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Topic Page: Cuba - United States relations
- Keywords
- Cuba
In the early twenty-first century, with its focus upon global terrorism and economic globalization, Cuba appears as a secondary issue to U.S. people and policymakers alike. The exceptions would be largely among the elder members of the Cuban American communities in south Florida, northern New Jersey, and northwest Indiana. To these people the aged Castro brothers who govern the island deserve nothing less than a vengeful retribution for forcing them to leave the homeland with the advent of Castro's revolution in 1959. For thirty-two years of the forty-six years of the Cold War, Cuban Americans received a sympathetic ear among U.S. policymakers. But with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the threat of communism dissipated and North American interest in Cuba's geopolitical importance waned.
Long before Fidel Castro's 1959 revolution, however, Cuba occupied an important place in U.S. policy. A 745-mile-long island, Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean Sea, with the Atlantic Ocean to its north. It is separated from the United States by ninety miles of waters known as the Florida Straits that provide direct passage into the Gulf of Mexico and washes ashore from the southern tip of the Florida peninsula westward past Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana at Texas, and again southward to Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula. Between Cuba's most eastern point and Haiti's most western point is the Windward Passage that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Caribbean Sea, a body of water that borders the southern shores of the Yucatán Peninsula southward along the coast of all Central American states, except El Salvador, then east to Colombia and Venezuela, then north and westward back to Cuba. The Windward Passage is in the direct path of shipping between the Panama Canal the eastern seaboard of the United States. Strategically located, Cuba is important to the flow of U.S. commerce, to its circum-Caribbean security interests, and to the movement of its naval ships between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
- Keywords
- Cuba
- European Powers
On his first voyage to the New World, Christopher Columbus waded upon the Cuban shore on October 28, 1492, sailed along its southern shore during his second visit in 1494, and reported it to be a peninsula of the Asian mainland. Only after his son Diego conquered the territory in 1509 was Cuba recognized as an island. Over the next two centuries Cuba became an important piece of its New World empire. Its tobacco and sugar made their way into the European markets and the latter in the North American colonies. The city at Havana developed into a major port of call as the last stop for ship supplies for those vessels sailing back to Europe, just as the Windward Passage that sat between eastern Cuba and Haiti served as a major entry point for ships entering the Caribbean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean.
Because Cuba remained a Spanish colony and in theory closed to trade with the outside world, the value of its clandestine trade with the United States is unknown. From these contacts North Americans came to understand that Spain tightly controlled local government through Spanish-born (peninsulares) administrators appointed by the government in Madrid at the expense of Cuban-born whites (criollos), who operated most of the agricultural land, the merchant houses, and small businesses that contributed to the vibrancy of Havana and smaller towns across the island. At the bottom of the socioeconomic pyramid were the African slaves, free blacks and their descendents, who not only lacked civil and political rights, but with few exceptions, personal freedom. In addition to these colonial traits, informed North Americans and Cubans understood that their relationship was impacted oftentimes by events beyond their control, such as the British occupation of Havana in 1762 and 1763, the American Revolution from 1776 until 1783, and Toussaint L'Ouverture's successful 1791 revolt in Haiti.
Cuba remained impervious to the winds of revolution that swept across Central and South America in the early part of the nineteenth century. The peninsulare administrators and military remained loyal to the Spanish system. Despite their differences with the peninsulare class, the criollo sugar growers and refiners still benefitted from the Spanish mercantile system. Both groups had a special interest in maintaining the rigid social structure. As their counterparts from the mainland flocked to Havana during Latin America's independence movements in the early nineteenth century, and brought with them stories of violence, destruction, economic ruin, and the calamity caused in ending lower class restraints, this only reinforced island residents' belief that life was better under the Spanish flag. When Latin America completed its independence in 1826, only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish control. The legacies from three hundred years of colonial experiences would have a long-lasting effect on the United States-Cuban relationship.
Thomas Jefferson, who maintained that the United States would someday acquire Cuba, instructed U.S. consuls in Havana to watch for political events that might indicate a Cuban desire for a union. In 1809 he dispatched General James Wilkerson to Cuba to sound out Spanish authorities and others opposed to Joseph Bonaparte sitting on the Spanish throne about linking Cuba to the United States. Yet in October 1808, Jefferson's cabinet refused a proposal from a Cuban delegation to Washington requesting annexation to the United States. Jefferson recognized that the peninsulares and criollos were badly split over their loyalty to Spain and that it was best not to inject the United States into the argument. Before leaving office Jefferson advised incoming President James Madison to grant Napoleon a free hand in all the colonies of Spanish America in return for ceding Cuba to the United States. Madison rejected the advice.
Madison did fear, however, that the British-French conflict raging at the time might spread to the Caribbean and leave one of these powers in control of Cuba. Rumors in 1817 and 1818 asserted that Britain intended to occupy the island, and this increased pressure upon the new president, James Monroe, to annex Cuba. On the advice of his cabinet, the president begged off because the effort would jeopardize negotiations with Spain over the U.S. acquisition of Florida. Still, like his predecessor, Monroe dispatched an emissary to Cuba, New England businessman William Shaler, who reported that the criollos were widely split regarding their loyalty to Spain. And like his predecessor, Monroe rejected a secret proposal for the U.S. annexation of the island from a group of dissident Cuban criollo planters.
U.S. policy took a definitive stance following an 1821 criollo uprising against Spanish authority that threatened to escalate into a racial war with blacks, both free and slave. The uprising prompted a debate within Monroe's administration. Secretary of War and South Carolinian John C. Calhoun favored annexation on the grounds that a black Cuba would prevent any future U.S. annexation and that it would incite black uprisings across the U.S. south. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams argued otherwise. He claimed that the criollo leadership would be equally inept and result in constant racial conflict that would prompt British and/or French intervention to protect their Caribbean interests. Furthermore any British intervention could translate into a threat against U.S. security. Adams concluded that Spain's archaic rule over Cuba, rather than Cuba's independence, better served U.S. interests. The secretary prevailed and Adams' reasoning became the basis of U.S. policy toward Cuba until the century's end. British Foreign Minister Lord George Canning shared Adams' opinions, and in 1825, he wanted to form a tripartite pact to guarantee Spain's control over Cuba. Adams, then president, deferred to the policies of Washington and Jefferson of no permanent or entangling alliances. For the moment the Monroe Doctrine that declared the western hemisphere off limits to European colonization sufficed.
Over the next generation domestic issues on both sides of the Florida Straits contributed to little more than the usual discussions about Spanish imposed taxes and other fees on commerce between the United States and Cuba. With a high degree of nationalistic rhetoric, the North Americans argued about the merits and demerits of continuing the National Bank, the building of roads with federal monies, and the panic (recession) of 1837. In Cuba Spain continued to tighten its administrative control much to the dislike of the criollos, while the tobacco and sugar plantations continued to prosper. In both places, however, the slavery issue continued to simmer, more open in Cuba than the United States. Slave revolts were more common in the former, while testy rhetoric on the immorality of slavery and the underground railroad characterized the latter.
Between 1800 and 1840 Cuba became a sugar monoculture. That year it accounted for nearly 60 percent of Cuba's export earnings, with the United States the largest importer. The number of U.S. ships arriving in Cuba rose from 150 in 1796 to slightly over 1,500 in 1840. In turn the Cubans imported staves, barrels, hoops, nails, textiles, fish, salt, corn, flour, and rice from the United States. U.S. manufactures, such as iron-based products, provided the essential equipment for the ever expanding number of sugar refining mills. The expansion of sugar production also required a drastic increase in the labor force. It came in the form of African slaves. The number of slaves in Cuba rose from 85,000 in 1792 to 287,000 in 1827 to 436,000 in 1840, or approximately 45 percent of the Cuban population. A second demographic change fostered by the sugar expansion was the emergence of an entire new class of criollo landowners, who were at odds with the peninsulare government class and Madrid's rules of trade that they were sent to enforce. These economic and demographic changes would continue to intensify and eventually have serious repercussions in Cuban-U.S. relations.
Long before coming to the presidency in 1845, Democrat James K. Polk supported John Quincy Adams' "hands off" policy toward Cuba, but President Polk confronted an ever increasing southern demand for the annexation of Cuba, an intensity that deepened when the southerners learned that the land acquired from Mexico in the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo would not support a slave-based economy. This in turn would have an adverse impact upon the south's representation in the national Congress. Polk, who was committed to purchasing Cuba, took the issue up with his cabinet in May and June 1848. In the end Polk's offer of $100 million to Spain was quickly rejected. The Madrid government informed the president that it would rather see Cuba sink into the sea than in North American hands.
After a four-year interlude the expansionist Democrats returned to the White House with the election of Franklin Pierce, who quickly set out to purchase Cuba. For that purpose southerner Pierre Soulé was dispatched to Madrid, but before arriving there, he met secretly with the U.S. ministers to London and Paris, James Buchanan and John Mason, respectively, in Ostend, Belgium, to discuss the matter and report back to Secretary of State William L. Marcy. They agreed that the United States should offer up to $120 million for Cuba and, if the Madrid government refused, take every measure necessary to gain control of the island from Spain. The Ostend Manifesto, though really a diplomatic dispatch and not a manifesto, became public before it reached Secretary Marcy in Washington in November 1854. The clamorous and critical public reaction in Europe and the United States stymied the initiative to acquire Cuba.
The Pierce administration also faced a potential filibuster expedition from the United States. John A. Quitman, former governor of Mississippi, planned an invasion of Cuba that would coincide with a criollo uprising and result in the island's annexation to the United States. Quitman, however, aborted the plan after Pierce announced that his administration would strictly enforce the nation's neutrality laws and the Spanish crushed the criollo uprising in February 1855.
During the time the United States maneuvered to acquire Cuba, a Cuban insurrectionist, Narciso López, led three attempts between 1848 and 1851, to drive the Spanish from Cuba. Lopez was a one-time, Spanish-appointed official in Cuba who amassed a variety of landholdings and mining interests. Initially López aligned himself with criollos in Havana and New York, who favored annexation to the United States in hopes of preserving Cuba's orderly social and economic structures without the Spaniards. On his last expedition in April 1851, López and his forces fell before the Spanish troops and López and one hundred of his surviving men were taken to Havana for summary trials and executions.
