you do.
Lying lair.
Kal Korff: Hi everyone, sorry to be so busy and not be on FB for some days, I've just been swamped. Here's the first of seven more articles I am honored to have published. I continue to laugh at my clueless "kritics" who lie and say they're not in the papers, soon there will be a video showing the newspaper, I even include in these reprints the actual article as it appeared. So when they claim this is not tr...ue or not happening, they lie of course, but I don't expect truth and objectivity from haters and extremists and CONspiracy nuts. None of my "kritics" are officially accredited members of the media, I am. They do not work for a newspaper and they're not syndicated by a media group. Instead, they're bozos, and I'm being extremely polite. :-)
- November 15, 2011
korff, you have no integrity, no honor, no self-respect, no right to even call yourself a man. you are a clueless buffoon, a moron, a pasty-faced chubby little turd. and!! those are your good aspects. just one question .. how do you even look at yourself in a mirror? providing, of course, you can afford a mirror. here in the US it will be Thanksgiving in a little over a week. are you traveling again to meet and dine with the troops? korff, you are a worthless piece of dog shit, human (maybe) debris,a waste of skin, fat, and air. how does it feel asshat?
- November 15, 2011
Kal, you should just wear a shirt that reads "please mock me. I beg you."
- November 15, 2011
A video ... showing the newspaper. The newspaper too, definite article, used at the same time with papers in the multiple, contradicting the claim simultaneously to making it. Why not just name the paper, papers, syndication agency or global media conglomerate? No need to make a video unless to fake it.
Remember the Majestic 12 documents? Photographs of pages so they couldn't be tested or evaluated in the first person or separately from the pictures. Sounds like that's what Kalvin is setting up. There's no need to make a video at all, just name the newspaper. We'll call them, or have someone find a copy to verify whether they publish articles by Kal Korff. Nothing else will satisfy those who are used to Kal Korff lying about his past, employment, education, etc.
What a tiring game. But then again its not important what we think about it here or even the Flake Book crew. The important sucker is whoever's sending Kalvin his rent money. This isn't about is, somebody out there is being snowed and it's pretty obvious who the likely pigeon is.
- November 16, 2011
This isn't about US, somebody out there is being snowed and it's pretty obvious who the likely pigeon is.
There are no valid, rational reasons for going to such lengths.
- November 16, 2011
Also, let's look at how much of Kalvin's Flake Book post is devoted to his obsession with what others think, say or write about him.
Kal Korff: Hi everyone, sorry to be so busy and not be on FB for some days, I've just been swamped. Here's the first of seven more articles I am honored to have published.
That's all, as far as anything which needed to be stated, everything else is just obsessive strange and speaks for someone with an awful lot of time to sit around caring what everybody thinks of them.
I continue to laugh at my clueless "kritics" who lie and say they're not in the papers, soon there will be a video showing the newspaper, I even include in these reprints the actual article as it appeared. So when they claim this is not tr...ue or not happening, they lie of course, but I don't expect truth and objectivity from haters and extremists and CONspiracy nuts. None of my "kritics" are officially accredited members of the media, I am. They do not work for a newspaper and they're not syndicated by a media group. Instead, they're bozos, and I'm being extremely polite. :-)
I count four rows of text in the opening, TWELVE lines of text in the rest of it, a four to one ratio. So, which is more important, the articles or the conflict? The articles got four lines out of sixteen, and a third of one of them was Kal's own name.
- November 16, 2011
yay thanks for a new update kernal kal! also add to the delusions list, apologizing to facebook, lol. i'm a self admitted avid facebooker and have never known anyone to apologize for not being on or posting or holding court or whatever it is korffy thinks he is doing with it. quite to the contrary! typical biggest concern in my social circle is embarrassing ones self by being on there too much! lol you can't get anything done while using it, if you're on it at work you're job's a joke, if at home you aren't out or doing something interesting with other people, and if you are & brot your wireless set along just to update your status while doing something cool you are a l o 0 s E r :D if anything real people apologize for too much fb activity since its a sure sign that you're really just a schmuck. sorry kal! can't stop yourself from being a tool i guess.
- November 16, 2011
Kor our CZ Korffers....
Kal Korff: Funny video, worth watching. I remember when I bought my first Turkey after moving to Prague. I was proud of myself that I even found one, since Czechs don't do Thanksgiving and care less about it. Then I got it home and prepared it and went to insert it into the oven, only to discover that Czech ovens are NOT BIG ENOUGH to fit a normal, US sized whole Turkey inside them! So I had to thaw it enough to cut it up and cook it in two sessions, wasn't the same and ruined what was supposed to be a "normal" Thanksgiving. :-))
- November 16, 2011
Korff slip-up
"Here's the first of seven more articles I am honored to have published."
Yes you did publish these Kalvin, on scibd.com
"I" am honored to have published... on scibd.com
- November 16, 2011
Kal has to apologize for not posting on Facebook for a couple of days?
What kind of a weirdo thinks that way?
Nobody missed you Kal, so no need to apologize.
- November 16, 2011
aha so it is painful for kal to be all alone over the holidays and he does wish he could enjoy a normal thanksgiving with his family. too bad about all of those old warrants.
- November 16, 2011
Then I got it home and prepared it and went to insert it into the oven, only to discover that Czech ovens are NOT BIG ENOUGH to fit a normal, US sized whole Turkey inside them!
That's What She Said, isn't it Kal?
- November 16, 2011
Martina said that?
- November 16, 2011
So Korff posted adeal on Face Book, telling people about Langdon's new Meier video.
Korff then posted a few responses to a couple of people, this part we'd care about because it's all a lie.
Korff stated that Meier and many others we're already under investigation and papers we're sent, etc. Even stole and fake a US lawyer to scare Big Don Ecker.
