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Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce.
Notice of final program criteria.
This Notice announces the Bureau of the Census' (Census Bureau's) criteria for defining urban and rural territory based on the results of Census 2000. These criteria replace and supersede the 1990 census criteria for defining urban and rural territory. In establishing these criteria, the Census Bureau took into account the comments received regarding the information published in the Federal Register on March 28, 2001 (66 FR 17018) and July 27, 2001 (66 FR 39143), as well as research and investigation conducted by Census Bureau staff. The new criteria appear later in this Notice.
This Notice is effective immediately.Start Further Info
Robert Marx, Chief, Geography Division, U.S. Census Bureau, 4700 Silver Hill Road-Stop 7400; Washington, DC 20233-7400, telephone (301) 457-2131, or e-mail at: email@example.com Further Info End Preamble Start Supplemental Information
The Census Bureau identifies and tabulates data for the urban and rural populations and their associated areas solely for the presentation and comparison of census statistical data. It does not take into account or attempt to anticipate any nonstatistical uses that may be made of these areas or their associated data, nor does it attempt to meet the requirements of such nonstatistical program uses. Nonetheless, the Census Bureau recognizes that some Federal and state agencies are required by law to use Census Bureau-defined urban and rural classifications for allocating program funds, setting program standards, and implementing aspects of their programs. The agencies that make such nonstatistical uses of the areas and data should be aware that the changes to the urban and rural criteria for Census 2000 might affect the implementation of their programs. Start Printed Page 11664
If a Federal, state, local, or tribal agency voluntarily uses these urban and rural criteria in a nonstatistical program, it is that agency's responsibility to ensure that the results are appropriate for such use. In considering the appropriateness of such nonstatistical program uses, the Census Bureau urges each agency to consider permitting appropriate modifications of the results of implementing the urban and rural criteria specifically for the purposes of its program. When a program permits such modifications, the Census Bureau urges each agency to use descriptive terminology that clearly identifies the different criteria being applied so as to avoid confusion with the Census Bureau's official urban and rural classifications.
This section of the Notice, among other things, provides a brief synopsis of the public comments the Census Bureau received in response to the March 28, 2001 (66 FR 17018) and July 27, 2001 (66 FR 39143) Federal Register Notices, and the decisions the Census Bureau made in response to the public comments received.
In addition, the Census Bureau plans to announce the determinations of Census 2000 urban and rural territory in the near future. Federal agencies should begin to use the new urban/rural definitions to tabulate and publish statistics when the determinations are announced.
Executive Order 12866
This Notice has been determined to be not significant for purposes of Executive Order 12866.
Regulatory Flexibility Act
Even though we gave the public prior notice and an opportunity for public comment, we were not required to do so by Title 5, United States Code (U.S.C.), Section 553, or any other law. Therefore, a Regulatory Flexibility Analysis is not required and has not been prepared (5 U.S.C. 603[a]).
Paperwork Reduction Act
This program Notice does not represent a collection of information subject to the requirements of the Paperwork Reduction Act, Title 44, U.S.C., Chapter 35.
Summary of Comments Received in Response to the March 28, 2001 (66 FR 17018) and July 27, 2001 (66 FR 39143) Federal Register Notices
The March 28, 2001 Federal Register document provided the proposed criteria and the July 27, 2001 Federal Register document provided further clarification. Both Notices requested comment on the Census Bureau's proposed Urban Area Criteria for Census 2000. In response to the two Notices, the Census Bureau received 142 comment letters. Of that number, 81 comments were received from regional planning and nongovernmental organizations, 24 from municipal and county officials, 22 from Members of Congress, 8 from state government officials, 4 from officials of other federal agencies, and 3 from individuals. Many comment letters addressed more than one topic.
Of the 142 letters, 67 offered comments to the proposed criteria for recognizing uninhabitable areas adjacent to bodies of water (floodplains, marshes, and other wetlands); 37 of these dealt specifically with areas not accommodated in the criteria that respondents believed to be uninhabitable. Of these 37 letters, 22 expressed concern about the area that separates Brunswick City and St. Simons Island, Georgia, and 15 dealt with the area in the vicinity of the St. Francis Levee between West Memphis, Arkansas, and Memphis, Tennessee. The majority of the comments concerned the inability of the proposed criteria to define additional types of areas as "uninhabitable" territory. In particular, respondents commented on the inadequacy of the criteria to define intermittently flooded, uninhabited land adjacent to water bodies as uninhabitable, and thus exempted from the distance measurement when attempting to connect qualifying territory. It was recommended that if these additional types of uninhabitable land areas were included in the criteria, important outlying urban territory would qualify for inclusion in urban areas. Not having this territory included in the urban areas would result in a loss of valuable funding. The remaining comments addressed the criteria that allow a 5 mile jump over uninhabitable area, stating that they would benefit large states and urban areas, but not small states and urban areas.
Ten comments expressed concern that there were no provisions in the criteria to include nonresidential urban land uses, such as airports, industrial parks, and large commercial areas, within urban areas. Comments were received from the Lewiston, Idaho-Clarkston, Washington, area (3); the Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas, area (2); the Reno-Sparks, Nevada, area (2); and one comment each was received from the Indianapolis, Indiana; Paducah, Kentucky-Metropolis, Illinois; and Grand Forks, North Dakota-East Grand Forks, Minnesota, areas. The commentors believed the population density criterion of 500 people per square mile (ppsm) was too high and, therefore, would unfairly exclude the surrounding adjacent nonresidential urban land use areas and what they considered the complete extent of their urbanized area. All comments expressed concern about a possible loss of funding or an inability to expend the funding where the community believed it was needed if there were no way to identify and include nonresidential land use as part of the Urban Area Criteria for Census 2000.
Twenty-seven of the comments questioned elimination of the grandfathering criteria; that is, not automatically retaining in the Census 2000 urban definition territory that had been classified as urban based on the 1990 census. Of those commenting, 16 of the 27 comments were concerned with the Bristol, Tennessee-Bristol, Virginia, area and 5 were concerned with the Ventura County and Orange County areas in California. The remaining 6 letters did not cite a specific area; however, all were similar in that they asserted grandfathering should be retained as part of the Urban Area Criteria for Census 2000. It was believed the elimination of this criterion would cause not only a loss in funding, but, more importantly, a loss of urbanized area status.
There were 26 comments expressing concern about eliminating the provision for including whole functioning governments, particularly incorporated cities, towns, villages, and boroughs. Ten of those commenting were especially concerned about the Bristol, Tennessee-Bristol, Virginia, area and one comment was received regarding the Lewiston, Idaho-Clarkston, Washington, area. Although 15 of the 26 responses did not refer to a specific area, all letters dealing with the elimination of the whole-functioning government criterion were in favor of retaining it as part of the Urban Area Criteria for Census 2000. It was believed that by using corporate limits to include whole governmental units in urban definitions, additional nonresidential urban land use would be included in the urban area definitions, thereby alleviating concerns of loss of funding and loss of urbanized area status.
Coupled with elimination of the grandfathering and the whole-functioning government criteria, 18 additional comments specifically expressed concern regarding the loss of urbanized area status; 11 of these additional comments addressed the governments in the Bristol, Tennessee-Bristol, Virginia area. All 18 favored retention of the grandfathering and the whole-functioning government criteria, Start Printed Page 11665as all believed their elimination would result in a loss of urbanized area status.
The Census Bureau received 31 comments regarding the splitting and merging of urban areas; 23 of these expressed concern about splitting urban areas in the vicinity of Los Angeles, California, in particular in Ventura County (the Oxnard-Ventura, Simi Valley, and Thousand Oaks areas) and in Orange County. The comments questioned whether smaller urban areas would retain their individual status or be included in the larger Los Angeles urbanized area. The majority of these comments dealt equally with the loss of funding, loss of data, and loss of urbanized area status. There were no comments in favor of merging existing urbanized areas. It was widely held that the splitting of urbanized areas should occur at metropolitan area boundaries.
Twenty-four comments addressed the overall population density criterion, with the majority agreeing that the population density requirement of 500 ppsm was too high and did not allow for the inclusion of nonresidential urban land use areas adjacent to the urbanized area core. Five comments remarked on the density requirements for military installations; all concerned Vandenberg Air Force Base near Lompoc, California, and stated the population density requirement of 500 ppsm was too high and, therefore, would exclude some blocks that are part of the military installation.
There were 11 commenters who remarked about the 2 square mile size limit criterion for census block groups with qualifying density. The majority of commenters believed that the area size limitation should be larger than 2 square miles or that an area threshold should not be used to determine urban area qualification. The consensus among the commenters was that this criterion was arbitrary and, thus, should be removed.
The enclave and indentation criteria generated 11 comments. Those commenters who wanted the criteria to include nonresidential urban land uses in urban areas believed that the 5 square mile size limit for adding enclaves to urban areas was too small. Other commenters remarked that the 3:1 ratio criterion for including indentations favors large urban areas over small urban areas.
