text:
High density, separable connector and contact for use therein
An electrical connector for interconnecting a pair of circuit members (e.g., printed circuit boards) wherein the connector includes a plurality of electrical contacts, these contacts including at least one semi-spherical end portion for engaging a respective conductor on one of the circuit members. Significantly, the semi-spherical end portion is capable of moving in two different directions of rotation during such engagement to provide an effective wiping motion against the surfaces of the member's conductor. In one embodiment, the connector includes contacts with opposed, semi-spherical end portions, while in another embodiment, a singular semi-spherical end portion is taught.
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The invention relates to the field of electrical connectors and particularly to electrical connectors for interconnecting at least two electrical circuit members such as printed circuit boards, circuit modules or the like. Even more particularly, the invention relates to connectors of this type which may be used in the information handling system (computer) environment.CROSS-REFERENCE TO CO-PENDING APPLICATION
In Ser. No. 07/628,057, entitled "High Density Connector" (F. W. Chapin et al), filed Dec. 17, 1990, there is defined a high density connector which utilizes a plurality of elongated, curved spring contact members as part thereof. End segments of each contact provide engagement with circuit conductors (e.g., flat conductive pads) on opposed circuit members. Ser. No. 07/628,057 is assigned to the same assignee as the present invention.
In Ser. No. 07/734,419, entitled "High Density Connector" (F. W. Chapin et al), filed Jul. 23, 1991, there is claimed a high density connector which includes a plurality of resilient contacts (each comprised of insulative material having conductive particles therein) for interconnecting opposed circuit members, the contacts located within a common carrier. Ser. No. 07/734,419 is also assigned to the same assignee as the present invention.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present trend in connector design for those connectors utilized in the computer field is to provide both high density and highly reliable connections between various circuit members which form important parts of the computer. High reliability for such connections is essential due to potential end product failure, should vital misconnections of these devices occur. Further, to assure effective repair, upgrade, and/or replacement of various components of the system (i.e., connectors, cards, chips, boards, modules, etc.), it is also considered important that such connections be separable and reconnectable in the field within the final product, as well as tolerant of dust and fibrous debris. Separability is also particularly desirable during manufacturing of such products, e.g., to facilitate testing.
One known method for providing various interconnections is referred to as a wire bond technique, which involves the mechanical and thermal compression of a soft metal wire, e.g., gold, from one circuit to another. Such bonding, however, does not lend itself readily to high density connections because of possible wire breakage and accompanying mechanical difficulty in wire handling. Another technique involves strategic placement of solder balls or the like between respective circuit elements, e.g., pads, and reflowing the solder to effect interconnection. While this technique has proven extremely successful in providing high density interconnections for various structures, this technique does not allow facile separation and subsequent reconnection. In yet another technique, an elastomer has been used which included therein a plurality of conductive paths, e.g., small diameter wires or columns of conductive material, to provide the necessary interconnections. Known techniques using such elastomeric materials typically possess the following deficiencies: (1) high forces are usually required per contact; (2) relatively high electrical resistance through the interconnection between the associated circuit elements, e.g., pads; (3) sensitivity to dust, debris and other environmental elements which could adversely affect a sound connection; and (4) limited density, e.g., due to physical limitations of particular connector designs. Such prior art elastomeric structures also typically fail to provide effective wiping connection, which form of connection is especially desired in many high density interconnection schemes.
Attention is directed to U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,173,732, 3,960,424, 4,161,346, 4,655,519, 4,295,700, 4,664,458, 4,688,864 and 4,971,565 for various techniques for providing electrical interconnections for a variety of electrical circuit members. As understood from a reading of these patents, the techniques described therein include many of the aforedefined disadvantages, e.g., potential misalignment, low density, etc. as well as others, e.g., relatively complex design, costly to manufacture, etc.
It is believed that a high density electrical connector capable of providing effective, reliable connections (including providing a rotational, wiping type of connection), wherein such connections are repeatable (such that connection and reconnection can readily occur), and which provides the other advantageous features discernible from the following description would constitute a significant advancement in the art.DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
It is, therefore, a primary object of the present invention to enhance the electrical connector art.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide an electrical connector capable of providing high density interconnections of a highly reliable and improved nature, which connections can be readily separated and repeated, if desired.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide such a connector which is relatively inexpensive to manufacture and also of relatively simple design.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided a connector for electrically interconnecting a pair of electrical circuit members, the connector comprising an electrically insulative member for being positioned between the circuit members, and at least one electrically conductive, resilient contact positioned within the member and including at least one curved end portion for engaging one of the circuit members. Significantly, this curved end portion is movable in a first direction of rotation during initial engagement with the circuit member and thereafter movable in a second, different direction of rotation during subsequent circuit member engagement.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an enlarged perspective view of a contact for use in a preferred embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a partial perspective view, on a slightly reduced scale over the view in FIG. 1, illustrating the contact depicted in FIG. 1, along with other similar contacts, located within an insulative member;
FIGS. 3-5 illustrate the various steps of engagement by the contact of the invention with two circuit members, the contact electrically interconnecting these members as a result of said engagement;
FIG. 6 is a side, elevational view, in section, of a connector in accordance with an alternate embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 7 is a side elevational view of a connector assembly including means for aligning and retaining various internal elements thereof (including, for example, the housings and contacts depicted in FIGS. 1-6).BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further objects, advantages and capabilities thereof, reference is made to the following disclosure and appended claims in connection with the above-described drawings.
In FIG. 1, there is shown an electrical contact 10 for use within an electrical connector 11 (FIG. 2) in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. Connector 11, as defined herein, is specifically designed for electrically interconnecting first and second electrical circuit members to provide high density interconnections between such circuit members, as is strongly desired in the computer industry. Examples of suitable circuit members for being interconnected by the present invention including printed circuit boards, circuit modules, etc. By the term printed circuit board as used herein is meant to include a multi-layered circuit structure including therein one or more conductive (e.g., signal, power and/or ground) layers. Such printed circuit boards, also occasionally referred to in the art as printed wiring boards, are well known in the art and further description is not believed necessary. By the term circuit module as used herein is meant to include a substrate or the like member having various electrical components (e.g., semiconductor chips, conductive circuitry, conductive pins, etc.) which may form a part thereof. Examples of such modules are mentioned in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,688,151 and 4,912,772, and also illustrated in FIG. 7 (described below). Further description of such modules is thus not believed necessary.
Connector 11, as stated, is specifically designed for providing high density connections between such circuit members. To accomplish this, connector 11 preferably includes a plurality of contacts 10 therein, each contact being designed to provide a singular connection path between respective circuitry on the two circuit members being electrically joined. By the term high density as used herein is thus meant to define an arrangement of several individual such contacts within the invention as being located in a closely positioned array. In one example of the invention, it is preferred that contacts 10 be positioned in a substantially rectangular pattern (e.g., FIG. 2) and spaced from the nearest, adjacent such contact at a minimum distance of only about 0.050 inch. This spacing is not meant to limit the invention, however, nor is the invention directed solely to rectangular arrays, in that other spacings and arrays are readily possible. Further description of this arrangement is also provided below with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 7.
It is understood that the contacts and connector depicted in the drawings are shown on a substantially enlarged scale, for illustration purposes. It is understood that these components are much smaller than depicted. In one example of the invention, each contact possesses an overall length (dimension "L" in FIG. 1) of only about 0.120 inch.
Contact 10, as shown in FIG. 1, is preferably of a known metallic material used in contact members, including, e.g., phosphor bronze, copper, beryllium-copper, etc. Additionally, the contacting end portions thereof (defined below) are also each preferably plated with a corrosion-resistant, sound conducting material such as gold, nickel, palladium, etc. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, each of the contacting portions is plated with a flash (thin layer) of gold. In one example, about fifty microinches of gold was applied for this purpose. Each contact member as used herein is preferably formed from a strip member of the desired metallic material and formed to the desired shape further described herein. In original form, this strip may possess a thickness of only about 0.004 inch to about 0.005 inch, with the resulting contacts 10 formed therefrom having a thickness (dimension "T" in FIG. 1) slightly less than this original thickness, such reduction the result of the various operations to which the strip is subjected.
In the embodiment of the invention as depicted in FIGS. 1-5, contact 10 includes a pair of opposed curved end portions 13 and 15, interconnected by an intermediate portion 17. Each curved end portion is designed for mating with and contacting a respective conductor or the like which forms part of the aforementioned circuit member. Examples of such conductors, as defined herein, include plated through holes as are typically found in many multi-layered printed circuit boards. It is understood, however, that the invention is not specifically limited to connecting such conductors as it is also readily possible to use the teachings of the instant invention to provide interconnections between other types of conductors on circuit members, including relatively flat conductive pads (e.g., copper) or the like, such as described below with respect to the embodiment shown in FIG. 7.
Each curved end contacting portion 13 and 15 is formed during the aforementioned formation of contact 10 from the original strip, and, more preferably, is of a substantially semi-spherical configuration. This is considered an important aspect of the invention in order to provide the dual rotational movement defined hereinbelow. Each contacting end portion further preferably includes a projecting tab 19 which projects from the semi-spherical portion at a location substantially opposite the jointure between the intermediate portion 17 and the semi-spherical portion. These projecting tabs are thus arranged in a substantially facing arrangement relative to each other, as illustrated in FIG. 1.
As shown in FIG. 2, contacts 10 are positioned within an insulative member 21, which member is designed for being positioned substantially between the opposing circuit members being connected (FIGS. 3-5). Insulative member 21 is preferably of plastic, with suitable examples of such material being phenolic, polyester, and Ryton (a trademark of Phillips Petroleum Company). In one embodiment of the invention, insulative member 21 preferably possesses an overall height (dimension "H" in FIG. 2) of only about 0.080 inch. Additionally, insulative member 21 is preferably formed of a plurality of individual segments 23, each designed for housing a row of several such contacts 10 therein. Each segment 23 is then joined by appropriate means (e.g., adhesive, clamping, etc.), not shown, so as to abut each other to form the configuration depicted in FIG. 2. It is understood that several such individual segments 23 may be utilized to form a connector in accordance with the teachings of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited to only two such segments as depicted in FIG. 2. In one example of the invention, a total of twenty-nine such segments 23 will preferably be utilized, each accommodating a total of twenty-nine contacts therein, to thus provide an overall connector structure having a total of 841 such contacts as part thereof. In the particular embodiment as depicted in FIG. 2, it is understood that a facing member, or another segment 23, is necessary for placement against the portion of segment 23 facing the viewer, in order to positively assure retention of the individual contacts 10 within this nearest segment. Such a facing member 10 may include, simply, a relatively flat member (not shown) which abuts against the surface 25 of segment 23 facing the viewer in FIG. 2, this member held against the surface by any appropriate means (e.g., a clamp, adhesive, etc.).
Each contact 10 is located within a respective opening 31 provided within insulative member 21. Each opening 31 includes a longitudinal channel or slot 33 in which the intermediate portion 17 of each contact is positioned. This positioning relationship is also seen in FIGS. 3-5. The curved end portions 13 and 15 of each contact project from the respective upper and lower surfaces of insulative member 21, with the respective projecting tabs 19 extending in an opposing manner so as to reside substantially within the provided openings. This inward projection of tabs 19 is also considered an important aspect of the invention in order for each of the curved end portions 13 and 15 to act in the manner defined herein.
Within each opening 31 in insulative member 21 there is provided a pair of cam surfaces 35, each of which is slidably engaged by a respective tab 19 during the final stages of connection provided by connector 11. It is understood, however, that these tabs do not slidably engage cam surfaces 35 during the initial stage of connection. This movement by the curved end portions of the contacts 10 as used in the invention will be further described below with respect to FIGS. 3-5.
In FIGS. 3-5, there are illustrated the various phases for providing electrical interconnection between two circuit members in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. The two circuit members being interconnected are represented by the numerals 41 and 43 in FIGS. 3-5 and, as stated above, each comprise a circuit board. Typically, circuit boards include a dielectric material 45 with one or more conductive layers 47 therein and/or thereon. In the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 3-5, the conductive layers are located internally of the circuit board structure, each such structure preferably including several such conductive layers. Interconnecting selected ones of these layers within each circuit board is at least one (and preferably several) plated through holes 51 which, as is known in the art, preferably includes a layer of conductive metal 53 (e.g., copper) which extends from an outer surface of the circuit board's dielectric through the entire structure. In the preferred embodiments depicted in FIGS. 3-5, the end segment of each such plated through hole 51 is preferably substantially tapered. This is not meant to limit the invention, as stated above, however, because the contacts of the present invention are also capable of interconnecting other surface configurations for circuit member conductors, including other configurations of plated through holes. One particular example of another type of conductor which may be engaged by the end segment of the invention's contacts is a substantially flat conductor pad (e.g., of copper) as are also known in the art. Such pads are illustrated in the embodiment of FIG. 7. If plated through holes are utilized, each end configuration is preferably provided with a plating of sound conducting material, as was also provided on each of the described curved end portions 13 and 15 of contacts 10. In one embodiment of the invention, this preferred material was a thin layer (flash) of gold, having a thickness of only about fifty microinches.
During the initial stage of connection, as depicted in FIG. 3, the plated through holes 51 of circuit members 41 and 43 initially engage the semi-spherical end portions 13 and 15 of contact 10, respectively. Intermediate portion 17 of contact 10 is spacedly positioned from the internal walls of opening 31 during this initial engagement, while the projecting tabs 19 are also spaced from the adjacent, respective cam surfaces 35. In this arrangement, it is understood that contact 17 is self-aligning within insulative member 21. That is, the contact, by virtue of its design and positioning within member 21, is able to move, albeit slightly, in a lateral manner if necessary (e.g., to accommodate for slight misalignment of the respective plated through holes 51). Alignment of insulative member 21 relative to the adjacent, opposed circuit members 41 and 43 may be accomplished by one of several methods, including the pin-aperture arrangement defined in filed applications Ser. No. 07/628,057 and Ser. No. 07/734,419. The disclosures of these applications are incorporated herein by reference. Attention is also directed to FIG. 7 for a preferred means of aligning the invention relative to additional components (e.g., a circuit module and printed circuit board).
During additional closure of both circuit members, as illustrated in FIG. 4, the opposed semi-spherical contacting end portions 13 and 15 rotate in a first direction as shown. This first direction is also represented by the designation "R1" in FIG. 2. Comparing FIGS. 2 and 4, it is understood that this initial direction of rotation results in a slight, inward movement of each semi-spherical end portion toward the center of the individual contact 10 (and thus the insulative member 21). During such inward motion by the opposed end portions, the intermediate portion 17 moves substantially laterally toward an internal wall 61 formed within opening 31. The inward motion of end portions 13 and 15 thus enables a connector possessing several such contacts 10 therein to accommodate for "out-of-flatness" of the respective circuit members being coupled. As understood, circuit members such as printed circuit boards are preferably of substantially planar configuration but, due to tolerance accumulation during manufacture, may not be completely planar along the outer surfaces thereof. Such "out-of-flatness" may also result from these members being slightly misaligned relative to the invention. Significantly, the contacts of the invention are able to adjust for such "out-of-flatness" (or non-planarity) and yet still provide the unique interconnections taught herein.
Additional closure of circuit members 41 and 43, as depicted in FIG. 5, results in each of the semi-spherical end portions 13 and 15 rotating in a second, different direction of rotation (referred to as "R2") from original rotational movement "R1". This second rotation, substantially toward the viewer in FIG. 5, is substantially perpendicular to the original direction of rotation "R1" during the initial stages of connection (FIG. 4). This second rotation occurs as a result of the projecting tabs 19 now engaging the respective cam surfaces 35 to cause the associated end portion to now rotate in such a manner. Significantly, the described dual mode of rotation for each of the invention's curved end portions (13, 15) provides a dual wiping motion against the respective, tapered end surfaces of the plated through holes 51 being connected. This dual wiping is considered important to effectively remove contaminants or the like which form on the surfaces of the plated through holes and possibly adversely affect a desired connection therewith. As also seen in FIG. 5, this second rotational movement occurs during engagement between intermediate portion 17 of contact 10 and the described, internal wall 61.
As also seen in FIG. 2, the two cam surfaces 35 used for each contact 10 are preferably substantially planar and, as shown, oriented at an acute angle with respect to each other. This is not meant to limit the invention, however, in that other surface configurations and angular relationships are possible. For example, it is also possible to utilize cam surfaces of substantially curvilinear configuration.
In FIG. 6, there is shown a connector 11' in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. Connector 11', similar to connector 11, includes an insulative housing 21' with an opening 31' therein designed to accommodate a respective contact 10'. Contact 10' includes one semi-spherical, curved end portion 15', substantially similar in configuration to the aforedefined curved end portions for contact 10. As such, end portion 15' includes a projecting tab 19', which tab is designed for engaging, slidably, a cam surface 35' formed within housing 21'. It is understood that in a preferred embodiment of the invention, connector 11' includes several openings 31' and associated contacts 10' therein, and the invention is thus not limited to the singular embodiment depicted in FIG. 6.
Connector 11', unlike connector 11, however, is specifically designed for having a male pin (91) or the like inserted within an opposing end of opening 31' from the location of curved end 15'. Pin 91, as known, may form part of a circuit module 93, several types of which are known in the art (see also FIG. 7). For example, such modules may include a ceramic member 95 with a plurality of such pins, typically copper, projecting from a surface thereof. It is thus understood that connector 11 is specifically designed for providing electrical connection between such a module and another circuit member, e.g., a circuit board, such as represented by the numeral 43'. Such a circuit board, as shown in FIG. 6, may include the tapered plated through hole 51 and internal conductive layers 47 (one shown in FIG. 6), as did the circuit members 41 and 43 described above. Further description of these circuit members is thus not believed necessary.
To satisfactorily engage pin 91, contact 10' includes a projecting leg 97 which extends from curved end portion 15' into opening 31', where it is preferably secured within an internal wall of insulative member 21', as shown. Such retention may be accomplished using techniques known in the art, and further description is not believed necessary. Leg portion 97 is positioned within opening 31' so as to slidably engage pin 91 during insertion thereof within opening 31' and to become slightly depressed (moved laterally to the left in FIG. 6) during such engagement. Understandably, this engagement is frictional in nature and provides a desired wiping motion between leg portion 97 and pin 91.
The connector in FIG. 6 is thus able to provide a dual rotational motion by one contacting end portion thereof with a respective circuit member to provide the significant advantages described herein. Additionally, the connector of FIG. 6 is also able to provide effective, sliding (wiping) engagement with a male pin member or the like when this member is inserted within the connector's insulation member 21'.
In one embodiment of the invention, contact 10' is preferably comprised of the same material as contact 10 in FIG. 1, and formed from a singular strip of such material using procedures (e.g., stamping, etc.) known in the art.
In FIG. 7, there is illustrated an assembly adapted for containing the various embodiments of the invention as defined above therein. That is, this assembly may include either of the connectors 11 or 11' therein, to provide effective electrical connection between a pair of electrical circuit members also contained therein. In FIG. 7, the preferred circuit members include a module 100 (as mentioned above) and a circuit board 101. Board 101 may include plated through holes of the type defined above (including those with tapered conductors as illustrated in FIGS. 3-5) or, alternatively, may include flat pad conductors 103 such as shown in FIG. 7. Module 100 preferably includes a ceramic substrate member 105 (which may be similar to member 95 in FIG. 6) having a plurality of pins 91 projecting therefrom. Module 100, as mentioned earlier, preferably includes a plurality of semiconductor chips 107 electrically connected to circuitry (not shown) located on an opposite surface of member 95 from pins 91. Covering chips 107, and possibly offering heat sinking capabilities (if necessary) is a metallic cover 109 which, as shown, is secured to/about substrate member 105. Understandably, cover 109, member 105, chips 107 and pins 91 thus comprise module 100.
The assembly of FIG. 7 includes a pair of aligning rods 113 spacedly positioned on (and extending through) circuit board 101, which rods each also pass through electrically insulative member 21'. Member 21', as defined in FIG. 6, includes several contacts 10' spacedly located therein (each contact 10' being within a provided opening 31', as in FIG. 6). Each contact 10' is in turn adapted for physically engaging (and being electrically connected to) a respective conductor pad 103 when module 100 is located in engagement (through pins 91) with member 21', and, particularly, the contacts 10' therein. Contacts 10' also slidably engage pins 91 during such module insertion within member 21'. Accordingly, member 21' is properly aligned, using rods 113, relative to circuit board 101 such that each contact 10' will be precisely aligned relative to a respective pad 103 so as to engage same (as shown in FIG. 7). In one example of the invention, each pad is preferably of rectangular shape (in plan view, taken from above) with side dimensions of about 0.020 inch and 0.030 inch, respectively. Each pad also includes a thickness of about 0.002 inch, these being arranged in a pattern with center-to-center distances therebetween of only about 0.050 inch. Understandably, this close, highly dense pattern of pads and associated contacts (the latter also obviously spaced at similar center-to-center spacings) mandates precise alignment therebetween. The assembly of FIG. 7 is able to provide this alignment.
To contain the assembly in the compressed arrangement depicted in FIG. 7, the assembly further includes at least one engagement member 115 having outer side portions 117 for physically engaging the upper surface of cover 109 and thus hold module 100 in position within (and against) member 21'. Engagement member 115 can exert additional force against cover 109 by tightening of retention nuts 119 located on threaded ends (not shown) of rods 113. Similar retention nuts or, alternatively, rods with appropriate head portions, (e.g., 121) can be used to act against the back (bottom) surface of board 101. Engagement member 115 need only exert sufficient force against module 100 to overcome the combined frictional forces between pins 91 and contacts 10' and thereby achieve insertion of pins 91 to the depths illustrated within member 21'. Stops 123 may be utilized to limit this depth of pin insertion to a prescribed distance. Such stops may be located atop the upper surface of member 21' or be located on and extend below the bottom surface of substrate 105.
Understandably, rods 113 also provide alignment between engagement member 115, member 21' and board 101. If needed, member 115 could also be provided with additional features (for example, projecting flanges or internal indentations) to mate with the outer surfaces of cover 109 and thus align module 100 relative to (e.g., partially within) member 115.
There has thus been shown and described an electrical connector which provides effective connection between two spaced-apart circuit members in a sound and effective manner. The invention as defined accomplishes this connection using wiping motion and thus benefits from the several advantages associated therewith. More enhanced connection is made possible by the provision of a sound conducting material (e.g., gold) on respective contacting surfaces of the invention's contact members. The invention is, uniquely, self-aligning to accommodate for possible misalignment of various components being joined, in addition to being readily separable should such separation be desired (e.g., for repair and/or replacement). Further, the invention as defined is of relatively simple configuration and is able to be operated in a relatively simple manner.
While there have been shown and described what are at present considered the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
1. A connector for electrically interconnecting first and second electrical circuit members, said connector comprising:
- an electrically insulative member adapted for being positioned substantially between said first and second electrical circuit members; and
- at least one electrically conductive, resilient contact positioned within said insulative member for electrically interconnecting said first and second electrical circuit members, said contact including at least one curved end portion for engaging one of said circuit members, said curved end portion being movable in a first direction of rotation during initial engagement with said electrical circuit member and thereafter movable in a second, different direction of rotation during subsequent engagement with said electrical circuit member.
2. The connector according to claim 1 wherein said electrically insulative member includes at least one opening therein, said contact being positioned within said opening and extending therefrom.
3. The connector according to claim 2 wherein said electrically insulative member includes a cam surface, said curved end portion of said contact engaging said cam surface during said subsequent engagement of said curved end portion with said electrical circuit member to cause said curved end portion to move in said second, different direction of rotation.
4. The connector according to claim 3 wherein said contact includes a leg portion extending within said opening and secured to said electrically insulative member, said leg portion adapted for engaging one of said circuit members when said circuit member is positioned within said opening.
5. The connector according to claim 3 wherein said curved end portion of said contact includes a projecting tab, said projecting tab slidably engaging said cam surface during said subsequent engagement of said curved end portion with said electrical circuit member.
6. The connector according to claim 5 wherein said curved end portion is of substantially semi-spherical configuration, said tab projecting therefrom.
7. The connector according to claim 1 wherein said contact further includes a second curved end portion for engaging the other of said electrical circuit members, said curved end portions being joined by an intermediate portion.
8. The connector according to claim 7 wherein said electrically insulative housing includes at least one opening therein, said intermediate portion of said contact being positioned substantially within said opening, said curved end portions of said contact extending from said opening.
9. The connector according to claim 8 wherein said electrically insulative housing includes an internal wall, said intermediate portion of said contact engaging said wall during said engagement of said curved end portions with said electrical circuit members.
10. The connector according to claim 1 further including means for aligning said electrically insulative member relative to said electrical circuit member engaging said curved end portion of said contact.
11. The connector according to claim 10 wherein said means for aligning comprises a pair of aligning rods, each of said aligning rods being located substantially within said electrical circuit member engaging said curved end portion of said contact and extending through said electrically insulative member.
12. The connector according to claim 1 further including means for exerting force against one of said circuit members in a direction toward said electrically insulative housing and the other of said circuit members to hold said circuit members and said electrically insulative housing in a substantially fixed orientation relative to each other.
13. The connector according to claim 12 wherein said means for exerting said force comprises an engagement member for engaging a surface of said circuit member to exert said force thereagainst, said engagement member being positioned in alignment with the other of said circuit members.
14. The connector according to claim 13 further including a pair of aligning rods for providing said alignment between said engagement member and the other of said circuit members, each of said aligning rods passing through said engagement member and said other of said circuit members.
15. The connector according to claim 14 wherein said aligning rods further pass through said electrically insulative member having said electrically conductive contact therein to thereby align said electrically insulative member relative to said engagement member and said other of said circuit members.
|October 1960
|March 1965
|February 1973
|Michel et al.
|December 1974
|June 1, 1976
|June 7, 1977
|July 17, 1979
|Cherian et al.
|October 20, 1981
|April 7, 1987
|Evans et al.
|May 12, 1987
|August 25, 1987
|July 17, 1990
|Tkazyik et al.
|November 13, 1990
|November 20, 1990
|Fox, Jr.
|September 17, 1991
- IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin vol. 34, No. 7B, Dec. 1991, Fine Pitch Parallel Board Connector, pp. 154-156; 439/66. IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin vol. 6, No. 10, Mar. 1964, pp. 5-6, "Plated Through-Hole Contact", by H. C. Schick.
Type: Grant
Filed: Nov 4, 1991
Date of Patent: Aug 11, 1992
Assignee: International Business Machines Corporation (Armonk, NY)
Inventors: Kishor V. Desai (Vestal, NY), Thomas G. Macek (Endicott, NY), Maganlal S. Patel (Endicott, NY), Edwin L. Thomas (Apalachin, NY)
Primary Examiner: Paula A. Bradley
Attorney: Lawrence R. Fraley
Application Number: 7/787,285
International Classification: H01R 909;


