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Almost all students have difficulties with time signatures at some point. One of the most common issues is to understand the ones that look similar such as 3/4 and 6/8. So in this lesson we'll learn how these and other time basic time signatures are actually different. We'll see what they are and how they work and we'll finish with some examples.
So what's the difference between 3/4 and 6/8? There are 2 main differences between 3/4 and 6/8: the number of beats in every bar and the value of those beats. In 3/4, we get three quarter note beats whereas in 6/8, we get two dotted quarter note beats.
These are the 2 crucial differences but since there is more to explore, let's dive in further.
Understanding the Difference Between 3/4 and 6/8
The confusion between 3/4 and 6/8 usually comes from the fact that both time signatures can hold 6 eighth notes (or 6 quavers) per bar:
But this doesn't mean they're the same. As we've said, the beats make a crucial difference. In 3/4, we get three quarter note beats in every bar, meaning that the strong beat occurs once every 3 quarter note beats:
In 6/8, we get two dotted quarter note beats in every bar, meaning that the strong beat occurs once every 2 dotted quarter note beats:
So the musical effect is completely different!
Notice also that the notation shows this difference clearly. 6/8 consists of two groups of 3 eighth notes, whereas 3/4 consists of three groups of 2 eighth notes. A group here is the same as one beat.
Note that often, a rhythm in 3/4 like the above is written with one beam across all six eighth notes. The rules of notation state that a beam can group several beats together as long as the first beat is the strongest of the group.
So back to the issue: this point with the beats and the strong beats (the accents) is significant and it's the reason that 3/4 and 6/8 are used for different purposes. 3/4 contains three beats (making it what's known as a triple meter) while 6/8 contains two (making it a duple meter).
More importantly, the quarter note beats in 3/4 time are naturally divisible by two and that makes it what is known as a simple meter. On the other hand since the beats in 6/8 time are dotted quarter beats, they are naturally divisible by three and that makes it a compound meter.
So even though 3/4 and 6/8 can hold the same amount of eighth notes in every bar, the musical effect is completely different!
Let's look at these difference in some real examples.
Examples of 3/4 Time
Although it's not as common as 4/4, we can still hear 3/4 time very frequently as it's used in all sorts of genres. One of the most popular uses of it is probably the waltz with its "oom – pa – pa" accompaniment clearly marking the 1 – 2 – 3 beats. Here is an extract from Shostakovich's Second Waltz from his Jazz Suite 2:
Another popular example of 3/4 time is the Minuet, which was later replaced by the Scherzo in symphonies (but also kept the 3/4 time). Here is the first part of a Minuet by a very young Mozart.
Moving on in history by a few hundred years, here's an extract from the beginning of "My Favorite Things" from the Sound of Music. Another very clear example of 3/4 time:
Of course, not all rhythms are this straightforward. When in doubt, listen carefully to the accompaniment of a melody. That's where the clues usually are. Here is part of the chorus from Tom Jones' 1967 hit Delilah:
And finally, here is 'Bluesette' – a beautiful Jazz classic composed by Toots Thielemans in 1961.
Examples of 6/8 Time
Now let's move on to some examples in 6/8 time and let's begin with one of my favorite melodies ever. Here is a part of 'The Old Castle' from Mussorgsky's 'Pictures at an Exhibition'. This example is great as it also shows us 3 different rhythms in 6/8 at the same time.
The next example is another great tune. This song is one of the band Queen's greatest successes.
Next is an example from 1784. This is the beginning of the classical French song Plaisir D'Amour by composer Jean-Paul-Edige Martini. The 6/8 time in this one contributes a lot to the romantic quality of the melody.
And finally, let's have a look at the nursery rhyme "Pop! Goes the Weasel". The 6/8 rhythm gives the melody a 'skipping' or 'hopping' character.
How to Recognize Time Signatures
If you've followed carefully up till now, you probably noticed that I described time signatures in two ways:
- By the amount of beats in every bar: 2 beats in every bar (duple meter), 3 beats in every bar (triple meter) or 4 beats in every bar (quadruple meter). This is what the top number of the time signature represents.
- And by whether the beats are naturally divisible by 2 (simple meters) or naturally divisible by 3 (compound meters). This depends on the lower number of the time signature.
These 2 ways together are what you need to recognise the differences between basic time signatures. Figure out whether a time signature is duple, triple or quadruple AND figure out whether it is simple or compound.
For example, we saw that 3/4 is a simple triple meter: it consists of three quarter note beats in every bar. It is triple because it has 3 beats per bar and it is simple because each of those beats can subdivide naturally into 2 parts. And that's because every one of those quarter note beats can subdivide naturally into two eighth notes.
We also saw that 6/8 is a compound duple meter: it consists of two dotted quarter note beats in every bar. It is duple because it has 2 beats per bar and it is compound because each of those beats can subdivide naturally into 3 parts. And that's because each dotted quarter notes subdivides naturally into three eighth notes.
In this way, we can work out any basic time signature and how it is different or similar from all the others. Let's look at some other basic time signatures.
What's the Difference Between 4/4 and 2/2 Time?
This is another common question and it's similar to the confusion between 3/4 and 6/8. The time signatures of 4/4 and 2/2 can hold the same number of half notes (minims) and/or quarter notes (crotchets) so what's the point?
The difference between 4/4 and 2/2 is in the number of beats in every bar and in the strong beats (the accents). In 2/2, we get two half note beats (and as usual, the first one is stronger) and so we get a 'one – two, one – two' cycle of beats:
In 4/4, we get four quarter note beats and so we get a continuous effect of 'one – two – three – four, one – two – three – four'. In addition, the strength of the beats is laid out as: strongest, weak, strong, weakest.
Where 4/4 and 2/2 are similar is in the fact that they're both simple meters. As we just learned, simple meters are meters whose beats subdivide naturally into two equal parts (or we can say, two halves). The quarter note beats of 4/4 can each subdivide into two eighth notes:
2/2 is a simple meter because its beats can also subdivide into two. In this case, the beats are half notes and they can each subdivide naturally into two quarter notes:
So 4/4 is a simple quadruple meter as it consists of four quarter note beats (with a 1 – 2 – 3 – 4, 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 effect) and 2/2 is a simple duple meter as it consists of two half note beats (with a 1 – 2, 1 – 2 effect).
What's the Difference Between 2/4 and 4/4 time?
For the same reason as before, the difference between 2/4 and 4/4 is that 2/4 is a simple duple meter while 4/4 is a simple quadruple meter. 2/4 often has a clear sense of that '1 – 2, 1 – 2' effect that is typical of marches, for instance. On the other hand, rhythms in 4/4 are typically made up of longer melodic and rhythmic patterns.
Having said that, the difference between these two meters is sometimes vague. There are plenty of examples where music can be rewritten into the other meter without affecting it at all. Keep in mind that time signatures are meant to help us write music down on paper and to make reading music easier. It's the sound itself that matters so experienced musicians know how to bring out the proper character of the music whatever the time signature is.
What's the Difference Between 6/8 and 12/8?
Just like 2/4 and 4/4 time, there are differences and similarities between 6/8 and 12/8. We've already looked at this one a few times: 6/8 is a compound duple meter, but what about 12/8?
12/8 is a compound quadruple meter. It's quadruple because it consists of 4 beats in every bar. It's compound because it consists of dotted quarter note beats and so they divide naturally into three parts.
Now being a compound quadruple meter, the bars in 12/8 time are relatively long compared to other time signatures. Because of this, 12/8 is normally used for longer melodic and rhythmic patterns. But just like 2/4 and 4/4, the difference between 6/8 and 12/8 can sometimes be unclear.
Here is Mozart's Lacrimosa from his Requiem. It's one of the most famous pieces of music in 12/8 time. Clearly, the composer chose 12/8 time because the beautiful long melody calls for it. Notice that there's a pattern too – the second bar is a repetition of the first (only the text changes).
Now what if this same extract was written in 6/8? Is it completely wrong?
I'd say that although not ideal, this notation is not that bad at all. The pattern is still clearly there with all its nuances and beautiful ups and downs. Like we said, experienced musicians know what to do with the music as long as it's clear enough.
Now this issue of notation brings us to the last two pairs of time signatures for this lesson.
What's the Difference Between 2/2 and 2/4 Time?
We learned before that to recognize the difference between basic time signatures we just have to figure out whether they're simple or compound AND whether they're duple, triple or quadruple.
Let's begin with 2/4. As we've seen, it consists of two quarter note beats per bar and that makes it a simple duple meter. It is duple because it consists of 2 beats in every bar and it is simple because each of those two beats divide naturally into two halves:
What about 2/2? We've already seen this one as well. It consists of two half note beats per bar and that makes it another simple duple meter! It is duple because it consists of 2 beats in every bar and it is simple because each of those two beats divide naturally into two halves:
So what's the point if they're both simple duple?
Very often, the difference between them is just a matter of making the notation easier to read. Let's say we have this rhythm in 2/4:
Since it's full of small note values (eighth notes, sixteenth notes and smaller), it will be more reader-friendly if all note values were doubled. This transforms the time signature from 2/4 into 2/2 and is easier to read. This is because the double of "2 quarter notes in every bar" is "2 half notes in every bar" (double the value of the beats NOT the amount of beats).
If we play at the right tempo, those two rhythms sound exactly the same.
The secret to recognizing a basic time signature is two-fold: First, figure out whether it is simple or compound. Second, ask whether it is duple, triple or quadruple.
When time signatures share the same description – for example 2/2 and 2/4 are both simple duple meters – then it's a matter of making the notation easier to read. Remember that musical notation is a system of communicating through symbols and so the process of making music is smoother if those symbols are clear to understand.