There were 19 comments received regarding the jump and hop criteria. The jump and hop criteria are used to include noncontiguous but qualifying territory within an urban area. The criteria are based on the distance of the connection and overall density or population in the qualifying territory. All 19 agreed that the distance for hops and jumps should be increased to better include nonresidential urban land uses in urban areas.
The Census Bureau received one comment requesting the recognition of ferries and other nonroad transport networks as links to discontiguous qualifying areas. It favored the use of ferries and other nonroad connections for hops and jumps, especially in the West, as some transit systems have ferry service across water bodies or lines tunneling through mountains where the alternate road connections may not meet the hop or jump distance criteria.
The Census Bureau's Decisions Regarding Recommendations Received From Comments Concerning Changes to the Urban Area Criteria for Census 2000
This section of the Notice provides information about the Census Bureau's decisions related to the recommendations and comments received. These decisions benefited greatly from the public participation, which served as a reminder that, although identified for purposes of collecting, tabulating, and publishing federal statistics, the urban areas defined through these standards represent areas in which people reside, work, and spend their lives and to which they attach a considerable amount of pride. In arriving at its decisions, the Census Bureau took into account the comments received regarding the information published in the Federal Register on March 28, 2001 (66 FR 17018) and July 27, 2001 (66 FR 39143), as well as research and investigation conducted by Census Bureau staff.
I. The Census Bureau presents below its decisions on changes that were incorporated into the Urban Area Criteria for Census 2000 in response to the many comments received.
A. The Census Bureau accepted the recommendations to include criteria that define "uninhabitable" territory along major bodies of water. The Census Bureau is changing the proposed criteria to include selected unpopulated blocks adjacent to a road connection where that road connection crosses a substantial water area. In addition, the Census Bureau is replacing the term uninhabitable with the term "exempted" to more clearly define the territories that are in this category: water bodies, uninhabited census blocks adjacent to bridged water bodies, military installations, national parks, and national monuments.
The original uninhabitable criteria, which were more restrictive than in the past, were limited to bodies of water, military installations, national parks, and national monuments. The intent was to make the delineation process as objective and uniform as possible, and because only these four categories of topography and land use were uniform and complete for the Nation in the Census Bureau's TIGER database, they were the only items that the Census Bureau believed it could use as a basis for evaluation.
The Census Bureau decided to rename "uninhabitable" as "exempted," and to include as exempted those land portions of a hop or jump (defined in Sections II.B. and II.C. of the Urban Area Criteria for Census 2000) where the tabulation blocks on both sides of the road connection have zero population and the road connection crosses at least 1,000 feet of water.
Incorporating this new criterion, which is meant to provide a measurable and objective surrogate to define floodplains and marshlands, will allow the Census Bureau to achieve its goal of being able to apply the criteria uniformly throughout the Nation.
B. The Census Bureau accepted the recommendations to include major airports adjoining or surrounded by qualifying urbanized areas or urban clusters, but the Census Bureau decided not to include commercial or industrial areas.
The Census Bureau decided to include major airports adjoining qualifying urbanized areas (UAs) or urban clusters (UCs) when it was able to obtain a comprehensive database of major airports. The decision was made to include only those airports that, according to 2000 Federal Aviation Administration statistics, had an annual enplanement of at least 10,000 people and, thus, qualified as a primary airport. The research conducted regarding the methodology for determining what boundaries to use for the airports determined that airport inclusion should be by whole census block where at least half the land area of the census block was within the airport.
The Census Bureau believes it is advantageous to include major airports within urban areas because doing so will give a better overall picture of an "urbanized area." Heavily used airports are considered part of the urban fabric of an area and, most importantly, the Census Bureau was able to obtain a single, reliable database source that its staff could use to apply the criteria objectively.
The Census Bureau determined that it could not include industrial or commercial areas on the fringes of UAs or UCs because it could not find a consistent national database that Start Printed Page 11666identifies such areas, as it found for major airports. Thus, the Census Bureau does not have the capability to specifically identify commercial and industrial areas on a uniform and comprehensive basis. The Census Bureau is continuing research to determine some objective and consistent way to address issues involving nonresidential urban land uses for urban area determinations in future censuses.
C. The Census Bureau adopted criteria that would permit the splitting of a UA within the same metropolitan statistical area (MSA) and primary metropolitan statistical area (PMSA), and in counties that are not within an MSA or PMSA, when two areas that each would qualify as a UA have only a point connection or are connected by a hop or a jump.
The Census Bureau determined that it is just as important to recognize the autonomy of areas within a metropolitan area (MA) as it is between two or more MAs. The Census Bureau also determined it would not be realistic to apply the same distance criterion of 3 miles used to split a UA that has qualifying territory in separate MAs as the basis for splitting a UA that is within the same MA or outside any MA. The Census Bureau believes the criteria for splitting a UA within the same MA or outside any MA should be more restrictive to ensure that the splitting is limited to areas that are more likely to be independent and to avoid the splitting of a single large UA into many smaller UAs that are not autonomous.
D. The Census Bureau reevaluated the block population density criterion within a military installation. The Census Bureau revised the final Urban Area Criteria for Census 2000 to treat blocks on a military installation that have a population of 1,000-2,499 the same as blocks that have a population density of 500-999 ppsm. The Census Bureau also decided to treat blocks that have a population of 2,500 or more the same as blocks that have a population density of 1,000 ppsm or greater.
The change in the block density criterion for census blocks within a military installation formally recognizes the special situation that was created in agreement with the Department of Defense regarding the collection and presentation of data about military installations. The block numbering algorithm used by the Census Bureau specified that military installations be identified by using as few block numbers as possible. Blocks that have a large area and significant population were created, but seldom did they meet the minimum criteria for qualification as urban based on population density. Even though the density requirement is consistent, the delineation of military blocks is inconsistent; therefore, the 500 ppsm requirement is being waived for blocks on military installations. To apply these new criteria to other blocks would not be appropriate because the Census Bureau used consistent criteria to define the blocks in areas where external agreements for processing were not a factor.
E. The Census Bureau modified the methodology for the indentation criteria from the 3:1 linear ratio measurement to a 4:1 area ratio measurement; it also clarified the criteria.
The decision to change from the linear ratio of measurement to an area ratio, or "circle method," of measurement was based on the results of research by Census Bureau staff. The results of the research showed that the "circle method" gives a constant comparative ratio, whereas the linear measurement method does not. It also is more difficult to use the length-to-area measurement in a computer environment, where one must first determine the values of an indentation and then calculate the ratio. The inability to ensure consistent automated results made the proposed indentation criteria less objective.
II. Recommendations and comments were received from the public regarding other issues, and subsequent research by Census Bureau staff determined that changes to the current criteria for some issues would be detrimental to the goals of the program. The Census Bureau has decided that no changes will be made to accommodate the following issues in the Urban Area Criteria for Census 2000.
A. Grandfathering
The goal for Census 2000 is to bring the urban area criteria back to a single set of rules that allow for application of automated processes that yield consistent results rather than to have the areas defined through a process of accretion over time. The Census Bureau is striving to eliminate any subjectivity in these delineations. This can be done only by reexamining areas that qualified as UAs in earlier censuses due to the implementation of different criteria following each of those censuses, the possibility of misinterpretations of the criteria, and the inevitable mistakes made during clerical delineations of the past. The areas that no longer qualify as UAs likely will qualify as UCs for Census 2000.
B. Developing a Set of Criteria To Include Whole Functioning Governments in Urban Area Definitions
The Census Bureau wants to define a continuum of urban territory created objectively and equitably for the entire Nation. To apply these criteria consistently, the use of governmental unit boundaries and criteria designed to include whole functioning governments must be eliminated. The Census Bureau evaluated the geographic characteristics of municipal corporations and found widespread variation as a result of each state's unique set of annexation and incorporation laws. The Census Bureau believes the lack of consistency among state laws for establishing governmental unit boundaries would result in inconsistency in urban area definitions.
C. Recognition of Ferries and Other Transportation Modes To Link Discontiguous Qualifying Areas
There is no consistent database of ferry connections and other transportation networks; therefore, the Census Bureau cannot apply the limited data available consistently.
D. Size Criteria for Block Groups
The Census Bureau included a maximum block group size criterion to avoid adding large sparsely settled territories to urban areas. Census Bureau staff found a significant reduction in the percentage of individual blocks that have a population density greater than 500 ppsm, and a significant increase in the land area of blocks that have a population density less than 500 ppsm, when the size of a block group exceeded two square miles. Based on this research, and with the allowance in the criteria for inclusion of individual blocks that have qualifying density, the Census Bureau determined that it was not necessary to change the block group size criterion.
E. Changing the Distance Allowable for a Hop
The Census Bureau determined, after further research, to retain the proposed length for a hop at a distance of less than or equal to 0.5 mile. Based on empirical review, allowing a longer distance for a hop resulted in a significant number of areas linking to other urban areas that were not perceived as actually being connected.