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|Vintage Lace Ivory Tissue Paper Pom Poms - 5pc Fluffy Ivory Tissue Pom Poms - 5pcs Contents: 3x Large and 2x Small Ideal for any number of party themes this is a pack of five stunning ivory coloured tissue pom poms by Ginger ... more info Price: £4.45
|Decadent Decorations Blush Flower Pom Poms - 3pc Fluffy Pom Pom Flower Decoration Pack - 3pcs Contents: 1x 16", 1x 14" and 1x 12" Ideal for any number of party themes this is a pack of three stunning Flower Pom ... more info Price: £10.45
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|OMG! Engagement Balloons - pk6 OMG! We're Engaged Balloons (Pkt 6) Professional decorating quality balloons in gold and ivory with white and gold printing for a sophisticated celebratory look. These ... more info Price: £1.99
|Twirlz Medium Elegant Balloon Tail Twirlz Elegant Balloon Tail - 34" Add a decorative touch to your large foil balloons or hanging decorations with this sophisticated multi-strand balloon tail in black, white and ... more info Price: £1.65
|Heart Spray Table Centerpiece 30cm Heart Spray Tablecentre From our extensive collection of Valentines Day accessories and decorations and the ideal decoration for spreading the love across your dinner table, this is our ... more info Price: £1.65
Heart String Engagement or Valentines Day Party Decorations
Heart String Engagement, Wedding or Valentines Decorations From our extensive collection of St Valentine's Day accessories and decorations and perfect for lovers everywhere, this is ... more info
Price: £2.65
|Bunting Mini in White White Mini Bunting - 3m A fantastic decoration for any number of celebrations including weddings or even, when flown with baby blue, your Bavarian Oktoberfest party! This is a super value ... more info Price: £1.15
|White Pennant Flag Bunting - 10mtrs White Pennant Bunting - 10m Size: 15 Flags each 32cm x 20cm A fantastic decoration for lots of themes including St George (team with red), Weddings or Engagement parties or as part ... more info Price: £1.49
|Confetti Streamer Throwers - pk6 Confetti Streamer Throwers - pk6 From our collection of wedding confetti and accessories, these lovely confetti throwers are simple to use yet beautifully effective. Each of the ... more info Price: £9.95£7.99Save: 20% off
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subset: commoncrawl