Common Questions
Can you have more than 4 beats in every bar? Yes, of course. In this lesson we mentioned duple meters (2 beats per bar), triple meters (3 beats per bar) and quadruple meters (4 beats per bar) because these are the basic time signatures. BUT we can have as many beats per bar as we need. These time signatures are known by other labels. The most common of these is probably quintuple meter: five beats in every bar.
Apart from simple and compound, are there any other types of time signatures? Yes, there are many different types. Most musical genres still use simple and compound time signatures but there are others such as complex, odd, irrational, additive and fractional. These are more advanced so I'd recommend holding off if you're only starting out.


text: We highly recommend the walk that starts from the small car park at the far side of Charles Fort near Summercove, Kinsale. The walk takes you along by the sea to the Kinsale boat yard. You can watch the boats coming in and out of the harbour and you also get a tremendous view of Charles Fort. Check out the photo below and take yourself down to the fort. Afterwards we often stop for tea at the Blue Haven cafe in Kinsale – in my opinion the best cafe in Kinsale!

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IN FLANDERS FIELDS POEM in myday
- Nov. 10, 2018, 11:56 a.m.
- |
- Public
The World's Most Famous WAR MEMORIAL POEM
By Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae
Lieutenant Colonel John McCraeIn Flanders fields the poppies blow
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place: and in the sky
The larks still bravely singing fly
Scarce heard amid the guns below.
We are the dead: Short days ago,
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
Loved and were loved: and now we lie
In Flanders fields!
Take up our quarrel with the foe
To you, from failing hands, we throw
The torch: be yours to hold it high
If ye break faith with us who die,
We shall not sleep, though poppies grow
In Flanders fields
Composed at the battlefront on May 3, 1915
during the second battle of Ypres, Belgium
On May 2, 1915, John McCrae's close friend and former student Alexis Helmer was killed by a German shell. That evening, in the absence of a Chaplain, John McCrae recited from memory a few passages from the Church of England's "Order of the Burial of the Dead". For security reasons Helmer's burial in Essex Farm Cemetery was performed in complete darkness.
The next day, May 3, 1915, Sergeant-Major Cyril Allinson was delivering mail. McCrae was sitting at the back of an ambulance parked near the dressing station beside the YserCanal, just a few hundred yards north of Ypres, Belgium.
In Flanders Fields Poem As John McCrae was writing his In Flanders Fields poem, Allinson silently watched and later recalled, "His face was very tired but calm as he wrote. He looked around from time to time, his eyes straying to Helmer's grave."
Within moments, John McCrae had completed the "In Flanders Fields" poem and when he was done, without a word, McCrae took his mail and handed the poem to Allinson.
Allinson was deeply moved:
"The (Flanders Fields) poem was an exact description of the scene in front of us both. He used the word blow in that line because the poppies actually were being blown that morning by a gentle east wind. It never occurred to me at that time that it would ever be published. It seemed to me just an exact description of the scene
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Autism spectrum disorder is a set of developmental disorders including different symptoms, skills, and level of disabilities. Children with ASD have various characteristics such as repetitive behaviors, limited social interaction, communication issues, and reduced interest in activities. Autism symptoms are generally diagnosed in first two years and severely hurt child's ability to function normally. While some children have only mild symptoms, others have serious disabilities and may need lifetime support. There is no ultimate cure for ASD, and only a range of treatments is used for improvement. HBOT is one…Read More
Category: HBOT For Autism
How Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Helps in Autism Treatment
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, often abbreviated as HBOT, is a treatment process that leverages the benefits of oxygen to treat a number of medical conditions. In this method, a patient goes into a chamber, called a hyperbaric chamber. The atmospheric pressure inside this chamber is set above that of sea level so that maximum amount of oxygen can be delivered to the damaged tissues. Moreover, the increase in pressure allows for the oxygen to exponentially mix into the fluids of the blood of an individual. HBOT therapy also allows higher absorption…Read More
How Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Relieves Autism
The HBOT therapy has emerged as one of the safest and effective alternative treatment options for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Today, around 1 out of 68 children are diagnosed with ASD and it is expected that this number can increase in near future. There are several therapeutic, speech and occupational therapies to treat autism but they don't offer a long-lasting result. The positive effects of all these treatments can last for few minutes or in some cases, for few hours. The symptoms and severity of each autistic case are different…Read More
HBOT Therapy – An Emerging Alternative Treatment for Autism
It is a widely accepted fact that parents of autistic kids would rattle of various forms of treatments. Moreover, they would also say that they have also used a large number of therapies and diets in an effort to reduce the symptoms of autism. One therapy that is gaining popularity among the autism community is the HBOT Therapy. It is a treatment in which the autistic kid breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber. The main reason behind using HBOT in people with autism is that the increase in oxygen…Read More
Benefits of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Autism
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for autism has come up as an effective alternative treatment for children suffering from the neurodevelopmental disorder. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy or HBOT is a treatment that involves inhaling oxygen in a pressurized chamber. It has been accepted as a successful treatment for many disorders like Carbon Monoxide poisoning, arterial gas embolism and more. 97% of oxygen in our body is carried by hemoglobin for circulation throughout the human body. With additional oxygen supply in the body, the percentage oxygen content of hemoglobin increases to 100%. Body tissues…Read More
How HBOT Helped Toros – A Child with Autism and Head Injury
In recent years, Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) has been steadily gaining momentum as an effective procedure for augmenting the natural healing process of the human body. Contrary to the belief of HBOT being a new-age treatment, the fact remains that it has been in existence since 1662 and has been administered as part of clinical treatment since mid-1800. This procedure involves inhalation of pure oxygen in a controlled total body chamber with increased atmospheric pressure. Medical practitioners generally recommend HBOT in addition to the patient's existing health care plan, and…Read More
HBOT Can Improve Autism – Is It a Myth or Reality?
It is since 2004 that hyperbaric therapy has been in application to treat autistic patients, and there have been several reports which depict improvement in patient conditions after going through a number of sessions of this therapy. The effective benefits of HBOT have gradually raised its popularity, and in many cases it has created magic where medical therapies failed. Nowadays, parents often prefer applying hyberbaric therapy as a complementary treatment on their kids along with prescribed medications after consulting with doctors. Therefore, let's know more on HBOT and Autism: What…Read More
How HBOT Can Help To Improve Autism
Autism: More or less we all know about this one neurological disorder, though autism is not only one disorder, it deals with different types of social skill impairments. It causes Improper verbal or non verbal communications Repetitive behavior Stereotyped behavior Lack of eye contact Cognitive disabilities These are the striking disorders. Apart from these, current studies suggest that the autistic children also suffer from, Sleepless nights Hormonal imbalances Immune deficiency etc. And according to the CDC data report of 2010, autism is found in 1 out of 68 children in…Read More
Early Diagnosis & HBOT Help Autistic Children To Stay In Old School
Autism, which is a widespread neurological disorder, is found in 1 out of 68 children based on CDC data report of 2010. Autism is a neurological disorder that appears with symptoms like nonverbal communication, stereotyped or repetitive behavior and cognitive disabilities. In one sentence, a child with autism or ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) suffers from a lot of social skill impairments. So, early diagnosis can help in recognizing children with autistic symptoms and it also can help to take action at very early stage to fight back against autism with…Read More
Ways to Detect Autism Early in a Kid's Life
A lot has already been said about how autism is on the rise and the things that parents and doctors should keep in mind to ensure that a control is put on this neurological disorder. The other reason for worry is also the fact that the early signs are found out or detected at a very later stage. The only problem for detecting those signs so late is that it delays the medical treatment that needs to be practiced on the kids with the expectation that their condition will improve….Read More


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Saturday, November 21, 2009
The Magic of Skin and Light, Rembrandt's Hands and Faces
Rembrandt's exquisite self-portraits are as enigmatic and mysterious as the eyes that follow us before the Syndics. In another room of the Rijksmuseum is an early Self-Portrait (1628) we have seen many times before in reproduction. As always, it's the light that enchants me, frustrates me and seduces me. My fascination with this inexplicable beam of light does not begin and end with the way it illuminates the skin on the face on which it falls. The light itself is so clear, so defined, so lucid, and no matter how close I stand to the canvas, the answer to the same question of how Rembrandt does this, how he makes light from paint continues to elude me. It is a mystery that I cannot see in the painting itself. I move backwards and forwards and still I cannot see anything other than the photographic image of the light falling on this heavenly, porcelain like skin.
Skin and light, together, are the reason I go again and again to see Rembrandt's portraits. As much as I love Jeremiah (1630) and the Philosopher in Meditation for example, it's the portraits that have me in amazement every single time. And always, it's the very old and the very young who have the most beautiful skin, transparent, heavenly, perfect, in the light. Even the hand of the Old Woman Reading (1631) which is also in the Rijkesmuseum, is not only lifelike, but when skin and paint as light come together on her weary wise fingers, the result is so photographically dreamy that portrait photographers might experience pangs of envy at the ability to replicate the perfection of the human body in an image. And this, painted 200 years before such technology was dreamed of.
