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Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions
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Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions T. P. Barnett3 All currently available climate models predict a near-surface warming trend under the influence of rising levels of On a global scale, the largest changes in the hydrological cycle due to warming are predicted for the snow-dominated basins of mid- to higher latitudes, because adding or removing snow cover fundamen- tally changes the snow pack's ability to act as a reservoir for water storage 13 . Studies in various regions of the globe indicate that the stream-flow regime in snowmelt-dominated river basins is most sensitive to wintertime increases in temperature 12,13 . Because of this, and also because there is little certainty in precipitation predic- tions 7–10 , we focus here on the sensitivity of water resources in snowmelt-dominated regimes to temperature. Vol 438|17 November 2005|doi:10.1038/nature04141 2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2700, USA. REVIEWS We used a spatially distributed macroscale hydrology model 14 to identify the regions of the globe where snowmelt plays a dominant Global distribution of snowmelt-dominated runoff All models show warming with increasing greenhouse gases, so we can begin to say with some certainty how some critical components of the hydrological cycle will respond in the future. The hydrological cycle at the land surface includes the processes of snow/ice accumulation and melting as well as the impact these processes will have on regional changes in evaporative demand. In a warmer climate, snow will melt earlier in the year than it did before and in some places this has already happened 3,11,12 . Taken together, these impacts mean less snow accumulation in the winter and an earlier peak runoff in the spring. 1 , J. C. Adam The projected changes in temperature therefore strongly imply future changes of seasonal runoff patterns in snowmelt-dominated regions. It is generally thought that increasing greenhouse gases will cause the global hydrological cycle to intensify 1 , with benefits for water availability 1,6 , although a possible exacerbation of hydrological extremes may counteract the benefits to some degree. However, in regions where the land surface hydrology is dominated by winter snow accumulation and spring melt, the performance of water management systems such as reservoirs, designed on the basis of the timing of runoff, is much more strongly related to temperature than to precipitation changes. Even though there is relatively little agreement among the global models as to the magnitude (and even direction of) precipitation changes regionally 7–10 , there is no indica- tion for a seasonal shift of precipitation to the summer and autumn. In general, the direction and (to a lesser extent) the magnitude of surface temperature changes are much more consistent among climate models than are precipitation changes 1 . Near-surface air- temperature predictions from existing global climate models that are forced with anthropogenic increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations imply a high degree of confidence that future changes to the seasonality in water supply will occur in snowmelt-dominated regions. Even for models with temperature sensitivities near the lower end of the predicted range, impacts on snowmelt-dominated regional water resources are substantial 2 . Indeed, such changes are already obvious in the observational records of key components of the hydrological cycle, such as snow pack in the western USA 3–5 . Taken together, the predictions and observations portend important issues for the water resources of a substantial fraction of the world's population. ater is essential to human sustenance. Well over half of the world's potable water supply is extracted from rivers, either directly or from reservoirs. The discharge of these rivers is sensitive to long-term changes in both precipitation and temperature, particularly in the snowmelt- dominated parts of the world. Changes in the amount of precipi- tation tend to affect the volume of runoff and particularly the maximum snow accumulation, which usually occurs near the end of the winter at the onset of the melt season. On the other hand, temperature changes mostly affect the timing of runoff. Increasing temperatures lead to earlier runoff in the spring or winter, and reduced flows in summer and autumn—at least in the absence of changes in precipitation. W greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In addition to the direct effects on climate—for example, on the frequency of heatwaves—this increase in surface temperatures has important consequences for the hydrological cycle, particularly in regions where water supply is currently dominated by melting snow or ice. In a warmer world, less winter precipitation falls as snow and the melting of winter snow occurs earlier in spring. Even without any changes in precipitation intensity, both of these effects lead to a shift in peak river runoff to winter and early spring, away from summer and autumn when demand is highest. Where storage capacities are not sufficient, much of the winter runoff will immediately be lost to the oceans. With more than one-sixth of the Earth's population relying on glaciers and seasonal snow packs for their water supply, the consequences of these hydrological changes for future water availability—predicted with high confidence and already diagnosed in some regions—are likely to be severe. 2 & D. P. Lettenmaier1 Climate Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. role in the seasonal patterns of stream-flow. The model was run over all global land areas (excluding Antarctica and Greenland) at a spatial resolution of 0.5 8 latitude/longitude for a twenty-year (1980–1999) period. We approximated the importance of snow to annual runoff by using the ratio R of the accumulated annual snowfall to annual runoff (Fig. 1, colour scale). This allowed us to determine whether or not runoff for each grid cell is snowmelt-dominated by using the criterion that R . 0.5 for these cells. We compared, for each of the world's major river basins, the simulated annual runoff to the estimated reservoir storage capacity 15,16 in order to determine cases where reservoir storage capacity is adequate to buffer large seasonal stream-flow shifts (and hence exclude basins that, in spite of being snowmelt- dominated, would be insensitive to shifts in runoff timing). Water- sheds within the snowmelt-dominated domain that meet these criteria include the Colorado River, the Churchill River and the Grand River (all in North America), and the Angara River (a tributary of the Yenisei River) in Asia. The red outline in Fig. 1 shows the domain where runoff is snowmelt-dominated minus the four basins identified as having large storage capacities relative to runoff. Within this domain, water resources are arguably susceptible to warming-induced shifts in stream-flow seasonality. In general, the snowmelt-dominated regions occupy parts of the globe that are at latitudes greater than ,45 8 (North and South), with some exceptions. (1) Mountainous regions (except those nearest the Equator) are generally snowmelt-dominated (the inset of Fig. 1 shows the regions of the world that are topographically complex according to a criterion based on average slope 17 ). (2) Some regions poleward of 45 8 North that are warmed by oceans do not experience enough snowfall to be snowmelt-dominated (for example, parts of Europe and the coastal regions of the USA Pacific Northwest and British Columbia). (3) Cold dry regions that experience little wintertime precipitation also do not receive enough snowfall to be snowmelt-dominated (for example, northeastern China). The domain of influence within the red line of Fig. 1 is almost certainly underestimated, because the criterion we used is applied on a grid cell by grid cell basis, and does not account for areas where water availability is predominantly influenced by snowmelt that is generated upstream. Therefore, we extended the domain of influence into sub-basins where the annual runoff originating in the snowmelt- dominated cells accounts for at least 50% of the runoff for the entire sub-basin (black lines in Fig. 1). These regions include parts of northern China, northwestern India, areas south of the Hindu Kush, sub-basins downstream of the southern Andes, north- central USA, and some coastal areas of western North America and Europe. According to a year 2000 population map 18 , approxi- mately one-sixth of the world's population lives within this combined snowmelt-dominated, low-reservoir-storage domain. The population affected by warming-induced shifts in water availability is most probably greater than this estimate because we do not account for populations that derive their water resources from outside the basins in which they dwell. Note that the combined region in Fig. 1 encompasses much of the industrial- ized world, accounting for roughly one-quarter of the global gross domestic product. Evapotranspiration in a warming climate Our discussion so far has focused on the direct effects of warming on stream-flow seasonality in snowmelt-dominated regions. Warming- induced changes to evapotranspiration may also affect regional water availability. Unfortunately, there is little agreement on the direction and magnitude of historical, let alone one predicted, evapotranspira- tion trends. Observations from various countries in the Northern Hemisphere show that pan evaporation has been steadily decreasing for the past fifty years, contrary to the expectation that warming would cause increased evaporation 19–22 . Two proposals exist to explain this paradox. First, decreasing pan evaporation trends may be indicative of increasing actual (as opposed to potential) evapotranspiration in moisture-limited regions because increased land surface evaporation alters the humidity regime surrounding the pan, causing the air over the pan to be cooler and more humid 23–26 . Second, consistent declines of pan evaporation, diurnal temperature range, and global solar irradiance suggest that actual evapotranspiration is also declining because of increased cloudiness and concentrations of atmospheric aerosols that systematically reduce surface energy availability for evaporation 19,27–29 . Changes in wind speed or in the attenuation of wind at the surface due to changes in vegetation at observing sites Figure 1 | Accumulated annual snowfall divided by annual runoff over the global land regions. The value of this dimensionless ratio lies between 0 and 1 and is given by the colour scale, R. The red lines indicate the regions where streamflow is snowmelt-dominated, and where there is not adequate reservoir storage capacity to buffer shifts in the seasonal hydrograph. The black lines indicate additional areas where water availability is predominantly influenced by snowmelt generated upstream (but runoff generated within these areas is not snowmelt-dominated). The inset shows regions of the globe that have complex topography using the criterion of ref. 17. REVIEWS NATURE|Vol 438|17 November 2005 may also play some role in apparent downward trends in pan evaporation data 30 . Ohmura and Wild 28 discuss some complications that impede our understanding of global trends in evapotranspiration. In snowmelt- dominated regions, though, these uncertainties are arguably of reduced importance, because changes in the timing of snowmelt runoff induce a negative feedback on changes in evapotranspiration. Earlier melt results in increased soil moisture (and so also the water available for evapotranspiration) earlier in the season, a time when potential evaporation (dominated by net radiation) is low. Later in the year, when potential evaporation is higher, the shift in snowmelt timing reduces soil moisture, and hence evaporative resistance is increased, again reducing the effect of evaporation changes. There- fore, although changes in evapotranspiration are critical to runoff production in most hydrological regimes, their effect (and hence the effects of the above-noted uncertainties) are attenuated in the snowmelt-dominated regions of the globe. Impacts on regional water supplies We examine three case studies from different parts of the world that are in the snowmelt-dominated domain. These case studies were selected to help provide an appreciation for the magnitude of the potential regional water problems that may be associated with shifts in the seasonality of runoff associated with climate change. Western USA. The Accelerated Climate Prediction Initiative (ACPI) 2 demonstration project was launched in 2000 to investigate the impacts of greenhouse warming on water supplies in the western United States 31 . The methods and detailed results are included in 16 papers in a special volume of the journal Climatic Change 2 . The most obvious signature of climate change in the simulations generated by this project was a general warming over the western USA: a warming that by the middle of the 21st century was projected to be 0.8–1.7 8C greater than present values. This warming is projected to be accompanied by little or no change in precipitation according to the climate change scenarios generated for the project by the NCAR-DOE Parallel Climate Model 2 . In the western USA, much of the annual precipitation falls as snow in the mountains during the winter, and then melts during the spring and summer: that is, it is within the red lines shown in Fig. 1. The most significant impact of a general warming was found to be a large reduction in mountain snow pack and a substantial shift in stream-flow seasonality, so that by 2050, the spring stream-flow maximum will come about one month earlier in the year. There is not enough reservoir storage capacity over most of the West to handle this shift in maximum runoff and so most of the 'early water' will be passed on to the oceans. These hydrological changes have consider- able impacts on water availability and are discussed in the literature 2 . For example, in the Columbia River system, less winter snowfall and earlier melting will force residents and industries to face, by 2050 or before, a