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[Keywords = tempering]
Archives of Foundry Engineering (4)
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials (1)
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Deep Cryogenic Treatment and Tempering at Different Temperatures of HS6-5-2 High Speed Steel
Ciski A.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2018 | vol. 63 | No 2
deep cryogenic treatment
high speed steel
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The paper presents properties of HS6-5-2 high speed steel subjected to deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) and subsequent tempering at different temperatures. DCT process of HS6-5-2 steel leads to shifting of maximum hardness peak to the lower temperature and the reduction of the obtained maximum hardness by about 1 HRC. These changes in hardness may be due to the shifting of the stage of nucleation and growth of carbide phases to lower temperatures or the changes taking place in the matrix, connected with the additional transformation of the martensite proceeding during the isothermal martensitic transformation occurring at cryogenic temperatures and more extensively occurring precipitation processes, lowering the content of the carbon in the martensite, determining thereby its lower hardness.
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Analysis of the High Chromium Cast Iron Microstructure after the Heat Treatment
D. Kopyciński
E. Guzik
D. Siekaniec
A. Szczęsny
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2014 | No 3
High chromium cast iron
Heat treatment
Soft annealing
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The article presents results of heat treatment on the high chromium cast iron. The study was carrying out on samples cut from the casting made from chromium cast iron. Those were hardened at different temperatures, then tempered and soft annealed. The heat treatment was performed in a laboratory chamber furnace in the Department of Engineering Alloys and Composites at Faculty of Foundry Engineering AGH. At each stage of the heat treatment the hardness was measured by Vickers and Rockwell methods, and the microscope images were done. Additionally based on images from the optical microscope the microstructure was assessed. Based on these results, the effect of hardening, tempering and soft annealing on the microstructure and hardness of high chromium cast iron was studied. Next the effects of different hardening temperatures on the properties of high chromium cast iron were compared. The study led to systemize the literature data of the parameters of heat treatment of high chromium cast iron, and optimal conditions for heat treatment was proposed for casts of similar properties and parameters.
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Evaluation of the Temperature Distribution of a Die Casting Mold of X38CrMoV5_1 Steel
J. Majerník
M. Podařil
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2019 | vol. 19 | No 2
Product development
Casting Process Simulation
temperature distribution
Mold Material
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Relatively cold die material comes into contact with the substantially higher temperature melt during the casting cycle, causing high thermal fluctuations resulting into the cyclic change of thermal field. The presented contribution is devoted to the assessment of the impact of temperature distribution on individual zones in the die volume. The evaluated parameter is the die temperature. It was monitored at two selected locations with the 1 mm, 2 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm and 20 mm spacing from the die cavity surface to the volume of cover die and ejector die. As a comparative parameter, the melt temperature in the middle of the runner above the measuring point and the melt temperature close to the die face were monitored. Overall, the temperature was monitored in 26 evaluation points. The measurement was performed using the Magmasoft simulation software. The input settings of the casting cycle in the simulation were identical to those in real operation. It was found, that the most heavily stressed die zones by temperature were within the 20 mm from the die face. Above this distance, the heat supplied by the melt passes gradually into the entire die mass without significant temperature fluctuations. To verify the impact of the die cooling on the thermal field, a tempering system was designed to ensure different heat dissipation conditions in individual locations. At the end of the contribution, the measures proposals to reduce the high change of thermal field of dies resulting from the design of the tempering channel are presented. These proposals will be experimentally verified in the following research work.
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Computer Advisory System in the Domain of Copper Alloys Manufacturing
S. Kluska-Nawarecka
K. Regulski
D. Wilk-Kołodziejczyk
G. Rojek
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2015 | No 3
Cooper alloy
Modification of cooper alloy
Quenching and tempering of cooper alloy
Cased-based Reasoning
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The main scope of the article is the development of a computer system, which should give advices at problem of cooper alloys manufacturing. This problem relates with choosing of an appropriate type of bronze (e.g. the BA 1044 bronze) with possible modification (e.g. calcium carbide modifications: Ca + C or CaC2) and possible heat treatment operations (quenching, tempering) in order to obtain desired mechanical properties of manufactured material described by tensile strength - Rm, yield strength - Rp0.2 and elongation - A5. By construction of the computer system being the goal of presented here work Case-based Reasoning is proposed to be used. Case-based Reasoning is the methodology within Artificial Intelligence techniques, which enables solving new problems basing on experiences that are solutions obtained in the past. Case-based Reasoning also enables incremental learning, because every new experience is retained each time in order to be available for future processes of problem solving. Proposed by the developed system solution can be used by a technologist as a rough solution for cooper alloys manufacturing problem, which requires further tests in order to confirm it correctness.
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Effect of Tempering Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Cast L35HM Steel
B. Kalandyk
R. Zapała
P. Wawro
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2017 | vol. 17 | No 2
Heat treatment
Mechanical properties
Cast L35HM steel
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A possibility to control the strength, hardness and ductility of the L35HM low-alloy structural cast steel by the applied tempering temperature is discussed in the paper. Tests were carried out on samples taken from the two randomly selected industrial melts. Heat treatment of the cast samples included quenching at 900 °C, cooling in an aqueous solution of polymer, and tempering at 600 and 650 °C. The obtained results showed that the difference in the tempering temperature equal to 50 °C can cause the difference of 121 MPa in the values of UTS and of 153 MPa in the values of 0.2%YS. For both melts tempered at 600 °C, the average values of UTS and 0.2%YS were equal to 995 MPa and 933 MPa, respectively. The values of EL and RA did not show any significant differences. Attention was drawn to large differences in strength and hardness observed between the melts tempered at 600 and 650 °C. Despite differences in the mechanical properties of the examined cast steel, the obtained results were superior to those specified by the standard.
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"Silent" Whistle$39.50Add to cart
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Ergonomic design, press button clicker
i-Clicker – 50 Bulk Pack$389.45Add to cart
Ergonomic design, press button clicker. Bulk Pack 50
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Standard Clicker, also called a Box Clicker.
Supplied in random colours
Target Stick$13.50Add to cart
Extendible Target Stick – Folds down to 15cm, to fit in your pocket or Treat Pouch and extends to maximum 53cm.
For Target Training activities with your dog.
Target Stick – Click$18.00Add to cart
Extendible Target Stick with inbuilt Clicker – Folds down to 20cm, to fit in your pocket or Treat Pouch and extends to maximum 60cm.
For Target Training activities with your dog. One handed Targeting and Marking of behaviours.
Target-Click Stick – White with random (red/purple) click button.
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Tear Drop Clicker on Wrist Strap
Colours are supplied randomly.

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I've never been that good at finding the right words to say.
Sometimes I stumble, muttering something that halfway sounds appropriate, but consists muchly of "ums," "ers" and stutters.
And sometimes I find the right words a few minutes too late–when I get into the car after the funeral, or the minute the person I'm attempting-to-be-speaking to walks away.
It takes me a while sometimes to come up with coherent comments.
My brother and his wife lost their second baby this week. Jade had miscarried last year and, when she found out she was pregnant again, we were all excited–yet reserved our excitement, knowing what could happen. This time the baby held on five more weeks.
Long enough for us to begin to think it was safe to be happy. Long enough for Jim and Jade to be more conifident that all would be OK.
And then, while Vicki & I were out to lunch on Wednesday, we got the news. We were devastated for them. Our hearts ached for their loss. What could we do to help them? What could we say that would ease the pain of what they were going through?
I still can't answer those questions.
I haven't spoken to Jim yet. Mum says he's taking it very hard. I can only imagine how he feels because I've never known what it's like to so desperately want a child only to have your hopes and dreams dashed–not once, but twice.
I need to call him. I hope I can find the words to say when he picks up the phone. I hope the conversation won't drift towards gadgets, work, weather, footy and anything but what is on our hearts.
I hope he can see past my attempts to find the right words and know that I feel his pain and know that God feels it too. I hope and pray that he can see that God is for him and Jade, not against them, and that somehow, through all of this loss, grief and pain, good will come.
I hope. I hope he can too.
I Hope
I've never been that good at finding the right words to say.


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Crystallo Apartments
- Free WiFi in the lobby and free parking
- Collect nights
Crystallo Apartmentsfrom £24
- Standard Studio
- Standard Studio (Single)
- Superior Studio
- Superior Apartment, 1 Bedroom
More great choices
What's around Crystallo Apartments
- Paphos Archaeological Park (10-minute walk)
- Paphos Harbour (11-minute walk)
- Paphos Lighthouse (13-minute walk)
- Tombs of the Kings (23-minute walk)
- Agioi Anargyroi Church (4-minute walk)
- Fabrica Hill (4-minute walk)
- Saint Paul's Pillar (6-minute walk)
- Panagia Chrysopolitissa Church (6-minute walk)
Getting around
- Paphos (PFO-Paphos Intl.) 18-min drive
- Airport shuttle (surcharge)
At a glance
Key facts
- 21 apartments
- Arranged over 2 floors
- Check-in time 2 PM-11 PM
- Check-out time is noon
Required at check-in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- No pets or service animals allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- WiFi in rooms *
- Airport shuttle *
- Free self parking
Payment types at the property
At the aparthotel
- Coffee/tea in a common area
- Outdoor pool
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Designated smoking areas
- Garden
- English
- Greek
In the apartment
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Furnished balcony or patio
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Hair dryer (on request)
- WiFi (surcharge)
- Fridge
- Kitchenette
- Stovetop
- Cookware, dishware and utensils
Also popular with travellers from the UK
Crystallo Apartments's small print
Also known as
- Crystallo Apartments Paphos
- Crystallo Apartments Aparthotel
- Crystallo Apartments Aparthotel Paphos
- Crystallo Apartments
- Crystallo Paphos
- Crystallo
- Crystallo Apartments Paphos
- Crystallo Apartments Aparthotel
- Crystallo Apartments Aparthotel Paphos
- Crystallo Apartments Paphos
Each guestroom at this property has multiple air conditioning units available for a nightly fee due at check-out, based on total consumption. For more information, please contact the office using the information on the reservation confirmation received after booking.Please note that cultural norms and guest policies may differ by country and by property. The policies listed are provided by the property.