I wonder why no one has called on Rembrandt's hands and faces to dispute theorists such as Belà Balazs' claim that the cinema, for the first time, like no other medium before it, sees the emotions written on the face, and we could extend this to the gestures of the hand. The cinema may have the capacity to reveal to us in close up the internal drama of emotions as they are written on the human face, but surely painting, in the hands of Rembrandt, clearly has the capacity to do just that and more. Like the film camera in particular, paint on Rembrandt's canvases not only depicts human emotions as they are created through the marriage of light and skin, but this too is the place at which we are invited to connect to these people. Where paint as light and skin coexist on Rembrandt's canvases, no matter the identity of the sitter, we are beckoned and seduced into their emotional world. It doesn't matter if the person is old and the skin wrinkled or if it is the flawless, porcelain skin of youth, we cannot help but adore these faces and hands.
It is true that when eyes come into the equation, and the brushstrokes become looser, often as Rembrandt matures as a painter, like the Self-Portrait as the Apostle St Paul (1661), the serenade is more complicated. Figures such as the artist in the said portrait always look at us and simultaneously, they reflect on their own inner melancholy. It is no longer the skin that is so delicately rendered, but the inner life made external, once again, inexplicably through brushstrokes we cannot always discern.
I always come away, at a loss to explain how Rembrandt does what he does, how he makes these figures so replete with a perspicacity and emotional complexity. And then, seducing me into their subjective world, as if I am somehow held responsible for its existence. I know Rembrandt always experimented with paint: he dries it out, adds more oil, applies flecks of gold dust to create light, he adds it, removes it. As a painter who never really made sketches, we know that all of his thinking is done in paint. But still, this doesn't help me explain anything. In the end, my inability to explain and analyze Rembrandt's paintings is probably for the best: it means I continue to be seduced by these sumptuous images.
1 comment:
- mariamaria said...
the marriage of light and skin - great wording - i want to do a photo series with that as a title
- December 7, 2009 at 5:09 PM
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Life is so wonderful and full of joy in each day that we live. Have fun and enjoy the true meaning of life together with your loved ones and friends because it is a gift from God to treasure.
Saturday, May 16, 2009
Survivor series comes to an end
I was watching the survivor series last night and geee!.. I really like the tribal councils result. Finally "Coach " is out..lol..Now four cast away were left. On Sunday it's the finale of the series and I am excited to know who is the real survivor on this series. What I am hoping to win is JT. He has done a great job on this tribal and his a very tough competitor. Hopefully he will win but all will depend on the juries vote.
Posted by addyforest at Saturday, May 16, 2009
Labels: cbs, coach, Sunday, Survivor series
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*MAKE SURE TO CLICK DOWNLOAD AFTER PAYMENT(see photos for example)*


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This article is for glaucoma patients who wish to learn more about the types of glaucoma.
Even though there are many different types of glaucoma, they really fall into two overarching categories. The important thing to remember is that when glaucoma is due to an eye injury or accident, seek professional help fast.
Because if the fluid drainage ducts in the eye shut through and injury, the eye pressure increases rapidly. That's dangerous.
For all slowly increasing types of glaucoma, it's vital to understand the real root causes. Once you understand them, you have to eliminate them to reduce your eye pressure permanently. If not, it will always come back up. Eye drops and surgery don't achieve that.
Here is a comprehensive list of common client questions we received over the years. Get all your questions answered below.
Client Questions Answered In This Article:
Yes. There are different types of glaucoma. However, they are characterized by the particular type of eye damage that has occurred to the optic nerve.
There are a few different types of glaucoma, and these include:
There are two main types of glaucoma. Open-angle and angle-closure are the two main types of glaucoma.
There are eight different types of glaucoma.
There are many types of glaucoma. These include primary open-angle, normal tension, angle-closure, acute, pigmentary, exfoliation, trauma-related, and childhood.
No. Glaucoma is not a type of cancer. However, cancer can cause glaucoma to occur within the eye or eyes.
Normal tension glaucoma is low tension or normal eye pressure glaucoma. It is glaucoma that occurs when there is no abnormal eye pressure that takes place in the eye. This means abnormal eye pressure did not cause the damage to the optic nerve.
Eye pressure that is greater than 22 mm Hg is higher than normal. This can cause glaucoma to occur.
Normal eye pressure can range from 12 to 21 mm Hg.
When the IOP is higher than 22 mm Hg, then this is a normal level of pressure for glaucoma to occur.
It is damage that has occurred in the optic nerve without any rise in eye pressure. This condition isn't common.
It is glaucoma that occurs in children and babies. Other names include:
The condition develops because of the environment it enters. Some label it as genetic. But nobody ever found a "glaucoma gene". The child inherits a lifestyle and environment. Congenital glaucoma develops within the first year of a child's life.
It is a form of primary congenital glaucoma.
It is a group of diseases. They cause high fluid pressure in the eye that damage the optic nerve. It is a serious condition that needs immediate attention.
Nobody knows the definitive cause of congenital glaucoma. Doctors believe that it's a malformation of eye cells. The deformed eye cells cause drainage issue. That leads to a pressure build-up in the eye.
Even though there is no evidence, researchers call the eye disease genetic. But research shows that glaucoma comes from hormonal imbalances. Since nobody found a glaucoma gene yet, try balancing out your child's hormones.
It means that it occurs in babies and children. It indicates incorrect development. It is a rare condition.
There hasn't been enough research to pinpoint the cause of congenital glaucoma. Genetics and improper development are the claimed causes. The problem with that analysis is that it renders the patient helpless.
Research for other types of glaucoma shows that hormones play a major role. The close link between diabetes and glaucoma indicate the same. Diary products and growth hormones seem to cause glaucoma.
Since genes change within our environment, it's best to improve the lifestyle and environment. That's the part we can control ourselves.
The medical glaucoma treatments of choice are:
If surgery can't take place right away, the doctor might prescribe glaucoma medication or eye drops, or both. This will help to prevent the condition from getting worse. Eye drops and medication don't cure congenital glaucoma. Neither does glaucoma surgery.
Natural ways to manage the eye condition include:
It is a rare condition.
A doctor diagnoses congenital glaucoma by the appearance of the eye. Signs of congenital glaucoma are:
Officially, improper development and genetics are the causes. But since nobody has identified a "glaucoma gene" we have to look further.
Epigenetics prove that genes change with the environment. Since congenital glaucoma appears in babies and children, let's look there. What is the environment of a child?
Research links glaucoma to hormonal imbalances. There appears to be a link to dairy products. Because of the growth hormones used in industrial farming. Also, the close connection to diabetes points to the hormone connection.
So things to look at to balance hormones:
Yes. Surgery can help to remove the child of congenital glaucoma. The danger is that eye surgery can also cause cataract as glaucoma surgery side-effect. Good eye health is vital for proper management after surgery. Get your free custom glaucoma improvement plan on this page to learn more.
Yes. It is part of a group of optic nerve diseases that can cause blindness.
It is a type of open-angle glaucoma. The development of it is in men more than women.
Glaucoma is a build-up of pressure in the eyes. The reason is that the fluids don't drain well. In the case of pigmentary glaucoma that is because pigments block the drains.
Pigments break off other parts of the eye. Culprits are the retina or the iris. The particles that break off flow freely throughout the eye. They then get stuck in the drains causing the pressure increase.
Over time the pressure will cause damage to the optic nerve.
Because retinal pigments float in the eyes, you may see eye floaters. But floaters don't mean that you have pigmentary glaucoma. They can be glaucoma symptoms.
Later stages of pigmentary glaucoma will cause blind spots in your vision. The further the eye condition progresses, the more spots you will see. If you leave them unattended, they can lead to blindness.
Doctors will first prescribe glaucoma medication. In acute stages, they will opt for surgery. If left untreated the condition can lead to blindness.
Natural ways to improve eyesight and pigmentary glaucoma include:
You'll be able to improve all of these areas in the Pure Vision Method for Glaucoma. Just start by getting your free, personal blueprint to treat glaucoma to learn more.
Eye specialists will prescribe medication or surgical treatment for pigmentary glaucoma. That may be necessary to manage the pressure right away.
But they don't remove the root causes. You still have to handle the underlying causes after the procedures. Here are a few ways to help you do this.
Natural ways to improve pigmentary glaucoma include:
You will start to improve all of these areas in the Pure Vision Method. Get your free custom blueprint to learn more.
Doctors use argon laser trabeculoplasty for pigmentary dispersion glaucoma. That will disperse the pigments, but not cure the disease.
For natural ways to improve glaucoma after the treatment:
There are no specific eye exercises for glaucoma. In fact, eye exercises can make glaucoma worse.
But exercising your body will reduce the IOP in the eyes. Safe activities include brisk walking, bicycling, swimming, and jogging.
We have a dedicated form of light and easy healing exercises in the Pure Vision Method. This proprietary type of exercise will help you to improve your blood and oxygen circulations. It'll help to move fluids through your body properly.
Get your free blueprint now.
It is any type of glaucoma in which there is an identifiable cause of increased eye pressure.
Primary glaucoma is open-angle glaucoma or chronic glaucoma. It is the most common type of glaucoma. Secondary glaucoma is any type of glaucoma that has a cause for the symptoms.
The drainage angle is narrow and blocks easily. That results in angle-closure glaucoma. The pressure in the eye is always higher than normal because of the blockage.
Primary glaucoma develops without a known reason. Secondary glaucoma has an identified cause.
Acute Myopia is nearsightedness. Severe myopia can lead to the development of secondary angle-closure glaucoma. But you can cure myopia and remove that aspect altogether.
Dietary supplements, steroid medications, and depression medications contribute to secondary glaucoma. But good eye vitamins will help to nourish the optic nerve properly.
Treatment includes medications, surgery, and laser surgery. The type of glaucoma determines the best treatment.
There is no cure for secondary glaucoma. All treatments reduce glaucoma. They prevent eye pressure from going up and prevent glaucoma from getting worse. So your best way is to learn to manage the eye disease.