choice of water releases for summer and autumn hydro- electric power or spring and summer releases for salmon runs. The ACPI research shows that, with the predicted climate change, the river cannot be managed to accommodate both, unless we are ready to accept substantial (10–20%) reductions of hydropower generation or serious harm to the federally protected salmon population of the region (Fig. 2) 32 . The Rhine River in Europe. Climate-change simulations project a warming in the Rhine River basin of 1.0–2.4 8C over present values by the middle of the century 1 . Hydrological simulations suggest that this warming will shift the Rhine River basin from a combined rainfall and snowmelt regime to a more rainfall-dominated regime, resulting in an increase in winter discharge, a decrease in summer discharge, increases in the frequency and height of peak flows, and longer and more frequent periods of low flow during the summer 33 . Socio- economic implications include: a reduction in water availability for industry, agriculture and domestic use during the season of peak demand (which is further stressed by an increase in summertime demand due to higher temperatures); an increase in the number of low-flow days during which ships cannot be fully loaded on major transport routes (causing an increase in transportation costs); a decrease in the level of flood protection (given no additional implementation of flood defence measures); a decrease in annual hydropower generation in some parts of the basin; and a loss in revenue due to a shortened ski season 33 . Canadian prairies. Climate studies for the Canadian prairies gener- ally agree that a doubling of atmospheric CO 2 will result in an increase in surface air temperature (possibly as much as 8 8C during winter), a decrease in snow pack, an earlier snowmelt, and a decrease in summer soil moisture 34 . These effects and a longer period of low flows during summer and autumn could lead to an increase in the frequency and severity of droughts 35 . Historically, nearly 50% of the water use over the Canadian prairies has been for agriculture through irrigation, and this demand has been met primarily with surface water, unlike the prairies of the USA, which rely also on ground- water 34,36 . For this reason and because stream-flows are limited and extremely variable from year to year, agriculture in the Canadian prairies is very sensitive to drought 34,36 . Although global climate models do not predict great changes in precipitation for Canada, an earlier spring runoff peak will probably cause agriculture in the Canadian prairies to become more at risk in a warming climate 37 . Furthermore, increased water demand for irrigation will also lead to heightened competition with other water needs, including stream- flow requirements to maintain aquatic habitat, and the needs of water users downstream of the Alberta–Saskatchewan border (under a 1969 agreement, Alberta must allow 50% of stream-flow to pass downstream of the border) 36 . Summary of regional impacts. The studies summarized above show that current demands for water in many parts of the world will not be met under plausible future climate conditions, much less the demands of a larger population and a larger economy. The physics behind this statement is temperature-driven, not precipitation-driven, and this makes the conclusions robust because all current models predict a warmer future world. The other key factor affecting water availability is the lack of enough reservoir storage to manage a shift in the seasonal cycle of runoff. Current information about the climate-related water challenges facing much of the world, although by no means perfect, is sufficiently robust that major future problem areas can now be defined. The matter takes on a greater urgency because the model-predicted signals are already being observed. Figure 2 | Trade-off between firm hydropower and stream-flow requirements. The effect of Parallel Climate Model (PCM) climate change projections for the period of 2070 to 2098 on Columbia River Basin reservoir system reliabilities, as compared to the PCM control climate and operations scenario. Implementing adaptive management reduces the annual environmental flow deficit at McNary Dam in southeastern Washington, USA (benefiting salmon), but decreases firm (reliable) hydropower. Figure created by A. Hamlet using results from ref. 32. NATURE|Vol 438|17 November 2005 REVIEWS Will changes in precipitation patterns offset the problems asso- ciated with warming? The most likely answer is 'no'. If less rain falls over a region, water availability will decrease. If more rain falls and the reservoir storage capacity is much less than the annual runoff, then the water will be lost downstream (to the ocean in many cases)— particularly in regions, like the western USA, where precipitation is mainly in winter and the effective storage capacity of winter snow pack will be lost. The changes in precipitation required to ameliorate the problem would have to come through a shift in the seasonal cycle of rainfall towards the dry season, a feature that is not usually exhibited by anthropogenically forced climate models. Two examples of impacts on glaciers. The results for the regional water resources case studies discussed above and the simple physics behind them seem likely to be qualitatively reproduced in virtually all regions where snowmelt is important to local water availability 6 and where annual runoff exceeds storage capabilities. Our results in the western USA suggest that even more serious problems may occur in regions that depend heavily on glacial meltwater for their main dry- season water supply. This is because, once the glaciers have melted in a warmer world, there will be no replacement for the water they now provide, in contrast to the present snow-pack-dependent water supply that is renewed seasonally. In this case, the natural storage of fossil water in the glaciers has even more importance than seasonal storage in just the snow pack. It is well documented that glaciers are in retreat over most (but not all) of the world 1,38,39 , so the threat here seems both real and immediate—a situation also well documented in the world's press over the past several years. Himalaya–Hindu Kush region. Perhaps the most critical region in which vanishing glaciers will negatively affect water supply in the next few decades will be China and parts of Asia, including India (together forming the Himalaya–Hindu Kush (HKH) region), because of the region's huge population (about 50–60% of the world's population). The ice mass over this mountainous region is the third-largest on earth, after the Arctic/Greenland and Antarctic regions. The hydrological cycle of the region is complicated by the Asian monsoon, but there is little doubt that melting glaciers provide a key source of water for the region in the summer months: as much as 70% of the summer flow in the Ganges and 50–60% of the flow in other major rivers 40,41,42 . In China, 23% of the population lives in the western regions, where glacial melt provides the principal dry season water source 43 . There is little doubt that the glaciers of the HKH region are melting and that the melting is accompanied by a long-term increase of near- surface air temperature (ref. 44 and Figs 2.9 and 2.10 in ref. 1), the same level of warming we saw impacting the western USA. After 25 years of study, the China Glacier Inventory was recently released 45 . It showed substantial melting of virtually all glaciers, with one of the most marked retreats in the last 13 years (750 m) of the glacier that acts as one of the major sources of the Yangtze River, the largest river in China. In total, it is estimated that the entire HKH ice mass has decreased in the last two decades. Furthermore, the rate of melting seems to be accelerating 46 . The few analytical studies that exist for the region suggest both a regression of the maximum spring stream-flow period in the annual cycle by about 30 days (ref. 47) and an increase in glacier melt runoff by 33–38% (ref. 48). These numbers seem consistent with what is being observed and bear striking similarities to the stream-flow results from the western USA. The huge inconsistency, however, occurs in the impacts on local water supplies. In the western USA, model-predicted impacts are already being seen in the hydrological cycle. The models suggest that the impacts will appear as a long-term trend in snow amount and runoff. But in the HKH region, there may (for the next several decades) appear to be normal, even increased, amounts of available melt water to satisfy dry season needs. The shortage, when it comes, will likely arrive much more abruptly in time; with water systems going from plenty to want in perhaps a few decades or less. It appears that some areas of the most populated region on Earth are likely to 'run out of water' during the dry season if the current warming and glacial melting trends continue for several more decades. This may be enough time for long-term planning to see just how the region can cope with this problem. Unfortunately, the situation here is that when the glaciers melt and their fossil water is used or lost, their contribution to the water supply of the region will cease. South American Andes. A large fraction of the population living west of the South American Andes relies on the glacial melt from those mountains to feed the area's rivers to supply water and hydro- power. Without the glacier-supplied river water, the people and economies of the region would have to undergo tremendous adjust- ments 49,50 . The physics governing the Andean glaciers are more complicated than simple temperature forcing. Depending on the latitude and on which side of the Andes we consider, the glaciers' mass balance can be controlled by different factors 51,52 . Although air temperature changes are still important in most areas, other pro- cesses (such as moisture flux and precipitation) dominate in some regions. This makes the prediction of what might happen in the Andes much more difficult. Although all greenhouse models predict warming air temperatures, they can disagree on predicted changes in rainfall, moisture flux, and so on. In spite of this complexity, melting of the glaciers is well docu- mented for the Andes 53,54 . In Peru alone, the glacier-covered area has been reduced by 25% in the last three decades (as reported at the Conference on Mass Balance of Andes Glaciers, Huaraz, Peru, 6–9 July 2004; http://www.inrena.gob.pe/serusu/serusu_ppoint.htm). At current rates, some of the glaciers may disappear in a few decades, if not sooner. The high-frequency surges and retreats and the uneven spatial distribution of the general glacier retreat makes understand- ing and predicting the behaviour of glaciers in this area uncertain. The melting started some decades ago. The International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) shows a long-term trend in increasing air temperature in the region (ref. 38 and Figs 2.9 and 2.10 in ref. 1). Higher-resolution, more-detailed analysis of many stations in the region show a similar temperature increase, one that seems to be increasing 55,56 . Consider the case of Quelccaya in the Andes (Fig. 3). When the summit core was originally drilled in 1976, it contained clear annual cycles in its layering that extended back in time for approximately 1,500 years (ref. 38). When it was re-drilled in 1991, the annual layers in the upper 20 m of the core had been obliterated by percolation of meltwater. Together, these two results show that melting at the summit had occurred, a condition that had not previously occurred in the last 1,500 years. The probability seems high that the current glacier melting in the Andes will continue, just as it will in Asia (and other regions of the world). It is fossil water that has been lost and will not be replaced anytime soon, especially not in the context of anthropogenically induced greenhouse warming. The results and projections suggest that current dry-season water resources will be heavily depleted once the glaciers have disappeared. Some uncertainties in estimating impacts. All of the future climate predictions have uncertainties. We touch on only a few of the more important ones below, with the goal of seeing whether they might overcome the warming signal and make the conclusions above moot. We do not, however, attempt here a complete discussion of all the uncertainties that attend climate models. In some cases, the uncertainties have to do with the models' inability to reproduce today's climate, casting doubt on future climate predictions. Predictions using regional, high-spatial- resolution models, of the type needed for regional water studies, are only now starting to come into their own in the greenhouse arena, but they carry a whole set of problems in addition to those associated with the coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (CGCMs). For instance, they often have different physics from the CGCMs—there are scale-dependence issues, and new levels of parameterizations are required. However, such regional models will REVIEWS NATURE|Vol 438|17 November 2005 be required for good quantitative estimates of potential future water problems. Such high-resolution, regional hydrological studies have not yet been undertaken for either the HKH region or South America. One of the greatest uncertainties in future prediction has to do with how the models are forced. Stated more directly, what are the implications of omitting forcings that we strongly suspect (or know) are important but cannot yet reliably be included in the model physics? Of these, the most important is thought to be the incomplete inclusion of aerosols and their impacts, especially on clouds. Excellent discussions of the current state of the aerosol problem may be found in refs 57 and 58, and ref. 59 shows the sensitivity of climate model predictions to uncertainties in indirect aerosol forcing. The key question for this paper is: Can the aerosol/cloud problem overwhelm the direct greenhouse-gas-induced temperature forcing that affects the regional hydrological cycle, giving net cooling as opposed to warming? We consider below some of these uncertainties qualitatively to see how they might impact the results