Optional extras
Air conditioning is available for an extra charge of EUR 6 per night
Rollaway beds are available for EUR 12.0 per day
Safes in guestrooms can be used for EUR 1.5 per day
Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge
WiFi is available in guestrooms for EUR 1 per night (rates may vary)
We have included all charges provided to us by this property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the unit you book.
Didn't find the right property?Continue searching for Paphos, Cyprus
Recent reviews
Good 7.4 From 46 reviews
Lovely clean apartment, had everything we needed. Cleaners even did the washing up we hadn't had time to do. Clean baby travel cot provided. Overall great experience, would stay here again.
Great location in a quiet area. Short walking distance to Paphos harbour and bar street etc. The beds were quite solid, but adequate for our needs.
The place is a bit far but the experience was good, has a nice pool and the room was quite big
Stayed for 3 nights in a double bed apartment. Check in was straightforward. The guy is in the habit of saying strange things and talking loudly, but otherwise nice and friendly. The room is a bit dated, like something out of the 70s, but otherwise clean, comfortable and functional. There's a nice balcony which gets sun all day and I imagine a nice place to sit and relax if you had the time. The apartment came with fridge, cooker and all the utensils needed to cook. The fridge worked fine, but didn't use the cooker. No one cleaned the room the 3 days I was there and I can imagine another days stay and it will would have been intolerable. One day I did find 3 cockroaches. Sadly this and cleanliness is the one thing I can't abide by. A nice feature is the double thick curtains which are great at blocking out the morning sun. Location wise, it's about 10 minutes to the harbour and 5 to kings avenue mall. So very convenient. It can be an annoying walk from the harbour though. The road are narrow and there isn't always pavement. The locals tend to be quite respectful drivers, but can be a bit scary at night when all you are is headlights. One thing that really annoyed me is the internet. It's free in the lobby and if you want access in the apartments it's €1 a day. Overall, decent value for money considering what you get.
Upon arriving to check in, we were told that there was no room at the hotel. We were then moved to a lesser hotel which upon further investigation was cheaper than what we originally paid (although we were not made aware of this). The new hotel was indeed a lesser hotel with a poor room condition, the room smelt overpowering with paint fumes and the generally hygiene of the room was not the greatest. Overall will not book with crystallo again due to the poor way the situation was handled.
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Many fans wonder when Star Ocean 6 will be released, but obviously, Square Enix still needs a lot of time. During a live stream, producer Shuichi Kobayashi said, "I understand, I know what everyone wants to hear, but frankly, it's not so easy to realize, if you could do it without tri-ace, it would certainly be possible that's not the case, is it? I say please wait a little longer, would you please wait a little longer? "
"Please trust us as we proceed with Star Ocean: Anamnesis (a mobile game), I will do my best, that's all I can say today, but I believe the support of all of us will enable it, hard to work, "Shuichi Kobayashi continues.


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Cars of the Stars Motor Museum
Coordinates: 54°36′04″N 3°08′10″W / 54.601°N 3.136°W
This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Cars of the Stars Motor Museum was in the English town of Keswick, Cumbria, and owned a collection of celebrity television and film vehicles. The museum opened in 1989 and closed in 2011. The sister site The Bond Museum in Keswick, with its over 30 original screen cars from the James Bond films, also closed at the same time.[1]
Nearly all of the vehicles were sold to the American collector Michael Dezer.[2] He relocated the collection to America, where he used it to establish a permanent Cars of the Stars exhibition at his Miami Auto Museum.[3]
In 1982 the museum's founder, Peter Nelson, was approached for use of his MG TC in "The Spoils of War" television production. As a result, he formulated the idea of starting a motor museum with a focus on television and film-based vehicles. The Royal Oak Garage in central Keswick was purchased and refurbished to house the collection.
The museum opened to the public on 1 May 1989 and closed in May 2011.[4] The museum's collection was relocated to the United States.
The collection[edit]
The collection included:
- A Ford Anglia 105E, which had been used during the filming of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets[5]
- Both of the two remaining A-Team GMC vans
- KITT (convertible) from Knight Rider
- Batmobiles from the various Batman related films and television series[5]
- A DeLorean promotional replica from the Back to the Future films
- One of the original Mr. Bean MkIV Austin Minis. (A replica of this is also at the National Motor Museum)
- Laurel and Hardy's Model 'T' Ford
- A comprehensive collection of vehicles from the James Bond films including at least five Aston Martins and a variety of other James Bond cars such as the Lotus Esprit, Toyota 2000GT, AMC Matador,[6] and a BSA motorcycle
- Chitty Chitty Bang Bang from the film of the same name[5]
- The Mad Max film Pursuit Special Ford Falcon XB GT Coupe
- The Munsters' Munster Koach, a hot rod based on a lengthened 1923 Ford Model T chassis with a custom hearse body built by famed customizer George Barris
- A life-sized replica of FAB1 from the supermarionation television series Thunderbirds
- The Street Hawk Motorcycle
- The yellow Reliant Regal van used in Only Fools and Horses[5]
- A Triumph Roadster 1800 as used in the detective series Bergerac[5]
- A Herbie Volkswagen Beetle as used in the film series of the same name[5]
- ^ "The Bond Museum in Keswick closes its doors, collection moving to Miami". Bond News. 8 May 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
- ^ "Palm Beach Driving Club Founder Purchases The Cars of the Stars Museum Automobile Collection; Relocates 100 Cars to Miami". Club News. Palm Beach Driving Club. 30 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
- ^ "Hollywood Cars of the Stars at Miami's Auto Museum". web page. Miami's Auto Museum at the Dezer Collection. Archived from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
- ^ "Lake District's Bond Museum and Cars of the Stars close". BBC News. BBC. 10 May 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f Davies, Hunter (16 July 2010). "Cars of the Stars, Keswick". Associated Newspapers. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
- ^ eucharisto deo (7 April 2009). "Bond's AMC Matador - the car that flies! Copyright:'The Bond Museum', Keswick. Taken with permission". flickr. Retrieved 26 January 2014.


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My husband got to work today, rolled out of his van and pushed the button to close the 2009 Sienna Braun ramp van sliding door. The door started to slide and then hit the down-position ramp. Several tries. Same thing. The ramp goes down when the sliding door opens but won't go up when he pushes close. There are no obstructions or foreign objects under sliding door. He hurt his shoulder trying to pull it up manually. Work colleagues helped him when he left for home.
Has anyone had the same problem? We are not mechanically savvy. The van dealer is far from us and can't see him until mid/late next week.
Thanks for reading.


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Quality is the basis of our business operation, and we have implemented a total quality management in our business process to ensure a smooth business operation. With quality being our chief operative, we have directed all efforts to ensure our clients get the best quality products and services. We maintain an adequate quality control processing unit with all necessary equipment. Our products have been evaluating on the basis of international quality standards and conduct regular inspections. Our production facility is regularly monitored by our quality analysts and checks all stages including the raw materials that are procured from the vendors. We also give importance to safety of products and ensure no harmful chemicals or inorganic matter is being added to the product to get permanent stain.
Why Us?
SRI KRISHNA ENTERPRISES All Rights Reserved.(Terms of Use)
Developed and Managed by Infocom Network Ltd.


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U.S., Gulf States to Join Forces in Fight Against Iranian Arm Smuggling Into Yemen
Iran denies accusations that it is smuggling arms into Yemen, scene to proxy war between Tehran-allied Houthis and Gulf-backed regime.
REUTERS - Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and the United States have agreed to carry out joint patrols to stop any Iranian arms shipments reaching Yemen, the bloc's secretary general, Abdullatif al-Zayani, said on Wednesday.
Zayani was speaking at a news conference with U.S. Defense Secretary Ash Carter after a meeting between Carter and his counterparts from the GCC, which includes Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates and Oman.
Iran denies accusations by Gulf States that it is smuggling weapons to Yemen, where GCC countries are involved in a military campaign against the Tehran-allied Houthi movement.
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In mathematics and computer science, a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) is a finite directed graph with no directed cycles. It consists of finitely many vertices and edges, with each edge directed from one vertex to another, such that there is no way to start at any vertex v and follow a consistently-directed sequence of edges that eventually loops back to v again. A DAG is a directed graph that has a topological ordering, a sequence of the vertices such that every edge is directed from earlier to later in the sequence.