Natural ways to manage secondary glaucoma include:
Yes. Treating the cause of secondary glaucoma can help it go away.
The most common type of glaucoma is open-angle glaucoma. It is also known as wide-angle glaucoma. The front of the eye appears normal. But the drain structure, the trabecular meshwork, is malfunctioning. So the fluid within can't flow out the way that it should.
The fluids circulate freely in the front of the eye. With Open-Angle Glaucoma the blockage happens at the back of the eye. The trabecular meshwork blocks the fluids.
That puts pressure on the optic nerve in the back of their eye. Over time open-angle glaucoma damages this nerve. The nerve damage will affect the vision and cause blindness.
Primary open-angle glaucoma, or POAG, is a progressive eye condition. It is a subset of glaucoma that can cause permanent blindness. The patient will stay blind. There is no way to reverse this condition. The front of the eye is normal and open. But the anterior chamber clogs up increasing the inner ocular pressure.
To be honest; nobody knows. But research indicates that hormones play an important role. By the looks of it, growth hormones are key. Plus, a lot seems to relate to dairy products and hormonal imbalances due to industrial farming.
So, you should have a close look at your lifestyle to manage open-angle glaucoma. Get your free, personal blueprint to get started.
Secondary open-angle glaucoma comes with other eye problems. It appears because of another eye condition. For example, it can come as a result of high myopia. So glaucoma appears due to another eye condition. It's open-angle because the front of the eye looks normal. The blockage is in the back of the eye. The trabecular meshwork restricts the fluids.
So the eye pressure still increases to dangerous levels. But you had another eye condition first. Either way, it can still lead to blindness.
Fluids should flow freely between the cornea and the iris. This is the iridocorneal angle. Bilateral primary open-angle glaucoma is a blockage in that area. This affects the optic neuropathy. Meaning, it damages nerve fibers of the optic nerve in that section. Bilateral means that the doctor can identify the specific cause.
Chronic Open-Angle Glaucoma refers to a permanent blockage at the back of the eye. Because it is permanent, the pressure builds up fast. It's kind of a total blockage.
Normally glaucoma restricts the flow of fluids. Chronic glaucoma almost blocks it without any natural flow. So the pressure builds up fast. This condition requires the most urgent attention. Because vision loss and blindness develop faster than in other situations.
This is the beginning stage of open-angle glaucoma. It's the timeframe when you still have a chance to protect your sight. It's the timeframe when you can prevent any damage.
Glaucoma damages the optic nerve over time. Starting to manage the disease in this period increases your chances to preserve your vision. In this phase, you should start with the Pure Vision Method. It will help to prevent future loss of vision.
Open-angle glaucoma is a blockage in the back of the eye. Closure Glaucoma is a blockage between the iris and the cornea. It stops the fluids flowing from behind the iris.
Open-Angle Closure Glaucoma is a combination of the two. As a result, the pressure build-up is sudden and fast. Open-Angle Closure Glaucoma requires urgent attention to avoid optic nerve damage.
The eye pressure increases because the trabecular meshwork can't drain fluids anymore. The front angle between iris and cornea stay open. But the back of the eye can't circulate fluids anymore.
Current research indicates that hormonal imbalances cause the blockage. That's why you should avoid any creams or medication with growth hormones. Research shows that dairy products from industrial farms create these hormonal imbalances.
To test for glaucoma, you must see an eye specialist. They have five tests at their disposal that can detect open-angle glaucoma. These tests for glaucoma are:
Like any glaucoma, it's serious. Long-term damage can lead to blindness. It's not the most urgent type of glaucoma, but it needs attention.
You must maintain your eye pressure in the normal range to prevent nerve damage. Beside medical tests you also have to manage your condition. You have to get rid of the underlying root causes that cause glaucoma.
Get started with your free, custom glaucoma improvement blueprint.
A few symptoms of glaucoma can indicate the condition:
A proper diagnosis requires you to see an eye specialist. There is no home test for eye pressure. It's not like 20/20 vision test for myopia.
Glaucoma is an eye disease. Myopia and farsightedness are refractive errors. Refractive errors can't damage your nerve. Glaucoma can so make sure you prevent that.
Part of preventing nerve damage is proper management. That's what the Pure Vision Method and supplements can help you with. But as long as you have elevated eye pressure you must have medical supervision.
To start with, you will experience blurry vision. First, that occurs in the peripheral vision.
Next, you'll experience spots in your vision. Again, starting in the periphery. Plus, you will experience pressure and discomfort in your eyes.
If you don't attend the issue, the blurriness will move into your central vision. The blind spots will start to appear in your central vision. The longer you wait, the more the condition will erode your optic nerve. Until it may cause blindness.
In short, yes! Glaucoma is a blockage of the drainage systems in the eye. Depending on what causes the blocks the area it happens can move. It can happen even after surgery.
Because if surgery opens one channel. Another can clog up. Unless you eliminate the root causes for the blockages.
Conventional, medical treatment include:
The most common type of treatment for open-angle glaucoma is a procedure known as trabeculoplasty.
Keep in mind that none of the above cure the disease. None get rid of the root causes. For that, you must work with the areas of your life that cause glaucoma. The areas include:
These areas affect your hormonal balance. Hormonal imbalances cause glaucoma. So you have to look into all of these areas to get rid of the root causes.
As just explained, there are the conventional medical ways. But none of them cure the disease. It will come back. These are all temporary symptom relief. To get rid of the root causes you have to dig deeper. See the previous answer.
You have to see an eye specialist. You can't do that at home. The ophthalmologist will do the following tests:
Something block the fluid drainage channels in the eyes. Because of that, the fluids can't flow out. Over time there is too much fluid within the eyeball.
That causes the inner eye pressure to increase. Over time that pressure damages the optic nerve.
Research indicates that the ducts clog up because of hormones. It appears that hormonal imbalances cause the blockages. So you have to balance these out to eliminate the true root causes.
The go-to treatment for eye specialists is surgery. Laser trabeculoplasty is the most prescribed version. There are two different types of this surgery:
Keep in mind that surgery only provides temporary relief. It doesn't get rid of the condition. So glaucoma comes back after the procedure. To get rid of it long-term you have to get rid of the underlying root causes.
Epinephrine provides temporary relief. It helps to reduce the pressure that is within the eye. But it doesn't treat the causes of the disease. Plus, patients become resistance to the active ingredients. Meaning patients have to change medication to get relief.
The most common type of drug is eye drops. Each of them helps to drain excess fluids from the eyes. Helping to relieve the pressure in the eyeball.
The problem with eye drops is that they become ineffective. Patients have to change type and brand often. The most common types of drops are:
There is also oral medication that tries to achieve the same result. These include carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
Of course, there are also varies types of surgeries available.
Remember, none of these treatments cures or fixes glaucoma. The root causes are still there. Because of that, the eye pressure rises again.
To stop the pressure from going up, you have to get rid of the root causes. These are in your mind, emotions, diet, toxicity, and in your body.
Some medications will make glaucoma worse. Patients need to avoid these. Because they will cause further hormonal imbalances. Most of these contain some type of hormone.
Medications to avoid include:
To start with you will experience blurry vision and blind spots in your peripheral vision. As glaucoma progresses, that will move into your central vision. If you don't attend your condition, the blurry vision will increase. Plus you'll experience bigger blind spots.
Over time you will also experience pressure in your eye and eye pain. The problem is that your optic nerve will deteriorate. Once there is nerve damage, you can't reverse it. All of that can lead to blindness.
Glaucoma surgery and eye drops can lower IOP. In some cases, medication can do the job too. But to manage the disease, you have to get rid of the root causes. Because no medical treatment fixes glaucoma. They treat symptoms.
To start managing your disease, get your free blueprint. You'll learn exactly how everything works.
According to an eye specialist, there is no way to prevent glaucoma. But that's a superficial analysis. Because research shows that hormonal imbalances cause the blockages in the eyes. These blockages are the cause of glaucoma.
So, if hormonal imbalances cause the blocks, you can prevent the imbalances. That would set you on the path to prevent glaucoma.
Sure, there are more possibilities that could cause blocks. For example, pigments breaking off the iris and retina. But maintaining good eye health and preventing the main root cause will help.
So the root causes lie in the following areas of your life:
Avoiding certain foods and adding other is a start. In some cases, eye health supplements can help. Plus, way to eliminate root causes in all these areas will help to prevent glaucoma.
To test for glaucoma, you do need an eye specialist. But before it gets to this point, there is a lot you can do. You should pay close attention if glaucoma runs in your family. Because you may have inherited a lifestyle that can cause the disease.
To learn how to eliminate the root causes for all these areas, get your free blueprint. You'll learn a lot. It's worth your time.
There is no cure for glaucoma. Nobody would be legally allowed to claim a cure.
Fact is, medical treatments don't cure the disease. They don't even treat the disease. They relieve symptoms. That's it.
Nothing they do helps to reduce the root causes. Nothing stops the eye from pressure build-up. They help the eye to drain excess fluids. But these come back as soon as the treatments recede.
The problem is that the treatments often become ineffective over time. That is especially true for eye drops. So patients have to change the type and brand of drops often.
The closest you can get to a cure for glaucoma is managing the condition. Meaning to manage the root causes. To make sure you eliminate what causes glaucoma from your life.
Research indicates that hormones play a key role. Hormonal imbalances cause the blocks to appear in the eye. So, if you balance out your hormones, you'll improve the condition. Once you eliminate the bad hormones, the symptoms should go away.