F. Changing the Distance Allowable for a Jump
The Census Bureau determined, after further research, to retain the proposed increase in length for a jump at greater than 0.5 mile but no more than 2.5 miles (it was 1.5 miles in 1990). Based on Start Printed Page 11667empirical review, allowing a longer distance for a jump resulted in a significant number of areas linking to other urban areas that were not perceived as actually being connected. In the case of longer jumps, many of the connections would be eliminated subsequently because a UA would be split to avoid joining autonomous qualifying UAs.
G. Changing the Population Density Criteria for Block Groups and Blocks
The proposed population density requirement of 500 ppsm will remain unchanged. This change in the population density requirement will allow the Census Bureau to take into account government policies requiring green space between developments, lessen the effect of large census block groups and blocks that contain both a developed and undeveloped portion, and because consistent nonresidential land use information is not available, will help to qualify areas that have mixed land use within the same block group or block.
Urban Area Criteria for Census 2000
The following criteria apply to the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands of the United States.
I. Census 2000 Urbanized Area (UA) and Urban Cluster (UC) Definitions
For Census 2000, a UA consists of contiguous,[1] densely settled census block groups (BGs) [2] and census blocks [3] that meet minimum population density requirements, along with adjacent densely settled census blocks that together encompass a population of at least 50,000 people.
For Census 2000, a UC consists of contiguous, densely settled census BGs and census blocks that meet minimum population density requirements, along with adjacent densely settled census blocks that together encompass a population of at least 2,500 people, but fewer than 50,000 people.
All criteria based on land area, population, and population density reflect the information contained in the Census Bureau's Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) database (the Census 2000 TIGER/Line file at the time of initial delineation) and the official Census 2000 redistricting data file (the Public Law 94-171 file at the time of initial delineation).
II. UA and UC Delineation Process Criteria
The following criteria are provided in the sequence in which they are used by the Census Bureau in an automated software program, with limited interactive modifications, to delineate the UAs and UCs. The purpose of providing the criteria in sequence and in technical terms is to ensure that others can develop similar software to replicate the Census Bureau's urban area delineations.
A.The Census Bureau initiates its delineation of a potential urban area by delineating a densely settled "Initial Core." The Initial Core is defined by sequentially including the following qualifying territory:
1. One or more contiguous census BGs that have a total land area less than 2 square miles and a population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile (ppsm) [4] . NOTE: All calculations of population density include only land; the areas of water contained within census BGs and census blocks are not used to calculate population density.
2. If no qualifying census BG exists, one or more contiguous census blocks that have a population density of at least 1,000 ppsm.
3. One or more census BGs that have a land area less than 2 square miles, a population density of at least 500 ppsm, and are contiguous with the BGs identified by criterion II.A.1.
4. One or more contiguous census blocks, each of which has a population density of at least 500 ppsm, and at least one of which is contiguous with the qualifying census BGs or census blocks identified by criterion II.A.1., II.A.2., or II.A.3.
5. Any enclave of contiguous territory that does not meet the criteria above but that is surrounded by census BGs and census blocks that qualify for inclusion in the initial core by criteria II.A.1. through II.A.4., provided the area of the enclave is not greater than 5 square miles.
B. The Census Bureau continues its delineation of a potential urban area by adding, to all initial cores that have a population of 1,000 or more [5] , other territory with qualifying density that can be reached using a "hop" connection. That is, from the edge of the initial core, the Census Bureau will define a road connection of no greater than 0.5 mile across land that is not classified as "exempted" territory [6] and that consists of one or more nonqualifying census blocks that connect the initial core to a contiguous area of census BG(s) and/or census blocks(s) that otherwise qualify based on population density and land area.
1. The territory being added to the initial core using a hop connection, which includes the connecting census block(s), census BG(s), and census block(s) that have a population density of at least 500 ppsm, and any enclave blocks within the connecting block(s) or area with qualifying density, must:
a. Have a combined overall population density of at least 500 ppsm, or
b. Have 1,000 or more total population in the qualifying area being added.
2. When adding qualifying territory to the initial core using a hop connection, the Census Bureau tests the five shortest road connections and:
a. Selects the shortest qualifying road connection that does not exceed 0.5 mile across land that is not classified as "exempted" territory, and
b. Selects the connecting block(s) along that road connection that forms the highest overall population density for the entire area (hop blocks plus Start Printed Page 11668qualifying blocks) being added to the initial core.
3. Territory that is added to the initial core by means of a hop connection becomes part of the adjusted initial core. The Census Bureau then determines if there is additional qualifying territory that can be added to the adjusted initial core. All measurements of distance and contiguity to the core are made from the adjusted initial core, not from the original initial core. The Census Bureau continues to add qualifying territory by means of a hop connection, modifies the adjusted initial core to include the added territory, and continues to add more qualifying territory via a hop connection, until no additional territory qualifies to be added via a hop connection.
C. After completing the process that adds all territory to an initial core that can be added via hop connections, those cores that have a population of 1,500 or more, now termed "interim cores," continue the delineation process by adding qualifying territory via a "jump" connection [7] .
The determination of jumps starts with the interim core that has the greatest population and continues in descending order of population size of each interim core. Starting from the edge of the interim core, the Census Bureau identifies a road connection of greater than 0.5 mile and no more than 2.5 miles across land that is not classified as "exempted" territory, and that consists of one or more nonqualifying census blocks that connect the interim core to contiguous qualifying territory based on population density, land area, and connections made using the hop criteria.
1. The territory being added to the interim core using a jump connection, including the connecting census block(s), qualifying census BG(s), and census block(s) that have a population density of at least 500 ppsm, and any enclave blocks within the connecting block(s) or territory with qualifying density, must:
a. Have a combined overall population density of at least 500 ppsm, or
b. Have a population of 1,000 or more in the qualifying territory being added.
2. When adding qualifying territory to the interim core using a jump connection, the Census Bureau tests the five shortest road connections and:
a. Selects the shortest qualifying road connection that does not exceed 2.5 miles across land that is not classified as "exempted," and
b. Selects the connecting block(s) along that road connection that forms the highest overall population density for the entire territory (jump blocks plus qualifying blocks) being added to the interim core.
3. No additional jumps may originate from a qualifying area after the first jump in that direction unless the territory being included as a result of the jump was an interim core with a population of 50,000 or more.
D. After territory has been added to the interim core via jump connections, the Census Bureau again includes additional noncontiguous territory to the adjusted interim core using a hop connection, provided the territory qualifies as defined in the criteria associated with II.B.
E. During all phases in which qualifying territory that is discontiguous to the initial or interim cores is being added to the cores, the Census Bureau adds to the cores any qualifying territory where the hop or jump road connections pass through "exempted" territory.
1. Discontiguous territory is added to the cores using hop or jump connections that cross "exempted" territory, provided that:
a. The road connection is no greater than 5 miles between the core and the qualifying area, and
b. The road connection does not cross more than a total of 2.5 miles of territory not classified as "exempted" (those segments of the road connection where "exempted" territory is not on both sides of the road), and
c. The territory being added meets either the population density criteria or total population criteria specified in Sections II.B.1 and II.C.1.
2. The Census Bureau selects the road connection using the criteria specified in Sections II.B.2 and II.C.2.
3. The Census Bureau considers linkages over exempted territory as a hop connection when the total distance of the road segments, excluding the distance across "exempted" territory, does not exceed 0.5 mile, and as a jump connection when the total distance of the road segments is from 0.5 to 2.5 miles, excluding the distance across "exempted" territory.
F. After all territory has been added to the interim core via jump and hop connections, the Census Bureau adds whole tabulation blocks that approximate the territory of major airports, provided at least one of the blocks that represent the airport is included within or contiguous with the interim core.
G. The Census Bureau then adds to the interim cores territory that constitutes enclaves, provided that:
1. The territory is contiguous, surrounded only by land, and consists of census BGs and census blocks that qualify for inclusion in the interim core, and
a. The area of the enclave is not greater than 5 square miles, or
b. All area of the enclave is more than a straight-line distance of 2.5 miles from a land block that is not part of the interim core, or
2. The territory is contiguous, surrounded by both land consisting of census BGs and census blocks that qualify for inclusion in the interim core, and water, and the linear contiguity of the enclave to the land that is within the interim core is greater than the linear contiguity of the enclave to the water.
H. The Census Bureau then inspects the interim cores and, where necessary, splits the interim cores into separate interim cores for purposes of identifying individual urban areas, following the criteria specified in Section III.
I. Upon completing the separation of interim cores, the Census Bureau completes the delineation of urban areas by identifying and adding territory that qualifies as "indentations."
1. The Census Bureau examines and qualifies only those potential indentation areas that are within the same interim core, not between separate interim cores.