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)
What is Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)?
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) technology has been touted as the next iteration of blockchain technology, and while relatively new, has shown its technology has the potential to become the distributed ledger architecture of choice in the cryptocurrency industry. Bitcoin was Blockchain 1.0 and the decentralized Ethereum is Blockchain 2.0 and Blockchain 3.0 could be Directed Acyclic Graph.
Directed Acyclic Graph v Blockchain
A Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) model works differently than a blockchain. A common blockchain requires miners to maintain blocks, but a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) wouldn't need either proof-of-work or blocks.
Quick Transactions
Due to its blockless nature, the transactions run directly into the Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) networks. The whole process is much faster than those of blockchains based on PoW and PoS.
No Mining Involved
There are no miners on Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) networks. The validation of transactions goes directly to the transactions themselves. For users, this means transactions go through almost instantly.
Friendly to Small Payments
With the advancement of Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG), we're looking at a future where high functioning and minimum transaction fee chains are possible. That means users can send micro-payments without heavy fees like Bitcoin or Ethereum.
Directed Acyclic Graph Structure
To reiterate, a DAG structure looks more like a web of individual transactions connected together with "edges", or, a connection of transactions going in the same direction. This differs from the design of blockchain that groups transactions together in blocks with each block being strung together in a chain formation.
With Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG), because transactions verify each other, the need for miners to secure the network is eliminated, and with it, fees are significantly reduced, with some DAGs successfully testing feeless environments. This is where Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) has the potential to knock the wind out of blockchain's sails. Fast, scalable, on-chain transactions are a combination of factors that blockchain technology still struggles to complete. Yet Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) has shown technologically that these things are possible in a way that the blockchain can't compete with. Several Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) projects have tested thousands of transactions per second successfully,
Another important factor is that Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) eliminates the need for miners to secure the network, as each transaction verifies subsequent transactions. By doing this, the mining process, which is extremely energy intensive, is completely eliminated, making Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) a more economically friendly distributed ledger for transactions.
Who is Using Directed Acyclic Graph?
Over the past year, DAG projects have picked up in popularity, with many of them taking market share away from traditional blockchains. IOTA, with its "Tangle" DAG technology, is one of the most well-known DAG projects with a top ten share of the overall cryptocurrency market. IOTA aims at creating a feeless platform to operate the internet-of-things (IoT) in which everything on the planet will be interoperable and able to talk to each other. The Tangle system is able to settle transactions across the ledger instantaneously with no transaction fees, making microtransactions a reality that was not possible before.
Nano has created a feeless DAG system, known as Block Lattice, which actually creates an entire blockchain for each individual wallet. This revolutionary technology has already tested sizable amounts of transactions at high speeds. Byteball is another DAG project that promises trustless smart payments, giving users the ability to customize parameters on payments that allow a payment to be made under certain conditions. This has created new markets on the Byteball platform including insurance, predictions markets, and even sending funds via email. By using DAG, Byteball is able to complete all of these transactions in real-time, with each user confirming transactions made by other users.
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Consensus Mechanisms
All You Need to Know about Ethereum's Move to PoS
Ethereum's move to PoS: radical shift from PoW to PoS
Ethereum, the world's #2 cryptocurrency, with its impressive capabilities, has become a force to be reckoned with in the cryptoverse. One of its few criticisms, however, is it's current mining method, PoW. That, however, is set to change. In this post we will explore Ethereum's move to PoS.
With the first release of Casper, Ethereum will transition from pure Proof of Work (PoW) to hybrid PoW/PoS. According to Buterin "In this scheme, all of the proof-of-work mechanics will continue to exist, but additional proof-of-stake mechanics will be added".
The main reason why PoS is seen as a necessary development is, of course, the need to reduce the energy requirements of PoW blockchains like the current versions of Ethereum and Bitcoin. A recent report claims that Bitcoin mining consumes as much power in a year as 159 countries, which is clearly far too much, and Buterin admitted that today's Ethereum isn't any better than Bitcoin in that respect.
As Ethereum prepares to make a radical shift in its Blockchain consensus algorithm from Proof of Work (PoW) to Proof of Stake (PoS), here is a brief overview of all that transpired till now – and the changes that are planned.
So, what is Ethereum?
Ethereum was created in 2013 by the Russian-born programmer Vitalik Buterin when he was just 19. In basic terms, Ethereum is a distributed public blockchain network that runs smart contracts. For an in-depth analysis, check out our article on Ethereum.
Just how Bitcoin mining earns Bitcoin, in the Ethereum blockchain, miners work to earn Ether, a type of crypto token that fuels the Ethereum network. Ether is a tradeable cryptocurrency which is also used to pay for transaction fees and services on the Ethereum network by application developers.
Ethereum's ultimate aim is to grow into a decentralized world computer that replaces server farms. Imagine it as one computer that can be used by the whole world, which cannot be turned off. Each update of Ethereum is planned to align this mission. So, every stage is designed to help Ethereum to scale while adding new features and improving security and user-friendliness of the platform.
The road till now – the 4 developmental phases of Ethereum
There are 4 development stages for complete launch process of Ethereum. They are as follows:
- Frontier
- Homestead
- Metropolis
- Serenity.
We will now look at each in turn.
Phase #1 Frontier: This was the first live release of the Ethereum network. Launched in July 2015, this phase introduced the mining of Ether and started building dApps and tools.
Phase #2 Homestead: This happened in March 2016 and was the first production release of Ethereum. This phase introduced many protocol improvements. These became the foundation for improving transaction speeds and for future upgrades.
Phase #3 Metropolis: This phase focused on building a lighter, faster and more secure Ethereum. It includes two hard forks – Byzantium and Constantinople.
Phase #4 Serenity: This would be the final phase wherein the long-awaited Proof of Stake (PoS) using Casper consensus algorithm will be brought in.
Ethereum's move to PoS: why move from PoW?
The short answer – to reduce the power consumption of the Ethereum network and avoid enormous waste of energy. Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) are both algorithms for reaching consensus on the blockchain. However, the approach is quite different.
In PoW, miners attempt to solve complex mathematical problems, which requires massive computing power and electricity. There are disadvantages like the possibility of 51% attack in PoW protocol. On the other hand, in PoS protocol, the miner putting up a stake – basically locking up an amount of their coins – to verify a block of transactions. So, the higher the stake, more the percentage of blocks that he can confirm.
Ethereum currently uses PoW algorithm and plans to move to PoS protocol shortly.
Casper – Ethereum's PoS Protocol
Casper is the name given for the 'proof-of-stake' protocol for Ethereum. It is actually a combination of two research projects – Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget (FFG) and Casper the Friendly GHOST: Correct-by-Construction (CBC). They are referred to as Casper FFG and Casper CBC. The final form of Casper is expected to draw from learnings from both FFG and CBC.
Casper FFG: Nicknamed as Vitalik's Casper, this is a hybrid POW/POS consensus mechanism. Here, there is a PoS protocol overlaying on top of the normal ethash PoW protocol. So even though blocks are still going to be mined via POW, every 50th block is going to be a PoS checkpoint wherein finality is assessed by a network of validators.
In short, Casper FFG PoS system on the current PoW chain to create a PoW/PoS hybrid and it focuses more on a multi-step transition to introducing PoS for the Ethereum network.
Casper CBC: This is being developed by Vlad Zamfir. Casper CBC is intended to replace the current PoW system used by Ethereum so that the main chain produces blocks through PoS.
Casper could be a part of the Constantinople hard-fork of Ethereum's Metropolis phase. This hard fork may be likely to occur between 2018 and 2019 to ensure that Ethereum would be resistant against Bitmain's powerful Ethereum miner named the Antminer E3. For more information about Ethereum Casper click here
Casper is pretty close, sharding number one priority, Buterin recently said at a conference in Singapore.
Ethereum's move to PoS in the Serenity Release
Ethereum plans to move from 100% PoW to 100% PoS in the Serenity release. Developers have programmed a difficulty bomb into Ethereum's Blockchain so that PoS Ethereum Blockchain would be supported. This is expected to eliminate any confusion on which chain to follow – the chain with PoW or the chain with PoS.
Casper is expected to fundamentally change the way the Ethereum network functions – hopefully helping Ethereum scale new heights!
Ethereum: where PoW falls short, PoS is expected to thrive
In conclusion, Ethereum's move to PoS will be beneficial for the following reasons:
- As no mining, in its traditional form, will take place, the issue of unnecessary energy wasting will be forgotten about.
- No competition in solving computational puzzles will mean no demand for advanced mining hardware. Therefore, more people will be encouraged to participate in the validation process.
- PoS will make attacks on the blockchain even more expensive, despite significantly reducing energy costs. If anyone decides to buy up 51% of ether to try to alter transaction blocks, they'll have to pay millions of dollars to get the coins (due to limited supply and increased demand ether price will be increased drastically) and then risk losing their money by destabilizing the very blockchain they've put their funds in.
20/04/2018 – it was announced at a developers meeting on 20th April that the Ethereum Casper consensus protocol is ready for review. The Ethereum Improvement Proposal (EIP) 1011 – also known as Hybris Casper FFG (Friendly Finality Gadget") – is the long-awaited code that will serve as a bridge in the transition from the energy-soaking proof of work (PoW), to a safer, less power-intensive proof of stake (PoS). This process is called "minting", and it is meant to be more environmentally friendly. EIP 1011 developer Danny Ryan reported, during a meeting, that the code is "ready for reviews and community discussions, etc." He also stated testing phase for clients using the Ethereum blockchain would begin soon. "As these pieces of the puzzle are getting closer to being completed, I'll signal that it's time to start talking about fork block numbers."