The root causes of these imbalances are in:
- your mind
- your emotions
- your diet
- your toxicity
- your body
Work with these areas of your life. Make sure these are 100% healthy. With that, you stand a good chance that the root causes will disappear.
Angle-closure glaucoma happens in between the cornea and the iris. The fluids can't circulate in that area. That leads to a fast increase in eye pressure in the eye.
The iris pushes up against the drainage channels within the anterior chamber of the eye. This blocks the fluid from flowing out of the eye.
Angle-closure glaucoma is not common. It is a rare type of glaucoma.
The iris pushing against the drainage channels causes it. That creates a sudden and rapid increase in IOP. It can lead to blindness.
There are some signs to look out for. Now, the signs don't mean that you have glaucoma. But they may indicate you should test your eye pressure. These signs include:
It's an eye disease. It's a subset of glaucoma. It describes a specific way that traps fluids in the eyeball. It creates a sudden and rapid increase of eye pressure. The eye keeps producing fluids. But the excess fluids can't drain like in a normal eye.
The iris may push forward and block the drainage channels. Or hormonal imbalances can cause the ducts to block. It causes a rapid increase in the pressure of the eye.
It's a subset of glaucoma. It's an eye disease that inhibits fluids from flowing out the eyeball. The excess fluid builds up pressure.
This particular angle appears within the iridotrabecular. It blocks three or more quadrants of the angle of drainage. It causes optic nerve damage and visual field loss.
Chronic glaucoma means that the blocks are permanent. No fluids can drain from the eye. Angle-closure means that it's in the front of the eye.
Because no fluids leave the eyeball, the pressure increases fast. It is important to seek medical attention right away.
It is a type of glaucoma. The cause is an underlying pathological etiology. When the eye pressure increases because of the condition, you have secondary angle-closure glaucoma.
In narrow angle-closure, the iris pulls or pushes forward. That blocks the drainage angle of the eye. It's a type of glaucoma that appears sudden.
This is an emergency case. In this type of glaucoma the iris bows forward. It completely blocks the trabecular meshwork. Fluids can't exit. The patients will suffer a rapid loss of vision. Plus, it causes extreme eye pain.
The glaucoma is intermittent. Meaning that attacks come and go. Glaucoma may go undetected during the eye exam. This type of glaucoma is the hardest to diagnose. Because it may during the test. But the eye pressure can still damage the optic nerve.
There are symptoms you may experience. These include:
Having these symptoms doesn't mean you have glaucoma. But they may indicate that you should test for glaucoma. If in doubt, check it out. Better one test too many than one not enough.
Because the damage can be severe.
Angle-closure glaucoma comes with many symptoms. They include:
It is a serious condition. It can cause permanent damage to the optic nerve.
Yes. As with all glaucoma, the pressure erodes the optic nerve, so glaucoma causes your eyes to go blind, over extended periods of time. If the pressure is high for too long, the fibers of the nerve break down.
Eye specialists like to claim that it is genetic. But nobody could find a "glaucoma gene" yet. Meaning that the genetics is a theory.
Research shows that genes change with the environment. Meaning that changes in our lifestyle affect what genes play out. So it is more likely that we adopt the lifestyle that induces glaucoma. Because we take on the lifestyle habits of our ancestors.
The industry likes to call glaucoma genetic. Because it means that the patient needs the specialist. If it's genetic, there is nothing you can do.
But if it's the lifestyle, you can change it.
The fact is, research shows that glaucoma has a lot to do with hormones. You can balance your hormones today. That will eliminate a lot of the root causes of glaucoma.
So the genetic argument is good for business. It sells a lot of eye drops and surgery. Self-reliance is bad for business. Because it allows you to get rid of the root causes alone.
Test regularly. But take control of your health! Get your free, personal glaucoma treatment plan.
The most popular treatment is the peripheral iridotomy laser procedure. Keep in mind that it will only relieve symptoms. It will not fix the condition. To do that you have to remove the root causes.
Angle-closure glaucoma needs immediate treatment. This involves either laser or normal surgery. But you must act fast.
LPI, or laser peripheral iridotomy, is the most treatment.
There are a few medications that can relieve symptoms. These include:
All can help to relieve angle-closure glaucoma.
The eye industry refers to medication as management. We have a different view on this. Here are common medications to relieve symptoms:
True management will remove the root causes. That includes the root causes in all areas of your life. Medication takes the edge off the pressure. But real management removes the root causes, so the pressure stops building up.
There areas of your life you need to look at are:
To prevent the disease you have to minimize the root causes. Most of that is a result of lifestyle. Research shows that hormone play a vital role. So anything that balances hormones will help to prevent glaucoma.
Officially there is no way to prevent it. But that's incorrect. For example, there is a clear link between dairy products and hormonal imbalances. So changing from industrial dairy products to organic will help. Removing dairy altogether may have an even great benefit.
Sure, if signs come up, get tested. Better safe than sorry. But educate yourself about good hormone health and glaucoma will have a hard time. Be smart, rely on yourself.
Again, be wise. Educate yourself. As just explained, there are ways to minimize the root causes. You have to pay close attention to your hormones. Hormones are easily thrown out of balance in the 21st century. Our lifestyle changed a lot. These changes play havoc with our hormones.
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What is Sound Engineering?
Recording, Processing, Amplifying naturally created sound & /or Creating sound. The technique / art and physics involved for the same comes in the scope of Sound Engineering.
Is Sound Engineering available for graduation or diploma in any Engineering college?
No. As of now in India this is not available as a degree course in any Engineering college.
Where does a Sound Engineer work?
A Sound Engineer can work both Indoors or Outdoors. Indoor aspect is when you work inside a Recording Studio. Outdoor is Live Sound Reinforcement at Events. It depends on the chosen specialization.
Why is it said that it is an Art not Science?
It's a combination of art and science. Perception matters here. We would say that it's more of art and less of science. It can be compared to a musician or a photographer. Even if you might be a Visharad in Hindustani classical music, still you might not be capable to perform like Pandit Bhimsen Joshi!
You might love A.R Rahman's music but not all his songs. If it was just science there would be fixed formulas.
Everyone knows how to click pictures, but you still need a good photographer to click good pictures.
Is it true that work schedules are crazy in this profession?
Yes, in today's time, which one does not? Anyway, since we are dealing with entertainment industry, our schedules differ from others. We do work late nights and odd hours. We might miss major family events for work! However, we choose it and we manage it well!
What are the job prospects or a sound engineer?
With number of existing and upcoming TV channels, number of Radio channels, close to 400 Bollywood movies, large number of Regional movies, Music Concerts, Events, the scope is immense !! All these fields demand good Sound Engineers.
But do keep in mind that you might secure a job with our certificate but to retain the job, skill is required. Most of places do not even look for certificates, they are just interested in the skill set.
Will this diploma be enough for me to get a job?
As in any Artistic Profession, skills are more important than your degree. The SoundideaZ Academy Diploma is a proof that you have the required skill set to join the industry.
Should I learn Sound Engineering in India or in West?
The answer to this is very personal. A few pointers to make a decision.
Cost Analysis
Lowest fees for a world class training.Living cost in another country with traveling and food is a major aspect to be considered.
Course :
Well defined International grade syllabus with Indian sensibilities.
Job Prospects
Indian market is booming and International players are entering the market. Hence learning skills applicable in India is definitely a Smart Decision.
Soundideaz Academy has tremendous goodwill in the industry and students benefit from the same at every step.
What is the income of a Sound Engineer?
Starting from Rs. 5000/- Month to Rs 500,000/- per month. Depending on the skill set.
What is the duration of the courses?
Our different courses have different durations. Please refer to the course modules for details.
What is the qualification required for joining the Diploma Course?
Minimum of 10 + 2 in any field/subject/faculty, coupled with great passion for this field. Right to admission rests solely at the discretion of the management and is based on personal interview.
Do you accept International Students?
Yes. However, the responsibility for completing all the formalities required by the Government of India to procure a valid visa for the duration of the course, rests with the student.
Please contact the admissions counselor for details on email@example.com
Who are the faculties With SIA?
Faculties at SIA walk the extra mile to share real world experiences with the students. It is like actually doing an internship with each of them for a span of one year.
Do you Provide outstation students with boarding and lodging facilities?
Hostel facility not available but we provide assistance for arranging staying facility.
Do you provide any Scholarship?
No Scholarships as of now.
Can we get loan facilities?
Yes. We have tied up with Greater Bank, Mumbai for providing Education Loan facility. For details you may write to email@example.com
Are there any additional hidden costs while doing course?
No hidden costs.
Do SIA have any affiliation?
SoundideaZ Academy is conducting an autonomous course. We are affiliated to the Industry not any other Institute.
Is SIA Certificate Recognized?
Yes. Our certificate is recognized by the Industry.
Can I get my Admission cancelled and get the refund once I have paid the fees?
No cancellation once the admission is secured and payment made but if due to any unforeseen circumstances the student is unable to attend the Batch then we can accommodate him / her in the next batch. Right of decision rest with the Management for such cases.
How much Theory & Practical are covered in this course?
Please refer to Course detail page for the same or contact the counselor for further assistance
When can we use the Studio?
After completion of specific modules students will be introduced to the studio with assignments and practicals. We have a well-equipped dedicated studio for the students, which is available to them. Details and conditions of studio use will be updated to you during admissions.
Will I Get placement on Completion of the Course?
We guarantee you placement assistance. Till date we have 90 % placement record. A student has to perform to get a good job. No certificate can replace skills and knowledge.
What is the medium of instruction? What if English is not my first language?
