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Journal of Combustion
Volume 2017, Article ID 4062945, 12 pages
An Experimental Insight into the Smoldering-Flaming Transition Phenomenon
Department of Aerospace Engineering, SRM University, Chennai 603203, India
Correspondence should be addressed to Vinayak Malhotra; moc.liamg@99nniv
Received 21 September 2016; Revised 25 October 2016; Accepted 1 November 2016; Published 1 January 2017
Academic Editor: Jun Han
Copyright © 2017 Poorva Shrivastava et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Transitional phenomena of smoldering combustion over thin solid fuels are investigated. An experimental setup was upraised and implications of both smoldering and flaming external heat sources are estimated. Incense sticks were used as potential fuel and external smoldering heat source along with a fixed candle flame. The role of key controlling parameters, namely, separation distance and number of external heat sources in horizontal and vertical direction, was extensively examined. The surfacing issues of enclosure effect and the external heat sources orientation are addressed. The study primarily aims at understanding the feasibility and spontaneity of transition owing to external heat sources (both flaming and smoldering). Forward heat transfer significantly deviates qualitatively and quantitatively with varying separation distance in both directions. Number of external heat sources intensifies the transition phenomenon in smoldering combustion. With practical considerations, external heat sources arrangement and orientation have substantial effect on the combustion process.
1. Introduction
Smoldering is flameless form of combustion phenomenon, deriving heat from heterogeneous reactions occurring on the surface of a solid fuel (Figure 1). Smoldering combustion can be initiated by weak sources of heat and yields a high conversion of fuel to toxic products per unit mass smoldered (particularly CO and heavy molecules). One of the important attributes of smoldering is that it is difficult to detect and extinguish and it can abruptly transit to flaming. One of the major lessons learned is that it is impossible to eliminate all ignition sources, so fire inhibition is achieved through use of fire resistant materials and prevention of external resources to eliminate excessive spread. It is of interest both as a fundamental combustion problem and as a practical fire hazard. In spite of its weak-combustion characteristics, it is a significant fire threat. Hence, fundamental understanding of smoldering spread over solids is important for practical, scientific, and engineering applications. Smoldering combustion is broadly studied and defined according to the direction in which the smolder reaction propagates relative to the oxidizer flow (Figure 2). In opposed smoldering, the reaction front propagates in the direction opposite to the oxidizer flow, and in forward smoldering, the front propagates in the same direction. These two configurations are distinguished by the roles played by the transport mechanisms and chemical reactions. In forward propagation, the fresh oxidizer flows through the char and reacts at the ignition zone and then the oxidizer-depleted flow goes through the virgin fuel. This configuration favors that the oxidation reactions occur at the rear of the ignition zone and pyrolysis at the front. In opposed propagation, the fresh oxidizer flows through the virgin fuel and reacts at the smolder zone favoring that both the oxidation and the pyrolysis reactions occur at approximately the same location. The study of smoldering combustion phenomena is primarily driven by the need to have better fire safety, by means of enhanced understanding of the mechanisms that control the spread and extinction. Present work focuses on opposed mode of combustion, namely, reverse smoldering and opposed flow flame spreading.
In the recent past, Leach et al. [1] studied the kinetic and fuel property effect on forward smoldering combustion from a one-dimensional transient model. The effects of the inlet gas velocity, kinetic frequency factors, inlet oxygen concentration, and fuel properties such as specific heat, density, conductivity, and pore diameter were studied. Krause and Schmidt [2] presented a mathematical model which allows one to treat the combined phenomena of heat, mass, and species transfer by diffusion as they occur within smoldering fires in accumulations of dust or other solid bulk materials. Bar-Ilana et al. [3] figured out the transition from forward smoldering to flaming combustion using the small polyurethane foam samples. Aldushin et al. [4] tried to investigate the transitional combustion phenomenon from smoldering to flaming in forward smoldering configuration from a theoretical framework by considering a constant wave to explore the transition zone. Rein et al. [5] developed a one-dimensional computational model of smoldering combustion. The heterogeneous chemistry was modelled with a 5-step mechanism, so the model was able to predict qualitatively and quantitatively the smoldering behavior, reproducing the most important features of the process. The fact that it was possible to predict the experimental observations in both reverse and forward propagation with a single model was a significant improvement in the development of numerical models of smoldering combustion. Aldushin et al. [6] initiated further study with a different setup for reverse heat transfer and tried to check feasibility. Rein [7] attempted to synthesize a comprehensive view of smoldering combustion bringing together contributions from diverse scientific disciplines. Dodd et al. [8] developed a 2D numerical model with eight-step reduced reaction mechanism to study the spontaneous transition from smoldering to flaming combustion. The investigation was carried out on forward smoldering with externally applied heat flux. Three reactions were predicted to play important role in prediction of transition to flaming.
In light of above-mentioned works, an important feature to note is that almost all of smoldering spread studies are carried out with a single fuel to understand the spreading mechanism. However, in most of practical situations spreading front interacts with nearby surfaces or potential heat sources (flaming and smoldering). These interactions can have major implications which can influence the regression rates. Interaction of smoldering spread with an external heat source is likely to alter the spreading behavior from that of a single fuel. External heat source releases heat from the heated surface and can enhance heat feedback to the pilot unburnt fuel. This heat feedback is likely to increase pyrolysis of fuel resulting stronger ignition front. Appreciable work had been done but complexity of the problem has prevented a complete understanding due to nonlinear interaction between flow, heat, and mass transfer. Therefore, a systematic study is needed to understand mechanisms controlling the heat transfer behavior of the smoldering combustion. Hereby, in this work, the effect of external heat source on transition of combustion modes, namely, smoldering to flaming and vice versa with respective spread behavior, is investigated experimentally. The increase or decrease of regression rate can have significant effects and applications in engineering background. The objectives of the present study may be summarized as follows:(I)To study the implications of the external heat sources (flaming and smoldering) on smoldering combustion(II)To investigate the transitional combustion behavior of flame to smoldering combustion and vice versa(III)To investigate the role of key controlling parameters, namely, number of external sources, separation distance, configurations symmetry, and enclosure on smoldering spread
2. Experimental Setup and Solution Methodology
A simple experimental apparatus was upraised for the present study. The apparatus comprises (a) rectangular glass enclosure (Figure 3) with top face open and base with four plus shaped open slits, (b) iron stand to support the enclosure at height from ground, (c) iron stand made of bolt and nut, (d) incense sticks as potential smoldering fuel, and (e) external heat sources, namely, smoldering (same incense sticks) and flaming (candle) for the conducting experimental simulations. The solid fuel assembly comprised dried incense sticks in 4.8 cm × 0.20 cm specification. The composition of incense sticks is sawdust (30%), charcoal (30%), and cow dung (38–39.5%) and incense chemical (<1.5%). The flaming heat source (candle) comprised paraffin wax candle stick (30 mm × 4 mm × 4 mm) (Figure 3(c)). The fuel sticks were marked in two parts; namely, opening 6 mm marking was provided on fuel stick for combustion stabilization and at two regular intervals of 10 mm to tack the ignition front propagation with time. Figure 4 shows the experimentation process. Smoldering fuel specimen strips are made to ensure uniform burning across the width of fuel as the front propagates along the length of fuel specimen. It is worth noting that, for all the configurations, candle flame was fixed at center and all smoldering external heat sources were placed symmetrically equidistant with respect to the candle flame. Ignition was done at the apex of the fuel sticks for all configurations using a kerosene lighter (please see Figure 4(c)). The candle wick is ignited once the spread rate of incense sticks(s) stabilized and at a particular location for all the configurations. The regression rate is very sensitive to the gas and the surface temperatures which are a part of solution procedure. Proper care was undertaken to remove the moisture which can affect ignition and front spread rate. The experiments were systematically carried out in a quiescent room under normal gravity conditions. In order to facilitate uniformity, every experiment was carried out within a range of 5 minutes to bring room atmosphere back to normalcy. Stopwatch was used to measure the split times across the markers. Entire experimentation process was digitally video-graphed to obtain precision in prediction of the propagating front (please see Figure 4(d)). It is important to note that the results represent repeatability (3 times) of the readings and the average repeated value was accounted. The ensemble-time averaged regression rate is given as where "" is the standard length of fuel taken (here, 1 cm) and " " is the average time taken for all three marked distances.
From classical theory of ignition spread, assuming unity width of fuel the regression rate () is defined by energy balance aswhere is net integrated heat transfer rate, is solid-phase specific heat, is solid fuel thickness, is solid fuel density, is smoldering temperature, and is ambient temperature.
3. Results
Experimental simulations were carried out in purely natural convective atmosphere with 21% oxygen concentration. According to classical heat transfer theory over thin solid fuels, the propagating front spreads by heat feedback (forward heat transfer) from the burning to the unburnt solid fuel upstream. The heat feedback content will be reflected in increase or decrease in regression rates (refer to (2)). Initiation of smoldering instigates buoyant convective flow and formation of localized velocity and temperature fields on the fuel surface. The presence of external heat sources (both smoldering and flaming) is anticipated to alter the cumulative heat transfer to the unburnt fuel. The altered heat transfer over a period of time may initiate combustion transitions at different levels, namely, unburnt fuel to smoldering, smoldering to flaming if increased, and flaming to smoldering and smoldering to extinction if reduced by substantial amount. The study intends to explore the feasibility and spontaneity of these transitions along with the extent and critical limits defining them. The smoldering transition phenomenon is investigated in aid of key controlling variables, namely, external heat source separation distance (in horizontal and vertical direction), number of incense sticks (external heat source), enclosure effect, and the orientation.
First, we look at the effect of the external heat source separation distance on smoldering combustion. To understand the effect, the separation distance with respect to the candle flame is divided into three specified regions, namely, wide-spaced (>10 cm), intermediately spaced (2.5–7.5 cm), and narrow-spaced region (<2.5 cm), respectively. These regions are specified based on the relative proportion of the separation distance to the half width of the enclosure. Figure 5 shows the regression rate variation with separation distance of the external heat sources for distinct fuel-source configurations (single, two, three, and four) in comparison to the regression rate of a single incense without external thermal assistance. The regression rate for single incense stick in the absence of heat source (both smoldering and flaming) is lower than the regression rate(s) for all other parameters. The pilot fuel regresses at 0.0534 mm/s and is used as benchmark value for comparison. Looking at the plot one can note that as the separation distance for different configurations is reduced, a gradual and monotonic rise in regression rates is noted. This effect is seen across all configurations. The regression rates show insensitiveness in the widely spaced region whereas marginal effect is noted in the intermediately spaced configurations. Number of external heat sources modulates the effect as for four-stick configuration ~9% rise in regression rate is noted at 3.5 cm followed by the same rise at 10 cm. Small number of external sources (here, <3) exhibits near range statics to the one without external thermal assistance. The far field region is at a distance that is greater than the extent of natural convection induced by the heat sources. The heat transfer to the incense stick(s) from the candle is minimal, when they are placed far apart and the regression rates are very close to the "no heat source" values. Interestingly, at location of 7.5 cm, all configurations merge to same value implying nonsignificant effect of external heat sources. The transitional combustion is established primarily in the nearfield zone for varying separation distance and configurations. With reduction of separation distance in near field zone for different configurations, drastic rise in regression rates is noted. At selected location of 0.50 cm, single-fuel configuration reports 53% rise in regression rate whereas two-fuel configuration details 56% increase. It is interesting to note that the drastic rise drops in three-fuel configuration to 46%. Maximum rise in regression rate is noted for four-fuel configuration with about 414% rise. As regression rate primarily depends upon heat transfer to the unburnt pilot fuel, the account of unprecedented rise for different fuel configurations in near field region strongly indicates flaming combustion behavior.