Subsequently the Cuban issue became secondary to the domestic problems the United States confronted over slavery in the western territories and its four-year Civil War (1861–1865). But not so in Cuba where the criollos, mostly associated with sugar and its refining and ancillary businesses, became increasingly disgruntled with Spanish discriminations and the fear of a potentially free slave population. The disconnect with Spain finally erupted into the Ten Years' War (1868 to 1878). The war cost an estimated two hundred thousand lives and property damages estimated at $700 million. In the Treaty of Zanjón that ended the conflict, Spain promised administrative reforms, amnesty for the rebels, and emancipation of all slaves. Although slavery ended in Cuba in 1886, the Afro-Cubans remained tied to the plantation economy. Spain failed to deliver on the other reforms, causing continued Cuban criollo discontent with Spanish authority.
The war had other far-reaching effects on the development of Cuban society. It not only decimated the criollo class, but it opened the door to U.S. entrepreneurs. They filled the vacuum created by the ruin of the criollo aristocracy and the bankruptcy of Spanish interests. In the 1880s thousands of North Americans accompanied their investment dollars to the island to run the sugar plantations, mills and refineries, and merchant houses. By the mid-1880s an estimated $50 million was poured into Cuba by U.S. private investors. These trends contributed to Cuba's increased economic dependence on the United States. By 1895 Cuba ranked third behind Britain and Germany in exports to the United States. The U.S. market accounted for 87 percent of the Cuban exports. During this same time period, from 1878 to 1895, Cuban intellectuals, at home and abroad, increasingly blamed Spain for their poverty and the island's underdevelopment and unrest.
By the latter part of the 1880s many North American leaders throughout society accepted the "large policy" advocated by expansionists. The policy called for the need for markets, raw materials, and strategic ports, the need to improve the quality of life of "backward" peoples, and in anticipation of a transisthmian canal, the need to secure entrances into the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Cuba fell into the purview of the "large policy." Its ample ports provided jump-off points for trade throughout the Caribbean and on to South America. Having endured nearly four hundred years of Spanish mismanagement, Cuba could become an object lesson for the implementation of U.S.-styled democracy in the underdeveloped world. These factors converged in the North American mindset by the time the Cuban War for Independence began on March 25, 1895.
The lack of leadership stymied the Cuban effort for independence during the 1880s. That changed in 1892 when José Martí founded the Cuban Revolutionary Party (CRP). With generous financial support from Cuban exiles, Martí prepared to liberate Cuba from Spanish authority. The conflict began on March 25, 1895. Despite Martí's death on May 19, 1895, his generals continued the fight. By the end of 1895 the rebels were at the gates of Havana and the Spanish army had a new general, Valierano Weyler, who soon found himself engaged in a guerrilla war against the rebels. Weyler's brutal tactics included reconcentrados, camps where entire villages were placed. Camp conditions were atrocious. Inadequate facilities, insufficient food supplies, and poor sanitation and medical conditions brought death to thousands of camp inhabitants. The cost to Spain in lives and money prompted an outcry to end the war in late 1897, but the Cubans rejected the offer of home rule within the empire.
Weyler's tactics also contributed to a popular moral crusade across North America, advanced by the "yellow press," to rid the island of brutal Spanish authority and replace it with a U.S.-style democracy. Advocates of the "large policy," who recognized Cuba's geostrategic importance, and defense strategists, who anticipated the American constructed and owned transisthmian canal, were soon joined by business groups, who anticipated opportunities on the island. Racists stood in opposition, arguing that the Afro-Cubans, mestizos, mulattos, and other mixed bloods were incompatible with North American society and values and could not be uplifted. Isolationists protested against any venture into the larger world, fearful of a European reaction.
Amidst this emotional and public debate, in the early evening of February 16, 1898, the USS Maine exploded in Havana harbor, killing 266 men. Only years later did a naval commission confirm that an explosion in the ship's engine room, not a torch by either loyalist or rebel forces, caused the tragedy. It mattered little; the United States marched toward war. On April 11, 1898, President McKinley asked for authorization to use military force to bring the Cuban situation to a conclusion. Congress obliged on April 19. When the president signed the declaration of war on April 25, war was declared to have existed since April 21. The declaration included the Teller Amendment that prevented the United States from annexing Cuba and sanctified its occupation only for the time necessary to put a functioning government in place. Any U.S. economic designs upon Cuba were checked by the Foraker Amendment that denied the occupying U.S. military government from granting any concessions for any business, mining, or infrastructure pursuits during the period of occupation. From all appearances the United States embarked on a moral crusade.
The U.S. portion of the war was short, technically four months. Hostilities officially ended in a White House ceremony on August 12, 1898. The U.S. suffered more casualties from yellow fever than in battle. Peace negotiations began in Paris on October 1 and the final accord, signed on December 10, 1898, granted to the United States the Philippine Islands, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba, but the latter for only long enough to prepare it for independence. In addition Spain absorbed Cuba's $400 million debt, giving the new nation the opportunity to start with a clean slate.
The U.S. military occupation of Cuba began January 1, 1899, and lasted until May 20, 1902. First under the direction of General John R. Brooke and subsequently General Leonard Wood, the U.S. military directed sweeping infrastructure, and sanitation and health programs, including the containment of the deadly yellow fever disease. U.S.-based education and judicial systems were introduced. But when it came to implementing a democratic government, Wood, his advisors, and Washington, D.C., policymakers concluded that the legacies of four hundred years of Spanish occupation left the masses of Cubans, meaning Afro-Cubans, incapable of understanding, much less practicing, the principles of democratic government. While the criollos were capable, they would need long-term supervision, a conclusion that led Wood to insure that the "better classes" controlled government and for U.S. policymakers to grant Cuba its independence in 1902 only if the Platt Amendment became part of the Cuban constitution. The Cuban ruling class paid a heavy price. It reluctantly accepted the Platt Amendment that granted the United States control over its fiscal and monetary matters and foreign policy, limited its international debt, and granted the right to intervene when political stability was threatened.
U.S. policy toward Cuba paralleled its circum-Caribbean policy for the first thirty years of the twentieth century. It sought to bring democratic government to countries plagued by the legacies of Spanish colonialism. Government instability in one country could spill over into another; fiscal irresponsibility made possible foreign intervention to collect debts. In both instances the security of the Panama Canal was at stake. Despite the work of Charles Magoon and Enoch Crowder, the United States achieved little in Cuba by 1920. And like other U.S. interventions in the Caribbean—the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua—the U.S. search for political and fiscal stability provoked a sense of anti-American nationalism. Economic investments were one area where the North Americans did succeed. By the mid-1920s in Cuba, not only did the United States consume the majority of Cuban sugar and supply the island with almost all of its consumer goods, U.S. investors poured nearly $150 million into Cuban infrastructure: railroads, ports, warehouses, communications, water and sewerage, and tourism.
So pervasive was the U.S. presence in the Cuban economy that historian Leland Jenks entitled his 1928 book Our Cuban Colony. Clearly, on the eve of the Great Depression, Cuba had become economically dependent upon the United States, which, for all intents and purposes, appeared to support Cuba's established order. Cuban President Gerardo Machado acknowledged as much, when, at the 1928 Inter-American conference meeting in Havana, he spoke about the good that U.S. presence had done for Cuban development. Machado stood alone, however.
Other Latin American states spoke against U.S. interventionist policy at three other Inter-American conferences during the 1920s. A new generation of Cubans came of age during the 1920s, questioning not only the island's elite rulers but also the U.S. relationship. Their protests permeated Machado's presidency and contributed to his ouster in 1933. The call for withdrawal was equally widespread in the United States. The State Department recognized its failure to democratize the Caribbean nations. The Commerce Department argued that withdrawal from the region would contribute to an increase in hemispheric trade.
The lack of a European threat and the Democratic party's critique of intervention, together with these failures, contributed to President-elect Herbert Hoover's 1928 goodwill trip to Latin America and J. Rueben Clark's Memorandum on the Monroe Doctrine that denounced the Doctrine's Roosevelt Corollary. All of this led to the Good Neighbor policy enunciated by Secretary of State Cordell Hull at the Seventh International Conference of American States, meeting in Montevideo, Uruguay, in December 1933. Ironically the new U.S. policy was announced between the military's installation of socialist Ramón Grau Martín on September 10, 1933, and his ouster by the military on January 14, 1934. Army Sergeant Fulgencio Batista installed the socialist Grau Martín in Cuba's presidential palace, and with encouragement and approval from Franklin Delano Roosevelt's special emissary, Sumner Welles, and minister, Jefferson Caffrey, removed Grau Martín from office. From 1934 until his own election in 1940, Batista manipulated the presidency to his own advantage. He oversaw the writing of a new constitution in 1940, considered the most progressive in Latin America at the time. Batista curried favor with the United States, signing a Reciprocal Trade Treaty and agreeing to abrogate the Platt Amendment in 1934 and being one of the few to support the U.S. search for prewar hemispheric defense. When war erupted on December 7, 1941, Batista became an ardent supporter of the Allied cause and gave the United States free use of its territory for defense purposes. Economically the Cuban sugar growers benefitted immensely. With other sources of raw sugar—Eastern Europe, the Ukraine, and Southeast Asia were lost to the battlefield—the United States annually purchased the entire Cuban sugar crop for distribution to the Allied countries.
But all was not well in Cuba. As world sugar supplies returned to the global market in 1947 and 1948, the global demand for Cuban sugar significantly dropped. Rather than accept a series of U.S. grants and loans to diversify the Cuban economy, the sugar growers, refiners, and those in ancillary enterprises joined with communist national representatives to reject the U.S. largesse with assertions that it was just another way for the United States to assert its control over Cuba. The ever growing middle sector that benefitted from U.S. economic presence increasingly demanded honest elections, a free and democratic government and justice system, and an end to corruption, all legitimate. After 1948 the public outcry against the self-serving elitist government intensified. Fearing government collapse and possible anarchy, a group of army officers persuaded Batista to return to Cuba from Daytona Beach, Florida, where he had gone following the 1944 presidential contest. When Batista recognized that he could not win the 1954 presidential election, he engineered a coup d'état on March 10, 1952. He instituted six years of autocratic and brutal rule that sent Cuba down the road to revolution. The U.S. embassy in Havana reported on these events, but little more.
When the Eisenhower administration began in January 1953, Cuba was no more than a distant concern. The administration sought only to maintain Cuba's share of the sugar quota as a means to stave off political instability. Arthur Gardner, a political appointee, served as U.S. ambassador to Cuba during Eisenhower's first presidential term. He established a close and friendly relationship with Batista and ignored the State Department's instructions to establish contacts with his opponents. Gardner and his embassy staff consistently underestimated Fidel Castro's significance and the extent of the opposition to Batista. Others shared Gardner's positive view of Batista, including Vice President Richard M. Nixon, who, during his visit to Havana in February 1955, publically compared Batista to Abraham Lincoln and reported to Eisenhower that Castro was a remarkable man interested solely in Cuba's development. A Wall Street banker with no international experience, Earl E. T. Smith replaced Gardner in June 1957. He mistrusted the embassy staff and, fearing a public rebuke from Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, prevented critical analysis of Batista from reaching the State Department.