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Emmanuel Omondi
University of Wyoming
SARE grant: Potential of Managing Iron and Zinc Deficiency in Dry Beans with Interplantings of Annual Ryegrass and Increased Bean Density (2008)
Where he is now: Research Director, Rodale Institute's Farming Systems Trial
Dry beans, Wyoming's fourth-largest crop by value, can suffer reduced yield and quality due to deficiencies of the micronutrients iron and zinc. This is a normal occurrence in soils with low organic matter and a high pH, which are common in Wyoming. The most conventional solution is to add micronutrients through repeated chemical sprays, but a potentially cheaper alternative explored by a SARE-funded graduate student and some inquisitive farmers lies in something much simpler: grass.
University of Wyoming graduate student Emmanuel Omondi first observed the positive effect of ryegrass on dry beans on the farm of Mike and Cindy Ridenour. Funded by a 2008 SARE Graduate Student grant, Omondi sought to explain the effect by focusing on pH, organic matter and other soil characteristics. Looking back, he notes that this specific premise "kept his mind in a box" and limited results. However, after he finished his master's degree and started working on his Ph.D., he had a flash of insight that opened his mind to other possibilities.
This "flash" led Omondi to consider the contribution of other soil nutrients toward iron deficiency. Further research showed that surplus nitrogen, and manganese to a degree, were responsible for the deficiency. Ryegrass reduced the concentration of these nutrients in the soil and thus alleviated the iron deficiency that reduces yields. While more research is needed to make intercropping ryegrass viable commercially, it can potentially save farmers money by reducing the need to spray micronutrients such as iron sulfate. In 2008, Omondi noted that farmers forced to spray iron sulfate two to three times per season would spend $10 to $35 per acre, money that would be saved if ryegrass could do the job just as well.
Omondi's research originated through his involvement with Mike and Cindy Ridenour's 2006 Farmer/Rancher grant project to test the benefit of intercropping ryegrass on their farm. "The results of the experiment were encouraging and clearly indicated that there existed some form of symbiosis between the grass and the beans," Mike Ridenour says.
As a University of Wyoming graduate student, Omondi was brought on to the Ridenour's field experiment as a research assistant. When he saw the remarkable results of the Ridenour's project, he jumped on the opportunity to further the research by studying how intercropping annual ryegrass with dry beans alleviated micronutrient deficiency chlorosis and produced better yields compared to growing beans alone.
"Cindy and I are pleased to have been a part of Dr. Omondi's master's and doctoral work," Mike Ridenour says. "Through the grants from Western SARE, Emmanuel was enabled to take his enthusiasm and curiosity to expand our scientific understanding of plant-soil interactions, and to become a learned professional within the global agricultural research community."
See Omondi's scholarly publications at www.researchgate.net/profile/Emmanuel_Omondi2/publications.
Omondi reached more than 400 farmers and researchers by presenting his work at the University of Wyoming Sustainable Agriculture Research and Extension Center's annual field day for four years.
Omondi noted that farmers forced to spray iron sulfate two to three times per season would spend $10 to $35 per acre, money that would be saved if ryegrass could do the job just as well.
Identifying Alternative Practices for Controlling a Snap Bean Pest
Navigating the Costs and Returns of Farm-to-Institution Markets
Achieving Cleaner Water Through Nitrate Loss Reduction
Controlling Sheep Parasites with Alternative Dewormer Treatments
Finding Better Ways to Battle Bugs
Helping Farm Families Thrive From One Generation to the Next
Improving Soil Health for Northwestern Growers