discussed above. Aerosols and clouds. Aerosols are thought to cool the planet's surface through increased scattering and cloud cover and re-radiation of solar energy to space. The representation of clouds in CGCMs carries a large uncertainty all by itself, but the joint interaction of clouds and aerosols represents one of the major challenges to climate modellers today. Virtually all climate models have some representation of direct aerosol effects (that is, reflectivity of the particles) in them, but none have yet fully included the indirect effects (for example, the effect of aerosols on cloud distributions via their role as cloud condensation nuclei, or other effects discussed below). A preliminary study 60 suggests that indirect aerosol impacts on clouds are important but, even given the uncertainty in estimating these impacts, this mechanism is not strong enough to counter greenhouse warming effects. Recent observational studies 58,60 show that locally, over India, the total aerosol effect (direct plus indirect) has been associated with a surface cooling of 0.3 8C over the last three decades. This is close to the warming expected from greenhouse gases. However, the aerosols are observed to be associated with warming in the lower to middle troposphere—the regions inhabited by the glacier fields. In this case the aerosols may be enhancing the direct temperature forcing by contributing to the melting of the higher glaciers of the HKH region. Snowfall amounts. Aerosols are found to alter cloud physics in a manner that reduces precipitation downstream from the pollution source 61,62 . This also reduces the snow particle rime growth, resulting in lower snow water equivalent, a result obtained from direct field measurements 62–64 . Properly represented aerosols in climate models will apparently also work together with increasing temperature to reduce snow/ice in regions where heavy air pollution exists (for example, China, the western USA and Europe). Snow/ice melt rates. A common aerosol found in the atmosphere over many regions of the earth is black carbon. This substance absorbs sunlight. It is scrubbed from the atmosphere by precipitation and, because it is ubiquitous, is likely to end up in the snow and ice fields of the planet. There it could decrease the surface albedo, causing the snow/ice to absorb solar energy more readily and thereby melt sooner. Measurements of black carbon amounts and its budgets are only now being made. By whatever means, darkening the surface of a snow/ice field will enhance melt rates. Again, it seems that proper inclusion of aerosols in global climate models will increase early melting of snow packs and, especially, glaciers and sea ice 65 . The bottom line here is that other important, but poorly rep- resented, atmospheric physical and chemical processes seem unlikely to neutralize or reverse greenhouse warming. This is true even if we take the lower end of the estimated warming by the IPCC (1.4 8C) to be the net thermal forcing on the snow/glacier packs. Our ACPI study 2 showed that such an increase, coupled with inadequate containment, is all it takes to invoke the water storage problems noted above. Overview of expected regional water impacts In this review, we suggest that the simplest of changes associated with global warming (a modest increase in near-surface air temperature) will be responsible for alterations of the hydrological cycle in snowmelt-dominated regions via seasonal shifts in stream-flow. Without adequate water storage capacity, these changes will lead to regional water shortages. The model-predicted changes are already being seen in the observed data. If maintained at current levels, these changes will lead to a serious reduction in dry-season water availability in many regions of the Earth within the next few decades. The physical principles found to apply in snowmelt-dominated regions (for example, the western USA) are one of the probable causes of the observed early snowmelt and, more importantly, deglaciation that is now occurring in most mountainous regions of the world. The serious situations developing in the HKH region and South America have been briefly presented. It is clear that both regions, as well as others not mentioned, are headed for a water- supply crisis. Better water management techniques can help, but cannot solve the problem without significant changes to agriculture, industry and lifestyle. Detailed studies of the future impact of global warming on water resources in these regions are long overdue. Figure 3 | Changes in the Qori Kalis Glacier, Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru, between 1978 (a) and 2002 (b). 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Singh, P. & Kumar, N. Impact assessment of climate change on the hydrological response of a snow and glacier melt runoff dominated Himalayan river. J. Hydrol. 193, 316–-350 (1997). 49. Liniger, H., Weingarten, R. & Grosjean, M. Mountains of the World: Water Towers for the 21st Century 1–-24 (Mountain Agenda, Center for Development and Environment, Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, 1998). 50. Mark, B. G. & Seltzer, G. O. Tropical glacier melt water contribution to stream discharge: a case study in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. J. Glaciol. 49, 271–-281 (2003). 51. Kaser, G., Georges, C., Juen, I. & Moelg, T. in Global Change and Mountain Regions: A State of Knowledge Overview (eds Huber, U. M., Bugmann, H. K. M. & Reasoner, M. A.) 185–-196 (Springer, New York, 2005). 52. Mark, B. G. & Seltzer, G. O. Evaluation of recent glacier recession in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru (AD 1962–-1999): spatial distribution of mass loss and climatic forcing. Quat. Sci. Rev. (in the press). 53. Francou, B., Vuille, M., Wagnon, P., Mendoza, J. & Sicart, J. E Tropical climate change recorded by a glacier in the central Andes during the last decades of the 20th century: Chacaltaya, Bolivia. J. Geophys. Res. 108, D54154, doi:10.1029/2002JD002959 (2003). 28. Ohmura, A. & Wild, M. Is the hydrological cycle accelerating? Science 298, 1345–-1346 (2002). 26. Walter, M. T., Wilks, D. S., Parlange, J.-Y. & Schneider, R. L. Increasing evapotranspiration from the conterminous United States. J. Hydrometeorol. 5, 405–-408 (2004). Time is running out for nations in the sensitive areas we have evaluated, particularly those whose water supplies are dependent on mid-latitude glaciers, to understand just what the future might hold for them. How much they can do is uncertain given the several decades of warming that will occur as a result of past actions, even if greenhouse emissions were halted at today's levels 66 , but perhaps the initiation of strategic planning will be motivated by the prospect (and what is rapidly becoming the reality) of diminished water supplies. 11. Cayan, D. R., Kammerdiener, S. A., Dettinger, M. D., Caprio, J. M. & Peterson, D. H. Changes in the onset of Spring in the Western United States. Bull. Am. 1. The International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis (eds Houghton, J. T. et al.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 2001). 2. Barnett, T. P. & Pennell, W. (eds) Impact of global warming on Western US water supplies. Clim. Change 62 (Spec. Vol.) (2004). 3. Mote, P. W., Hamlet, A. F., Clark, M. P. & Lettenmaier, D. P. Declining mountain snow pack in western North America. Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 86, 39–-49 (2005). 4. Dettinger, M. D., Cayan, D. R., Meyer, M. K. & Jeton, A. E. Simulated hydrologic responses to climate variations and change in the Merced, Carson, and American River Basins, Sierra Nevada, California, 1900–-2099. Clim. Change 62, 283–-317 (2004). 5. Hamlet, A. F., Mote, P. W., Clark, M. P. & Lettenmaier, D. P. Effects of temperature and precipitation variability on snow pack trends in the western U.S. J. Clim. (in the press). 6. Douville, H. et al. Sensitivity of the hydrological cycle in increasing amounts of greenhouse gases and aerosols. Clim. Dyn. 20, 45–-68 (2002). 7. Giorgi, F., Whetton, P. H. & Jones, R. G. Emerging patterns of simulated regional climatic changes for the 21st century due to anthropogenic forcings. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 3317–-3321 (2001). 8. Giorgi, F. & Bi, X. Regional changes in surface climate interannual variability for the 21st century from ensembles of global model simulations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L13701, doi:10.1029/2005GL023002 (2005). 9. Ruiz-Barradas, A. & Nigam, S. IPCC's 20th century climate simulations: Varied representations of North American hydroclimate variability. J. Clim. (submitted). 10. Dai, A. Precipitation characteristics of eighteen coupled models. J. Clim. (submitted). Met. Soc. 82, 399–-415 (2001). 25. Hobbins, M. T. & Ramirez, J. A. Trends in pan evaporation and actual evapotranspiration across the conterminous U.S.: paradoxical or complementary? Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, doi: 10.1029/2004GL019846 (2004). Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC): Gridded Population of the World, Version 3 (Columbia University and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Palisades, New York, 2004); available at khttp:// beta.sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpwl. 24. Lawrimore, J. H. & Peterson, T. C. Pan evaporation trends in dry and humid regions of the United States. J. Hydrometeorol. 1, 543–-546 (2000). 23. Brutsaert, W. & Parlange, M. Hydrologic cycle explains the evaporation paradox. Nature 396, 30 (1998). 22. Golubev, V. S. et al. Evaporation changes over the contiguous United States and the former USSR: a reassessment. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28(13), 2665–-2668 (2001). 21. Thomas, A. Spatial and temporal characteristics of potential evapotranspiration trends over China. Int. J. Clim. 20, 381–-396 (2000). 20. Chattopadhyay, N. & Hulme, M. Evaporation and potential evapotranspiration in India under conditions of recent and future climate change. Agricult. Forest Meteorol. 87, 55–-73 (1997). 19. Peterson, T. C., Golubev, V. S. & Groisman, P. V. Evaporation losing its strength. Nature 377, 687–-688 (1995). 18. Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN). 12. Stewart, I., Cayan, D. C. & Dettinger, M. D. Changes in snowmelt runoff timing in Western North America under a 'business as usual' climate change scenario. 17. Adam, J. C., Clark, E. A., Lettenmaier, D. P. & Wood, E. F. Correction of global precipitation products for orographic effects. J. Clim. (in the press). 16. Vo ¨ro ¨smarty, C. J. et al. Anthropogenic sediment retention: Major global impact from registered river impoundments. Glob. Planet. Change 39, 169–-190 (2003). 15. Vo ¨ro ¨smarty, C. J. K. et al. The storage and aging of continental runoff in large reservoir systems of the world. Ambio 26, 210–-219 (1997). 14. Liang, X., Lettenmaier, D. P., Wood, E. F. & Burges, S. J. A simple hydrologically based model of land surface water and energy fluxes for general circulation models. J. Geophys. Res. 99(D17), 14415–-14428 (1994). 13. Nijssen, B., O'Donnell, G. M., Hamlet, A. F. & Lettenmaier, D. P. Hydrologic vulnerability of global rivers to climate change. Clim. Change 50, 143–-175 (2001). Clim. Change 62, 217–-232 (2004). REVIEWS NATURE|Vol 438|17 November 2005 54. Mark, B.G. & Seltzer, G.O. in Global Change and Mountain Regions: A State Of Knowledge Overview (eds Huber, U. M., Bugmann, H. K. M. & Reasoner, M. A.) 205–-214 (Springer, New York, 2005). 63. Borys, R. D., Lowenthal, D. H., Cohn, S. A. & Brown, W. O. J. Mountaintop and radar measurements of anthropogenic aerosol effects on snow growth and snowfall rate. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30( 10), 45-1–-45-4 (2003). Acknowledgements This work is a contribution from IDAG, the International Detection and Attribution Group jointly supported by NOAA and DOE. The gross domestic product data set was developed by the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) at Columbia University, New York, with funding from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This manuscript was improved considerably through the suggestions of D. Pierce and A. Gershunov. Author Information Reprints and permissions information is available at npg.nature.com/reprintsandpermissions. The authors declare no competing financial interests. Correspondence should be addressed to T.P.B. (firstname.lastname@example.com) or D.P.L. (firstname.lastname@example.com). NATURE|Vol 438|17 November 2005 Science 308, 1431–-1435 (2005). 66. Hansen, J. et al. Earth's energy imbalance: Confirmation and implications. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 423–-428 (2004). 65. Hansen, J. & Nazarenko, L. Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos. Proc. 64. Givati, A. & Rosenfeld, D. Quantifying precipitation suppression due to air pollution. J. Appl. Met. 43, 1038–-1056 (2004). 62. Rosenfeld, D. Suppression of rain and snow by urban air pollution. Science 287, 1793–-1796 (2000). 55. Vuille, M. & Bradley, R. S. Mean annual temperature trends and their vertical structure in the tropical Andes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 3885–-3888 (2000). 61. Rosenfeld, D. TRMM observed first direct evidence of smoke from forest fires inhibiting rainfall. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 3105–-3108 (1999). 60. Krishnan, R. & Ramanathan, V. Evidence of surface cooling from absorbing aerosols. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 54–-56 (2002). 59. Kiehl, J. T., Schneider, T. L., Rasch, P. J. & Barth, M. C. Radiative forcing due to sulfate aerosols from simulations with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model, Version 3. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 1441–-1457 (2000). 58. Ramanthan, V., Crutzen, P. J., Kiehl, J. T. & Rosenfeld, D. Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle. Science 294, 2119–-2124 (2001). 57. Kaufman, Y. J., Didier, T. & Olivier, B. A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system. Nature 419, 215–-223 (2002). 56. Vuille, M., Bradley, R. S., Werner, M. & Keimig, F. 20th century climate change in the tropical Andes: observations and model results. Clim. Change 59(1–-2), 75–-99 (2003). REVIEWS


