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June Articles 2014
Flip-flops and Feet
Although they are comfortable, constant flip-flop use can lead to problems with the ankles, hips, and lower back if worn on a long-term basis. This is because people walk much differently in flip-flops than they do in other shoes like sneakers. Their natural gait is being forced to change, throwing the body off and causing stress to different parts of the body. Flip-flops can also lead to problems in the arches of your feet, and pain in the balls of your feet. There is little to no support provided by flip-flops, so some parts of the foot undergo much more stress than normal.
Flip-flops can cause more obvious short term problems as well, like ankle sprains and frequent blisters. Because these shoes are relatively weak and can easily bend while walking, wearers are far more likely to trip and hurt their ankles. Flip-flops can also cause bad blisters, because their straps are constantly rubbing up against the foot. Additionally, someone wearing flip-flops is more prone to infections, due to the openness of the shoe. It very easy to scrape and cut your foot when wearing flip-flops because they offer little protection for the foot. If left untreated and uncovered, these same cuts can get dirtied and infected as flip-flops wearers walk around.
In order to avoid this, make sure to get a pair of flip-flops that will keep your feet as safe as possible. When looking to purchase flip-flops, you should check that the actual sole is sturdy and firm. The flip-flops are too floppy if the sole droops and wiggles a great deal when lifted off the floor. These will offer very little support, and may lead to other problems like tripping.
If you only purchase flip-flops made of high quality, sturdy materials, you won't have to worry about this. Although they will cost a little more, flip-flops made of these materials will last longer, and will protect your feet more so than a cheap pair of flip-flops. Also, make sure to buy from a reliable brand name. You can often find relatively cheap shoes from these companies, and once you have bought them you know they will last.
You can still wear your favorite flip-flops, just avoid wearing them every day of the week, or for extended periods of time. It is also recommended that you replace flip-flops every three or four months, in order to be sure that they provide maximum protection to your feet.
Treating Heel Pain with Shockwave Therapy
Heel pain shockwave therapy is a treatment option that helps to treat plantar fascia, which is a type of heel and foot inflammation that causes pain to the heel area. This type of injury is often caused by overworking and overusing the feet, and normally happens to people that exercise often such as runners, athletes, obese and overweight individuals, and individuals whose profession requires them to stand for long periods of time.
Since heel pain can be caused by a number of problems including poorly fitting shoes, exercise routines, work hazards, and many more, most plantar fascia treatments include very conservative techniques. Simple things like new shoes, taking ibuprofen, doing heel and foot exercises, and resting your feet can treat the problem. However, for the worst cases, using shockwave therapy is often the best treatment option.
For patients that have tried conventional treatment options, and failed at them, and who have been having heel pains for over six months, Shockwave treatment is often the next option. The concept behind this treatment is simple; shockwaves are generated from a device that delivers shockwaves to the outside of the patients body, and the shockwaves will cause the bodies repair mechanisms to work more efficiently and effectively, and in the end, start repairing the damage done to the heel area.
The goal of shockwave therapy is to eliminate the pain in the heel area, and this should happen because shockwaves trigger the body's natural repair mechanisms. Basically, this therapy speeds up normal tissue healing in the body, and will also lead to a reduction in pain for the patient by working the pain transmission nerves located in the heel area.
The reason this treatment is gaining popularity is because it is less invasive than surgery, and eliminates the risk factors associated with surgery, such as anesthetic usage. Since this technique also works by helping the body to improve using natural healing techniques, the recovery time should be shorter than surgical processes.
This does not mean that there are not some discomfort issues that can arise out of this treatment for patients. Short term issues normally include skin bruising, minor pain during and after treatment, swelling of the heel, and discolored tissue. These side effects of shockwave therapy should be gone in a few days, giving the patient a fast recovery time which makes it easy to return to the routines of their daily life .
Like most types of treatments, surgeries, and medications, there are certain people that should not have shockwave therapy procedures performed on them. Potential patients with heart conditions and people with pacemakers should not be considered for this technique. People on certain types of medications, usually medications affecting blood clotting, would also be ineligible for this treatment option. And lastly, children and pregnant women should avoid this as well.
Overall, shockwave therapy could be a great option for heel pain because it is less invasive than surgery, helps to trigger the natural healing mechanisms of the body, and should be considered by people who have had long bouts of heel pain, who have tried conventional treatment options that failed, and who have the money to afford such a procedure.
What is Gout?
Gout is a form of arthritis that is unusually painful. A slight touch can send shooting pain. The most common area for gout to occur is in the metatarsal phalangeal joint of the big toe. Other areas of the body frequently affected by gout are the knees, elbows, fingers, ankles and wrists.
Gout occurs when there are elevated levels of uric acid in the blood. This condition is called hyperuricemia. Hyperuricemia is a genetically pre-disposed condition about 90% of the time and occurs because the kidneys do not produce the correct amount of uric acid. Children of parents who have had gout will have a 20% chance of developing it themselves. The excess uric acid in the blood forms crystals that deposit in between joints causing friction with movement.
Symptoms of gout caused by this friction include pain, redness, swelling, and inflammation. Fever and fatigue may occur as well, although these symptoms are rare. The pain can be worse during the night when the body's temperature lowers.
Gout can be diagnosed clinically by a doctor's observation of the redness, swelling, and pain. More definitive tests can be performed by the doctor as well. Blood tests check for elevated uric acid levels in the blood. The synovial fluid in the joint can also be withdrawn through a needle to be checked for uric acid crystals. Chronic gout can be diagnosed by X-ray.
Treatment given for acute gout diminishes the symptoms. Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs such as Colchicine and other corticosteroid drugs will stop the swelling, redness, and inflammation in cases of acute gout. If gout becomes chronic, there are multiple ways to combat it. Lifestyle changes and changes in diet may be necessary, as well as preventative drugs.
Gout can be aggravated by a sedentary lifestyle. Exercise will reduce probability of future cases of gout. Certain foods cause or increase the risk of gout and their consumption should be avoided or kept at a minimum. These foods include red meat, alcohol, sea foods, and drinks sweetened with fructose.
Lifestyle changes and diet that help prevent gout include exercise and certain foods that help decrease the chance of gout recurring. Gout preventative foods include Vitamin C, coffee and some dairy products. New drugs have been discovered that inhibit the body's production of certain enzymes. These are the enzymes that produce uric acid. Lowering your levels of uric acid will greatly reduce the chances of developing further cases of gout.
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Tarsal tunnel syndrome, also called tibial nerve dysfunction, is an uncommon form of misfiring peripheral nerves in the foot. Peripheral nerves are the nerves that carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to the other parts of the body. The tibial nerve is the peripheral nerve in the leg responsible for sensation and movement of the foot and calf muscles. In tarsal tunnel syndrome, the tibial nerve is damaged, causing problems with movement and feeling in the foot of the affected leg.
Common causes of tarsal tunnel syndrome involve pressure or an injury. Direct pressure on the tibial nerve for an extended period of time, sometimes caused by other body structures close by or near the knee, or trauma to the tibial nerve can result in tarsal tunnel syndrome. Diseases that damage nerves, including diabetes, may cause tarsal tunnel syndrome. However, tarsal tunnel syndrome can appear without an obvious cause in some cases.
Feeling different sensations in the foot at different times is a common symptom of tarsal tunnel syndrome. An afflicted person may experience pain, tingling, burning or other unusual sensations in the foot of affected leg, with primary problems occurring on the bottom of the foot. The foot muscles, toes and ankle become weaker, and curling toes or flexing the foot becomes difficult. If the condition worsens, the person may develop infections and ulcers on the affected foot because of the lack of sensation. The affected foot can become permanently deformed, and sensation loss, particularly in the toes, is sometimes permanent.
A physical exam of the leg can help identify the presence of tarsal tunnel syndrome. Medical tests, such as a nerve biopsy, are also used to diagnose the condition.
Occasionally, a person with tarsal tunnel syndrome can recover without specific treatment, but over the counter pain medication is still used to reduce the discomfort associated with the condition. Treatments for more severe tarsal tunnel syndrome focus on regaining sensation and strength in the affected toes and foot. Patients may receive physical therapy and prescription painkillers if the pain isn't managed by over the counter pain relievers. A surgery designed to lessen pressure on the tibial nerve can help in some cases. The surgeon enlarges the patient's tarsal tunnel, a ligament and bone structure in the foot that the tibial nerve passes through, relieving some of the pressure on the tibial nerve.
What to Know About a Broken Toe
Although most people try to avoid foot trauma such as banging, stubbing, or dropping heavy objects on their feet, the unfortunate fact is that it is a common occurrence. Given the fact that toes are positioned in front of the feet, they typically sustain the brunt of such trauma. When trauma occurs to a toe, the result can be a painful break (fracture). Another type of trauma that can break a toe is repeated activity that places stress on the toe for prolonged periods of time.
Broken toes can be categorized as either minor or severe fractures. Symptoms of minor toe fractures include throbbing pain, swelling, bruising on the skin and toenail, and the inability to move the toe with ease. Severe toe fractures require medical attention and are indicated when the broken toe appears crooked or disfigured, when there is tingling or numbness in the toe, when the injured person experiences fever or chills throughout their body, and when there is an open, bleeding wound present on the toe.
Generally, a minor toe break will heal without long-term complications, but it is important to discontinue activities that put pressure on the toe. It is best to stay off of the injured toe with the affected foot elevated on pillows. Swelling can be alleviated by placing an ice pack on the broken toe for 15 minutes every two hours during the first two days after the fracture. The broken toe should be immobilized by placing a small cotton ball between the injured toe and the toe beside it, then taping the two toes together with medical tape.
Severe toe fractures may be treated with a splint, cast, and in some cases, minor surgery; especially when the big toe has been broken. Due to its position and the pressure it endures with daily activity, future complications can occur if the big toe is not properly treated. Pain associated with minor toe fractures can be managed with over-the-counter pain medications, and prescription pain killers may be necessary for severe toe fractures.
The healing time for a broken toe is approximately four to six weeks. In severe cases where the toe becomes infected or requires surgery, healing time can take up to eight weeks or more. While complications associated with a broken toe are immediately apparent, it is important to note that there are rare cases when additional complications, such as osteoarthritis, can develop over time.
January - February - March - April - May - June
April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December