2. Starting from the outermost part of the potential indentation, the Census Bureau will define a "closure qualification line," defined as a straight line no more than 1 mile in length, that extends from one point along the edge of the interim core across area that is not within the interim core to another point along the edge of the interim core, with both points on land.
3. The Census Bureau then determines if there are any tabulation blocks that have at least 75 percent of their area within the territory formed between the closure qualification line and the interim core.
4. If there are no blocks that have 75 percent or more of their area within that territory, the potential indentation does not qualify to be added to the interim core.
5. If there are any blocks that have 75 percent or more of their area within the territory formed between the closure qualification line and the interim core, the total area of those blocks that meet or exceed the 75-percent criterion is compared to the area of a circle, the diameter of which is the length of the closure qualification line. Start Printed Page 11669
6. Those territories under review that have at least four times the area of the circle qualify as an indentation, and the Census Bureau will add the entire area of all those blocks to the interim core.
7. If the collective area of the indentation blocks is less than four times the area of the circle, the Census Bureau defines a different closure qualification line, if possible, and continues the testing and qualification of the potential indentation until it determines if the potential indentation qualifies or fails.
J. As a result of the urban area delineation process, an incorporated place [8] or census designated place (CDP) [9] may be partially within and partially outside an urban area. Any place that is split by an urban area boundary is referred to as an extended place.
III. Splitting UAs
The Census Bureau uses the definition of metropolitan areas (MAs), which include metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), consolidated metropolitan statistical areas (CMSAs), and primary metropolitan statistical areas (PMSAs), in effect for Census 2000 (those MAs established by the Office of Management and Budget on June 30, 1999) to determine when to define separate contiguous UAs. (Note: UCs are never split to recognize MA boundaries.) After delineating the boundary of each UA, the Census Bureau will examine the relationship between that UA and any MSA, CMSA, or PMSA, using the following criteria to determine if the UA should be split and, if so, where the boundary should be located between the resulting separate UAs.
A. UA Split Criteria When There Are Separate MAs
The Census Bureau splits an initial UA that contains at least 50,000 people in two or more separate MAs when the following conditions exist:
1. The UA has at least 50,000 people in each of at least two different MSAs or PMSAs, and the distance along which their areas are contiguous is less than 3 miles. The split will occur at a location near the MSA or PMSA boundary along which their area of contiguity is less than 3 miles.
2. The UA has at least 50,000 people in each of at least two different CMSAs, and the distance along which their areas are contiguous is less than 3 miles. The split will occur at the CMSA boundary.
B. UA Split Criteria Within the Same MA or County
The Census Bureau splits an initial UA within the same MA, or within a county that is not in an MA, when the following conditions exist:
1. The only connection linking or causing contiguity between areas, each of which has an initial core population of at least 50,000, includes either a hop or jump connection, or
2. The connection between areas, each of which has an initial core population of at least 50,000, is not greater than a point-to-point connection.
In both cases, the split will occur at the point-to-point connection, or at both ends of the hop or jump connection that initially linked the areas into a single UA.
IV. Urban Area Title Criteria
A. For those urban areas that contain an incorporated place that has at least 2,500 people in the urban area:
1. The urban area title includes the name of the incorporated place with the most population within the urban area.
2. As many as two additional incorporated place names may be part of the urban area title, provided that:
a. The incorporated place's urban area population exceeds 250,000 people, or
b. The incorporated place has both an urban area population of at least 2,500, and its urban area population includes at least 2/3 of the population in the most populous incorporated place in the urban area.
B. If the urban area does not contain an incorporated place that has at least 2,500 people in the urban area, the urban area title includes the single entity name [10] that occurs first from the following list:
1. The nonmilitary CDP having the largest population in the urban area, provided its population in the urban area is at least 2,500.
2. The incorporated place having the largest population in the urban area.
3. The nonmilitary CDP having the largest population in the urban area.
4. The military CDP having the largest population in the urban area.
5. The governmental MCD [11] having the largest population in the urban area.
6. A local name recognized for the area by the United States Geological Survey's Geographic Names Information System, with preference given to post office names recognized by the United States Postal Service (USPS).
C. The criterion for the sequence of place names in the urban area title consists of the qualifying names in descending order of their official population in the urban area. (If two or more entities that qualify to have their names included in the urban area title have exactly the same population, the total population of each is used to determine the sequence of names; or, if no population data are available, as in Section IV.B.6., the entity names will be listed alphabetically.)
D. The urban area title will include the USPS abbreviation of the name of each state or statistically equivalent entity into which the urban area extends.
1. The order of the state names is the same as the order of the related place names in the urban area title.
2. For urban areas that extend into a state(s) in which no incorporated place, CDP, or MCD name is part of the urban area title, the name(s) of this state(s) is included in the urban area title after the name of the state(s) that includes a place or MCD having its name in the urban area title, in descending order of the state's Census 2000 population within the urban area.
E. If a single place or MCD qualifies as the title of more than one urban area, the largest urban area will use the name of the place or MCD. The smaller urban area will have a title consisting of the place or MCD name and a compass directional (North, South, East, or West) as the smaller urban area relates in direction to the larger urban area. For example, if Allenville is used to title the largest urban area, a smaller urban area also using Allenville in the title that lies south of the larger urban area is titled Allenville South.
F. If any title of an urban area duplicates the title of another urban area within the same state, or uses the name of an incorporated place, CDP, or MCD that is duplicated within a state, the name of the county that has most of the population of the largest place or MCD is appended, in parentheses, after the Start Printed Page 11670duplicate place or MCD name for each urban area. If there is no incorporated place, CDP, or MCD name in the urban area title, the name of the county having the greatest population residing in the urban area will be appended to the title. For example, Springfield (Ames County), OH, and Springfield (Jefferson County), OH.
V. Urban Area Code Criteria
The Census Bureau assigns a 5-digit numeric code to each urban area. The code is based on a national alphabetic sequence of all urban area names, and is sequenced by state code or state and county code when urban area names are duplicated.
VI. Urban Area Central Place Criteria
The Census Bureau identifies one or more central places for each urban area (if an incorporated place or CDP exists within the urban area) using the following criteria:
A. Any incorporated place or CDP that has its name in the title of the urban area, and
B. Any other incorporated place or CDP that has a population of 50,000 or more within the urban area.
VII. Urban and Rural Classification
The Census Bureau classifies as urban all population and territory within the boundaries of urban areas.[12] Conversely, the Census Bureau classifies as rural all population and territory that are not within any urban area.
The Census Bureau does not attempt to classify all bodies of water as being either urban or rural. Those bodies of water that appear in the Census Bureau's TIGER database as area features are included in urban areas only if the water body is included in a land BG or census block classified as urban, or if the water body serves as a connection when performing a hop or a jump. The urban and rural classification is not definitive for other bodies of water because the Census Bureau's definition is not intended to limit other classifications of urban and rural when applied to water area.Start Signature
Dated: February 27, 2002.
William G. Barron, Jr.,
Acting Director, Bureau of the Census.
1. Contiguity requires at least one point of intersection.Back to Citation
2. A census block group is a group of census blocks within a census tract whose numbers begin with the same digit; for example, BG 3 within a census tract includes all census blocks numbered from 3000 to 3999.Back to Citation
3. A census block is an area normally bounded by visible features, such as streets, streams, and railroads, and by nonvisible features, such as the boundary of an incorporated place, minor civil division (MCD), county, or other Census 2000 tabulation entity.Back to Citation
4. The Census Bureau, in agreement with the Department of Defense, imposed restrictions on the selection of features that could be used as block boundaries within military reservations. This resulted in census blocks within military reservations that contain populations of 1,000 or greater, but with unusually low population densities caused by these restrictions. In recognition of this situation, for purposes of urban area delineation, the Census Bureau treats blocks on military reservations that have a population of 2,500 or more as having a population density of 1,000 ppsm, even if the actual density is less than 1,000 ppsm, and those that have a population of 1,000 to 2,499 as having a population density of 500 ppsm.Back to Citation
5. All cores of less than 1,000 population are not selected as the starting point for the delineation of a separate urban area; however, these core areas still are eligible for inclusion in a UA or UC, using subsequent criteria and procedures.Back to Citation
6. The Census Bureau defines "exempted" territory as areas in which normal residential development is significantly constrained or not possible due to either topographic or land use reasons. Exempted territory is limited to bodies of water, national parks and monuments, military installations, and those segments of a road connection where the populations of the census blocks on both sides of the road are zero and, additionally, the road connection crosses at least 1,000 feet of water. Because the Census Bureau does not have access to or maintain a comprehensive land use database for the entire United States, Puerto Rico, and the Island Areas, only the aforementioned land use types, which are included in or can be derived from the Census Bureau's TIGER database, will be used when identifying exempted territory.Back to Citation
7. All adjusted initial cores of less than 1,500 population are not selected to continue the delineation of a separate urban area; however, these core areas still are eligible for inclusion in an urban area using subsequent criteria and procedures.Back to Citation
8. An incorporated place is a governmental unit designated as a city, town (except in New England and Wisconsin), village, city and borough, municipality, or borough (except in New York and Alaska); the term also includes all consolidated cities.Back to Citation
9. A CDP is a statistical equivalent of an incorporated place and represents a locally defined named area. CDPs are called communidades and zonas urbanas in Puerto Rico.Back to Citation
10. If two or three of the entities being considered for an urban area title have exactly the same population in the urban area, the title will include both (or all three) entity names in the title. If four or more entities being considered for an urban area title have exactly the same population, the total population of each entity (as oppose to its urban population) will determine the three names to be included in the title.Back to Citation
11. An MCD is a legal subdivision of a county or statistically equivalent entity. Governmental MCDs exist in Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wisconsin.Back to Citation
12. The Census Bureau's TIGER database is a centerline file; that is, the line representing each feature (such as a road or a stream that has a very small area) follows the center line of the feature. This criterion is not intended to preclude other application from including the entire area of a feature that the Census Bureau has used as the boundary between urban and rural territory as being either entirely urban or entirely rural.Back to Citation
[FR Doc. 02-6186 Filed 3-14-02; 8:45 am]


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Welcome to Your Page!