To understand the singularity in transitional behavior, next we look at the images of the respective configurations. Figure 6 shows the pictorial views of the different configurations in near field zone at 0.50 cm. Looking at the pictures, one can note the existence of transitional combustion verifying the magnifying rise of regression rate. In retrospect of this, the interaction dynamics between the candle flame and the incense stick(s) can be segregated as (1) interactions with consistent flaming transition (all heat sources and pilot fuel sustain flame), (2) interactions with consistent and parallel flaming-smoldering transition (cannot sustain flame with time), and (3) interactions with enhanced smoldering transition (enhanced smoldering). It is essential to mention that candle flame is common for all the cases. This transitional branching pertains to the number of the external heat sources. As the experimental images reveal, four-fuel configurations exhibit first form of transition, namely, consistent flaming, and are reflected in highest rise in regression rates. Looking at the picture in Figure 6(d), one can note combined bigger flame, while reduced heat source configurations, namely, two or three fuels, can be noted to adhere to the flaming-smoldering transition. Here, combined flame can be noted to present for some time and then transpires to smoldering. Single-fuel configuration represents the third form of transition, namely, smoldering. The smoldering regression rate enhances for pilot fuel being in immediate vicinity of flame. However, the transition from smoldering to flaming is not noticed.
Since the transitional behavior was evident in the near field region and varied with different configurations, this study was carried out to investigate the controlling aspects. Four selected configurations, namely, three, four, six, and eight heat sources, were adapted for the study in the nearby field zone. Figure 7 shows the near field effects of the external heat sources on the regression rate for different configurations. The transition phenomenon is specified with the cases of flaming, smoldering, and flaming-smoldering. Looking at the plot one can note that the regression rates follow a monotonic increasing trend as the separation distance is reduced. At very close separation distance of 0.5 cm, all the listed cases report transition from smoldering to flaming, ranging from short duration to sustained flaming. The external heat source effect is noted with 46% rise for three-fuel configuration and 414% rise for four-fuel configurations. With increase in number of heat sources, namely, six-fuel configuration, the regression rate rises by 470% whereas the regression rate increase drops with eight-fuel configuration (~330% rise). An interesting case noted in nearby field is at 1 cm separation distance. The regression rate increase drops drastically to 12% rise for three-fuel configuration to 41% rise for four-fuel configuration and 36% rise for six-fuel configuration. Eight-fuel configuration manifests transitional behavior in the form of 205% rise in spreading rates. Regression rate for all the cases converges at 2.5 cm signifying the end of the nearby field region. The spreading rate rises for all cases but extent of rise is different. The rise reflects the enhanced heat transfer to the unburnt fuel due to higher temperature gradients owing to buoyant convection. The quantitative diverse heat transfer behavior can be attributed to the smoldering transition. The above-mentioned slow combustion behavior can be classified in two cases of transitions: (a) transition with consistent flame propagation and (b) transition with flame-smoldering propagation. Different configurations adhere to any one of the cases and thus the related implications.
Figure 8 depicts the transition observed for distinct case of three and greater than three fuel stick behavior at 0.5 cm. Figure 9 shows the pictorial view of spreading for cases of three-, four-, six-, and eight-fuel configurations at 0.50 cm. Observing the images, we can note that, of three-fuel configuration, the induced flaming on the incense sticks was not sustained for the entire measurement length and thus transitioned from smoldering to flaming to smoldering again (type (b)). For the configurations with low regression rates, it is evident as smoldering dominant transition leading to lower spread rates. Also, longer flaming durations seen for more incense sticks increase the spread rates by gargantuan extent representing transition type (a). In these cases, the flames were seen to be sustained for a major part of measurement length primarily because of mutual and collective interaction among the flames (heat source + incense sticks). Mutual and collective interaction refers to the flame-flame interaction, which results in enhanced heat flux arriving at each incense stick resulting in higher regression rates. Because the separation distance (0.5 cm) is of the order of or even less than that of the flame length scale, the flames appear collectively, that is, unified. Collective interaction causes lower heat losses as the local temperature gradients between flames are eased out and thus heat transfer from flames comes down. For the case of eight incense sticks, the regression rates are a bit lower than four and six incense sticks at 0.5 cm. This is due to the oxygen starvation of the individual flames on account of very less separation. There is increased oxygen demand due to more number of flames, which results in significant deficit and thus lower heat generation by individual flames. It is to be noted that, within nearfield zone, as the separation distance increases, the regression rate drops drastically. An interesting case is at 1 cm separation distance where, unlike other configurations, eight-fuel configuration demonstrates 205% rise in regression rate. The reason for this magnificent increase can be attributed to the intermittent flaming (smoldering followed by flaming and then smoldering). This intermittent flaming is seen only for the eight incense sticks case and not for remaining case. Here, we emphasize that a separation distance of 1 cm is an "intermediate region" for the case of eight incense sticks but more of a "far field" region for other fuel configurations, which supports the fact of intermediate region being a function of the number of incense sticks.
Heat transfer is well known to be dependent upon the directional constrains. Next, we look at the transitional smoldering in the vertical direction. The smoldering phenomenon is expected to be sustained for longer and transition to be faster owing to stronger buoyant convection. Similar to the horizontal case, the vertical separation distance is split into three diverse regions primarily based on type of transition, namely, far field (>7.5 cm), intermediately spaced (2.5–7.5 cm), and narrow-spaced (<2.5 cm) region, respectively. The investigation is carried out for two cases: (a) single-fuel configuration and (b) diametrically opposite placed twin fuel configuration. Figure 10 illustrates the effect of vertical separation distance on the affinity of incense stick configurations on transition to catch fire or to smolder. The effect is noted with respect to the time taken for transition initiation. Experimentation verifies the existence of diverse transitional smoldering in three regions. When placed in the nearby field region, the smoldering-flaming transition is noted for both the cases of single and twin fuel configurations. The incense sticks for both the cases show only flaming or smoldering tendency. Increase in vertical separation distance transits to transitional fire-smoldering region. As the title suggests, in this vertical separation band, the incense stick(s) displays sense of smoldering followed by flaming that is not sustained and transits to smoldering again. In this region, the twin fuel configuration is found to be more sensitive to the influence of buoyant convection. At a selected distance of 5.5 cm, the twin fuel configuration transits to flaming in half the time of single-fuel configuration.
Up next is the far field region where only transitional smoldering is observed to occur with time. This region also marks relative insensitiveness of the fuel configurations for smoldering transition. The vertical separation effect on transitional smoldering is depicted using a single incense stick in Figure 11. The salient aspects are noted at selected time intervals. The incense stick is denoted by the solid black line vertically above the heat source. At time , the incense stick starts to smolder and eventually starts to burn at time . The difference () is expected to vary for most of the practical cases of similar interest. At time , the central flame bifurcates into two, each one of it seeking the fuel on the respective sides (marked by the arrow direction). As the twin flames propagate away from the heat source, the twin flames start losing the pilot effect provided by the heat source and lose more heat than generation. This unstable condition leads the flame to cease propagating and transition back to smoldering. The same qualitative arguments hold good for the two-fuel case also. Figure 12 highlights the experimentation images for the above-mentioned single-fuel configuration. It is interesting to note that the time for smoldering/flaming is less at 5.5 cm vertical separation for the two-fuel configuration as one of the two fuels caught fire.
As the experimental simulations were carried out within glass enclosure. It is obligatory to clear the role of enclosure on regression rates. A study was carried out for smoldering case of single incense stick with flaming heat source (candle) for cases with and without enclosure. Figure 13 shows the enclosure effect on the regression rate of a single incense stick with separation distance in comparison to the one without enclosure. It was noted that the spread rates do not vary appreciably and lie well within the margins of experimental error. This is expected as the dimensions of the enclosure are large compared to that of any active element (heat source + incense stick) in the system and thus does not appreciably influence any observation significantly. The experimental images are shown in Figure 14.
Fuel placement is well known to affect the regression rates. In order to check the extent of fuel placement/orientation on the regression rates, a study was carried out to measure the regression rate for two orientations which have the incense sticks equidistant from the heat source. Three incense sticks' configuration was selected for the cases of symmetrical (120° separated) "Y orientation" and "T orientation" (90° separated) on the regression rate (please see Figure 15). The regression rate variation with separation distance for "Y orientation" configuration follows trend similar to "T orientation." "Y orientation" configurations at all distances yield lower regression rate except for the farthest distance. Assume that "" cm is the distance from heat source to incense sticks for both configurations. The circumferential distance between each incense stick for "T orientation" configuration is cm, whereas, for "Y orientation," it is cm, which is larger than the symmetrical case separation. This larger spacing causes lower mutual and collective interaction between flames at nearby separation distances, namely, cm. For larger values of "," lower heat loss from incense stick smoldering to surrounding due to lesser spacing causes the regression rates at 90° to be higher than that of 120°. Figure 16 shows the experimentation images of three incense sticks' configuration for "T" orientation and "Y" orientation.
Applicability of the Work. Fire is of many uses but if not controlled is also cause of biggest disasters resulting in loss of resources and mankind and every year huge amount of economical aspect is undertaken to prevent fires, namely, forest fires, compartment fires, building fires, and fires in/on power generating devices, and to understand their behavior under diverse conditions. The work covers wide range of practical, functional, scientific, organizational, and engineering applications. Smoldering and flaming sources are significantly probable in environments of all scales. Once initiated, fire sustains and propagates itself by means of igniting potential fuels which in turn ignite nearby fuels. Fire safety specifies that fire can be detected, prevented, and if possible extinguished. Present work will be extremely helpful in bringing necessary awareness regarding fire safety with respect to the transitional smoldering-flaming combustion and coupling between them. In consideration of fire safety, redundant transition to smoldering owing to nearby placement of any external heat source may lead to hazardous threats necessitating proper prevention. It is of paramount important to prevent the smoldering to flaming transition as it increases the damage by multiple folds and reduces necessary prevention control. The losses incurred owing to smoldering to flaming combustion are independent of the occurrence within or without enclosure. The number of heat sources and their placement in the immediate vicinity upsurge damage owing to smoldering-flaming transition. However, after a critical number, the effect drops to smoldering only. Small scale and medium scale fires can have influence on the fire propagation by virtue of active interactions with the fire sources in immediate vicinity, whereas, for large scale fires, the dimensions of fire are small compared to the spatial extent and thus can be treated as an isolated system where the interaction is purely between the flaming source and the potential fuel. In the eventuality of a fire accident, potential fuels which are placed higher than the surroundings have much higher potential to be flammable than even fuels that are laterally separated at lesser distance from the flaming source. This key point decides key design aspects of any workspace that have potential fuels invariably.
4. Conclusions
An experimental reverse smoldering combustion investigation was carried out to estimate the role of external heat source on smoldering and transitional combustion process. The effect of controlling parameters, separation distance from the flaming source, and the number of incense sticks was evaluated in aid of the pilot fuel regression rate and type of transition. Based on the exploration, the role of controlling parameters in transitional combustion may be concluded as follows:(1)Separation distance: presence of an external heat source significantly affects smoldering transition. The heat source effect rises steadily with reduction in separation distance. In the near field region, all forms of transitional phenomenon occur, namely, (a) only smoldering, (b) smoldering to flaming and vice versa, and (c) only flaming. In upward direction, transitional combustion is aggravated with separation distance being more prone to flaming due to the dominating effect of the convective flow enthalpy. Work marks three distinct transition regions identified by the extent of convective heat transfer.(2)Number of external heat sources: spreading rate varies substantially with the number of incense sticks principally in the nearby field zone. The combustion transition type is determined by the relative balance between the two effects: (a) increased regression rate due to mutual and collective interaction between the flames; (b) depleted oxidizer concentration due to a large number of flaming incense sticks resulting weaker flames.(3)Effect of symmetry: different symmetrical placement of external heat sources significantly affects the regression rate and related transition.(4)Enclosure effect: presence of an enclosure was noted to have no effect on combustion process. The role of enclosure is important to establish as the real systems have dimensions very large compared to the smoldering or flaming heat source.(5)Validation and repeatability: experimental predictions were validated with the conventional heat transfer theory and established smoldering work and represent repeatability.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
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Posted on December 26, 2016