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Helpful Tips When Looking For Boiler Repair Providers
The most common sign that boiler repairs in Bradford are needed is when the home is not warming up as it is supposed to be. The boiler suddenly gets noisy and you hear strange sounds meaning the boiler is about to break down. Experts suggest that repairs must be provided immediately so that it will not stop functioning when you need it most.
It is important to take precautions when hiring a boiler engineer to make sure that work is performed in the proper way. One of the first qualities that you should look for when hiring a boiler engineer is the experience in field of central heating. There are companies that have served the marketplace for years which means that they have the experience you are searching for. The usually have a base of customers that you can call before making a confident decision.
When it comes to central heating and ventilation, boiler repair providers have partnered with brands that produce quality parts. This means that the boiler engineers will not cut corners just to make a profit. A reliable boiler repair company is a member of a network and works closely with brands to provide better support and services.
A homeowner needs to set a budget for boiler repair and find a company that will provide good service for an affordable cost. The basic rule is to get three quotes to make sure that you get a good deal. Do not be tempted with the lowest quotes to avoid disappointment. There are common malpractices in the industry perpetuated by people who want to earn money the easy way. Ask for references from their previous jobs. People are usually helpful in sharing an objective viewpoint on the products and services that they experienced. Do not hesitate to ask before making a decision.
For years, boiler repairs in Bradford have been working with the top boiler manufacturers in the United Kingdom so that they can offer their customers the best deals. Aside from repairs the boiler engineers also handle installation of new boilers and annual servicing. You can count on their immediate response during emergency boiler breakdowns.

subset: commoncrawl


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Professional Development Retreat (PDR)
CLASS OF 2020 | November 2019 APPLICATIONS open August 26, 2019.
Hosted at the Hotel Commonwealth in Boston, Mass., the Professional Development Retreat is a two-day career development initiative for juniors and seniors that is designed to build emotional intelligence and provide students with "soft skills" such as problem-solving, conflict resolution, critical observation and adaptability. Through an application and selection process, sixty students from all academic disciplines will be selected for each retreat. Students will connect with a distinguished group of industry experts, to work side-by-side and gain knowledge about the practical aspects of the workforce. This distinctive program illustrates Merrimack College's commitment to its students' success and the impact of the College's network.
Workshops, presentations, and small group sessions will address the following:
- Understanding and Communicating Your Strengths
- Team Problem Solving
- Professional Communication
- Networking Skills
Thank you to our generous sponsors:
|Channel Building Company
James W. O'Brien Foundation
|Enterprise Bank
|The Zatta Career and Professional Development Innovation Fund
|Guggenheim Partners
|Robert Zatta '71 & Kathleen Zatta
|Huron Consulting Group
|Matthew Adams '95 & Jackie Adams
|Markley Group Boston
|Joanna Catalucci '88
|Meteor Learning
|Brian J. Downer '87
|Micros Northeast
|Louis A. Frate, II '91 & Shannon Frate
|Patriot Energy Group
|Michael J. Loiacano '95 & Susan E. Loiacano
|People's United Bank
|Vincent J. Ragucci, III '86 & Stacy Ragucci
|Scott F. Ragusa '91 & Patricia (Brennan) Ragusa '91
|State Street Foundation
|W.B. Mason
Application Deadline for Fall is October 7, 2019.


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Using aftermarket SD card with AC500
The standard SD card used with AC500 is apparently 512M. You can no longer buy SD cards this small. Instead I am trying to use an aftermarket 4GB Sandisk SDHC card.
Has anyone managed to correctly format a 4GB SD Card down to 512M and get it working with an AC500 ? So far I have managed to create a 512M partition (using diskpart on a Win7 machine) and format it to FAT16, but the card is still not recognized by the AC500.
Is there another way to do this ? Am i missing something?
Voted best answer
The SDcard has to be <2GB.
It has to be formated in fat16.
It has to be the slow cards.
We have had costumers using different brand and there are none we can reccommend. Some work and some does not. Even card from the same brand does not work all the time.
You can test if it works by putting it into the sd card slot of the plc. If it creates the folder and the *.ini file you are home safe.
The Standard for MC502 is now 2GB. I got the first delivered a month or 2 ago so they are probably emptying thier stock.
As an ABB employee I reccommend you buy our cards to save you some trouble.
by on 1/21/2014 2:42:47 AM | Like (0) | Report
I know the price is a great deal higher than retail prices. But I also know the price an engineering hour is sold for. And you forfeit the waranty using other cards. From dokumentation: The use of memory cards other than the MC502 SD Memory Card is prohibited. ABB is not responsible nor liable for consequences resulting from the use of unapproved memory cards.
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Pregnant women receiving antenatal care in the Women's Centre at Oxford's John Radcliffe Hospital (JR) may be asked to take part in a world-first clinical trial to find a vaccine against a common and potentially serious viral infection in babies. Women are being asked if they would like to take part in a research trial … Read more
News for Antimicrobial Resistance and Modernising Microbiology
Drop 'complete the course' message for antibiotics, experts say
Oxford researchers are among a group of infectious disease experts to argue that the advice that patients should complete a course of antibiotics is not supported by evidence and should be dropped. In a paper published on Thursday by the BMJ, the authors, who include National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre … Read more
Public invited to help tackle antibiotic resistance
An online project has been launched to study antibiotic resistance in Tuberculosis (TB) with the help of the public. The project website, bashthebug.net, shows volunteers images of a series of small, circular wells, each containing M.tuberculosis (the bug that causes TB) and a different dose of an antibiotic. The users are then asked to identify … Read more
England world leaders in the use of Whole Genome Sequencing to diagnose TB
In a world-first, Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) is now being used to identify different strains of tuberculosis, announced Public Health England today. This is the first time that WGS has been used as a diagnostic solution for managing a disease on this scale anywhere in the world. This builds on WGS based services for public … Read more
New trial for blindness rewrites the genetic code
Researchers have started a new gene therapy clinical trial to treat X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP), the most common cause of blindness in young people. Retinitis pigmentosa is currently untreatable and leads to a slow and irreversible loss of vision. On 16 March 2017, a 29-year-old British man became the first patient with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa … Read more
Genetic sequencing offers same-day TB testing
Researchers have for the first time shown that standard tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic tests can be replaced by a sub-24 hour genetic test applied to the TB bacteria in a patient's sputum. It currently takes up to two months to obtain the full diagnostic information for a patient with TB, as the bacteria grow very slowly … Read more
Antibiotics, not dirty hospitals, the main cause of C. difficile epidemic
Restricting the use of a common antibiotic was more important than a high profile "deep clean" of hospitals in massively reducing UK antibiotic resistant Clostridium difficile (C. diff) cases, a major new study has found. The study concluded that overuse of antibiotics like ciprofloxacin led to the outbreak of severe diarrhoea caused by C. difficile … Read more
Faster TB results from BRC-backed research
Whole Genome Sequencing is a faster, cheaper and more effective way of diagnosing tuberculosis, according to a new study published in the journal Lancet Respiratory Medicine. Dr Louise Pankhurst of the University of Oxford and a team of worldwide collaborators including Public Health England utilised innovative DNA technology to diagnose cases of tuberculosis (TB) up … Read more
Watch talk on antibiotic resistance
A public talk on the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in hospitals and the community is now available to view online. Prof Angela Brueggemann spoke as part of a series of talks about research supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. Angela Brueggemann, Associate Professor at the University of Oxford's Nuffield Department of Medicine, … Read more
New TB test to get sufferers on right drugs sooner
Tuberculosis sufferers will be able get drug treatment sooner thanks to a new whole genome sequencing technique to determine for the first time which drugs to give sufferers, researchers in Oxford have reported. University of Oxford researchers at the John Radcliffe Hospital have developed a genetic test – details of which are published online today … Read more


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Article Last Updated: February 26, 2019
Before you can use the plugin to add forms to your site, you must connect your site to your Mailchimp account.
Go to Easy Forms > Settings
On the General Settings Screen, enter your Mailchimp API Key and hit the Save Changes button.
Need help finding your Mailchimp API key?
If your API Key is correct, you will see a green Connected message in the top-right corner.