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OK, so just for the heck of it, I just Googled my Hubpages profile. I'm on the front page multiple times! I use the same screen name on more than one web site and found that I'm quite famous! Tee hee!
OK, now you try it!
Oh by the way, just got on Google front page for my HubMob hub on making chain mail from coat hangers. Thanks to Princessa for pointing that out.
Also, do you include your profile name in your keyword tags for each hub? I haven't seen this done very much but have noticed some people do it.
Why would I do that? Who in heck would be Googling "lrohner"????
I see your point, lrohner. You might consider coming up with a profile name that is easier to remember.
That is a great hub, thank you for adding it to the HubMob
Rather than doing this, why not Google your keywords and see where your top HubPages are ranking. Whereas you might Google your own name, chances are your readers aren't!
(But, I must say, Googling your name and screennames IS a lot of fun!)
I agree that if you are trying to make a little money with your Hubbin' that Googling keywords to your top hubs is the way to go. I've been thinking that I could improve upon the way I use those affiliate programs and key words.
However, I think there is something to be said for developing an "on screen presence." Think of your profile as your personal brand. That's why I use the same screen name over multiple accounts. If you are using all the different media tools out there to draw traffic to your site, it makes sense to use the same screen name on all of them (provided your content is compatible.)
Plus, Googling yourself is also useful in discovering who is "quoting you" and using your info on other sites. Hopefully that isn't happening.
I understand that! Best wishes in developing your brand, then! That's awesome, Wannab!
I wrote a program that automagically googles hub keywords and reports how many are on the front page. I have one beta tester; if anyone else is interested in helping me test, please respond to through my profile. You don't need any computer programming knowledge, just an interest in hubbing and keywords.
Its really interesting. I found my article only once in the google front page
Where's darkside with that link of his to his hub about making the first page of Google with obscure keywords?
Thanks, Princessa! I've been bugging my husband for a while about letting me do some hubs about his unusual interests. I'm hoping to do a few more in the near future.
by Compu-Smart 11 years ago
I have Searched a few of you hubbers profiles names on Google images and some of you are not on the 1st page..Some of you have more than one pic, and some have there pic and other hubbers pics!!...Which other hubbers are on your page and how many pics are there of yours?I have 2
by Nathan Bernardo 4 years ago
Stumbled on this on an old forum thread. go to http://hubpages.com/profile to see a cool "quilt" of HP profiles. go to http://hubpages.com/profile/YOUR PROFILE NAME/map to see a cluster of your article categories. Of course, actually put your user name in place of YOUR PROFILE NAME.
by BeBrown 8 years ago
How is the score next to the profile name calculated? What does it mean?I see it all them time and I can't make sense of it.
by Lgali 11 years ago
My profile name is related to my place lahri gali where i was born
by Compu-Smart 11 years ago
I, and im sure most of you have Google searched our hub profile name and also "Google image" searched, which was a topic I raised here a while ago!I have now just Searched my hubber name within the hubpages search bar (top right)..This shows you all the hubs with your profile name in it!...
by webismine 8 years ago
Hi all,I love internet, when I joined hubpages few months ago I wanted to pick a username that should be different and interesting. My profile name is nothing but a combination of 3 words, as you can understand it has atleast two different meanings. Now, I'm curious to listen from fellow hubbers....
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text:
In this episode, Éducaloi explains how to end a residential lease because of conjugal violence or sexual violence.
Read also
*Note that sub-titles are available for this video. To activate them, click on the "CC" button on the bottom right corner of the video.*
Important !
This video explains in a general way the law that applies in Quebec. This video is not a legal opinion or legal advice. To find out the specific rules for your situation, consult a lawyer or notary.