Have you ever finished a book and wanted to tell everyone how great (or awful) it was? Well, here's your chance!
Have your say about the books you read! You can comment on all posts- comments appear after they are approved. Or, you can write your very own review about anything you read…books, magazines, graphic novels, anything! These reviews can be written when your class has library (if there's time), last recess on Day 1, 3, or 5, or you can arrange a time with Ms. Kondo (since she has to log in for you). OR…you can write your review, give it to Ms. Kondo, and she will make sure it gets posted to the site.
Be sure to check the Contests Page to win some prizes! The first contest will be announced soon! :)
Also, don't forget to enter the TDSB's Just Read It! contest to win prizes like free books or an author visit for Brock! You can write a review if you want, but you can also just tell the TDSB the title of the book you read.
Click this Just Read It link to enter. Your thoughts could be included on the Reader's Choice web page! You can enter all year, as many times as you like.
P.S. It's possible to win! Students from Brock have won before!

subset: commoncrawl


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Visit our website
View all jobs
Senior Technical Engineer at US Based Global Food Company
Kansas City, KS
Apply Now
****Role is based in Boise, Idaho****
Turas Group is searching for a
Senior Technical Engineer
who will hold full technical leadership responsibility over both current and future complex capital installation projects. These are both brown and green field projects ranging from $2m - $50m per project, and spread not only across the USA but into some international geographies also.
A quick check of Glassdoor or Indeed will pretty much tell you all you need to know about this business. It has a genuine passion and care towards its people and an appropriately ambitious growth plan.
Having spent several billion dollars reinvesting into both its people and its processes the company has enjoyed rapid growth over the past few years and is now operating in the same arena as some of the perennial giants of the food processing industry. And it's not about to slow down any time soon! That's where you come in.
This is a brand-new position within the company structure as it continues its journey to becoming the number one fresh produce supplier in the US.
That's means you will hold some serious responsibility, so no shrinking violets need apply!
Turas has visited your new workplace located in the brand-new company head office in Boise, Idaho and was impressed at both the calibre of your potential colleagues but also the attention to detail and professionalism that was shown to our staff. If we knew how to design and implement food processing capital projects then we would apply for this ourselves. So, if this is how they treat potential suppliers then imagine how they would treat one of their own.
· Lead and direct internal and external engineering and operations teams in establishing the appropriate food safety and sanitary designs, to ensure the project meets intended results, scope, budget & timeline
· Accountable for project system quality and performance (hitting rates, speeds, throughputs, efficiencies, etc.)
· Directs and accountable for; scope development, equipment specifications, bidding & evaluation, assembling construction bid packages, cost estimating, cost control, gaining alignment with operations and key stakeholders, and providing oversight to construction & start- up leadership.
· Assesses and aligns with key stakeholders the feasibility and soundness of proposed engineering solutions
· Responsible for preparing and gaining alignment on engineering proposals, feasibility studies and vendor/construction packages.
· Leads and is accountable for the development and evaluation of plans and success criteria (often by others) to ensure that project and/or system performance meets business objectives for a variety of projects and activities that are usually carried out by others.
· Responsible for leading the communication of project updates to senior management and key stakeholders.
If you think you
're up for the task we would love you to apply for this Sr Technical Engineer position but would ask before you click to send your resume that you would meet the criteria below:
· B.S. Degree in Engineering from four (4) year college or university, preferably Mechanical or Chemical Engineering
· Five - seven plus years related experience and/or training
· Extensive capital projects and budget development experience on large capital projects from concept design stage through to implementation
· Knowledgeable of Food Plant Operations. Fresh product processing is a plus.
· Extensive internal and external consultant and construction people management experience
· Previous experience managing technical projects or groups.
· Excellent interpersonal, and written and verbal communications skills.
· Can operate at pace whilst successfully handling various projects across different geographies.
This is a strategically created position within the corporate engineering team and as such we're excited to speak to food manufacturing project leaders who have a passion for the industry and the technical competencies to take an already well-established and award winning business into greater heights. If this is you, don't delay in sending your resume for this Senior Technical Engineer position today!
Interested candidates please contact a Turas Group recruiter, someone is available to talk now!
Email us today (
click here
) to talk about this position and others we have open across the Middle East and the USA.
Apply Now
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Cork manager Ephie Fitzgerald has admitted that dual star Briege Corkery may have played her last game for the county's senior footballers – while Vera Foley is another who won't feature for the remainder of the 2017 campaign.
Corkery, holder of 11 All-Ireland medals from her inter-county football career, has yet to commit to the squad for the summer.
And speaking over the weekend, Fitzgerald admitted that a return for the 30-year-old is "unlikely."
However, Fitzgerald has strongly rejected claims that his all-conquering side is in terminal decline following last Saturday's Munster Championship defeat to Kerry.
Cork's long unbeaten run of contesting provincial finals, unbroken from 2004-2016, was smashed by Kerry at Fitzgerald Stadium, as the Kingdom progressed to a July 8 decider with Waterford.
Fitzgerald's charges lost both of their round-robin fixtures in the Munster series, also suffering defeat to surprise packets Waterford. But he remains confident that Cork will regroup and launch a strong defence of their All-Ireland title through the back door.
He revealed that the O'Sullivan sisters, Ciara and Doireann, will return next week to bolster Cork's charge. Captain Ciara has been away travelling while Doireann is recovering from keyhole surgery on a knee injury.
But when asked specifically about Corkery on Red FM, Fitzgerald replied: "Yeah, it's unlikely at this stage now.
"Rena (Buckley) won't be involved this year, she's committed to the camogie and Vera Foley hasn't made herself available, and Deirdre O'Reilly has retired."
On Saturday, a transitional Cork came from six points down against Kerry to lead by three, before being caught with late goals from Sarah Houlihan and Anna Galvin.
But speaking after the game, Fitzgerald said: "While we lost the match and we're disappointed, there are a lot of positives for us going forward.
"I said to the girls that I couldn't be more proud of their efforts. To lose so many players, people will look now and say Cork are gone and Cork are this and Cork are that but we're not really, we're as competitive as ever.
"It's just that sometimes in these close games, Cork have been on the right side of them a lot and maybe we need to learn that bit of experience in closing the game down, when we were three points up.
"We just fell a little bit short. We were disappointed with our display against Waterford but in terms of our intensity in the second half (against Kerry), we showed what we're about and I think we'll improve as the year goes on."
© Irish Examiner Ltd. All rights reserved


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We found other products you might like!


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What does the chairman of MIT's board of trustees and a Supreme Court judge for New York State have in common with the Weintraubs of Lebanon, Oregon? They were all victims of real-estate spoofing scams, a form of cyber-security fraud that has grown from $19 million in 2016 to over $1B in 2017.
Thieves have learned that large sums of money change hands when people purchase a new home. According to the US census bureau, the median price of a home on the U.S. West Coast today is $390,000. With a 21% average down payment, transfers of over $82,000 are a regular occurrence. These funds are transferred under the exclusive control of buyers and would be transferred without the checks and balances present when banks fund the remainder of the loan.
This makes the home purchase process a high-value, soft target. Rather than being forced to outwit banks and insurance companies who are protected by security professionals and sophisticated monitoring systems, thieves recognize that a local realtor is not meaningfully defended in most cases. They simply have to fool the buyer into transferring the funds into an account that is under their control.
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have you ever woke up in a hotel room and wondered what city you were in? Two more days and then I am back home, just to turn around 12 hours later and do it all over again! Let's do something fun and see if you can guess what state I am in this week and what state I will be in next week ... I'll be sure to send something out to the first person that posts the right answers. hint for this weeks location: palm trees, hint for next weeks location: Huachuca
Wednesday, January 30, 2008
Thursday, January 24, 2008
My Nutritionist
I have been receiving many personal emails from all of you in regards to my nutritionist so here is a review!