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Arrival Education's CAUSE Coaching Model explained: Part Three
The second section of our CAUSE model is 'A: ASK and ACKNOWLEDGE'. In this article, we are going to focus on ACKNOWLEDGE.
This is where our model begins to differ from the popular models out there, as we hone in on something that all great coaches do; namely, to 'acknowledge' the coachee.
Read more: Coaching Programme
Acknowledging someone includes the following:
1. Confirming the validity of what a coachee thinks or feels – remembering that everyone has the right to think and feel the way they think and feel – even if you don't agree!
2. Confirming the validity of the coachee's experience – for example, "It is totally normal to feel the way you do…"
3. Highlighting positive behaviours, even if the results aren't what the coachee wants – "I know you didn't get the result you wanted but there are several really positive things we can build on…"
4. Using your own experience to highlight progression your coachee may not be aware of – for example, "I wasn't even thinking about my career at this stage in life. You are way ahead of me in that area"
Positive Feedback
Receiving positive feedback generally happens so infrequently in life, (and even when it is given it isn't always done well) that when it is done well, it can make a profound positive difference, in terms of confidence, engagement and results.
Whilst this is a valuable experience for most people, it is particularly important for supporting the development of younger members of the workforce who come from socially disadvantaged backgrounds.
In our 12 years of working with ambitious young people from socially disadvantaged communities, we have found a lack of positive self-belief to be a huge barrier to their success and progression in the workplace. Young people do not tend to grow up understanding what value they bring or what great qualities they have. For this reason, it should be no surprise that they are unable to articulate what their strengths are or have the confidence to state what value they could bring to an organisation when asked in an interview situation – something that can often stop otherwise talented and able students being successful in job applications. The acknowledge part of our model doesn't resolve all of this, but it does go a long way.
Effective Acknowledgement
Great coaches make sure that they take every opportunity – and if they don't happen, they make the opportunity – to authentically acknowledge their coachee. Below are some principles for effective acknowledgement that we have found work:
1. Be specific – Don't say something like "You seem very decisive". Instead, say "Before we move onto the next part of today's conversation I just want to take a minute to talk about how you went about making the big decision you made. I am really impressed with how you approached it."
2. Acknowledge behaviours that they can replicate/ do again vs top line summaries that don't help them identify what they can repeat. For example, simply saying "you were really smart to do that" doesn't help a person understand what they did well. However, "I am really impressed with the way you made that decision. You really thought it through, looked at it from all angles, considered the short, mid and long-term consequences, got advice and then considered what felt right to you" cements what worked and helps embed it for the future.
3. Connect it to their future – "How do you think approaching major decisions this way will help you going forward?" or "I have to make decisions all the time – this is (pretty much) the process I use." Or "I'm not sure I could have done that at the same age…you are far ahead of me in this area"
4. Ask them if they were aware of what they were doing at the time and how they developed that process/ approach
5. Then ask how they feel about it now you are talking about it
6. Then summarise by saying "Well I think it's a really important and impressive attribute and one that will be really helpful to you in achieving what you want."
Even if your coachee has not followed through on what they said they would do or their approach is not perfect, you can always find something to acknowledge. And over time, as the relationship develops, the coach has a great opportunity to help the coachee see changes they may be unaware of, "Are you aware that you have made some big changes in 'x' area?". We are often so focused on where we want to get to that we don't take time to think about how far we have come, which can negatively impact our confidence.
It can be tempting to follow an acknowledgement with a negative piece of news (the popular Sandwich method of giving feedback). However, true acknowledgement has to be done completely separately to any constructive criticism, otherwise all that the good disappears and people start to filter acknowledgement through the lens of 'let's see what is coming next', they put up their guard or simply don't believe/hear it.
Creating trust
When we first developed the CAUSE model the ACKNOWLEDGE part was not something we included. It wasn't something that even crossed our minds. Instead, we were focussed on driving action and producing results in a fairly linear way (what's the problem and how can it be fixed?). Subsequently, we realised that acknowledgement was an extraordinarily powerful way of creating rapport and trust as well as building the coachee's confidence in themselves. This then made the coaching experience easier, more authentic and more fun!
We also noticed that as the coachee's ability to develop their own solutions also increased dramatically. So, we decided to make it a foundational part of our coaching model.
The next part of the CAUSE coaching model is "U": Understand. You can read about how understanding is crucial for coaching relationships here.
Would your company benefit from taking part in our inclusive coaching programme?
Arrival Education works with leading organisations to help unlock the power of difference. Our leading coaching programmes are just one of the ways in which we do this. If you would like more information about how your organisation could benefit from working with us, please get in touch using the form below.
Keep reading
A redemption story: From troubled youth to Downing Street
Arrival Education have known Shafik Ali since he was 14. Like many young men from challenging community situations, Shafik has battled to break free of the difficulties inherent in his community.
Want to attract socially diverse talent into London? Open your own doors to them
Keen to attract a more socially diverse talent base to your internship programmes? We have come up with a simple and free way to help you widen your applicant pool.
Micro-incivilities in the workplace and what you can do about it
The adoption of a 'colour-blind' approach in the name of diversity is nonsensical, hypocritical and exposes the biases of the people who are designing the strategies.
Contact us
LinkedIn: Company Page | Talent
Twitter: @arrivaleducate
Email: email@example.com


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Antique Silk Embroidered Kimono in Rose - One Size
This product is currently sold out.
Rare Antique rose-colored silk kimono with ornate embroidery.
Very Good/great. Wear on hem and scattered marks from age. Doesn't detract from wear or take away the beauty.
Fits-Like Estimate: One size. Adjust with belt or sash.
- To prolong your vintage garment keep out of direct sunlight. Delicate dresses should not be hung on non-padded hangers. Keeps moths away with cedar or lavender. Do not use mothballs.
- All sales are final. Please check measurements before buying. Insurance included on items over $200. Seller is not responsible for import duties/taxes.


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Saddleworld MI3DE
Organiser:Equestrian Victoria
Location:WPNEC 170 K Rd, Werribee South VIC 3030, Australia
The Melbourne International 3 Day Event will take place from 8-12 June at Werribee Park.
Melbourne is the oldest 3 Day Event in the Southern Hemisphere. In 2017 they celebrate 60 years and are excited to be hosting the Oceania Championship involving a Senior and Young rider team from New Zealand and Australia. The M3DE event will also be part of the Eventing Triple Crown series.
The cross country takes place through the historic Werribee Mansion and Rose Garden and there is plenty of shopping to be done in the extensive Trade Village.


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Do you ever find that the UI screens that we see in blockbuster movies, television, and games are so much more fun than the UIs we might build at work? Here's your chance to code something fun and maybe even win an Amazon Gift Card.
The post UI Code Challenge #1 – Heartbeats appeared first on SitePoint.


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Feb 21, 2018
President Donald Trump said he has directed his attorney general
to propose changes that would ban so-called bump stocks.
Chad Benson doesn't look or sound like a typical talk radio host. And that's a GREAT thing. Conversational, informative, irreverent and very FUNNY. Chad's take on the issues offers a refreshing sound that gives talk listeners the hard news and opinion that they need in a thoughtful, entertaining way that they CRAVE.
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Generic name: Cephalexin hydrochloride.
Other brand names: Keflet, Keftab.
Keflex is a cephalosporin antibiotic. It prevents bacteria from multiplying and growing.
Quick Facts About Keflex
Used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract including: middle ear, bone, skin, and the reproductive and urinary systems.
Keflex Dosage
May take with or without meals. Take at evenly spaced intervals, per your doctor's instructions. Finish all of the medication even if symptoms subside. Tablets are for adults only. Do not use with other people or for other infections without advice from your doctor.
- Usual adult dose: for throat, skin, and urinary tract infections — 500 milligrams taken every 12 hours. Bladder infection therapy is for 7 to 14 days. For other infections — 250 milligrams taken every 6 hours.
- Usual child dose: only capsules and oral suspension are prescribed for children, not tablets. 25 to 50 milligrams per each 2.2 pounds of body weight per day, divided into smaller doses. For strep throat in children over 1 year and for skin infections — 2 doses taken every 12 hours. Should take for 10 days in the case of strep throat. For middle ear infection — 75 to 100 milligrams per each 2.2 pounds of body weight per day, divided into smaller doses.
- Missed dose: take as soon as possible. If taking 2 times per day — take next dose in 5 to 6 hours. If taking 3 or more times per day — take next dose 2 to 4 hours later. Then go back to regular schedule.
Keflex Side Effects
Overdose symptoms:
blood in urine, diarrhea, nausea, upper abdominal pain, vomiting. If you suspect an overdose, immediately seek medical attention.
More common side effects: diarrhea.
Less common or rare Keflex side effects: abdominal pain, agitation, colitis, confusion, dizziness, fatigue, fever, genital and rectal itching, hallucinations, headache, hepatitis, hives, indigestion, inflammation of joints, inflammation of stomach, joint pain, nausea, rash, seizures, severe allergic reaction, skin peeling, skin redness, swelling due to fluid retention, vaginal discharge, vaginal inflammation, vomiting, yellow skin and eyes.
Inform your doctor before combining Keflex with:
diarrhea medications such as Lomotil, oral contraceptives.
No known food/other substance interactions.
Special Cautions
If pregnant or planning to become pregnant, inform your doctor immediately. Appears in breast milk; could affect a nursing infant.
No special precautions apply to seniors.
Follow doctor's instructions carefully for children.
- May cause false results in tests for sugar in the urine. Inform your doctor that you are taking Keflex. Do not alter your diet or dosage of diabetes medications without instructions from your doctor.
- Inform your doctor before Keflex therapy if allergic to penicillin or cephalosporin antibiotics in any form, or if you have any drug allergies. Allergic reaction can be extremely severe.
- Tell your doctor before starting the medication if you have a history of stomach or intestinal disease, especially colitis; or kidney disorder.
- Consult with your doctor before using diarrhea medications; some interact with Keflex.
- If used on a long-term basis, may cause a secondary infection not treatable with Keflex.
- Inform your doctor if symptoms do not improve within a few days or get worse.
HealthSurvey.org provides accurate and independent information prescription pills, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. If you have questions about dosage, or Keflex side effects, please contact your healthcare provider.