text:
Armani, Giorgio
- Diane Maglio
(b Piacenza, July 11, 1934).
Italian fashion designer. Armani was dubbed the 'Sexy Tailor' by the American fashion press for sartorial innovations he introduced in menswear. He brought sensual drape to traditional suit coats by eliminating rigid interlinings that had shaped and restricted men's clothing in the 1970s. To complement his new softly-tailored coats, he created short, supple, collared shirts and textural, patterned ties. Armani's impact on menswear went beyond unstructured sewing techniques to include a serene colour palette inspired by the Italian artist Giorgio Morandi. The neutral earth tones included an inventive grey–beige ('greige'), moss, mushroom and smoky grey–blue, tones not seen before in menswear. Armani claimed to be 'the stylist without colour'. Armani also brought a feminine touch to menswear and eventually expanded his design aesthetic to women's clothing, bringing a powerful look to women's fashion. His minimal modernism in cut and fit, while retaining maximum impact in silhouette and colour, stimulated the fashion imagination of Hollywood, retailers, journalists and customers of both sexes....


text:
You can create your individual online site when you've got the time and the inclination. Gradients can add a fun burst of colour to nearly any design pattern, however are mostly being featured in tasks that might be a bit art poor." Gradient backgrounds can be a fun strategy to escape textual content parts or highlight particular content material, corresponding to Train Physique Brain (above prime); for text parts resembling Orion; or create an attention-grabbing background for a product placement, akin to Mel.
More advanced internet developers might select to make the most of a Content material Administration System (CMS) like WordPress or Joomla as a way to streamline development and allow clients an easy option to keep and update their web site. DIGITECH is a pioneer in Austin, Texas delivering turnkey net design and improvement options for purchasers from Fortune 250 prospects resembling Waste Management to completely funded late stage startups comparable to HotSchedules.
Which means UX designers are capable of finding job alternatives not solely in up-and-rising fields like tech startups, but additionally in mature and steady industries like automotive producers. We develop compelling online experiences to convey you the site visitors, leads, and conversions to boost online sales, drive income, and maximize lifetime customer value.
Secondly, job alternatives for UX designers are booming: CNN experiences that a complete of three,426,000 UX design jobs will be created in the US alone throughout the next 10 years(3). It is interesting that many businesses will spend quality time developing a marketing strategy, organizing the office and creating a strategy for advertising, however they are never really very certain what they need to do for their web site design.
Regulation Agency Website Design, Lawyer Internet Design, Lawyer Websites By PaperStreet
Presentation Layer In Website Design
Single-page design really works higher on cellular and smaller units as a result of users can get the whole lot with attempting to navigate the menu.
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Prime 17 Internet Design And UI Traits For 2019
Net Design at this time becomes a measure to evaluate that your enterprise will run efficiently or go slow. Depending on their emphasis and particular person preferences, students will find employment in creating and maintaining websites, software program and web companies. The identical is true of the example from Sprout – a smiling face creates a optimistic first interaction with users.
Most of net designers really feel the need to create stylish splash pages that do nothing however create a barrier which stops web users of their tracks and forces them to make the pointless resolution of whether or not to push ahead to the home page or to leave your web site without end.
Internet Design Tutorials By Envato Tuts
Web design and growth combines classes from the communications and laptop science departments. The final unit outlines a culminating challenge in which college students are partnered with area people organizations to design and develop websites on their behalf. We hearken to our consumer's ideas and build on them with assist from our workforce of imaginative web designers, extremely expert net developers and skilled administration.
To achieve on the Internet and to develop a superior on-line presence that attracts a robust following, you want more than a inventive web site design agency; you need a site design workforce that understands the ins an outs of the web, understands enterprise and understands people.
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Your website is your organization's calling card on the web so you might want to have one you are proud of and does the job it is meant to, and supply pleasant viewing to your browsers which might solely be achieved with high quality net development. For other net designers, nonetheless, there isn't any trigger for concern. We labored in tasks involving improvement below native and (desktop-only, responsive and cellular-first) Web development. Web design refers back to the design of internet sites which are displayed on the web.


text:
Tucson Macintosh User Group Member Website Registry
Return to TMUG Home page
Meeting info
TMUG Member Forums On-Line
Public Message Board
Our Facebook page
Need a Consultant?
TMUG's Newsletter
Members Web Sites
About TMUG
Contact Us
As one might expect, TMUG members have many diverse interests beyond their shared interest in the Mac OS computing experience. Their web sites are likely to reflect the diversity of those interests.
In an effort to help our members learn more about each other, this page is provided for links to sites submitted by TMUG members. Some are personal sites created by our member or featuring the talents of our member, and some are commercial sites for businesses either owned by our members or for which our members serve as webmasters. We hope you will find something of interest here, or better yet, an interest shared with a TMUG member.
If you are a TMUG member and would like to add your site to this listing, please use this link to send an email to Bob Wood, TMUG Pres. and contact point for this service.
This page last revised


text:
Event Description
Description: Drop by at THAAL this Thursday as we present to you our 'Tafathalo Nights'."Tafathalo" is an old honoured tradition in the Arabic World which means "Do me the honour". It's an invitation to come to the table and share a meal with your friends and family.
So what are you waiting for? join us at Goa's only homecooked style Bohra Cuisine restaurant as we are all stocked to host you with our mouthwatering food and foot – tapping music featuring Groove Dakshina!
Contact: +91 77220 98912 / +91 97640 67912
Location: THAAL, K15, kegdevelim, Reis Magos, Goa, India.
Time: 19:30 Onward s
Visited 150 times, 1 Visit today