Meanwhile Castro continued to make strides and appeared to have a large and vibrant fighting force, as his interviews in February 1958 with New York Times reporter Herbert Matthews revealed. The Cuban response to the Matthews' interviews startled the unprepared Washington policymakers. Eisenhower responded by cutting Cuba from the U.S. Military Assistance Program (MAP). But Smith refused the State Department's instructions to establish contact with moderate opposition groups and, until his resignation in January 1959, he continued to identify Castro as a communist. After March 1958 opposition to Batista intensified and became violent, particularly Batista's punishment of dissidents, real or imagined. By December 1958 Batista's demise was apparent, but Eisenhower hoped to save the country from Castro when he dispatched William Pawley on a secret mission to Havana. When Batista refused to compromise, the United States stepped away. Isolated and devoid of support, in the early morning hours of January 1, 1959, Batista, along with several close advisors, fled to the Dominican Republic.
During the two remaining years of the Eisenhower administration, events on both sides of the Florida Straits led U.S. policymakers to conclude that Castro was indeed a communist and that he stood as a threat to western hemispheric security. This premise became the basis of U.S. policy toward Cuba for the next 50 years.
During his visit to the United States in April 1959, Castro announced that Cuba would be open to all and not reliant upon one country; he promised democracy with opportunity for all, along with economic and social development. Castro met privately with Vice President Nixon, who could not determine if Castro was a communist but said that he was naïve enough to fall victim to it. For sure Castro's actions on the island defied his rhetoric. Batistianos and other members of the Cuban elite were immediately executed after mock trials; elections were postponed, Castro consolidated his political power, rents and salaries came under government control, and agricultural lands were confiscated. For sure Castro established a brutal dictatorship, but events in 1960 made him a communist in the eyes of U.S. policymakers. On February 4, 1960, Soviet Deputy Premier Anastas Mikoyan arrived in Havana to open an exposition of Soviet consumer goods, but in reality he came to conclude a trade agreement with the Cuban government. The agreement provided Cuba with a twelve-year $100 million credit to purchase Soviet-made consumer items, construction materials, and machinery. In return the Soviets agreed to purchase five million tons of Cuban sugar for five years.
U.S. policymakers and the public recoiled at the Soviet presence. In the spring of 1960 U.S. policy response hardened. In March Eisenhower gave the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) permission to plan for training a Cuban-exile brigade to invade the island. The belief was that a popular uprising against Castro would follow. John F. Kennedy learned of the plan following his November 1960 presidential election. He hesitantly approved the plan only a month before the April 1961 invasion and when it took place, he failed to approve the necessary protective air cover; without it, the invasion quickly collapsed. The international prestige that the Bay of Pigs fiasco cost Kennedy in 1961 was regained as a result of the October 1962 missile crisis. The Soviets placed intermediate range missiles in Cuba beginning in June 1962, not to defend Cuba as Castro believed, but to gain a sense of geopolitical balance with the United States. Premier Nikita Khrushchev reasoned that Soviet missiles within striking range of major U.S. east coast cities counterbalanced the U.S. missiles in western Europe aimed at the Soviet Union. Castro learned a harsh lesson when the Soviet missiles were withdrawn. Cuba was little more than a pawn between the Cold War superpowers. As a result Castro distanced himself from Moscow until the near collapse of the Cuban economy in 1968. Kennedy, however, remained fixated on the Cuban leader and sought his removal through attempting assassination, the undermining of his authority, destroying his public image, and attempting to destroy the Cuban economy under Operation Mongoose, a CIA-implemented operation. President Lyndon B. Johnson cancelled the operation in 1964.
Eisenhower's second policy initiative took place in public—the Congress—during the spring of 1960. Congressional representatives expressed vehement opposition to Castro and, like members of the administration, argued that the island's economic strangulation would bring the desired political change. Toward that end congress approved the Sugar Act of 1960 that continued to secure a special place in the U.S. sugar market for another year, but with the proviso that the president could adjust the quota as the situation demanded. That "situation" came on June 29, 1960, when Castro, as he promised if the Sugar Act became U.S. law, nationalized U.S.-owned oil companies. A week later, on July 6, Eisenhower embargoed Cuban sugar for the remainder of the year. In turn Castro continued the nationalization of U.S. businesses. In response Eisenhower imposed a total embargo, except for food and medicine, on October 19, 1960. And before leaving office on January 20, 1961, Eisenhower severed U.S. diplomatic relations with Cuba. President Kennedy tightened the embargo with restrictions on travel and monetary remittances to the island. Responding to an anti-Castro public groundswell, Congress cooperated with legislation on September 4, 1960, that imposed a total trade embargo. Kennedy persuaded western European allies to curtail their shipping to Cuba and for Japan to find other sources to satisfy its demand for sugar. Finally, as a Marxist or Communist state, Kennedy made Cuba ineligible for assistance under the Alliance for Progress. President Lyndon B. Johnson continued the hard line when, in July 1964, he persuaded the Organization of American States (OAS) to expel Cuba and shut down trade with the island. He was not as successful in persuading western European allies to further curtail their shipping to Cuba. Still the measures had their cumulative effect, and when combined with Ernesto "Che" Guevara's failed economic policy, the Cuban economy faced total collapse by 1970.
Other factors contributed to a changing global policy toward Cuba. It's economic weakness spoke for itself and contributed to international criticism of the U.S. embargo. The war in Vietnam not only resulted in criticism of U.S. involvement both home and abroad but opened the debate about the righteousness of wars of national liberation, including Cuba. President Richard M. Nixon's visits to China and the Soviet Union in 1972, coupled with his disinterest in Latin America, contributed to changes in policy toward Cuba. The western Europeans expanded their trade; Japan, India, and Southeast Asian nations soon followed. Between 1971 and 1975 several Latin American nations ended their Cuban embargo and welcomed Cuba into Latin American economic organizations. Finally, at the 1975 OAS meeting in San José, Costa Rica, the hemispheric trade ban on Cuba was lifted, leaving each nation free to pursue its own course. Although the United States approved the measure, it continued its own embargo that remains in effect today. In fact George W. Bush further tightened the embargo in 2004, only to have restrictions on U.S. travel and remittances to Cuba loosened by President Barack Obama in 2010 and 2011.
Other significant bilateral issues included the migration of Cuban people to the United States. Initially the outmigration was dominated by the Cuban elite and middle sectors, who opposed the revolution. But Castro controlled the escape valve. Following the exodus of an estimated five thousand people by boat from the port city of Camarioca, Castro closed the door to the mass exodus of these people, whose professions were important economic assets, and instead agreed to regularly scheduled plane flights from Havana to Miami. Between 1965 and 1973 250,564 people escaped Cuba on these freedom flights. The 1980 Mariel Boatlift and the balseros in 1994 totaled 150,000 people who reached the United States. The exodus of these nonelites, largely people of color, was used by the U.S. press to illustrate the serious plight of socioeconomic conditions in Cuba.
Cuba's forays into global affairs were intended to strengthen Cuba's international image, but each instance produced the opposite impact. Clearly Cuban soldiers served Soviet interests in Africa from 1974 to 1977. Having just extricated itself from Vietnam, the United States could do little but protest. The ineptitude of Cuban military forces in Grenada during Operation Fury in 1983 weakened Cuba's prestige in the socialist world. And on two occasions the United States dealt directly with the Soviet Union to solve the crisis. In 1970 Secretary of State Henry Kissinger successfully challenged the Soviet construction of a submarine base at Cienfuegos, and in the 1980s the North Americans again negotiated an end to Soviet aid to the Nicaraguan Sandinistas, including Cuban military advisors, doctors, and other support personnel.
While Castro orchestrated a vociferous public outcry in the 1999–2000 crisis over Elián González, it was the United States that determined his fate. Found drifting alone at sea by Miami fishermen, the five-year-old Cuban boy was brought to Miami. According to U.S. policy at the time, he was entitled to U.S. citizenship, but the Clinton administration determined that the boy was better served by being returned to his father in Cuba. Castro claimed victory, but few outside Cuba believed him.
The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 brought new economic investors to Cuba and not the United States, but those investments slowed dramatically after September 11, 2001, and the subsequent global war on terror. The Cuban economy worsened to the degree that the government imported U.S. foodstuffs, beginning in 2002. Retired president and father of the Cuban Revolution, Fidel Castro admitted publicly in late 2010 that the communist model does not work. Castro also issued a rebuke of the Iranian regime and its Middle East policies that antagonize the United States. These statements, accompanied by President Raúl Castro's announcement that the one million state jobs would be eliminated and trade reforms would be pursued, suggested to many analysts that Cuba is reaching out to the United States as it had in 1963, 1964, 1977, 1981, and at various times in the 1990s. With the exception of Jimmy Carter, the previous efforts at rapprochement stumbled on issues dating to the 1959 Cuban Revolution. In the changed world of 2011, would they do so again?
See also Adams, John Quincy; Batista y Zaldívar, Fulgencio; Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1961; Castro Ruz, Fidel; Cuba, Rapprochement with the United States, 1960s–1990s; Cuba, U.S. Embargo of; Cuban Americans; Cuban Democracy Act, 1992 (United States); Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act, 1996 (United States); Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962; Cuban Revolution, 1956–1959, U.S. Policy toward; Dance of the Millions; Grau San Martín, Ramón; López, Narciso; Jefferson, Thomas; Louisiana Purchase, 1803; Monroe Doctrine; Platt, Orville; Soulé, Pierre; Spanish-Cuban-American War 1895–1898; U.S. circum-Caribbean Interventions, 1900–1934: Cuba
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- The United States and the Origins of the Cuban Revolution.Princeton, NJ: University of Princeton Press, 1990.
- The United States and Cuba: Hegemony and Dependent Development, 1880–1934. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977.
- Anatomy of a Filed Embargo: U.S. Sanctions against Cuba. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reiner, 1998.
- Secret Missions to Cuba: Fidel, Bernardo Benes and Cuban Miami. New York: Palgrave, 2002.
- Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire, 1854–1861. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1973.
- Imperial State and Revolution: The United States and Cuba, 1952–1986. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
- Unfinished Business: America and Cuba after the Cold War, 1989–2002. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
- The Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895–1898. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
- The United States and Cuba: Ties of Singular Intimacy. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990.
- Cuba between Empires, 1878–1902. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1983.
- Cuba under the Platt Amendment, 1902–1934. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1983.
- Cuba: Issues for the 111th Congress. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2010.
Full text Article Can sound be used as a weapon? 4 questions answered
Editor's note: Government and academic investigators continue to probe reports from Cuba that, starting in 2016 and continuing through 2017, U.S. and Canadian diplomats and tourists may have been subjected to a "sonic weapon," damaging their hearing, causing nausea, speech problems and potentially…continue
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On January 1, 1899, General John R. Brooke arrived in Havana, Cuba, to serve as chief administrator over the island. However, he arrived without...
Full text Article Introduction
Only ninety miles from Key West, Florida, the island of Cuba draws the attention of the United States for many reasons. Today, in south Florida...