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Sunday, May 5, 2019 11:29:31 AM Huge busty housewife Outline of BDSM
Sign in with Facebook Other Sign in options. R min Comedy, Drama. On the hottest day of the year on a street in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, everyone's hate and bigotry smolders and builds until it explodes into violence. Through the open country and desert lands, two bikers head from L. A to New Orleans, and along the way, meet a man who bridges a counter-culture gap they are unaware of.
Empire Magazine , a decidedly pro-British film magazine, offered their picks for the bravest, most innovative, and most creative films - the "ultimate indie lineup" of 50 of the best non-studio works ever made. Descriptions of choices for the 50 Greatest Independent Films are excerpted below from the Empire Magazine website. See abbreviated list below]. Run Lola Run , Ger.❿
Attention! We want to warn you that sexually explicit information might be found on this website, it also includes links to porn sites. Provided you are under age of 18, or this content is insulting to you, or is it is illegal in your community to observe this kind of internet materials, please leave now. All information on this site is in compliance with the 18 USC 2257 US Federal Law. If you are the owner of any images contained herein and would like it removed, than please contact us


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Tagged: Emma Watson
The glamorous life
The only time Kanye West was right about fashion was when he donned the leather kilt.
The existence of Babymetal demonstrates there might yet be hope for Japan. An old Situationist like Malcolm McClaren would have enjoyed Babymetal. And tried to make money from it.
Mark Zuckerberg was upset (at 21:38) by the film The Social Network. Even billionaires get hurt.
Taylor Swift is a leading light of post-third wave feminism (joined by Lena Dunham, Keira Knightley, Emma Watson, and Beyoncé).
Moving pictures
Wars happen every day; the Academy Awards, only once a year.
The big fashion winners were: Emma Watson, Cate Blanchett, Angelina Jolie, and Charlize Theron.
Emma Watson is the new Helen Mirren.
Lupita Nyong'o is this year's Rooney Mara.
People think Mel Gibson is Australian. And that Foster's is beer.