"I will starting next year seriously pursue them..."
Right, and Royce Meyers III and Big Don Ecker and JimmyD and F1...
Anyway, he is a sick boy. A truly sick in the head boy.
Kal Korff: I agree with you Tracy. I have been trying to get Swiss police to prosecute Meier for at least mail fraud. It has been a mixed bag. I will starting next year seriously pursue them, along with help from the FBI in the USA, since they care more about mail fraud and have expressed concern over Meier's promoter there.
- November 16, 2011
More fake lawyers, Supergenius! Your tired old "accredited journalist" bit is as worn out as it is stupid. Nobody believes the fake lawyer crap either, but at least it's funny.
P.S. Billy Meier laughs at you.
- November 16, 2011
Boy are Billy Meier and Michael Horn in big trouble now! Next year, Kal is going to start "seriously pursuing" them. I guess he's just been getting warmed up for the last 20 years or so, and now he's ready to get serious. I hope he doesn't decide to get serious about Kevin Randle, Don Ecker, Paul Kimball, Royce Meyers III, various law enforcement entities who have wrongly persecuted his innocent brother, Obama and other corrupt and incompetent politicians, military and intelligence leaders worldwide, and if he has any extra time, watch out F1, Jimmy D and FN. This time, he is serious!
My question is, how will the Kernal proceed to get serious? Will he publish internationally syndicated Xsposes on Scribd for literally dozens of people worldwide to see? Will this be an undercover S3 operation, possibly involving Nanodust and Indian martial arts bodyguards? Will Lt. Tycova be assisting, as well as servicing the Kernal in the evenings? Will it be poorly videotaped for the whole world to see on Youtube? Does this mean that the long-awaited Secret Wars will now be 8 or 10 volumes and 2800 or 3200 pages? Oh, the possibilities.
It certainly won't involve the FBI. I'm sure the only interest they would have with Kal would be monitoring or investigating him, not working with him to try to nail flying saucer frauds!
- November 17, 2011
"the newspaper"....
Which newspaper?
Google says ZERO newspapers.
Type in: "Kal Korff articles" and see what comes up.
"I was one of many journalists who noted his over the top and needless self-serving use of "I" in his speech. "
You mean when you took a group of students to see Obama speak in the CZ and then you promised to release a detailed report on that speach, and you never did? You mean that one?
Or do you mean your self-serving Face Book post I copy and pasted below?
Lying lair.
Kal Korff: Hi everyone: I am genuinely honored and humbled to report that there are now over 9,000 hits for the articles I have written and have had published in the newspaper. The interest and support is beyond what I would imagine when I started uploading them, it even seems to be increasing. THANKS VERY MUCH for all your kindness, I'll upload more soon. I have a review coming up about the new book purporting to say how bin Laden was killed, it exposes some false claims made by the author in it, and also cites and gives him kudos for what he got right, especially about the part where bin Laden's death did not have to be mentioned as soon as it was, but Obama was determined to claim credit as much as he could, I was one of many journalists who noted his over the top and needless self-serving use of "I" in his speech. Had Obama had competence, he would have rolled up more al-Qaeda before tipping our enemies off and allowing them to scurry for cover, etc. Details coming soon.
- November 17, 2011
Along with being a jerk, a liar, a creep and not very smart, Kal is really bad at math. He just pulls numbers out of his ass, thinking they will be impressive but they just show what a maroon he is.
- November 17, 2011


text:
With the world of digital asset management exploding with everyone wanting to manage their assets somehow and over 400 companies offering software/web based solutions to do it, how many of them actually allow you to track the use of your content outside of your DAM?
I've been interested for sometime about this subject and whether or not the information you can gain is useful, lets look at entertainment to start with. Both Music and Film have incredible priacy problems with more and more people able to use the internet with P2P applications allowing this content to be made available to thousand or millions of people. But outside the P2P people create sites to sell and advertise the material that they are illegally selling. It's easy to just think of the final copyrighted material as all that matters, but this material is what would actually be shipped/downloaded and may not be available to the crawlers and bots that trawel the web. What if the images/promo material provided by our DAM's could be invisibly (digitally) watermarked in order for us to find out who and where our content is ending up….
We have all seen the DVD man walk into our local pub/bar or hand around in the car park of the local supermarket selling our DVD's for £3, some of which are direct copies of the originals, but look at the quality of the print…. someone somewhere has been able to get their hands on the original artworks from a studio somewhere in the world, wouldn't it nice to know where it has come from. The P2P networks are continually monitored for transmissions of illegal content and those submitting large volumes of content are placed on watched lists, some are even arrested as we have seen in some high profile cases.
So how can we protect this content and to what cost is it worth doing?
Looking at my daily spam folder it will always contain some phishing emails from banks that want to take you to a replica site and get you to enter your details, could they not benefit from digital watermarking of their web images allowing the banks to intercept the site before any of it's unsuspecting customers are ripped off (well I guess the bank is ripped off when it happens)
Of what of fine art artists who have their creations replicated and sold but the sellers use the original files from the artists site?
There are so many ways that content can be misused and I for one would like to see more integrations of digital watermarking and tracking in place.
Think of just the powerful analytical information you can gain internally at a Pre-media company when they are spread across multiple geographic locations and content is used across multiple campaigns, just knowing this type of information could help better design brand imagery for what works and what doesn't.
There are plenty of companies providing solutions for this take a look at Digital Watermark World they provide information and links to solutions/services that could help, but closer collaboration with DAM vendors is a must for the future.
The usecases for digital tracking are endless and this author hopes to hear more about their integrations in the future.
Author: Gary George
Tags: Pre-media, tracking, watermarking