10/05/2018 – the release of the first version of the Casper "Friendly Finality Gadget" has been announced. Danny Ryan, the developer behind the Casper protocol update announced its first version on GitHub. This upgrade will help the client, auditors and other external parties to integrate the source code into their software more easily as explained by Ryan: "v0.1.0 marks us more clearly tagging releases to help clients and external auditors more easily track the contract and changes."
Cardano – also known as the "Japanese Ethereum" – takes many of the pitfalls of Bitcoin and Ethereum and attempts to improve upon both networks
ADA Percentage Increase Compared to the Average (Bit20 ETF) Starting in 2017
For example, Cardano uses proof of stake as its validation method rather than the proof of work systems employed by many cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin. This significantly reduces the amount of processing power required to validate the network. Furthermore, unlike Ethereum, Cardano utilizes a two-layered system (i.e. two sets of processes occurring simultaneously): (i) a settlement layer similar to Bitcoin to record transactions, and (ii) a control layer for executing "smart contracts" similar to Ethereum. By separating the network into multiple layers, Cardano can address problems with each layer independently. This is similar to the communications protocol for the Internet, which uses several layers including an Internet layer for routing data to the appropriate destination, and an application layer for defining the protocols used to exchange the data. The ADA coin is utilized as the "gas" for executing the smart contracts on the Cardano platform, which means users have to pay a certain amount in ADA to run a contract.
Pros: Executes Turing-complete smart contracts; platform for developing dApps; strong development partner in IOHK; multi-layered network that separates the transaction from the terms and conditions of the transfer; proof of stake validation method increases transaction speed and significantly reduces computing power necessary to run the network compared to proof of work used in Bitcoin, Ethereum, and many other decentralized networks
Cons: Unproven and untested – the Plutus programming language for writing smart contracts is still in development; proof of stake can lead to centralization as only a select few may have enough coins to participate in staking
To perform an objective analysis, each cryptocurrency is rated based on the following factors: (1) validation method; (2) leadership; (3) community participation in development; (4) transaction volume and market capitalization; (5) industry participation; (6) security; (7) usability; (8) technical features; (9) growth; (10) legal risks; and (11) estimated time of arrival.
Validation Method
Unlike Bitcoin, Ethereum, and many other cryptocurrencies, Cardano uses a proof-of-stake (POS) system to validate transactions rather than the more common proof-of-work system. In a POS system, the validator for the next block is selected based on a combination of random selection and account balance. For example, in a POS system if you own 2% of the coins, you can expect to validate about 2% of the blocks, and consequently, receive about 2% of the rewards. In a POS system, the likelihood of a 51% attack is lower than in a POW system, because it is typically more expensive to own more than 50% of the coins than it is to have more than 50% of the computing power. Conversely, a POS system is vulnerable to the "nothing-at-stake" problem, where an attacker sends a transaction, forks the blockchain from one transaction behind the attacker's transaction, and then rewrites the transaction to himself to double-spend the currency. Because there is no disincentive for validators to mine both chains in a POS system, they will continue to mine on both validating the attacker's transactions. However, this problem is more theoretical in nature, and is not perceived as an imminent threat.
Leadership/Community Participation
The Cardano Foundation partnered with Input Output Hong Kong (IOHK) – a technology company founded by Charles Hoskinson and Jeremy Wood who were previously involved in Ethereum. IOHK also employs Professor Aggelos Kiayias, a cryptographer from the University of Edinburgh, along with a team of researchers and scientists that have contributed to the protocol. With these great minds at the forefront of cryptography and distributed ledgers working together, Cardano has the potential to improve upon the existing platforms. Cardano is also the first academically peer-reviewed distributed ledger.
Transaction Volume and Market Capitalization
Cardano has the 7th largest market cap (~5.7B) and a daily transaction volume of over $200 million despite requiring substantial development before any token holder can participate in staking and smart contracts can be deployed on the network.
Industry Participation
A few companies have indicated an interest in the Cardano platform once the virtual machine and Plutus programming language are available for use. This includes Traxia a token for financing small and medium sized businesses, which plans to migrate to the Cardano platform at the end of 2018. However, as Cardano is still in its very early stages, the majority of companies seem to prefer Ethereum at this time.
In terms of security, Cardano has many of the same advantages and disadvantages as Ethereum. In some instances, staking can lead to increased centralization as only a small number of users will have enough tokens to win a block reward. An attack directed at one of those accounts could severely disrupt the network.
ADA is a utility token used as fuel for operating the Cardano platform. This means that each time a developer creates a smart contract or issues a token on the platform, a designated amount of ADA is transferred. ADA may also be used as a store of value and/or for daily transactions, but its primary intended use appears to be as fuel for executing smart contracts.
Technical Features
To perform proof-of-stake, Cardano uses an algorithm named Ouroboros which has been extensively peer-reviewed. As mentioned above, the Cardano protocol is separated into two layers: a settlement layer and a control layer. The settlement layer is used to record transactions, while the control layer executes smart contracts through a virtual machine called IELE and a programming language named Plutus, both still under development. By separating smart contracts and transactions into two layers, the development team can address problems such as scaling with each layer independently. By contrast, Ethereum records all of this information in the same layer, creating large storage requirements and in some instances, slowing down the network. Finally, Cardano intends to enact an on-chain governance system, where token holders vote on updates to the protocol, and if a majority vote in favor of the update then it is enacted. In other systems like Bitcoin and Ethereum, updates to the network are made through a fork where the chain splits into two. Miners effectively vote for the update by continuing to validate transactions from the old chain or moving over to the new chain. However, this voting occurs after the fork, so the developers can add an update which does not end up being enacted if the miners continue to devote computing resources to the original chain. In Cardano's on-chain governance system, updates are voted on before they are added into the protocol.
Growth/Legal Risks
Cardano has plenty of potential for growth as development proceeds further. Eventually, Cardano may compete with Ethereum as developers and companies try out the Cardano platform for generating smart contracts. Moreover, the supply of the ADA coin is capped at 45 billion which it should reach in a little over 20 years.While the supply is several orders of magnitude larger than Bitcoin's, Litecoin's, or Ethereum's, the ADA coin may see a spike in growth as it reaches the maximum amount.
Estimated Time of Arrival
Although ADA is readily available on many exchanges, a significant amount of development is still necessary before this coin becomes viable. Currently, the proof of stake system requires users to have at least a 1% of the total supply of ADA (or about $130 million) to participate in staking. Additionally, both the virtual machine (IELE) and programming language (Plutus) for writing smart contracts remain under development.
While the concepts behind Cardano are very intriguing and address many issues with other cryptocurrencies, there is still a lot of work to do to build the platform. The ADA coin has tremendous potential, but it is yet to be seen how developers will adapt to the Plutus language, or how the IELE virtual machine and the Cardano network will handle a large volume of contracts/transactions.
Analysis brought to you by the hugely talented cryptocurrency enthusiast Cameron Pick. Find out more at https://cryptonalysis.net and be sure to follow the cryptoanalysis Twitter account: https://twitter.com/Cryptonalysis1
Proof of Stake
Is Nav Coin built for the future of cryptocurrency?
What is Nav Coin?
The key differentiating factor between Nav Coin and Bitcoin is that Nav Coin is built on a proof of stake (PoS) platform and not a proof of work (PoW) platform like Bitcoin. This is a good thing for many reasons, with proof of stake being a much more modern technology. In fact, the fact that Bitcoin can't adopt proof of stake like Ethereum is doing represents a massive problem for Bitcoin – and ultimately will lead to its demise.
Nav Coin is a Privacy Coin
The cornerstone of Nav Coin is its privacy features. That is to say, that the blockchain is not publicly viewable, like bitcoin's is. Uniquely, the coin runs on two blockchains, which serves to break any link there might be forged between sender and receiver. Compared to other cryptocurrencies, its ability for anonymous transactions is distinctive and will compete with other leading privacy coins like PIVX over the next few years.
Providing Privacy Features to All Cryptocurrencies
Nav Coin has plans to combine NAVTech's anonymous transaction abilities with Changelly's instant exchange. This fusion of technologies will be called NAVTech Polymorph. It will enable users to send a wide array of cryptocurrencies anonymously. This anonymity feature is a major pillar of Nav Coin and making it interoperate with other cryptocurrencies through Changelly is something that has never really been done before. Now, for the first time ever, users wanting to buy and sell bitcoin anonymously would be able too, with Nav Coin acting has the intermediary anonymising service. The ability to anonymously send trade a variety of cryptocurrencies including those that have no privacy features of their own is a huge feature that really sets Nav Coin apart amongst the privacy coins.
Nav Coin to Join forces with Apple
A continued signal of Nav Coin's bright future came early in 2018. On January 16th, 2018 Nav Coin announced it had passed Apple's iOS Store technical review process which means the coin is on its way to being an approved currency within the Apple Store. This development lends serious credibility and momentum to the coin.