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Board of Directors
Phillip Thong , Honorary Chairman
Bio Coming Soon
Sithea San
Bio Coming Soon
Monorom Neth , 1st Vice Chairman
Monorom Neth is the Executive Director of Midtown Business Improvement District since October 2016. His goal is to revitalize and promote Midtown BID through various activities which contribute to the economic and neighborhood well being of the Midtown Business Improvement District in Long Beach.
Prior to his current position, he was a president of Cambodian Coordinating Council for four years and served on various nonprofit organizations, including 1st Vice Chair of Cambodia Town Inc. and president of the Long Beach-Phnom Penh Sister Cities.
Monorom is married to Princess Norodom Kessar and has three children: Alex, Reachny, and Norindra. He enjoys spending time with his family and outdoor activities.
Pasin Chanou , Chairman
Mr. Pasin Chanou is the Chairman of Cambodia Town, Inc. He is a strong advocate for improving the social and economic well-being of residents and business owners in Central Long Beach. Mr. Chanou is a founding member of Cambodia Town, Inc. which successfully spearheaded the formal designation of Cambodia Town, demarcating the neighborhood of Long Beach that is primarily populated by Cambodian residents and businesses. He is proud that his work has contributed to the changing public perception of Cambodians as merely needy refugees escaping the Killing Fields, to a proud, hardworking people who are the direct descendants of the Great Khmer Empire that once ruled much of Southeast Asia. In August 2011, Mr. Chanou retired from United Launch Alliance (a partnership of Boeing and Lockheed Martin), following 34 years of service as a System Specialist and Project Manager. He also currently serves as Vice President of the Board of Directors for Pacific Asian Counseling Services, and as a member of the Board of Directors for Cambodian Coordinating Council. Mr. Chanou holds an MBA from Pepperdine University.
Gary Ung , 2nd Vice Chairman
Mr. Gary Ung is a businessman and a community advocate. Mr. Ung is a successful serial entrepreneur. His many business ventures include a Cambodian restaurant, a machine shop business, a multi-unit apartment rental business, a liquor store, and real estate sales. Currently Mr. Ung owns GM Income Tax Services. His community services include serving as the 2nd Vice-Chair of Cambodia Town, Inc. and as the Treasurer of the Cambodian-American Chamber of Commerce.
Dan Durke , Treasurer
Bio Coming Soon
Mariko Kahn , Secretary
Bio Coming Soon
Rev. Rong Be
Bio Coming Soon
Rosana Chanou
Bio Coming Soon
Houy Lor
Bio Coming Soon
Simorn Moeun
Bio Coming Soon
Kim Suor Ngann
Bio Coming Soon
Richer San
Bio Coming Soon
Mary Sinn
Bio Coming Soon
Edward Tan
Bio Coming Soon
Cambodia Town, Inc. Council Members
Bonnie Lowenthol
Evan Braude Esq.
Jim Fisk
John Edmund
Julie Daniels
Dr. Karen Quintiliani
Kimthai Kuoch
Kerry Chhay
Malou Mariano
Nanda Pok
Sakphan Keam
Sandy VandenBerge
Dr. Sue Needham
Tony Lai
Tony Taing