Let me start off by saying that I feel 100% better and it's only been a couple of weeks. I actually noticed a difference a few days after our first meeting! One more thing to keep in mind before reading further is I have really come to understand that you need to go through this process as an individual. So please do not take what I am doing and think that it is going to work for you or be safe for you. "what works for one, may not work for another". There are several reasons why I wanted see a nutritionist:
• Disgestive problems – For the last eight months I have had digestive problems and have been living on Tums.
• Wanting to eat healthier and buy better food products
• Getting through NW winter
• Making sure my hormones are on track before heading into menopause (see the link I give for Sandy, she wrote a great article on "Are you hormones making you fat?"
I found Sandy (my nutritionist) at the yoga studio that I go to. She came highly recommended by Dana, who owns the yoga studio. I am lucky enough that I belong to a yoga studio that has well rounded services available! Now I am sure that you can go through your doctor and they can recommend someone and it will most likely be covered by your insurance. I chose this route because I want to have a mixture of traditional advice from my doctor and more of a natural option from Sandy. If you live in the area of Vancouver – I highly recommend her. If you need someone in Portland email me and I can give you a contact over there. For other parts of the country I again recommend talking to your doctor.
In the first meeting this is what Sandy and I did:
• Discussed my Nutritional Assesment Questionaire – I had this filled out prior, it was about 5 pages long and asked various questions your eating habits, how you feel after eating, lifestyle habits, etc.
• Body type tests
• Metabolic tests
After that first day Sandy had a good idea of what small changes I needed to make right away. The main one was cut out most of my refined sugar – carbs. And I did, and the very next day I felt so much better. Also at this time she recommended five different supplements that I needed to take. Two of which I take with meals to help my digestive system. She also sent me a report and the steps we were going to take to reach my optimal health. Sandy also provided meal ideas – which is always a plus for me.
The following week I met with Sandy at my house! She and I discussed any questions I had regarding her report and the steps she was having me go through. I had several but she was great in walking me through them. Having her go through my pantry and refrigerator was not as painful as I thought it was going be. Probably because we don't have very much food in the house anyway! LOL! I did learn that most of the food I had in the house wasn't that bad – but I could make better choices. Some of the things that we did recently was to cut back on artificial sweeteners. Hubby is now using sugar in the raw for his coffee. Diet Coke isn't something that we can give up right now but I have cut back to one a day. We are also buying organic dairy products and meat and trying to make sure that we buy local. One of the interesting things that Sandy said was "That if I had the choice between buying organic or buying from a local farmer – I would choose the local farmer."
At first I thought this was going to be a daunting task – but then I
figured this was way easier than counting points! I am just coming back
from a trip to Seattle and eating out was very easy. I also found a
great powder shake that I can take with me when I travel. It is made by Advocare
and the ingredients work for my program. Very low in sugar, has some
fat, etc. I drink one of these in the morning because it is easier than
finding what I need for breakfast and fills me up. The other product
that I get from them is the energy drink –
this helps keep me hydrated while on the plane since the airlines don't
give you enough. It also energy boost – it has caffeine, but since I
have cut back on my diet coke and I don't drink coffee anymore Sandy
says this is okay for me. Contact my friend Suzanne at: email@example.com
if you can't find anyone local, she is a distributor for the company.
But also have your nutritionist look at the nutritional information to
make sure it is the right choice for you.
I did have one night that I didn't bring my supplements to take with
the meal and I paid for it. I had forgotten what it felt like to feel
so sick after I ate, since I had felt so good for the last couple of
weeks! But as soon as I got back to the hotel and took the supplements,
I was fine in a couple of hours. Now I am on the hunt for the right
kind of pill case…
I have also lost four pounds – one of the 'perks' to getting your body
on track. Sandy says once we really get everything dialed in I should
see some more weight loss.
Remember we are all individuals and should be treated as such when it
comes to our bodies! Can't wait to hear from you and your experience
with a nutritionist.
Thursday, January 17, 2008
A Place to Bark
There are only two weeks left to donate and help out A Place to Bark. Remember with the six degrees program it's not about how much you donate it's about the number of people. So you can donate the minimum amount of $10! Be sure to check out what Tim Holtz is having a contest and your donation is your entry!
Tuesday, January 15, 2008
Just lately...
what have I been doing? It seems like I have been chasing my tail ever since we came home from our trip to New Zealand. Maybe I am longing for the slower pace of the kiwi life?? I have just been off - then I got sick with what ever everyone else had. Lived in a drug induced state for about four weeks. Celebrated Christmas, welcomed in the New Year and now February is right around the corner. So what have I been doing? Have you ever felt like you are just chasing your tail and not getting a single thing done? I have managed to post a picture each day - except did you notice that I have problems with Wednesday's? What is up with Wednesday's?
Here are some things off my home checklist:
Finally hanging my canvas in the stairway. It definitely cheers up that area - walking up and down the stairs and each time seeing my happy furbabies! And since I had all of my hanging picture tools and supplies out why not tackle the art work of Eli Halpin that we have had for three years! I love Eli's style - She used to live in Portland but moved to Maryland (?), not sure. She has a website here. The five crows was done on an old window sash - this is now hanging in my kitchen. Yes, my kitchen/dining room/great room is ORANGE. It has been this color for 5 years, my favorite in the entire house and it's the one color that I haven't grown tired of.
Then there was a sunny day on Sunday! Chilly but sunny - so my mom and I gathered up the dogs and headed down to the river to do a four mile walk down by the industrial park in Camas, Washington. If you live in the area and haven't seen what they have done - it is pretty amazing. One long trail going both East and West along the Columbia River and the you never lose sight of Mt Hood. Here are all the dogs on one of the benches...
The nutritionist is coming to the house tomorrow. We are going to have a chance to discuss my assessment and she is going to go through the kitchen. I am a little freaked out but I also want her to see the 'real' us and tell me what I need to work on changing. So far I have felt better in the last 5 days just changing some small things in my diet. I am also back at yoga - boy have I missed that.
Daily Grind: Just when I think...
I am getting it all together it's back on the airplane I go! I actually love to travel, but I also like to be home doing home/routine things. My travel schedule over the next couple of months looks pretty scary but at the same time all new adventures! I plan on taking my iPod that has my yoga on it and also take all my running gear - even though it takes up too much room and I may have to check my bag. I just don't want to fall off what I have started. The nutritionist has given me a lot of ideas of what to eat on the road and what to take with me. I am feeling pretty confident - I will be sure to give an update after the house visit.
Friday, January 4, 2008
Photo a Day goal started!
One goal already started - check it out here! BIG thanks goes out to the uber creative Lisa Damrosch for her 2007 inspiration to do this. I do need to find some photos from the 1st and 2nd...
Goals for 2008
Not resolutions - just goals for 2008. Thought I should make these public so it puts some pressure on me!
Get Organized - which really means that we have to purge all corners of this house. Why two people can't live comfortably in 1700 sq ft is beyond me. But it is hard when both of us work from home and we use every room in the house.
Simplify - I haven't really determined the details of this yet, but I think with purging above and having the right 'tools' around it will simplify my life.
Organize the Closet - Yes, this should go under the 'get organized' goal, but you haven't seen our closets. Both hubby and I LOVE clothes, shoes, jackets, etc. This warrants to be singled out as a goal. I was lucky enough to have a stylist come in last year, so my closet isn't so bad. Oh and we can't forget about the downstairs closet - you know the one that is under the stairs, the endless pit...
Go (half) Organic - I need to take baby steps here. But I am going to start buying more organic food products this year. Dairy and meat to start with.
Recycle more - trying to get on the GO GREEN bandwagon. I am sure any thing that you can do helps. We already do our basic recycling of newspaper, glass, cans, office paper and cardboard.
Learn something NEW - I am going to recycle my old goal from A Year to Remember class and learn Spanish. I also want to take a class in letterpress.
Get Fit - does this ever come off the list? This year it means yoga 4 to 5 times a week, running, walking and eating better. I am going to have a nutritionist come in and analyze everything. She is going to do a body assessment, kitchen inventory, etc. Hubby is not to stoked about this one...
Cook more - with the above help I am hoping that I will be motivated to cook more. I am aiming for at least 4 times a week.
Travel locally more - this is going to be hard as I look at my travel schedule for the first 5 months. But I miss seeing the amazing Pacific NW area that I live in.
A picture a Day - Take a picture a day, I might even set up another blog like Lisa.
Okay I have put it out there - what are your plans for 2008???
Tuesday, January 1, 2008
Dr. Bunsen Honeydew
You Are Dr. Bunsen Honeydew
You take the title "mad scientist" to the extreme -with very scary things coming out of your lab.
And you've invented some pretty cool things, from a banana sharpener to a robot politician.
