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Conference Agenda
The conference agenda provides an overview and details of sessions. In order to view sessions on a specific day or for a certain room, please select an appropriate date or room link. You may also select a session to explore available abstracts and download papers and presentations.
Session Overview
03-05: Francophone Regional Panel: Bottom Up Land Administration
The Challenges of Multi-Level and Multi-Stakeholder Land Tenure Projects - The case of Burundi - Abstract
ZOA INTERNATIONAL-BURUNDI, Burundi
Since 2007, attempts have been made to set up land security projects in Burundi. The main concern was to secure land tenure in the context of widespread tenure insecurity. In the context of an alarming increase in insecurity of land tenure, exacerbated by refugee return, the government adopted a new land policy in 2011. Neverthless, many Multidimensional challenges are observed in land tenure management. On the one hand, there are the challenges (1) relating to the strategies, techniques, practices and approaches to be adopted for sound land registration and certification; (2) on the other hand, there are the challenges concerning the different levels of decision-making and intervention in this sector. Furthermore, there are the choices made by donors and the financial means available. The Struggle of NGOs and Government's institutions is now based on how to mount a harmonized and efficient model of project that can be capitalizable for all the Country.
Contribution Of Pngt2-3 To the Generalization Of The Application Of Law 034-2009 / An On The Burkina Faso Rural Land Regime: Success - Insufficiency And Lessons Learned
1Observatoire National du Foncier au Burkina Fas; 2Deuxième Programme National de Gestion des Terroirs
The implementation of the PNGT2 since 2002 is a kind of the operationalization of the National Program in relationship to Decentralized Rural Development. Its goal is to achieve sustainable improvement in the productive capacity of rural resources (natural, physical, financial, human) and the emergence of a more vibrant local economy through empowered rural communities and leading their own local development process. The Program runs in three (3) 5-year phases. It is executed through strategic priority components. For this paper, we will focus on the application of the Rural Land Regime and Strengthening of Conflict Resolution Mechanisms at the Local Level. Through this component, it will be necessary to document the achievements of the program in terms of contribution to the generalization of Law 034-2009 / AN of 16 June 2009 on rural land tenure.
Côte d'Ivoire The Implementation Of The Rural Land Ownership Law
1GEOFIT, France; 2Agence foncière rurale (AFOR).; 3CETIF
Facing increasing rural land disputes and aware of the need to formulate durable solutions to rural land management, Côte d'Ivoire has passed a legislation (number 98-750), on December 23, 1998, relative to rural land ownership.
The main objective of the rural land law is to legalize the traditional ownership rights on rural land through the issuance of land certificates following official surveys. For many reasons, especially linked to the country's political instability over the period 2000 to 2010, the implementation of this law started on a low pace, but it has gained momentum in the last few years, regarding quantity and quality; and it is now a priority in government rural development policy, leading to create of the Rural Land Ownership Agency (AFOR),
This paper reviews the various ongoing 98 rural law implementation projects , providing both qualitative and quantitative inputs to better asses its application and social acceptance.
Scaling-up Effective Land Administration in Urban DRC: A Case Study of a Pilot Project in Beni, North Kivu.
1UN-Habitat/Global Land Tool Network; 2Université Chrétienne Bilingue du Congo (UCBC)
While DR Congo's ongoing volatility has many layers and factors, insecure land tenure persists as important source of antagonisms, violence and insecurity, as well as an impediment for development and economic growth. This paper argues that land interventions aimed at scaling an improved Land Information System in DRC requires fostering commitment, cooperation and coordination between the land administration, various levels of governmental authorities as well as a broader of community actors. In making this argument, this paper analyzes the lessons learned by a multi-actor collaboration in Beni, DR Congo, where state and non-state actors are partnering to implement a contextualized version of GLTN's Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM), which is complemented by the creation of a Land Stewardship Committee designed to serve as an avenue for communication and action between all land agents.


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On Thursday, January 31st, 2013, Attorney Mark Payne provided a manager training session for the management staff of Advance HOA. The session addressed issues surrounding Fair Housing and its role in HOAs. Mark Payne is a partner at Winzenburg Leff Purvis & Payne. Today was very enlightening for the Advance HOA Management staff and we appreciate Mark's insight and knowledge regarding this important topic.
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We deliver exceptional service and an innovative approach to solving your community challenges. Check back to our blog often for our latest home owner association and property management news.
August 2019

subset: commoncrawl


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Pedal to Heritage (Morning Cycle Tour) is one of our flagship activities in Jaipur. Discover Jaipur on a bicycle traversing through the narrow lanes of the old city. Biking and unraveling the secrets that this mystic historic city beholds. An interesting way to explore the ancient culture and architecture of Jaipur on a bike.
Your bicycle tour is designed to give you a traditional perspective of morning develops in the historical city of Jaipur.
Things To Do during Jaipur Bike Tour
For food lovers:
Experience the Jaipur's Best food Joints like a local. Ride your bike to some of most sought after and highly acclaimed food joints. The food outlets are handpicked for your city ride to provide you the morning bicycle tour of the pink city.
For the wanderlust:
Hop on a bike and maneuver the streets like a Jaipurite through the old Private Mansions and sacred Temples. The streets of walled city of Jaipur. Participate in the morning prayers with the devotees in the palace temples.
A unique experience:
An adventurous Sightseeing of Jaipur. Where you discover what one might miss out while in the car. We get a chance to start the day like a Jaipurite does every morning.
Detailed Itinerary
Meeting Point
Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh circle (Statue circle)
We begin our Jaipur cycle tour at Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh circle popularly known as Statue Circle. Here we are introduced with the tour leader and the tour captains. The tour leader will give a short briefing about the tour and the route. We start riding towards old city on the way we stop at a famous Lassi(churned yogurt shake) joint. The Lassi outlet was built in the independence era just outside the walled city.
Enter the walled city
At the Ajmeri gate we enter the walled city that is painted in pink that explains the sobriquet Pink City. This is a kind of cultural connection combined with rich architecture. We ride through narrow streets of the city passing through vintage Havelis. Several other architectural marvels meeting and greeting the locals here.
Aarti at the Palace Temple
An Aarti is a mainly an Indian concept of praying to the God. The Govind Dev temple is the epicenter of the Jaipur city palace. The Temple is devoted to lord Krishna and is one of the most religiously. We can offer flowers to lord Krishna and we walk through the palace. You can try your bargaining skills like a local and get best of the fruits at your own price.
Walk through the market rooftops
Bombay Mix and Albert Hall Museum
As this lovely bicycle safari ends here.


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Thanks to Patrícia Peres for sharing.
Thanks to Patrícia Peres for sharing.
Can't wait until additional info about the soundtrack is out. "Kurt – The Fastest Plumber in the West" and "Shopping with mother" are really great, so I'm looking forward to the new instrumental songs Per mentioned.
Vote for Roxette in the chart of Kiss Publikum radio http://www.kisspublikum.cz ….Roxette NO.6
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text: Three women sat in the descending gloom of the first day of daylight savings time. The hour was early but leafless trees scratched the windows to say how very late it was. Three generations sat in a circle in the sewing room, mom, daughter, granddaughter. Mom grew up in the 50's in the mythical America […]Read more


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European antitrust probe launched into big banks in the online payments market
The European Commission has launched an antitrust investigation to examine whether large players in Europe's banking sector are prohibiting other companies from entering the online payments market.
As Reuters reports, banks including Deutsche Bank, HSBC, Banco Santander, Barclays Bank, Credit Agricole and Intesa Sanpaolo stand accused via a formal complaint to the European Commission, of blocking newcomers to the market through the practices of the European Payments Council, which wants to standardize the process for making e-payments within Europe.
The European Commission isn't saying who filed the complaint, but argues that if new players not tied to European Payments Council member companies are blocked from entering the market, it could drive up prices for customers and merchants across Europe.
Read next: Google partners with top Indian actor in YouTube and Google+ deal


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Read And Shine, Abraham Lincoln Children Book People Who Changed The World
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This series includes stories about a few remarkable people who are known far and wide and through their will and determination changed the face of the world. The stories are written in an easy manner and key incidents are beautifully illustrated.
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Posted: Mar 03, 2017
This week's Feature Friday is with Eureka College softball player Lexi Litwiller. Lexi talks about her team's run last season and what it is like to hit a home run plus much more.
Feature Friday is a weekly video interview series with student-athletes and coaches by the St. Louis Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. The purpose is to show what it means to be part of NCAA Division III and get to know them outside of athletics.


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Realistic Mood Board Mockup. All smart objects – edit and move everything! Remove tape to make a flatlay mood board. Add your own background or background colour. All with realistic textures. Great for fashion projects and branding inspiration.
Free for download.
For personal use.
File format: .psd for Photoshop or other software.
File size: 232 Mb.
well done!
Awesome..thanks for sharing!


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[Update: More markets] Galaxy S6 edge Android 7.0 Nougat firmware download available now
It was only a few hours ago that we reported about Samsung releasing Android 7.0 Nougat for the Galaxy S6 and the Galaxy S6 edge. Vodafone has released the update in a handful of countries across Europe today including but not limited to Italy, Netherlands, Ireland, United Kingdom, Romania and more. It has also been released by Swisscom in Switzerland.
If you happen to own a Galaxy S6 edge (SM-G925F) in one of these markets and would rather flash the firmware manually instead of having to wait for the over-the-air update, you'll be delighted to know that you can now download Galaxy S6 edge Android 7.0 Nougat update from our firmware section. We'll continue to update it as the rollout is extended to more markets.
We've already shown you pictures of how Nougat looks like on the Galaxy S6 edge. If you're interested in finding out what new features this update brings don't forget to check out our What's New with Nougat series.
Update: Samsung is quickly rolling out the Android 7.0 Nougat update for the Galaxy S6 and Galaxy S6 edge in more markets across Europe. Users in Bulgaria, Austria, Hungary, Cyprus, Greece, Croatia and Turkey can now download this update on their handsets. You can get the download files for the Galaxy S6 edge from our firmware section as well.
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Samsung s6 edge smg 925v update 7.0 but 4g lte network doesn't work
Update as of now, April 10th 2017.
Galaxy s6 edge 64GB, Euro unlocked version, Operator NTT Docomo.
Still no update. Android 6.0.1 -Security patch January 2017.
Congratulations to Samsung for the management of the promised "change of speed update releases"
Being an unlocked version indipendant from operator, it's just shameful at how slow and sluggish they are. Even smaller brands with less market share have been updated. Next phone won't be a Samsung anymore.
Can I flash the g625f Rom on g625a? Being the phone unlocked.Will it be safe?
Can i flash nougat 7.0 official for Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge 925F for my 925I ??
BEWARE, my phone no longer recognises my startup password. its now a pile of junk and the only way I can resolve is apparently to wipe it.
Hi, I have a pay as you go SM G920F with 3 (In the UK),
Can I flash the vodafone firmware provided by sammobile without any problems? If there are any problems, what are they
Can i flash nougat 7.0 official for Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge 925F for my 925I ??
When is Samsung Galaxy s6 going to receive android nougat in Zimbabwe
Ok, so, I found firmware (7.0) from my carrier on Sammobile, but there is no OTA or Smart Switch notification…does anyone else has this issue?
When will Nougat be realised in india
I've not seen it yet I did recive February Security patch, but no nougat using three network uk unlocked galaxy s6 starting to p*** me right of
I believe your device is the same as mine (XEU) I received that security update and nothing after that. The S6 Edge (XEU) has already received Nougat ages ago. Not sure why the S6 variant hasn't so far.
It's been 2 WEEKS, and only Vodafone and some minor others got this Nougat version! WTF is going on?!
When will Nougat be realised im France(Orange) (FTM)?
SM-G925I users also need our update ooo because this update is awesome
How hard is it to push an update to every device man! By this time the cavemen learned to cook damn it!
This is going waaaaaaaaay tooo sloooow…only for Vodafone for now…
So, seems it's the last update for S6 and not even 7.1.1…
I heard that Google is pushing update to Nexus devices to return them from 7.1.1 to 7.0 as 7.1.1 has some serious bugs…so, it is better to have a stable system.
I don't want my S6 stuck at 7.0, especially in case new android 8 will be announced soon.
Hi, I have a pay as you go SM G920F with 3 (In the UK),
Can I flash the vodafone firmware provided by sammobile without any problems?
I think it's probably best not to, as you may experience signal drops. Plus you'll have Vodafone bloat apps included.
Thanks. Will wait for ota then
Thanks for the reply. Would it crash my phone or brick it?
Note 5 still no Nougat…. :`(
Looks like Indian models are getting 7… variant number is G920IDVS3EQAC
nope indian s6 9250i is not getting any update
i am trying to install Nougat 7.0 stock firmware on my S6 via Odin every time it get fail in hidden file can someone help me please? thank you.
Extract the firmware with 7-Zip program, then, delete hidden.img, and compress rest of the files with 7zip, and when a window pops-up, select to save as TAR file, and when it is completed, flash that new firmware you created 🙂
You have more detailoed video on YouTube
is your phone currently unbranded? the hidden partition is smaller on unbranded firmwares thats why you are getting the error when trying to instal a branded firmware. you need to flash a pit file also
insal pit file via odin and restart phone and you have android 7
Still nothing for the non Edge version…. Why do you guys keep telling us the update is for S6 too?
Still nothing for Sm-g925i
Yo tengo un S6 G920I y nada aún. Lo estoy esperando para utilizar el Odin.
When will Nougat be realised im France(Orange) (FTM)?


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Want hotter, better and more frequent sex? C'mon, who doesn't? Our Love and Sex survey certainly proved you do. And hey, we're there with you.
While people have loads of suggestions on improving your sex life ("Have you tried butt stuff? Guys love that!" Um, what?), a condom brand reveals that achieving hot, sweaty slap-and-tickle sessions isn't very difficult. As in, you don't have to dress up as a film noir vixen and wait for your "detective" to pick you up at a hotel bar while you pretend to chain smoke that e-cigarette. And you definitely don't need to get tied up or spanked (but yes, you totally should if you're into that).
The answer, Durex claims, is as simple as the technology it has developed for your smartphone. The straight-up answer to better sex — whether you're straight, gay, bisexual or pansexual — is so simple, you're going to kick yourself for not thinking of it first.
Wanna know what it is? Find out about this revolutionizing tech in the video above.


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Free Plagiarism Checker
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Today I'm going to share a free plagiarism checker, using which, you can detect possible copies of your phrases or content and then report it.
You can check paperbooks, essays, or anything with this free plagiarism checker, it checks for plagiarism within seconds and provides you best results.
This plagiarism checker tools is very helpful for bloggers to detect copy cats and report them on DMCA, to keep your blog neat and original.
I do check my blog for plagiarism once a week, many people asked me about what plagiarism tool do you use?
So here's the plagiarism checker tool, which I use and you should use too.
Dustball – Free Plagiarism Checker
I use dustball free plagiarism checker for detecting possible copies of my content, hopefully, I didn't have any issues with this handy tool, so far.
So I'm sharing it with you today. I hope you will like to use this free plagiarism checker.
I know this was a short post, but informative too.
Also, here's another tool which will scan your whole webpage for plagiarism.
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Finally, for the serious writer, you may want to take a look at Grammarly.
Thanks Jafar For Sharing This Tool. Also Try Grammarly Best Tool But Paid.
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I hope you liked this tool.
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Thursday, 08 February 2018 05:37 AM
The Bank of England is expected to keep interest rates on hold later Thursday but hint that another increase could be coming in the spring.
Three months after it raised its main interest rate for the first time in a decade in an attempt to get inflation down, the bank is expected to stand pat given uncertainties related to Britain's departure from the European Union.
The Brexit talks are set to officially recommence soon, but there's a lack of clarity over what Britain's future relationship with the EU will be after Brexit in March 2019.
Many in the markets think that some sort of agreement over the immediate post-Brexit period will be thrashed out soon, allowing the bank to raise its main interest rate again from 0.5 percent.
© Copyright 2019 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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Keep discussions on topic, avoid personal attacks and threats of any kind. Links will not be permitted.
Newsmax, Moneynews, Newsmax Health, and Independent. American. are registered trademarks of Newsmax Media, Inc. Newsmax TV, and Newsmax World are trademarks of Newsmax Media, Inc.


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Francesco Cupani
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Francesco Cupani ( 21 January 1657, Mirto – 19 January 1710, Palermo ) was an Italian naturalist mainly interested in botany.
In 1692 he became the first Director of the botanic garden at Misilmeri. Here the plants were classified a system taxonomy of binomial nomenclature later made standard by Carl Linnaeus. This work put him in contact with many botanists,for instance Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, Caspar Commelin, William Sherard, James Petiver, Johann Georg Volckamer, Felice Viali (1638–1722) and Giovanni Battista Triumfetti.
- Catalogus plantarum sicularum Noviter adinventarum Palermo, 1692.
- Syllabus plantarum Siciliae Nuper detectarum Palermo, 1694.
- Hortus Catholicus Napoli, 1696.
- Pamphyton siculum, a natural history (fauna as well as flora) of Sicily published posthumously in 1713 and the result of 25 years work.


text: New video from Dr. Cathy by Desmond Smith | Feb 21, 2017 | General | 0 comments Here is a video by Dr. Cathy Dodge Smith on Dyslexia Correction Methods. Submit a Comment Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment Name * Email * Website This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.


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Journal of Aging Research
Volume 2016, Article ID 8569602, 7 pages
Robotic Seals as Therapeutic Tools in an Aged Care Facility: A Qualitative Study
1Nursing, Midwifery, and Nutrition, Centre for Nursing and Midwifery Research, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
2Nursing, Midwifery, and Nutrition, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
3Clinical Psychology, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Singapore Campus, Singapore
4Aged Care Services Australia Group, Launceston, TAS, Australia
5Regis Aged Care, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Received 27 August 2016; Accepted 25 October 2016
Academic Editor: F. R. Ferraro
Copyright © 2016 Melanie Birks et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Robots, including robotic seals, have been used as an alternative to therapies such as animal assisted therapy in the promotion of health and social wellbeing of older people in aged care facilities. There is limited research available that evaluates the effectiveness of robot therapies in these settings. The aim of this study was to identify, explore, and describe the impact of the use of Paro robotic seals in an aged care facility in a regional Australian city. A qualitative, descriptive, exploratory design was employed. Data were gathered through interviews with the three recreational therapists employed at the facility who were also asked to maintain logs of their interactions with the Paro and residents. Data were transcribed and thematically analysed. Three major themes were identified from the analyses of these data: "a therapeutic tool that's not for everybody," "every interaction is powerful," and "keeping the momentum." Findings support the use of Paro as a therapeutic tool, revealing improvement in emotional state, reduction of challenging behaviours, and improvement in social interactions of residents. The potential benefits justify the investment in Paro, with clear evidence that these tools can have a positive impact that warrants further exploration.


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Think of CAT and, unless you are a nursery kid learning the alphabet and think of it as a poor cousin to the majestic tiger, two questions pop up like yet another Shahrukh Khan ad in yet another commercial break.
One, why all this hype around a simple exam that is just testing basic English and Math skills? It is not even as if it was as intimidating or perplexing as the Laws of Physics probably appeared to the poor JEE aspirant till the early 1990's.
And two, why is it de-rigueur (yes, go look-up for the meaning – this is where your learning for CAT starts 😆 ) for aspirants to prepare via a coaching institute? The old-timers reason that it is an aptitude exam and one cannot really be coached for it. The B-Schools would also decimate the coaching industry if only they had their way. Thankfully, they don't.
Fortunately or otherwise, both these questions will only get more pronounced and the answers more confounding in the years to come. And ironically, these questions themselves will perhaps generate a greater hype and more demand for coaching than any other factor.
The hype will stay, and probably multiply, because of the phenomenal increase in media activity and also the phenomenal increase in number of aspirants for what remains a practically unchanged number of seats to those coveted top B-Schools. For every 2+ lakh students writing the CAT in any given year, only a few thousand would succeed and almost everyone who fails to, would write it again next year. This would mean a further increase in the number of aspirants. That too with one year more work experience on an average. And what will the IIMs do? They will probably look to contain this number by further increasing the graduation marks (or worse still the class X, XII and maybe nursery and kindergarten ones) as the eligibility criteria. And as with most exams in India, CAT will increasingly become more of an efficient way of eliminating candidates through the simplest means rather than selecting the best-suited ones in an effective way. With no shortage of talented aspirants, the quality of students will still remain pretty high, by default, although it does not indicate a good exam in any manner.
As for all the hullabaloo around and about the merits of being coached for an aptitude exam, it is a debate as needless as one on the merits of Indian cricket team having a coach. We complain about it when we have, and justify the need for one when we have none! The (serious) argument is that if the Australian team of late 90s needed a coach, then you certainly need one. And as a CAT aspirant you are up against much greater odds than the Australian team was then. You can't really (seriously) reason that the same set of students would succeed at CAT in the absence of any coaching institute, or that Australian team would still have been the strongest if no team had any coach. You might as well argue that the same set of people will become top notch managers even in the absence of any B-School or that the same products would sell if there were no ads. None of these is logical or feasible.
As for all the noisy concerns from the B-Schools, one could well argue that they only stand to gain from both the hype and the coaching institutes, for it will only push higher the demand and improve the talent pool available. And for the glorified placement agencies that most (top) B-Schools successfully and unfortunately present themselves to be, their ethical right to raise questions is questionable. But let's leave that story for another day.
For now, let's just hope that the hype surrounding CAT is as good as some of SRK ads are, and the coaching institutes are as good as some of the services that SRK advertises for are. And also, let's hope that B-Schools are as good SRK is. Because, if something is unavoidable, the only escape route is that it is good and you atleast get to enjoy it!
This piece is written by Deekshant, Founder Director and student-mentor at MBAGuru who is a B.Tech. from the prestigious IIT Delhi and a Post Graduate in Management from the prestigious IIM Calcutta. Prior to his MBA, Deekshant designed power plants for leading multinationals with BHEL across several continents. With an unflinching belief in his vision, Deekshant set a trend of sorts at IIM Calcutta when he opted out of the lucrative placement race and founded MBAGuru. A state-level cricketer, and a professional song-writer, Deekshant is the lyricist for India's top hind-rock band, Euphoria.
It was an amazing learning experience at MBAGuru. The faculty members were outstanding and highly supportive throughout the year. AIRCATs helped improve my score during the last stage of preparation. Adaptive learning is a completely unique concept and strongly recommended for every serious aspirant of CAT. I thank the whole MBAGuru team for guiding my way through.


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paintwork correction
Correcting the paintwork is a key factor in detailing. All other procedures performed, even though they enhance the overall look, will be lessened by an imperfect finish. Swirls, holograms, oxidation, marring, bird stains, scratches, buffer trails, waters spotting, etc. all detract from the look of the finish. Paintwork correction is the removal (not filling or cover up) of contaminates and imperfections in the finish. The paint will be brought back to life and restored to a perfect shine.
Take a look through the gallery to see examples of the correction process on other customer vehicles. If you know that your finish needs some level of correction contact us for an estimate prior to service.
© 2008 Pinnacle Detail. All rights reserved.


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Images that recall a luxurious past have inspired this proposal for a style in which the exclusive nature of the bath ritual sets the trend. This collection is a sophisticated, clean and personal landscape for all those who enjoy the singular pleasure of the bodily and spiritual well-being.
Compelo Ltd Registered Office: John Carpenter House, John Carpenter Street, EC4Y 0AN, England. No: 06339167.Copyright 2019 Compelo. All rights reserved.


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This week the ECHO is highlighting a series of incidents that have shocked readers in 2016 but remain unsolved.
Like with our festive fugitives campaign, the aim is to support the appeals for information in the hope of helping the police achieve justice for victims of crime on Merseyside.
Today the series focuses on an incident in Norris Green that readers could help solve.
Detectives probing a robbery on Broadway released CCTV footage of a man they want to trace in connection with the investigation.
Police chiefs believe the man - seen walking into a shopfront with his features hidden by his hooded and zipped up jacket - may be able to assist officers looking into the cash-in-transit robbery.
The incident saw a cash box stolen after a guard was assaulted outside the local Lloyds bank branch at around 11.50am on November 9.
A significant quantity of money was taken and the guard was left shaken - but uninjured - by the ordeal.
Officers would urge anyone who has any information about this incident to contact 101 or Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555 111.


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Ice cream is a frozen dairy product that first appears in "Hall Monitor."
It is typically served in a cone or glass cup and comes in a variety of flavors.
Forms of ice cream
There have been many different varieties of ice cream shown in the series. These include:
- Triple Gooberberry Sunrise
- Caramel sundae
- Prune ice cream
- Heavenly Paradise
- Squidward the Ice Cream Cone
- Triple Krabby Patty with five scoops of ice cream
- Ice cream girl
- Ice cream boy
Role in series
"Hall Monitor
SpongeBob comes across a puddle of strawberry ice cream. He sees that Patrick caused the puddle by eating his ice cream cone too sloppily. SpongeBob yells at him, and to make up for his "crime," Patrick becomes SpongeBob's deputy.
He wear the waffle cone on his head for the rest of the episode.
"Walking Small"
SpongeBob tries to order a strawberry ice cream cone from the ice cream stand run by Lou at Goo Lagoon. However, people keep cutting him in line. Once he finally gets his chance to order one, they are unfortunately all out.
A little later, Plankton is seen crying on the bench because he has two ice cream cones despite how he only wanted one, so SpongeBob agrees to eat one of them for him. Afterward, Plankton manipulates SpongeBob by forcing the giant eel who stole SpongeBob's ice cream to give it back, using harsh and intimidating speech to do so. This causes the eel to cry, throw the ice cream at him, and ran off in tears.
"Sailor Mouth"
Patrick rides an ice cream truck to race SpongeBob to the Krusty Krab, having ordered a mint chocolate chip cone from it.
"Rock-a-Bye Bivalve"
SpongeBob and Patrick buy a vanilla ice cream cone with worms inside of it for Junior.
"I Had an Accident"
During the montage of him and Sandy playing outside to encourage SpongeBob, Patrick offers SpongeBob an ice cream cone in an attempt to get him to go outside, and then two ice cream cones.
"Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy V"
Mermaid Man orders an ice cream cone from an ice cream truck run by E.V.I.L., only for it to explode and leave a hole through his stomach.
"Hocus Pocus"
After SpongeBob notices that Squidward's outdoor chair is occupied by a pistachio ice cream cone, he concludes that Mr. Magic's Magical Kit turned Squidward into an ice cream cone. Although, in reality, Squidward had just left town to take a vacation.
Out of anger, Patrick throws the strawberry ice cream cone he was eating at his TV screen due to the "boring" news.
SpongeBob purchases a vanilla ice cream cone from an ice cream stand and becomes their millionth customer, which offers the privilege to buy ice cream from the stand for free.
"The Fish Bowl"
SpongeBob and Patrick persistently trade bowls of strawberry ice cream since Patrick thinks that SpongeBob has more due to his container being bigger. Patrick then selfishly eats both of the dishes, deeming it fair since he cannot decide which one has more ice cream.
A little later, SpongeBob and Patrick order strawberry ice cream from Sandy. Patrick promises to give SpongeBob his cone if he gives him a foot massage first. While SpongeBob reluctantly does so, the ice cream starts dripping in the process, so Patrick tries to prevent this by eating the cone, much to SpongeBob's anger.
"Drive Happy"
Patrick eats ice cream out of his naval while being given a ride by Coupe, and eats a strawberry ice cream while riding him as a kiddie ride outside of the Krusty Krab at the end of the episode.
SpongeBob orders a triple Krabby Patty with five scoops of ice cream to throw on Coupe in an attempt to free himself. Patrick then lifts Coupe up and licks the ice cream dripping off of him.
"Karen's Baby"
"My Two Krabses"
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run
Ice cream cones are one of the offers suggsted by the anchovies as SpongeBob and Patrick enter Atlantic City.
Role in video games
Nicktoons Unite!
It was mentioned by SpongeBob.
SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis
Strawberry ice cream is used as ammo for tanks.
- In "Big Pink Loser," Patrick opens SpongeBob's award closet, thinking that it is a room full of ice cream.
External links
- Ice cream on Wikipedia


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by Carl Menger
It is a rare book in economics that deserves to be translated into English as much as eighty years after its initial publication. The book that actually receives such attention after so many years almost ipso facto qualifies as a classic. 1 Carl Menger's Untersuchungen uber die Methode der Socialwissenschaften und der Politischen Oekonomie Insbesondere of 1883 clearly merited the translation that it finally received in 1963 (under the title Problems of Economics and Sociology 2), for there is no doubt about its preeminence as a treatment of vital ethodological issues in economics. When this translation fell out of print in recent years, the institute for Humane Studies and the New York University Press became naturally eager to reissue it as part of their series of Studies in Economic Theory. This series includes the 1981 edition of Menger's only other book-length work,
Principles of Economics, which was first published in 1871. Thus the Investigations takes its well-deserved place alongside the Principles as a classic of economic thought enjoying a second century of life in a new language.
The republication of the Investigations today is especially appropriate in light of the interest that economists have recently been taking in this work, in the writings of Carl Menger generally, and (still more generally) in the ideas of the Austrian School of Economics he founded. In his introduction to the 1963 edition of this work Louis Schneider wrote (p. 3): "Neither economists nor sociologists working in the English language have paid any notable attention to the Untersuchungen.
" Since that edition appeared the situation has noticeably changed. The Investigations has been garnering numerous citations each year by authors in major economics journals, at a rate only slightly slower than that of the Principles. Citations to these and to Menger's other works are by no means found exclusively in articles concerned with the history of economic thought. 3
Much more evidence of Mengerian scholarship appears outside the narrow confines of the journals, in recent books and monographs by members and critics of the modem Austrian School. The direct influence of Menger's Investigations on F. A. Hayek, noted by Schneider (pp. 12, 16) with particular regard to The Constitution of Liberty, continues to be evident in Hayek's more recent Law, Legislation, and Liberty, particularly the first volume of this triology.
In criticizing the view that such social institutions as law, language, money, and markets were deliberately designed or rationally constructed, Hayek comments that the Investigations "contains still the best earlier treatment of these problems." 4
Menger's insight into the spontaneous character of economic and social orders has also had an unmistakable importance for other "Austrian" economists. Ludwig M. Lachmann, the second prominent elder statesman of the Austrian School, has pointed out the impact of the Investigations on the thought of the great sociologist Max Weber, whose views on institutions Lachmann endeavors to develop in The Legacy of Max Weber. 5 The younger economists Gerald P. o'Driscoll , Jr. and Mario J. Rizzo, in a very recent restatement and extension of Austrian economics, enunciate a research program derived in part explicitly from the Investigations. Menger (p. 146) considered it "perhaps the most noteworthy
. . . problem of the social sciences" to ask: "How can it be that institutions which serve the common welfare and are extremely significant for its development come into being without a common will directed toward establishing them?"
Menger and his heirs have, of course, offered answers that describe ways in which individual self-seeking actions can coalesce. In light of this O'Driscoll and Rizzo rephrase the question a bit more programatically: "More precisely~ our
self-imposed question is: How can individuals acting in the world of everyday life unintentionally produce existing institutions or, more generally, the overall pattern of social interactions?" 6 Thus Menger's research agenda, put forth in the Investigations, lives on.
The Investigations has clearly had direct and important bearing, and an indirect influence conveyed through the writings of Hayek and Lachmann, on the writings of the Austrian School of today. Yet in many respects the School has outgrown or rejected Menger's methodological outlook, and it cannot be said that current Austrian methodological views derive predominantly from Carl Menger. Much of Menger's argument has been filtered out, as it were, particularly by the writings of Ludwig von Mises in the midtwentieth century. It is noteworthy that the early chapters of Mises's influential treatise Human Action, which discuss methodology, contain not a single reference to Menger's Investigations. 7 Hayek could say of the Austrian School in 1934 that, with respect to theoretical analysis, "its fundamental ideas belong fully and wholly to Carl Menger." 8 No one could say the same today with respect to methodology.
The distinctness of the Austrian tradition in economics is correctly attributed to the consistency with which members of the school have employed a common method of analysis, namely one rooted in subjectivism. Yet the defense of this method-the explicit methodology of the school's members-has rarely been alike from one writer to the next. 9 It should therefore not be surprising that from a modem Austrian standpoint the Investigations receives a somewhat mixed review.
It may seem somewhat unfair to subject a century-old book in economics to criticism from a modem perspective. For works in economic theory it indeed is generally unfair (though it may well be instructive). A methodological work in economics, however, is closer to being an exercise in applied philosophy (in fact it is philosophy of science if properly done) than in economic theory. Philosophers are continually offering exegesis and criticism of important works of the past from present-day standpoints. In that spirit it seems not unfair to comment on the value of various aspects of the Investigations for present-day research in economics.
As Menger indicates in his Preface, the Investigations was originally written for the sake of German economists of the late nineteenth century. It was intended to be a methodological house-cleaning, to clear away in particular the antitheoretical attitudes of the dominant Historical School. 10 For this reason three of four sections (" Books' ') of the work have "Historical" in their titles and focus on the proper role of history in economic studies. Books Two and Four are particularly oriented in such a then-topical way that the modem reader will naturally take greater interest in Menger's more sweeping statements than in the details of his argument against particular historicist doctrines.
In the present state of economics antitheoretical historicism is an annoyance occasionally encountered rather than a reigning orthodoxy demanding to be overthrown. 11 This state of affairs is of course due to the success of the "neoclassical" tradition in theoretical economics which Menger's own Principles helped to launch. Nonetheless it is the rare page of the present work that does not have several sentences worth underlining today. It is a measure of Menger's stature as a social scientist that what might have been solely a tract for his times holds so many passages of enduring importance.
Among the most pertinent themes of the book is the delineation of distinct and complementary roles for theory and history in economics. Here Menger is somewhat more generous in bestowing the title of theory upon certain types of knowledge than seems warranted. In particular he includes within the realm of economic theory the determination of empirical regularities, apparently to be achieved through induction from a large number of cases. Such research is better categorized as a form of economic history. We are today all too aware of the pitfalls of elevating to the level of theory such "empirical laws," as Menger (p. 105) would presumably call them, as the original Phillips trade-off between inflation and unemployment rates or "Okun's Law" relating changes in the unemployment rate to the magnitude of real GNP growth. Menger may have unconsciously sought to sell historicists on the value of economic theory by convincing them that some of what they were already doing was a form of theory. No such strategic concern need influence us today.
Fortunately, Menger draws and even emphasizes a suitable distinction between the "realist-empirical orientation of theoretical research" and the "exact" orientation (p. 59). The search for so-called ,'exact laws" alone is more appropriately considered the task of purely theoretical research in economics. We can make sense of "exact laws" as theoretical propositions which (necessarily) take an "if-then" form: if conditions A and B hold, then condition C must also obtain. Menger rightly insists (pp. 70, 215) that realist-empirical generalizations
(e.g., A and B are usually accompanied by C) can by their nature never attain the strictness that necessarily characterizes logical implications.
The two sorts of "laws" are on different epistemological planes. So without too much dissent from Menger's thought we may divide economic theory from economic history where he divided strict theory from what he considered an empirical sort of theory. What is empirical is really historical, and this accounts for its different status from what is deductive.
Such a redivision yields a methodological outlook on the respective roles of economic theory and history closer to that of Mises, but by no means yet identical. Menger does not claim, as Mises later would, that pure economic theory is axiomatic, deducing theorems from premises a priori to empirical investigation of causal linkages. Indeed he rather plainly rejects such a vision of economic theory (p. 37 n.4). Instead he sees (p. 60) a "partially empirical-realistic analysis" entering into the selection of ideal-type theoretical assumptions, and
empirical observation entering into the ascertainment of causal linkages
between ideal types: "Phenomena A and B must under the same conditions always be followed by the strictly typical phenomenon C in so far as A and B are thought of as strictly typical and the succession of phenomena under discussion here has been observed even in only a single case." It is not at all clear how Menger thinks even a single sequence of purely ideal (strictly typical) phenomena can ever be observed in the real world, particularly when he is ready (p. 214) to "admit quite unreservedly that real human phenomena are not strictly typical. "
Menger nonetheless anticipates Mises's argument that the validity of rigorous theoretical reasoning cannot be tested by historical-empirical methods. Menger puts it wonderfully (p. 70): "To want to test the pure theory of economy by experience in its full reality is a process analogous to that of the mathematician who wants to correct the principles of geometry by measuring real objects. . . ." In order not to misinterpret such a statement it is necessary to keep in mind that
the (logical) validity of a economic theorem is distinct from its (empirical) applicability in any specific case. Neither Menger nor Mises argues that historical-empirical evidence is irrelevant when considering whether a particular pure economic theory actually pertains to a' specified concrete event. 12
A second theme running through the Investigations, important from a modem perspective, concerns the similarities and contrasts between the social sciences (economics in particular) and the natural sciences.
The decades since Menger wrote have seen the rise to dominance of a positivist methodology, now losing ground but by no means dislodged, that upholds the supposedly "hard" natural sciences as a model for economics to emulate. 13 In one very perceptive passage (p. 142 n. 51) Menger contrasts the subjectivism possible in the social sciences to the objectivism necessary in the natural sciences. The economic theorist has immediate familiarity with the constitutive element of economic phenomena, namely planned human action. Physicists looking for the ultimate building blocks of matter and physical phenomena must deal at the frontier with elementary "particles" (Menger calls them "atoms") and forces of a hypothetical nature. The natural scientist, then, stands ouside the object of study and knows the complex whole more immediately than the elements, whereas the social scientist has an inside perspective and apprehends the elements more immediately than the patterns or structures they comprise. Both Mises and Hayek have elaborated this Mengerian theme. 14
Menger does not draw from this insight the conclusion reached by Mises and Hayek that a basic distinction exists between the methods of inquiry and validation appropriate to social science and those appropriate to natural science. 15 But this is not because, like some economists, 16 he sees empiricism or positivism or falsificationism as the only proper method for both social science and natural science. Instead he argues (p. 59 n. 18) that both the search for empirical regularities and the formulation of non-empirical, non-falsifiable ("exact") theories are methods common to both economics and such naturalscience fields as chemistry. In viewing theoretical research in every field as having a non-empirical proposition at its core, Menger's position bears some resemblance to that of modern philosophers of science. 17
With regard to the specific content of the core proposition of economics, however, Menger's view is not nearly so modem. In claiming (p. 88) that economic theory is limited to the realm of "the efforts of economic humans aimed at the provision of their material needs, " Menger seems wedded to a late Classical, or at any rate needlessly narrow, view of the scope and method of economics. IS On a properly broad view of economics as the study of ends-seeking activity of all sorts, it becomes clear that the "Pure Logic of Choice," as Hayek has called the core of economic theory, does not need to ascribe a "definite volitional orientation," i. e., a special set of concrete ends, to the agents it studies. Still less does pure economic analysis rest, as Menger believes it does (p. 216), on the assumption that "the ultimate goal of all human economy is . . . to cover our direct material needs" or in other words that economic behavior is physiologically determined. I9 Without this idea Menger's distinction between "economic" and "other" sources of human action breaks down. Yet we should not too harshly criticize Menger for what amounts to a failure to see all the implications of the subjective approach to economics he himself pioneered. We who intellectually stand on the shoulders of those who stood on his shoulders quite naturally see a wider horizon for economics.
Menger fortunately advances a positive research program which is commendably free of pseudo-natural-scientific approaches to economic subjects. Indeed, his insights into proper and fruitful methods—distinctly social-scientific methods-reward a careful reading today. He enunciates a compelling case for methodological individualism and the compositive method (pp. 93-94, 198-199, 195-196) as necessary means for arriving at any satisfying explanation of complex
economic events. Because "to know is to know through causes," any satisfying explanation of aggregate-level economic phenomena must begin with individuals as planning units ("singular economies") and "investigate the laws by which the former are built up from the latter."
It is widely accepted today (at last) that macro- and monetary economics must have "microfoundations." So too must the economics of the firm, the state, price adjustment, growth, and any number of other topics which are often treated with ad hoc holistic assumptions.
Menger's blast against the holism of the classical economists and the German historicists remains pertinent today: "But how foolish to want to simplify the science in contrast to the nature of things by an inadmissible fiction, to want to view a complex of economies as a large individual economy. How foolish to do this, instead of examining the real phenomena of human economy in their actual complication, Le., instead of reducing them to their factors of individual economy and the striving for understanding of them-an understanding which, to be sure, is not easy. "
We see in this passage just quoted an "essentialist" outlook quite contrary to the "instrumentalist" outlook officially more popular among neoclassical economists today, which says that the falsity of assumptions does not matter. (Significantly, instrumentalism is particularly preferred by those who espouse a hard-natural-science model for economics.)
The ultimate goal of science for the instrumentalist is prediction, 20 which enables control. Menger recognizes prediction-andcontrol as one goal of economic science (p. 36), but not as the exclusive goal: "Theoretical economics has the task of presenting not merely the 'laws' of economic phenomena to us, but also their 'general nature.' (p. 198) Menger later, in a letter to Leon Walras, defended nonmathematical methods of economic theorizing as the only way to
study "the nature of economic phenomena … (e.g., the nature of value, rent, profit, the division of labor, bimetallism, etc.)." 21 An emphasis on essentialist understanding and explanation through verbal methods has been characteristic of the Austrian School from Menger down to the present. 22 With respect to essentialism Menger's methodological views are very much alive in modem Austrian economics.
The theme from the Investigations most often celebrated by recent writers, and understandably so, is Menger's elucidation of the concept of spontaneous order, i. e., his insight into how useful social institutions "come about as the unintended result of individual human efforts (pursuing individual interests) without a common will directed toward their establishment." (p. 133) Louis Schneider not only embroiders on this theme in his introduction to the 1963 edition of the Investigations, but suggests that it was wholly responsible for his interest, as a sociologist, in making a translation of the work available to an English-language audience. We have already noted the crucial importance of this theme to Hayek, Lachmann, and O'Driscoll and Rizzo.
The concept of spontaneous order was not original with Menger, but he is unquestionably one of its major developers and expositors. The "tradition of spontaneous order" in social thought, as Norman Barry has shown, is both long and rich. 23 Yet if one name from each of the last three centuries could be chosen to exemplify the tradition, the names would be: Adam Smith, Carl Menger, and Friedrich A. Hayek. Before Smith there were noteworthy contributions to nonintentionalist social theory by Bernard Mandeville, David Hume, and Adam Ferguson. Smith is well known today for his simile likening spontaneous social ordering forces to an "invisible hand," of course, and for his explanation of how the division of labor is promoted by market forces stemming from the pursuit of self-interest. Between Smith and Menger valuable applications or extensions of the spontaneous order concept were made by the French economistes Frederic Bastiat and Gustave de Molinari, by the British free banking advocates Thomas Hodgskin and Samuel Bailey, and by the sociologist Herbert Spencer. 24
Menger expresses an indebtedness to none of these earlier writers, however, not even Smith. On the contrary, he actually accuses Adam Smith "and his closest followers" of holding the opinion "that the institutions of economy are always the intended product of the common will of society as such, results of expressed agreement of members of society or of positive legislation," and of holding this opinion so closely that "the broad realm of unintentionally created social structures remains closed to their theoretical comprehension." (p. 172)
Accounting for this unsympathetic interpretation if not monumental misunderstanding of Smith is difficult. Given that Menger goes on to praise the teachings of Edmund Burke as against the "one-sided rationalism and pragmatism of the Anglo-French Age of Enlightenment, " it would make more sense for Menger's target to be Jeremy Bentham than Adam Smith. 25 Perhaps the key lies with Menger's apparent affinity in policy matters for Burkean conservatism rather than the "one-sided rationalistic liberalism, the not infrequently impetuous effort to do away with what exists" that he associates with Smith and his followers (p. 177).
To exemplify the concept of a spontaneously evolved social institution Menger restates his own theory of the origin of money (pp. 152-155). This marvelous theory shows that the use of certain goods as money is not originally invented by the state or adopted by a conscious social agreement, but is arrived at through a natural convergence of self-seeking actions in a market setting. 26 The same approach can be extended to explain the origins of advanced monetary
institutions such as coinage, banknotes, checks, and clearinghouses. 27
Menger identifies several other major institutions as undesigned or ,'organic" in origin: language, law, morals, trade customs, professionalism, cities, and tribes (or primitive "states"). He does not fall into the error of regarding all existing institutions as undesigned, however. He recognizes quite explicitly (p. 157) that "legislative compulsion not infrequently encroaches upon [an institution's] 'organic' developmental process and thus accelerates or modifies the resuIts," and points to modem monetary, market, legal, and state systems as the results of mixtures of "organic" and "positive" forces. 28
The Mengerian research program, then, calls upon social scientists, and economists in particular, to unravel the "pragmatic" or designed-order strands in current institutions from the "organic" or spontaneous-order strands. The ways in which legislative compulsion modifies institutions require especially sensitive study, as the actual results of intervention are typically not those ostensibly intended.
Piecemeal interventions often fail to achieve their stated aims, and give rise to more encompassing measures. The attempt to legislate an overall design for an institution usually creates unforeseen incentive structures such that the pursuit of individual purposes generates an outcome not attributable purely to the lawmakers' intention. 29 Modem monetary institutions, particularly central banks, may again serve as a case in point. It would be just as naive to regard the actual functioning of the Federal Reserve System as having been comprehensively designed as it would be to regard the system as the spontaneous outgrowth of free market forces.
Arriving at a satisfactory understanding of such an institution requires that economics first build up, from the essential features of individual human action, theoretical structures adequate to explain the relevant institutional features of both market behavior and political behavior. Then the various forms of interplay between market and state agents and institutions must be studied theoretically. Finally the theory must be sensitively applied to singular historical events. This is
all quite a challenge and requires that some. researchers have a broad field of vision. But then Menger set high standards for economists as social scientists. For this reason too, the Investigations richly deserves a place on the bookshelves of today's economists.
Lawrence H. White
New York University
Investigations Into the Method of the Social Sciences .pdf file
1Beside the present work the only examples that come to mind of works translated into English after eighty years are both classics: Richard Cantillon, Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en General (1752) in 1933, and Hennann Heinrich Gossen, Entwickelung der Gesetze des Menschlichen Verkehrs (1845) in 1983.
Menger's own Grundsatze der Volkswirthschaftlehre (1871) also a classic, went 79 years before an English translation appeared.
2Carl Menger, Problems of Economics and Sociology (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1963). The present title attempts to render literally the wording of the original German title.
3For specific evidence consult the Social Science Citation Index for various recent years. A brief selected bibliography of the doctrine-historical literature on Menger up to 1981, compiled by Richard Ebeling, appears in Carl Menger, Principles of Economics (New York: New York University Press, 1981), p. 10.
4Friedrich A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, volume 1, Rules and Order (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), p. 147 n. 5. The index of this volume lists six references to Menger; all of them are to the Investigations.
5L. M. Lachmann, The Legacy of Max Weber (Berkeley: The Glendessary Press, 1971), esp. pp. 55-60. In these pages Lachmann also criticizes the deterministic arguments made by Menger in the Investigations. We return to this below.
6Gerald P. O'Driscoll and Mario 1. Rizzo, The Economics of Time and Ignorance (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985), p. 20.
7Ludwig von Mises, Human Action, 3rd rev. ed. (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1966), pp. 1-117. Ludwig M. Lachmann, "Ludwig von Mises and the Extension of Subjectivism," in Israel M. Kirzner, ed., Method, Process, and Austrian Economics: Essays in Honor of Ludwig von Mises (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1982), p. 32, states that Mises "saw in Menger's distinction between 'exact laws' and empirical regularities the pivot of Austrian methodology," but unfortunately provides no reference to textual evidence of this. I could not find in Mises's writings any comment on this aspect of the Investigations.
8F. A. Hayek, "Carl Menger," reprinted as the introduction to the 1981 edition of
Menger, Principles of Economics, p. 12.
9There is no need to relate here the doctrinal history of Austrian methodology generally. I have tried to do that elsewhere: Lawrence H. White, The Methodology of the Austrian School Economists (Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute of Auburn University, 1984).
10A rather detailed account of the debate that ensued-the famed Methodenstreit-is offered by Samuel Bostaph, "The Methodological Debate Between Carl Menger and the German Historicists," Atlantic Economic Journal 6 (September 1978): 3-16.
II But for an argument against what the author sees as an antitheoretical streak in some recent writers see George A. Selgin, "Praxeology and Understanding," unpublished ms. (New York University, 1983).
12 For a neo-Austrian statement on the role of modem empirical methods see Mario J. Rizzo, "Praxeology and Econometrics: A Critique of Positivist Economics," in Louis M. Spadaro, ed., New Directions in Austrian Economics (Kansas City: Sheed Andrews and McMeel, 1978), pp. 51-52.
13 See Bruce Caldwell, Beyond Positivism: Economic Methodology in the Twentieth Century (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1982).
14Mises, Human Action, p. 355; Hayek, The Counter-Revolution of Science (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1952), pp. 38-39. These passages "are juxtaposed with Menger's in White, The Methodology of the Austrian School Economists, pp. 19-24.
15 This has been usefully pointed out by T. W. Hutchison, The Politics and Philosophy of Economics: Marxians, Keynesians and Austrians (New York: New York University Press, 1981), pp. 187-189. Hutchison evidently considers methodological monism to Menger's credit, as he labels "rather pretentious" Menger's claim that social scientists have an advantage in apprehending ultimate elements. Hutchison devotes a chapter (an earlier version of which appeared in J. R. Hicks and W. Weber, Carl Menger and the Austrian School of Economics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973) to a critical exegesis of the Investigations. He offers evaluations of the book's strengths and weaknesses opposite in many respects to those offered by the present introduction.
16E.g., Mark Blaug, The Methodology of Economics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 46-49. Blaug, unlike Menger, clearly distinguishes between techniques of investigation (here natural and social sciences obviously differ, e.g., in the use of laboratory experiments) and standards of theory acceptance (here the methodological monist says they should not differ).
17 In particular, Imre Lakatos has written: "All scientific research programmes may be characterized by their 'hard core' . … This 'core' is 'irrefutable' by the methodological decision of its protagonists: anomalies must lead to changes only in the 'protective' belt of auxiliary, 'observational' hypothesis and initial conditions." Lakatos, "Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes," in Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave, eds., Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (London: Cambridge University Press, 1970), p. 133. Lakatos (ibid, pp. 128-130) gives an example from chemistry that fits neatly Menger's conception of exact theory prevailing over attempted refutation by observation
of actual (non-pure) elements. For a comparison of Lakatos with Mises see Mario
J. Rizzo, "Mises and Lakatos: A Reformulation of Austrian Methodology," in Israel M. Kirzner, ed., Method, Process, and Austrian Economics: Essays in Honor of Ludwig von Mises (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1982), pp. 53-73. Mises, as noted already, held that the core propositions of economics are not falsifiable.
18 See Ludwig von Mises, Epistemological Problems of Economics (New York: New York University Press, 1981), p. 124 n. 5, for the statement that Menger's Investigations defends classical rather than modem economics. This is cited and endorsed by Ludwig M. Lachmann, "The Significance of the Austrian School of Economics in the History of Ideas," in Capital, Expectations, and the Market Process, ed. Walter E. Grinder (Kansas City: Sheed Andrews and McMeel, 1977), p. 48. It was Lionel Robbins's The Nature and Significance of Economic Science [2nd ed. (London: Macmillan, 1935)] which, borrowing from Mises and other Austrians, decisively broadened modem economists' conception of their discipline from that of a science of material welfare to that of a science of allocative behavior generally. On this see Israel M. Kirzner, The Economic Point of View, 2nd. ed.
(Kansas City: Sheed and Ward, 1976), ch. 6. Kirzner (ibid., ch. 7) points out that Mises's conception of economics as a science of human action is broader still.
19Mises has criticized Menger's views on this in detailed fashion in Epistemological Problems of Economics, pp. 171-174.
20The locus classicus here is Milton Friedman, "The Methodology of Positive Economics," in Essays in Positive Economics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), esp. pp. 7, 41.
21 Quoted in William Jaffe, "Unpublished Papers and Letters of Leon Walras," Journal of Political Economy 43 (April 1935), p. 200.
22 For a recent reconstruction of the methodological case for this approach see Don Lavoie, "The Interpretative Dimension of Economics: Science, Henneneutics, and Praxeology, " Center for the Study of Market Processes Working Paper 1985-15.
23 Norman Barry, "The Tradition of Spontaneous Order," Literature of Liberty 5
(Summer 1982), pp. 7-58.
240n Hodgskin and Bailey see Lawrence H. White, Free Banking in Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984). On the rest see Norman Barry, op cit.
250n Adam Smith and Edmund Bruke as like-thinking "antirationalist" individualists see F. A. Hayek, "Individualism: True and False," in Individualism and Economic Order (Chicago: Gateway Edition, 1972), pp. 4-13.
26Philosopher Robert Nozick offers Menger's theory (as retold by Mises) as a paradigmatic example of what he calls an "invisible-hand explanation": Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1974), p. 18. Nozick points out that such explanations are satisfying because they economize on the knowledge that must be attributed to the mind of any agent in the theory.
27Lawrence H. White, "Competitive Payments Systems and the Unit of Account,"
American Economic Review 74 (September 1984), pp. 703-706. Menger's theory continues to have the greatest relevance because of the prevalence of "one-sided rationalism and pragmatism" among economists spinning out visions of ideal monetary systems without inquiring into the problem of having the public adopt a new means of payment.
28Menger's discussion of the primitive state as sometimes organically formed, and of "the modem state" as partly the result of organic factors indicates that he does not use "organic" to mean "free of coercive influences" but rather "not the result of one deliberate overall plan." Still less does he signal an approval of all organic institutions and a condemnation of all pragmatic ones. The present-day term "spontaneous" is sometimes ambiguous between these two meanings, and often carries a favorable connotation.
29The relevant literature here is vast, but includes Friedrich A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944); Ludwig von Mises, Planning for Freedom, 3rd ed. (South Holland, IL: Libertarian Press, 1974), chs. 1-2; and Murray N. Rothbard, Power and Market (Menlo Park, CA: Institute for Humane Studies, 1970), chs. 3-5.


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Maremma is a beautiful area of Tuscany stretching along the Etruscan coast and down into parts of Lazio. Lovely beaches, hilltop towns, Etruscan traces, and the "wild west" are all found here. I was lucky to spend several weeks.
The Gulf of Baratti was the first stop with the small town of Populonia and the park containing the Necropoli di San Cerbone attracting my attention. There was a wedding in a small church just the perfect size for an intimate occasion. After watching the bride and groom with their well-wishers, it was time to explore the Etruscan tombs in the archeological park.
I wanted to see the famous butteri, the Tuscan cowboys, but all I saw were the cattle, very similar to the longhorns of my childhood Texas. Driving through the countryside provided lots of photos ops. The quiet, nearly deserted Abbazia di San Galgano was my next stop. Set out in the country, the peace was tangible. What a wonderful place to alone with your thoughts!
There are so many wonderful towns in this area, Massa Marittima was just one. It's a jewel of a town. I look forward to returning.


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À propos du jeu
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Tamera mowry dating galleries
She has also starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie Twitches and its sequel, Twitches Too. Kayla Thornton on the medical drama Strong Medicine.
A reality TV show following the life of her and her twin sister, Tia & Tamera, began airing on the Style Network in 2011, ending in 2013 after three seasons.
She is one of the hosts of The Real talk show along with Tamar Braxton, Jeannie Mai, Adrienne Bailon, and Loni Love, which premiered on July 15, 2013. Her mother, Darlene Renee Mowry (née Flowers), managed her children's careers even when they were in the group Voices, and also worked as a security guard. Her father, who is caucasian, has English ancestry, and her mother is of Afro-Bahamian descent. She also has two younger brothers named Tahj Mowry, an actor, and Tavior Mowry, who plays college football for University of California, Davis. She married Fox News Correspondent Adam Housley after dating for almost six years.
The couple married on May 15, 2011 in California's Napa Valley.
Kayla Thornton on the medical drama Strong Medicine. Army, and both would eventually reach the rank of Sergeant.
Beginning August 2011, the Style Network began airing Tia & Tamera. Army at the time of her birth, and later became a custody officer/jailer with the City of Glendale Police Department, when the family moved to California. Her family is "close-knit" and "deeply religious", and the sisters became born-again Christians when they were eight years old. In July 2013, Tamera revealed that she did not lose her virginity until she was 29 due to her being a devout Christian, and that after she did it, she felt guilty and committed to staying celibate until marriage.
Smith did it Big Willie style while hitting up Tokyo to promote his new Netflix movie "Bright".
Tamera Darvette Mowry-Housley (born July 6, 1978), known by her maiden name Tamera Mowry, is an actress.
Additionally, she played Hope Daniels on the short-lived ABC Family sitcom Roommates lasted for one season during the spring of 2009.
For the reception, Mowry changed into a two-piece ensemble by Dolce & Gabbana before joining the guests for a sit-down dinner that includes a four-tiered wedding cake by Sweetie Pies.
For a sophisticated yet rustic wine-country look, event designer Eden Rodriguez decorated wooden farm tables with pale pink and white hydrangeas and roses, olive branches with olives and hundreds of white candles.


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Millwall v Norwich City match preview and betting tips
Millwall are clearly struggling in the second tier and we don't envisage their woes easing when they host Norwich City on Saturday afternoon.
Bet £10 on Millwall v Norwich City and get £30 Free with a new Ladbrokes account
Millwall made it into the Championship thanks to a play-off final win over Bradford City at the end of last season and confidence was high amongst the Lions fans that their side could get off to a good start in the new campaign. This confidence appears to have been misplaced, at least so far. Neil Harris' men have stumbled along and after four Championship outings they have a meagre total of two points to show for their troubles.
The Lions opened their account by going down 1-0 at Nottingham Forest and whilst they picked up points in their draws against Bolton Wanderers and Bristol City, they sit second from bottom at this early but crucial stage of the season. Not only that but they were dumped out of the EFL Cup on Tuesday evening thanks to a 3-1 defeat at Reading. Clearly things need to improve but we're far from confident that they will bag for themselves their first league win of the season on Saturday afternoon.
Norwich City are hardly setting the Championship alight at the moment but they are doing better than Millwall, slightly. They have managed a single win so far, this being against QPR at Carrow Road and they impressed in their 4-1 hammering of Charlton Athletic in the EFL Cup second round earlier this week. Otherwise they have been largely uninspiring and the manner in which they conceded four against what had previously been a dismal looking Aston Villa in their last league outing will have been of major concern.
As such, we expect a few goals at the Den this weekend. Millwall's last home game was a seven-goal thriller and Norwich City's opening six competitive matches this season have produced a grand total of 24 goals, that's four goals per game. We expect this to be the case at the Den on Saturday and whilst picking a winner is difficult given the inconsistent nature of both sides, we're pretty confident that we'll see some goalmouth action this weekend and as such, Over 3.5 goals looks to be the way forward at odds of 11/5 with Betfred.
Our tip:Back over 3.5 total goals at 13/5 with Betfred


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Brandon Routh Reacts To His Return As Superman
San Diego Comic-Con has revealed some super-special news for the CW's Arrowverse - and it's a development we never thought we'd ever see. A familiar face is donning Superman's cape once again, and he has some feelings about the impending comeback.
As part of the festivities of Comic-Con 2019, it was announced that the CW is cooking up a crossover of epic proportions: former Superman actor Brandon Routh, who played Clark Kent in the 2006 film Superman Returns, and current Man of Steel Tyler Hoechlin, who portrays Supes in a recurring capacity on Supergirl, will both be suiting up as Superman as a part of the Arrowverse's upcoming "Crisis on Infinite Earths" event.
It's a role Routh hasn't played since 2006's Superman Returns, and at this point, almost certainly never expected to play again.
The announcement, first reported by Deadline on July 19, got fans in the best kind of huff: a fast-talking frenzy that left some commenters already declaring "Crisis on Infinite Earths" as the greatest crossover event ever. Not long after the news hit the 'net, Routh took to social media just like the fans did to react to his return as Superman.
Routh tweeted in response to Deadline's post confirming the news, saying that he was "Honored, humbled, grateful, and still pinching myself."
Hoechlin, who first slipped into the Superman suit in 2016 for Supergirl, expressed his own anticipation for the forthcoming clash of the Supermen by tweeting at Routh,
"Let's go brother!"
Routh bantered back with a punch and a wink emoji, as well as the comment,
"So excited to share the screen with you as Supes @tylerhoechlin! So fun! I'm so ready!"
Routh also joked that he was immediately heading off to the gym to get into tip-top shape for the crossover, though we doubt he actually needs to, considering that he's been playing superheroes for years. Arrowverse loyals will already recognize Routh from his role as Ray Palmer, better known as the Atom -- a role which he's taken to Arrow, The Flash, and DC's Legends of Tomorrow, on which he's currently a main player.
The actor also opened up to Entertainment Weekly about his return to the role that put him on the map as a younger man. He admitted that he initially experienced mixed feelings about the news before letting himself feel excited. Asked about his outlook, Routh said,
"It's an opportunity for me to kind of say hello and goodbye to the character in a way I didn't get to the first time."
Routh and Hoechlin's eagerness about playing duelling Supermen is nothing compared to the reactions of their fans, one of whom tweeted,
"The fact that both of you will be sharing the screen as Supes is blowing my mind! Can't wait to see you both back in the red cape!"
Another said that the news was the best thing they had heard yet from this year's Comic-Con - even more incredible than the surprise Top Gun: Maverick trailer Tom Cruise dropped on Thursday. According to that fan,
"I was buzzing like a happy bee over the Top Gun trailer… then this Brandon Routh news drops into my hive like a dollop of sweet unpasteurized honey. Yes! Yes! Yes! Best DC news in ever."
What makes the news of Routh's return to the Superman role so exciting is that many thought it would never be possible. The idea of seeing Routh as Kal-El again was pretty unthinkable after Superman Returns failed to generate the kind of box office that studio Warner Brothers Pictures needed to greenlight a sequel, taking in just over $391 million worldwide. That's not much compared to other DC Comics-based fare from WB, which has tended to scoop up anywhere from around $750 million globally on the lower end to over $1 billion at the top.
While Routh did pick up praise for his performance, Warner Bros. decided not to pursue more films with him in the role. The studio wound up rebooting the character seven years later in 2013's Man of Steel, the film that started the DC Extended Universe as we know it.
It's unknown which installments of the five-episode "Crisis on Infinite Earths" event Routh and Hoechlin will appear on. Much like previous crossover events in the Arrowverse, the expansive story is set to once again bring together the casts of the CW's superhero series, this time including Arrow, Batwoman, The Flash, Legends of Tomorrow, and Supergirl.
Even without the Superman news, it's clear that the event will be the biggest one in the Arrowverse thus far, spanning two months of real time, with three episodes of the crossover seeing release in December, and two more to follow in January 2020.
The crossover's story is likely to follow, or at least draw inspiration from, the DC Comics storyline of the same name, in which the heroes fight against the nefarious Anti-Monitor with the help of alternate versions of themselves from different universes.
#Superman #ComicCon


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Apple Music Launches
Apple's much-discussed music download, streaming and social media service Apple Music has launched. You can start your three-month free trial today.
Jeremy Gordon writes for Pitchfork, an Apple Music partner:
At noon Eastern time today, Beats 1, the in-house radio station, will begin broadcasting 24 hours a day. Beats 1 is co-anchored by Zane Lowe in London, Ebro Darden of Hot 97 in New York, and Julie Adenuga in London. The station's first interview will be with Eminem, as conducted by Lowe.
Beats 1 will also feature shows hosted by musicians and celebrities. Drake, Dr. Dre, St. Vincent, Disclosure, Queens of the Stone Age's Josh Homme, Jaden Smith, Elton John, and Pharrell are amongst the initial hosts. It will be free, ad-supported, and available to anyone with an Apple device.
St. Vincent's show, "Mixtape Delivery Service", features Annie Clark creating mixtapes based on notes from fans. Her show will air tonight from 10pm-11pm. Dr. Dre's "The Pharmacy" features mixes as well as commentary from Dre and DJ Pooh. Josh Homme's show is called "Alligator Hour".


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Once you've created a Math Unit, you can edit the Math Unit and add an End-of-Unit Assessment, concept lessons, activities, and resources. From the Math Unit page, click Edit Math Unit to make changes to the following sections:
Math Unit Info
- Unit Name: Edit the name of the Math Unit
- Courses: Enter the name of the course you'd like the Math Unit to belong to. A Math Unit can be in multiple Courses
- Project Info: You can change the Essential Question, Enduring Understanding, and the Description of the Math Unit. You can also view the Adaptations And Modifications provided by the Curriculum Team
- Decide whether you'd like the Math Unit to be supplementary by checking the Supplementary Math Unit checkbox. Supplementary Math Units can be added to Courses toward the end of the year for Math Units that will be completed after school has already ended
- Decide whether you'd like to allow teachers from other schools and districts to use this Math Unit by checking the Curriculum Sharing checkbox. Learn more about sharing your curriculum
End-of-Unit Assessment
- Add Math Concepts to your Math Unit where it says, "The end-of-unit assessment will be assessed on:". You can click View Rubric to see the rubrics for the Concepts associated with the Unit
- End-of-Unit Assessment: Click on the titles of the End-of-Unit Assessments to edit the details related to each End-of-Unit Assessment. You can also add your own by selecting Add End-of-Unit Assessment. Type the title and a description of the End-of-Unit Assessment you will assess at the end of the Math Unit. You should attach a default template file for the End-of-Unit Assessment. When assigned to students, each student will receive their own editable copy of this template and submit the Math Unit via the Summit Learning Platform. You can attach a blank Google document or copy an existing Google document from your Google Drive. Click Save
- Note that Math Units with time-constrained End-of-Unit Assessments will initially be assigned to students as blank document files. When students are ready to complete the End-of-Unit Assessment, they will be assigned an activity with a copy of the actual End-of-Unit Assessment. Students should submit their work on the original blank document in the time given.
Learn more about adding End-of-Unit Assessments to Math Units.
Math Unit Plan
- Checkpoints: You can view all the Checkpoints for the Math Unit here. To add your own, click Add Checkpoint. Type the title and any relevant details for the work you want students to get feedback on before completing the End-of-Unit Assessment. You can attach a blank Google document or copy an existing Google document from your Google Drive. Additionally, you can check the boxes next to any of the relevant Math Concepts you added to the End-of-Unit Assessment for this particular checkpoint. Click Save
- Activities and Resources: You can view the Activities and Resources that are under each Checkpoint and add your own. Click Add Activity or Add Resource under the relevant Checkpoint. Type the title and any relevant details for your Activities and Resources. You can attach a blank Google document or copy an existing Google document from your Google Drive. For resources, you can also include links to websites or videos.
Learn more about adding checkpoints, activities, and resources to Math Units.
Focus Areas
- In order to add Focus Areas to the Math Unit, you must first add the Math Unit to a course (see the Math Unit Info section above)
- If the Math Unit already belongs to a course, you'll see the Focus Areas that are in that course. Check the boxes next to the Focus Areas that are relevant to the Math Unit
Teaching Materials
- Pacing: Type the amount of time it'll take to complete the Math Unit.
- Materials: The supply list for the Math Unit. Click Add to upload your own list of supplies from your Google Drive. Keep in mind that if you change this file in your Google Drive later, you'll have to re-upload it for others to see the changes
- Standards: The standards that the Math Unit covers
When you're finished editing the Math Unit, click Save and Close to exit.
Keep in mind that the Math Unit will save automatically while you are editing each section. You can see what time the Math Unit was last saved at the bottom of the page.
Important Note: Once you edit a Math Unit, you will not be able to accept updates to the Math Unit from the Base Curriculum without overriding your edits. In order to both preserve your edits and accept updates, you will have to manually update the Math Unit by editing it to mirror the changes made in the Base Curriculum.


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James Hogan, chief executive of Etihad Airways has stated the airline will report positive EBITAR for 2010. This is the first time the airline has posted a positive result since its inception. It had been aiming to break even in 2011, with profitability from 2012. Hogan lauded the announcement as "an important milestone in the commercial development of the airline."
Even despite heavy investment in routes, fleet and infrastructure, all indicators show the airline was on target to achieve its goal of profitability in 2013, said Hogan.
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His signature tune, 'I no know what I go talk oo…Ka sɛ Kaywa' have been heard on many songs that the Tema-based artiste has worked on as a sound producer and engineer.
It was probably these "magic" words that had luck smile on artistes who sought his services when their songs became popular.
But just like any brand that has its peak and low times, the Kaywa brand lost its steam and strong presence on the Ghanaian music scene for some time.
And when Ghanaians awoke to a new signature tune, "Highly spiritual", it was the rebirth of a brand that has fed music lovers with good songs in a decade and a half.
"The reason for the silence was to rebrand and study the pattern to bring out something that is relevant and trending in Ghanaian music circles. I had to learn new things to become relevant to the society", the deep voiced sound engineer told Showbiz in an interview on Monday.
True to his words, he bounced back with a bang when he worked on Bisa Kdei's hit song,Mansa, last year. The attention and popularity of the song earned him the Sound Engineer of the year at this year's Vodafone Ghana Music Awards (VGMA).
In what he confidently describes as a sheer passion for music ordained by God, Kaywa , born David Kojo Kyei believes, " We must define music in spiritual terms and do things that bring out spiritual meanings.
"It is not just about the sounds we create that people dance to but if what we are doing brings praise to God. That inspired me to settle for my 'highly spiritual" mantra because I have become spiritual with my works".
His skilful handiworks produced popular pieces such as Olofofo by Castro, Bibini Ba by Kwabena Kwabena, Niger Bebe by Ruff n Smooth, Kolom and Ma Girl both by Buk Bak, Onyame Nhyira by Sarkodie, Samini's Where My Baby Dey and Asem's Bye Bye.
And what of tracks such as Do Da Dance by Castro and Asamoah Gyan and R2Bees's Makoma?
They were dope tunes that got people thumping their feet and it's not surprising the gem in Ghana music production and engineering has walked home with the bragging rights of Sound Engineer four times.
"I want to concentrate more on producing highlife and afro tunes. This is not to say that I won't be doing other genres, I will because Kaywa is versatile but I think it's time for us to focus on music that project our roots and heritage. That is why I want to dedicate more of my works to that," he noted.
Choosing not to specialise in a genre of music, Kaywa described himself as a chameleon in music creation.
His journey as he puts it, has been "very challenging" in a country where little relevance is attached to the music industry but his perseverance and the will to impart his talent to the growth of the industry has been worthwhile.
To thank him for his services to the country and the arts and entertainment industry, Kaywa in collaboration with House of Maasela (HOM), event organisers, are putting together an event dubbed, "Kaywa Live Playlist" at the Tema Sports Stadium on Friday, July 1.
The event is expected to celebrate the works of the young man who has produced hit songs for some of Ghana's finest musicians.
"Many times, sound engineers and producers are not credited because they work behind the scenes. It is a delight to know that my works have been recognised by Maasela and they want to honour and celebrate me for what I love to do best," he stated.
The event is expected to be launched at the foreyard of the Accra the Mall tomorrow. according to the old student of the then Presbyterian Secondary School (PRESEC), the launch will also see him launch his new record label, Highly Spiritual label with the aim of unearthing and grooming young talents competitive for the global music stage.
"I will also use the platform to unveil the artistes I have on my newly established record label. The mission of my team and I is to give meaning to live studio recordings in this generation," he stated.
The sixth born of seven children (four boys and three girls), Kaywa started his schooling at St. Paul's Junior Secondary School and went to Presbyterian Boys Secondary School in Legon for his secondary education.
He later moved to Bell Recording studio in Tema to hone his sound engineering skills professionally.
For Kaywa who won the VGMA Sound Engineer of the year in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2016, one's passion must lead in pursuing music as a profession.
"Let's not do music because of the financial benefits we will reap from it. Looking at the bigger picture and the passion to contribute our quota to the industry should be our motivation. This has been my story and inspiration these 15 years," he stated.
Source: Daily Graphic
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Join Navigant and Bloomberg on Thursday, October 26th
Cyber attacks are on the rise and news of thefts and data breaches have illustrated the widespread, devastating impact such incidents have had on corporations and institutions around the world. The victims range from the Democratic National Committee to pharmaceutical giant Merck to global law firm DLA Piper, costing billions and prompting a federal policy review across such critical infrastructure sectors. Experts forecast the cost of cybercrime damage could hit $6 trillion annually by 2021.
How can businesses and organizations handle the increasing complexity of data as they respond to the changing nature of risks and risk management? We'll go beyond the headlines to provide strategies and solutions for businesses to respond and prepare in an increasingly connected world.
Bloomberg Next will convene technology executives, industry leaders, corporate counsel and experts for a critical discussion on technology developments, risk assessments and implementation in the regulatory framework.
This live conference brings together technology executives, corporate counsel, and cybersecurity experts to discuss strategies for protecting your business or organization against cybercrimes.
The session will focus on:
Bloomberg Government
1101 K Street, NW
Washington DC


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It is one minute after midnight on 1st November and I am at my keyboard ready to start my NaNoWriMo project! Okay, not really. I am scheduling the post to go live then, but at midnight I will be in bed since I have work the following day. My NaNo project will be waiting until the evening.
This year I have been focusing a lot of my writing on the MPreg genre with my uniquely adorable felines taking center stage.
Loving Kit was released earlier this year and has been well received by those who have read it.
With people asking for more stories from this universe, they have moved to the top of my writing projects list. (I promise there are other projects on the list too.)
I have one more round of edits to go on Saving Jax and have it tentatively scheduled for release on 1st December 2018.
I am hopeful of squeezing the formatting into my NaNo schedule to keep to that release date. It is certainly going to be out some time in December though.
In the New Year, Finding Trix will be on the editing schedule for January and I am hoping to get this story released in early March, if not February.
Later on, in April, there will be my next Pride Publishing release, To Change the Stars, a sequel to To See the Sky.
Then, if my NaNo project goes as well as I hope it does, my fourth MPreg will be up for editing and release too.
First though, I need to get it written.
Sharing Ash is the story of a dual-gendered feline who struggles to conceive. Unlike other dual-gendered felines, who seem to fall pregnant at the drop of a hat, Ash is continually disappointed and feels as though he is somehow defective. Ejected from the nest of the avian whose young he was supposed to bear, Ash must leave behind everyone and everything he has ever known.
I hope you will share Ash's journey when the time comes, as well as my NaNo journey, as I will be trying to do at least weekly updates on how it is going.