Primary medium is English. However, we do support students in Hindi who are not comfortable with English.
Is there any Internship guaranteed?
We support and encourage the students to get the best from the course. We do provide internship opportunities to qualifying students.
Does SIA offer Short term Courses?
Please refer to Course detail page for the same or contact the counselor for further assistance.


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Maple Alley
Season 3 Episode 2 | 26m 46s
Gary and the crew head to Vermont to talk to Dori, the owner of Tonewood, a unique business that collaborates with expert sugar makers to create single source, unblended maple products. Then they head over to Hamtramck, Michigan to talk to Chris, the owner of Fowling Warehouse, a business centered on his homemade backyard sport that combines football and bowling. Episode 302.
Aired: 10/11/15Video has closed captioning.


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Protecting my Windows partitionSunday, July 22, 2007 at 21:01 | Posted in computer, ubuntu | 3 Comments
Tags: antivirus, firewall, software, windows
For reasons I wrote about back then, I bought a laptop with pre-installed Windows XP a couple of months ago. Along with the XP there was a 60 day trial of Norton Security Suite. While I mostly use the laptop under Ubuntu 7.04, I decided to leave the Windows partition intact. My Logitech QuickCam Connect is easier to use for both video and still pictures under Windows. Also, I have not yet managed to configure my WLAN card to Linux and some cool features of Skype do not support Linux.
The Norton Security 60 days free trial would have run out in 8 days. I have been reminded for the last three weeks to "renew" it which would obviously no longer have been free. Interestingly, the two options provided each time I logged in to Windows were to renew it now (which was recommended) or renew later. In other words, I was generously left with the option of paying them right away or paying them later. Since I have no desire to pay Norton a cent for their services, I today uninstalled their Security Suite and replaced it with free software.
I first downloaded the Zone Alarm free firewall and then uninstalled the Norton stuff. After re-booting I installed the firewall and went on to download the equally free Avira AntiVir Personal Edition Classic. After installation I let it scan my hard drive. No viruses were found so Norton managed that part during the 52 days, at least.
Now that I had a firewall an and antivirus programme running, I still needed a tool to detect and remove spy- and malware. I downloaded and installed Spybot. Although Norton Security had not reported a single entry of spyware during 52 days, Spybot detected and removed 41 entries at the first run. I wonder what exactly the service is that Norton wanted me to pay for.
Having three separate programmes for free rather than one package for money means that I must do some of the work manually but I do not mind doing it. I used to work under Windows for years before switching to Ubuntu so I am more than familiar with these tools. Besides, running them myself gives me a good overview of the system.
Protecting the system is the price (either in work or money) one has to pay for the dubious luxury of using Windows. In comparison, Ubuntu does not necessarily require any protection at all. I do use Firestarter, though, to be on the safe side. It is good to have it recorded in the firewall log if a serious hacking attempt should take place.
Although I only log in to my Windows partition two or three times a week, I think it was worth while to spend a couple of hours this afternoon to protect the system. Using Windows even momentarily without a proper protection would be as stupid as having sex with a stranger without a condom. In fact, chances of infection are bigger with Windows.
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[…] tarjoamaan maksullista versiotaan joka kerta kun Windowsiin buuttasin. Yhtenä kauniina päivänä otin itselleni aikaa ja poistin Nortonin sekä asensin sen tilalle viruksenpelättimeksi AntiVirin, palomuuriksi […]
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Support primarily to a museum to exhibit the art of cartoonist Charles M. Schulz.
Established in 1982 in CA - Founded by the late cartoonist Charles M. Schulz, who created the comic strip "Peanuts" featuring Charlie Brown. Mr. Schulz received numerous awards including the National Cartoonist Society Humor Comic Strip Award in 1962 for "Peanuts," the Society's Elzie Segar Award in 1980, the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1996 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 2002.
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Turn on Your Light
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Next Program Starts January 7th, 2020
Have you ever found yourself de-valuing your gifts, blaming yourself or putting yourself down? Rather than asking for support, do you sit in worry, fear or resistance to change? Feeling unworthy keeps us trapped in the past.
Find out what you need to know and what you need to do to elevate your life experience. You will participate in a transformational program designed to help you let go what's not serving you well. You will also add a new dimension to create a life of meaning, purpose, value and excitement.
My program will be held from the comfort of your own home and internet connection using the zoom platform. We will do this through a video link sent in advance and limited to nine women who want the best in learning from each other as well as myself as your trusted and skilled facilitator.
Never has group coaching been more impactful and influential in how we listen, learn and take action – than ever before. And having it available online has opened opportunities for education and empowerment without the added cost of travel and additional time invested.
You can learn from other people's experience or take the long way to learn it alone or never get the support that it takes for real change. There are concrete benefits to being in a supportive community of peers.
Your experience begins with a thirty minute, one on one pre-conversation with Louise. This coaching conversation will help you sharpen your focus and set the stage for getting the most from this experience. As a group, we will meet four weeks in a row at the designated time.
Next Program Starts January 7th, 2020
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"I recently participated in Louise Griffith's group coaching program, More Than Enough. Each participant brought her own goals and experiences to the group. We shared deep, meaningful discussions with wise, beautiful women. I felt loved and supported as I worked towards my goal. Our online group was a sacred space. We laughed together. We cried together. We encouraged and supported each other. On the last day we met, I was wishing for a few more weeks with these women. If you are looking for an opportunity to focus on what is important to you to help move yourself forward, this is the place to do it."
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If you're ready for faster results, increased self worth, greater accountability to achieve more then register for my next 4-week group.
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Who is Louise Griffith?
I am an internationally recognized speaker, success coach, author and psychologist of 28 years, empowering my clients to get clear about what they want and then achieve it. I work with people who want to understand what makes them tick and motivate them to act in a positive and productive way.
I teach people how to change underlying thinking patterns so that they are in alignment with their dreams and goals, supporting success rather than sabotaging their efforts.
Supporting Success:
My life's work and the reason I wrote the book "You Are Worth It – 52 Weeks to Honoring, Loving and Nurturing Your Soul" is to take individuals to the next level faster & easier.
Working with small groups:
It works to be part of a dynamic community that is committed to one another's success.
Studies on accountability found that you have a 65% chance of completing a goal if you commit to someone. However, if you have a specific accountability appointment with a person (ie. a coach) you will increase your change of success by up to 95%.
Research from the American Society of Training & Development (ASTD)
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Wordwright LLC offers editorial and production services to publishers, authors, and other producers of print and electronic publications.
Whether you need help with a single task or an entire series of books, we can lend a hand. Our years of experience and commitment to quality enable us to give assistance as you usher each project from its original concept through any or all of its stages of development. You can rely on us to consistently deliver work on time and on budget.
Do you have a great idea, a completed manuscript, or something in between? Are you interested in traditional, hybrid, or self publishing? We offer personalized solutions to help you bring your dreams to fruition.


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A Weekend Trip to Madrid, Spain
October 6, 2018
by Izabel Trizlova
Spain is a very popular tourist destination for people from all over the world. The country is 505,990 square kilometers large, making it the largest country in southern Europe. The population amounts to approximately 47 million, with a bit over 3 million living in the capital- Madrid.
Madrid is the largest city and often known as the heart of Spain. After living here for four years, I have come to realize that exploring this city will require as much time as possible or a minimum of 3-4 days.
Getting to The City and Transportation
Starting from the basics- getting to Madrid, the easiest way to reach this city is by plane. Of course if you already live in Spain or perhaps a nearby country you could drive, but various low- cost airlines fly to Madrid. Once you land, you can take the metro or cercanias to get to the city. Usually prices start from 8 Euros. There are also buses that you can take into the city. Another option is taking a cab, which is 30 Euros (fixed) to anywhere in the city zone.
Metro, trains and night buses take you everywhere
Once in Madrid, you don't really have to worry about where your hotel or airbnb is located, due to the fact that Madrid has a great transportation system. You can take the metro/ renfe or cercanias (different types of trains) to any place in the city or even outside (suburbs). There are day and night buses, cabs, Uber, bikes you can rent and other transportation options. The most popular areas in this city include Gran Via, Plaza de España, Malasaña/ Tribunal, Atocha/ Retiro, Plaza Cibeles, Opera and Moncloa/ Argüelles.
Must See Sights
If you are going to be in Madrid for a weekend only, then it is best if you see the major sights first- Plaza España and Gran Via, the Royal Palace, Retiro park and Templo de Debod.
Plaza España and Puerta del Sol
Plaza España is located in the center. This is basically a beautiful square with water fountains and plenty of benches and grass area where you can relax and see the famous statue of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. From there if you continue upwards you will be on walking on Gran Via which is the main road that takes you to through the center of the city. I recommend walking this street as it is full of bars, restaurants, shops and cafes. If you keep going straight you will pass metro stations such as Santo Domingo, Callao, Gran Via and reach Banco de España. Pretty much any street you turn on there will lead you to the main square. When you're in Sol, you'll see the famous bear statue- a symbol of Madrid. There's a legend that states if you touch the bear, you are bound to return to Madrid.
(Gran Via, Madrid, Spain)
The Royal Palace and Plaza Mayor
If you're already in Sol you can walk to Opera, which is where the Royal palace is . If you decide to take calle Mayor then you can also see Plaza de Mayor on the way and grab a bite or two. Once you reach Opera you will see signs for Teatro Real, because it's just behind the actual Opera. You have to pay to get inside the Royal Palace and there is usually a pretty long line, however if you just want a nice view, you can go in the Catedral de la Almudena, which is right next to it and has a large balcony with e great view.