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NEW YORK (MarketWatch) -- Chief executives running some of the world's largest publicly traded companies racked up double-digit raises in 2007 with a median total pay surpassing the $8.8 million mark, according to a new report from the Corporate Library.
Based on data culled from proxies filed through Oct. 25, CEOs of companies in the Standard & Poor's 500 index SPX, -0.08% received a median year-on year increase of more than 23%, the corporate advocacy group said. More broadly, CEOs saw a median increase of nearly 13%, falling short of last year's median grwoth rate of nearly 16%.
"While the latest figure confirms that the pace of growth continues to moderate, the level of increase is still very substantial," said Paul Hodgson, Corporate Library senior research associate.
Of the 30 highest-paid CEOs -- those with total compensation packages between $40 million and $322 million -- shareholders in their companies saw an average five-year total return in excess of 100%, Hodgson said.
"So it is unlikely that shareholders will be unhappy with their performance," he said.
However, several companies on the top-30 list have seen their gains sharply reduced this year or even completely wiped out, affecting shareholders invested in Countrywide Financial Corp. CFC, -2.68% and Bank of America Corp. BAC, -0.48%, among others.

subset: commoncrawl


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Ambitious plans to build a pedestrian bridge linking Falkirk Stadium with the Helix Park are back on the agenda.
Councillors have agreed to look again at the project which would give a safe crossing for pedestrians and cyclists at the Westfield roundabout.
A previous proposal for a futuristic walkway crashed when the funding was no longer available.
In February 2017 the council had to admit the planned 'skyway', which would have been the first of its kind in the UK, was no longer viable after Sustrans announced it would not provide any funding for the £6 million project.
This week, members of Falkirk Council's executive agreed to move ahead with drawing up plans for the proposed walkway which will also link up with Forth Valley College and the town centre.
It is part of the Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) initiative set up five years ago to develop infrastructure in the area.
Rhona Geisler, director of development services, said: "We have been working on a project to widen the A9 and A904 but it is more difficult for pedestrians to cross the road.
"There are 36,000 people alone walking from Falkirk Stadium to Helix Park each month."
Councillors heard the new bridge could be in place by as early as 2023.
Councillor David Alexander, said: "There are issues at the roundabout and the pedestrian crossings are completely inadequate.
"We need a design which is practical so the project can continue."
But not every councillor was impressed with the design.
Councillor Joan Coombes said: "It is a very ambitious project but I think the artist's impression of the bridge looks like a witches hat."


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The Art Of the Young.. (1959)
Film-document №5123 2 parts, Duration: 0:20:39 Price category A
Not Digitized
Availability of videosources
Needs clarification of possibility of digitizing in HD.
AnnotationAbout the performances of artists of various countries at the International Youth and Student Festival in Vienna.
Temporary descriptionSpeeches artisans: in sports, art. amateur, perform gymnastics, performed Azerbaijani song, dance shepherds dance "Russian Winter", the Moldovan song Moldovan dance, a Lithuanian dance fishermen, Ukrainian dance, Georgian dance, dance Belorussian, Uzbek dance.
Reel №1
The address of artists from different countries at the International Youth Festival in Vienna.


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This spring, the Sidney Business Improvement Area is hoping to help keep shoppers a little drier while also promoting the town.
The SBIA recently started an umbrella share program which has seen 24 umbrellas with the Distinctly Sidney branding on them distributed to local merchants.
Another 24 are expected to be distributed soon, said Erin Bremner, a board member of the SBIA.
"The idea for the umbrella share program came from our BIA Member relations team Christine Ball and Susan Simosko," Bremner explained.
"The program is not only a way to offer a small but useful service to our customers and clients in Sidney but it's also a way to give our BIA members something tangible to recognize us by."
Bremner said the BIA hopes that even a small project like the umbrella share program will leave a lasting impression on visitors to Sidney.
"We pride ourselves on Sidney having the small town feel and this type of program really enhances that," she said, adding the umbrellas are already out there in businesses for people to use.
"They are free for people to use and the program is based on the honour system. Customers or clients can pick them up in one place and drop them off at another when they are finished. We hope the umbrella share offers that little level of service that leaves a lasting impression on people, especially tourists" she said.
Bremner added that the umbrella share program, although small, is part of the group trying to increase the BIA's prominence with business owners in Sidney.
"The hope is that we will be able to walk into a business and the owners and employees will already know about the BIA and the Distinctly Sidney brand."


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Madre de Dios – 'Mother of God' – is a place where the Andean Cloud Forest intermingles with the steaming tropical jungle at the head of the Amazon river. Here can be found the greatest proliferation of living species that has ever existed on Earth, ever. And it is a place which is now under grave threat.
Paul Rosolie has travelled to the very heart of this wilderness in search of rare flora and fauna. His adventures – with giant anacondas, huge cayman, the mighty jaguar and one very small anteater – are by turn thrilling, terrifying and revelatory. Paul crosses some of the world's harshest terrain and encounters some of its most extreme weather conditions. He battles with life-threatening tropical diseases and the extreme mental challenges presented by being alone in the heart of the jungle.
Mother of God is an astonishing tale of adventure and survival, set in one of the world's few remaining truly wild places. It's a story of nature, red in tooth and claw, and how we must both respect its awesome power and protect its extraordinary glory.
Mother of God: An Extraordin..
Rosolie, Paul
Mother of God: One Man's Jou..
When Breath Becomes Air
Paul Kalanithi
Kalanithi, Paul
The Diary of a Young Girl
Frank, Anne
Dying to be Me: My Journey from Cancer, to Ne..
Anita Moorjani
Princess: The True Story of Life Inside Saudi..
Sasson, Jean
Eat, Pray, Love: One Woman's Search for Every..
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A Work in Progress: A Memoir
Franta, Connor
Escape from Camp 14
Harden, Blaine
A Stolen Life: A Memoir
Dugard, Jaycee
When Breath Becomes Air [Deckle-Edge]


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The slightest distraction to the concentration required by a gamer can cause them to make wrong moves. PC gaming is mostly stationery and the gamer will stay on their seat for a long time. Diabetes and anxiety are some of the medical problems that can result from sitting on the same position for hours. Back pains could also occur if your sitting posture is not good. It is therefore important for gamers to choose the best gaming computer desk. If you are about to buy a computer desk, the following tips will come in handy.
The size of the desk is an important factor to consider when buying a computer desk. Buy a desk that will be accommodated by the size of your room. The size of the room should be able to accommodate both the desk and the seat. Factor in your size too when choosing an appropriate desk size. A small desk is not ideal for you if you are tall. Small desks will squeeze and force you to bend. In the same way, do not buy a high desk if you are short. A short person will have problems reaching equipment on a high desk.
The shape is another factor to put into consideration when buying a gaming computer desk. Straight, U-shaped and L-shaped are the shapes in which gaming computer desks come in. The shape that you choose will mainly be determined by serious a gamer you are. A classic straight desk is good enough for casual gaming. If you are a serious gamer, choose an L or U shaped desk. There is more space on the U and L shaped desks where you can place more than one monitor. Since you will be seated for a long time, you can place the items you need on the extra desk space.
Consider the shelf space before buying a computer desk. Apart for the main desk surface, shelves are important for keeping other useful items. Do not buy a desk that does not have enough shelf space for all your items.
The durability of the gaming computer desk is perhaps the most important factor to consider when buying. You do not want to keep repairing or replacing your desk very often. The desk you buy should be strong enough to hold your equipment. Be sure to check the strength of the material used before buying the desk.
Another thing you will take into consideration is the style of the desk. The desk should be in a style that fits well with the walls and the furniture in your home.
Using the above considerations, you will be able to buy the best gaming computer desk. You can get more advice by visiting computer desk guru.


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By Stephen M., PhD Younger
A former nuclear guns clothier, Stephen M. more youthful is familiar with, as few others can, humankind's capability for violence. He is familiar with that the proliferation of guns of mass destruction implies that any state, team, or maybe person may cause unbelievable carnage—and the accelerating speed of communications and transportation implies that issues can ensue speedier than we will take into consideration them. In Endangered Species, more youthful friends into the guts of contemporary civilization to offer a realistic plan for finishing mass violence, the scourge of our occasions and a risk to our survival as a species. taking a look throughout our wisdom of psychology, heritage, politics, and expertise, more youthful provides a resounding argument that we will be able to break out our spiral into worldwide destruction. yet we've not a second to lose.
Read or Download Endangered Species: How We Can Avoid Mass Destruction and Build a Lasting Peace PDF
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UN Peacekeeping: Myth and Reality
During this booklet, Andrzej Sitkowski confronts uncomplicated peacekeeping myths. First, the idea that peacekeeping is break free peace enforcement blurs this distinction and undermines the viability of peacekeeping operations. Secondly, it really is generally believed that the peacekeepers are allowed to use strength simply in self-defense and absence the authorization to take advantage of it in protecting UN protection Councils mandates.
Does women's participation in nation-building make a distinction to the post-conflict trajectories of very unstable societies? girls and Nation-Building offers compelling findings for policymakers, practitioners, and students excited by either the educational and pragmatic implementation of an engendered method of nation-building.
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Extra info for Endangered Species: How We Can Avoid Mass Destruction and Build a Lasting Peace
Sample text
To simplify things, a "big man" was appointed to shepherd the group through difficult times and to represent the group in negotiations with other groups. The position was intended to be temporary but, human nature being what it is, the difficult times became frequent enough to require a fulltime leader. ) But this leads to a delicate problem: If a permanent leader is needed, 42 || ENDANGERED SPECIES how should that leader be chosen and how should challenges to his leadership be handled? Having constant fights about who would be the big man would be worse than having no leader at all.
The founders of the United States struggled to create a management system that avoided the problems encountered by past democracies. Recognizing the dangers of too much power in too few hands, they purposefully divided power not just between a ruler and a parliament, but between three components: the administrative, legislative, and judiciary branches. The administration was designed to run the country, to provide the type of central leadership that is effective at getting things done. The legislative branch, itself divided into two parts, was given the power to make the laws that governed both the people and the administration.
However, the urge to do better than other people continues to be a potent driver of human action. There is social status to be gained do our genes condemn us to war? || 37 from competition and a concomitant sense of self-worth. If there is no real need to compete, we will create one. How much do we spend on clothes, luxury cars, or homes? Some business leaders work to beat the competition long after they have accumulated more money than they will ever spend. Most of us actually enjoy competition for its own sake; we like to win.


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Photos for some early Family Camps in NSW
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This page should be operational in a few days time. If you would like to be informed when the photos are available here, please email us.
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Two men have been hospitalised with serious burns following a suspicious house fire in Sydney's west.
Police say they found the Pemulwuy home well alight around 11.30am on Saturday and two men who suffered burns.
A CareFlight spokesman said one of the man, believed to be in his 30s, was taken to the Royal North Shore Hospital in a critical condition.


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John Stuart Mill, the Man
John Stuart Mill, the Man
At ten o'clock on a May morning in 1823 John Stuart Mill, just turned eighteen, walked down Leadenhall Street in the City of London together with his father. It was with great bitterness that he entered the venerable building: India House, seat of the East India Company, which held the monopoly for the trade with, and ruled over, India. The elder Mill was a high executive of the Company.
John was familiar enough with 'I.H.' from the outside: a long, two-storey block of classical design and proportions, with regular high sash-windows, the pillared portico of the centre surmounted by the figure of a plump Neptune. But now they passed by the uniformed porter in his cocked hat, walked along a long dark passage and up two shallow flights of well-worn stairs. Through the messengers' small ante-room, where tea was being prepared at all times, they entered the long clerks' room. As they walked along the matted passage, his father took him into one booth after another adjoining the high windows and introduced him to his future colleagues. The cubicle nearest the door belonged to the youngest clerk: this was to be John's.
The young men looked him over with guarded interest. Not only was it intended that John was to be trained up as an early successor to one of the heads of the Company; but the unusual . . .


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Kid Ink Reveals 'My Own Lane' Album Tracklist
Kid Ink will enter 2014 on a high note. The Los Angeles native is set to release his debut album, 'My Own Lane,' on Jan. 7. The rapper just revealed the tracklist for the effort and it features plenty of top-notch artists.
On the 13-song collection (17 if you cop the deluxe version), Kid Ink's good friend Chris Brown appears twice -- on the previously released single, 'Show Me' and 'Main Chick.'
Other artists featured on the album include Pusha T on 'Murda,' Elle Varner and MGK on 'No Miracles' and Maejor Ali on 'I Don't Care.'
The deluxe edition also features Kid Ink's anthems 'Bad Ass,' featuring Meek Mill and Wale, and 'Bossin' Up, featuring A$AP Ferg, from his 'Almost Home' EP.
In our exclusive interview with Kid Ink, the tattooed rhymer is confident that he will make a big impact when his album hits stores at the top of the 2014. He believes that his supportive fan base will carry him through next year.
"The dopest thing is that... a lot of the artists people didn't think were good-selling artists have been selling more records than expected," he explains. "Whether it be J. Cole selling more than Kanye West, things are going platinum and there's people who don't even have a lot of radio support selling a lot of records. It just inspires me to release an album and know that I can work on a core fan base. The grind: Just make good music and it translates."
'My Own Lane' Tracklist
1. 'Hello World'
2. 'The Movement'
3. 'Show Me' feat. Chris Brown
4. 'Iz U Down'
5. 'We Just Came to Party'
6. 'Main Chick' feat. Chris Brown
7. 'No Option'
8. 'Murda' feat. Pusha T
9. 'Rollin''
10. 'Tattoo Of My Name'
11. 'No Miracles' feat. Elle Varner & MGK
12. 'I Don't Care' feat. Maejor Ali
13. 'More Than A King'
Deluxe Edition Tracks:
14. 'Star Player'
15. 'My System'
16. 'Bad Ass' feat. Meek Mill & Wale
17. 'Bossin'' Up feat. A$AP Ferg


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Scholarly Works (1 results)
Peer Reviewed
Subgroup-specific prognostic implications of TP53 mutation in medulloblastoma
Zhukova, N
Ramaswamy, V
Remke, M
Pfaff, E
Shih, DJH
Martin, DC
Castelo-Branco, P
Baskin, B
Ray, PN
Bouffet, E
Von Bueren, AO
Jones, DTW
Northcott, PA
Kool, M
Sturm, D
Pugh, TJ
Pomeroy, SL
Cho, YJ
Pietsch, T
Gessi, M
Rutkowski, S
Bognar, L
Klekner, A
Cho, BK
Kim, SK
Wang, KC
Eberhart, CG
Fevre-Montange, M
Fouladi, M
French, PJ
Kros, M
Grajkowska, WA
Gupta, N
Weiss, WA
Hauser, P
Jabado, N
Jouvet, A
Jung, S
Kumabe, T
Lach, B
Leonard, JR
Rubin, JB
Liau, LM
Massimi, L
Pollack, IF
Ra, YS
Van Meir, EG
Zitterbart, K
Schüller, U
Hill, RM
Lindsey, JC
Schwalbe, EC
Bailey, S
Ellison, DW
Hawkins, C
Malkin, D
Clifford, SC
Korshunov, A
Pfister, S
Taylor, MD
Tabori, U
et al.
UCLA Previously Published Works
© 2013 by American Society of Clinical Oncology. Purpose: Reports detailing the prognostic impact of TP53 mutations in medulloblastoma offer conflicting conclusions. We resolve this issue through the inclusion of molecular subgroup profiles. Patients and Methods: We determined subgroup affiliation, TP53 mutation status, and clinical outcome in a discovery cohort of 397 medulloblastomas. We subsequently validated our results on an independent cohort of 156 medulloblastomas. Results: TP53 mutations are enriched in wingless (WNT; 16%) and sonic hedgehog (SHH; 21%) medulloblastomas and are virtually absent in subgroups 3 and 4 tumors (P < .001). Patients with SHH/TP53 mutant tumors are almost exclusively between ages 5 and 18 years, dramatically different from the general SHH distribution (P < .001). Children with SHH/TP53 mutant tumors harbor 56% germline TP53 mutations, which are not observed in children with WNT/TP53 mutant tumors. Five-year overall survival (OS; ± SE) was 41% ± 9% and 81% ± 5% for patients with SHH medulloblastomas with and without TP53 mutations, respectively (P < .001). Furthermore, TP53 mutations accounted for 72% of deaths in children older than 5 years with SHH medulloblastomas. In contrast, 5-year OS rates were 90% ± 9% and 97% ± 3% for patients with WNT tumors with and without TP53 mutations (P = .21). Multivariate analysis revealed that TP53 status was the most important risk factor for SHH medulloblastoma. Survival rates in the validation cohort mimicked the discovery results, revealing that poor survival of TP53 mutations is restricted to patients with SHH medulloblastomas (P = .012) and not WNT tumors. Conclusion: Subgroup-specific analysis reconciles prior conflicting publications and confirms that TP53 mutations are enriched among SHH medulloblastomas, in which they portend poor outcome and account for a large proportion of treatment failures in these patients.


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Low cost Pores and skin Care Merchandise
What are skin lotion secrets and techniques for stunning pores and skin? By 50, there is a drastic drop in hormones because of menopause, and the pure indicators of growing older are clear (hey, just a few wrinkles are an indication of a life nicely lived!). As hormone levels drop, collagen production slows drastically,†says Dr. Russak. Moisturize properly and hydrate continually to assist pores and skin retain its elasticity, bounce, and radiance.†At this level, it is also time to back off some of the harsher treatments like retinol and focus on putting moisture back into the pores and skin—and remember to make use of SPF day-after-day.
Within the phrases of Miss Moss, Vi-Fusion Essence is wonderful, your skin simply drinks itâ€, and that's because it is a hybrid of two of Japan's most popular remedies – a serum and a lotion in a single. Utilizing onsen water from geo-thermal volcanic springs, it infuses pores and skin with very important minerals – together with magnesium and potassium – to revitalise, rebuild, and renew.
You should definitely observe the instructions which can be specified on the back of moisturizer field or jar for finest outcomes and remember that not all moisturizers are created equal. Some of them have particular instructions and are designed to deal with completely different skin conditions so be sure you learn the label rigorously. Some moisturizers have natural oils, vitamins, lipids, and different substances which can be designed to easy and beautify your skin. Be warned that chemical substances have been added to other moisturizer lotions and these must be strictly prevented.
Increasingly as we get older, our skin begins to thin out and stretch as collagen fibres lose their elasticity, the skin starts to lose its ability to restore itself and may not retain moisture … Read More...


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Posts Tagged 'internet marketing and traditional marketing'
5 Differences between Internet Marketing and "Traditional" Marketing
The secret to effective Internet marketing is simple. It's even rooted to traditional marketing principles that have been used for decades. It is all about knowing your audience, targeting them, and making sure that your branding or corporate identity shines through, such that your website serves as the central hub and an extension of your advertising campaign. Online marketing is essentially yet another new medium no different from television marketing, print ad marketing, banner marketing, poster and flyer marketing, and so forth. As with any advertising and promotion medium, you need to adjust and familiarize yourself with the norms and quirks of dealing with online promotional tactics specifically.
- Putting your marketing directly into the hands of the online marketer is now possible thanks to the simplification of the marketing process through the Internet. You now have direct control over how your campaign will be run because there are fewer middlemen to deal with. Unlike with television, wherein you have to pay for competitive time slots and whatnot, online advertising and promotions allows you to compete without having to pay for an arm and a leg and without dealing with the capriciousness of channels or show runners.
- You'll also deal with fewer people online when marketing compared to when you're advertising via newspapers (editors and whatnot), posters and print ads (poster makers, the people running the printing press), banners (you have to deal with your local municipal government to get clearance for the billboard you're putting up as well as pay ad space from the ones who made those high banners in the first place), and so on and so forth. Online promotions are more direct and in-your-face, in a sense. The amount of control you have over these marketing tools is part of what makes them so special and sought after, aside from the fact that they're cost-effective to boot.
- At any rate, the components of Internet marketing are as follows. First, there's the blog. It's the part of your campaign that enables you to share information and data to your consumers in a personal level to earn their trust. Blogs are no longer simply a means to give out updates. They can also be used to house interesting articles, tips and guides, and other relevant industry information for business promotion. You can use it to deliver your advertising copy or subtly inform your readers about what's going on in your site. Meanwhile, the social network serves as your means of spreading your marketing and advertising in a viral manner among a significant user base.
- To take advantage of your social network marketing, you'll need to do as the Romans do and fit in with the environment you're in. If you're in Twitter, learn to use the hashtag; if you're in Facebook, regularly comment on Facebook updates or share relevant information among your fan page followers. The reason for this is because it's the nature of social networks to measure popularity by follower, friends, or circle counts; the more connections you have, the more chances you have of promoting your wares to a given social media site, whether it's Facebook, Google+, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Tumblr, Pinterest, Plurk, Reddit, and so forth.
- Your website is what you should make use of to bring all these elements of advertising and promotions together. If you have a blog, its main purpose is to essentially bring avid readers and researchers to your website to see if they're also interested in purchasing your goods or services. If you have a social media account, the bottom line of having one is to make them visit your site or at least be aware of your brand and corporate identity. Every last marketing component are mere extensions of the promotional central hub known as your website.
About the Author:
Colin comes from a family of marketing experts so it's not surprising to see his success in the field of online marketing and advertising. He now runs his own agency. To know more about him visit his blog.
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OFIS Arhitekti Combines 'Living Units' for Pop-Up Library in Slovenia
Last year we featured the awesome 'Climber's Cabin' by Slovenian architects OTIS architekti, which consisted of 9 'beds' and offered 360-degree views over the Slovenian and Italian mountain ranges. This year, OFIS are back and they're offering views again with the 'Living Units' library pop-up in Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Like all great pieces of structural design it seems, the modular 'Living Units' concept was first unveiled by OFIS arhitekti at Milan Design Week earlier this year. Each structure is essentially a small living space that can be reconfigured and combined with multiple other units to create a bigger space – such as this pop-up library in Ljubljana.
Located at the Slovenian capital's Castle, each pod in the temporary 'Living Units' space features an area for local visitors and tourists to read, while soaking up the incredible sweeping views of the city offered up by the large glass windows in every module.
OFIS arhitekti worked in collaboration with fellow architects C+C and C28 for the 'Living Units', as well as engineering firm AKT and contractor Permiz. Though originally designed as prototypes for modular homes, the pop-ups are now being used regularly for other purposes in a variety of locations, climates and terrains.
Each of the modules measures in at 2.5m wide, 4.5m long and 2.7m high. They are designed to work as a single cell, with amazingly enough room inside for a bed, kitchen and bathroom. They can be reconfigured when used in combination, so the sleeping areas are separated from the kitchen and lounge.
Head over to the OFIS Website to see more of their recent projects.


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Medium Seed Paper Product Tags
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- Review by Emilio SGreat news that I can incorporate an earth-friendly awareness with tags that are necessary for my product identification.
- Review by Iris MThese tags are a great way to "go green". Perfect for my company! They are shipped and ordered with zero hassle! This company is really top tier! Thank you CEP!
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Plantable Medium Seed Paper Product Tags
|Medium Seed Paper Product Tags
|4" H x 2" W
|Available Colors
|Includes Full Color Imprint
|Imprint Area
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|Key Features
- Review by Felicia C
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Meet the Medium Seed Paper Product Tags collection from Custom Earth Promos. These eco-friendly tags are infused with our top performing wildflower seed mix and ready to plant, featuring a die-cut hole at the top. Orders include full-color printing on one side. A double-sided printing option is also available. We proudly provide several optional add-ons such as ribbons, cellophane wrap and eyelets to guarantee an order blueprint that complements your current campaign and embodies your brand aesthetic with every detail. We offer 4 printing methods to choose from, each which renders their own specific style. One of our in-house design experts will work with you to build an order using the optimal printing method and product customizations, based on your communicated goals, time restrictions, and desired style.
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|Additional Details
Medium Seed Paper Product Tags can be used to help promote your "green" products or to publicize your brand's eco-friendly initiatives in style. Seed paper begins as a pulp, hand-crafted from 100% post-consumer recycled paper that is guaranteed to be free of any dyes or chemicals. The pulp is then infused with a diverse assortment of our hardy, top performing blend of wildflower seeds. To ensure successful germination, we use only the best quality wildflower seeds available.


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Green glass lens mounted in nickel-plated ring with handle inscribed Flenos, Bickerton collection, English (?), 1891-1930
- Category:
- Ophthalmology
- Object Number:
- Materials:
- glass, metal (nickel plated)
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In this video, Vint Cerf describes the shared vision of the People Centered Internet (PCI) and the Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC) to coordinate complementary efforts in helping people develop and use more Internet infrastructure in underserved and unconnected areas around the world. Our goal is to connect people.
Video credit: Andrew Kirkpatrick, Digital Media Developer for the Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC).
If you liked this article, you can follow us on Twitter and Facebook for more updates.


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The 3 bedrooms and the living-dinning room are facing south and have a view onto the garden, the meadows and the hills, beyond the valleys of the Bieu and the Sée.
Each bedroom has a bathroom with toilets. On the first floor, Saint-Petersburg and Lanzarote bedrooms are double rooms. Situated on the second floor, Brussels bedroom is ideal for a family with four beds (one bed for two and two single beds).
The living-dinning room has a large table for breakfast and dinner of the guest table. There is also a lounge corner with a bookcase and an insert fireplace we light during the season.
« Travelling Books »: our librairy is also your's! If you begin to read a novel during your stay in our guesthouse, take it away, finish it when you like and share it with your friends!
In the garden there are many different trees, shrubs and flowers. Lovers of peace and quiet will envoy the garden and it's pergola, while drinking a cup of tea ou a glass of apple juice. The terrace in front of the house is perfect for taking breakfast during the season. In our small pond, which collects rain water, you will find different plants and some goldfishes.
Located at the entrance of the garden, our kitchen garden and our orchard produce fruits and vegetables which are cooked and served to our guests. Gardening and arboriculture are environment friendly.
Parking is available inside the property. A bicycle and motorcycle shed can be used.
For dinner (on option and with a reservation) you might choose our guest table menu » on Thursday, Friday and Saturday nights (three course meal including aperitif, starter, main dish, dessert, cider and hot drink) and our « assiette goumande » on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday nights (including aperitif, gourmet plate, dessert and cider).
On a welcome tray you will find tea, coffee and biscuits.
All the products we serve come from our garden, local farmers or shops specialised in organic food.
For lovers of interesting or unusal sights, it will be possible to discover abbeys (The Mont Saint Michel, the Lucerne d'Outremer, Hambye, Lessay,…), the collegiate church and the waterfalls in Mortain, the brassware workshop and the bell foundry in Villedieu-les-Poêles,…
There is a festival for each music lover : « Papillons de Nuit » in Saint Laurent des Cuves in May/June, « Jazz sous les pommiers » in Coutances in May, « Heures musicales » of Lessay abbey in July/August, « Via Aeterna » in the Mont Saint Michel bay in September,…
Families will enjoy visiting the zoo of Champrepus and the Magical Village (le Village Enchanté) in Bellefontaine.


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The price of fighting climate change in South Florida has so far focused largely on the billions needed to install pumps, raise roads and retrofit the sprawling infrastructure that keeps the region above sea level. But South Florida might already have a valuable weapon that for ages has been sucking up carbon and keeping the planet cool: mangrove wetlands in the Everglades.
To figure out just how valuable, scientists crunched some numbers to assign a price tag to Everglades National Park's mangroves. It turned out way bigger than anyone thought.


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Displaying 1 - 20 of 24. Refine search.
The living wall at the Matthaei Botanical Gardens aims to use space creatively and promote vertical gardening techniques while demonstrating sustainable architecture that can reduce carbon emissions and purify the air. After its completion, visitors will be able to observe how solar pumps and rainwater catchments conserve water in this sustainable art installation.
Student Lead: Shawn Farrell
Administrative Support: Professor Robert Grese, Theodore Roosevelt Chair of Ecosystem Management, Director, Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum
Food Recovery Network's project aims to to recover food from Martha Cook, Oxford, and other dining halls on campus by buying refrigerators and coolers to keep the food cool before recoveries. The PBSIF grant will allow FRN to begin recovering food from every dining hall on campus in the next year.
This project will help reduce the amount of food wasted on campus, decreasing the carbon footprint of the university, and work towards the university wide sustainability goals. Food waste contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, and while Michigan Dining has made great strides to handle post-consumer food waste through composting and other efforts, Food Recovery Network helps reduce waste on a pre-consumer level. This project will help Michigan Dining comply with the EPA's Food Recovery hierarchy model by helping feed hungry people with the unused food. FRN continues to transform the way communities view and handle surplus food with hopes that food recovery will become as commonplace as recycling.
Student Team: Anne Grech, Jenna Endsley, Jenny Pieczynski, Max Gaegauf, Jordan Priest, Sachie Kakehi, Monica Nedeltchev, and Josh Kim.
The University of Michigan Strawbale Project at the Campus Farm is an off-grid strawbale building that will embrace natural building techniques, emphasize experiential learning, and expand sustainable food operations. This project will take place at the Matthaei Botanical Gardens in May of 2018 and will be the first permanent student-constructed building on the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor campus. The building will be constructed by a combination of Program in the Environment, College of Engineering, Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, and Stamps School of Art & Design students who are enrolled in either a 300 level or 400 level green building course. This building will serve as the heart of the University of Michigan Campus Farm and provide a multi-functional space for students, volunteers, public visitors, and members of the U-M community. The building will provide a number of different uses including a location for hosting events, a lunchroom, meeting space, weather shelter, and an exhibition space intended to educate visitors about sustainability and natural building. Ultimately, the University of Michigan Strawbale Project at the Campus Farm will act as a benchmark, setting the standard for sustainability efforts and engaged learning practices at the University of Michigan.
Student Team: Margaret Lemak, Ian Crowley, Kingsli Kraft, Lian Wardrop, Rachel Beglin, Kate Samra, Connor Kippe, Lauren Hoff, Aaron Brodkey, Sara Farooqui, Wendy Zhuo, and Jennifer Siciliano.
Administrative Support: Joseph Trumpey, Associate Professor, School of Art & Design; Bob Grese, Professor, Theodore Roosevelt Chair in Ecosystem Management and Director of the Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum; Jeremy Moghtader, U-M Campus Farm Manager; Alex Bryan, U-M Sustainable Food Program Manager
The primary vision of this project is to power lamp posts around central campus with renewable energy. Long term, the team hopes to increase student awareness of sustainability initiatives and contribute to changing the campus culture around sustainability.
Student Team: Matthew Spinelli, Katherine Mather, Alexander Wood, Allison Carroll, Joseph Taylor, and Charlotte Allen.
Administrative Support: Adam Simon, Associate Professor of Environment; Andy Berki, Office of Campus Sustainability Director; Ken Keeler, Office of Campus Sustainability - Senior Sustainability Representative
The primary goal of the EVOLVE conference is to display to the University of Michigan how sustainability and climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies are essential considerations in everyone's careers and daily lives. On campus, concerns for the planet have been relegated to a periphery of students in the environmental sciences. This is a dangerous conclusion as the challenges of climate change will inevitably impact everyone. At this annual conference, students will discover how sustainability directly or indirectly applies to them. This will happen through a series of speakers, panel discussions, debates, and presentations from professionals. Top level business professionals, government officials, and renowned leaders will be brought in to urgently communicate the necessity of collective action in the face of climate change.
Student Team: Jack Hyland, Peter Dolan, Brooke Kahl, and Abby Potts
An insect operation that will raise black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), a non-pest type of fly native to tropical and temperate regions of the world. As the larvae consume organic waste from the campus and Ann Arbor community, the project facility will divert waste from landfills such as fruit and vegetable scraps and spent brewers grains. Moreover, it will serve as an educational initiative to showcase sustainable alternative food for students and Ann Arbor community members. The facility will generate 50 pounds of BSFL per month and in the process divert 500 pounds of local organic waste, preventing the equivalent of nearly 5 tons of C02 emissions per year that would be created by our community. Excess insects not utilized for programming and community outreach are sold as feed to the agricultural community to keep the operation running and to foster sustainable relations even off campus.
Student Team: Eric Katz, William Horne III, Jonathan Luthy, Robert Pigg, and Timothy Schumacher.
External Partners: Arbor Brewing Company, Kulisha, Mad Agriculture, International Centre of Insect Physiology, and Ecology, Washtenaw Food Hub, and the greater Washtenaw community.
The University of Michigan Campus Farm is a project of the University of Michigan Sustainable Food Program (UMSFP). The mission of UMSFP is to foster collaborative leadership that empowers students to create a sustainable food system at the U-M and become change agents for a vibrant planet. The Campus Farm provides a living-learning laboratory, offering educational resources for volunteers, classes and community members in organic farming, sustainability, small business practices and more. Fostering a culture of sustainability on campus, the Campus Farm reduces food waste, and delivers student-grown produce to campus dining locations.
A new partnership with Michigan Dining through Fields Café in Palmer Commons shows great promise. In order to effectively supply food to Fields Café during the academic year, the Campus Farm will need to both extend its growing season into the academic year as well as streamline delivery processes. We will explore the possibility of season extension of the Farm operations to increase faculty and student engagement during the fall and spring. This would provide more time for class visits and other engaged learning opportunities.
Student team: Jacob Grochowski, Nicholas Machinski.
Administrative Support: Robert Grese, M.S.L.A, Director, Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum, Professor of Landscape Architecture at University of Michigan SNRE; Catriona Mortell-Windecker, Academic Programs Team Lead, Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum.
Supporting Student Group: Cultivating Community, University of Michigan Sustainable Food Program.
With the rising costs of tuition and the inconvenience of local grocery stores, food insecurity for U-M students has significantly increased. Many students do not have the financial means to afford groceries from higher-priced food markets close to campus, nor the time for the 1.5-hour round-trip bus ride to a more affordable grocery store. The U-M campus and city area adjacent to campus has become a "food desert," with minimal and expensive options for students to purchase food.
Maize & Blue Cupboard is a student-run organization that addresses all levels of student food insecurity on campus by holding monthly food distributions. We believe all students, whether on a tight budget or physically restrained from getting to a grocery store, deserve access to healthy and affordable food. The Cupboard meets the needs of students by forming a complete sustainable circle of food waste. We source our food from Food Gatherers, a local food rescue organization, to create a path for food rescued from grocery stores to get into the hands of those who need it instead of it being wasted. Then, with any leftover food remaining, we continue its food rescue path to more people in need by donating the remainder of our food to Community Action Network.
Student Team: Zoe Hawtof, Michael Tang, Luke Shenton, Madeline Rabe, Anet Szatkowski, Forest Burczak.
Partner: Food Gatherers
Our project team will create a Living Learning Laboratory (LLL) to engage the U-M community in developing sustainable campus waste management solutions. Currently, U-M sends over 12,000 tons of waste to a landfill; by 2025, U-M aims to reduce this to 7,900 tons. The team will focus on evaluating systems for capturing energy (biogas) from waste rather than allowing it to be emitted as greenhouse gas (GHG) from landfills.
Student Team: Julie Bateman, Seth Buchsbaum, Sampurna Datta, Dr. Xunchang Fei, Dr. Xavier Fonoll Almansa, T.J. Plegue, Jacob Villarreal Pohlenz.
Advisors: Dr. Dimitrios Zekkos, Dr. Lutgarde Raskin, Dr. Jerome P. Lynch.
This project hopes to provide a sustainable, experiential learning garden that engages the medical campus and local community in the practices of gardening, nutrition education, food security, and overall health and wellness. Katie Goldrath, Sara McLaughlin, Sarah Akkina, Meredith Hickson, Sarah Bliss, Anthony Hage, Rebecca Mutesi.
This project intends to put bee-hives on a roof on central campus and to also establish a honeybee sanctuary at the Campus Farm. Honeybees are essential to food security and are key to sustainable ecosystems— 1 in 3 bites of food is the direct result of honeybee pollination. This projects aims to raise awareness among students' of the importance of bees and to partner with professors and classes for research and teaching opportunities. Bees on Roofs/ Roofs on Bees hopes to launch by June 2014 and the project leads are Mike Bianco, a Master's student in Art and Design, and Parker Anderson, a Master's Student in the School of Natural Resources and the Environment and Landscape Architecture, in collaboration with UM Bees.
With a Fall 2014 intended launch date, this project will start an Environmental Community Program (ECP) within the Michigan Community Scholars Program Michigan Learning Community. Many students at the University of Michigan have a passion for sustainability and the environment. ECP will give students, specifically incoming freshmen, the opportunity to explore environmental issues and problem solving and will help create the next generation of sustainability leaders. The project team includes: Mary Hirt, LSA; Jessica Kreamer, LSA; Karishma Satapathy, LSA; and Danielle Schmutz a master's student in the school of social work.
This project aims to help create a culture of reuse at the University of Michigan by establishing student-run, event-based compost programs within four academic units across campus. This work is an outgrowth of the successful composting efforts conducted by the Law School and the Student Sustainability Initiative. The project lead is Chris Wolff, a Master's student in the School of Natural Resources and the Environment and the Ford School of Public Policy.
Waste reduction is one of the University's most urgent sustainability goals. One of the main culprits of waste on campus is the dining halls and Food Recovery Network (FRN) aims to do something about it. FRN diverts leftover food from UM Dining Halls to local food banks. They are currently successfully running this effort in two campus dining halls; with PBSIF funding that will support the purchase of freezers, trays and coolers, FRN will able to expand the program to all campus dining halls by June 2015. The FRN team includes: Hannah Gingerich; PiTE, Joseph Letner, Biomedical Engineering, and Taylor Flowers, SAC/ Communications.
This project, that also has a Fall 2014 launch date, will replace some of the turf grass at the Music school pond with native grasses. The native grass will help reestablish the natural ecological system at the pond and the team will be looking for volunteers in the Fall to help with planting efforts! Project leads include: Dagmar Schoettle, LSA and Avery Gleason, LSA.
With a Fall 2014 expected launch date, this project will place picnic tables equipped with solar-powered charging stations on north and central campus and aims to show just how easy it can be to incorporate solar into everyday life. With these tables, the desire to enjoy a hot sunny day will no longer be an excuse to not do homework! This project will also include an educational campaign about solar energy. The team includes Laura Hobbs, LS&A and Matt Irish, Chemical Engineering.
A reusable dishware program that aims to assist in efforts to reduce waste at the University of Michigan. The program would allow student organizations to rent dishes and silverware for their events. The Go Blue Ware program would eliminate the purchase, use, and disposal of all paper, plastic, and Styrofoam products for student programs and events, making funds available to students for the purchase of sustainable food or other like products. Arielle Fleisher, Megan Pfeiffer, Dana Rollison, Julia Winfield
Since U-M produces future leaders, it is important that they have exposure to the design mechanisms and practices of complex and closed loop systems in nature. Using permaculture design is innovative and having it in a visible area where students can be naturally engaged to volunteer and/or eat the food is a key component to this endeavor. The purpose of a satellite garden is to expose more students to the educational opportunities that reside within a campus farm. Madeline Dunn


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Sessions laughs off 'Lock Her Up' chant at DC speech
Washington – Attorney General Jeff Sessions laughed at a "Lock Her Up" chant and repeated the words during a speech Tuesday at a high school leadership summit.
Sessions was speaking at a gathering organized by Turning Point USA, a nonprofit that promotes conservative ideals on college campuses, when student members of the audience interrupted him with cries of "Lock Her Up."
The chant refers to Hillary Clinton, President Donald Trump's opponent in the 2016 president election. It was a staple of Trump campaign rallies as the FBI investigated Clinton's use of a private email server and remains prevalent at some Trump events.
Sessions, the country's chief law enforcement officer, chuckled at the chant as it broke out, repeated the words one time and noted how he had heard that same call during the campaign.
The interaction came as Sessions lamented that college campuses were "coddling" students by encouraging them to shield themselves from, rather than engage with, speech or points of view they disagree with. That is, he said, "the exact opposite of what we expect of our universities in this country."
"Rather than molding a generation of mature, well-informed adults, some schools are doing everything they can to create a generation of sanctimonious, sensitive, supercilious snowflakes," Sessions said to laughter and applause. "We're not going to have it."
The attorney general said that after the 2016 presidential election, students at some campuses held "cry-ins," were encouraged to draw their feelings or were given Play-Doh, coloring books and therapy dogs.
"I can tell this group isn't going to have to have Play-Doh when you get attacked in college," Sessions said. "When you get involved in a debate, you're going to stand up and defend yourselves and the values that you believe in."
"I like this bunch – I got to tell you, you're not going to be backing down. Go get 'em, go get 'em" he added.
Seconds later, the "Lock Her Up" chants broke out.
Justice Department spokeswoman Sarah Isgur Flores declined to comment on the interaction.
Copyright 2018 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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This Saturday gone me and some chums made our way into London to watch the abysmal and dull game that was England Vs Argentina, the game was dire as was the weather but it was wonderful to see many a Movember gent beginning to wear their new face fuzz with pride. There were a number of styles I spotted, mostly in the Trucker style but there was the odd chap with something a little different, top moustache of the day went to a rather lovely looking young lady though. I know what you are thinking here so let me explain that she was in fact wearing a homemade thick cookie duster, we exchanged knowing glances and she was gone but I wish I could have got a photo. On the subject of photo, my friends were quite surprised when a gentleman approached me with hand outstretched "Can I just say well done sir, that is awesome" "Thanks," I said "it's getting there" receiving his hand. As the distance between us closed he reached for his pocket and though this might alarm some I was certain he wasn't about to injure me, or worse cut my moustache and he produced a business card. Handing it to me and readying his phone not once taking his eyes off my moustache he said "I'm a barber, here's my card. I am a huge fan of your style and I have to show this to the guys in the shop, could I have a photo please?" I was honoured and posed as well as you can when you are caught a little off guard, he took his shot and was away. I turned to my friends, nothing was said for a while just a knowing "well that was strange" look. Finally one asked "do you get that all the time?" of course the answer is no but I do a reaction and get people asking if its real, can they touch it or what products I use. I welcome this because it gives me a chance to educate them on why I hose to grow this moustache for Movember and keep it for a year. The are mostly always impressed, somewhat happier for seeing it and some are even inspired enough to grow their own which can never be a bad thing. The people I do have an issue with though are the ones that see me and try to mute their reaction or maybe try to take a sneaky photo, I wish they would come and talk to me it's just facial hair after all.
Here is a picture of me at the rugby trying to look excited.