How to Invest in Nav Coin
Nav coins is available on all major exchanges and can be traded for a variety of cryptocurrencies.
Proof of Stake
Cardano Shelley Update: Why Everyone's Excited!
There is a lot of excitement around the upcoming Cardano Shelley update. The ambitious crypto project, Cardano is fast becoming a trailblazer. Branded as the 3rd generation of blockchain after Bitcoin (generation 1) and Ethereum (generation 2), Cardano encompasses many unique characteristics and features. The upcoming Cardano Shelley update is expected to be the next big release of Cardano.
Before we explore why everybody is eagerly awaiting Cardano Shelley update, here's a quick recap of what Cardano is all about and the functionalities that are available in its current release.
Cardano Shelley Update: The 3rd Gen Prodigy
When Bitcoin, the first generation of blockchain came into existence, it introduced a brand-new financial transaction technology that was peer-to-peer in nature and permitted borderless transactions without the need for a middle-man.
Then came Ethereum, the second generation, wherein it implemented smart contract functionality. However, both the first and second generation blockchain technology had a major flaw – it caused splits whenever there was any major upgrade.
In the third generation blockchain technology, the main features in focus are scalability, treasury systems, sustainability, interoperability (side chains), and on-chain governance. Cardano plans to support easy scalability on the network by implementing layers on the Cardano blockchain technology.
Catering to Users and Regulators
The innovative blockchain-based platform of Cardano is based on scientific philosophy and a research-driven approach. Usually, a cryptocurrency starts off with a basic whitepaper. But in the case of Cardano, investors have a plethora of academic papers to explore.
Cardano basically provides a programmable blockchain and smart contracts for dApp development. It is jointly developed by a global team of expert engineers and researchers who recognize that technology should be scalable, flexible, and secure in order to thrive as well as remain useful to millions of users.
The company aims to combine privacy with regulation, thereby giving best of both worlds – balancing the needs of the users with the regulators. In their words, "The vision for Cardano is that its new style of regulated computing will bring greater financial inclusion by providing open access for all to fair financial services."
The 5 Special Features of Cardano
Launched in 2015 by Charles Hoskinson and Jeremy Wood, Cardano platform utilizes a rigorously and academically peer-reviewed open source code.
The important features of Cardano are its coding language, proof of stake (PoS) protocol, layered technology, governance model, and treasury.
Coding Language: Cardano is built from scratch using the functional programming language, Haskell. Haskell's mathematical approach allows for code to be written in a more reliable and secure manner.
PoS Protocol: Cardano uses a proprietary PoS protocol with mathematically proven security called Ouroboros. Ouroboros assures that all the blocks that are being dealt with are legitimate and tamper-proof. Ouroboros can also enable many advanced scaling options like sidechains (wherein there are multiple chains that all interoperate) and sharding (wherein the larger blockchain is broken down into manageable chunks)
Layered Technology: Cardano aims to use a layered technology. The first layer called the Cardano Settlement Layer (CSL) will focus on transactions and accounts. The native currency, ADA will be transacted over CSL. The second layer called Cardano Control Later (CCL) and it is the computational layer for smart contracts. Having two layers basically helps Cardano to have enhanced flexibility as well as easier upgrades.
Governance: The future of a blockchain depends on its Governance model to a large extent. Cardano's aim is to implement on-chain governance. Here, community proposed updates to the blockchain would be voted by the ADA token holders. Once approved, the updates would be encoded into the blockchain.
Treasury: The treasury is also decentralized, wherein 25% of the block rewards are planned to be placed. The voting by the ADA holders will decide how to spend this money.
Cardano's Current Phase: Byron
Cardano is currently in the Bootstrap Era, which is code-named as the "Byron" phase.
Interestingly, this phase is named after famed British poet George Gordon Byron.
Byron is the first major release of the platform. It basically establishes the baseline for Cardano for letting users trade and transfer ADA.
Here are the key developments in the Byron phase.
Cardano SL: The launch of Cardano SL MainNet was done on September 29, 2017.
Exchange Enhancements: The performance enhancements and improvements are being done to the code in Byron phase. This is to ensure that it can handle the increasing rates of activities on major crypto exchanges. Cardano aims to increase the number of users that can be served with a fixed volume of transactions. In order to support this feature, a brand new API (Application Programming Interface), is being delivered.
To ensure that Cardano can support multiple exchanges, many existing APIs are also being revised in this phase. There is already testing being done on Binance and Bittrex exchanges for quicker resolutions of any maintenance issues. A support tracking system is also created in order to monitor any incoming requests.
Improvements to the design of Daedalus: The graphical user interface (GUI) of Cardano wallet, Daedalus is being improved in this phase. The users will now be able to submit bug reports from within the Daedalus application.
All said and done, the fact remains that, right now, the only working protocol of Cardano is its settlement layer, wherein its currency ADA resides. Although Ouroboros is turned on, consensus is currently locked to private nodes (IOHK) until the system gathers momentum. Which means that Cardano is PoS centralized right now and the rewards are simply being burned.
If we strip all the frills, Cardano is now only a cryptocurrency and is yet to release other features for becoming a blockchain platform.
Cardano Shelley Update: Next Phase
By mid-2018, Cardano plans to roll into its next phase called Shelley. This is when things start to get exciting. This phase is named after the English poet, Percy Bysshe Shelley.
The ultimate aim of Shelley phase is for the technology to become a fully decentralised and autonomous system. Once Byron is stabilized and refined, IOHK plans to make significant improvements to its core components in the Shelley phase.
The important developments expected in Shelley phase are open Ouroboros delegation, multiSig transactions, enhanced Wallet backend, consensus and incentive fees, quantum-resistant signatures, light client mode, human-friendly addresses, networking, voting centre, paper wallets.
Open Ouroboros delegation: In Cardano, the transaction confirmations are not done with hardware (PoW) but with the user's already owned ADA (PoS). This means that Cardano SL makes use of a proof of stake approach to reach consensus and ultimately produce blocks in the blockchain. A key element of decentralization is the ability of delegating stakes by stakeholders. In Shelley phase, users will have the capability to delegate their stake or to act as stake pools and have stake delegated to them.
MultiSig transactions: In Cardano Shelly phase, multisignature transaction will be enabled. It is a very useful security feature that allows Daedalus to support wallets that are shared across multiple people and which enables joint control of funds.
Enhanced Wallet backend: In Shelley phase, the wallet backend is aimed to be enhanced. The wallet backend basically gives Daedalus HD wallet capabilities as well as provide the link between Daedalus and the Cardano network. By enhancing the wallet backend, the performance of Daedalus would be increased, and also make it easier for third-party systems to integrate with Cardano.
Consensus and incentive fees: The incentive scheme in Shelley phase would be based on sound foundations of mathematics, economic theory, and game theory. This scheme is planned to be introduced to make sure that stakeholders will fully participate in the protocol and also setup the required infrastructure for running a node. The incentive scheme will have appropriate rewards for operating full nodes, a mechanism to set transaction fees, incentives to delegate stake, and more.
Quantum-resistant signatures: One of the major worries in crypto-verse is the development of quantum computers that would break cryptography. Cardano plans to mitigate this by adding a new type of transaction. This transaction will use a quantum-resistant signature scheme called BLISS. Even if the cryptography is broken, this would allow funds to be secured against being stolen.
Light client mode: Currently, using a wallet for the first time or after a while requires a long wait time. This is because of the time necessary for the entire blockchain to finish downloading. In the Shelley phase, Cardano plans to include light client mode feature that would significantly reduce the blockchain syncing time. For doing this, Daedalus wallet would subscribe to a trusted blockchain checkpoint provider. A checkpoint is basically snapshots of the Cardano blockchain in time. With this update, Daedalus would only need to sync the blockchain from the most recent checkpoint, rather than the entire blockchain, thus saving time.
Human-friendly addresses: The addresses of Cardano are presently a string of letters and numbers that are a lot longer than Bitcoin addresses. In the Shelley phase, the length of the address would be significantly trimmed, making them easier to communicate. This is planned to be done by minimising the information represented in the addresses and improving the way that stake delegation information is represented.
Improved networking: A new network layer that gives a degree of protection to large-scale distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, and enables decentralization while supporting a wide and dynamic network topography over common internet infrastructure is planned for Shelley phase.
A voting centre: Instead of central authorities deciding on protocol and software updates, Cardano plans to have a voting centre for this decision making. Users can use their stake or delegate it to the stake pool to vote on upcoming updates and protocol changes.
Paper wallets: Paper wallets are now becoming increasingly popular as they can be used for placing funds in cold storage on a physical medium. Shelley update plans to make paper wallet available in Daedalus.
The Cardano Shelley update will prepare Cardano for a range of impressive features, including smart contracts, metadata, side chains, multi-party computation, and more. Those protocols will be added gradually over time.
What's next after Cardano Shelley Update?
After the Cardano Shelley update there will be 3 more releases for Cardano. First will be Goguen, which centres on the integration of smart contracts. For this, they plan to launch an IELE Virtual Machine. The testnet version of IELE will be running on the Ethereum Mantis client. After that is Basho, which focuses on performance improvements. Voltaire would be the final phase, wherein IOHK will add a treasury system and governance.
Charles Hoskinson has made it clear that the Cardano Shelley update is an important step in Cardano's grand scheme of things. The goal of Cardano is to create a secure, reliable platform that will span decades, and they have numerous experts working tirelessly towards it. We are living in amazing times indeed!
Next Generation Blockchains: Ethereum vs Neo vs Cardano
Introducing the next generation blockchains
Satoshi Nakamoto brought in the whirlwinds of change. Almost a decade ago, he introduced blockchain technology and the peer-to-peer digital currency Bitcoin. This went on to completely revolutionize the very landscape of global finance and economy. Since then, the original blockchain concept has found a multitude of uses and applications that transcends beyond digital currencies. Today, Ethereum (ETH), NEO (NEO), and Cardano (ADA) are the frontrunners among the next generation blockchains. Let's explore more about them.
Ethereum, NEO & ADA: race is on for the next generation blockchains
Think of blockchain as the internet. Then, digital currencies can be compared to say, emails. You can use the internet for emails of course. But then again, the internet has a plethora of other uses than just emails! This is exactly the case with the blockchain, as it has now evolved into something much bigger.
…because the Internet is more than just emails
The blockchains can be used for amazing new business applications like smart contracts, peer-to-peer sharing economy, creation of crowd-sourced venture capital funds, governance though transparent elections and polls, file storage, supply chain auditing, prediction market via crowdsourcing, protecting intellectual properties and automating sale of creative works online, automation of IoT (internet of things), identity management, microgrid energy management, Anti-money laundering (AML) and know your customer (KYC) practices, data management, stock trading, land title registration and record keeping, and much much more!
Ethereum, NEO & ADA: next generation blockchains
What is Ethereum?
Ethereum is an open, decentralized software platform where transaction fees and services are paid using ether. The Ethereum network introduced the concept of 'programmable blockchain', as Ethereum bought in the capability of developing "distributed applications" (dApps) on top of the blockchain. Ethereum uses POW algorithm but is slowly moving to a new hybrid PoW/PoS as part of the Casper release.
But there were some major challenges faced by the Ethereum network after it witnessed massive growth. There have been issues in the past with smart contract safety and scalability. These are both being addressed by Ethereum's 'Sharding' architecture which should enable several things.
- It will facilitate multiple domains or "parallel universes" to exist on the same network.
- These universes will share consensus and there will be protocols to link the different universes.
- Sharding will create new types of addresses on the network. This, in turn, will allow Ethereum to adopt new backward incompatible protocols without disrupting the main blockchain.
What is NEO?
NEO is often referred to as the Chinese Ethereum. Neo is the rebranded AntShares (ANS), (which was formed in 2014) and is a decentralized blockchain protocol. Neo calls itself as the blockchain for the "Smart Economy".
According to NEO whitepaper, "NEO is the use of blockchain technology and digital identity to digitize assets, the use of smart contracts for digital assets to be self-managed, to achieve "smart economy" with a distributed network."
What is Cardano?
Cardano is a proof of stake cryptocurrency that will support smart contracts and dapps in the future. We have extensively covered Cardano already and encourage readers to check out our deep dive piece on it.
Ethereum vs Cardano vs Neo – comparison of next generation blockchains
Let us now compare the three heavyweights of next generation blockchains – Ethereum (ETH) vs Cardano (ADA) vs Neo (NEO).
#1 Consensus
- Ethereum uses Proof of Work consensus model. It is now testing a new hybrid PoW/PoS system with its Casper release
- Cardano uses Ouroboros proof of stake algorithm to reach consensus.
- NEO uses a delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance (dBFT) to reach consensus. It is energy efficient and quicker than PoW.
Cardano takes the lead here with Ouroboros being the only consensus algorithm to have undergone formal academic review
#2 Current Ecosystem
- Ethereum has one of the most robust ecosystems with multiple wallets, dApps, decentralized exchanges, decentralized banking, payments, etc.
- Cardano launched several years after Ethereum and as such has a much more infantile ecosystem – although its gaining momentum steadily.
- NEO launched under initially under the name Antshares and has been around longer than Cardano, but not as long as Ethereum. It currently has multiple wallets, dApps etc. There are also projects on other platforms like QLink, Zeepin, Trinity, THOR, NEX, TheKey etc.
Ethereum is leading the charge hands down in terms of established ecosystem and continues to reap first movers advantage as more and more ICOs launch on its blockchain.
#3 Transaction Per Second on Chain
With all projects still actively developing their scaling solutions this is an ever evolving landscape. Equally, while a project might claim a transaction rate, that's not necessarily been proven. Therefore, making accommodations for all the work each project is doing, it seems unfair to call any project out now for current numbers or limitations. Safe to say, all projects, claim to be able to handle thousands of transactions per second by 2020. We shall see!
#4 Governance
- Ethereum has a governance model similar to bitcoin and uses PoW mining to reach consensus now.
- Cardano plans to provide an on-chain voting mechanism to make decisions regarding the future of the protocol by creating a constitution, treasury fund etc.
- NEO has token holders as the network managers. Voting is expected to be enabled once the decentralization of bookkeeper nodes happen. Currently, NEO council is in charge of offchain governance.
Proof of Stake
Cardano Staking Pools
Cardano Staking Pools
Cardano Staking Pools will allow holders of Ada, the cryptocurrency on the Cardano blockchain platform, to earn money while they sleep.
What is Cardano?
Cardano is one of the world leading blockchain projects. Shortly Cardano will be completing its Shelley release as per its roadmap which will enable users to delegate the staking of their Ada. If you're a little lost, fear not, all will be explained!
What's a Staking Pool?
In a proof-of-stake network the act of staking enables new coins to be minted. This means that there are rewards available for those that stake their coins. By some estimations, roughly 5% a year can be earned through continually staking ones' coins. Cardano is soon to enable its delegated staking features in its Daedalus wallet, enabling people to stake on behalf of others. Once staking goes live the Daedalus wallet will let you create a 'proxy signing key' or 'staking key' which can then be used to delegate your stake to another Cardano wallet. You can stake some, or all of your Ada but in general people will stake as much as they can.
So I can just stake my own Ada?
Yes, you can. And you should. In order to effectively stake your Ada, you need to run the Daedalus wallet 24/7 as a full node on the Cardano network. Essentially this means that you are contributing your electricity towards supporting the network, and in return, you will earn rewards for doing so. If however, you lose your connection at any time, then you are penalised for the downtime by having no chance of earning the rewards for that time. For those people that want a "set and forget" solution that guarantees their staking is happening on the network at all times, they have the option of using a staking pool. The pool will have published and measurable uptime values, so the most reliable pools will likely attract the most stakers, and will donate the electricity into the network on behalf of its stakers.
This is actually a great thing and something Cardano seeks to really get right. Properly incentivising staking pools increases the number of nodes on the network as, for the most part, individual users are not willing or able to stake their Ada themselves. Rather than these users missing out on rewards, there will be dozens of staking pools available for them to use to stake for them. The more pools, the more competition to have low fees and be highly reliable.
How do I join a Staking Pool?
Below is a selection of staking pools we're aware of, with our Planet Cardano standing head and shoulders above the rest in terms of commitment towards customer satisfaction through engineered excellence. A relentlessly high quality, secure, resilient solution that guarantees world-class service
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Introducing our 29th Annual General Meeting of Knowsley Chamber of Industry & Commerce
…and this is the full board report by the Chief Executive to our members
"A warm welcome to Knowsley Chamber's 29th AGM, and thank you to our President, Lord Derby, for hosting today's meeting.
The Chamber team is incredibly to the Members for their loyal and ongoing support. My thanks to the President, the Chairman Alan Seeley, and Vice-Chairman Edward Perry and of course all the non-Executive Directors who have given their time, commitment and advice to support me and the team during 2017 and 2018. Special welcome to our 2 new non-executive directors, Cliff Kirby and Liam Hanlon who are attending their first AGM.
The AGM gives me the opportunity to provide you with insight and detail regarding our strengths and opportunities, both in context of the Chamber and the borough of Knowsley. Whilst we may be sailing into unchartered waters over the next 100 days I wish to convey to you a message of ambition and conviction.
In September 2015, the business support service in Knowsley was transformed into the Growth Hub and there has been a determination to create a single point of access for all business support. In order to capitalise on emerging city region initiatives, in 2018 we became part of a much wider collaboration called Invest Knowsley.
The Chamber and the Growth Hub have moved into new offices on the First Floor of Huyton Library, and are working with the Major Development Team to provide a "one front door" for companies to access integrated business advice and investment support.
I am delighted to confirm that Knowsley Chamber is in a strong position – both financially and organisationally.
- Membership numbers and income has increased.
- The prudent approach to financial management has resulted in building our reserves.
- We have increased income for delivering services.
- We are now working with Knowsley Enterprise Credit Union and have opened a commercial account. The Enterprise Credit Union undertakes valuable work here in Knowsley, working with companies to set up schemes so that employees can make regular savings through payroll.
We are looking to the future with confidence. Confidence is also high within our membership. This room is populated by entrepreneurs who have worked creatively and with determination to invest and build a strong Knowsley.
The mix of very large companies and a wealth of indigenous SMEs is key to our success and gives Knowsley its character – you all have a key role in sustaining and driving the place agenda.
Knowsley is making a weighty contribution to the economy and productivity of the city region and for UK plc. I am proud to say that we are leading on many fronts and we are definitely doing many things well. Latest figures show that:
- Economic output in Knowsley (GVA in current basic prices) was £3.61bn in 2017. Compared with the previous year (2016), Knowsley's economy has grown from £3.29bn, 9.9% increase compared with 3.6% across the UK, and 5% across the Liverpool City Region.
- Since 2008, the number of companies has grown by 30%. We are now home to 4,115 local businesses. By comparison the national rate of growth is 19%.
- Jobs in key sectors have grown. For example there are an extra 2,000 jobs in manufacturing.
- Since 2010 jobs in Logistics have increased by 60% – that's another 4000 jobs making it the joint fifth largest overall sector in the borough.
These record breaking levels are helping to shape a confident and buoyant Knowsley. We, at Knowsley Chamber and Growth Hub are here to support you, the people, the businesses, investors and developers so that your plans for come to life.
I am delighted to announce that just this week we have received confirmation of the extension of the Business Growth Programme, therefore if you are interested in finding out more about this funded programme please speak to a member of the team.
The economic fortunes of Knowsley has also spread to how we, as a business community, play our role in wider community well-being. The Chamber is fully supportive of the Knowsley Better Together model. A great example of this was evidenced yesterday when I visited Suites Hotel, who are working with the Supported Internships Programme to provide students with learning difficulties and/or disabilities the opportunity to gain valuable work experience. Many thanks Lyndsay for being so enthusiastic about the benefits for the interns and for your business, and for supporting the Armed Forces Covenant here in Knowsley.
Numerous other examples of Better Together exist …creating local supply chains (keeping the pound in Knowsley), fundraising for small local charities, mentoring, volunteering, offering work experience, going into schools to talk about the world of work and career opportunities.
As you can see we have some students from Halewood Academy here today. The school's vision statement is 'We Seek the Best', and their core values are respect, resilience, aspiration, collaboration and excellence.
Halewood has just launched a new scheme called Future Female Leaders programme. I have signed up to become a mentor. If you wish to find out more about the programme there are a number of very able and enthusiastic students here who will be able to tell you more.
Creating career opportunities for young people is part of our DNA. Modern apprenticeships offer fantastic training and employment opportunities. Knowsley Chamber's apprentice, Mollie Watson, started with us in March 2018. It's been a particularly busy year for Mollie, and apart from on the job training Mollie is undertaking a NVQ Level 2 qualification.
At this point I have invited Julie Byrne, from the Combined Authority Apprenticeship Team to provide a short update on the support available to employers……………
An important role for any Chamber is to lobby and represent on your behalf. Information you provide to us feeds into the current Economic Growth Plan, as well as several other workstreams for example:-
- Improving public transport connectivity, especially to the Business Parks. We have held several business roundtables with Stagecoach and thank you Rob for attending the AGM today;
- The cleanliness and general amenity offer in the areas surrounding your businesses. My thanks to Dale Milburn and his team for being so proactive to engage.
- Issues on access to broadband and bandwidth. A challenge for us all if we are to use the commercial advantages of digital connectivity.
- Access to supply chains for contracts in Knowsley, for example the Shakespeare North Theatre and the work of the Construction Forum. As you can see, your insights, experiences and perspectives inform our work. Please remember that our 2018 business survey is now live, and it includes a question on how you would like Knowsley to look in 2030. The information you provide will help us to deliver the business support that will make a real difference to your business. With the backdrop of Brexit only 3 months away, some early survey findings reveal:-
- 76% of you want to grow your business in the next 12 to 18 months.
- 50% want to take on new staff
- 36% want to invest in machinery/equipment
- 35 % want to branch out into new areas of business
- 27% want to increase the size of your current business accommodation
Generating income is the lifeblood of any business, and the Chamber is no different. A continuing success story for the Chamber is our contract with Public Health for delivering the Working Well programme.
We spend a large proportion of our time in work, so our jobs and our workplaces can have a big impact on our health and wellbeing. We now have 250 Workplace Champions working with us on the programme, and we have grants of up to £500 for businesses to introduce initiatives. If you have not already signed up to Working Well then please speak with Lorna Marshall.
Our events programme has been highly successful. We have facilitated 52 workshops and seminars attracting over 1200 attendees. Some events have generated so much interest that we have had to create waiting lists. Our B2B breakfast Flash networking is highly regarded – it's successful and friendly, and generates business. Equally, our Construction Forum has been hugely successful – we have several new elements for the Forum in Spring 2019.
The Manufacturing Network, goes from strength to strength. My thanks to Rod Wah, Chairman of Manufacturing Network. The Knowsley Business Watch meetings are well attended and our regular business alerts help to build resilience and reduce risk for businesses. My thanks to representatives of Mersey Fire & Rescue Services and Merseyside Police for being so supportive in this regard.
This year's Knowsley Business Awards were the most successful yet with a record breaking 850 people in attendance. A big thank you to the team for working so hard to deliver the biggest business award in the city region, and in particular Irene Johnson – for her infectious enthusiasm, passion and energy.
Congratulations to award winning Chamber Members:-
- Cybertill
- Colloids
- Krol Corlett Construction
- Orbit Developments
- Dairy Crest
- Villages Housing Trust
- Applied Nutrition
- Machmade
Special mention to Danielle Flynn from JLR who picked up the Apprentice of the Year award. Danielle's contribution to our panel discussion at our Knowsley Women in Business event was insightful, articulate and entertaining.
The Chamber has a small but strong team. Our key strengths are experience, proven expertise, professionalism, speed, and never failing to deliver. As you can imagine I am very privileged to work with such a dedicated team – this is very much a team effort and it is delivered by exceptional people.
Talking of exceptional. A special thank you Sheila Toft who celebrated 15 years with the Chamber in August this year. I am extremely fortunate and lucky to be working with Sheila, who has supported me from Day One in this job.
Knowsley Chamber is in a strong place. Our current financial and operational success means that the Board of Directors can look to the future.
Key to the success of the Chamber is our reputation – relying on the strength of our relationships, a continued commitment to deliver outstanding client care, and delivering the best possible service.
I can report that the Board have agreed to create a new role within our existing structure. At the beginning of 2019, we will be recruiting a business development manager. This is an exciting opportunity which we believe will escalate growth in the business as well as introducing new services for our members.
Knowsley offers a strong proposition for businesses ………an address in a prime location, excellent connectivity, and a professional business team on the doorstep.
Notwithstanding what lies ahead, and how choppy the waters may get, my commitment to you, all our Members, is that we will work hard to help you become more successful.
We will exploit all opportunities on your behalf, we will support the local economy, we will work collaboratively to attract major initiatives and investment, and generate a thriving climate for the private sector to grow.
In conclusion, may I thank once again the President, Lord Derby, for allowing us to hold the AGM here at Knowsley Hall, and thank you to the staff of Knowsley Hall for working with us to arrange this AGM.
It is a great privilege to serve as your Chief Executive a role that I have been undertaking since 2010, and I look forward to working with you again over the next 12 months."
Lesley Martin-Wright
19 December 2018


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Ahoj from Picturesque Prague!
Day 1
We woke up early the next morning to get a head start on the day! We began our morning at Café Louvre, which is a Prague institution. It is a café that has been around since around 1900! The inside was beautiful and the cappuccino and croissant was definitely the best I have had thus far on our journey! After we were fueled up for the day ahead, we were ready to explore! We walked back to Old Town Square to see it in the daylight. This square is home to Prague's famous Astrological Clock. Sadly the clock was undergoing renovations and we couldn't see the outside, but we were still able to go up to the top! We rode the elevator to the top of the clock where we were able to see all of Prague. It was a stunning view and I never could get tired of the beautiful red rooftops! We walked around and took in the many sights of Old Town Square after. The buildings that make up the square are picturesque and colorful. One of my favorite details of Old Town Square was the man making bubbles. He had huge poles with rope and was producing bubbles of all shapes in sizes for tourists, locals and children to enjoy.
After appreciating all that Old Town Square had to offer, we walked to Charles Bridge, a very famous bridge in Prague. This bridge offers unmatched views of Prague's castle while walking over the river. It was filled with people walking and taking pictures of Prague's beautiful and iconic architecture, but also with artists selling their work. I loved walking across the bridge and admiring Prague's beauty from all angles.
Once we made it across the bridge, we walked to the famous John Lennon Wall. This was probably one of my favorite sights in all of Prague! The wall is so colorful and filled with people leaving their mark on this special city. We took some pictures and enjoyed the musicians playing iconic Beatle's music before continuing on our journey to the castle.
The castle was quite the hike, but the views from the top were SO worth it. You could see all of Prague, red roofs for as far as the eye could see. Seriously the view was beyond breath taking and the pictures don't do it justice in the slightest. We walked around the castle and inside the basilica before making the trek back down. Prague's Castle holds the Guinness Book of World Record's for being the largest castle in Europe! Pretty cool!
We all felt that we had earned our selves a treat after climbing up to the castle. Prague is known for it's Tredlnks and I was dying to try one. To be completely honestly I didn't even really know what a Tredlnk was. I had just seen them being made in front of the shops and people walking around eating them all day long. KayLeigh's friend had studied abroad and recommended them from a specific spot. We decided to trust the Tredlnk expert! And boy were we glad we did! They were delicious! I ordered a plain one, which after my first bite realized was dough with nuts, sugar and cinnamon on the outside. Hailey had one with chocolate inside and KayLeigh had one with ice cream and strawberries. Now we knew what all the hype was about!
I quickly learned that Prague is best experienced by simply just exploring and wondering its cobblestone streets. So that we did! We walked in some shops and purchased a few souvenirs before ending back up in Old Town Square. The sun was beginning to set by this time and I remembered I had read that a few restaurants in the square had roof top terraces perfect for watching the sunset. We found one that was tucked in among the cathedral and bell tower and provided a beautiful view of Prague's rooftops and essential sights at the most magical time of day. It was gorgeous! As we were driving in from the airport the night before we caught a glimpse of the castle at night and wanted to see it up close. We thought Prague was stunning during the day, but oh my goodness it only got even more beautiful at night!
Our last stop for the evening was to try some authentic Czech cuisine. I wasn't sure how I felt about this because Czech food looked quite different from what I normally eat, but thanks to some encouragement from my friends I tried the goulash with bread dumplings. It wasn't as bad as the name makes it sound! I would say it was extremely similar to the American classic, pot roast. With full tummies, we strolled back to our Air BNB for the night, making sure to soak up every last bit of Prague on the way of course.
Our flight left early afternoon on Thursday, so we still had a few hours left in Prague. We were eager to take advantage of more cobblestone street walks and of course another Tredlnk. We had found a brunch spot we wanted to try across the river from our Air BNB, so we laced up the snow boots and began our walk across the magical Charles Bridge again. I enjoyed walking across the famous bridge just as much the second time! Prague sure does know how to do breakfast! I had some amazing French toast with fresh fruit on top, and of course a cappuccino (or two….).
The Malmö girls are total suckers for a good souvenir shop, so naturally we stop in (almost) everyone we see. One we passed on the walk back was full of wooden nesting dolls, a famous tradition of Prague. We noticed they had some college football ones in the window, so of course we had to check for TCU. We were shocked when they had it!! How cool that a small school from Texas could be found all the way across the world? GO FROGS!! We leisurely strolled the streets of Prague, taking in the beautiful red rooftops and stunning sights, one last time before taking an uber to the airport to embark on our last leg of the adventure. Our flight to Stockholm will be the last flight we take before heading back to Texas. WOW where has the month gone!! We are all looking forward to seeing the capital of Sweden. Can't wait to tell you all about it!
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Thanks for reading!! :)


text: Rear Valance 66-67 Reproduction. 211-813-175C Shop > Splitscreen 50-67 > Body Panels > Rear Panels & Engine Bay Rear Valance 66-67 Reproduction. 211-813-175C 211813175C £70.00 Quantity: at £70.00 each Add To Basket Complete rear valance, correct for 8/65-67. Or works on any split bus using a push button engine lid. Brazilian made, but fits well and reasonable quality/thickness Recommend this to a friend + Recommend this to a friend Friends Name: Friends Email: Your Name: Your Email: Message: (optional) Recommend to Friend Customers also purchased £12.00 Front Bumper to Step Joint Rubber (Pair) 68-72. 211-707-197 £18.00 Outer Sill Non-Sliding Door Side Top Quality 68-79. 211-809-585BQ £7.50 Front Bumper Bolt Kit 59-67. 211-798-002


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RISCO reveals two new intruder products
RISCO Group has released two new products to the intruder market with LuMIN8 Delta Plus, a backlit sounder allowing installers to promote their business and brand at night and Beyond, a wired outdoor detector.
The LuMIN8 Delta Plus is housed in vandal-proof polycarbonate, features double tamper protection and allows for remote diagnostics and control.
Beyond is an outdoor detection solution based on a set of PIR and microwave technologies to meet the challenges and solve the problems of outdoor volumetric detection. Beyond assures a combination of high catch levels and false alarm immunity with two K-Band microwave and two PIR channels.
Commenting on the launch of the new products, UK Head of Sales Ian Stones added: "The bell box is one of the first considerations for the UK installer. It is one of main opportunities to promote an installation business. And now they can promote their brand any time of day or night – very important on these dark nights!"


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Mention the word "metaphysical" around a Christian fundamentalist and you will be met with a suspicious glare. That kind of talk is not found in the bible. It is modern, it is science, it is secular, it is witchcraft, it is New Age and it is a threat. I ask you however, what part of the bible is not metaphysical?
The term "metaphysical" simply refers to something that is outside the presumed limitations of physical reality. I never know how much of the bible to take literally but I do know that walking on water, rising from the dead, feeding thousands with one fish, virgin birthing, escaping bodily destruction from fire, making the blind man see, plopping down instant human beings and turning water into wine definitely pushes the boundaries of our perceived reality. I would call these activities metaphysical.
Notice that I said "perceived" reality. It is what we decide based on what appears to be. Research has recently shown us that particles and energy can be interchangeable because they are really forms of the same essence. In other words, thought energy is transmitted by actual little electric ions. The higher we are tuned to spirit vibrations, the quicker our intention gets across and in so doing it bypasses heavier, slower methods of moving these ions around. So there really is a scientific explanation for many of the miracles we find in the bible.
Do you see what this discovery means? It reconciles science and religion which have vehemently opposed each other since the beginning of time. It explains material things in spirit terms and spiritual things in material terms. I guess I call it metaphysical Christianity.
Within this understanding we are recognizing an energetic force and we are attributing good things to it such as kindness and love and healing and beauty. This force can be broken down into a comprehension of tiny electric ions which are moving in a life enhancing direction. We are at liberty to hop on at any point of the belief spectrum, but no matter where we choose to identify ourselves, there is still a reality-based explanation for our conviction.
Fundamentalists hook up to their viewpoint by way of intense, non-intellectual emotion. That's fine, ideas can be feelings and don't have to have words. Metaphysicists hook up to theirs by way of scientific explanation. That's fine too, because actually ideas and feelings are two vehicles which lead to the same understanding. Both lead to the experience of faith.
Energy and particles. Interchangeable substances. In fact, we could even do away with the word metaphysical because the phenomenon we are referring to is actually all physical. Or is it that that everything begins and ends in the spirit, so the manifestation is really just a byproduct of that great mystical power? Mystical? That word is not in the bible either, but so what? We have merged the two populations of science and religion and so we have made the world into a more integrated and harmonious place.
Olga Moe lives on an island in the Puget Sound.
She is known mostly for her fiction contributions to literary e-zines which can be found at zelda2530.tripod.com
She has recently begun writing non fiction pieces.


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Dycem Jar Opener
Displayed swatches are to aid website navigation and do not neccessarily accurately represent the colour of the product.
This Dycem jar opener helps those with a poor grip to open and close jars. The non-slip properties provide a good strong grip to make opening easier
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Product Description
This Dycem jar opener helps those with a poor grip to open and close jars. The non-slip properties provide a good strong grip to make opening easier and to help make a good seal when closing.
Dycem Jar Openers are dome shaped to fit comfortably into the palm of the hand. The Jar and Bottle openers' are also ideal for people with a weak grip, decreased sensation in their hands and upper extremity weakness.
If a Dycem Mat is placed under a jar you can open lids with the use of one hand.
For more information please read the product specification.
Product Specification
Dycem openers can help with opening
- Medicine bottles
- Jars
- Door knobs
- Cabinet handles
- Taps
- Drinks bottles
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Delivery and Returns
Delivery of this product will be made directly from the our distributor in approximately 3-5 working days.
You can track the progress of your order in the My Account section of this website, provided you register a password during the checkout process.
If you have any questions about the product or need to return it to us, in the first instance please email firstname.lastname@example.com or call our customer services department on 0800 910 1864
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"On Your Wedding Day" Romantic Balloon Bouquet INFLATED & FREE DELIVERY!
FREE DELIVERY! By 1st Class Mail
Order by 12pm Mon-Fri and we'll post same day!
FREE DELIVERY on this product
Product Description
A bouquet of flowers is a wonderful thing to bring to a wedding, but how about doing one better with a bouquet of balloons? This silver "On Your Wedding Day" balloon is paired with 2 holographic silver heart balloons, all tied together with silver balloon ribbon and held down with a matching balloon weight. The final result is stunning and stylish.
Key Features:
- 3x Helium Inflated Balloons
- 1x "On Your Wedding Day" Balloon
- 2x Foil Silver Heart Balloons
- Matching ribbon and co-ordinating balloon weight
- Decorative tissue paper and 'foiletti' sprinkles
Bring it to the bride or groom's place ahead of their wedding, or bring it to the reception afterwards to make a big impression. A balloon bouquet may not be traditional but it definitely shows celebration and congratulation like no other gift can.
- Diameter: 45.7cm per balloon
- Balloons float to 120cm height with weight
- All measurements approx.
Take Care:
Foiletti is not suitable for young children due to small parts.
Please Note:
Product may vary slightly from featured.
This balloon may conduct electricity. Do not release the balloon outdoors or near overhead power lines. Do not use a metallic ribbon with the balloon. Use with counterweights. Not suitable for children under 36 months due to small parts.
Want to know more about the balloons we sell online? Check out our Balloon FAQs Page.
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