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Taylor, Graham
Taylor, Graham,1851–1938, American social worker and clergyman, b. Schenectady, N.Y., grad. Rutgers, 1870. Ordained as a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church, he served in several pastorates, becoming a Congregationalist in 1880, and teaching at Hartford Theological Seminary beginning in 1888. In 1892, he began teaching social economics at Chicago Theological Seminary. In 1894 he founded Chicago Commons, one of the first social settlements in the country (and modeled on Jane AddamsAddams, Jane,
1860–1935, American social worker, b. Cedarville, Ill., grad. Rockford College, 1881. In 1889, with Ellen Gates Starr, she founded Hull House in Chicago, one of the first social settlements in the United States (see settlement house).
..... Click the link for more information. Hull House); he was resident warden until his death. He was president (1903–20) of the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy and was associate editor of the Survey.
See his two autobiographical works, Pioneering on Social Frontiers (1930) and Chicago Commons through Forty Years (1936).


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Dear General Hayden:
Congratulations on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Central Intelligence Agency. There is no higher public service mission than protecting the American people. The men and women of the CIA and its predecessor, the Office of Strategic Services, have made unique and invaluable contributions to our Nation both in times of war and peace.
There is much to reflect on and take pride in while marking this important milestone. Over six decades, CIA has been the proud home to thousands of dedicated intelligence professionals who labored and sacrificed – often anonymously – to safeguard our Nation. The CIA can claim landmark accomplishments in every intelligence discipline ranging from the development of world-class technology to the cultivation of vital human relationships.
With the restructuring of our intelligence community under the leadership of the Director of National Intelligence, CIA is once again challenged to expand its capabilities to collect intelligence from human sources, analyze complex foreign threats, and exercise influence in support of our national security policies. The CIA will meet this challenge because of the patriotism, integrity, and strength of character I have witnessed in its leaders and workforce.
Laura and I send our best wishes to the extended CIA family. May God bless you, and may God bless America.
/sig/George W. Bush
Custom writing company offers research papers, term papers, dissertations and essays writing assistance for students all over the world.


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Herbert Kaddu who is charged with threatening to attack the Bishop of Namirembe Diocese Rt Rev Wilberforce Kityo Luwalira as he was giving the 2018 Easter service has been pinned by an official of the church who intercepted him.
Wasswa Ruben Luwaga is the first prosecution witness and as the case commenced its trial today, he informed Mwanga 2 court grade one magistrate Julius Mwesigye that on that fateful day of 1st April 2018, he saw Kaddu trying to interrupt the ongoing Easter service as he tried to jump to the alter and attack the Bishop while armed with a stick.
He narrated that the stand off lasted about 10 minutes as him and other officials from church tried to arrest Kaddu who was also dressed in a bark cloth and the whole incident left everyone including the Bishop and the congregation in shock.
Prosecution also rendered in the alleged bark-cloth and stick in court as exhibits.
However, when Kaddu was given a chance by the magistrate to cross examine Luwaga,he turned it down saying he does not remember the events but the only memory he has is people trying to beat him as he explained in vain that he was mentally ill from Butabika hospital.
Kaddu has also informed court that the bark- cloth and the stick were given to him by his grandfather.
Hearing of the case has further been adjourned to the 2nd of July.
34 year old Herbert Solomon Kaddu a Tour and travel driver and a resident of Mackay Zone in Mengo Lubaga division was on the 4th of April charged with three counts of disturbing religious assemblies and denied the charges.
He is charged with threatening violence by intending to annoy or injure Bishop Luwalira and Rev. Canon Benon Kityo ; the dean of Namirembe Diocese.
Meanwhile a police medical report adduced in court also disputed claims by Kaddu's family member in which they had claimed that he was mentally unstable but the report instead declared him sane and fit to stand trial.
Prosecution led Roselyn Kipora states that on 1st of April 2017 during an Easter service at Namirembe Cathedral, Kaddu while armed with a stick and a sack cloth , threatened to attack Bishop Luwalira amidst the congregation .
The Bishop is said to have been miraculously saved by a bar at the alter which trapped Kaddu causing him to fall down and later whisked off by worshipers.


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Tv Talks Networks, 4 August 20154 August 2015
After playing Jagya in 'Balika Vadhu' for five years, Shashank Vyas recently quit the show. The actor, we hear, has now been finalized to play the male lead, a rich boy in Yash Patnaik's 'Jaana Na Dil Se Door'.
It's a story of two step-brothers — one rich and the other poor — set in the backdrop of Delhi. Actor Vikram Singh Chauhan will play the younger poor brother. Naousheen Ali Sardar will play Shashank's mother.
With the show all set to take a leap, Shashank is looking forward to his character graph in the show. Also, Shashank Vyas wants to do roles that reflects his real age and not play father or grandfather to anyone. Know everything about 'Balika Vadhu', Jaana Na Dil Se Door' and other fiction shows on television by the special we have created for you.
Balika Vadhu
Ravi Dubey: It's not easy being a woman
Will Radhika and Arjun marry each other on Manmarziyan?
Copyrights © TV Talks 2014-2018 . All Rights Reserved


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Sounds Like Team Spirit
Team Ghost with Mount Fabric
Soup Kitchen, Manchester
Thursday, April 11, 2013
In recent months, Soup Kitchen's booking policy has established the venue as something of an underground French musical consulate. Last November, the annual Oui Love showcase of new Gallic talent was held here, and Dimitri From Paris paid a visit in March this year. Tonight's cross-Channel visitors are on tour to promote their recent second album Rituals.
Team Ghost's live sound encompasses grungy mood swings between ambience and noise. As lead singer Nicolas Fromageau shreds his guitar with his eyes focussed solely on his shoes, it's easy to imagine how he might have felt constrained within the electronic template of M83, the band to which he bid farewell almost a decade ago before they reached their current heights of crossover success.
Yet despite their leader's well documented musical ancestry, Team Ghost are far from being a one-man band. They employ a karaoke approach to the delegation of vocal duties that sees 80% of the quintet's members take their turn on the microphone (whilst still observing The First Commandment of Rock 'n' Roll: "Thou shalt never let the drummer sing").
The audience, which has grown exponentially since Team Ghost's performance in the minuscule back room of the nearby Castle Hotel almost two years ago, interacts playfully with the band in GCSE French phrases («Ca va?» «Je t'aime!»).
Local support act Mount Fabric are also received positively, and deservedly so on the evidence of songs such as recent single 'Curves and Corners'. Backed by artisan Manchester label Crystalline Recordings, this baby-faced ensemble who make music that sounds as though they've endured a lifetime of suffering look set to surf the very same awesome wave of success as 2012 Mercury Prize winners Alt-J, a band with whom they've previously shared a stage.
Undoubtedly however, it is the headliners who own the spotlight, and they are visibly enjoying every moment. Such wild, unscripted enthusiasm is sadly an all too rare sight in the airbrushed and image-conscious contemporary music scene. As their single 'Dead Film Star' raises heart rates, volume levels, and the temperature within this basement, Team Ghost resuscitate the long-deceased spirit of music at its raw and visceral best.
words: Benjamin Thomas
Team Ghost's second album Rituals is out now on wSphere.