subset: commoncrawl


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Cavuto Gives A Friendly Platform For Tea Party Challenge To "Socialist" John Boehner
Reported by Guest Blogger - September 21, 2011 -
By Brian
Apparently, no (right-wing) view is too extreme to get a warm welcome on Fox News. On Monday (9/19/11), Neil Cavuto and Your World gave a warm welcome to Tea Party candidate and primary challenger to House Speaker John Boehner (R-OH), David Lewis. Lewis quickly proved just what kind of candidate he is – by calling Boehner a socialist and complaining that he "refuses to phase out" such "socialist policies" as Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid and food stamps."
Cavuto began the interview with this chipper introduction: "Get ready for a party challenge, big guy… Tea Partier David Lewis is ready and willing to take on John Boehner, already promising a full-court press against the guy he says is full of empty rhetoric."
After attacking Boehner for not being anti-abortion enough or anti-health care reform enough, Lewis said, "John Boehner is a socialist. I'm not calling him names."
Cavuto seemed surprised. "Socialist? David, David, David, now come on, that's a little extreme."
Lewis said, "It's an economic policy. I'm not calling names. But here's somebody that refuses to phase out Social Security. What I would do as a U.S. House member is work to phase out Social Security, totally, 100%. That includes Medicare, Medicaid, food stamps. These are socialist policies."
Cavuto asked, "Does the Tea Party have your backing?"
"I believe so," Lewis said.
Cavuto continued, "I talked to a lot of tea parties...when push comes to shove, they say he has done about as much as he can do."
As if he hadn't looked crazy enough already, Lewis continued, "The Tea Party is still trying to figure out whether they believe in socialist policies."
That was too much for Cavuto who asked, "You can call John Boehner probably a lot of things, but I mean, the socialist thing, don't you think that's a little over the top?"
No, he didn't. "What's over the top is that John Boehner supports Planned Parenthood, a criminal syndicate. Let's not lie," Lewis said.
Cavuto sputtered, "I know your views on Planned Parenthood. That doesn't make it a criminal syndicate." This may be the first time a Fox News host has defended Planned Parenthood, even if it did occur in defense of a powerful Republican.
Still Cavuto went on to "commend" Lewis for his "passion" on the abortion issue. But noting that there are many other issues a Speaker contends with, Cavuto added, "To label the Speaker as you did - a socialist, what have you – is your race getting off the ground and stumbling?"
Lewis replied by saying he wants to "get rid of all entitlements," calling them "legalized theft."
Comment: To make John Boehner look like a moderate takes an awful lot.


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909 Bayside Drive, Saint John, New Brunswick
4,000 square foot industrial building located in the Grandview Industrial Park. Head lease expires January 31st, 2018.
Four office, boardroom, lunchroom and heated warehouse. Two grade loading doors. Paved parking for approx. 12 vehicles. Large secure fenced compound.
Located in East Saint John near the refinery. Zoned: Medium Industrial
Lease rate is $9.25/sq ft NET including fenced yard. Tenant responsible for all operating costs including property taxes.


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Jacksonville Beach Resorts
The area Jacksonville, Florida, offers plenty of things to do for tourists. With picturesque beaches and beaches, Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens, Adventure Landing Jacksonville Beach and other local sights and attractions, Jackson offers something for everyone. For those who want to spend some time in the Jacksonville area, there are some resort hotels nearby.
One Ocean Resort
Located a short distance from downtown Jacksonville and Atlantic Beach, One Ocean Resort. One Ocean Resort has some activities for guests eco-tours and deep sea fishing expeditions. Services and amenities at this oceanfront include marine-inspired spa, a gym, and on-site restaurant. Rooms at One Ocean Resort overlooks the Atlantic Ocean, mood lighting, the internet and a 42-inch LCD entertainment center.
Daytona Beach Resort
Located in the southern part of Jacksonville is Daytona Beach Resort & Conference Center. Daytona Beach Resort facilities include Ocean access, Ocean View Lounge & Wine Bar, on-site spa, Nautilus Fitness Center and tennis courts. The resort also has some local activities prepared for guests including para-sailing, golf, ballooning, and trips to places of interest. Rooms at the Daytona Beach Resort has sea views, free wireless internet, free beach towels and 24-hour reception.
Ponte Vedra Beach Resort
Located on 300 oceanfront acres, Ponte Vedra Beach is Ponte Vedra Beach Resort. Ponte Vedra Beach Resort is located 20 miles southeast of Jacksonville, has 250 rooms and suites and a luxurious range of accommodation. The amenities and guest services include two 18-hole golf courses, 15 tennis courts, hydroelectric, four heated pools, an oceanfront fitness center, four restaurants, three lounges and a luxurious full-service spa. Ponte Vedra Beach Resort also offers vacation packages for almost every occasion. Standard room features include interior design themes, plush terry robes, private terrace or patio, and evening turndown service with chocolate mints.


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Tag Archives: Council Member Ben Kallos
New York City Council Member Makes the Case for Comprehensive Traffic Monitoring
New York City has made great strides toward reducing traffic fatalities, but that progress is at risk due to a lack of support from the state government. Ben Kallos, a member of the New York City Council representing the Upper East Side, recently wrote an op-ed calling for improved traffic monitoring. Not only did Kallos demand […]
By Michael Barasch | Published October 30, 2018 | Posted in Auto Accidents | Tagged Council Member Ben Kallos, expnaded use of traffic cameras in NYC, reauthorization of Vision Zero | Leave a comment


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TekWay's Architectural Series was developed with designers and architects in mind. It allows for mandatory detectable warnings to become a visually attractive and unique part of your next project. One piece of brick pavers, radius tiles, block pattern and more.
Since 2004, StrongGo has committed to designing and producing durable and reliable products. With business on the incline, requests for more and more "specialty" tiles have increased. TekWay was prompted to release the TekWay's Architectural Series. This series was developed to have TekWay's Technical group collaborate with designers and engineers to define and incorporate specialty tiles with specific design elements in mind.
Custom Shape Detectible Warnings
True Radius Tiles
Detectable Warnings
TekWay has met the ever-increasing demands for radius tiles used in public and private projects, large and small.
- TekWay ADA Dome Tiles in radius configuration are designed for curb ramps with a 10' to 60' radii and in depths of 24" or 36".
- TekWay radius tiles are CAD designed to ensure ADA compliant dome spacing from dome to dome and from tile to tile. Our technical staff works with architects and designers to determine the number of full radius tiles required for your project, when possible.
- By selecting the correct radius tiles, the potential need for cutting/grinding domes can be eliminated and a perfect overall finished look produced.
Detectable Warnings
Another example of a custom-made tile to meet the designer's needs.
Detectable Warnings
When a wedge tile is considered the best option for a project, TekWay can custom design and manufacture tiles specific to almost any job. Wedge tiles are flat on both ends and create a beautiful "flower petal" effect which can be used in a variety of locations like surrounding water features or park monuments.
Brick Pattern
Detectable Warnings
TekWay has combined the "old world" look of brick with the durability of an advanced polymer concrete tile. TekWay ADA Domes with "brick pattern" includes;
- Detectable Warnings with perfectly shaped domes
- Durability and performance which leads to longevity
- Eliminates undermined sand beds and uneven paver surfaces
Block Pattern
Detectable Warnings
TekWay has extended its larger tile format to include a segmented square paver feature. The look of a small 12"x12" pavers incorporated into a large tile. Installing larger tiles reduces additional grout joints and labor hours while giving a classic 12"x12" paver look.
Navigational Bar Tile
Directional and Navigational Bars were developed for municipalities in California to be installed within the streets and parallel to crosswalks to safely guide those with low vision along routes where other visual cues or points of reference are nonexistent.
- Navigational Bars can be used on or adjacent to Mass Transit Platforms
- Available in 12"x12" and 12"x48" as well as 24"x36" and 30"x36" sizes
- Custom sizes can be manufactured