(Plaza Mayor, Madrid, Spain)
(The Royal Palace, Madrid, Spain)
Retiro Park
Retiro is the most famous park in Madrid. It is huge, free and has everything inside. To get there you can either walk from Banco de España down calle de Alcalá (through puerta de Alcalá) or get off at the Retiro metro station or even Atocha.. Inside you can find rowing boats to rent, the Crystal palace, a small botanical garden, various fountains, many cafes and stands where you can buy food and other knick- knacks.
(Crystal Palace, Retiro Park, Madrid, Spain)
Templo de Debod
Templo de Debod is another site that is pretty cool to see. It's basically an Egyptian temple located in the middle of a park (Parque del Oeste). The park and temple are located right before Plaza España, so one stop before or just 10-15 minutes walking. The park is situated a bit higher, on a hill so there is a good view of the city and you can also see the Royal Palace from there.
(Templo de Debod, Madrid, Spain)
Prado Museum and Reina Sofia
If you're very much interested in art, I recommend visiting Museo del Prado and Reina Sofia. If you're into classical art, visit Prado and if you like more modern/ contemporary art, something like Dali for example, go to Reina Sofia. Prado is free for students and free after 5pm or 6pm for everyone else too (but check their website beforehand) otherwise the general ticket is 15 Euros. Reina Sofia is free after 7pm and the general entry is 10 Euros.
(Prado Museum, Madrid, Spain)
Going Out and Night Life
Lateral and Ten con Ten
Finally, if you want to go out in Madrid to eat, there are plenty of restaurants. Of course, those in the center are just a bit more expensive. If you are looking for something classy, I recommend going to restaurant Ten con Ten. Be prepared to spend 100 Euros or more and make sure to have a reservation beforehand. I also recommend Lateral- they have delicious mojitos and great atmosphere. Otherwise, pretty much every street that you are on will have various restaurants that serve good food and for less money.
Malasaña- the perfect neighborhood for going out
Malasaña is a neighborhood known for its bars. I recommend grabbing a drink at Ojala (a beach themed bar). Every bar serves snacks with your drink (the so called tapas), so don't order anything if you don't want to eat more than a few olives or chips. If you're looking to go out clubbing, you have many options. One of the most famous and touristy clubs is Kapital. It has 7 floors and each floor plays a different type of music. The entrance is around 20 Euros, but there are discount codes that you can get from promoters. Other popular clubs include Joy Eslava, Goya, Teatro Barcelo, Opium, Mondo and Pacha. If you have time you might consider going to Fabrik- famous for its wild parties, but located a bit outside of the city
Madrid is the heart of Spain and it certainly stole my heart.
By Izabel Trizlova
A recent graduate from Saint Louis University- Madrid campus, who has a bachelors degree in Political Science: International Relations, International Studies and a minor in English, currently working in Bulgaria. Loves to travel and does so every other weekend. Also a Latin dancer. Writes poetry and loves reading poetry even more. I consider myself to be an average young adult, who is always eager to learn and go on an adventure. I speak Bulgarian, English, Spanish and Russian- that comes in handy sometimes. Niches: Travel, international contemporary issues, human rights, animal and wildlife protection. Specific countries: UK, Albania, Bulgaria, Spain, Kazakhstan, Florida (USA), DC (USA), Greece, Turkey, Macedonia, Russia (Moscow), Portugal, Italy, Germany, Ireland, Denmark, Morocco (to be continued...).Read more at curiousnotlost.com
Top 12 Destinations for Backpackers
Looking for adventure in far away places? Get more bang for your buck with these backpacker favourite destinations you may not have thought of!


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Around The Grounds – November 26
West Indies tour of Bangladesh
Bangladesh were big winners over the touring Windies in the first test at Chittagong last week. The match was dominated by the spinners as the Windies struggled to adapt to the humid conditions and slow bowling which saw Bangladesh pounce after posting a satisfactory 324 in their first innings. Mominul Haque scored his eighth test century & was the star of the show for Bangladesh as the 27-year-old put the home side in a commanding position heading into the second days play. Both Shannon Gabriel and left-arm orthodox spinner Jomel Warrican each picked up four wickets, but they weren't particularly damaging performances it has to be said. The fact that Bangladesh's lower order wagged with the bat didn't help the cause either. In an attempt to better the Tigers efforts with the bat, the Windies fell short with a total of 246. The top order failed woefully, leaving it all up to Shimron Hetmyer (63) and Shane Dowrich (63*) to mop up the mess. Hetmyer's rapid-T20 approach to the innings lit up Chittagong as he smoked 63 off just 47 deliveries before he was finally dismissed. Debutante-spinner Nayeem Hasan dominated with figures of 5/61, all-rounder Shakib Al Hasan also producing the goods with 3/43.
With a 78-run lead up their sleeve, Bangladesh had their foot on the tourists throat as they looked to pile on more runs in their second innings. The pitch was getting harder to bat on though, and that's where the Windies spinning-trio fought back some ascendancy as they skittled Bangladesh for just 125. Devendra Bishoo led the way with 4/26, closely followed by Roston Chase (3/18) and Jomel Warrican (2/43). It was too little, too late perhaps as the Windies were set a target of 204 runs for victory. With batting conditions becoming increasingly difficult, it didn't take Shakib Al Hasan and Taijul Islam long to spin the Windies into a world of trouble as cracks started to form. Bang, bang, bang, bang – four wickets gone just like that inside the first six overs, Shakib and Taijul leaving a trail of destruction behind them. The Windies never recovered from that horrific start and were eventually bowled out for 139 in the 36th over. Taijul Islam picked up a six-wicket haul as Bangladesh went on to win the match by 64 runs.
England tour of Sri Lanka
With a 3-0 series victory on the horizon, England will be hoping to claim the six remaining wickets required for victory relatively quickly later today at Colombo. Wicketkeeper-batsman Jonny Bairstow scored a century in his return to the side after sitting out the first two matches due to injury, all-rounder Ben Stokes also registered a half-century before he was caught at slip. Talking just before about the spin-friendly conditions in Chittagong, this series has definitely revolved around slow bowling. Coming in for his first test of the series, Lakshan Sandakan picked up 5/95 with his left-arm Chinaman's alongside his other two fellow-spinners who found it difficult to make inroads in the England line-up. At the end of the day, you'd have to give England the chocolates for posting a 300+ total on a slowish-Sri Lankan wicket. With not a lot to lose, Sri Lanka responded tremendously as Dimuth Karunaratne and Dhananjaya de Silva gritted their teeth and put the foot down against England's attack.
A 142-run partnership between the pair came to an end when de Silva was dismissed for 73, and that's when things started to get a little messy. Just a matter of overs after de Silva exited the middle, Karunaratne was caught at short leg for 83 as leggy Adil Rashid provided the magic touch yet again. Kusal Mendis was one of Sri Lanka's last batsmen to show some fight before Adil Rashid and Ben Stokes demolished the remainder of their batting order. The match was flipped on its head as Rashid's 5/49 & Stokes 3/30 left the hosts stunned with just 240 on the board after they were 2-173. With another big task ahead of them, Sri Lanka found some early wickets in the form of Dilruwan Perera who dismissed England's top three batsmen cheaply. Stokes backed up his fifty in the first innings with a fighting-42 at the crease with Jos Buttler who made scoring runs look easy with a fluent 64 off 79 balls. Adding a further 230 runs, England set Sri Lanka a target of 327 runs with two days remaining.
New Zealand tour of the United Arab Emirates
We're just two days into the second test in Dubai, and Pakistan has already set the standard after posting an impressive 418/5 in the first innings. Declaring 167 overs in, it was apparent that Pakistan was confident that they'd done enough to put the pressure back on the Black Caps heading into the third days play. After an anxious start to the innings where they lost both opening batsmen for just 9 runs apiece, New Zealand all-rounder Colin de Grandhomme left Pakistan in a vulnerable state. To Azhar Ali and Haris Sohail's credit, the pair managed to halt the Black Caps momentum and build a crucial partnership. It would've frustrated the hell out of New Zealand, they went from being in an extremely threatening position, to having the energy sucked out of them as a 126-run partnership formed around them. The Kiwis never recovered from that Azhar-Sohail partnership, the Pakistani No. 3 was eventually run out for 81 in the 70th over, but as far as his team was concerned he'd done his job.
Just ten overs later Ajaz Patel picked up the wicket of Asad Shafiq, and all of sudden New Zealand looked back in the contest. It was short-lived though as a determined Babar Azam made his way to the crease still searching for a maiden-test century. Things were just about to get a whole lot worse for New Zealand as Haris Sohail found himself a new partner in Azam who was on a mission. The Black Caps failed to make a breakthrough which proved costly as the fifth-wicket stand started to eclipse that of Azhar and Sohail's earlier. The news just kept on getting better and better for the men in green, Azam brought up his maiden-test century as the partnership reached 186 runs. Haris Sohail was eventually dismissed for 147 off a whopping 421 deliveries, while Babar Azam finished unbeaten on 127 off 263 balls. New Zealand's bowling attack toiled away for little-reward in that first innings, four of their bowlers ended up bowling 30+ overs each for just five wickets.
Zak Varik is an Australian columnist/writer who specializes in the sports category cricket. With over four years of experience covering all sorts of cricket tournaments around the world, Zak has gained extensive knowledge in International cricket as well as domestic.
"I've loved watching cricket since I was about 7 years old, my childhood hero was none other than Andrew "Roy" Symonds who probably enhanced my love of the game through the years".