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Zucchini and Peppers Salad with Pasta
Remember those silly things that teenagers keep saying? Correction, that we all used to say as teenagers? 'Life without you is like a night without a moon… like peanut butter without jelly…' and so on. I got a new one… … Continue reading →


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Guys, I'm still kind of freaking out about this epic reading I had this week! Let me rant and then I'll explain.
I always get a little weird around my birthday. As much as I covet the opportunity to start anew, I can never avoid the deep analysis that inevitably comes with turning another year older. I'll be the first to admit this past year wasn't my greatest. Sure I had some great opportunities and experiences (I got married! I paid off my OSAP! I went to Paris!), but overall I felt a little lost and stagnant. My purpose didn't feel clear and I was never quite sure what direction I should be moving in. I'm not one of these people who can just go with the flow, so not knowing where I was going felt paralyzing and suffocating at times. Needless to say, I am ready for a change. A big one!
So in this week's tarot class, I asked the following: Continue reading "Pre-Birthday Reading: Time to Embrace My Inner Empress"


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DIY extravaganza meets downtown badass-ness meets romantic sunsets on the patio meets the perfect warm fall day meets true love. Basically perfect in every way. Did I mention that Ashley's a hairstylist? Styling Jay's hair (without him ever seeing her) was pretty much the cutest thing I've ever seen. That's an 80% Blink Rate.... | View full post »
Ashley & Jay :: When A Hairstylist Falls In Love With A Chef07.11.2013 posted in Weddings
Tags: ashley and jay's wedding, autumn wedding in toronto, burroughes building wedding toronto, burroughs building wedding, burroughs building wedding photography toronto, documentary style wedding photographer toronto, tara mcmullen photography, toronto burroughes building wedding, Toronto wedding photography, wedding photography in the burroughes building toronot


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«Merry Frackin Christmas!
Nice job Kwis, and I loved some of the modding in this
★★★★★ - 5 Stars»
«Merry Frackin Christmas!
«Oh the inhumanity of it all!
Actually this goes brilliantly with beer and chips. And a bowl of nuts.
«Gumby IS a douchebag isn't he? I'd like to wring his flexible liitle neck too..
Nice job on this kwis, great characters, happy new year!»
«Great work here kwis. I was smiling the entire time. And like mac mentioned. The sax scene was very interesting and symbolic. Keep it up »
«lol- that was a lot of fun»
«soft cocks , elves, midgets and plain old crowing cocks a plenty
baggage boys, bar patrons, freaks, sheep and OCD.. Oh My!
the "Kwis" title screens kill me
merry Christmas!»
«Haha great job, gotta love Slim.. the Gumby sketch was pretty awesome as well.
I also really appreciated the imagery and hidden meanings you put into the sax player segment... all the symbolism, it really affected me strongly me and told me that... that everything's gonna be ok... and I think it's helped me to better understand and come to terms with myself.
Thank you Kwis, and Merry Kwismas!»
«haha Nicely done, I think The Baggage Boy was one of the greatest things I've seen all year. I keep rewatching that, and I'm still not entirely sure why, but it cracks me up every time. »
«One thing i like about your work is that it is consistantly funny and of a high standard. You make the most of the mods, music and camera. I am subscribed to your channel so i can be notified when you have released something new. Yor work is like a high class hooker; it looks good, makes you feel good and you want to remember it.»
- Related Videos


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I'm adding another category to my posts- Toy Talk, to talk about my favorite toys that I either use in my physical therapy sessions or I see my patients have in their homes.
I use this toy with all my patients from 4 month olds to 7 year olds and find it as a very versatile toy.
It's light weight, colorful, safe for mouthing.
I use it to work on grasping, reaching for objects in all positions, and then eventually use it to work on catching and throwing. It's a great toy to practice catching because all the holes make it easier to snag.
You can get this toy from my Amazon store
Here's a direct link to the product's site: Rhino Toys
Here's some info on the Oball from http://www.timberdoodle.com/Rhino_Toys_s/415.htm#fourteen
The Oball Rattle
Oball Rattle, with its many finger holes, is just as easy to clutch and roll as the Original Oball. Thesoft texture is still just right for mouthing, but it also includes entertaining beads that rattle. This lets you help your baby develop his visual and auditory tracking skills. Babies find the bright colors, happy sounds, and squishy sides captivating. Plus it is extremely lightweight, so you never need to worry about a face shot from a rambunctious toddler! (Another oustanding component in the Timberdoodle Core Curriculum series!)
Big Oball
6″ in diameter, the Big Oball has bigger circles, bigger holes, bigger ball, bigger action. Everything about the Big Oball is bigger. Yet it is just as smooth and shiny and just as indestructible as theOriginal Oball. Kick it, stomp it, crush it, and the Big Oball bounces right back to a perfectly formed sphere. (Another oustanding component in the Timberdoodle Core Curriculum series!)
Really Big Oball
A huge 7.5″ in diameter, this is the biggest Oball available. Use it for outdoor games with your preschooler, the easiest ball to catch for your toddler or anything else you would use a typical ball for.
Oball Jelly, A Colorful, Sparkly Ball
All the great Oball features are now available in the colorful sparkly Oball Jelly. Oball Jellies are full of finger holes that make them incredibly easy to catch, captivating to hold, and safe to throw. Shiny, smooth, flexible, durable and virtually indestructible — Oball Jelly is the ideal ball in every situation.
So, what did you learn? Here are the 14 Oball facts we heard/saw:
1) Oballs are easy for babies to clutch.
2) Oballs are easy to catch.
3) Oballs are easy to throw.
4) Oballs are brightly colored, and can be used for baby's visual tracking exercises.
5) Oballs have a pleasant sounding rattle, perfect for auditory tracking
6) Oballs are flexible, making them great for teething babies to chew on.
7) Oballs are great for kicking.
8) Oballs would be a perfect choice for the beginning juggler.
9) Oballs can be used to make bubbles.
10) Oballs are soft enough that your preschooler's rambunctious throw is unlikely to hurt the baby!
11) Oballs are made of safe materials: vinyl, PVC and phthalate free.
12) Oballs are durable, even when intentionally rolled over by a car!
13) Oballs are dishwasher safe.
14) Oballs can even be nested.
Categories: Baby products, Child Development, Toy Talk


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|Front view
|Back view
|Details of the shirt and the box.
|This is the main problem. Yes, Cameroon.
|There's a guy hidden in there.
-First official match: 13 April 1960
-Honours: 1 Africa Cup of Nations (Senegal 1992)
-Highest FIFA Ranking: 14th (June 2011, December 2012)
-Lowest FIFA Ranking: 75th (March 2004)
-Highest Elo Rating: 12th (February 2008)
-Lowest Elo Rating: 69th (October 1996)
-Top scorer: Didier Drogba (2002-present) - 59 goals
You can't say I'm being lucky with the last shirts I ordered. After Zamalek's, I bought a limited edition Cameroon shirt from Classic Football Shirts. I was really looking forward to get the shirt, as it would be my first player issue shirt. But when I opened the wooden box with a plate which said "Cameroon Authentic Home Shirt", I was really surprised to see that Ivory Coast shirt into it (which is very tight-fitted).
I decided to contact them to exchage the shirt. Greg, from CFS, apologized and told me to keep this one as a gift, because he was going to send me the correct one for the same price.
So, thanks to Greg, now I have 2 shirts for the price of 1, both limited edition and player issue :)


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To the Editor:
"U.S. Releases New Rules for School Snack Foods" (news article, Feb. 2) reports that federal snack standards will soon be finalized. These rules will create important minimums for nutrition and promote healthy choices in snack foods. This is how the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act is affecting children's nutrition.
But now is not time to celebrate. These rules represent only a first step, and advocates must continue at the state and local level to build upon these federal minimums. The Campaign for Healthy Kids is supporting health advocates around the country in promoting locally relevant policies that build upon the federal rules. For example, Tennessee advocates are seeking to eliminate sales tax on healthy vending machine snacks, and a Texas health coalition wants to provide specific guidelines to school districts as they craft their wellness policies.
The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act has opened the door for change, and local advocates need to move forward.
Director, Campaign for Healthy Kids
Washington, Feb. 5, 2013


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Intro How To Sell Digital Goods
From ebooks to design assets, the benefit of Selling items that are digital online using a product such as Sellfy is that the majority of overhead that goes to building a product like that is. How To Sell Digital Goods
After that, You're tasked with marketing your Work, showing people that it's worth buying and getting out the word.
Find out everything you need to know in this Sellfy review.
Although you can Discover methods to do so, this Marketing aspect is easier said than done. Consider the costs of building a ecommerce website, finding a network of people to purchase from you and guest posting on sites to broaden your reach to the people. Everything takes time and cash, and you are bound to burn out yourself if you do not have the tools to go about doing all of this.
Click here to subscribe to Sellfy!
What if you had a straightforward tool for quickly turning Your normal website or social media channel into an online shop, while at the exact same time sharing your products using a network of consumers already in search of articles like yours?
This tool would be Sellfy, and upon first Glance, it has a bit of a Kickstarter sense for its interface (without the crowdfunding,) in which you can create your own storefront on the Sellfy platform, peddle your goods to the tens in the community, while having the opportunity to post Sell buttons on your own website.
Although this service doesn't just cut out the Money or time you'll spend on making your site, it can produce the ecommerce process a little more easy. That is pretty enticing to us, so join us as we take a deeper look into what Sellfy has to offer you.
Sellfy Service
The first area of support that is noticeable on the Sellfy website is the FAQ section. That's about it, although it helps out for presale questions.
This is a simple instrument, so the Sellfy documentation Only consists of around 30 or so items. It's easy to hunt, and also you don't need to be worried about getting overwhelmed.
The only way to get the support team directly Is via an email form. You can get pushed into the front of the line with a program that is paid, although no phone service.
Along with Facebook a blog, and Twitter accounts, You have a number of places to learn about the machine and reach out to the support team. How To Sell Digital Goods
Sellfy Review: Features
With this review, we figured it would Be Smart to test Out selling an electronic product that we are familiar with. We gave the Sellfy comes with a challenging look by uploading and submitting Ecommerce Platform's Guide to Developing a Successful Online Shop.
It is worth mentioning that Sellfy disagrees To sellers of:
Layout resources
Video and films
Audio documents
Any other electronic items you have
Now, onto the attributes…
Email Marketing and SEO
Here's another reason Sellfy is Far Better than simply Placing a PayPal button on your site. Rather than handling a different MailChimp account, Sellfy gives you custom purchase emails that send out.
You will also find that advertising is more easy with The SEO and product detection configurations.
Discounts and Analytics
Okay, some of the other features come into play if You're contemplating a straightforward PayPal button on your site. Essentially, you can generate discount codes for all of your products directly from the Sellfy dashboard.
Offering products that are free is an option, and you can Develop if people share your page, discount codes to give out.
Click here to sign up to Sellfy now!
A Complete Storefront on Sellfy
I see the benefit of moving with Sellfy since the Fact that you're able to get just a little storefront up and running within seconds. You can upload 2GB per file, and you don't have to stress about designing your own website and use bandwidth. Simply speaking, you can forget about hosting.
The product pages provide media Previews for the storefront, along with your products seems amazing without much demand for design. Sellfy also supplies a great deal of flexibility as you can use it or simply promote on Facebook, Twitter, Youtube or some other social media channel. And with their WYSIWYG editor, sellers feel to fit that of their brand and can now finetune the design of their store. How To Sell Digital Goods
The storefronts All are optimized for the cellular World, and it permits you to take implement them and Buy widgets and buttons.
And being a proponent of automating many As you can, Procedures, I adored Zapier. Sellfy streamlines the process that is selling through automation and also includes a Zapier integration that lets you connect with over 750 apps in the Zapier database.
Two Payment Options with Quite a Couple of Customization Modules
PayPal and Stripe are selling on Sellfy. They cut out some men and women that aren't allowed to utilize these options, although these are often the two most frequent payment processors. The integration functions but we'd love to see more offerings.
Aside from that, Sellfy permits for Payouts, international taxes multiple currencies and monies, EU VAT reports and customer invoices. They offer.
Sellfy Plans
The Sellfy pricing is a double-edged sword. On one For selling your resources hand, you're provided a gorgeous method. The pricing tiers vary in 1 aspect- the transaction fees. All attributes are the same for all the plans
Basic — Pay $9 a month for many attributes. You are able to use PayPal/Stripe using a 5% transaction fee.
Guru — invest $29 a month for many attributes + a 2% transaction charges.
Pro Plus — Pay $99 a month for all features without any transaction fees.
There have a free day trial. I Newbies can get started with the fundamental plan for cheap, although personally prefer not to have to pay for transaction fees. However, I wonder if folks may be better off with a solution.
We recommend Sellfy for Men and Women who are Selling over five products. The free trial is much more than enough to test the waters, however in the event you plan to proceed, the 5 percent transaction fee (along with PayPal fees) could significantly cut into your own margins. How To Sell Digital Goods
Sellfy appears to work best for sellers with large Digital libraries who need the tools for ignoring, PDF stamping and analytics. In addition, you boost the Number Through the Sellfy network.
Click here to subscribe to Sellfy!


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Parkinson's Disease Research Products Brochure
Peptides International has a wide range of products of interest to the neuroscience researcher. These include peptide toxins such as Guangxitoxin-1E, Dendrotoxin, and Conotoxin. Along with a broad assortment of peptides and peptide-related offerings, Peptides International also provides its custom peptide synthesis services.
Parkinson's Disease, the progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement, has an incidence rate in the general population for about 1 to 2 out of 1,000 people. However, the disease is much more prevalent in older people with approximately 18 out of 1,000 over age 65 affected. Moreover, there is a study published that posits that those numbers may be much higher.1,2
Recently, scientists are evaluating the connection between type-2 diabetes and Parkinson's disease. Some glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, like Exendin, have been found to offer neuroprotective effects.3
1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0076679/
2. C. Marras, et al. npj Parkinson's Disease, 4, 21 (2018).
3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5680957/
Authors from Peptides International
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Uncovering the Dynamics Between Gut Hormones and the BrainResearchers look at the sensory effects of food on hunger and satiety.
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α-Synuclein and Parkinson's DiseaseLooking at the Connection Between α-Synuclein and Parkinson's Disease
Various NeuropeptidesA listing of neuropeptides for neuroscience research. This is a companion to our "Neuropeptides fro Alzheimer's Disease Research" brochure.
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Enzyme InhibitorsThe product brochure list of the Enzyme Inhibitors and their characteristics
Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Related Products - NEW!There are at least 63 substrates which can bind specifically to the DPP IV enzyme, including growth factors,chemokines, and neuropeptides.
Neuroscience Research Peptides (A Quick Reference)Peptides International has a wide range of products of interest to the neuroscience researcher.


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Molecular phylogenetic analysis of evolutionary trends in stonefly wing structure and locomotor behavior
Edited by May R. Berenbaum, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, and approved September 15, 2000 (received for review June 27, 2000)
Insects in the order Plecoptera (stoneflies) use a form of two-dimensional aerodynamic locomotion called surface skimming to move across water surfaces. Because their weight is supported by water, skimmers can achieve effective aerodynamic locomotion even with small wings and weak flight muscles. These mechanical features stimulated the hypothesis that surface skimming may have been an intermediate stage in the evolution of insect flight, which has perhaps been retained in certain modern stoneflies. Here we present a phylogeny of Plecoptera based on nucleotide sequence data from the small subunit rRNA (18S) gene. By mapping locomotor behavior and wing structural data onto the phylogeny, we distinguish between the competing hypotheses that skimming is a retained ancestral trait or, alternatively, a relatively recent loss of flight. Our results show that basal stoneflies are surface skimmers, and that various forms of surface skimming are distributed widely across the plecopteran phylogeny. Stonefly wings show evolutionary trends in the number of cross veins and the thickness of the cuticle of the longitudinal veins that are consistent with elaboration and diversification of flight-related traits. These data support the hypothesis that the first stoneflies were surface skimmers, and that wing structures important for aerial flight have become elaborated and more diverse during the radiation of modern stoneflies.
Insect flight is an example of a complex trait whose origin is difficult to explain by using a model that depends on gradual progression through intermediate stages (1, 2). How can tiny wings, simple wing hinges, and weak muscles provide a functional advantage over no wings at all? A novel solution to this riddle was recently provided by the discovery of surface skimming, a nonflying form of aerodynamic locomotion used by certain stoneflies (Plecoptera) and mayflies (Ephemeroptera) to move in two dimensions across water surfaces (3–7). By flapping their wings or by using them as nonflapping sails while their weight is supported by water, skimmers can achieve effective aerodynamic locomotion even with small wings and weak flight muscles (3, 4).
Surface skimming is now widely accepted as a plausible mechanical model for flight evolution (8–11), but there is considerably less support for the suggestion (3, 4) that skimming in modern stoneflies is a retained ancestral trait. Many pterygote insects have lost the ability to fly, including numerous stonefly species that are wingless or possess greatly reduced wings. There also appears to have been an evolutionary reduction in the number of cross veins in the wings of stoneflies in the superfamily Nemouroidea (12), the clade in which skimming was first described. Cross veins are structural elements that link the main longitudinal veins; in some locations they stiffen the wing, whereas in others they contribute to active and passive deformations of the wing planiform that enhance aerodynamic performance (13, 14). The stonefly taxa that are traditionally thought to be the basal group have wings with abundant cross veins, as do other basal pterygotes (mayflies, dragonflies, and various extinct fossil lineages), thereby suggesting that particular lineages of more recently evolved stoneflies have undergone an evolutionary reduction in wing structural complexity. Surface skimming and reduced wing complexity may have evolved as correlated traits during an evolutionary reduction in flight proficiency in certain lineages of modern stoneflies.
To determine the evolutionary history of stonefly skimming and wing structural complexity, it is necessary to examine how these traits are distributed across the plecopteran phylogeny. This type of analysis has already been attempted for surface skimming (15), which resulted in the conclusion that skimming behavior is most likely a derived, apomorphic condition, i.e., a relatively recent loss of flight. However, that analysis had two serious shortcomings. First, the morphological characters used to construct that phylogeny were not compared with homologous traits of outgroup taxa to determine their polarity (ancestral vs. derived; ref. 16). Polarities were assigned based on resemblance to assumed ancestral conditions. This is problematic, and the resulting tree has limited utility for assessing evolutionary history. Second, the analysis assumed that skimming was restricted to the single species in which the behavior had been originally described (3), despite the fact that presence or absence of skimming in other stonefly taxa had not been determined. Lacking even a rudimentary knowledge of the taxonomic distribution of the trait in question, the analysis and conclusions are questionable.
Here we reexamine this question by using a rooted phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequence data from stoneflies and a number of outgroup taxa. Mapping wing structural data and skimming behavior onto this phylogeny allows us to test hypotheses about the evolutionary direction of locomotor behavior and wing structural complexity.
Phylogenetic Analysis.
The small subunit rRNA (18S) gene was sequenced for 34 stonefly species representing all families of Plecoptera (GenBank accession nos. AF311439–AF311472; a complete list of taxa and collection information can be found in Table 1, which is published as supplemental data on the PNAS web site, www.pnas.org). An additional stonefly sequence (Mesoperlina pecirai; Perlodidae) was obtained from GenBank (accession no. U68400). DNA was extracted by using standard phenol/chloroform protocols for alcohol-preserved material (17). Amplification of the 18S gene by the PCR used two oligonucleotide primers, rev18G (5′-AGGGCAAGTCTGGTGCCA) and 18L (5′-CACCTACGGAAACCTTGTTACGACTT), generating an approximately 1,300-nt fragment.
Sequencing primers included the two PCR primers and two internal primers 18H (5′-TCAATTCCTTTAAGTTTGAGC) and rev18H (5′-GCTGAAACTTAAAGGAATTGA), which generated sequence fragments of approximately 700 nucleotides in length. Cycle-sequencing reactions were performed by using 3′ BigDye-labeled dideoxynucleotide triphosphates and run on an Applied Biosystems Prism 377 DNA Sequencer. Raw data were analyzed by using the dna star seqman II sequence analysis program (DNAstar, Madison, WI).
Outgroup taxa used to root the phylogeny were selected by using a relative apparent synapomorphy analysis (RASA; ref. 18), which identifies outgroups that maximize the ratio of informative phylogenetic signal to uninformative noise, thereby increasing the probability that the correct phylogeny is recovered. Of the outgroup combinations we tested (a list can be found in Supplemental Table 2 published on the PNAS web site, www.pnas.org), a diverse set of Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Phasmatodea, Embioptera, Grylloblattodea, and Blattodea (GenBank accession nos. U06478, U06480, U09207, U06477, Z97573, Z97574, Z97594, Z97561, Z97575, Z97593, Z97569, and Z97592) yielded the highest tRASA statistic (tRASA = 31.814; P < 0.001).
Sequences were aligned by using the clustal w alignment model (19). The alignment consisted of 1,696 sites, including gaps. A total of 578 sites, primarily in one large hypervariable region, were unalignable and therefore were excluded from our analyses (sites 122–510, 591–600, 662–670, 774–776, 1182–1240, 1353–1362, 1564–1608, and 1644–1696). The analyzed data set consisted of 331 variable (133 nonparsimony informative and 198 parsimony informative) and 787 constant sites. Average nucleotide frequencies estimated by paup were 24:23:28:25 (A:C:G:T). There was no significant deviation from these frequencies among taxa (χ2 test for all sites and for variable sites). A likelihood ratio test of the hypothesis that base frequencies were equal was not rejected (P = 0.60) by the modeltest program [(20); −lnL values were calculated by paup]. The average transition-to-transversion ratio (Ti/Tv) was 1.88, estimated by the Kimura 2-parameter model. A likelihood ratio test of the hypothesis that Ti = Tv was rejected (P < 0.0001). Given the base composition, substitution rates, and low average distance in our data set (average Jukes–Cantor distance < 0.1), we followed the suggestion of Kumar et al. (21) that the Kimura 2-parameter model would be most appropriate.
Phylogenetic analyses were accomplished by using paup*4.0b4a (22). We approximated the Kimura 2-parameter model to construct a neighbor joining (NJ) tree and to find the minimum evolution (ME), and maximum likelihood (ML) trees. For all analyses, we used pairwise deletion and included all substitutions (transitions and transversions). We used heuristic searches to find trees based on maximum parsimony (MP), ME, and ML criteria. Support for the NJ, ME, and MP trees was measured by using the bootstrap method with 1,000 replicates; for the more computationally intensive ML trees, we used 100 bootstrap replicates.
Locomotor Behavior.
We have examined the locomotor behavior of 23 species of stoneflies from 11 families on 4 continents (North America, South America, Europe, and Australia). Descriptions of these behaviors and the methods used to examine skimming are published elsewhere (3–5, 7). High-speed video recordings (500 frames per second) of distinct forms of surface skimming are available at http://www.bio.psu.edu/People/Faculty/Marden/PNASFig2.html.
Wing Structure.
To assess wing structural complexity, we counted the number of cross veins between the costal vein and either the subcostal or radial vein (hereafter referred to as costal cross veins) and those between the anterior cubital vein and both the medial vein and the posterior cubital vein (hereafter referred to as cubital cross veins; Fig. 1A). To examine wing-vein structure, we cut 1-mm-thick sections across the entire wing chord, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the wing at the point midway between the base and tip of the forewing (Fig. 1A). Thick sections were embedded in Spurrs resin, then sectioned (0.5 μm) by using an ultramicrotome equipped with a diamond knife. These sections were mounted on slides, sputter coated, and viewed under a scanning electron microscope (JEOL JSM 5400) to obtain an image of the cross section of each longitudinal vein, from which we measured the thickness of the dorsal and ventral cuticle at the midpoint of the vein (Fig. 1B). Our sample of specimens for wing-vein morphometric measurements came primarily from other scientists who had no knowledge of the hypotheses we were testing (i.e., no bias in choice of species).
Statistical Analyses of Wing Structural Complexity.
We used square root transformations of wing length and vein thickness to achieve normality and homoscedasticity. To compare means of distributions that had significantly different variances, we used a nonparametric analysis of variance (Kruskal–Wallis test). To control for potential statistical nonindependence of data from related species, we used branch lengths from our NJ tree as estimates of evolutionary distance to generate independent contrasts (23, 24). This technique uses a Brownian motion model of phenotypic evolution along with trait differences between certain pairs of species and/or nodes on the tree to generate, for N species, a set of N − 1 standardized contrasts that are statistically independent.
All of the phylogenetic analyses that we performed (NJ, MP, ME, and ML methods) indicated that the family Nemouridae is the basal plecopteran clade (e.g., the NJ tree in Fig. 2; bootstrap values for the node separating Nemouridae from the remainder of Plecoptera were 87, 81, 75, and 54 for the NJ, ME, MP, and ML trees, respectively). Robust support for the basal status of Nemouridae allowed us to designate this family as an outgroup for the rest of the Plecoptera, then use a MP analysis of our molecular data together with morphological characters (data from ref. 16, with recoding of nonindependent characters according to ref. 15) to obtain better resolution of relationships among the plecopteran families. One important result of that analysis was strong support (bootstrap value of 89) for the node (asterisk in Fig. 2) that separates the superfamily Nemouroidea (Nemouridae + Taeniopterygidae + Megaleuctridae + Capniidae + Leuctridae + Notonemouridae) from the remainder of the Plecoptera. This topology is a significant departure from previous phylogenies constructed by using only morphological data and assumed character polarities (15, 16); those studies place the Nemouridae and the rest of the Nemouroidea as a relatively derived clade. Aside from rooting, the topologies that we obtained by using either molecular or a combination of molecular and morphological data are congruent with topologies that have been obtained from analyses based solely on morphological data (i.e., a monophyletic clade of pteronarcids + peltoperlids + chloroperlids + perlids + perlodids; a clade of eustheniids + diamphipnoids + gripopterygids + austroperlids; the affinity of taxa within the superfamily Nemouroidea).
Surface skimming behavior is distributed widely across the phylogeny (Fig. 2; skimming in an additional 10 stonefly species beyond those included in our phylogeny is reported in ref. 7), including the basal Nemouridae and other families within the Nemouroidea. Flight capability is also widely distributed, as most stoneflies that use skimming can also fly, albeit quite weakly in comparison to the vast majority of other insects (3, 5, 7). Thus, our data indicate that the ancestral condition for Plecoptera was most likely a combination of relatively weak flight and surface skimming.
To investigate the evolutionary history of stonefly wing design, we first examined the data for directional trends in the mean number of costal and cubital cross veins. Because this analysis seeks to determine whether there is a phylogenetic pattern in mean trait values, we treated species as replicate samples and used conventional statistical analyses to evaluate the presence or absence of a phylogenetic trend. Our data indicate that species in the basal Nemouroidea have fewer costal cross veins than the more derived taxa, both before and after adjusting for wing length (Fig. 3 A and B). No such directional trend is evident for length-adjusted differences in the mean number of cubital cross veins (Fig. 3C).
We also examined wing morphology in a way that corrects for potential statistical nonindependence caused by shared evolutionary history (i.e., the phylogenetic trends detected above). Techniques such as independent contrasts (ICs; refs. 23 and 24) essentially remove phylogenetic trends and can be used here to examine the variability of traits around the phylogenetically adjusted mean. Using ICs for vein number and wing length, we found no significant relationship between the number of costal cross veins and wing length (r2 = 0.15; Fig. 4A), but there was significantly more variability in costal cross-vein number at nodes within the more derived clades than nodes within the basal superfamily Nemouroidea (Bartlett's test of homogeneity of variances; P = 0.02). The number of cubital cross veins was positively related to wing length in the IC comparison (Fig. 4B; r2 = 0.42; P = 0.002), and residuals from that regression also showed more variability within the more derived clades than within the Nemouroidea (P = 0.03). These analyses indicate that, in addition to the directional trend in costal cross-vein number shown above, stoneflies have also undergone a diversification (i.e., radiation) in the number of both costal and cubital cross veins.
The earliest known stonefly fossils corroborate the hypothesis that cross veins have become more numerous in the relatively derived modern taxa. Cross-vein abundance in the forewing of a relatively basal fossil species, Paleotaeniopteryx elegans [(12); ≈260 million years ago; Taeniopterygidae; Fig. 3D)], does not differ from modern Nemouroidea species (Fig. 3 A and C), whereas the relatively derived fossil species, Stenoperlidium permianum [(12); Eustheniidae; Fig. 3D], has a reduced number of both costal and cubital cross veins in comparison with similar-sized modern species (Fig. 3 A and C). Thus, the abundant cross veins that typify modern members of the family Eustheniidae are apparently a relatively recent adaptation, perhaps in response to greater reliance on flight.
Cross-sectional structure of the longitudinal wing veins also shows interesting evolutionary patterns. Our interest in vein structure (Fig. 1 B and C) was stimulated by the observation that all of the wing veins over the entire ventral wing surface of the relatively basal skimmer Taeniopteryx burksi collapsed when the wings were exposed to a vacuum, whereas those of a more derived nonskimming perlid stonefly did not (Fig. 5). These differences are not the result of a directional evolutionary trend, because the mean thickness (after adjusting for wing length) of the cuticle at the ventral and dorsal midpoint of the longitudinal wing veins does not differ between taxa within the Nemouroidea vs. the more derived taxa (Fig. 6; P = 0.37 and 0.73 for ventral and dorsal, respectively). However, analyses of independent contrasts indicate that skimming species have significantly thinner vein cuticles (Fig. 6; P = 0.038 and 0.003, respectively, for one-tailed tests of length-adjusted contrasts of ventral and dorsal cuticle thickness) than do taxa belonging to families in which we have never observed skimming (Perlidae, Notonemouridae) or which skim very poorly (Chloroperlidae and Perlodidae, which maintain skimming for only a few wing strokes). These analyses indicate that the design of the tubular vein structures (Fig. 1 B and C) has responded to patterns of wing usage.
Rooted phylogenies based on 18S rDNA sequence data, and a combination of molecular and morphological data, provide strong support for the hypothesis that the superfamily Nemouroidea is the basal clade within the Plecoptera. A number of species that we have examined in this superfamily, including species in the most basal family Nemouridae, use the same method of moving in two dimensions on the surface of water; they flap their wings through an arc of 90–110° while their legs are spread in a stereotypical stance, with all six tarsi in continuous contact with the water surface [i.e., six-leg skimming (3, 5, 7)]. Most of the Nemouridae are flight capable or at least marginally so, and this appears to be true for most species of stoneflies. Surface skimming and various levels of flight ability/inability also occur in gripopterygid, austroperlid, and diamphipnoid stoneflies (7), which occupy a relatively derived position on the phylogenetic tree. The widespread distribution of skimming among basal and derived taxa indicates that skimming, along with weak flight, is likely to be a retained ancestral trait. An alternative hypothesis, that skimming is a recent loss of flight in a restricted set of taxa (15), is not supported.
Surface skimming places far less stringent mechanical demands on the wings than does flying, because contact with the water provides weight support. Reduced mechanical demands should allow successful surface skimming with structurally simpler wings, and our analyses of vein number and cross-sectional structure support this hypothesis. Our data indicate that the number of costal cross veins has become greater during the radiation of Plecoptera, and that there has been an increase in variability in the number of both costal and cubital cross veins. Phylogenetically independent contrasts show that the cuticle that forms the longitudinal wing veins is thicker among stoneflies that only fly and have apparently lost the ability to skim. Fossil species such as Stenoperlidium permianum (Fig. 3D), whose wings had a reduced number of cross veins, may have been flight-incapable skimmers, or perhaps they flew less frequently or with less acceleration and maneuverability. This interpretation fits nicely with the hypothesis that predation by modern surface-feeding fish makes skimming a dangerous form of locomotion for most extant species (6, 7) and thus a largely obsolete behavior that is now used primarily for emergency escape from accidental contact with water. Winter stoneflies (taeniopterigids and capniids), which are active during seasons when fish do not feed at the surface, make routine use of skimming (3–4), as do certain flightless mayflies (Ephemeroptera) that inhabit rivers in Madagascar that lack insectivorous fish (6). For stoneflies and insects in general, a gradual increase in the intensity of predation at the water surface may have driven a radiation away from routine use of skimming.
Allocapnia stoneflies (Capniidae) skim by sailing; they raise their wings in response to wind and are incapable of flapping. Because this behavior is mechanically simpler than flapping, it was originally proposed that sailing might be the ancestral condition (4). However, a behavioral survey (7) has shown that another capniid (Paracapnia angulata) uses wing flapping six-leg skimming in a manner identical to nemourids and taeniopterygids. Similarities between the leg and body postures of sailing Allocapnia and six-leg skimmers, along with the derived phylogenetic position of capniids in relation to six-leg skimming nemourids, suggest that sailing evolved when six-leg skimmers lost the ability to flap but retained other features of their skimming behavior. Modifications of six-leg skimming can also explain the other forms of skimming that we have observed (Fig. 2), based on postural changes that either increase (rowing, swim–skim) or decrease (four-leg and hind-leg skimming) contact with the water.
Our present study provides support for the hypothesis that surface skimming has deep evolutionary roots within stoneflies. However, the greater challenge remains to determine whether skimming was a transitional stage leading to flight in winged insects as a whole. An alternative hypothesis is that the immediate ancestors of stoneflies had secondarily reduced wing structures and flight ability, and that although skimming and relatively simple wings are ancestral in stoneflies, these traits are unrelated to morphology and behavior of other winged insects. It is not presently possible to distinguish between these competing hypotheses, but there is a diverse and growing body of evidence for a progressive evolution of flight from aquatic origins. Analyses of fossils indicate that wings evolved from moveable gills of aquatic ancestors [(25–27); such gills are present in certain taxa of modern stoneflies and mayflies (http://www.bio.psu.edu/People/Faculty/Marden/movies/gillflap.mov)]. The wings-from-gills hypothesis is supported by molecular genetic analyses of wing development (28, 29), the types of sensory receptors on wings (30), and phylogenetic studies, which show that insects and crustaceans are sister taxa (31–36). Both the anatomical and phylogenetic data point to an aquatic or semiaquatic setting for wing origins. Early winged insects diversified into two main clades, the Neoptera (of which stoneflies are a relatively basal group) and the Paleoptera, which are represented in modern forms by mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and dragonflies (Odonata). Like stoneflies, all extant Paleoptera have aquatic immature stages, deposit their eggs on or near the surface of water, and, with the exception of modern dragonflies, have very similar water-resistant hairs on their wings (3, 37). A recent examination of wings and thoraces of fossil mayflies from the Carboniferous and Permian revealed that they appear to have had greatly reduced flight ability (14). Thus, mayflies have undergone an elaboration of flight-related traits that is, in its general features, parallel to what our analyses suggest has occurred in stoneflies. A reasonable hypothesis to account for this diverse body of observations is that the first winged insects were surface skimmers.
We thank E. Tsyrlin (Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia), I. McLellan (Landcare Institute, Westport, New Zealand), P. Zwick (Max Planck Institute, Schlitz, Germany), T. Kishimoto (Tsukaba International University, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan); M. Kramer (Washington University, St. Louis, MO), O. Flint (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC), and W. Stark (Mississippi College, Clinton, MS) for supplying specimens for DNA analyses; O. Flint for providing specimens for wing-vein measurements; J. Lyons-Weiler and N. Barr for assistance with phylogenetic reconstructions; M. McPeek for deriving phylogenetically independent contrasts from our raw data; R. Walsh and M. Kramer for assistance with wing sectioning and SEM imaging; J. Bye for drawings of skimming behaviors; and E. Tsyrlin, B. Aldrich, and G. Aldrich for logistical assistance and natural history guidance during overseas field work in Australia and Chile. This project was supported by National Science Foundation Grant IBN-9722196.
↵* To whom reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail: jhm10{at}psu.edu.
This paper was submitted directly (Track II) to the PNAS office.
Data deposition: The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database (accession nos. AF311439–AF311472).
Article published online before print: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 10.1073/pnas.230296997.
Article and publication date are at www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.230296997
- neighbor joining;
- minimum evolution;
- maximum likelihood;
- maximum parsimony
- Received June 27, 2000.
- Copyright © 2000, The National Academy of Sciences
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text:
Cyclone II-Exp.4
Code was simple enough:
module KEY_OR_LED ( A, B, F );
input A, B;
output F;
assign F = A||B;
But the pin assignments in the default example project didn't make sense, they were set to:
I went with it, just in case I was missing something, but compiled, bombed and no LED lit.
Changed to:
But held my breath and restarted and got a circuit that worked counter intuitively until I dusted off me logical thinking. No LED lit if either of the buttons weren't pressed.
No LED lit if one of the buttons pressed and … finally … LED lit when both buttons pressed.
Basically both inputs are held high by a 4.7K ohm resistor and you need to drive both low to drive the LED low because of the OR function (either input high then high at output then LED sees same voltage at each of it's pins – 3.3V).
All good.