But while you're busy turning gold into cottage cheese, you need to watch out for poor little Beaker!
"Oh, that's very naughty, Beaker! Now you eat these paper clips this minute."
Happy 2008!
We had a quiet night at home - hubby was in bed by 9:30 and I had to wake him up at midnight. We have both been battling this cold over the past several weeks so it was best that we stayed indoors.
I have been working on stuff for Big Picture and a new venture that I hope to launch soon! Don't forget there is still time to register for the January classes - very excited about Wendy's class, what better way to start the new year. That is what I will be doing today - cleaning, purging, and organizing my office. Then I have somewhat of a clean slate to start the New Year.
Hope all of you have a happy first day of the year!


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Malacañang has sacked Overall Deputy Ombudsman Melchor Arthur Carandang from service for graft and corruption and betrayal of public trust.
The Office of the President's order versus Carandang stemmed from complaints against him over disclosures to the media about some information on the alleged unexplained wealth of President Rodrigo Duterte and members of his family.
The order took note of Carandang's interview over ABS-CBN on September 27, 2017 where he claimed that their office had obtained bank transaction records from the Anti-Money Laundering Council (AMLC).
In that interview, Carandang said they were investigating documents connected to a complaint filed by Senator Antonio Trillanes IV against Mr. Duterte before the Office of the Ombudsman.
However, the AMLC denied releasing any information on Mr. Duterte's bank records at the time.


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From Discover on Google https://blog.startuppulse.net/what-makes-a-good-leader-e4ef8f620fec
Leadership has become the center of attention for organizations after the global financial crisis in late 2007, highlighting the need for better leaders. However, choosing the right people to lead is not an easy process, even though there are lots of candidates with impressive credentials. Leaders possess significant impact on both their followers and the organizational outcomes. A successful leader will help his followers improve their skills and performance levels and therefore enhance productivity inside the company.
There is not a unique recipe for success when leadership is concerned. Different circumstances create different needs and therefore require different styles of leadership, a phenomenon called situational leadership. For instance, a company will require a different kind of leader on a period of growth, when it is hiring stuff, than a crisis period, when it is cutting down budgets and laying people off . Moreover, different cultures may show a preference to specific leadership characteristics. For example, people in the UK prefer leaders who seek to inspire them around a vision, care about their well-being and value their input. On the other hand, Islamic nations like Turkey and Qatar want their leaders to focus on procedures, status and safety of individuals and groups.
A very intriguing question regarding the concept of leadership is whether all those traits that distinguish leaders from other people are gentically inherited or can they be cultivated through experience and hard work. In other words: Leaders are born leaders or they become in the process? Recent studies indicate that only 30% of what makes a good leader depends on genetics, while the rest depends on skills which can be learned and improved through training and experience. Furthermore, according to Andersen's observations, there is a 10–15% of the population that does not have what it takes to become leaders, no matter how hard they try and how well they train themselves. The remaining 85–90% can improve their leadership skills and become good leaders. Marshall Goldsmith and Howard Morgan conducted a research, in which 88,000 managers who attended a leadership development training were closely observed. Findings of the study suggested that those managers who reflected on their experience of the training program and tried to implement what they learned became more effective leaders. Therefore, leadership is not only a matter of good genes but it also requires a significant amount of training and hard work for potential leaders to exploit their full potential. The purpose of this article is to explore those characteristics a leader should have in order to be considered succesful.
Traits and attributes of a good leader
Asignificant aspect of a leader's character is his personal values. To begin with, integrity can be viewed as the cornerstone of leadership, building strong relationships between leaders and employees which are based on mutual trust and collaboration. Leaders who possess integrity treat their followers with honesty and justice, by following up on their promises and not making discriminations in their judgments. Moreover, they are consistent on their core values, demonstrating them through their everyday actions. They also possess a strong ethical code, which helps them distinguish right from wrong on a moral perspective. A strong negative example is Jeff Skilling, the CEO of Enron, whose lack of integrity resulted in the collapse of his company and his imprisonment for mass fraud.
Another important characteristic of great leaders is humility. Leadership is an ongoing process of learning and experimenting. Therefore, leaders should be open-minded to reflect on their mistakes and learn from others in order to improve. They need to put their egos aside to admit their flaws and work on them. To achieve that, they should seek for feedback from their followers and fellow leaders. As Narayana Murthy, co-founder and executive chairman at Infosys, stated, in order for sustainable corporate success to be achieved leaders should recognize that there are smarter people who do things better, both within and outside the company and learn from them.
When it comes to leadership empathy can prove to be a significant asset. It is very important for a leader to understand what his followers are experiencing and share their feelings and emotions, especially when bad news is concerned. However, just being able to understand how someone is feeling may not be enough. Good leaders should act in a compassionate way to try to comfort their followers and reduce the pain they might be experiencing. Taking time to listen to their fears and concerns is a good step towards that direction. Being empathetic will make followers more loyal and trusting to you, since they will feel that you care for them and their interests.
As Ronald Reagan once stated, ''To grasp and hold a vision that is the very essence of successful leadership''. Leaders should possess a vision, a destination which will give meaning to other people's hard work and sacrifices. Everyone wants to have a purpose in their lives, which will keep them in line and motivate them. Equally important with having a vision, is the leader's ability to communicate it effectively to his followers. An effective leader carefully explains the vision to his people and convince them for its importance, so that they become committed to it and work hard to reach it.
All successful leaders are passionate about achieving their personal and team goals. Passion relates to a person's drives, motivating him to exert the necessary effort in order to be successful in his field. Without passion, a leader will not only fail to perform under the expected personal standards, but he will also fail to contribute to his team's goals. How can a leader persuade his followers about a vision if he does not feel passionate about it in the first place?
For leaders to reach their vision they should be effective decision makers. Good judgment is the compass for leaders to reach their goals. They should assess different situations and decide the best course of action, while being under constant pressure and sometimes having to face tough decisions, especially in periods of crisis. It is crucial to be able to control their emotions and not let them interfere in the decision-making process. As far as decisions are concerned, stereotypes may be a dangerous trap, clouding the leader's judgment and therefore need to be dealt with. Good judgment is often the difference between success and failure for a company.
Leaders will probably need to make tough decisions at some point in their careers, which may result in conflicts. They also need to take risks with a certain amount of personal cost and to stand up for their opinions even if everyone is trying to shut them down. This attitude of a leader standing up for what he belived is right, even though the vast majority is against him and his ideas can be seen in the ''12 Angry Men'' movie, where a jury tries to prevent a miscarriage of justice by persuading his colleagues to reconsider the evidence and change their preliminay guilty vote. Making difficult decisions demand courage from the leader, as the case of Judith Mackay, world's leading voice in the anti-smoking initiative, illustrates. Judith fought for what she believed and managed to create a generation of anti-smokers, even if she had to deal with death threats, friends turning their back on her, public humiliation and countries in the midst of civil war.
Leaders should lead by example. As role models for other people, leaders should jump into action, understand what is expected of them and live up to those expectations. Through this, not only they will inspire other people to participate actively in the process, but they will also show them the way to be successful. As John Furlong said: ''People will do anything for you if they see a good example to follow''. A very strong example of leadership by example can be found in ''Endurance'', a documentary movie about Sir Ernest Shackleton, the polar explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic. In this move, we witness Shackleton's struggle to lead his 28-man crew to safety, after his ship ''Endurance'' was crushed in the park ice.
Leaders in start-ups and other innovative companies
First of all, the most crucial attribute a leader should possess in modern enterprises is the ability to think outside the box. Leaders often face situations which are not part of their standard routine and demand an alternative course of action. In cases like this, they will have a whole team waiting for them to take quick and effective decisions to solve the problem in hand. It is vital for them to be creative and come up with innovative ideas, since according to Aubrey Marcus founder of Onnit, innovation is our only chance to solve the challenges modern companies are facing.
An effective leader will also need to be patient to achieve his goals and reach his vision. ''If your vision is bold enough, there will be hundreds of reasons why it 'can't be done' and plenty of doubters'' stated Dan Brian, COO of Whip Clip. That is especially true with start-ups, which usually do not generate profits in their first years of operation and may also need a substantial funding from investors. Leaders should not be discouraged in case their companies demonstrate losses in the first years and should instead continue to work hard to turn things around. Moreover, they should be prepared to get refused by a lot of investors when they try to secure funding for their company. They should not give up and continue to pursue their goal. Patience also extends to their followers. It is common for leaders to get overwhelmed by their passion and expect immediate and top quality results from their team and, thus get frustrated when they realize that people in their team cannot live up to their expectations. Instead, they should take the necessary time to explain to their followers what is expected of them and provide them with the necessary guidance.