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Comfort Moves Houston
- Published date: May 25, 2019
- Houston, Texas, United States
- ! This post has been viewed 56 times
Claims to fame: We are Senior Move Managers - experienced and minding authorities helping more seasoned grown-ups moving to new homes. Senior migration administrations incorporate arranging every one of the parts of a move, making a modified floor plan for the new home, discarding furniture/goods not being kept in the most financially savvy ways, arranging, pressing and unloading, orchestrating the new home and gathering up all the messiness. Anything less is just not "a solace move."
Built up in 2009, anybody can move boxes, at Comfort Moves, we move lifetimes - respecting your identity and the recollections you've made - to guarantee a change that is effective, straightforward and comfortable...the best move of your life! Regardless of whether you are migrating to a littler home close-by or the nation over, de-jumbling your present home to "age set up" serenely and securely, or shutting a friend or family member's domain, moving is far beyond boxes and bubble wrap. It's about your significant serenity.
Propelled in 2009 by two resigned experts, Comfort Moves is a "Hover of Service" part on favorable terms of the National Association of Senior Move Managers (NASMM). You can approach the "women of Comfort Moves" to design and compose, at that point sort and pack, unload and orchestrate your new home. Counsel in your house is no-commitment and free. Call today. 832-579-4363
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text: Healthy living is necessary for longevity because it can help fend off diseases. I don't tend to pack water before as it is not allowed past airport security but it is always handy to have a bottle or two in the car for healthy travel outside of airports. 14. Drinking a lot of water during the day helps you sleep better at night. 2. Reject foods and drinks made with corn syrup, a calorie-dense, nutritionally empty sweetener that many believe is worse for the body than sugar, says Katz.\n\nDrinking water is one of the best beauty and health tips we can all follow. Research from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health revealed that overweight and obese adults who drank diet beverages ate more calories from food than those who drank regular soda.\n\nYou body wants and needs added nutrition, to help your baby grow, so eat plenty of health foods such as yogurt, fruit, bran muffins, veggies, etc. The link to my website below provides effective cardio and body weight exercises you can perform in a small space.\n\nOne can take protein rich diet that helps in supporting the weight loss regime. Small amounts are fine, but when people eat large amounts, it can wreak havoc on metabolic health ( 68 ). It is true that saturated fat raises cholesterol, but it also raises HDL (the "good") cholesterol and changes the LDL from small to large, which is linked to a lower risk of heart disease ( 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 ).\n\nHealth tips available on the internet today help you have an idea of how you can start watching your health. Strengthening joints and bones with low impact exercise is optimal; not only does it keep the bones and joints moving, it also keeps the heart and other body systems in shape.


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Promega India Announced as "Best Innovative Biotechnology Solutions Company" in India Business Awards, 2019
News | News | 0 Comment | 30 Apr, 2019
India Business Awards, 2019 recognizes the top industry leaders and is hosted by Blindwink Solutions Private Limited, a leading global, insight driven market research company. The award was...Read more
Narayana enters partnership with Gleneagles Hospital
News | News | 0 Comment | 05 Nov, 2018
Narayana Medical College and Chennai-based Gleneagles Global Health City have entered into an agreement here on Saturday for heart and lung transplantation program. Dr. Veeranagi Reddy, Pri...Read more
Genetic carrier testing is the key to reducing occurrence of Thalassemia
News | News | 0 Comment | 08 May, 2018
On the eve of World Thalassemia Day, the scientific team at the Bengaluru-based genomic diagnostics and research firm, MedGenome Labs, stressed that ALL couples getting married should under...Read more
MTaI Calls for Wider Consultation on Trade Margin Capping by Delhi Govt
News | News | 0 Comment | 08 May, 2018
Medical Technology Association of India (MTaI), which represents leading research-based medical technology companies with significant manufacturing investments in India, welcomed Delhi Gove...Read more
HCG combines clinical lab services unit with Strand Life Sciences
News | News | 0 Comment | 04 Jan, 2018
Oncology chain HealthCare Global Enterprises Ltd (HCG) said it will merge its clinical lab services unit, Triesta Sciences, with Strand Life Sciences Pvt Ltd in an all-stock deal. HCG will...Read more
Centre, states should invest more in healthcare: Venkaiah Naidu
News | News | 0 Comment | 02 Jan, 2018
Vice President Venkaiah Naidu has urged the Centre and state governments to invest more in the healthcare sector and educate people to get health insurance. Stating that providing proper m...Read more
Cadila Healthcare's arm receives final approval from USFDA for Clozapine Tablets
News | News | 0 Comment | 08 Dec, 2017
Cadila Healthcare's wholly owned subsidiary - Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc., has received the final approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) to market Clozapine Ta...Read more
Suven Life Sciences secures Product Patents in Eurasia and Norway
News | News | 0 Comment | 06 Dec, 2017
Suven Life Sciences Ltd (Suven) announced today that the grant of one (1) product patent from Eurasia (028038) and one (1) product patent from Norway (341252) corresponding to the New Chemi...Read more
Shripad Yesso Naik inaugurates International Arogya 2017 in Delhi
News | News | 0 Comment | 05 Dec, 2017
International Arogya 2017, the first international conference and exhibition on AYUSH and wellness systems organized by FICCI in collaboration with Ministry of AYUSH, Ministry of Commerce &...Read more
Eris Lifesciences avails term loan facility of Rs 400cr to finance Strides Shasun deal
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Eris Lifesciences avails term loan facility of Rs400cr from Axis Bank to finance the acquisition of domestic formulation business containing brands/ trademarks/ assets of Strides Shasun Ltd...Read more
Concept Life Sciences invests in East Kilbride Analytical Services Facility
News | News | 0 Comment | 30 Nov, 2017
Concept Life Sciences (Concept), the integrated drug discovery, development and analytical services company, today announced it has invested £250k in new equipment at its East Kilbrid...Read more
Tech Mahindra Foundation launches second SMART Academy for Healthcare
News | News | 0 Comment | 28 Nov, 2017
Tech Mahindra Foundation, the CSR arm of Tech Mahindra Ltd. has inaugurated the second branch of the Tech Mahindra SMART Academy for Healthcare in Mohali on Monday, the 27th of November 201...Read more
Investing in adolescents is good economics: Experts
News | News | 0 Comment | 31 Oct, 2017
"It is easier and cost-effective to bring in healthy behaviors early, rather than changing adolescents at a later stage and spending more on healthcare costs," Manoj Jhala...Read more
Genome India Project for North East launched
News | News | 0 Comment | 25 Oct, 2017
Genome India, a comprehensive data resource for population specific genetic variants which would enable development of personalized medicine with reduced side effects, a project for North E...Read more
BioSpectrum wishes its readers on Independence Day
News | News | 0 Comment | 15 Aug, 2017
BioSpectrum, India leading b2b media on bio and health sciences wishes its readers and partners a happy independence day...Read more
City hospital announces first-of- its-kind Digital Breast Tomosynthesis for women
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Breast Cancer has been ranked as the number one cancer among Indian women with age adjusted rate as high as 25.8 per 100,000 women, as per the latest statistics published in the Asia Pacifi...Read more
Milkha Singh appointed WHO Goodwill Ambassador
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India's legendary sportsperson, Milkha Singh, has been appointed WHO Goodwill Ambassador for Physical Activity in South-East Asia Region. "Promoting physical activity for...Read more
Metropolis Healthcare & PCOS Society of India launch 'Conquer PCOS'
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Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a condition in which a woman's levels of the hormones, estrogen and progesterone are out of balance. This leads to the growth of ovarian cysts an...Read more


text: Born in Anaheim, California in December 1959. American actress and dance instructor Connie Needham has an estimated net worth of $500 thousand. She started her acting career in 1977 playing Elizabeth Bradford character on the television series Eight Is Enough, which ran until 1981. From 1982 to 1983 Needham played the role of Kelly on the TV series Fame. The actress has also been featured in episodes of the TV series The Love Boat, CHiPs, L.A. Law, Police Squad!, and Ellen in addition to her numerous appearances in the movies Eight Is Enough: A Family Reunion, An Uncommon Love, and An Eight Is Enough Wedding. Besides, she has served as a dance instructor in Orange County, California. Connie wedded David Needham, an Eight Is Enough set designer whose father is former stuntman and film director/producer Hal Needham, in 1979 and they divorced in 2005 after having two children together.