text: Richardson Business Network Richardson Chamber Business Network Sponsors Supporting The Mallory Supporting LegacyTexas Weekly Wednesday Morning Networking Expand We meet every Wednesday morning from 7:15-8:30 am at the Holiday Inn, 1655 N. Central Expressway, Richardson 75080 (starting April 26). Entry is free for chamber members. Guests are $5 expect on weeks for 'Bring a guest for free.' Enjoy door prizes and plenty of networking opportunities. Format moves between networking with attendee commercials, business topic roundtable discussions, a speaker series and some road trips to chamber member locations. Check the weekly online calendar for what to expect. Come see what all the buzz is about and how the Richardson Chamber can grow your business and your personal business network. Contact Julie Grauel for more information at (972) 792-2800. Every Wednesday, 7:15-8:30 am Holiday Inn 1655 N. Central Expressway, Richardson 75080 972-234-5400 Cost free Monthly Evening Happy Hour Expand Our informal, after-hours networking event is hosted at a Richardson Chamber member's business. It is always the third Thursday of every month from 5:30-7 pm. This is an opportunity for the host to showcase their business, introduce themselves and their staff and host 30-60 Richardson business executives. There is no charge for attendees and the host will serve food and drinks and hand out some door prizes. Be sure to bring plenty of business cards, as PM Connections is an excellent networking opportunity. Please make plans to attend our next PM Connections event. Contact Drew Snow at 972-792-2805 to host a PM Connections or for more information.


text:
How do I tell Siri to go away when I activate it by accident?
The best I can come up with is "Cancel", which works but replies that "there's nothing to cancel". Functional, but irritating.
Searching on Google has thus far just turned up a whole lot of stuff about how to turn Siri off altogether, which isn't what I'm after.


text:
L.B. Mammoth is a minor character from the film. He is a short, old man who smokes cigars and is the head of Mammoth Studios. He believes tanga Darla Dimple is the secret of his success, unaware that she is a wicked girl. Usually, when he arrives, those applauding and cheering have to stop. The exception is during a premiere, where he encourages the crowd to go on. It is unknown what the initials stand for. He was voiced by the late George Kennedy.
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.


text:
EDFmodel designed RC airliners
If you have a passion for RC airliner design, then our own kits may interest you. Through 2003 - 2012 EDFmodel.com designed and manufactured several RC airliner models. All of these models are now out of production.
The number of EDF powered RC airliners available is small. Fortunately over recent years more airliner model manufacturers have emerged. However they seem to disappear, as in the case of the Windrider's Boeing 777 & 787 RC planes.
There are even fewer manufacturers of model Turbine RC airliners. One of the few resources available is the Norbert Rauch site which offers a series of 1/16 scale Turbine RC jetliners, supplied as part fiberglass kits.
All available RC airliner kits can be viewed here.
EDFmodel design history
Boeing 737 RC Airliner
Model Details
Airbus A320 RC Airliner
DC-10 RC Airliner
Model details
Airbus A340 RC Airliner
RC Lear Jet
1903 Wright Flier


text:
The multi-functional STOWAWAY® case features a discrete and secure back compartment - ideal for carrying credit cards, an ID and cash. Constructed with a rigid plextonium™ frame and impact resistant NGP® core, the STOWAWAY® simplifies your life and allows you to stay effortlessly organized.
- Innovative design, made with a high quality polycarbonate shell and silicone core
- Staying organized is easy with an exterior compartment that can act as your second wallet
- Ultra-rugged protection defends your iPhone 5/5S against the most severe of conditions
- Complete access to all ports and controls while maintaining full-coverage protection
Package Contents:
- Incipio iPhone 5/5S Stowaway™ Case - White / Grey
Free shipping.
Posted on July 25, 2014


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Sunday, February 21st is Chinese New Year, which is celebrated each year with a parade in Chinatown. The event features the traditional Chinese Dragon Dance, Kung Fu demonstrations and live musical entertainment
@ Chinatown – on H Street, NW, between 6th and 8th
2 – 5 p.m., Giant Firecracker set off at 3:45 p.m.
This year, the celebration on Sunday expands to include the Chinatown Lunar New Year Festival
Programs and activities will include: live music and dance performances, traditional Chinese calligraphy, children's crafts, face painting, tai chi and kung fu demonstrations, lion dancing, poetry readings, film screenings, art and photo exhibits, raffle prizes, New Year souvenirs, free giveaways, and much more.
@ Chinatown Community Cultural Center
616 H Street, NW
12 – 5 p.m.


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Alcohol Licenses in Davis Last Updated: September 2015
This map is a 'mashup' of alcohol license locations and Google Maps. Data for this application were obtained from the State of California Alcoholic Beverage Control database. Only license locations within the city limits of the City of Davis are displayed on this map.
Select from the left-side menu to show locations on the map by Premise Name or License Category.
This application was developed by the City of Davis, Information Systems Division, GIS.


text:
Meguiar's at AUTOCON Los Angeles, April 29th, 2018
AUTOCON is this Sunday, April 29th at the Los Angeles, California Convention Center. Meguiar's is proud to be an exhibitor at this awesome event. If you are headed out, stop by our booth to say Hi!
More information below:
Check out this re-cap video we did from 2016!


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Hayv Kahraman
"Games are the first learning tools in a child's life so inserting this sort of innocence and naivety that is then combined with the notion of the perishable flesh and how frail our bodies really are, is the essence of these works. Each one of these paintings has a polarity of the plasticity and transfiguration of the flesh with the pretense and innocence of a child's toys. The puzzles add another dimension to this all by creating a layer of separation and detachment to our flesh." Hayv Kahraman
via the culturist
& http://hayvkahraman.com


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Alresford Golf Club
Learn how the Cvent Supplier Network works
Winchester Golf course
Total meeting space—
Standing capacity—
Seating capacity—
Cheriton Road
Tichborne Down, New AlresfordWinchester SO240PN
Onsite catering
Cheriton Road
Tichborne Down, New AlresfordWinchester SO240PN
- Onsite restaurant
- Space (Outdoor)
- Space (Private)
Recreational activities
- Golf course on grounds
Alcohol and catering
- Alcohol allowed
- Onsite catering
Photo Gallery
Meeting Space
Meeting rooms2
Space (Private)Available
Space (Outdoor)Available
Alresford Golf Club is located in New Alresford. Set amidst the tranquility of nature and away from the hustle of city life, this is surely a unique venue. It offers extensive facilities for hosting your next function or event. The Clubhouse provides changing rooms, a good sized bar area, two dining rooms which can be separated if necessary and a patio area overlooking the 18th green. The relaxed and friendly atmosphere allows Members and guests the opportunity to reflect after their golf and enjoy the views across the course.
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Celebrating airbrushed versions of the heroes of the past is easy. A more urgent task is to identify and support the heroes of tomorrow.Read More
Posts tagged racism
Ten years ago: United we Stand?
This is an article I wrote 10 years ago today, when I was just starting my journalism master's degree at Columbia University. Each of us was assigned a New York neighbourhood as our "beat" – mine was Crown Heights in Brooklyn. I went out there and interviewed people on Eastern Parkway about their reactions to the upcoming one-year anniversary of the September 11th attacks, and discovered that their views were more nuanced than the flag-waving sentiment engulfing much of the nation at the time. It's an article that means a… Read More
"Race and Racism in Britain" by John Solomos
I'm sure that for sociology students, this book is a very valuable text. It's very methodical and thorough – it looks at its subject from every angle, and almost every paragraph contains at least one reference to a book in the large bibliography at the end. For me, though, the book was a bit of a struggle. Although I have often thought I would have liked a life in academia, to tell the truth I am not suited for it. I don't like the dry, passive, non-committal tone, the judgements… Read More
Racial identification
Read a fascinating article in the Fall 2007 edition of the Du Bois Review. In an article "The New Latin Nation", Alejandro Portes made the very interesing, and ironic, point that whereas in the past, much Mexican immigration to the US was cyclical, in the last few decades the tighter border controls have made it permanent. The controls are failing to stop people from coming in, but are making them less likely to go back. So they settle permanently, have families, move to different parts of the country. The article… Read More
Salman Rushdie, Martin Amis and freedom of speech
I went to see Salman Rushdie in conversation with Lisa Appignanesi at the Southbank Centre last night. I have never been a particular Rushdie fan, so was pleasantly surprised by his wit, intelligence and affability. He was talking mostly about his new book the Enchantress of Florence, and made me want to read it. I was struck mostly, though, by a comment he made right at the end, when he was asked by a member of the audience for his stand on the recent Martin Amis controversy. His answer was… Read More
Get in touch with your inner racist!
When I lived in New York, there was a small shop across the street that was owned by a man from Afghanistan. I used to visit him in the days after September 11, and he had a bewildered, beleaguered look about him. Business was slack, he said, and the few people who did still come into his store were often either cold or abusive. Whereas on September 10 he was the local newsagent, on September 11 he suddenly became a "Muslim", and a national of an enemy country to boot…. Read More
"The Muslims are breeding"
It's sad that there's a site called "Islamophobia Watch." Not, as its critics would argue, because there's no such thing as Islamophobia and it's all just political correctness gone mad, but because it shows that every day, several times a day, someone makes some flagrantly ignorant, racist attack on Muslims. And these attacks are published not in the fringe newsletters of right-wing nuts, but in mainstream newspapers and magazines. So it's very sad that this site has to exist, but I'm glad that someone is drawing attention to this stuff…. Read More
Who's your audience?
I love watching Chris Rock. He's one of the few stand-up comedians who is pretty much guaranteed to make me laugh every time I watch him. However, watching Chris Rock videos on YouTube recently proved to be a very different experience from renting Chris Rock videos from Blockbuster. On YouTube, you get to see exactly what people are interested in. And that brings up important questions of who the audience is, and why exactly they are laughing. For example, you see that by far the most popular Chris Rock video,… Read More
It's become clear since I moved back to London that most white British people have absolutely no idea what racism is. They persist in lumping it together with any other form of name-calling, and denounce any attempt to clamp down on it as "political correctness." A few examples from the last couple of days, although sadly I could have written this post at pretty much any time and had equally relevant examples to hand. First the BBC writes a piece of absolute garbage entitled "Is gingerism as bad as racism?"… Read More


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WW : THE GREATEST ELECTION DAYJuly 09, 2014
Today, I give my election voice for the next leader. I vote with all my heart, and with a big hope...
I give my election voice for the next leader. I vote with all my heart, and with a big hope...
10 komentar
Uhuuuuui, apa pun pilihannya yang penting Indonesia damai :)ReplyDeleteReplies
siip... makasiiih mak Indah Julianti ^_^Delete
big hope indeeed mak Tanti :)..cheers et happy WW :)ReplyDeleteReplies
Hai hai.. can't wait came to ur blog ^^Delete
This is the first time i went to the TPS with full excitement n tons of hope...ReplyDelete
Hope we'll get a good leader ^^Replies
Well, they're both have strength & weakness... So, just pray for Indonesia!Delete
very agree 100% with your opinion mrs. Tanti Amelia. What ever will be the most important we always unite in Indonesia :)ReplyDeleteReplies
Woow, you read my mind!!!Delete
Siiip... mantap deh.. :)ReplyDelete
Thanks sudah mengunjungi blog Neng ya, sahabat (^_^)
Btw, jika ada link hidup dengan berat hati saya hapus \(*_*)/


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Are you looking for an expert who can help you out with all your plumbing concerns? Well, Bob Washington Plumbing is the right solution to all your plumbing problems. As a full-service plumbing company, we are readily available 24/7 for our customers to resolve all their plumbing issues. So, release from all your plumbing concerns now by employing the most trusted professionals in the town. Reach us and get benefits of our plumbing services. Do not hesitate to call us!
Call Bob Washington Plumbing now on 678 1024 5790 to explain your situation.
You can also visit us at:
Building No. 455
Near Model town Street Park
Monday: 8:00- 17:00
Tuesday: 8:00- 17:00
Wednesday: OFF
Thursday: OFF
Friday: 8:00- 19:00
Saturday: 8:00- 12:00 MD
Sunday: 08:00- 16:00


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REPRINTED from HOUSE LOGIC – I hope you'll find many useful ideas.
Do you see your energy bills rising even if you've implemented up to three projects to save energy? In the first of our two-part Q&A with an expert on consumer attitudes toward energy efficiency, we look at the energy-saving truths many of us ignore. Hint: Replacing windows isn't your best bet.
Suzanne Shelton is president and CEO of Shelton Group, a marketing agency specializing in sustainability and energy efficiency. Shelton Group's annual Energy Pulse research report — released last fall — tracks consumer attitudes toward energy-related topics.
HouseLogic: So our energy bills are going up?
Suzanne Shelton: Yes, for many of us, even though we may think our energy use is going down.
HL: How come?
SS: Energy is the only product we buy on a daily basis where we have no idea how much we pay for it. It would be different if we had to feed dollars into a machine to make the power run in our homes.
The way we use energy now is the equivalent of walking into a convenience store every day and filling our pockets with candy and walking out. Then the bill comes at the end of the month and we're saying, "There's no way I ate that much candy!"
This is an inherent problem with the way we use energy, or it will be, at least, until we live like the Jetsons and have nifty energy dashboards in our homes.
HL: Why are we using more energy now — what are the main culprits?
SS: Several things. We simply have more stuff plugged in now than we did five or 10 years ago — Xboxes, electronics chargers, iPads — and some of those things are energy hogs.
For example, plasma TVs use as much energy as a refrigerator. They're getting more efficient now, but if you had the old square CRT and replaced it with a flat-screen plasma, you're instantly paying the utility much more than you did before.
People are buying an Energy Star refrigerator, but then putting the old one in the garage as a beer fridge. For example, a friend of mine was in the process of selling her house. She wasn't living there and she had the HVAC turned off, but she had an old refrigerator inside, plus a freezer plugged in on the back porch. Her utility bill came in at $50 a month and she was furious. "I'm never there!" she said. "The lights are off, the heat's off, how can this be right?"
I said, "Are your appliances plugged in?" And so she unplugged the freezer and her refrigerator inside. It cut her bill in half.
HL: Do we also think that if we're saving energy in one way, we can use more of something else?
SS: Yes. People tell us in focus groups, "I bought these CFLs so now I can leave the lights on and not pay more. I bought a high-efficiency washer and dryer because I want to do more laundry without paying more. I ate the salad, so I can have the chocolate cake."
Psychologists call it "moral licensing," but we at Shelton Group call it the "Snackwells Effect," as in, they're low-fat, so I can eat all of them.
HL: What's the reason for this disconnect?
SS: Most of us have no idea how our homes really work, so we don't know how to make the biggest impact. That's why consumers run out and replace their windows first, when that should probably be fifth or sixth on the list of energy-efficient improvements to make, and they totally ignore effective activities like caulking and sealing that cost far less.
HL: I'm surprised people replace their windows first.
SS: The aesthetic draw of new windows is really strong; we love to be around pretty things. You can also talk yourself into it because you think it'll improve your resale value. But more than that, if you put your hand up to a window, even an energy-efficient window, you can feel that it's hot or cold, so people just assume that's where the biggest problem is.
But for the average home owner, new windows aren't the best use of your home improvement dollar in terms of saving money on your energy bills. Everyone's situation is different, but other projects usually cost far less and offer a faster return on your investment.
HL note: Consider this: If you spend $12,000 on windows and save 7% to 15% on your energy bill, according to Department of Energy data, when you could have spent around $1,000 for new insulation, caulking, and sealing and saved 20% on your energy bill, you made the wrong choice if your only reason for undertaking the project was reducing energy costs.
SOURCE: House Logic, Vivianne Rutkowski REALTOR


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Area of Expertise
- Strength and Muscle Building
- Physique and Figure shaping/toning
- Fat Loss
- Mobility and Posture Control
- Nutritional Advice
- Certificate of Personal Training at NZ Institute of Sport
- First Aid Certificate
- Surf Life Guard Certificate
I believe in using a fun, informative approach toward reaching your goals. Combining this with your own consistent practice and strong desire to change, I am certain we can achieve anything!
I have had over 5 years of my own health and fitness journey to which I draw experience and offer advice from. I feel very at home in the gym and wish to share with you, through my own and other's experience, the knowledge I have picked up along the way.
Wherever you need the guidance – nutrition/weight management, resistance training, cardio, programming, mobility, etc – I plan to expand your repertoire of fitness thoughts and ideas to increase your confidence as we progress, both mentally and physically.
I strive to always be improving in one way or another and am always trying to learn more about exercise, people and life in general. So as I become part of your new journey, you become just as much of a part in my own. We're in this together!
Phone 027 843 3526
Email email@example.com


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Detention Vol 1 & 2 wakeboard instructional video by Shaun Murray. Beginner to Super- Advanced. Evertything from deep water starts to the most technical tricks in the sport today. Full gear explanations. All of this instruction is done by World Class Wakeboarder Shaun Murray. You will get insight into gear driving double-ups and riding double- ups in addition to all ofthe tricks that are explained
Choose a currency below to display product prices in the selected currency.


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Celebrating Moms! Day 1: Win $100 Gift Card to Chocolaterie Stam!
How does it work?
It's easy, fill out all of the required information to enter.
What can I win?
One lucky winner will receive a $100 gift card to Chocolaterie Stam!
Can I still play if the contest has already started?
Yes! But be sure to enter soon, this contest runs for a limited time only.


text: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5166264252243602432.post1635206928641256298..comments2019-12-05T15:22:25.933-07:00Comments on PriceCharting: Hyrule Warriors Limited Edition is Nintendo World Store ExclusiveJJ Hendrickshttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5166264252243602432.post-60011371867456186582014-09-29T14:14:16.345-06:002014-09-29T14:14:16.345-06:00BTW there was only, at most, 500 of these in the U...BTW there was only, at most, 500 of these in the US. Nintendo fans are raging they missed out. firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5166264252243602432.post-12965051722444263332014-09-29T13:56:33.859-06:002014-09-29T13:56:33.859-06:00Shiny. I smell the top 5 of most sought after Wii ...Shiny. I smell the top 5 of most sought after Wii U game in 10 email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5166264252243602432.post-16845853512022481432014-09-28T07:23:17.815-06:002014-09-28T07:23:17.815-06:00I'm surprised it's not more. Uncharted For...I'm surprised it's not more. Uncharted Fortune Hunter is 200 copies, but granted, wasn't sold. However, one single B&M location is pretty damn close. Add in Zelda (& Mario) and you'd think it'd be breaking $1k. The Smash Bros LE (which you know they're going to do) will probably fetch the most of the bunch.Porthttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5166264252243602432.post-27835782772203785412014-09-27T07:29:15.853-06:002014-09-27T07:29:15.853-06:00@anonymous - Good catch. That was a PAL version. ...@anonymous - Good catch. That was a PAL version. The game sells for about $300-350 if NTSC (the Nintendo World Exclusive)JJ Hendrickshttps://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-5166264252243602432.post-89549626661836718892014-09-26T20:33:13.713-06:002014-09-26T20:33:13.713-06:00Call me crazy, but that $115 for Mario kart 8 limi...Call me crazy, but that $115 for Mario kart 8 limited price is wrong, it's for the pal version. In fact the recently sold list doesn't have anything from September. Hovering more around the $350 - $400 range if I'm not firstname.lastname@example.com


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An Ohio school district must request this teaching license for a visiting teacher who is a citizen of another country.
License Valid for 3 years
J-1 visa
Paula Sondej
[email protected]
Currently, Ohio has Memoranda of Understanding with the Ministry of Education of Spain, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office and Taiwan's Ministry of Education, the Académie de Rouen in Northern France, and the College Board-NCSSFL-Hanban Chinese Guest Teacher Program.
In most states, teachers must have a minimum academic background for certification.
The following is required for this route:
BA Degree + Completed State Approved Teacher Education Program
Must Hold Out of Country Certification
As of 2016, No Basic Skills Exams Required
In most states, teachers are required to complete training in education methods through a teacher program.
The following is required for this route:
Summer pre-service orientation with host district; attend one-day professional development workshop sponsored by ODE during the fall; attend the Ohio Foreign Language Association (OFLA) annual spring conference
In some states, teachers are required to provide evidence of work experience.
The following is required for this route:
3 years years.
In most states, teachers are required to submit evidence of content language proficiency and English language proficiency through coursework, exams, or degree evaluations.
The following is required for this route:
Native speakers must be certified in content language in home country.
In most states, teachers must apply to the state Individually or through their local School District, or Teacher Program Institution. Requirements for the application are outlined below:
School District
Confirmation of Mentor
Not Accepted
Transcript Evaluation Required
Upon employment, the district applies for a Visiting International Teacher License with ODE.
Background Check Information:
Background check completed by the Ministry of Education in the home country.
An Ohio school district may use this application to request a teaching license for a visiting teacher who is a citizen of another country. The candidate must be entering the United States specifically for the purpose of teaching in an Ohio school or school district that has agreed to employ the person as a teacher via an exchange program or other collaboration or recruitment effort.


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Located in the US, the snowmobiling in Idaho offers over fifteen snowmobile trail rides. The best Idaho snowmobiling based on popularity are considered to be Priest Lake, Island Park, McCall, Coeur d'Alene, and Stanley. For a detailed trail description and printable trailhead map, just select a Idaho snowmobiling trail below.
North of Sun Valley near Stanley in the Sawtooth National Forest, there are 165 miles of groomed snowmobile trails at elevations ranging from 6,200 to 10,000 feet. To reach the snowmobile trailhead from Stanley at SR75, head west on SR21 for 4 miles.
North of Boise near McCall, there are over 500 miles of groomed snowmobile trails at elevations ranging from 5,000 to 8,000 feet. Many local riders consider the snowmobiling trail system to the southwest of McCall around West Mountain to be the best in the region. There are three main snowmobile trailhead parking areas serving the West Mountain Area.
East of Coeur d'Alene in the Silver Valley, there is an extensive network of groomed snowmobile trails maintained by the Silver Valley Snowmobile Association. The snowmobile trailhead is located north of Wallace.
Southwest of Missoula in the Clearwater National Forest, the Lolo Pass region bridges both the Lolo and Clearwater National Forests high in the Bitterroot Mountains. Snowmobilers should not underestimate the size or the ruggedness of the Bitterroots! The Lolo Pass Winter Sports Area (Idaho Park-n-Ski permit required) is open to snowmobilers from December through March. This heavily forested area provides access to over 200 miles of groomed snowmobile trails at elevations ranging from 3,200 to 6,500 feet.
Near Mountain Home in Elmore County, there is a 380 mile groomed snowmobile trail network near the Anderson Ranch Reservoir in southwest Idaho. The base elevation is 4,200 feet and climbs close to 10,000 feet in the fabulous Trinity Mountains and the high-mountain prairies and rolling hills of Cat Creek.
Northeast of Boise in the Boise National Forest, the Lowman area has 24 miles of groomed snowmobile trails. The trails run from Lowman north to the Bruce Meadows Warming Hut at the Dagger Falls junction.
Near Elk River, there 200 mile network of groomed snowmobile trails. Snowmobilers can enjoy trail riding to hill climbing from elevations from 3,000 to 6,000 feet.


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Android Gaming With PC device is very awesome Experience. Download Mortal Kombat x for PC with the help of the following steps and Android Emulators.
Mobile Games On PC: Download Mortal Kombat x Now
The below steps can help you Download Mortal Kombat x and use it on your PC with all the necessary Android or Mobile Features you Need.
Now, we proceed with the download steps below…
Step 1: Download the android emulator software like Bluestacks, Andy, Nox App Player, and it is available for free. Click here to download: Download
Step 2: Start the installation of Andy by clicking on the installer file you downloaded.
The Third Step: When the software is ready to be used, start it and complete the sign-up procedure and log in with Google Play account.
Step 4: Start Google play store app and use its search tool to search Mortal Kombat X download
Step 5: Find Mortal Kombat X and start the installation.
The Step 6: Launch the game and you can now play Sky Streaker on pc using a mouse or your keyboard and even your touch screen, you can use the control button to emulate the pinch function to zoom in and out.
Step 7: You can also install a Remote control app from here for remotely accessing the game:
Mortal Kombat X for PC action soon enough.
Multiplayer challenges.
Faction Wars is a new online competitive mode where teams with players take on other player teams. Climb up the leaderboard and earn some cred!
Make Allies before going into battle.
Bring new players into battle by getting them to be your allies. This helps when you're taking up multiplayer matches.
Mortal Kombat X on your PC, with a little help from Andy, Bluestacks, Nox Player.
Ideally, you'll want to play Mortal Kombat X on a console that's hooked up to a big screen. If you haven't


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Did you get stamped at Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site? The Passport To Your National Parks® encourages visitors to explore the more than 400 National Park Service sites across the country and find out what makes each one special. Celebrate your experience of the legacy of Carl Sandburg with a pin from the Passport Collection!
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