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Looking to find suppliers in Asia?
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As with all our services, our aim is to help business reduce essential cost items in order to improve profitability while also providing options to assist with risk management. This is especially true for customers that are buying more than 25% of their products from the one supplier.
Many companies still fear 'Asian quality'. By using a research organisation like us, we ensure the product meets your exact specifications and that of the standard of product you currently buy.
Typically our customers are those business which;
- Are purchasing items from importers or distributors and not directly out of Asia
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Our "Quick Look" is totally free and gives you an idea as to whether going direct represents an advantage to your business.
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Our online "Global Sourcing" module is almost complete and will be available shortly.
In the interim contact us to find out more on how we can help.


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The BoonDoctor
RV Solar & Electrical Tutorials for Beginning Boondockers
Setting up Solar and Battery in Your RV
How to transform your rig into a full time off-grid RV with loads of free electricity.
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Confused? Don't see your specific questions addressed? Ask the BoonDoctor himself!
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With 1,600 watts of solar panels and four 6 volt AGM batteries, John earned his nickname (the BoonDoctor) while helping RVers diagnose their solar and electrical issues.
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Pro Air offering 30 full time job openings at South Bend Regional Airport
Posted: Jun 5, 2012 10:17 AM EST | Updated: Nov 6, 2014 2:14 AM EST
SOUTH BEND, Ind. -- A couple dozen jobs are coming to South Bend.
ABC57 has learned the company Pro Air will open up a hub at the South Bend Regional Airport. Pro Air provides support to planes flying in and out of hangars.
Up to 30 full time jobs will be created with this move.
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WWE is preparing the return of Bray Wyatt?
At RAW on April 8 the WWE aired a very strange promotional video where a laughing puppet box was broadcast for a few seconds.
This puppet looked like a bird or a dinosaur and was accompanied by the laugh of Bray Wyatt! As we know Bray Wyatt is ready to return for a few months already, but the company had decided to keep it away for lack of ideas. With this latest promo it seems that WWE has found the idea she was looking for.
It is noted that the WWE has not confirmed if the laugh associated with it was that of Bray Wyatt, but as you can hear in the video, the resemblance is striking. Let's wait to see in the coming weeks where these videos will take us. A new friend for Bray Wyatt? Or just a new character?
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Title Match and Results of WWE Hell In A Cell 2019
WWE will present its special "Hell in a Cell" show on October 6, 2019 at the Golden 1 Center in Sacramento, California. The main show will start at 1:00 am in Paris or 7:00 pm in Montreal.
– Universal Championship – Hell in a Cell Match
Seth Rollins (c) vs. Bray Wyatt The Fiend
– RAW Women's Championship – Hell in a Cell Match
Becky Lynch vs Sasha Banks
– Tag Team Match
Roman Reigns and Daniel Bryan vs. Erick Rowan and Luke Harper
The results of Hell in a Cell 2019 will be shown after the match.
Sonya Deville: "I want to inspire the youth of the LGBTQ community"
Sonya Deville tells the importance of representing the LGBTQ community in WWE, her friendship with Mandy Rose and the evolution of women
During an interview with Allure, Sonya Deville talked about representing the LGBTQ community, her future at WWE, her friendship with Mandy Rose and the evolution of women. These are her most prominent statements:
When asked about her marital status during the Tough Enough interview
"When I was at Tough Enough, the first question they asked me was 'Are you in a relationship?' For any of the other contestants, it would have been a simple question to answer, right? But not for me. She was not yet openly gay. She had a girlfriend, but she never said it publicly. It was strange, I felt uncomfortable. My mom and dad knew it, but not many other people. Despite going crazy and feeling super awkward I ended up answering: 'Yes. I still don't have a wife, but I have a girlfriend. "
"Since that day, in the last four years, I have been hugging and loving myself more. I have really accepted myself as I am. I am at a point where I now use the space I have to inspire and encourage the youngest people who are going through the same thing that I went through 4 years ago and I tell them: you should never be ashamed of who you are, especially who you love. "
"Now I use rainbow scarves in my pocket, I'm not ashamed to be a lesbian. Now I am so comfortable with who I am, and I am really evolving as a person every day. It's really great to be able to represent all that in WWE. "
On the evolution of women
"The evolution of women was just beginning when I was getting into Tough Enough.I've always had great role models and my current partners were my inspiration. "
Your friendship with Mandy Rose
" Mandy has been my best friend since literally the first day I stepped on WWE. I judged a book by its cover and thought it would be like a beauty queen. But when I really met her, she turned around and said: 'What's up?' And I changed my mind: 'She's great.' From that moment she became my best friend and was in all the important moments of my career. "
WWE RAW Results of May 27, 2019
WWE RAW Kansas City, Missouri
Commentators are Michael Cole, Corey Graves and Renee Young.
– The WWE RAW show begins with a memorial video of the US Army on Remembrance Day.
– Brock Lesnar is backstage with Paul Heyman preparing for their announcement.
– WWE Champion Kofi Kingston arrives in the ring. We present a video of the return of Dolph Ziggler last Tuesday at SmackDown, a summary of the show here. Kofi says that last week at SmackDown Kevin Owens injured Big E's knee again. In addition, he was attacked by Dolph Ziggler. Ziggler tried to finish it, but Ziggler did not finish the job as he is still standing. When the time comes he will talk to Ziggler, but tonight he is here for Mister Money in the Bank. Paul Heyman has announced that Lesnar will unveil his opponent tonight. He is a champion who fights and he wants to be the best champion in history. There's nothing better than beating Brock Lesnar for that. Kofi says he wants to see Lesnar come here and cash his contract against him tonight! The music of Seth Rollins begins and he arrives in the ring. Rollins says he knows he's not Lesnar, he's better. But he is here because he too does not want to wait! He too wants to know who Lesnar is going to cash against. So we have the WWE Champion and the Universal Champion, he's missing only Brock Lesnar. It's time!
Brock Lesnar's music begins and he arrives on the stage with a new dance song. Lesnar has fun dancing with Paul Heyman and his suitcase in DJ platinum style. Lesnar enters the ring and dances in front of the champions. Lesnar then begins to dance to the music of Kofi and then that of Seth. Rollins leaves the ring disgusted by the joke. Heyman says that his client was going to announce against whom he was going to cash his suitcase, but Rollins spoils the " Brock Party "! Heyman says you have to blame Seth Rollins for the fact that the announcement will not happen! Lesnar and Heyman leave the ring. Dolph Ziggler arrives from the crowd and attacks Kofi! Ziggler makes him a Zig Zag on the ramp.
– Back after the break, Kofi would leave with the help of the doctor, but Ziggler returns to fight. Xavier Woods pushes Ziggler again. The clash continues in ringside and in the crowd between the two men. Ziggler takes control and attacks Woods with a chair. Ziggler blocks Woods' head in a chair, but Kofi arrives and drives him out of the ring.
– Back, Kofi helps Woods get up. Ziggler returns to the scene and says that Kofi loses all his time with Brock Lesnar's contract. Yet Kofi should be concerned about him. In 11 days at Super ShowDown Kofi will defend his title against him. He's going to ask her one thing for the show. Kofi must celebrate more than ever for the next 11 days as WWE Champion. Ziggler says that when he sees Kofi with the title it reminds him that it should be him. From the beginning, he defended Kofi as he knew how good Kofi is. But what will happen when he takes the title of the WWE? Millions of fans watching Kofi since the first day, what will happen to them? At WrestleMania, it should be him and at Super ShowDown it will be him!
– In the parking lot, WWE Superstars celebrate Remembrance Day. Usos take the microphone. Jimmy wishes a happy birthday to Natalya in the first place. Welcome everyone to the party!
– Behind the scenes, Charly stops Shane McMahon and asks for his comments for his fight tonight. Shane says he'll beat Roman Reigns at Super ShowDown, just like his opponent tonight. Shane leaves walking with Drew McIntyre to the ring.
– Back, Shane and Drew are in the ring. Shane says the McMahon and Samoan family are from far away. Long before having a Shane McMahon and a Roman Reigns. The basic problem was always respect. Since he is very young he knows the rule of respect, but it seems that no for Reigns. How to explain seeing Reigns hitting his father Vince McMahon? What kind of human can hit someone else's father? The answer is Roman Reigns. Shane says the most vicious Samoan was the Wild Samoans. Shane says he was in ringside every night and he knows the duo of Afa and Sika well. His father was always there to repair the Samoan's mistakes. Shane says a Samoan heir will arrive in the ring and discover the best in the world.
– Singles Match
Shane McMahon with Drew McIntyre vs Lance Anoa'i
The fight was about to begin, but McIntyre pulled Lance down the ring. McIntyre throws him against the barricades, the pole and the steel step several times. McIntyre throws him into the ring and the fight begins. Shane applies his submission to him.
Winner: Shane McMahon via submission
– After the fight, Shane resumes his submission on Lance. Shane says Lance disgusts him, he reminds him of Sika. Sika's biggest mistake was designing Roman Reigns. Roman Reigns arrives on the ring! Reigns do a Superman Punch at McIntyre. Shane wants to flee into the crowd, but Reigns stops him and makes him a Superman Punch. McIntyre finally pulls Shane farther and takes him on the stage to escape.
– Back, Brock Lesnar and Paul Heyman arrive in the ring. Heyman introduces himself and says that his client has asked to have a referee in the ring. The moment has arrived for his client to inform against which champion he will cash his contract Money in the Bank. Seth Rollins arrives in the ring. Rollins says he's explaining something. The title Universal is his life. He works every day for his title and Lesnar comes here and makes a joke. Lesnar makes a joke with his DJ turntable because Lesnar is a joke. He put Lesnar on the ground at WrestleMania and he is not afraid to do it again. Lesnar was the Scariest man, but now he's a joke. That's Lesnar's chance to prove what it's worth and cash in his contract. Heyman shows the contract to the referee. Heyman reads it saying that Lesnar decides when and where to cash his contract. Heyman reads the sentence that Lesnar has one year to cash it. Lesnar cuts Heyman and hits him with the paper saying he is surprised to have a year to cash it. Lesnar takes the microphone and starts laughing saying he has one year to cash it. Lesnar tells Rollins to go fu*k himself.
WWE announces injury for AJ Styles
While WWE announced a Fatal 4-Way Match for RAW, between Braun Strowman, Bobby Lashley, The Miz, and AJ Styles, the latter was replaced by Baron Corbin, who also won to face Seth Rollins at the Super ShowDown for the Universal title. And for good reason: The Phenomenal One is again injured …
It was WWE that directly announced the news during the red show, without giving more details. According to Wrestling News, this injury is real but we still do not know the seriousness of it, nor the duration of its absence. AJ Styles has not been a catcher since his match against Seth Rollins at Money in the Bank.
Still, according to the same site, the segment in which AJ Styles is attacked by Baron Corbin behind the scenes of RAW (see below) was recorded last week and Styles was not behind the scenes this week.
Let us wish him a speedy recovery, hoping that it will not be very serious.
WWE Super ShowDown: Seth Rollins Will Defend Universal Title Against Baron Corbin
In the recent Monday Night Raw weekly show, a match for the WWE Universal Championship between Seth Rollins against Baron Corbin was announced for theSuper Showdown event. Corbin won a four-corner fight against The Miz, Bobby Lashley and Braun Strowman where he managed to devote himself as the next title challenger.
Before the start of the WWE red show, a four-cornered match was announced to set the challenger to the Universal Seth Rollins Championship at the Super Showdown event. Baron Corbin managed to beat The Miz, Bobby Lashley, and Braun Strowman to get the chance. Corbin ironed to The Miz in last instances to take the victory via pinfall.
The WWE Super Show-Down pay-per-view event will take place on June 7 from King Abdullah International Stadium in Jeddah. Next, we leave you the updated billboard of the event until the moment.
Billboard WWE Super ShowDown
"First Time Ever"
The Undertaker vs. Goldberg
Kofi Kingston Championship (c) vs. Dolph Ziggler
WWE World Championship
Seth Rollins (c) vs. Baron Corbin
WWE Intercontinental Championship
"The Demon" Finn Balor vs. Andrade
50-Man Battle Royal
Ricochet, Cesaro and more participants to be confirmed.
Triple H vs. Randy Orton
Braun Strowman vs. Bobby Lashley
Roman Reigns vs. Shane McMahon
7 Essential Foods To Prevent Cancer
Christmas Arrived At The White House
Lady Gaga Reveals She Wants To Have Kids In The Next Decade
5 Easy Tips That Can Help to Cover Baldness/Male Pattern Baldness
Poonam Pandey and these actresses 'dirty talk' to get Fame
The length of Billie Eilish's Nails is no longer Normal
Having relationships at sea helps your baby to be born with blue eyes
Happiness is in these 10 looks for your weekend
A Complete Guide to Scissoring For Beginner's
So About Those Wild 'Spider-Man: Far From Home' Post-Credits Scenes
This was the meeting of Jordyn Woods with Khloe Kardashian after the scandal with Tristan Thompson
WWE is preparing the return of Bray Wyatt?
Nick Jonas talks about his marriage, his health and JoBro's return
WWE Total Bellas (T4 – Episode 8)
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The Ingham County Family Center is host to two juvenile court community based programs, Ingham Academy and PRIDE.
Ingham Academy is a day treatment program for court adjudicated youth that is operated by three agencies - Ingham County Circuit Court, Ingham Intermediate School District, and Highfields. Ingham ISD provides the educational component of the program for youth who are placed in the Academy by the Ingham County Circuit Court. Highfields provides behavior treatment and support to the program. This partnership between the three agencies has been in effect since 2007, providing these high risk students a path to learning the life-skills necessary to be productive members of society while earning a high school diploma. In 2011, a fourth partnership with Peckham was created to provide individualized services to students in efforts to enhance education, vocational training and person-centered planning for students striving to maximize their potential and eliminate self-defeating behaviors.
Ingham Academy provides evidence based cognitive behavioral treatment called Aggression Replacement Training® (ART) to all students. ART and is a multi-component cognitive-behavioral treatment to promote pro-social behavior by addressing factors that contribute to aggression in children and adolescents including limited interpersonal social and coping skills, impulsiveness, over-reliance on aggression to meet daily needs, and egocentric and concrete values.
The PRIDE program is an evening reporting program for court adjudicated youth. Ingham County Circuit Court partners with Highfields to provide cognitive behavioral treatment using an evidenced based practice called Thinking for a Change. Thinking for a Change (T4C) is an integrated, cognitive behavioral change program for offenders that includes cognitive restructuring, social skills development, and development of problem solving skills. The PRIDE program lasts for 20 weeks and youth are referred to this program via their assigned Juvenile Court Officer.
Have website feedback? Send us a message.
All Content © Copyright 2019 Ingham County
Website designed and developed by Web Ascender