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UTSA (0-2) vs. Kansas State (1-1)
When, where: Saturday, 3 p.m., Bill Snyder Family Stadium, Manhattan, Kan.
Series history: KSU leads 1-0
Last meeting: KSU 30, UTSA 3, Sept. 12, 2015, Alamodome
UTSA's last game: Lost to Baylor 37-20, Sept. 7, Alamodome
KSU's last game: Lost to No. 18 Mississippi State 31-10, Sept. 7, Manhattan
Notable: Saturday's game is UTSA third in a row against an opponent from a Power 5 conference. BYU is the only other non-Power 5 team to start the season with three consecutive Power 5 opponents . . . The Roadrunners have lost three straight road games . . . Saturday's game will be the seventh against a Big 12 team for UTSA, which is 1-5 against the conference.
After Baylor beat UTSA 37-20 last Saturday, Bears coach Matt Rhule gave a shout-out to the winless Roadrunners.
"I want to give credit to UTSA," Rhule said. "That's a good football team. I like the way they play. They have edge. They're tough. They're big and they're physical. They held us under 100 yards (rushing), which is unacceptable. They ran the football downhill and we knew that last week's score was not indicative of who they are."
Rhule also praised Roadrunners coach Frank Wilson, calling him "a winner."
UTSA is going to need all the edge Rhule talked about when they play Kansas State on Saturday, a week after falling to 0-2 with the loss to Baylor at the Alamodome. The Roadrunners face the challenge of having to bounce back against a KSU team that could be in a foul mood after losing at home to Mississippi State.
UTSA, which opened the season with a 49-7 beating from Arizona State, has been outscored 86-27 in the first two games of the season and given up an average of 498.5 yards of total offense.
The Roadrunners, who had only two yards rushing against ASU, are averaging 237.5 yards of total offense, 50 on the ground and 187.5 passing.
Wilson said he expects the KSU defense to come after UTSA.
"Kansas State is not a team blitzes in high volume, but for whatever reason, when people play us, it ramps up a little bit," Wilson said. "We expect movement and we're going to prepare for the worst in case they decide to have blitz-fest, although they have not shown being a team that does it in an abundance.
"The preparation has been good. It's not things that are extremely fancy. Again, that offensive line leads their team. They get to the runs that they desire by multiple blocking schemes, with the same emphasis whether it's a power run, a counter run or a zone scheme."
Saturday will be the second meeting between the Roadrunners and the Wildcats, who rolled to a 30-3 victory in 2015 at the Alamodome.
Bill Snyder is in his 27th season as KSU head coach, going 211-111-1 in two different stints.
"I've always watched Coach Snyder from afar and admired the job that he's done," Wilson said. "When you can be that consistent for 25-plus years, it speaks volumes for the amount of respect that the program has for him and he has garnered over the years. Truly one of the elite coaches in college football."
The Wildcats had to rally from a 12-point deficit heading into the fourth quarter to beat South Dakota 27-24 in their season opener Sept. 1. KSU was overwhelmed by Mississippi State, gaining only 213 yards and giving up 538.
The Roadrunners have no illusions about the team they'll face Saturday, saying they expect the Wildcats to be in a bad mood after being dominated at home last week.
"This opponent is the best that we've seen (this season)," Wilson said. "They are extremely well coached, (and have) the best offensive line unit. Every year, year in and year out, they are a top team. This team will pose a tremendous concern in our ability to stop a run game that is very formidable."
Junior running back Alex Barnes leads the KSU rushing game with 178 yards on 38 carries.
Junior Cordale Grundy has been UTSA's starting quarterback in the first two games of the season. He has completed 34 of 66 passes with two interceptions for 344 yards and one touchdown. Sophomore tailback B.J. Daniels is the Roadrunners' top rusher with 114 yards and two TDs.
Junior linebacker Josiah Tauaefa is the defense's top tackler with 15, and safety Daryl Godfrey and cornerback Clayton Johnson have 11 stops each.


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Thursday, September 25, 2008
So, questions here include: what is this 'follow' thing? Should I clutter up the side with info and pics like the last blog? Or maybe just be more active in changing the etsy gallery?
Alright everybody, rock on.........
13 comments:
- Farmer*swife said...
How come you always beat me here in the morning?
Have you even had breakfast yet?
I'm going to meet up with the treadmill. Then pancakes for the kids.
Chitty-chitty-chat Later!
Happy "Early" Thursday!
- September 25, 2008 at 6:56 AM
- Gary Rith Pottery Blog said...
- September 25, 2008 at 8:48 AM
- Jessica said...
- September 25, 2008 at 8:54 AM
- Cheri @ Blog This Mom! said...
My vote? Do what strikes your fancy when it strikes your fancy. You are a brilliant artist, and your blog is one of your methods of expression.
- September 25, 2008 at 9:04 AM
- Gary Rith Pottery Blog said...
Thanks. It kind of grows like a weed, and that is best! I am digging this black, I must say---nice contrast with the pottery pictured on a white background.
- September 25, 2008 at 9:08 AM
- Lynda said...
I'm doing the "following thing" and I think I like it - what's one more thing on the side??
Gary...speaking of kinky requests (you said that, not me)...would a longhorn sugar bowl be possible?
- September 25, 2008 at 11:22 AM
- Real Live Lesbian said...
I'm clueless about wordpress...but I'm tagging along.
Love the duckies! CUTE!!!
- September 25, 2008 at 11:52 AM
- John Bailey said...
I find myself to be conflicted over the new look, Gary. The black background is superb for pictures and pots. Not so keen on it for reading, though. It's me eyes, you see, me eyes!
- September 25, 2008 at 12:01 PM
- Gary Rith Pottery Blog said...
I agree--white lettering is harder to see, but I don't say as much as I picture....
- September 25, 2008 at 12:02 PM
- Fortune Cookies said...
I'll follow you wherever you go, my friend. as far as the "follow" option thingy, it's just an easy way to keep up with your fav. blogs and does not take up a lot of storage space. it's blogger's version of google's reader... if you want some ideas on how to keep on posting your photos and use much less storage, email me...you've got the address :) I'll be happy to give you some pointers ;)
- September 25, 2008 at 12:36 PM
- Reb said...
Gary, I love the new look! Thanks for letting me know so I can follow along.
Love the puffin and the ducks too.
- September 25, 2008 at 12:58 PM
I don't use blogger so I can't be a "follower"...although I do subscribe in both Flock and my IE feeds. But I'm liking the expanded blog list! That's a fun way to get to know other bloggers.
As for a black background, it's fine with me -- I'm currently using one myself (for a few months anyway).
And those duck mugs for Cheri & Laura? Just DUCKY!! :)
- September 25, 2008 at 4:11 PM
- Cheryl Alena Kinzel said...
Love the black background, love the photos of the animals, love the pots, love your energy.
- September 26, 2008 at 4:09 PM


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Toni Morrison, the Nobel laureate and Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist, died on Monday, leaving behind a powerful literary legacy. Here are some of her most memorable comments on language, creativity, identity and other subjects, taken from her speeches, interviews and writing.
On Writing
"A writer's life and work are not a gift to mankind; they are its necessity." ("The Source of Self -Regard," 2019)
"We don't need any more writers as solitary heroes. We need a heroic writers' movement: assertive, militant, pugnacious." ("What Moves at the Margin: Selected Nonfiction," 2008)
"I thought of myself as like the jazz musician — someone who practices and practices and practices in order to be able to invent and to make his art look effortless and graceful. I was always conscious of the constructed aspect of the writing process, and that art appears natural and elegant only as a result of constant practice and awareness of its formal structures. You must practice thrift in order to achieve that luxurious quality of wastefulness — that sense that you have enough to waste, that you are holding back — without actually wasting anything." ("Toni Morrison, The Art of Fiction," in The Paris Review, 1993)
"Language alone protects us from the scariness of things with no names. Language alone is meditation." (Toni Morrison's Nobel lecture, 1993)
[ Read our obituary of Toni Morrison. ]
On Identity
"The very serious function of racism … is distraction. It keeps you from doing your work. It keeps you explaining, over and over again, your reason for being. Somebody says you have no language and so you spend 20 years proving that you do. Somebody says your head isn't shaped properly so you have scientists working on the fact that it is. Somebody says that you have no art so you dredge that up. Somebody says that you have no kingdoms and so you dredge that up. None of that is necessary." ("A Humanist View," a 1975 speech Morrison gave at Portland State University)
"I never asked Tolstoy to write for me, a little colored girl in Lorain, Ohio. I never asked Joyce not to mention Catholicism or the world of Dublin. Never. And I don't know why I should be asked to explain your life to you." ("Conversations With Toni Morrison," 1994)
"We die. That may be the meaning of life. But we do language. That may be the measure of our lives." (Nobel lecture, 1993)
"What I'm interested in is writing without the gaze, without the white gaze. … In so many earlier books by African-American writers, particularly the men, I felt that they were not writing to me. But what interested me was the African-American experience throughout whichever time I spoke of. It was always about African-American culture and people — good, bad, indifferent, whatever — but that was, for me, the universe." (From Rachel Kaadzi Ghansah's 2015 profile of Morrison in The New York Times Magazine)
[ What did Toni Morrison's work mean to you? ]
From Her Novels
"Freeing yourself was one thing. Claiming ownership of that freed self was another." ("Beloved," 1987)
"If you surrendered to the air, you could ride it." ("Song of Solomon," 1977)
"He has double eyes. Each one a different color. A sad one that lets you look inside him, and a clear one that looks inside you." ("Jazz," 1992)
"Definitions belong to the definers, not the defined." ("Beloved," 1987)
Follow New York Times Books on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, sign up for our newsletter or our literary calendar. And listen to us on the Book Review podcast.
Source: Read Full Article