Zak is now an established writer for FCN (Fantasy Cricket News) and has also previously represented other Blogs during his time as a writer.


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"next to merci, food from local producers in France. Best place to bring back food as gifts!"
- 82位當地人推薦
"Want to cook something up the french way ? Or just pick up cheese, delicatessen and wine ? This is the place you want to go ! Very good products, a bit pricy but it's worth it. You may also want to go there to bring back some local products ;) They also make great brunches on saturday !"
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Organic Grocery
"This is a GREAT organic, speciality supermarket that sells quality veggies, grains, gluten free items, alternative foods, cereals, dairy, pantry items, and natural items. "
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"Neighborhood epicerie open every day except sunday. Great for groceries, apero (cheese, ham, olives, bread, wine etc)"
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Organic Grocery
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Fruit & Vegetable Store
"organic veggies and charcuterie, cheese, bread, a bit of everything as in the old times. Managers are a young couple."
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Organic Grocery
"The best Organic Supermarket in Paris... Quality products and good prices, with a real sense of ecological commitment!"
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"It's so hard to choose among the Sicilian treasures sold in this tiny specialty shop: olive oils, smoked fish, anchovies. Sometimes after I'm done shopping I stay for an aperitivo. It's just like Sicily: only the bay laurels and Barbary fig trees are missing. I love their Bianca olive oil: It's light, delicate, and has a taste of lemon. Add some olives, fennel seeds, and red pepper and it's delicious."
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Organic Grocery
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"Florence Kahn's Yiddish deli has one of the nicest façades in the Marais, made of blue and white mosaic. Inside, everything is homemade every day. You'll find poultry liver pâté and smoked fish, delicate cold meats, excellent cheesecake, rich sandwiches, and onion rolls ready to be stuffed at home. Seek out the bags of ferfelis on the shelves. It's homemade Yiddish pasta that's roasted twice in an oven, giving it a very special taste."
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"Absolutely charming hidden restaurant. Amazing gastronomy for a decent price. Talk to Isabelle, the owner, who also runs a caviar house. She is passionate !"
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Organic Grocery
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Organic Grocery
"Best organic food store in all of Paris. Excellent choice of gluten-free breads, cakes and cookies. Great local cheeses and olives. Also home to a well-stocked organic para pharmaceuticals for cosmetics, body care and so on. Usually open 10.00-20.00 Monday to Saturday. "
- 12位當地人推薦


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Place du Chatelet, Paris, France
This photochrome print of the Place du Châtelet in Paris is part of "Views of Architecture, Monuments, and Other Sites in France" from the catalog of the Detroit Publishing Company (1905). This public square is located on what was once the site of the medieval fortress of Grand Châtelet, which was built around 1130 by King Louis VI to defend the Ile de la Cité, the island in the River Seine that constitutes the historic center of Paris. Later in the 12th century, the fortress became a prison, which it remained until 1802. The bridge in the photograph is the Pont au Change, which connects the Ile de la Cité to the right bank. Located in the center of the square is La Fontaine du Palmier, which was erected in 1808 to mark victories by Napoleon in Italy, Germany, and Egypt.
Date Created
Subject Date
Publication Information
Detroit Publishing Company, Detroit, Michigan
Additional Subjects
Type of Item
Physical Description
1 photomechanical print : photochrom, color
- The Detroit Photographic Company was launched as a photographic publishing firm in the late 1890s by Detroit businessman and publisher William A. Livingstone, Jr., and photographer and photo-publisher Edwin H. Husher. They obtained exclusive rights to use the Swiss "Photochrom" process for converting black-and-white photographs into color images and printing them by photolithography. This innovative process was applied to the mass production of color postcards, prints, and albums for sale to the American market. The firm became the Detroit Publishing Company in 1905.
External Resource
IIIF Manifest Help
Last updated: July 8, 2014


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The London office of Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe has bolstered its disputes offering with the addition of an international arbitration partner with experience representing clients in the energy sector.
San Francisco-headquartered Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe, which has strongly focused on its disputes recruitment on United States, with various additions over the past few months, has now hired a partner with experience in energy disputes in London.
Prior to joining the firm, Mark Beeley worked at Vinson & Elkins for more than 16 years, joining first as an associate in 2001, and making the partnership in 2011.


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Moses Raymond (Member since 18 March 2015)
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Situated at about 1300 feet above sea level, this beautiful pristine hill is a fantastic vantage point for nature lovers and tourists. Winding roads take you up the hill and the ...
Masunda Lake or locally known as Talao Pali is at the center of the city and is a beautiful lake promenade. Sitting in the midst of the densely populated city, this lake has ...


text: Home - The Lawn Blog - The Blog 8 Things Your Lawn Needs This Spring As winter fades, many of us get excited about warm sunshine, grill-outs on the patio, swimming, and lawn parties! With the weather warming up, it's high time to start thinking about your outdoor living space. Ensuring beautiful, lush greenery and a well-kept homestead starts with early preparation. Here are the top 8 activities you need to be doing now:1. Rake, Feed & Seed Your LawnRaking away dead grass, twigs, and leaves will help your grass get started on the healthy track. Notice where bare spots have appeared after the harshness of winter cold and start seeding your lawn to fill it in nicely. Don't forget to fertilize!2. Begin Watering & MowingDeep watering is important for greener lawns. Short but frequent periods of watering might seem superficial at times but is actually detrimental to growth. Likewise, avoid mowing your lawn too short as this discourages deep roots and increases the likelihood of burning your grass on hot days.3. Prune Perennial Plants and TreesPerennial plants and trees show their wear and tear most in early spring. Just after hard frosts have ceased is a perfect time to prune. You'll want to encourage new growth, maintain shape, and remove dead limbs for great looking shrubbery. 4. Lay New Mulch Not only is new mulch good for your greenery but it also gives that fresh spring look to your landscaping. If you're just starting out, don't dismay. Laying new mulch isn't a complicated process and quickly adds a clean feeling to your yard.5. Aerate your LawnHelp your grass grow stronger roots this season by aerating your lawn. After the compression of all that winter snow and ice, your soil needs to breathe! Check out this great infographic for all you need to know about aeration.6. Clean Gutters & DownspoutsTwigs and leaves that have fallen over autumn and winter get snagged in your gutter system. This process is only aided by the melting of any remaining snow. Free your gutters and downspouts of debris so spring rains can freely flow.7. Replace HVAC Air FiltersSwitching from a heat source to a cooling source as it warms up requires a filter check–just like furnace filters in the fall. A clean filter will leave you with quality indoor air this season.8. Inspect for Exterior Cracks or IssuesMake sure to walk around your house, garage, and any outbuildings to visually inspect the structures. Keep an eye on the foundation, windows, and siding for any concerning issues.There are several other tasks you could be doing to landscape and groom your outdoor space as well as protect your home from winter build-up. Spring is a very busy time! Many of the tasks on this list are jobs that Ehlinger Lawn Care can take care of with our spring lawn cleanup services? Save some time and hassle by calling the professionals! Attachment Posted on Thu, April 13, 2017 by Think Team filed under Ehlinger Lawn Care Spring EHlinger Lawn Care Lawn 4 comments (Add your own) 1. Jill Kelly wrote: We're 1st time howeowners just moving in and we're a bit overwhelmed. Our riding lawnmower is not working but the grass keeps growing. My flower garden is still covered in fall leaves and the creeping charlie has been assaulting & taking over our grass. We need help. Would really appreciate a quote. Address: 801 2nd St S. Sauk Rapids Sun, May 7, 2017 @ 7:09 PM 2. sverigapotek wrote: apoteket receptfritt europe, http://sverige-apotek.life/index-366.html , pris pa malmö. Sat, September 2, 2017 @ 12:04 PM 3. KuTlVem wrote: домашнее похудение НАШИ ЗАЛЫ,Зал на Лесном,Зал на Черниговской Приглашаем посетить наш фитнес клуб с целью оздоровления и красоты тела! В нашем комплексе несколько залов, для занятий различными видами фитнеса. Новое модернизированное оборудование придаст уверенности в выполнении упражнений. Комфортабельные залы, дружелюбная атмосфера на ресепции будет способствовать вдохновлению возвращаться к нам снова! Индивидуальный тренер спортивные турыоздоровительно спортивные туры похудение в домашних условияхфитнесс спортивные туры оздоровительно спортивные туры туры спортивные туры домашнее похудение Tue, January 22, 2019 @ 10:01 AM 4. wrote: A knife is аn important tool in the woods. Sun, February 3, 2019 @ 5:32 AM Add a New Comment Your Name: Your Email/URL (Optional): Your Comment: Enter the code: Comment Guidelines: No HTML is allowed. Off-topic or inappropriate comments will be edited or deleted. Thanks.


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Collection Online as of December 15, 2019
Wood, cotton, fabric and glass beads
Overall: 51 x 38 x 43 cm (20 1/16 x 14 15/16 x 16 15/16 in.)
Severance and Greta Millikin Purchase Fund 2006.138
108A Sub-Saharan
In Cameroon powerful animal imagery was associated with the wealth and prestige of rulers. This stool incorporates a ferocious leopard. It was once owned by the king of Bandjoun, a kingdom located on the west coast of Africa.
Bead-covered wooden stools and thrones are one of the most prevalent art forms among the various kingdoms and chiefdoms in the Cameroon grasslands. This example, once part of the royal treasury, belongs in the category of "travel stools," usually used in conjunction with more private, minor ceremonies and rituals at the palace. The leopard imagery confirms the object's royal status. It alludes to the belief that the king was able to temporarily transform himself into this feared predator.