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This is a stainless steel mesh band watches
---What's your supply capacity?
In general, our production capacity of alloy watches is 50000 pcs per month, stainless steel watches is 30000 per two month.
---What's your MOQ
Frankly Speaking, our MOQ is 200-500, but it depends on what material of watches do you need.
---How can you insure the quality?
Our QC team will check all the watches carefully before they package the goods, all the quality problems will be fixed before the shipment. To be sure to make the perfect condition watches for you.
---When is the delivery time?
According to your order quantity, the delivery time will be different. Generally, 20 days to 60 days, but all based on what materials what you need. We will be very supportive in delivery if client has unchangeable promotion plan.
---Can you put my brand name(logo) on your prodcuts?
Of cause, OEM&ODM watches can be accepted.


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New Quick-Links and File Manager for preview
The work on osCmax v2.1 continues to improve the usability of the administrative back end. This week, osCmax developer pgmarshall completed the addition of the new Quick Links feature, which allows the store administrator to set up customized links in the left column. This allows the admin to customize what primary links appear on administrative pages to further streamline your work process. Everybody works differently, and now you can customize the interface to better suit your needs. The image below shows the new left column containing the quick links and the actual Quick-Links management page:
In addition, our initial testing of the new file-manager integration has been completed. The file manager software that will be included in the final osCmax v2.1 package has not been finalized, but several different packages are being considered. The new file-manager will be integrated into all the wysiwyg editors and other sections of the admin panel where a robust file manager is desirable. When the final integration is finished the file manager will be fully integrated into the user management and security system and only allow access to those areas specified by a top administrator. Once the new file manager integration has been completed, it will be included in both the 2.0 and 2.1 versions of osCmax. This means you will not have to do a full upgrade to get the new features if you want to stick with v2.0x for the time being. Getting the new file manager will be a quick and easy patch.
The following images give you a good idea of what to expect:


text: This Aerospaced 2-Piece Aluminum Metal Grinder is "must-have" accessory for any vaporizer user. Its important that your herbs are properly ground before vaporizing because it dramatically increases the efficiency of the vaporizing process. This particular 2 piece grinder utilizes durable aluminum blades that are extremely efficient for grinding herbs. Size: 56mm, 63mm, 75mm or 90mm


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In their disarray Dems showed America last night why they can't win and why Donald Trump will be reelected. In fact, several center-left Dems —surprisingly, Delaney moving out in front of the pack was the most aggressive— went after Warren and Sanders with a pickaxe thus doing GOP heavy lifting in advance.
So much was the intra-party debate cannibalism that both Liz and Bernie were reduced to incoherently spluttering that any criticisms of them by competitors or the press panel were "Republican talking points."
Actually you two, my point exactly. And those "talking points" happened on an all-Dem stage. When one of these pygmies is up against the president the carnage should be tres comical.
To cut to the chase so we can get to the weird stuff, the take away from the night is that the Dems showed excellent message discipline by dodging any question they didn't like, Liz and Bernie held to their non-aggression pact much like their ideological comrades did in Moscow in 1939, and none of the lesser candidates (maybe, just maybe, except Delaney) got the breakout they needed. Expect 2-3 from tonight to be gone within a month or two. Who? I'm betting Ryan, Bulloch, and Klobuchar.
Liz Warren won the night, again. She is on a fast track to be the main alternative to Biden. Her disturbed and dishonest Bolshie passion rang a gong for the audience.
Now, on to the fun. Aforementioned oddities:
- Buttigieg loves to bring up the Bible. Though only certain parts of it…ahem…cough.
- Williamson almost held it together. But made betting pools across America happy by going back to lunacy in her closing statement. We are duly thankful.
- Klobuchar was the night's Queen of Maudlin, though not without competition, as lots of her time was devoted to treacly stories designed to show us what a caring person she is. Only made her look cloying and creepy. The slightly miffed kindergarten teacher mode is not working.
- Ryan has this look while listening to a response, like he's a dumbfounded deer. You can almost hear his maiden aunt bark, "Close your mouth, Timothy!"
- Ryan also was the only one not to hold his hand to his heart for the national anthem. Even Bernie did that. Another dumb move, Bambi.
- Bullock started out well then crashed and burned in a fiery heap. See ya, guv, and get a better haircut.
- Beto and Buttigieg competed for how many years we have left before evil climate change dooms us. Pete says 12, Beto 10. Same was said by their guru and policy pal Paul Ehrlich, 45 years ago.
- Speaking of Lurch, Beto was consistently grim and has the charisma of a mortician on Thorazine. His once bouncing puppy dog campaign has turned into a death march to certain oblivion. Which means, there is a God.
- Warren believes there are "cages for babies" at our border shelters. Uh-huh, Liz, and are those "cages" in the room with you right now?
- Buttigieg claimed a black person can be discriminated against "by a name on a resume." Like what name, Pete? Blackie McBlackperson?
- Klobuchar said Americans "were hurt by the last decade." Let's see, Trump has only been in office two and a half years. I wonder who was in office before that. Hmmm…
- All the lines, especially those of Williamson, for reparations got rapturous applause. In Detroit? Fancy that.
- As such, the press panel threw out a stat that said 73 percent of black Americans were for reparations. No sh**, guys. I mean, if there were big moolah reparations for past injustices committed against pretentious Anglophile online columnists I'd be all for it.
- Hickenlooper seems like a gangly, sane, if somewhat misguided, guy. Which makes him toast in this race. Go back to selling brewskis, John.
- Nice of Klobuchar and Warren to dress exactly alike in a warm and likeable Third Reich color scheme.
- Warren by far had the most applause lines, making her the most popular inmate in the asylum.
- If you listened closely, Buttigieg came off as a hard-left radical despite his innocuous demeanor, calling for drastic constitutional change and "compelling states" to do the bidding of leftists.
- Most of them used the "racist" line, helping Trump to render it moot by overuse. As that lame dog is really all they have, it seems all they can do is parrot it on a continuous loop.
- Warren complained of our "badly broken economy." Yup, all those new jobs and low unemployment rates are just terrible for the country.
- And finally, almost everyone there bellowed against "corporate America" as if U.S. corporations were faceless alien cyborgs staffed by rabid hyenas. The fact that millions of Americans work for corporations has somehow managed to escape their grasp… Tune in here tomorrow for coverage of the Biden-Harris grudge match and the spectacle of human chihuahuas nipping at their heels.


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Dungeon Deities is part Browser-game, part realtime Dungeon Crawler. Players traverse the Dungeons of other players, carefully avoiding traps and battling enemies in search for treasures, which they can then steal. Naturally, you store your loot in your own dungeons, so make sure they are safe!
Only registered members can share their thoughts. So come on! Join the community today (totally free - or sign in with your social account on the right) and join in the conversation.
Attacking enemies now makes a healthbar appear, so you know exactly how close you are to defeating them!


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If you didn't know already, I am a personal trainer. I am also a group fitness instructor, running coach as well as a black belt in mixed martial arts.
Every time I take on a new client, I do an assessment of their physical fitness. I ask them thing like; "how much time do you have to commit to daily exercise?", "Are there exercises you absolutely hate to do?", "What does your current routine look like?", and of course, "What are your goals?"I also ask my group fitness class every month if there is something would like to focus on over the next few weeks.
Inevitably, the answer is: "core". "We want core work." "I want better abs." "I want a flat stomach."
In my head, the response is always; "You know you have other body parts, right?" And usually during the assessment for an individual, I discover areas other than core that are needed to improve ADLs (activities of daily living).
Most younger people don't think bout ADL's because they function just fine (note: the activities of daily living are considered: eating, bathing, dressing, toileting, transferring [walking] and continence.) Even if they have some weakness, their youth and strength is enough to muscle through or compensate in some way. No one should use the compensation approach but they do.
Unless you had a sudden debilitating health incident, it is hard to understand the importance of having a full functioning body. I broke my wrist many years ago and relatively recently had an ACL/meniscus surgery. I understand being disabled. Walking is kind of important. Try brushing your teeth with your other hand!
So why to you all want the Abs?! Most of you are not going to walk around with exposed bellies even if they were rock hard. I get it. Most of us are vain to a degree, but we're not likely going to wear a bikini to the pool or beach. I know I personally would be judging your fashion choices more than admiring your oiled midriffs.
Nobody wants to walk around with a big stomach regardless if it is due to a medical condition or lifestyle choices. Focusing on core alone won't produce 6-pack abs and it won't improve your overall quality of life.
Yes, you need a strong core to support your spine. But you also need a strong back and shoulders too. To really achieve less back pain, you need those things in addition to a daily dose of cardio to burn calories preferably HIIT (High intensity interval training). HIIT taps the easy stored abdominal energy to fuel the workout and afterward keeps your metabolism elevated through EPOC (exercise post oxygen consumption).
A combination of steady state cardio, HIIT and strength should give you a rocking core (I am not promising a 6-pack). To get the abs of your dreams, it is a full-time commitment to diet and exercise. Your dinner could be steamed broccoli with skinless chicken with dessert of a Listerine strip. Yum!
Flat abs start in the kitchen. I am not a dietician and cannot recommend your daily diet but you know darn well why your belly bulges out from under your clothes. Exercise is needed, genetics play a big part but diet is what will make the most difference.
The big concern regarding the abs is the fat that is hanging around your middle. It is killing you. This visceral fat increases your risk for cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Keep an eye on your abs for the right reasons, your health.


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John was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1924, the middle child in a house of 10 kids. After the eighth grade, John dropped out of school to help his father with their small farm and do side jobs to support the family. Later, after serving in World War II, he came home to the U.S., married and raised a family of his own with three children. I was kid number three.
My father always made sure we had what we needed. But I watched him struggle as job options were limited, even for a hard-working war veteran. He and my mom always wanted us kids to do better and hoped we would discover talents and skills that we both enjoyed and could earn a good living at. For them, the American Dream wasn't about business plans or how to become rich, but about making a better life for themselves and generations to come—one step at a time.
Why Skills are So Important
Today, more than 90 years after my dad was born, it is still knowledge, skills and abilities that rule in the workplace and the marketplace. The way our economic system is set up, skills are highly valued. Skills are one of the few things that cannot be taken away like money or power.
So for most people, working people, acquiring knowledge and skills is an insurance policy against becoming a victim of the economic system. We can gain greater power over our financial destiny with every new, marketable skill we acquire, like tools in a toolbox.
According to data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), there is a strong connection between skills attainment, income earning potential, and unemployment. This is true for formal education as well as skills acquired through on-the-job training and other experience.
Not only do people with more experience earn more and suffer less unemployment, but the BLS also expects jobs requiring more entry-level experience to grow faster than less-skilled occupations. So in the future, even entry-level jobs will pay better if you have more skills. The reality is that learning is as much a matter of economics as academics. Those that do not work to acquire new skills can easily be left behind. The system takes no prisoners.
The Skills and Earnings Pyramid
Most organizations, whether business, government or not-for-profit, are hierarchical. With a few top-paid executives and many more junior- and entry-level positions, the organization structure looks like a pyramid. In larger organizations, every job is analyzed for required skills and is "priced" based on those requirements. So, when a job opening is posted, the employer has already done analysis to decide how much the new employee should be paid, based on the level of experience the job applicant has (the "pay range").
Yes, every job (and employee) has a value to the organization. The amount the organization is willing to pay is based on:
Capitalizing on the Skills Gap
Here is one last but important piece of news to keep in mind. Skills are in high demand and short supply in many industries in the U.S. Many employers are having trouble finding enough qualified people to fill positions. This June 19, 2017 article in Fortune discusses the shortages in the U.S. construction industry. And according to this CNN article, many skills that are needed in the job market today and in the future will not require a college education. The source of the skills you acquire is less important than the quality of the training and the marketability of those skills.
At TheMoneyShelf.com, we want to help you to ascend the economic pyramid. We hope you will check out our other articles and financial literacy tools as well as our selection of some of the best books about money, personal finance and entrepreneurship.
John Florio, MBA


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Introduction|Intro|Background} Ninja Forms Autoresponder
In this Market Hero review, I will show some email advertising secrets which are so good, you are going to want to crawl buck-naked across broken glass just to locate them. Ninja Forms Autoresponder
But first, I wish to say"thank you" to Alex Becker, the founder of Market Hero.
I began watching Alex Becker's YouTube videos back in 2016. He taught me the best way to run a Shopify shop, and a bunch of things about entrepreneurship marketing.
It was right around that time that Alex published his book, The 10 Pillars of Household: Mind-Sets of The World's Richest People. I got that book as soon as I saw it and I jumped to emphasize it and then mark it up. In fact, I could move re-read it.
Truly, Market Hero isn't even his only multi-million dollar company. He also founded the SEO software development firm Source Wave and today he's running a supplement brand. He got a couple of courses out there from the marketplace teaching people to grow their email lists and sell more.
The dude is a vending machine. My hat's off to you, Alex.
Sign up for the free trial here: Market Hero
What's Market Hero?
Anyhow, Market Hero is one of the best email Since it focuses on in-depth revenue metrics autoresponders on the market today and it's so much better than its competitors.
I've used a bunch of email autoresponder software over time, such as MadMimi and Drip. Drip has been my favorite up until I started using Market Hero. Drip allows you to perform a lot of stuff, like monitor your open rates and tag your readers.
But if you are anything like me, while you take care of open rates and click-through prices, the thing that matters is SALES. Sales are the lifeblood of your enterprise and earnings is what places cold, hard cash in your pocket. Market Hero helps you track sales, simple and plain.
Market Hero Service
While I didn't have to use Market Hero support that They return to me, much since everything is, the few times I did reach out to them. Ninja Forms Autoresponder
The service is not amazing to the point at which they provide you with detailed step-by-step videos and hold your hand through each step along the way, however it is not terrible. In any case, if you want that degree of coddling and hand-holding, possibly Market Hero is not for you.
Market Hero has English-speaking support team available to answer your queries through live chat for free. You don't have to be a part of any plan or package that is updated to possess priority service, such as some companies do. You simply log in and begin chatting.
Can Market Hero Truly 4X Your Enterprise?
On Market Hero's homepage You'll see states,"4X Your Email Business With Unequaled Delivery and Revenue Metrics". This immediately set off my B.S. sensor because I know how hard it is to 4X an email sequence, especially if you're any good at everything you are doing.
But Market Hero offers a free trial, and so I figured I'd sign up and see whether it had been any good. I figured I just require a small increase in sales for Market Hero to pay for itself and if it did 4X my enterprise, I would be flying high.
Now, in the interest of full disclosure I do want to inform you that Market Hero has NOT increased my sales 4X (yet), but I am gaining more earnings than before and Market Hero IS paying for itself. Rather easily, actually. I was already doing well and had my own game tight, so I understood a 4X increase would be rough.
But in case you are new to email marketing or if you have a bigger online company, Market Hero could very likely 4X your earnings. Here's how:
It tracks your customers' lifetime value.
I know I already mentioned this, but the secret to Market Hero is how it retains your customers' lifetime value (LTV) in front of you constantly and it changes as you send emails out and tweak your own autoresponder. As soon as you understand your client worth, you can literally"buy" clients. What Market Hero does is actively every conversion for each and every lead on your list and track every sale. It then averages together everything and gives you the stats you need to cultivate your business.
If you're to do this manually, you'd most likely have to experience different programs, various spreadsheets, and return through your previous sales. You may need to crunch on a great deal of amounts that you probably don't even have anymore. Market Hero solves this problem better than anybody else available on the market.
You can segment using tags.
Sign up for the free trial : Market Hero
I understand that you are probably thinking,"Tags? Okay… big deal." But the manner that Market Hero allows you to use tags is better. This is why…
Let's say that I am running two different opt-in campaigns for the same audience. Anyone who opts-in into the first campaign is going to be labeled as"A" and anyone who opts-in to the second campaign will be labeled as"B".
I can go into Market Hero and filter out all the"B" opt-ins and find out just how much they are worth compared to"A" opt-ins. If I find out that the"B" opt-ins are earning more money, I understand that I must be pouring more ad dollars into marketing the"B" opt-in. Ninja Forms Autoresponder
If you do this again and again, you can build a powerful business as you will constantly be split-testing to see which kinds of people are worth more to your business.
And getting this up and running will be super-easy too. All you need to do is choose the pixel which Market Hero provides you and place it in the regions that you want to monitor. From that point, Market Hero will keep tabs on all of your clients, sales, conversions, etc., to supply you with the information which you need to grow your business.
You're able to integrate with a lot of other services.
Inside Market Hero, there is a button called"integrations" that – you guessed it helps you integrate with things like ClickFunnels, SamCart, Shopify, Leadpages, Zapier, and much more.
I believe that this is a smart move by Alex Becker since it indicates that he knows his market. He knows that are probably currently using things and he would like to make sure his applications integrates.
My only criticism is that lots of the applications I use, such as OptinMonster and Thrive Themes hasn't yet been put in the"integrations" tab. That doesn't mean you CAN'T integrate them, because you can (you use Zapier to make them speak to each other) but it is not as easy as something like ClickFunnels or even Shopify.
Speaking of Shopify…
How Is This Different From Other Autoresponders?
The best way for me is of The other email autoresponders were built for email marketers. Their thinking has its own limits and that I send mails although I have nothing against marketers that are email. Market Hero was constructed by means of a company owner FOR business owners.
Market Hero differs because it provides you with a lot of different approaches to assist you track ROI and create more profit from the emails.
By way of example, one of the coolest features is that it shows you how much each lead is worth. Imagine logging into your email autoresponder and viewing that every lead is worth $6.87 to you. That means you could go out and"buy" email addresses to make money. Everything you do is you purchase paid traffic from Google, Facebook, etc. and send that traffic into an opt-in page. You get a business, if you can find a successful than it's worth. As you can rinse and repeat as many times.
It also allows you to segment your listing in much deeper ways than other autoresponder services on the market. I utilized Drip and they have some segmentation tools from the ability to apply tags to your leads , like I said, but it is small potatoes in comparison Market Hero. I don't need to give any of Market Hero's proprietary info, but let us just say that you will be pleased with the segmentation ability. Ninja Forms Autoresponder
Is Market Hero a Scam?
From what I've seen, certainly not. I think that At this time, by being a scam artist, Alex Becker has to lose. Various companies's running and he's smart enough to realize that when his reputation was tarnished by him, he'd be screwed.
From what I have seen, people have complained about his refund policy. These individuals are usually the ones who have used Market Hero for months and try to get all their cash. These are the scammers. If you aren't inclined to pay money for a service which can enhance your business and your life, you are scum. Plain and simple.
Market Hero's free trial offer is really straightforward. It says that if you cancel within 14 days you won't be billed anything.
Rest assured, gentle reader. Market Hero is untrue.
If You've Shopify (Or Any Online Business…)
When I began composing this Market Hero review Was worried that it was going to lean a little too much. That's why I want to stress this Market Hero will assist you in ANY business, not just Shopify.
On his YouTube station, Alex has posted a lot of different videos about Shopify. You discover that he provides a lot of information about the best way best to make money once you get beyond the clickbait-style names. Part of the reason is because he wants to get folks to check out Market Hero because he understands it can help them with their Shopify business.
By way of instance, Market Hero lets you create abandoned cart sequences. When someone starts the checkout process in Shopify (by entering their email) but doesn't complete it, that gets monitored in Market Hero. From that point, you get them back to finish their purchase and can follow up with that person.
The capacity to make those cart strings is only one of the ways that you can make Market Hero literally cover itself. Let's do some math…
Depending on the study that you browse, the ordinary cart abandonment rate for an internet store is usually somewhere in the neighborhood of 70-80 percent. Are there individuals with considerably lower abandonment rates? Sure, but this is the typical.
Imagine you have 100 people go through your checkout process and 80 of these individuals abandon your cart. That usually means you have 80 non-customers and 20 customers. Imagine if a cart recovery sequence got a 10% of this non-customers to buy?
That will get you an additional 8 customers. Which means that you would boost your sales 40%! (Because 8 additional sales is 40 percent of the 20 sales you had.)
In the event that you boosted your sales 40%, would that justify the investment in Market Hero? But that is not all…
Market Hero also lets you create upsell sequences. Can you create these strings with additional autoresponder softwares? Yes, you can. It's nowhere near as fluid and it doesn't give you that all-important lifetime customer value, although I'm completely transparent about that. Ninja Forms Autoresponder
The reason Market Hero is so strong is because you're able to apply tags and monitor LTV. When you connect Market Hero to Shopify, it begins monitoring. Purchase tags are implemented that show.
Imagine that you have a Shopify shop selling print-on-demand dog shirts. If someone purchased a pug shirt, then it'd be silly to attempt to market Golden Retriever stuff to this person? But that is exactly what a lot of online entrepreneurs are doing since they don't have the data in front of them. Because Market Hero lets you see exactly what the person purchased, you can focus on selling just stuff.
You can totally geek out on this stuff. You can get as comprehensive as intricate as you would like. In my own personal business, I use it to section the topics that advisors are interested in. I don't need to bombard them with emails about GETTING customers, since they would be immaterial because I sell products that help financial advisors GET customers and help them KEEP customers, if a person is interested in KEEPING clients. That person would eventually unsubscribe.
Oh, and in case you're interested, here is a movie of Alex Becker showing you how you can increase your Shopify revenue 300% with Market Hero. Just keep in mind that Market Hero can be used with ANY business, not Shopify.
Market Hero is an email software because It's built for people who are currently trying to earn money on the internet. If you haven't done So go around there, import your listing and take advantage of the complimentary trial.
You can't afford not to know your numbers. That is like Driving blind. If you do not know your numbers, You're leaving a huge Amount of cash. Imagine how much more money you could make if you Knew exactly what every lead was worth. How would that change your own decisions? How would that change your life? Ninja Forms Autoresponder
Subscribe to the free trial : Market Hero


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haushaut shingles made of aluminum make perfect roofing material. Canadian shingles, square shingles and rectangular shingles form a weather-resistant roof membrane to ensure secure protection for your building. The tightly interlocking folds of individual shingles are highly stable against storms and prevent water entry and damage to insulation. Easy shaping and reshaping enable new designs and the covering of molded elements such as dormers, chimneys, gable boards and attics. Aluminum's lightweight permits the use of shingles on almost any type of roof truss.
Benefits of aluminum shingles
- Extremely lightweight - only 2.8 Kg / m2
- Quick and easy installation
- Folding technology
- Concealed mountings
- Maintenance-free and storm-proof
- Roof pitch up 25 degrees


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Manto Festival continues to enthral audience
LAHORE: The Manto Festival at Alhamra Art Centre, The Mall, continued to attract theatre enthusiasts on the second consecutive day of the event on Wednesday.
Azad Theatre presented its play 'Dafa 292' based on three short stories of Saadat Hassan Manto: Dhuwan, Thanda Gosht and Kali Shalwar. The play portrayed how Manto was an outstanding writer but was accused of using vulgarity in his writings. The play was directed by Malik Aslam. Cast members Usman Zia, Dr Mubashir Hassan and Alia Abbasi gave some peerless performances.
The opening scene of the play depicted how the general public thought Manto's writing was vulgar. There were debates among people whether the writings contributed anything worthwhile to society or created chaos through "elements" of vulgarity.
Manto, played by Mateen Haider, was in some scenes seen defending himself in court against his story Thanda Gosht. Live music and impressive lighting effects made it a remarkable presentation.
Malik Aslam, the director of the play, told Dawn though Azad Theatre was only two years old, but in this short span it had produced nine plays. He said the theatre had announced a script writing competition a few months ago to introduce and encourage new playwrights.
"By now, we have received some 20 or so scripts from all over the country and we shall stage a play on the winning script," Aslam added. He also said parallel theatres had contributed greatly towards highlighting social issues.
On Thursday (today), Ajoka Theatre will stage one of its earlier plays 'Kaun Hai Ye Gustakh'.


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Posts in tag
Watch Shirtless Drunk Bernie Sanders Partying With Other Commies in Russia [VIDEO]
Footage has emerged of Bernie Sanders on his honeymoon with his wife Jane, partying it up with a group of Russians, without a shirt, drunk and singing This Land is Your Land merrily. At the time, Sanders was the mayor of Burlington, Vermont. Sanders wrote that wrote that he visited the Soviet city of Yaroslavl in …


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As soon as I saw the layout, the idea of a spinner card came to me. They are definitely fun and it's been far too long since I've made one! I chose fun, bright colours for my card and used a butterfly die to make my spinner element. The butterfly is suspended in the circular aperture using beading wire. After you've written your card, twist the butterfly about 6 times, close the card and place it in the envelope. When the recipient takes the card out of the envelope the butterfly will spin - what a fab and fun surprise!
Here's a close up of the spinner in the aperture.
To make the card I cut the striped paper to size and adhered it to the front of the Melon Mambo A6 card base with repositionable tape. I used a circle Nestie die to cut an aperture in the patterned paper and card front together at the same time. I die cut two butterflies and glued the two shapes together, sandwiching beading wire between the two shapes. I set the striped paper aside whilst I taped the wire to the front of the card so that the butterfly sat within the circle aperture and I adhered the striped paper over the top on to the card front - that way you get a neat finish as the beading wire ends are nicely hidden. I attached the Melon Mambo strip, the Old Olive circular frame and added two Marina Mist buttons plus blue gems. I used a sentiment with a cute and fun font, die cut it using a label die, sponged the edges with Old Olive ink and popped it up. I added blue gems to the butterfly body and the sentiment label to complete the card front.
Here's the inside and the envelope. I cut a white panel for inside the card and glued on a panel of cloudy sky paper to show through the aperture. I added narrow Old Olive CS strips plus a punched butterfly. A die cut butterfly went on the envelope flap and I sprinkled on more blue gems.
I enjoyed myself immensely making this fun card! I hope you'll have fun too and share your Cute and Fun style cards with us at HOC this week. The other Cute and Fun DT members have made fab cards to inspire you so do check them out!
Next week we'll want to see CAS cards with the sketch, the week after it will be Classic and Elegant cards and we'll finish off August with Shabby and Vintage style cards using the sketch. We have this helpful Definitions of Styles tab at the challenge blog if you'd like to take a look. It would be wonderful if you'd try all the card styles and share your cards with us, we'd love to see them! Everyone is welcome at our House!
Stamps: Hero Arts 'Birthday Messages' clear set
CS: SU! Melon Mambo, Old Olive & Whisper White
Patterned paper: SU! Sunshine & Sprinkles DSP pack
Ink: SU! Melon Mambo & Old Olive
Tools: SU! Beautiful Butterflies Bigz die, Circle Nestabilities dies, Spellbinder's Labels Trio die, SU! Bitty Butterfly punch, sponge dauber
Embellishments & accessories: SU! Marina Mist buttons & Whisper White Baker's Twine, thin beading wire, blue gems, Dimensionals


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Maureen Jobson, now an education officer in East Lothian, last year challenged her former authority, Midlothian Council, claiming that it had refused to increase her salary as head of Gorebridge primary to the level set under the formula operated by the independent consultants.
With the support of the Educational Institute of Scotland, Mrs Jobson, whose husband Roy is education director in Edinburgh, issued a formal grievance.
It is understood that Mrs Jobson's job-sizing evaluation, based on a September 2002 return, awarded her credit for covering for her deputy who had been off on long-term sickness leave.
Consultants from PricewaterhouseCooper accepted that she was effectively doing two jobs and it is understood that they produced a final salary that was around pound;2,000 higher than that for headteachers of similar-sized primary schools.
Ronnie Smith, general secretary of the EIS, said: "Obviously we are delighted that the integrity of the job-sizing machinery has been upheld, but we very much regret that it has taken the authority this long to come to its senses."
A spokesperson for Midlothian said: "The matter was mutually resolved under the job-sizing procedure, which in this case took longer than was hoped due to staff absences."