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WORCESTER City have confirmed the signing of Ledbury-based full-back Tyler Weir after the full-back initially committed his future to Westfields.
A sudden change of heart saw the 27-year-old decided to ditch the Hereford club in favour of a return to Worcester.
Worcester manager John Snape was "over the moon" to regain the services of Weir who spent the end of last term with Redditch United on a dual registration deal.
"We are delighted as Tyler has been a regular at the club," Snape said.
"He had a few ups and downs last season but he is looking to come to the club in a new position and we are glad to have him back."
Weir has spent most of his career in defence but Snape is confident he can step up into midfield as he looks to fill the void left by Nathan Hayward and Robbie Bunn who backed out of deals to sign for City last month.
"We are looking to put Tyler in a more advanced position," Snape said.
"He can play in midfield.
"That's where he has played previously for us when Carl Heeley was manager. Tyler's versatility is something that we are looking to use throughout the season, so we feel that he is a valuable addition to the current squad."
Snape expressed his disappointment when Weir made the move to Westfields after he was unable to agree terms with cash-strapped City.
But the Worcester boss felt the long-serving player was now coming to the club for the "right reasons".
"Financially we couldn't get to where Tyler wanted to be," Snape said.
"We are on a strict budget but he felt that he wanted to come and ply his trade with us so I am over the moon. We have got a good friendship with Tyler and this proves that he has definitely come back for the right reasons."


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Do You Ever Heard About Egg Diet? Now You Can Lose 12 Pounds in 7 Days With It!
The struggle to lose weight is probably one of the most difficult tasks, and people constantly seek a way to find the best advice...Read more »
Now You Can Lose 8 kg. for One Week
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There are lots of drinks, shakes and recipes that can help you to melt the cellulite, but they all work very slowly if you...Read more »


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US: Alfa Romeo franchises awarded to 86 dealers in US and Canada
An initial group of 86 dealers - drawn from existing Fiat and Maserati brand dealers have been awarded Alfa Romeo franchises in the US and Canada as the brand prepares to re-enter North America.
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text:
The latest Olympus Pen models are claimed to have the fastest AF of any interchangeable-lens camera. We find out how the new E-P3 handles and if it lives up to this bold statement
Olympus Pen E-P3 review
The 324-zone multi-pattern metering features Olympus's digital ESP evaluative system, which does a decent job at maintaining an accurate exposure. To maintain even midtones, however, the highlights are often clipped, so shooting at 1⁄3 or even 2⁄3 of a stop under is recommended to retain the most detail.
A slightly underexposed image provides more opportunity for correction, particularly in the case of raw files. For more selective metering there is a choice of centreweighted and spot options, and also highlight and shadow priority, which come in useful when the dynamic range is limited.
Image: The metering system produces decent results, only clipping highlights slightly when the tonal range exceeds that of the sensor


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**November 28th Issue of The JMRD Market Observer**
In This Week's Market Observer…
- Energy Sector – What is Going On?
- Canadian Bank Earnings Preview
- 2014 Tax Reminders
- JMRD Basket Corner
- Retirement Corner
- Week at a Glance
- Reads of the week
- Economic Calendar
- Earnings Reports
Energy Sector – What is going on?
Despite the slide in oil and gas prices over the past few months, OPEC surprised the markets and announced that it was leaving its production unchanged at 30 million barrels per day. The main issue is that OPEC is currently producing 1 million barrels per day above this quoted number as a result of additions from member nations Iraq and Libya. Production from non-OPEC countries like the US, Russia and Canada is rising as well, which exacerbates the problem. Once the news broke, oil dropped to its lowest level since 2008, closing Friday at $66 per barrel. Oil stocks and also energy infrastructure stocks fell on the news as well. Quality companies such as Crescent Point Energy, Whitecap Resources, Keyera Corp and Pembina Pipelines all suffered meaningful losses this week. The selling was widespread and indiscriminate in a thin market with the U.S. Thanksgiving holiday. The reason why we are highlighting these companies is because they are all held in the JMRD DIG Basket. When we selected these companies for the DIG basket, we looked at the companies abilities to maintain dividends under stressful circumstances, which we found ourselves in this week. These companies all use hedging programs (selling their future production in advance at a set price) to limit to effects of falling commodity prices. We still feel that we have invested in the best names in their sectors, both from an operations standpoint and from a management perspective.
Where does oil go from here? Of course that question is impossible to answer. We do know, however, that most OPEC countries rely on oil to fund their social programs and may have trouble balancing the books if oil stays at current levels. As history has shown, when prices fall, more wells become uneconomical, and production drops, eventually leading to higher prices. The lower prices go, the more exploration budgets will be reduced. Low prices are a good cure for low prices. Even at $80 oil, a large group of producers cannot make money. At $60, the price is well below many producers' marginal cost of production. We are following the situation closely and will make any necessary adjustments as events continue to unfold.
Canadian Banks – Earning Preview
Next week, Canadian Banks will report their year-end results starting with Bank of Montreal on Tuesday. NBF's bank analyst Peter Routledge recently wrote a thorough report on what to expect from the banks and a look ahead to 2015. As of Monday, the Canadian banks average return this year was 13.4%
In Q4 f2014 we expect total revenue among the capital markets segments of the Big Six banks to decline 4% q/q. This reflects a projected 13% q/q drop in trading revenues, while we anticipate that non-trading revenues will increase 1% sequentially, but remain at cyclically high levels.Market volatility in October put a dent in expected q/q revenue growth, but we consider this a transient outcome due to the positive influence of the low interest rate environment and rising economic growth in the U.S. In fact, on a year-over-year basis, we forecast capital markets revenue growth at the Big Six banks of 19% and pre-tax earnings growth of 24%. Therefore, our thesis that the Big Six banks will realize robust capital markets revenue growth through f2015 remains intact.
Looking ahead to f2015, we have fairly conservative revenue and earnings growth estimates built into our forecast for this business line across the Big Six banks. Contingent on commentary from the heads of the banks' capital markets segments, we believe our forecasts are more susceptible to upside risk than downside risk.
(See attached for the full report)
Canada's Big Six Earnings Preview
2014 Tax Reminders
- Last day for Tax Loss selling of Canadian Equities – Tuesday December 24, 2014
- Last day for Tax Loss selling of U.S. Equities – Thursday December 26, 2014 (Canadian Markets closed December 26)
- 2014 TFSA contribution deadline – Monday December 31, 2014 – contribution limit $5,500.00
- Note, if you are planning a TFSA withdrawal in early 2015, consider withdrawing the funds by December 31, 2014. The advantage is that you will not have to wait until 2016 to re-contribute that amount.
- 2014 RSP contribution deadline – Monday March 2, 2015. The 2014 maximum RRSP contribution limit is 18% of "earned income" in 2013, to an annual maximum $24,270.
Retirement Corner
1) "Good news: You'll likely live to 100. Bad news: You'll need to start to save a lot" (The Globe and Mail)
Week at a Glance
(See Week at a Glance Attachment)
Reads of the Week
Anatomy of a $2-billion deal: Class A office towers meet bus terminal" (Globe and Mail)
The $400 Billion Bond Mismatch Keeping Bears at Bay Endures
Oil Boom Triggering Cowboy Shortage Across Canada
Best Books for Investors: A Short Shelf (Wall Street Journal)
INSIDE ELON MUSK'S $1.4 BILLION SCORE (Fortune)
Economic Reports
Monday December 1st – US ISM Manufacturing Index
Tuesday December 2nd – US Total Vehicle Sales
Wednesday December 3rd – Bank of Canada Interest Rate Decision; US ADP Employment Change, US ISM Non-Manufacturing Index
Thursday December 4th – US Initial Jobless Claims
Friday December 5th – Canada Unemployment Rate; US Unemployment Rate
Earnings Reports
Monday December 1st – None
Tuesday December 2nd – Bank of Montreal
Wednesday December 3rd – Royal Bank, Canadian Western Bank
Thursday December 4th – CIBC, TD Bank
Friday December 5th – National Bank, Scotiabank


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