Furthermore, leaders create their followers and there is always a danger for them to become too focused on the presented task in expense of their team and individuals. As John Adair's Action Centered Leadership Model states, equal attention should be given to the three circles (task, team, individual), although sometimes one of them may require our focus. Thus, in order to create exemplary followers, who will be ready to take initiatives and solve corporate problems, leaders should encourage them to express their opinions and show them that they value their input, even if it sometimes challenges them. Leaders should respect the contributions of their people and make them feel significant members of the organization. Exemplary followers are important assets for start-ups and innovative companies, as innovation is a democratic process and every member on a team should be able to contribute to it.
In challenging periods, when things are not going according to plan and the future of the company looks clouded, people tend to lose their faith in the vision and start to panic. It is a leader's job to have confidence in his vision and his ability to turn things around and pass this confidence to other members of the team. As the captain of the ship, a leader should maintain the team's morale and calmness and convince them that things are going to get better if they keep working hard. However, doing these things, he must first be confident himself that his plan will eventually work and that he has what it takes to succeed.
Finally, in start-ups and innovative companies there is a strong need of servant leadership, where leaders operate more as supporters instead of supervisors. Leaders should be ready to delegate responsibilities and give control to their followers, while at the same time providing them with help and guidance whenever needed. For this to happen, there should be a change in the traditional hierarchical way many leaders are thinking.
To sum up, being a leader is a tough challenge, as it bears increased responsibilities and expectations. Leaders are supposed to make a difference in business environments, facing periods of crisis, inspiring their people to embrace their vision and helping them to achieve their potential. Their success is now measured not by how they perform individually, but mostly by how their people perform due to their presence. As Dennis Peer stated: "One measure of leadership is the caliber of the people who choose to follow you".
For leaders to make a difference to their companies, they should first realize their own strengths and weaknesses and be ready to work hard to improve. Keeping an open mind to admit possbile mistakes, realizing that you are not the smartest person in the room and asking for feedback are necessary steps in the path of self-awareness, a path all leaders should cross. Since in leadership there is not a guaranteed recipe for success, a try and error process is required for leaders to find out which style is suitable in which occasion and they often need to change their leadership views in the process.
Finally, it is very important for leaders to discover their core values, as they are the driving forces which shape their behavior. Bearing in mind that their values are going to be tested and they may face decisions challenging them at some point in their career, they should decide if they are ready to make compromises on them. If that is not the case, then they should choose to join companies whose corporate values are on the same side with their own personal ones.


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At Fenner & Esler, in addition to supplying first class architects and engineers insurance, we supply options for surveyor insurance. Regardless of size, any firm who performs land surveys in Idaho is required to have the safety of insurance for surveyors, that is able to be customized for the both the size of the firm and its needs. A great deal of survey firms opt to get only a one size fits all choice when it comes to professional liability insurance coverage for surveyors, which may provide either coverage beyond the firm's needs or insufficient coverage that leaves the firm vulnerable to the financial damages associated with claims or litigation. The unfortunate truth is that in most circumstances, these kinds of policies will not cover the full amount of legal and court costs that are going to be needed, or you're stuck paying for a policy that's far beyond what your firm will require. Either way, money is lost by your firm as a result of not being able to find errors and omissions coverage for surveyors that suits your individual firm best.
Surveyors Insurance
The advantage to professional liability insurance for surveyors is that provides coverage for the surveyor in the case there is a lawsuit filed against the firm for allegations related to allegations of negligence or mistakes made during the survey. The surveyor's legal defense will be covered completely which is absolutely vital, because even if the court finds the firm free from liability, the cost of a legal defense frequently run into the tens of thousands of dollars. One example is a 2000 lawsuit that was pursued against a land surveyor which went as far as the Idaho Supreme Court. Even though the judicial system didn't find the land surveyor at fault, the cost of this defense was substantial.
Errors & Omissions Insurance Surveyors
It is also essential to find a firm that is dependable and is going to still be there whenever it comes time for you to seek the protection of your surveyor E & O. This is because errors and omissions insurance for surveyors works on a claims-made basis, and if your coverage lapses you will find yourself unprotected. The statute of limitations for liability can be several years, so the policy enforced at the time of a job should be in force for as long as the statute of limitations permits lawsuits. Fenner and Esler will additionally review risk management strategies for your practice, a service that you aren't likely to obtain from larger surveyor professional liability brokerages.
Architect Insurance
We at Fenner & Esler take pride in being an independent insurance brokerage, providing services of the highest quality when it comes to types of insurance like:
Engineer Insurance
Architect Insurance
Surveyor Insurance
Environmental Consultant Insurance
Surveyor E & O Insurance Company
If you're looking for the best surveyors errors & omissions insurance coverage which is customized for the size and needs of your firm, you need to find an independent brokerage with agents that have years of experience customizing professional liability insurance coverage for surveyors in Idaho. Fenner and Esler Insurance is an independent surveyors insurance brokerage that carries a wide variety of highly rated insurance product. We have been providing the best surveyor PL insurance in Idaho for more than 30 years. To find out additional information about what we can do, call us at (201) 262-1200.


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Advantages of Home Internet over Exclusive Mobile Internet Use
Gone are the days when Internet access was limited only to the home. These days, people use their smartphones for Internet access all the time, from finding the closest store to checking Facebook. But what about people who use their mobile devices exclusively to access Internet?
Using new data from the Pew Research Center, the Washington Post reports that "[t]he share of Americans who access broadband only from mobile devices has reached 10 percent." According to the data, these Internet users tend to be young, have never gone to college and earn less than $30,000 a year.A
This isn't all that surprising. Most people have a smartphone as their go-to accessory, which acts as "an addition to [their]home WiFi for when [they're] out and about."A
But for this smaller group of Americans, a smartphone is their only means of accessing the Internet.
Is this the best choice? It's true that when you're away from home, a smartphone can help you access information online using cellular 3G or 4G data. However, for everyday Internet use, a smartphone connection poses several obstacles.
Home Internet vs. Mobile Internet
Just a few years ago, accessing a site on a smartphone meant visiting a site optimized for desktop that had simply been scaled down for a smaller screen. Websites didn't offer user-friendly experiences to mobile web users. Designers and developers have recently started creating sites optimized for smartphones and other mobile devices.
Despite the more user-friendly experience, "mobile-optimized Web sites aren't exactly the most functional. For detail-oriented tasks like filling out forms and editing documents, a full-size computer is still your ideal machine."A
Both government agencies and private businesses are moving access to their services and products online. Whether you're looking to file your taxes or purchase tickets to see your favorite band in concert, you can do it online. But if you don't have access to a fixed broadband connection, it may be difficult to find the products and services you need.A
Even though a fixed broadband connection is an additional expense, those relying on their smartphones for Internet connection may end up paying high costs each month for their Internet use. "Cellular Internet uses the cell phone signal to carry data and connect the supported device directly to the Internet," according to CNET.B And accessing data on your cellphone can be pricey.
These signals are either 3G or 4G and are generally fast enough to be considered broadband. This is especially true of a 4G signal, which can reach average residential broadband speeds (5-20 Mbps).B However, most 3G and 4G providers offer "very low monthly data caps (about 5 GB or less) and customers have to pay more than the fixed monthly cost when they go over the allowance."B
Going over your data limit is surprisingly easy to do, according to an expert at Lifehacker. If you want to perform tasks like streaming Netflix or working from home, you can quickly surpass your data limit after a couple episodes or a few hours working online.C
Fixed broadband providers offer either no service cap or a much higher cap that will allow you to do more online, without having to pay expensive overage fees.C
If you are a frequent Internet user relying solely on your smartphone, you can end up paying a lot of money for data. Smartphones are great for Internet access on-the-go, but they are a costly option for everyday home Internet access. For reliable, affordable Internet, a home Internet provider is still your best bet.


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New Minimum Standards For HMOs
New Minimum Standards For HMOs
The ministry of housing, communities and local governments have published new guidance for landlords to stamp out overcrowded lets. Coming into effect on 1st October 2018, the document restricts landlords in a number of aspects relating to their properties.
The new standards will affect around 160,000 houses in multiple occupation (HMOs). They will also give councils more power to crack down on the small minority of landlords renting out sub-standard and overcrowded homes. The new rules will also force landlords to adhere to council refuse schemes, to reduce problems with rubbish. The UK's Housing Minister, Heather Wheeler, commented on the rules. She says, 'Everyone deserves a decent and safe place to live. Today's new guidance for landlords will further protect private renters against bad and overcrowded conditions and poor management practise.'
HMOs form a vital part of the housing sector. They provide cheaper accommodation for people with limited housing options. It is essential those living in homes of multiple occupancy are housed to a suitable standard. It is assumed that most HMOs are students, but a growing number of young professionals and migrant workers are sharing these houses and flats.
A review has been launched to monitor the results of the new rules on HMOs. Evidence from local authorities and bodies representing landlords, tenants and housing professionals will provide an update on the results. The review is due to be given in Autumn of this year, with a full report to be published in Spring 2019.
You can read the full document here: