text:
Mordechai Shlomo Friedman
|Mordechai Shlomo Friedman
|Boyaner Rebbe of New York
|November 1927 – 2 March 1971
|Full name
|Mordechai Shlomo Friedman
|15 October 1891
Boiany (Boyan)
|2 March 1971 (aged 79)
New York City
|Mount of Olives, Jerusalem
|Rabbi Yitzchok Friedman
|Rabbi Nachum Dov Brayer
|Rabbi Yitzchok Friedman
|Malka Twersky
|Chava Sara Heschel
Mordechai Shlomo Friedman (15 October 1891 in Boiany, Ukraine – 2 March 1971 in New York City),[1] sometimes called Solomon Mordecai Friedman, was the Boyaner Rebbe of New York for over 40 years. In 1927 he left Europe to become one of the first Hasidic Rebbes in America, establishing his court on the Lower East Side of New York City and attracting many American Jewish youth with his charismatic and warm personality. He also played a role in American Jewish leadership with positions on Agudath Israel of America, the Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah, and Holocaust rescue organizations. In 1957 he built the flagship Ruzhiner yeshiva, Tiferet Yisroel, at the top of Malkhei Yisrael Street in Jerusalem.
Early life[edit]
Mordechai Shlomo Friedman was the youngest son of the founder and first Rebbe of the Boyaner dynasty, Rabbi Yitzchok Friedman (known as the Pachad Yitzchok). He was the grandson of the first Sadigura Rebbe, Rabbi Avrohom Yaakov Friedman, and great-grandson of the founder of the Ruzhin Hasidic dynasty, Rabbi Yisroel Friedman of Ruzhyn. His mother was the daughter of Rabbi Yochanan Twersky, the Rachmastrivka Rebbe. He was named after his maternal great-grandfather, Rabbi Mordechai of Chernobyl, and his father's brother, Rabbi Shlomo of Sadigura.[1] He had three older brothers[2] and a sister.
At the age of 10 he was engaged to Chava Sara, daughter of Rabbi Israel Shalom Yosef Heschel, the Mezhbizher Rebbe.[1] They were married eight years later.[1][3] They had two sons, Yisroel and Yitzchok, and a daughter, Malka.[4]
Move to America[edit]
At the beginning of World War I, the Russian army entered the town of Boiany (Boyan) and destroyed the Jewish neighborhood. The Boyaner Rebbe and his family fled to Vienna,[5] where the Rebbe died in March 1917. After the war ended, each of his sons moved to a different country to establish their court. The eldest, Rabbi Menachem Nachum (1869–1936), became the Boyaner Rebbe of Chernowitz, Bukovina. The second son, Rabbi Yisroel (1878–1951), became the Boyaner Rebbe of Leipzig, Germany, and later, Tel Aviv. The third son, Rabbi Avrohom Yaakov (1884–1941), became the Boyaner Rebbe of Lwów, Poland.[6]
The youngest son, Rabbi Mordechai Shlomo, remained in Vienna with his mother until her death in 1922.[7] At that point he entertained an offer to head the Hasidic community of Drohobych in Western Ukraine, and another to lead an organized chaburah (group) of Boyaner Hasidim on New York's Lower East Side.[4] The American group maintained a small kloiz (synagogue) where they gathered on the yahrtzeits of their rebbes. From time to time, this group would send one of their own to visit the Boyaner Rebbe in Boiany and bring back spiritual nourishment for his fellows. After World War I the president of this group, Mordechai Cohen, traveled to Rabbi Mordechai Shlomo in Vienna and begged him to visit the Boyaner Hasidim in America. Rabbi Mordechai Shlomo acquiesced and embarked on an 11-month pilot trip beginning in December 1925, visiting several New York neighborhoods as well as Boston, Chicago and Philadelphia. He was feted with a large farewell gathering at the kloiz before his return to Europe.[1]
For the next year, Rabbi Mordechai Shlomo weighed the pros and cons of relocating to America. He consulted with his uncle, Rabbi Yisrael Friedman of Chortkov, and his eldest brother, Rabbi Menachem Nachum of Chernowitz, who both encouraged him to make the move.[1][8][9] He and his family arrived in New York in November 1927.[10] On Hanukkah of that year, the Boyaner Hasidim called a meeting to raise money for the purchase of the building at 247 East Broadway as a kloiz.[1] This building housed a beis medrash with accommodations for up to 175 worshippers.[11] In keeping with Ruzhiner custom, the Rebbe spent most of his time in prayer and study in a separate room called the daven shtiebel (prayer room). There was also a tish room, and apartments upstairs for the Rebbe and his family.[1]
The Boyaner kloiz became an island of sanctity on the teeming streets of the Lower East Side.[1] The Rebbe was a charismatic personality who exuded the sense of nobility and spiritual loftiness characteristic of rebbes of the Boyaner dynasty, yet he also displayed a warmth and paternal concern that appealed to many American Jewish youth who had never seen a rebbe before. The Rebbe inspired quite a number of secular Jewish youth to become ba'alei teshuvah (returnees to the faith).[1][9][12][13] He succeeded in uniting the Ruzhin-Boyan survivors of the Holocaust and proved that Hasidut could be a viable lifestyle in America.[14]
The Rebbe was known for living modestly and simply. He lived in the same apartment over the kloiz for 40 years and did not replace his furniture.[9] Whenever he traveled using public funds, he refused to take a taxi and traveled by subway.[15][16]
The Rebbe took an active role in American Jewish leadership. He was a founder[17] and president of the Agudath HaAdmorim (Union of Grand Rabbis) of the United States, in which capacity he participated in the Rabbi's March on Washington in 1943.[18] He was the first vice president of Agudath Israel of America[19][20] and a member of that body's Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah.[21] In conjunction with Agudath HaRabbanim, he helped organize the Vaad Hatzalah during World War II and assisted the rescue of Torah leaders in Poland and Eastern Europe.[21][22] After the war, he was elected president of Vaad HaEzra, in which capacity he raised funds to help Holocaust survivors in post-war Europe.[22][23] He was respected by every segment of the Jewish world, including "misnagdim, the yeshivah world, baalebatim, the modern intelligentsia…the other chassidic leaders who arrived later to the American shores, as well as the rabbinic leaders abroad".[24]
Activities in Israel[edit]
Like his father and grandfather before him, the Rebbe served as president of the Kollel Vohlin (Association of Ukrainian Jews in Palestine), distributing large amounts of charity money in Israel each year.[25] He also gave all the pidyonos (redemption-money) he received from people giving him kvitlach to the Boyaner chesed fund, earmarked for the poor in Israel. Like all descendants of the Ruzhiner dynasty, he carried a Turkish passport that identified him as a citizen of Palestine.[26] Although he desired to resettle in Israel, he was unable to do so due to poor health.[27]
The Rebbe visited Israel four times, in 1949, 1953, 1958 and 1960. On his first trip, he visited his brother Rabbi Yisroel, the Boyaner Rebbe of Leipzig and Tel Aviv, whom he hadn't seen in 22 years. On two later visits, Rabbi Mordechai Shlomo took the honor of lighting the first bonfire at the Lag BaOmer celebration at the tomb of Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai in Meron, Israel. This privilege had been purchased by his grandfather, the Sadigura Rebbe, from the Sephardi guardians of Meron and Safed; the Sadigura Rebbe bequeathed this honor to his eldest son, Rabbi Yitzchok, the first Boyaner Rebbe, and his progeny. During the 13 years that he lived in Tel Aviv, Rabbi Yisroel lit the first bonfire in Meron each year; after his death, Rabbi Mordechai Shlomo inherited the privilege. When he wasn't able to travel to Israel for Lag BaOmer, Rabbi Mordechai Shlomo appointed Rabbi Simcha Kaplan, the Rav of Safed, to light the first bonfire in his stead.[9]
In 1948 the Ruzhiner synagogue in the Old City of Jerusalem, Tiferet Yisroel (also called the Nissan Beck Synagogue), which was completed by the Sadigura Rebbe, Rabbi Avrohom Yaakov Friedman, in 1872,[28] was destroyed by the Arab Legion during the 1948 Israel War of Independence. On his trip to Israel in 1953, the Boyaner Rebbe of New York laid the foundations for a new Ruzhiner Torah centre in the New City of Jerusalem. In 1957 the Ruzhiner yeshiva, called Mesivta Tiferet Yisroel, was inaugurated with the support of all of the Rebbes of the Ruzhiner dynasty.[29] A large synagogue was built adjacent to it, also bearing the name Tiferet Yisroel. The design of the synagogue, located on the western end of Malkhei Yisrael Street close to the Central Bus Station, includes a large white dome, reminiscent of the domed Tiferet Yisroel Synagogue that was destroyed in the Old City.
Final years and succession[edit]
In his last years the Rebbe suffered from severe arthritis and a heart condition.[30] After suffering a stroke in 1967, he moved to the Upper West Side to be near his children. Another kloiz was established on the ground floor of the apartment building where he spent his final years.[1] He continued to see his Hasidim and participate in communal affairs despite his failing health.[31] He died after another stroke on 2 March 1971 (5 Adar 5731).[32] Tens of thousands accompanied his bier in a funeral procession in the streets of Jerusalem to the Mount of Olives, where he was buried at night on the heights of the mountain.[9] His wife predeceased him a few months earlier.[32]
The Rebbe's death left the Boyaner Hasidim leaderless. The Rebbe's brother Avrohom Yaakov, the Boyaner Rebbe in Lemberg, and the successors of his brother Rabbi Menachem Nachum, the Boyaner Rebbes in Chernowitz, had all been murdered by the Nazis, while his brother Rabbi Yisroel, the Boyaner Rebbe in Leipzig/Tel Aviv, had had only daughters and was not succeeded by his sons-in-law.
His followers approached the Rebbe's eldest son, Yisroel, to become the next Rebbe, but he declined. The Hasidim then asked the Rebbe's daughter Malka and her husband, Rabbi Dr. Menachem Mendel Brayer, a lecturer at Yeshiva University, to offer one of their two young sons for the leadership. The eldest, Yigal, an aerospace engineer, was suggested and then rejected. The lot fell to the younger son, Nachum Dov (born 1959[33]), who then enrolled at the Ruzhiner yeshiva in Jerusalem to prepare himself for the task.[34] On Hanukkah 1984, at the age of 25, Rabbi Nachum Dov Brayer was crowned Boyaner Rebbe.[35] The Hasidut is now headquartered in Jerusalem, where the Rebbe resides.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Besser, Yisroel. "Miracle on the Lower East Side: From the Boyan of his childhood, Rav Mordechai Shlomo of Boyan created an oasis for America's early chassidim". Mishpacha, 10 October 2011, pp. 114–128.
- ^ Friedman 2000, p. 109.
- ^ Rabinowicz 1996, p. 140.
- ^ a b Brayer 2003, p. 442.
- ^ Eisenberg 2006, p. 123.
- ^ Saltiel, Manny (2011). "Gedolim Yahrzeits: Adar". chinuch.org. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
- ^ Friedman 2000, p. 111.
- ^ Friedman 2000, p. 112.
- ^ a b c d e Rossoff 2005, pp. 315–316.
- ^ Brayer 2003, p. 443.
- ^ The New York Times biographical service, Volume. The New York Times & Arno Press. 1971. p. 617.
- ^ Brayer 2003, p. 443–444.
- ^ Friedman 2000, pp. 113–115.
- ^ Brayer 2003, p. 475.
- ^ Friedman 2000, p. 117.
- ^ Brayer 2003, p. 467.
- ^ Zuroff 2000, p. 241.
- ^ "Photos of the Rabbi's March on Washington". The David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies. 2005. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
- ^ Friedman 2000, p. 125.
- ^ Rakeffet-Rothkoff 1981, p. 163.
- ^ a b Brayer 2003, p. 461.
- ^ a b Friedman 2000, p. 121.
- ^ Brayer 2003, p. 468.
- ^ Brayer 2003, p. 444.
- ^ Brayer 2003, pp. 448–449.
- ^ Brayer 2003, p. 450.
- ^ Brayer 2003, p. 454.
- ^ Brayer 2003, p. 263.
- ^ Brayer 2003, p. 459.
- ^ Friedman 2000, p. 127.
- ^ Friedman 2000, pp. 127–129.
- ^ a b Friedman 2000, p. 130.
- ^ Finkel 1994, p. 194.
- ^ Mintz 1992, p. 76.
- ^ Tannenbaum, Rabbi Gershon (7 July 2010). "Boyaner Rebbe". The Jewish Press. Retrieved 26 October 2011.[permanent dead link]
- Brayer, Rabbi Menachem (2003). The House of Rizhin: Chassidus and the Rizhiner dynasty. Mesorah Publications. ISBN 1-57819-794-5.
- Eisenberg, Ronald (2006). The Streets of Jerusalem: Who, what, why. Devora Publishing. ISBN 1-932687-54-8.
- Finkel, Avrohom Yaakov (1994). Contemporary Sages: The great Chasidic masters of the twentieth century. J. Aronson. p. 194. ISBN 1-56821-155-4.
- Friedman, Yisroel (2000). The Golden Dynasty: Ruzhin, the royal house of Chassidus (2nd ed.). Jerusalem: The Kest-Lebovits Jewish Heritage and Roots Library.
- Mintz, Jerome R. (1992). Hasidic People: A place in the new world. Harvard University Press. pp. 77–83. ISBN 0-674-38115-7.
- Rabinowicz, Tzvi (1996). The Encyclopedia of Hasidism. Jason Aronson. ISBN 1-56821-123-6.
- Rakeffet-Rothkoff, Aaron (1981). The Silver Era in American Jewish Orthodoxy: Rabbi Eliezer Silver and his generation. Yeshiva University Press. ISBN 0-87306-274-4.
- Rossoff, Dovid (2005). קדושים אשר בארץ: קברי צדיקים בירושלים ובני ברק [The Holy Ones in the Earth: Graves of Tzaddikim in Jerusalem and Bnei Brak] (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Machon Otzar HaTorah.
- Zuroff, Efraim (2000). The Response of Orthodox Jewry in the United States to the Holocaust: The activities of the Vaad ha-Hatzala Rescue Committee, 1939-1945. Michael Scharf Publication Trust of the Yeshiva University Press. ISBN 0-88125-666-8.


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Wellcome instruction book for an exposure calculator
Instruction book for a Wellcome exposure calculator. Published by Burroughs Wellcome & Co., London. 45 pages of instructions and tables and 70 pages of general photographic information.
On display
National Science and Media Museum: Kodak Gallery
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- Object Number:
- 1990-5036/440/3
- type:
- instruction book
- credit:
- The Kodak Collection at the National Media Museum, Bradford
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Indian Science and Technology (S & T) today, like Indian economy and Indian polity, is in a crisis, and the S & T planners are in a fix.
S & T planning in India was launched in right earnest in the fifties with great fanfare, and with a solemn declaration by the planners through a resolution of the parliament of their faith in" the efficacy of S & T in solving the material and social problems of a country long ravaged by colonisation. It is not necessary to state that S & T for our planners meant western S & T in its modern phase. The essential elements of the grand strategy to graft the western S & T on the Indian soil were :
(i) Creation of a large scientific and technical manpower trained in the western mould, through the establishment of a number of elite technological institutes in direct _ collaboration with western "advanced" nations, and through other scientific and technological educational institutes staffed largely by foreign-trained scientists and technologists.
(ii) Creation of a modern industrial infrastructure through the establishment in the public sector of a large number of high techno logy plants bought from the 'advanced' nations on a turnkey basis.
(iii) Creation of indigenous technology to substitute the foreign technology in a reasonable time through the establishment of a large number of R & D laboratories.
(iv) Creation of a pure-science capability through the establishment of elite institutes and by encouraging science in the universities.
After three decades of vigorous execution of this policy, all the four elements of the grand strategy are in place. India can today boast of the third largest S & T manpower in the world, an1 industrial infrastructure which is capable of feeding secondary industries that produce everything from razor blades to aero planes, umpteen number of R & D laboratories that specialize in diverse fields like environmental control and atomic energy, and a large number of universities and elite research institutes working on the frontiers of western science. But in spite of all this, the dream of the planners of the fifties of creating an India in the mould of England seems as remote as ever- The vast technological manpower has failed to make any impact on the world scene; in spite of the established infrastructure, industry is continuously stagnating (growth rates for the first five year-plans in large-scale manufacturing sector are 6.0, 7.2, 8.0, 35 & 2.8 per cent respectively); in spite of all the R & D laboratories, the industry keeps clamoring for more foreign technological input and more and more degrading collaborations have to be made (remember: the Siemens deal; the fertilizer story, and now the oil sellout); and the 'elite' pure scientists remain elites only within the country. The grand strategy, after having been fully executed, has failed. That is the crisis, and nobody knows the way out.
The SEMINAR issue under review is a good mirror of this crisis and an indication of the type of solutions and excuses a failed scientific community is offering. Three of the five main articles in the issue are devoted to careful quantifications of the failure of Indian S&T in three different areas. S. R. Ganesh's article ("Training patterns") deals with the failure of even an elite institute like 11T, Bombay in imbuing its students with any sense of purpose, or even with a respect for academic technical training; M. R. Bhagwan's article ("Innovations in Industry") gives a meticulous history of the various phases through which the Indian industry has passed, and gives impressive evidence of the failure of Indian R &D to innovate and of the continued reliance of Indian industry on foreign collaboration (which seems to be becoming an official policy now); and Dinesh Mohan ("Sea of Mediocrity") attempts a rigorous quantification of the mediocrity of Indian scientists-of even those who work outside India.
The three articles are useful reading for anyone who needs evidence for the obvious fact that Indian S&T has failed. However, we shall advise all readers to discount the infantile remedies offered in these articles. We are not being harsh in calling these remedies suggested infantile. For example, S. R. Ganesh after having noticed (through his carefully planned sociological study) that even though the faculty gives top priority to teaching and the students value academic aspects rather low, suggests that: "there is no alternative but for most faculty members to become influential in all these aspects (career choice etc.) of the students' development".
Correct, sir! But how? Hasn't Prof. Ganesh ever met a sincere IIT teacher and seen him being respected, yet treated like some sort of a crank who does not know the realities of the world outside IIT? When in the industrial world outside the IIT the managers show "very little enthusiasm for innovating" and "great enthusiasm for the 'wonder that the imports of the 'latest' technology would do" [Bhagwan's article in the same issue], the students are not likely to bother much about the old teacher or senior post-graduate who persists in pursuing 'technological excellence', nor are they expected to help in creating 'an environment where inquiry is encouraged; irrespective of the best intentions of those people who are courageous enough to face the contradictions'. Market forces, as we all know, always prove to be more powerful than mere good intentions. Again, Mr. Bhagwan, having clearly sketched the impossibility of Indian industry, as it is, to expand any further on the basis of the Indian market alone, and therefore being forced to seek markets abroad, obviously with foreign collaboration, blames the supposed contempt of Indian middle class for manual dexterity and manual skills for the lack of innovations in R & D-this after having proved that within the Indian industry, keeping in view the market it has to cater to, the R&D employees are largely redundant.
The task of taking an overall view of Indian S&T is left to the articles by B. Banerjee ["Research Institutions"] and P. M. Bhargava and Indradev ["Deficiencies and corrections"]. It is in these articles that we get a glimpse of the fix in which the Indian S&T planners find themselves and of the type of solutions they are contem plating. Banerjee's article traces the history of development of science institutions in the country, notices that these were western grafts on Indian soil, notices their failure and almost frankly admits that he does not know the way out: "What the scientists do remains irrelevant to the functioning of the society. Whether a basic change in the Social Structure will alter the scientists' role is at the moment an open question". This is an honest article and coming from an established scientist in, an elite institute (TIFR), is worth reading. One must, of course, excuse a western trained scientist working in TIFR, for referring to his countrymen as "natives" and for the propensity to brazenly make statements like "Early nineteenth century scientific knowledge was introduced into a society whose members' knowledge of nature corresponded approximately to that of fourteenth century Europe" May we humbly remind Prof. Banerjee that fourteenth century Europe was still in its dark ages, and that the original impetus for the colonizers to turn towards India was its famed prosperity.. May we also humbly recommend to Prof. Banerjee the reading of the rather easily7 available books by Dharampal " (Indian Science and Technology in the 18 century: Some Contemporary European Accounts Impex India, 1971) and Claude Alvares (" Homo Faber ", Allied Publishers, 1975), to disabuse himself of such myths.
Bhargava and Indradev's article is perhaps the most important article in the whole issue as an indicator of the thinking of S & T policy planners in India. The article begins by introducing a large dose of optimism in the general atmosphere of gloom and despair that the rest of the issue generates and comes out openly in defence of the S & T community, alienated from the local culture and needs though it may be. The basic argument advanced by Bhargava and Indradev is that:
(i) The 'development research' whenever practised, has succeeded. In 1975-76 we exported 128 categories of finished goods to 179 countries, whereas in 1947 we exported no goods at all. (How much of this export is 'manufacture' from the foreign designs and how much is 'development' is a moot question: refer to the succeeding article by Bhagwan)
(ii) Indian Scientific Community in the last 3 decades has produced a number of outstanding scientists whose work constitutes fundamental contributions to many fields of modern science. (How does this excellence compare in competition with the rest of the world? Refer to Dincsh Mohan's article).
If in spite of these successes, continues the argument, the overall S&T planning does not seem to have succeeded, the failure lies with a number of socio-politico-economic causes and with the organization of S&T. They suggest a number of remedies: Greater recognition of scientists' achievements and their role, removal of bureaucratization from the working of S & T community, provision of more funds for S & T, involvement of talented scientists in planning and administration, etc. All this is often repeated and almost trite. The science policy resolution of 1958 itself recognized the need for all this and the policy was tailored accordingly (Remember the amount of power Bhabha, Sarabhai etc wielded and Sethna, Ramanna, Dhavan, Swaminathan etc still do). The new points made by Bhargava and Indradev, in view of the obvious failure of S & T planning in the country are two:
1. If the S & T practice of the last 3 decades has failed to resolve the basic problems of the people, of say food, clothing, housing etc, the scientists should not be blamed for this. The responsibility for this failure is not primarily scientific, but overwhelmingly socio-politico-economic. "Blaming our scientists for our failures is like holding American scientists responsible for the backward-ness of blacks in USA".
This is a curious argument, and almost a demand that scientists should not be held responsible for being socially irrelevant - a demand we thought had become outdated since the pioneering work of Bernal. Let us only add that the American S & T is responsible for the backwardness of the blacks there. It was the development of this S & T that necessitated and facilitated slave-trade and colonization in the first place. Also American blacks are a minority, and the scientists there may justifiably refuse to work in the interest of a minority. How can Bhargava et al refuse the responsibility of working in the interest of the majority of the Indian people on the basis of that specious argument ?
2. The second new point that the article makes is that since 'scientific temper' is essential for the development of S & T, "all activities which are not consistent with the scientific attitude must be deliberately and actively discouraged. This idea should be incorporated into the Directive Principles of our constitution".
What is meant by "activities which are not consistent with the scientific attitude"? Since 'scientific attitude' is supposedly a component of western culture1, the above phrase can cover almost all activities that are not consistent with modern western attitudes-And what actively discouraging "anti-scientific" activities can mean, we can only guess from history. The Britishers are known to have banned the prevalent local practice of small-pox inoculation in Bengal because it was "anti scientific", thereby unleashing major small-pox epidemics. Britishers in India and other colonisers elsewhere are known to have banned a number of similar local practices, both cultural and industrial-economic in the name of promoting "scientific attitude ", with disastrous results. Even from Indians the claim that Indian cultural environment is not conducive to the development of Science has been heard before. But this is the first time some Indians have demanded a ban on the local activities.
It is tempting to quote a passage from ' The Plague' of Albert Camus. At the height of the plague, Dr. Rieux visits a cafe and finds:
'…a naval officer, with a girl on each side of him, was describing to a" fat red-faced man a typhus epidemic at Cairo. "They had camps, you know," he was saying, "for the natives, with tents for sick ones and a ring of sentries all around. If a member of the family came along and tried to smuggle in one of those damn-fool native remedies, they fired at sight. A bit tough, I grant you, but it was the only thing to do."
Neither Camus nor Dr. Rieux seem to be in sympathy with the sailor, but Professors Bhargava and Indradev, by demanding a ban of all activities not consistent with " scientific attitude" (which in this context means all the local pre-British S & T practices) have put themselves securely on the side of the sailor.
After reading the issue it becomes clear that the Indian S & T is at the cross-roads. The optimism of the fifties that western S & T can be grafted on Indian soil is gone. Now the choice has to be made. You can choose "modern S & T" and "modern industry" at all costs (even at the cost of banning by law the local practices), and no questions asked about its relevance to the majority of the people. Or you can choose to be with the people, their needs, their culture, their customs and develop a relevant S & T. Bhargava et al. and the officialdom have made their choice. Is it to be taken lying down?.
Author:Madras Group


text:
Blood Play
Full Length Play, Dark Comedy / 3m, 3f
Blood Play
Use this tool for cost estimates based on your specific needs.
Cast Size3m, 3f
Duration75 Minutes
AccoladesNot Applicable
Target Audience
- Adult
Additional Info
"Once again Hannah Bos, Paul Thureen and Oliver Butler escort audiences into an unforgettable setting gleefully stacked with layer upon layer of affecting detail. A+." - Backstage, Read More
"They make us see life as kids again - with all the joy and dire vulnerability that entails." - Time Out New York, Read More
"Unsettlingly funny. The giggly-grim genius of it resides in its ensemble, whose patience and timing are dead-on." Vulture, Read More
"Blood Play is a stealth machine." - The New York Times, Read More
"[A] theatrical cocktail, as tasty as it is esoteric. Fix us another round." - The Village Voice, Read More
20 Plays & Musicals for Spooky Season
Annette Storckman
September 27, 2019
KeywordsFriendship, Love, Marriage, Parenting/Family
Performing Groups
- College Theatre / Student
- Community Theatre
- Professional Theatre
- Large Stage
- Blackbox / Second Stage /Fringe Groups
- Mild Adult Themes
License details
- Minimum Fee: $100 per performance
- Time Period: 1950s
- Duration: 75 Minutes
- Setting: Skokie, Illinois. Late August. 1951.
- Additional Features: No intermission
- Features / Contains: Period Costumes
Casting3m, 3f
MORTY FEINBERG - late 30's, affable, wildly in love with his wife, wants to be a great neighbor.
IRA FEINBERG - 10 years old, fragile and very small for his age. An old soul.
SAM FOGELBERG - late 30's, slightly dim but lovable guy's guy.
GAIL FOGELBERG - mid 30's, neighborhood queen bee. Cold. Hard to please.
JEEP MATSON - early 40's, single, odd. Covers his awkwardness with a smile.
Cast Attributes
- Roles for Children
Casting Notes
The role of IRA is traditionally played by a female adult.


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After spending five years without getting past high Class A Salem, Cook moved quickly up the ladder last year. He started 2002 at Double-A Carolina, where managers voted him the Southern League's best pitching prospect. After a brief visit to Triple-A Colorado Springs, he finished the season with the Rockies. He turned in quality starts in his first four attempts. Colorado decided to shut him down in mid-September after he reached 195 innings, a career high. Cook led the system with a 2.37 ERA, pitched in the Futures Game at midseason and was the organization's minor league pitcher of the year. Cook is a power pitcher with command. His calling card is a heavy sinker that ranges from 93-96 mph. He also uses a four-seam fastball that hits 96-98 mph. He shows stamina, carrying his velocity into late innings and working at least 155 innings in the last three seasons. Cook has an exceptional 85-89 mph slurve that looks like a forkball with its late explosion. He refined his mechanics in 2001 and has a compact and smooth delivery that helped his command and velocity. He's an excellent athlete. Cook has to continue to work on his offspeed pitch, particularly with the challenge of Coors Field, where varying speeds is mandatory. He can get lazy with his slurve, mostly when he is ahead in the count. He has a tendency to try to overpower hitters when he gets ahead in the count instead of just getting them out. For a pitcher with such electric stuff, Cook doesn't miss as many bats as would be expected. Colorado is counting on Cook to fill a rotation spot and pick up where Jason Jennings left off. It was no coincidence he was limited to 36 innings in the majors last season--keeping him rookie-eligible. Cook eventually will take over as the Rockies' No. 1 starter.
Tsao was the Rockies' first significant signee from Asia, getting a then-franchise-record $2.2 million in 1999. He was the low Class A South Atlantic League's pitcher of the year in his 2000 pro debut, but had Tommy John surgery in 2001 and missed the first half of last season. While sidelined, Tsao worked on learning English and making other cultural adjustments. He made a solid return in 2002, though he was shut down with forearm tightness late in the year. Tsao still shows a plus fastball, reaching 91-96 mph last year. His changeup is excellent, and he showed his pitching aptitude in how quickly he mastered the pitch. His hard slider is a quality pitch as well. Tsao also has considerable poise, which comes from being Taiwan's ace during international competition. Staying healthy is Tsao's main challenge. His stuff, command and makeup are beyond reproach. Tsao will open the season at Colorado's new Double-A Tulsa affiliate. He figures to move to Triple-A at midseason and make his big league debut before the end of the year. He has the overpowering stuff to close games, but with his variety of pitches he likely will battle Cook for the eventual No. 1 spot in the rotation.
Signed as a catcher, Reyes was MVP of the Rookie-level Arizona League during his U.S. debut in 1998. He since has moved to first base and then the outfield. After missing all of 2000 following knee surgery, he came back to be the South Atlantic League MVP in 2001. Reyes has tremendous hitting instincts and power from both sides of the plate. He's athletic, which allows him to play all three outfield positions as well as first base, and leads to speculation he could wind up at third base. Reyes hasn't always put out and has to be challenged. Teammate Tino Sanchez made a breakthrough with him last year in Double-A, and Reyes hit .323-7-27 in the final two months after he started showing up for voluntary extra work. He needs to use his hands better to handle inside pitches and could draw more walks. His body has matured, so he won't be the basestealer some projected him to be two years ago. Reyes could move into the big league mix at some point in 2003 after opening the year in Triple-A. His versatility will enhance his chances.
Young signed for a club-record $2.75 million as a second-round pick in 2000. He made his pro debut the following year, when he pitched in the Futures Game but also was shut down with a tender elbow. He pitched a full season in 2002, meeting all expectations, returning to the Futures Game and reaching Triple-A. Young has a full assortment of pitches. He uses all four quadrants of the strike zone with his fastball. He has a four-seamer that sits at 92 mph and a two-seamer that ranges from 87-90 mph with decent sink His Vulcan changeup works well for him, and his curveball is a good pitch. Young needs to get stronger so he can work deeper into games. His curveball can get loose at times. He could create deception in his delivery, which is a bit deliberate. Young used to throw 94 mph when he was at Stanford, and while that velocity could come back, it hasn't since he had shoulder soreness with the Cardinal. Young likely will open the season in Triple-A. He should make it to Coors Field for keeps at some point in 2003.
A wide receiver who set a Texas high school record with 50 touchdown catches, Freeman turned down a Texas A&M football scholarship to sign for $1.4 million. His development has been slow, but he established himself defensively in 2001 and broke out with his bat and became a Southern League all-star last year. Freeman has the speed to cover the ground in center field, and the power potential to play on the corners if needed. He uses the entire field as a hitter and can use his wheels to take the extra base. His plate discipline improved immensely in 2002. Freeman's arm strength has improved but remains below-average. Despite his speed, he lacks the instincts to be a basestealer. He needs to show more confidence in his two-strike approach at the plate. For all his power potential, his career high for extra-base hits is 40. This is a key season for Freeman, who heads to Triple-A and must build off his solid 2002 effort. He has the skills to be a run-producing center fielder with the type of range the Rockies need at Coors Field, but it likely will be mid-2004 before he arrives in the big leagues to stay.
Nix' older brother Laynce, 22, is an outfielder in the Rangers system. Jayson was a standout pitcher and shortstop in high school. He was the MVP of the Texas 5-A state championship in 2001, earning a save in the semifinals and tossing a complete game in the deciding game. He moved to second base in 2002, his first full pro season, and was a South Atlantic League all-star. Nix is a ballplayer. He has a feel for how to play the game and isn't intimidated. As a 19-year-old he hit in the No. 3 slot on a team of older players, and he had 23 more RBIs than any of his Asheville teammates. Nix uses the whole field and shows power. He stays back on pitches well, which allows him to handle offspeed stuff. He made major defensive strides last year and excels at making the double-play pivot. Nix has a strong body, but his range is a little short at second base. He should be able to make adjustments as he gets more comfortable with the position. His biggest need is to ease up on himself. Nix will open the season at Colorado's new high Class A Visalia affiliate. He could force his way to Double-A before season's end.
Baker might have the highest ceiling of any college player in the 2002 draft, but a so-so junior season, his poor history with wood bats and rumors that he wanted at least $4 million to sign hurt his standing. The Rockies gambled a fourth-round pick and waited him out. He signed in October for a $2 million major league contract but received just $50,000 up front. Baker has a quick bat and huge power, which could make him a force in Coors Field. He already has learned patience at the plate after facing an abnormal amount of breaking and offspeed pitches in college. Originally a shortstop, he outgrew the position but has the soft hands and plus arm to play well at third base. Baker has some length and an uppercut in his swing, so he'll have to close the holes. He swings hard and will need to make concessions against better breaking balls at higher levels. After hitting .216 in two summers using wood bats with Team USA, he'll have to prove he can do damage without aluminum. Baker figures to make his pro debut in high Class A. The best hitting prospect drafted by the Rockies since Todd Helton, he'll move as quickly as his bat allows.
Parker turned down Louisiana State to sign as a draft-and-follow out of San Jacinto JC, and he might be the best Gators lefty since Andy Pettitte. Limited in his 2001 pro debut by a tired arm after a heavy workload at San Jac, Parker rebounded in 2002. He led the system in wins and innings. Parker's top pitch is an 88-93 mph sinker, and he throws it on a tough downward plane. He has good fade on his changeup, and throws it with fastball arm speed to keep hitters from picking it up. He has a hanging pickoff move that is a borderline balk. Parker's breaking ball has nice velocity, though it doesn't have the depth of a curveball or the late break of a slider. Parker's command is a game-by-game proposition. If he finds the plate in the first inning, he'll dominate. If not, he doesn't know how to adjust. He's a good athlete but gets himself in trouble by trying to rush things as a fielder. Parker has the ability to skip high Class A and jump directly to Double-A. He projects as a solid middle-of-the-rotation southpaw.
Francis burst onto the prospect scene in the summer of 2001, when he was the player of the year and top prospect in the Alaska League, then threw 14 shutout innings to capture MVP honors and lead the Anchorage Glacier Pilots to the title at the National Baseball Congress World Series. After going ninth overall in the 2002 draft and signing for a prearranged $1.85 million bonus, he had his pro debut cut short when a line drive hit him in the face in the Asheville dugout. Francis has a solid assortment of pitches. He has a low-90s fastball, a slurvy breaking ball that is more slide than curve, and a changeup with the potential to be a plus pitch. He has an easy arm action, above-average command and a good feel for pitching. Most of all, Francis needs to mature physically. With added upperbody strength, he could pitch deeper into games and add velocity. He also must tighten his slurve. Francis returned to the mound during instructional league and showed no aftereffects from his injury. He showed enough in his brief time as a pro to earn the right to start in high Class A this year.
Hawpe won a College World Series title with Louisiana State in 2000, when he tied the NCAA Division I record with 36 doubles. He had a breakthrough season in 2002, leading the high Class A Carolina League in batting, walks, on-base percentage, slugging and total bases (264). He was promoted to Double-A for the Southern League playoffs. Hawpe can hit for both average and power. He uses all fields and has shown he can handle all types of pitching at the lower levels. He recognizes the value of a walk, which will help him adjust against quality pitchers in the upper minors. Hawpe was old for the CL last year and had his eyes opened by the pitching in Venezuela, where he batted .238 before straining a ribcage muscle. He's average at best as a first baseman and is a below-average runner, which will make playing left field more of a challenge. Double-A will be a proving ground for Hawpe in 2003. With Todd Helton locking up first base in Colorado, Hawpe may get more exposure in the outfield after seeing time there in Venezuela.
Though Jimenez posted a 6.53 ERA in the Rookie-level Pioneer League, the more important numbers were his age (18), velocity (90-95 mph) and strikeouts (65 in 62 innings). His down-breaking curveball--the best in the system and similar to Shawn Chacon's--passed the altitude test at Casper, which bodes well for his future at Coors. His overall command took a big step forward in 2002, another positive sign. At this point, Jimenez needs to get innings under his belt and become a more consistent pitcher. He's a competitor but must develop a stronger mound presence. He shows sign of a changeup, though it's still a work in progress. Now that he has a year in the United States under his belt, he should be ready for low Class A. He has the stuff to be a frontline starter in the majors.
Materano was a short-season Northwest League all-star last year, when he led Tri-City in homers and RBIs despite being the youngest everyday player on the club. Even so, his glove is ahead of his bat, as he's the top defensive infielder and owns the strongest infield arm in the system. He's an excellent athlete with great body control and fine instincts. His arm and hands allow him to make spectacular plays at shortstop. Materano has a quick bat but needs to tighten his strike zone to have a better chance at the plate. Still young, he needs to maintain his focus, particularly on defense. The latest Latin shortstop produced by the Rockies, Materano hopes to follow Neifi Perez and Juan Uribe to Colorado. He'll play this year in low Class A.
Atkins, who had a school-record 33-game hitting streak at UCLA, hit .317 as a first baseman in his first two pro seasons. With Todd Helton in Colorado, the Rockies decided to move Atkins to third base last year in Double-A, where he also made offensive adjustments. Pitchers overpowered him inside early in the season, but he sped up his hands by setting up on his back leg and moving closer to the plate. He's a pure hitter with good hand-eye coordination and the ability to stay back against offspeed stuff. As solid as Atkins' hitting fundamentals are, he needs to show more power to be a corner infielder. He has 24 homers as a pro and slugged a career-low .406 in 2002. Atkins has the arm strength for third base, but erratic footwork costs him accuracy on his throws. He'll continue his conversion to the hot corner in Triple-A this season, and he now faces competition within the system from Jeff Baker.
Lo, perhaps better known by his nickname "Dragon," made his pro debut last year at 16. Not only did he have to deal with being the youngest player in U.S. pro ball, but he also faced cultural adjustments. He signed for $1.4 million out of Taiwan's Koio Yuan High, the same school that produced Chin-Hui Tsao. He held his own in the Pioneer League even though the Rockies wouldn't let him throw his slider and splitter, his two liveliest pitches, until he gets stronger. Colorado closely monitored his development as he worked with an 88-90 mph sinker and a plus changeup. Maturing physically and adapting to pitching on a regular basis are Lo's points of emphasis for now. He spent the winter working out in Denver, where he benefited from the presence of Tsao. Lo most likely will return to Casper in 2003.
A defensive back at the University of Toledo, Miller has adjusted quickly to pro ball. In his first full season, he led the system in runs, walks and steals, a testament to his leadoff skills. He's a Marquis Grissom-type athlete who also will offer some pop atop a batting order. He's a hard worker who often works in the batting cage after games. Miller's inexperience shows against breaking balls, and he sometimes chases high fastballs. He also gets too pull-conscious at times. Miller has a strong arm for center field and the speed to track balls down. He does rely on his wheels a little too much at times, but he has started to take better routes. He could jump to Double-A in 2003, certainly at midseason if not on Opening Day.
Twice the Rockies have shown their belief in Holliday's potential. They gave him an $840,000 bonus out of high school to get him to pass up the opportunity to play quarterback at Oklahoma State. When Florida and Tennessee approached him about returning to football in 2001, Colorado signed him to a six-year deal with a minimum guarantee of $700,000. The wait, however, continues for Holliday to transform his power potential into reality. He has hit only 49 home runs in 478 pro games. His power comes through in batting practice, but he needs to keep his swing short and use his hands more. The son of Oklahoma State baseball coach Tom Holliday and the nephew of Rockies scout Dave Holliday, Matt has the strength to hit at least 30 homers a season. He has come a long way in converting from third base to left field, and has built up his arm strength to above-average for left field. He has good basestealing instincts despite ordinary speed. Holliday could return to Double-A Tulsa to open 2003.
Outfielder Jack Cust was the more ballyhooed prospect the Rockies received from the Diamondbacks for Mike Myers in January 2001, but Closser looks like he'll turn out to be more valuable. He's easily the most advanced catching prospect in the system. A switch-hitter with power from both sides of the plate, Closser spent the bulk of his time last year batting cleanup for Carolina. He shows good patience, though at times he becomes too pull-conscious. Closser relishes working with pitchers. He has natural quickness and arm strength, but he sometimes overthrows and hurts his accuracy. He threw out just 26 percent of basestealers in 2002. After splitting catching duties with Jason Dewey last year, Closser will get the bulk of the playing time in Triple-A in 2003. He should arrive in the big leagues next season.
An all-New Jersey performer in soccer as well as baseball in high school, Buglovsky established multiple school records at the College of New Jersey, an NCAA Division III program. He's athletic and stronger than his slender build would indicate. He has a resilient arm and hasn't missed a start since turning pro. His size still leads to questions about his durability, so he could wind up in the bullpen. Buglovsky's fastball ranges from 88-92 mph with excellent movement down in the zone. His best pitch is a hard slider that runs up to 87 mph. His changeup is inconsistent and his curveball needs a lot of work, two more reasons that relieving could be in his future. Buglovsky must control the running game better, and he gets particularly lazy with runners on second base. He's headed for Double-A this year.
Esposito was a Reds fifth-round pick out of high school. Entering 2002, he projected to go in the top two rounds of the draft despite having Tommy John surgery as a freshman two years earlier. He battled a sore arm throughout last spring, which coupled with his bonus demands caused him to slip all the way to the 12th round. When the Rockies failed to sign second-rounder Micah Owings, who opted to attend Georgia Tech, they spent that money on Esposito, who got a $750,000 bonus. As a 5-foot-11 righthander with a history of arm trouble, he's not exactly a scout's dream. But Esposito does have an 88-93 mph fastball and the makings of a plus changeup. His curveball can be a hammer at times, and he has an average slider. The biggest question, obviously, is his durability. He'll probably start his pro career in low Class A.
Fuentes was part of the Jeff Cirillo trade with Seattle. He was a conventional over-the-top pitcher whose career was headed nowhere until the Mariners had him drop to a much lower arm slot in 2001. Fuentes' motion is now similar to a Frisbee thrower's, giving him excellent deception. He has a consistent 90 mph fastball, impressive velocity for a submariner. He throws a slider that he can run in on righthanders. Control is a problem when Fuentes doesn't get regular work, but if he pitches four times a week he's usually fine. He can hold his own against righties, allowing managers the luxury of using him as more than just a lefty specialist. Fuentes should be the primary southpaw in the Colorado bullpen this year.
Cust has been a darling of statistical analysts for a while, and Athletics general manager Billy Beane reportedly coveted him last offseason. Instead it was the Rockies who acquired him for Mike Myers after the Diamondbacks tired of Cust's offense-only approach. He led the system in homers and was named MVP of the Triple-A all-star game in 2002, but also had his least productive season since his pro debut and often looked helpless in the majors. Cust has big-time power to all parts of the park, but after six years as a pro he still hasn't learned to turn on balls with regularity. He's an extremely patient hitter who's not afraid to take pitchers deep in the count and draws lots of walks. He also takes too many close pitches, which result in strikeouts, and he doesn't expand his zone in RBI situations. Arizona thought he was indifferent toward playing defense and moved him from first base to the outfield so he'd be involved in fewer plays. While Cust did work more last year on his outfield play, he has no speed and little in the way of instincts. Ideally, he'd be a DH with an American League club.
When the Marlins traded Edgar Renteria to the Cardinals in December 1998, Ozuna was the key player they received in return. When the Rockies dumped Mike Hampton's contract on the Marlins last November, they got Ozuna, but he was mostly an afterthought. Once viewed as Luis Castillo's eventual replacement at second base, Ozuna's stock took a hit last spring when he was found to be four years older than his listed age. That news came after he missed the entire 2001 season following left wrist surgery. Ozuna remains a tremendous hitter for average, with the ability to put almost any pitch in play, but he doesn't have much pop and has grown less patient each year. His basestealing prowess, a big part of the package when he was in the St. Louis system, has lessened in importance despite his outstanding speed. He has stiff hands in the field, booting routine plays too often to be trusted with the everyday job at second. His instincts remain questionable. He played 23 games in center field for Triple-A Calgary and showed decent ability at tracking balls. His arm is average. He'll get a chance to make the Rockies this spring as a utility player.
After spending 2002 in Double-A, Vance was working out in September, getting ready for the Arizona Fall League. He suddenly was summoned by the Rockies, who were running out of pitchers, and got a two-game cup of coffee. He's not spectacular but he's a consistent winner, leading the Atlantic Coast Conference in victories in 2000 and reaching double figures in each of his two full pro sesons. He keeps hitters off balance with his offspeed pitches, a downer curveball and a changeup that he can turn over. If Vance can learn to throw his sinker in hitter's counts, he has a chance to start in the majors. He needs to command that two-seam fastball--which works best at 86-88 mph but will hit 91--better and trust it more often. Vance is an excellent athlete who fields his position, holds runners and even swings the bat well. He'll make the move to Triple-A in 2003.
A center fielder at Indiana State, Barmes was converted to a middle infielder and was considered a potential utility player until last season. The Rockies sent several of their top prospects to Carolina, and were pleasantly surprised when Barmes emerged alongside them. He made the Southern League all-star team and shows Rich Aurilia potential. The only negative came when he was hit by a pitch and broke his left hand, ending his season in early August. Barmes more than doubled his previous career home run total and may even have enough bat to play third base. His biggest weakness at the plate is sliders on the outer half of the plate. Barmes has plus speed to go with the agility and range to play shortstop. He also has a solid average arm. Barmes will make the jump to Triple-A this year, and the thin air at Colorado Springs could really enhance his power.
The Dodgers shifted Allen from third base to right field in 2001 after he had committed a total of 80 errors during the previous two years. Allen was signed for his offensive potential, but his development was temporarily stunted when he spent parts of four seasons in Double-A. He bulked up too much and lost a lot of his flexibility. He loosened up his frame by toning his body in 2002. It paid off as he showed better bat control and plate discipline, though he still didn't produce the power expected from a right fielder. Allen boosted his value with an impressive winter performance in the Dominican (.316-7-35 in 152 at-bats), and the Rockies traded for him in January. Still, some scouts aren't sure of his role in the big leagues. Some think he'll show more power as he learns which pitches to drive, and he's a proven hitter for average. Others think he's too pull-conscious, though he does hang in well against southpaws. Allen's raw arm strength grades out as a 70 on the standard 20-80 scouting scale. With no apparent openings in Colorado for him right now, he'll head back to Triple-A for 2003.
Since the Rockies signed Andres Galarraga on the eve of the 1992 expansion draft, they've had a presence in Venezuela. Finally, it's starting to show in their system. Outfielder Rene Reyes is their best position prospect, while Oscar Materano is their top infield defender. Another Venezuelan to watch is Colina, who won the batting title in an abbreviated winter season in his native country's league with a .355 average. He has primarily played second base in the minors but spent the winter at third base. He can drive the ball but has yet to show the power teams look for at the hot corner. When Colina is swinging the bat well he uses all fields, but he still gets into funks where he tries to pull everything. He needs to show better discipline at the plate. Colina is better at third base, where his hands and arm serve him well, than at second, where he lacks quick feet. He'll probably return to Triple-A in 2003, at least to start the season.
With his uncanny knowledge of how to play the game enhancing his tools, Sullivan has Mark Kotsay potential. After starring as a two-way player at Wake Forest, he reported to full-season Class A and has put up solid stats for two years. There's nothing spectacular about Sullivan, but he has solid tools across the board. He's a spray hitter with doubles power. Adding lift to his swing could produce more homers. He makes consistent contact but could use some more walks. Sullivan has the ability to steal bases and is a quality center fielder. He has a plus arm for the position, and as a college pitcher he was clocked at 87-89 mph. Sullivan will take the next step to Double-A this year and should be ready for the majors by the end of the following season.
After leading the organization with 14 wins and a 2.15 ERA in 2001, Kibler ranked as the No. 4 prospect in the organization. Last year, his victories were cut in half while his ERA more than doubled, and he has tumbled down the list of pitchers in Colorado's plans. This year will be a major challenge for him to reaffirm his prospect status. He's such a competitor that the Rockies believe he may have pushed himself too hard when teammates Aaron Cook and Jason Young started so well at Carolina last year. Kibler isn't the same type of pitcher they are. He's more of a finesse guy, relying on a sinker that tops out at 90 mph and a circle changeup. A slider serves as his third pitch. Kibler's command fell off last year and he didn't fool many Double-A hitters. He has a tendency to drag his arm in his delivery, which flattens his pitches and puts strain on his shoulder. Despite his struggles, he may move to Triple-A at the start of this season.
It's somewhat surprising that the Rockies landed Crockett with a third-round pick in 2002. He generated some first-round buzz in 2001 but went in the 10th round to the Red Sox. While many expected Crockett to sign with his hometown team, Boston low-balled him and he returned to Harvard for his senior season. The Athletics were believed to have interest in Crockett as a bargain for one of their seven first-round picks but passed him up. He set several Crimson school records, including marks for strikeouts in a game (17), season (117) and career (263), and helped them to two NCAA regional appearances. Crockett tore a ligament in his right elbow his junior year, but decided against surgery and turned in his second straight dominating Cape Cod League effort that summer. He has good command but must throw better strikes after low Class A torched him for a .372 average. Crockett has a 90-92 mph fastball and maintains his velocity deep into games. His changeup could become a plus pitch, while his curveball needs considerable work. He'll pitch in Class A this year.
A converted first baseman, Vasquez is one of the more intriguing prospects in the Rockies system. He's far from a polished player but has awesome power potential. Vasquez hits the ball a long way and does it with an easy swing, but he doesn't hit the ball often enough. He has 291 strikeouts in 203 pro games and led his league in whiffs in his first two years as a pro. He was on pace to make it three in a row, but a nagging hip injury bothered him throughout 2002. Vasquez must learn to recognize offspeed pitches to have a chance to translate his raw potential into results. He hasn't adapted quickly to the outfield, though his throwing has improved. Vasquez figures to return to low Class A this year.
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KIM ACR Handmade Indian Ebonite 139 Fountain Pen- Brown and Black Mottled
KIM ACR Handmade Indian Ebonite 139 Fountain Pen - Brown and Black Mottled
Product Description:
Hand made full ebonite fountain pen by one of the master pen makers from India
Special Feature – no ink burping (which is common in eyedropper pens), small clip, 35 mm nib and special ebonite feed. Specially created inspired by Montblanc 139
Pen Type: Fountain Pen
Pen Manufacturer/Brand: ACR (KIM)
Pen Model: ACR 139
Product Specification
Pen Material & Color
Cap : Ebonite – Brown and Black Mottled
Barrel : Ebonite – Brown and Black Mottled
Section : Ebonite – Black
Feed : Ebonite – Black (Well Channelled, Special "Sheaffers-like" feed)
Cap Type: Screw type Cap with Triple Start Thread (cap opens or closes with 2 turns)
Nib Type & Material: Gold Plated Stainless Steel Two Tone 35 mm #6 Special Nib
Nib Point: Indian Fine (Iridium Tipped)
Filling Mechanism: Eyedropper
Ink Capacity: 2.5 ml
Pen Size: Jumbo Size
Pen Weight – Capped 34 gm
Pen Weight – Uncapped 23 gm
Pen Length – Capped 146.0 mm or 5.74 inch
Pen Length – Uncapped 133.0 mm or 5.23 inch
Pen Length – Posted 180.0 mm or 7.07 inch
Pen Length – Barrel Plus Section 113.0 mm or 4.44 inch
Pen Length – Section only 17.0 mm or 0.67 inch
Pen Cap Diameter 19.0 mm or 0.75 inch
Pen Barrel Diameter 17.0 mm or 0.67 inch
Pen Section Diameter 14.0 mm or 0.55 inch
Note 1: The actual measurements may differ slightly as each pen is handmade.
Note 2: The actual color of the pen may differ from the images because of different monitor settings/calibrations.
Note 3: Each of this Ebonite pen has its own unique ripple pattern and no two pen has the same pattern. So the pattern of the pen you are getting may slightly differ from the pattern shown in the images.


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Ssaplam Therapies: Hypnotherapy
The experience of hypnosis is similar to the kind of trance-like state which everyone experiences when passing into ordinary sleep. It is a state in which one feels neither asleep nor awake and is a little like daydreaming, with a pleasant feeling of deep relaxation behind it all.
Clinical hypnotherapy means using hypnosis to treat a variety of medical and psychological problems. It is estimated that 85% of people will readily respond to clinical hypnotherapy. It may even succeed where other, more conventional, methods of treatment have not produced the desired result.
It can be successfully applied, for example, to help modify habits, as with those wishing to stop smoking or over-eating, to aid pain relief, or for stress management, to dispel phobias, fears, anxieties or panic attacks, to cope with grief or loss, or exam nerves, to enhance sports or business performance and in many other situations.
Whilst under hpynotherapy, a person still keeps complete self-control and no suggestions can be made to influence their normal decent behaviour. It is natural, safe and with no harmful side effects.
An initial free 30 minute consultation is recommended to discuss requirements prior to your first hypnotherapy session. The cost of a hypnotherapy session, which lasts approximately one hour, is just £60.00. Should further sessions be required the cost for these would be just £55.00 per session.
If you value your health and think that we may be able to help you, do not delay; please contact us today.
Paul Malpass IIHHT MICHT VAI & Dip Hyp
Tel: 01922 446312 or 07745 232489


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Best Driving Roads In The South West With Dick Lovett And The MINI Convertible
The MINI Convertible, be it a John Cooper Works - or JCW to its friends - a 25th anniversary special or a Cooper, it's a car for all things. City driving, escaping to the countryside. Posing. But one thing it's definitely made for is driving. And adventuring. The MINI Convertible is especially perfect for a full-on fun driving adventure.
Best Driving Roads In The South West Of England
Let's face it, we've got some pretty spectacular countryside in the South West and some incredible A and B roads which cut through it. Coastal roads, inland mystery tours or maybe a mix of both.
Take A MINI Convertible On A 48-Hour Test Drive
At Dick Lovett MINI in Bath, Bristol, Swindon and Hungerford we're offering 48 hour test drives in this fabulous hot hatch. Top down or roof up, it really doesn't matter when you're behind the wheel of a MINI Convertible. We also have a fantastic range of pre-owned MINI Convertibles in stock.
The New MINI Convertible can more than hold its own both in looks and performance. So best get out there and experience it on a test drive for yourself. With 48 hours at your disposal you'll be spoilt for choice.
Best Driving Roads Along The Quantock Hills and Exmoor
Head down the M5 to Junction 24 for Bridgwater and then out along the A39 towards Minehead. This is a great road to fully appreciate the sharp handling skills of this great little car. Fingers crossed the sun is shining and the roof is down as you turn off into the medieval village of Dunster, just three miles outside Minehead.
This is your gateway to Exmoor along the winding A396. Head into Winsford and out onto the open moorland at Winsford Hill to catch a glimpse of the iconic Exmoor ponies. From there head for Withypool and it's the B3223 all the way to Exford and Lynton before rejoining the A39 for the return trip along the coast into Porlock and Minehead and the M5 beyond.
Image Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/samuir/9312367337/
Best Driving Roads In The Cotswolds
If the Cotswolds are closer to home, then you won't go far wrong with its rolling hills, river valleys and picture postcard perfect villages. There are lots of great places of interest - Painswick, Burford, Moreton-in-the-Marsh, Chipping Norton; the list is endless.
How about starting in Cheltenham - that way you can grab a spot of lunch before heading to Winchcombe on the B4632. At Winchcombe turn towards Charlton Abbots and head for the A40. This will take you through some seriously glorious scenery and it's a lovely leisurely drive come rain or shine. And don't forget the roof goes up at the touch of a button should the British weather decide to do its worst.Image Source: https://flic.kr/p/dVa2my
Best Driving Roads Along The Dorset Coastline
If you fancy going even further afield, head for Dorset and the stunning Jurassic Coast. The coast road drive is a full 18 miles of unadulterated driving joy between Weymouth and Bridport. It's winding and beautiful - perfect for the MINI Convertible, especially with the top down.
Take the B3157 from Weymouth towards Portesham and the picturesque village of Abbotsbury with its famous swannery. From there the road drops away towards West Bay and Bridport with far reaching views beyond up to Lyme Regis.Image Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/hunky_punk/7376869722/
Best Driving Roads In Somerset: Cheddar Gorge
One more that's worth a mention is the B3135 just east of the world famous Cheddar Gorge in Somerset.You'll have a full 14 miles of countryside to enjoy as you make your way through the gorge towards the pretty village of Ashwick. It's full of tight turns and twisty challenges - agility and controlled power are essential so just as well the MINI Convertible is jammed pack with both.
Image courtesy of Sammieee
Where Would You Drive A New MINI Convertible In 48 Hours?
All in all you're spoilt for choice on a New MINI Convertible 48 hours test drive - best call Dick Lovett Bristol, Bath, Swindon or Hungerford now to arrange yours!


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Other Peloton Musique
Phaedrus . Sonic Charge [ Planted in Naturebot's Gravel Vortex ]6:283Like Repost SocialAddto Set to Group to Playlist···Suggest Genre6:28
Back in January, Peloton Musique released the original Col Du Tourmalet EP, a five-track sonic interpretation of scaling the Pyrenees Mountains during the Tour De France bicycle race. Peloton's chosen five excellent remixers to add some lube to the originals' chains.
Berlin-based ex-Seattleite Jeff Samuel punches up the rhythm for Nora Posch's "The Distance Mountain" and oxygenates the bass line for increased dance-floor endurance.
Seattle minimal-techno phenom Big Phone weaves in disorienting, warped samples and stutter-steps the rhythm to Ghola Sound's cheeky and whip-cracking Teutonic techno gem "Statue Of The Giant."
The furiously pumping and austere techno of Shane Silkey's "EPO" (EPO is a kind of red-blood-cell booster taken by unscrupulous cyclists) gets run through a grimmer—yet somehow funkier—filter by Cyanwave, hinting at the dark nature of cheating through science.
Jerry Abstract throws an oblongly funky wrench into the spokes of Centrikal's ominously bruising, cruising techno banger "Breakaway," making it the EP's strangest, most harrowing track. It sounds like (Richard) Devine intervention.
Naturebot drapes a mesh singlet over the brutal, humid electro of Phaedrus' "Sonic Charge" and kicks up the tempo to a breezy and quirky chug while throwing in a helmet-spinning array of surprises. His "Planted in Naturebot's Gravel Vortex" revamp is an ideally winsome way for the EP to cross the finish line.
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So my life is a little crazy right now, but crazy in a good way. More coming on that later this week probably but first I need to blog these images from yesterday.
Sweet C is about 3 weeks older than my Reed and is the happiest little doll. She gave me smile after smile for our session and I had a super hard time narrowing down which images I wanted to blog (shocker).
All of her adorable outfits and bows made me want a baby girl, uh oh!
Sitting like a big girl in her petti & pearls.
They call this bow her party hat, I love it.
D family, it was so nice meeting you all yesterday, hope you enjoyed your sneak peek!


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georgia (8)
Georgia Forestry Commission celebrated 2016 Georgia Arbor Day across the state in many different ways.
The statewide Arbor Day event on February 17th at Trees Atlanta was a packed with more than 100 people, including 25 Tree City USAs, 4 Tree Campus USAs, 1 Tree Line USA and 4 mayors from Decatur, Dunwoody, Kennesaw and Mansfield. Director Robert Farris read the Arbor Day proclamation signed by Governor Nathan Deal and presented each community with a certificate and photo opportunity. News releases about the event were sent out locally on Georgia's Arbor Day, officially declared as Friday, February 19th. Special guests for the "Mayors' Symposium on Trees" were Danielle Crumrine and Josh Lippert from Tree Pittsburgh, Tim Keane, Walter Brown, Ryan Gravel and Decatur Mayor Patti Garrett.
More than 100 cities across the state celebrated in their own unique ways. The City of Avondale Estates planted a Ginkgo tree, specifically chosen by a homeowner for its beautiful fall color and unique characteristics (hopefully not female!). The city of Duluth planted two fruit trees at Bunten Road Park with the theme of hunger relief. Both mayors attended these local events. Timmy Womick and the Tree Circus made appearances in Albany, Thomasville, Columbus, Warner Robins, Macon, Tifton and Oxford.
At Agnes Scott College, honor trees were planted on campus in recognition of faculty and and staff, and Betty, a baker in the cafeteria, baked a delicious Arbor Day cake for the students.
"My Tree Our Forest" Tree Tags were distributed to 40 communities to hang on the trees at city hall or other public spaces on Arbor Day. The tags help carry the message about the benefits of trees to citizens across the state.
"Hello down there!
- I'm busy saving you money.
- I'm busy making city life fun.
- I'm busy making oxygen for you.
- I'm busy making useful things for you.
- I'm busy keeping your streets safe.
- I'm keeping your drinking water clean.
What are you up to?"
We hope you were celebrating trees in your community too.
My neighborhood in Georgia has roughly 80% canopy coverage. Most these trees were volunteers from the days before air conditioning and less housing density. By the 1990s most these trees were huge and many were going into decline. Neighbors were also expanding the foot prints of their homes, particularly in the late 90s and over the last few years. The neighborhood consists of around 500 homes, mostly of one third acre lots. Each year I would notice at least 20-30 large trees being removed, signaled by the unique pitch of a chainsaw against wood. Most the yards were well manicured and volunteer saplings, representing future canopy, were being removed. I began to worry about the legacy of our neighborhood forest and in 1998 starting started a NeighborWoods tree planting program. The first four years were awesome and we planted over 40 trees, but after that program fatigue set in and we planted around 40 over the next ten years. Momentum is difficult to sustain in tree planting. One major difficulty is the amount of time between planting seasons which inhibits a consistent momentum and separately it gives time for leaders to get distracted. To demonstrate the difficulty, I offer an additional story. Last year, during the creation of our tree ordinance it was determined we needed to plant 125 trees a year (City wide) to retain a net zero loss of our canopy. A community business leader thought the City was making too big a deal over the difficulty of planting that many trees and he said he would get some citizens together to plant 500. One year later, despite using his numerous resources, I believe he has planted less than 10, and this fall the program has not even been brought up again. I did not enjoy watching this failure, but it did reinforce what I know to be the difficulty of maintaining a consistent tree planting program. In yet another example, a car dealership in our area wanted to plant 100,000 trees in our county. They developed partnerships with the county government and other NGOs. They quickly downsized to 10,000 and it took four years and many more resources than they ever thought possible. My point is not to discourage, but to help us be realistic in setting our goals. It also makes you appreciate organizations like Trees Atlanta that have planted 100K trees in 29 years. Remember though, they have more than 10 full time employees and a multimillion dollar annual budget. So while tree planting fatigue is a reality, it can be overcome knowing what to expect at the beginning and then planning around it and allocating proper resources. This year our NeighborWoods project aspires to plant 20 trees!
More and more municipalities are depending on tree bank money and replanting to replace lost canopy due to commercial and residential development. Yet the typical tree ordinance is very vague about how those trees are to be replanted and the cost to replant trees is typically grossly underestimated. Dr. Kim Coder, Urban Forestry Professor at UGA, describes it best in his quick description of a soil's impact on the growth of a tree, "crappy soil, crappy tree." There are also issues of soil volume, watering, mulching, and plant selection and diversity. It is bad enough that healthy mature trees are being replaced with 2 inch trees, but the fact is that given the lack of standards for planting and maintenance of replants those two inch trees have slim hope of replacing the canopy they are replacing. In addition to the time it will take, you are giving up existing canopy today for "possible" canopy tomorrow.
Tree Ordinances need to do a better job ensuring the trees are planted properly if they actually aspire to replace even a small percentage of what is removed. I believe the best way to accomplish this goal is to have soil requirements in tree ordinances. The requirements should have both a soil volume and quality component. The replanting of large overstory trees should have at least 800 sq. feet of soil volume as a minimum. The planting area should be back filled with amended soil or at the very least tilled to break up compaction. Improving soil conditions and requiring the trees to be watered will significantly impact replant survival and health. Newly planted trees experience a period of transplant shock during which they are highly vulnerable to stress. Through proper planting and regular early care directed at rapid root development, the period of transplant shock can be shortened and the probability of survival greatly increased.
Tree Banking also needs to be more closely scrutinized. I'd rather see less trees replanted but planted properly and onsite. Tree Banking contains two big assumptions that bother me, one that there is land available to replant the tree and two that the money being contributed will actually result in a healthy tree over time. Tree Banking also encourages trees to be planted away from where we live and play to "other" undetermined areas. Why not have those funds go towards planting one tree properly on site rather than kicking the can down the road hoping for the best possible outcome that probability wise is more than unlikely.
My experience of working on tree ordinances in Georgia as an advocate for existing trees has led me to the conclusion that in the current economic environment any attempt to preserve healthy existing trees in the "buildable" area of an urban lot is a non-starter. It is less expensive and easier to clear a lot and then replant trees afterwards. If we allow builders to remove most existing trees, doesn't it make sense that they have to replant at least one tree properly?
As you all know yesterday marked the end of our Do You Know Your Grove? seek and find contest. We want to thank everyone that entered in to the contest and hope you all had some fun! There were 8 differences in the photo:
There is a woman walking on the right
There is a third red planter in the background
There is an extra bike sign on the left side of the street (on the pavement)
I removed the window from the side of the brick building
I removed the window pane lines (not sure what you call them) from the window on the side of the building facing us.
I made the flowers in the lowest basket on the street lamp purple
I added an extra cloud above the building to the left
I removed the large tree branch lowest to the ground in the green tree.
Our winners were chosen through a random drawing out of all the submissions. We are excited to announce that the winners of The Grove Do You Know Your Grove? contest are... Juanita Viala of Georgia, Don Richardson of Tennessee, Lisa Segard of Michigan and Nick Kuhn from Missouri. They will each receive a $50.00 gift card to Amazon.com for purchasing planting supplies, eco-friendly books for Kindle or whatever else you choose to help plant your legacy.
Congratulations to all of our winners and thanks again to all of our participants!
Georgia celebrates its Arbor Day on Feb. 18 – a great reason for The Grove to celebrate the live oak, Georgia's state tree. The live oak became the official tree on Feb. 25, 1937, at the request of the Edmund Burke Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution.
Georgians going back to General James Edward Oglethorpe have enjoyed live oaks for centuries. Live oaks grow from coastal Virginia, south to southern Florida and west to central Texas – the coastal plains and islands where the first settlers to American made their homes.
The tree gets its name from its evergreen leaves. Live oaks usually have a large, multi-columned trunk base that divides after only a few feet into 3-5 arching, horizontal branches that form a wide-spreading, low, dense crown sometimes more than 100 feet across. The largest trees are usually 200 to 300 years old.
The largest living registered live oak, growing outside of Lewisburg, La., is 11 feet in diameter, 55 feet tall with a crown spread of 132 feet. Georgia's largest live oak, named the Village Sentinel, is in Waycross.The tree is almost 10 feet in diameter, 86 feet tall and has a limb spread of143 feet.
[Photo credit: georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu]
For many people, the perfect autumn weekend includes cozy campfires, gooey s'mores and fiery-hued forests. To help leaf peepers plan their fall escapes, Georgia's state parks launched "Leaf Watch 2010" in partnership with Georgia Forestry Commission to track fall color as it moves across the Peach State and the Blue Ridge Mountains.
Whether heading north for hiking and waterfalls or south for canoeing and camping, "Leaf Watch 2010" offers advice on where to find the best color at Georgia's state parks. Found at www.GeorgiaStateParks.org throughout October and November, travelers can get updates on fall color, learn safe hiking tips, and make reservations for the many campsites, cottages and lodge rooms offered at Georgia's state parks.
New this year is a partnership with the Georgia Forestry Commission and a webcam at Black Rock Mountain State Park near Clayton, Ga. Expert foresters will advise travelers about overall color, specific tree species and even the weather's effect on leaf watching. The webcam will provide a glimpse of color progressing across the Blue Ridge Mountains.
Typically, Georgia's mountain parks peak in late October; however, color can be seen as early as September and throughout much of November. Some of the most popular parks for leaf watching include Amicalola Falls, Black Rock Mountain, Cloudland Canyon, Fort Mountain, Moccasin Creek, Smithgall Woods, Tallulah Gorge, Unicoi and Vogel. Since some of these parks are crowded on the prettiest weekends, visitors may want to explore lesser-known parks, which can be vibrant. Providence Canyon State Park, also called Georgia's Little Grand Canyon, has hiking trails that highlight sweetgums and sassafras. Hardwoods and mossy rock gardens can be found on the 23-mile Pine Mountain Trail at F.D. Roosevelt State Park in near Columbus.
Park officials advise visitors to make overnight reservations as soon as possible. It is not uncommon for mountain cottages and yurts to be reserved nearly a year in advance, and many campgrounds fill up on pretty weekends. Amicalola Falls and Unicoi state parks offer hotel-style lodges with restaurants. To make a reservation, call 1-800-864-7275 or log onto www.GeorgiaStateParks.org.
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Even though it's winter and you may be childless, there're always times when you gotta drop the kids off at the pool. So, here's a guide to five neighborhood spots with A-plus facilities and relatively easy, employee-free access:
Euphoria Smoothies & Coffee 1001 N 2nd St, Suite 23; Northern Liberties; 215.238.9209 Tucked away in the Piazza, Euphoria Cafe's solo job (hard right at the main entrance and you're there) is perfumed with coffee beans and tea satchels placed on Patagonian-style accent furniture, which's surrounded by wall-art mountain-scapes -- ironic, as those're places where people actually pray for a dump.
The Market at Comcast Center via Suburban Station To escape cruddy SEPTA thrones, head into the CC, making a right in the middle of the Food Court, up a few stairs, and through some glass doors, where (presumably) an employee men's room is tucked away down a hall on the right; inside there're three well-kept stalls, white tiles, and a stone counter, also what tells Jack Nicholson he overdid it on crumpets when he's in the UK.
Cups & Chairs Tea Cafe 701-03 S 5th St, at Monroe St; Queen Village; 215.238.8832 Take advantage of this QV bakery/ cafe's two private jobs (with legit, upscale paper) interference-free by coming in the side (not corner) entrance and passing between the sofas, then hitting either of the first two doors, although be warned that Jim Morrison will likely hit you back. Dude is mean.
Sofitel Hotel 120 S 17th St; Rittenhouse Square; 215.569.8300 Take the Sansom St entrance and turn left at Chez Colette's faux-awning, where the first door will take you to a super-swank single with a black granite counter, hexagonal sink, and a strong-flushing john, also what they called Charlie Sheen after he beat Heidi Fleiss in poker.
Four Seasons Hotel 1 Logan Square; Art Museum; 215.963.1500 Cut down 18th St to the Four Seasons' open courtyard, where the first set of double doors on the right will put you directly in front of a swanky men's room rocking twin classic-styled WCs with louvered doors, classical music, a shoe shine station, and leather ottomans, a condition that suggests they were the original Empire of the Sun.
Even though it's winter and you may be childless, there're always times when you gotta drop the kids off at the pool. So, here's a guide to five neighborhood spots with A-plus facilities and relatively easy, employee-free access:


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When communication is easy, like anything, we tend to take it for granted. Often when I've set off on my travels, I've been asked how I communicate in counties where English is not spoken. Tricky are those encounters where we must rely on basic vocabulary, sign language or even pictures to convey our ideas. Awesome are those moments when you creatively overcome communication barriers and make a connection despite the obvious obstacles.
Keen to soak up every new experience, we piled into the car anxious but not knowing what the ride would bring. Before long, the gorgeous scenery was overshadowed by 'conversations' with our new local friends. For hours we shared tea, candies, smiles and laughs without knowing the same language.
The locals took us warmly under their wing ensuring not only that we felt welcome, but that we got off at the right station. I was overwhelmed not only by their kindness, but by human's ability to bridge a gap however difficult, with a view to sharing, learning and welcoming.
Proof that actions speak louder than words ever can.


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Customer Service 1 (800) 257-7104
An intensely restoring, creamy treatment for color-treated hair. Helps to strengthen the hair structure to optimal pH 4.5, bringing colored hair closer than ever to 0 color fade.
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Quezon City Offers P150,000 Grants for Short Films
As they say, what everyone really wants to do is direct.
(SPOT.ph) The Quezon City government's Film Development Commission is calling for entries for its Production Grants for Short Films.
Five (5) slots are available in this competition, which offers a grant of P150,000 each.
Quezon City held its first film festival last year, in pursuit of its involvement in the community of Philippine cinema. This competition is the latest endeavor in cinema by the city government.
Application deadline is 5 p.m. on April 2. For more information, visit the Commission's Facebook page.


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Pluto just can't stop blowing our minds. Not only is it a geologically active world with ice mountains the size of the Rockies and frozen plains of methane and nitrogen, we've just learned that Pluto's atmosphere is pouring away into space. It's leaving a massive tail of charged plasma in its wake.
That's one of the latest fascinating Pluto dispatches that NASA's New Horizons science team shared at a press conference over the weekend. Beginning an hour and a half after its closest approach to Pluto on Tuesday, the New Horizon's Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP) instrument began detecting a 'plasma tail,' rich in ionized nitrogen molecules that are presumably being stripped away from the dwarf planet's atmosphere.
The tail, which extends tens of thousands of miles beyond Pluto, is probably the result of solar winds charging up molecules in the planet's atmosphere and punting them off into space.
Or, in NASA's words: "What we think is happening is that the solar wind from the sun — charged particles streaming out at supersonic speeds — are interacting with this escaping atmosphere, producing a shock upstream."
"We've already observed an upstream amount of energised nitrogen ions carried away by the solar wind," said New Horizons co-investigator Fran Bagenal at today's press conference.
How fast of a leak are we talking? According to Bagenal, Pluto could be losing atmosphere at a rate of 500 tons per hour. For comparison, Mars' thin atmosphere is only escaping into space at a speed of roughly 1 ton per hour. The substantially faster loss of Pluto's atmosphere is probably due to the tiny planet's weak gravity.
But these numbers are just rough estimates at this point. So far, all we know is that there's a massive, ionized bubble of particles surrounding Pluto, and we can make some good inferences about how it got there. When we get more data back in August, Pluto's science team will be able to put some hard numbers to this fascinating phenomenon.
So far, Pluto's atmosphere appears to be pretty symmetric all the way around the planet, extending from the ground to at least a thousand miles above the surface. At its highest altitudes, the atmosphere is dominated by molecular nitrogen. Lower down, we're starting to catch whiffs of methane, and very near the surface, larger hydrocarbon molecules.
Although there's still much to learn, the science team is already pondering the implications of the atmosphere's fast escape. If you add up the current estimated escape rate of Pluto's atmosphere over the age of the solar system, Bengal says it's equivalent to thousands of feet of nitrogen ice steaming off the surface. It's possible that geysers or cryovolcanoes are helping replenish the atmosphere quickly, although we don't have observational evidence for those phenomena just yet.
If one thing's clear at this point, it's that Pluto is way more dynamic than we could have possibly imagined. And that it still has a lot of secrets to give up.
Top image caption: Artist's concept of the interaction of the solar wind (the supersonic outflow of electrically charged particles from the Sun) with Pluto's predominantly nitrogen atmosphere. Some of the molecules that form the atmosphere have enough energy to overcome Pluto's weak gravity and escape into space, where they are ionized by solar ultraviolet radiation. As the solar wind encounters the obstacle formed by the ions, it is slowed and diverted (depicted in the red region), possibly forming a shock wave upstream of Pluto. The ions are "picked up" by the solar wind and carried in its flow past the dwarf planet to form an ion or plasma tail (blue region).
Image Credit: NASA


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6w LED Wall Light – Up/Down Light
S-tech's LED wall Up/Down lights are suitable for use in all outdoor areas to highlight the entry to your home or as general lighting in or around your home or office buildings.
We have a number of LED Wall Light options to suit your requirements from just Down, Adjustable Spot Light or Up/Down.
Model: WL-UD6-WB (warm white)
Model: WL-UD6-CB (cool white)
- Only 6w
- Lumen: 540~570lm
- Available in Warm White (3000K) or Cool White (5000K)
- 316 Stainless Steel Body
- 60° Beam Angle
- Dimension (mm): D57 x H150
- 5 Year Warranty


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