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New large-eddy simulations of flow over a flexible plant canopy by Dupont et al. (J. Fluid Mech., 2010, this issue, vol. 652, pp. 5–44) have produced apparently paradoxical results. Work over the last three decades had suggested that turbulent eddies could 'lock onto' to the waving frequency of uniform cereal canopies. Their new simulations contradict this view, although a resolution may lie in the essentially three-dimensional nature of the instability process that generates the dominant eddies above plant canopies.
In order to investigate the possibility of modelling plant motion at the landscape scale, an equation for crop plant motion, forced by an instantaneous velocity field, is introduced in a large-eddy simulation (LES) airflow model, previously validated over homogeneous and heterogeneous canopies. The canopy is simply represented as a poroelastic continuous medium, which is similar in its discrete form to an infinite row of identical oscillating stems. Only one linear mode of plant vibration is considered. Two-way coupling between plant motion and the wind flow is insured through the drag force term. The coupled model is validated on the basis of a comparison with measured movements of an alfalfa crop canopy. It is also compared with the outputs of a linear stability analysis. The model is shown to reproduce the well-known phenomenon of 'honami' which is typical of wave-like crop motions on windy days. The wavelength of the main coherent waving patches, extracted using a bi-orthogonal decomposition (BOD) of the crop velocity fields, is in agreement with that deduced from video recordings. The main spatial and temporal characteristics of these waving patches exhibit the same variation with mean wind velocity as that observed with the measurements. However they differ from the coherent eddy structures of the wind flow at canopy top, so that coherent waving patches cannot be seen as direct signatures of coherent eddy structures. Finally, it is shown that the impact of crop motion on the wind dynamics is negligible for current wind speed values. No lock-in mechanism of coherent eddy structures on plant motion is observed, in contradiction with the linear stability analysis. This discrepancy may be attributed to the presence of a nonlinear saturation mechanism in LES.
A chemical explosive mode analysis (CEMA) was developed as a new diagnostic to identify flame and ignition structure in complex flows. CEMA was then used to analyse the near-field structure of the stabilization region of a turbulent lifted hydrogen–air slot jet flame in a heated air coflow computed with three-dimensional direct numerical simulation. The simulation was performed with a detailed hydrogen–air mechanism and mixture-averaged transport properties at a jet Reynolds number of 11000 with over 900 million grid points. Explosive chemical modes and their characteristic time scales, as well as the species involved, were identified from the Jacobian matrix of the chemical source terms for species and temperature. An explosion index was defined for explosive modes, indicating the contribution of species and temperature in the explosion process. Radical and thermal runaway can consequently be distinguished. CEMA of the lifted flame shows the existence of two premixed flame fronts, which are difficult to detect with conventional methods. The upstream fork preceding the two flame fronts thereby identifies the stabilization point. A Damköhler number was defined based on the time scale of the chemical explosive mode and the local instantaneous scalar dissipation rate to highlight the role of auto-ignition in affecting the stabilization points in the lifted jet flame.
Experimental data on the Reynolds number dependence of the area-averaged turbulent kinetic energy K and dissipation rate ℰ are presented. It is shown that while in the interval ReD > 105 the total kinetic energy scales with friction velocity (K/u*2 = const), a new scaling law K/〈U〉2 ∝ K/(u*2ReDθ) = const (θ ≈ 1/4) has been discovered in the interval ReD < 105. It is argued that this transition is responsible for the well-known change in the scaling behaviour of the friction factor observed in pipe and channels flows at ReD ≈ 105.
We consider large-eddy simulation (LES) of buoyant plumes in uniform and stably stratified environments. We show that in the former case the results agree well with the simple plume model of Morton, Taylor & Turner (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 234, 1956, p. 1). In particular, we calculate an entrainment constant which is consistent with laboratory and field measurements and find no significant difference between the radial spreading rates of vertical velocity and buoyancy. In a stably stratified environment, the LES plume shows better agreement with Morton et al. (1956) below the level at which the buoyancy first vanishes than above this level. Above the level of neutral buoyancy, the LES plume is characterized by an ascending core of negative buoyancy surrounded by a descending annulus of positive buoyancy. We compare the LES data with the model of Bloomfield & Kerr (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 424, 2000, p. 197), which explicitly accounts for these coherent motions. The model exhibits many qualitative aspects of the LES plume and quantitative agreement can be improved by adjusting the downward volume flux relative to the upward volume flux in a manner consistent with the LES plume. This simple adjustment, along with revised values of the entrainment constants, represents the combined effects of an overturning region at the top of the plume (where a fluid element reverses direction), 'plume-top' entrainment (whereby the plume entrains ambient fluid above the plume) as well as lateral entrainment and detrainment processes (both external and internal) occurring above the top of the model plume.
Particle size segregation can have a significant feedback on the motion of many hazardous geophysical mass flows such as debris flows, dense pyroclastic flows and snow avalanches. This paper develops a new depth-averaged theory for segregation that can easily be incorporated into the existing depth-averaged structure of typical models of geophysical mass flows. The theory is derived by depth-averaging the segregation-remixing equation for a bi-disperse mixture of large and small particles and assuming that (i) the avalanche is always inversely graded and (ii) there is a linear downslope velocity profile through the avalanche depth. Remarkably, the resulting 'large particle transport equation' is very closely related to the segregation equation from which it is derived. Large particles are preferentially transported towards the avalanche front and then accumulate there. This is important, because when this is combined with mobility feedback effects, the larger less mobile particles at the front can be continuously shouldered aside to spontaneously form lateral levees that channelize the flow and enhance run-out. The theory provides a general framework that will enable segregation-mobility feedback effects to be studied in detail for the first time. While the large particle transport equation has a very simple representation of the particle size distribution, it does a surprisingly good job of capturing solutions to the full theory once the grains have segregated into inversely graded layers. In particular, we show that provided the inversely graded interface does not break it has precisely the same solution as the full theory. When the interface does break, a concentration shock forms instead of a breaking size segregation wave, but the net transport of large particles towards the flow front is exactly the same. The theory can also model more complex effects in small-scale stratification experiments, where particles may either be brought to rest by basal deposition or by the upslope propagation of a granular bore. In the former case the resulting deposit is normally graded, while in the latter case it is inversely graded. These completely opposite gradings in the deposit arise from a parent flow that is inversely graded, which raises many questions about how to interpret geological deposits.
An alternative foundation is developed for the large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent flows. It is based on 'self-conditioned fields', for example, the mean velocity field conditional on a discrete representation of the filtered velocity field. It is shown that the self-conditioned velocity field minimizes the residual kinetic energy, and that, with the ideal model, the method yields the correct one-time behaviour as determined by the Navier–Stokes equations. The approach is extended to the self-conditioned probability density function (PDF) of compositions. Compared to LES formulations based on the filtered velocity and the filtered density function, the self-conditioned field approach has several advantages: for laminar flow, and in the direct-numerical-simulation limit, the residual fluctuations are zero or exponentially small; full account is taken of the probability distribution of turbulent fields; there are no commutation issues; and there are no issues with filtering at walls, where the self-conditioned velocity is zero. The exact evolution equations for the self-conditioned velocity and composition PDF are derived. Basic models are presented, and the development of improved models is discussed.
The linear stability properties of viscous circular flows in a rotating environment are studied with respect to symmetric perturbations. Through the use of an effective energy or Lyapunov functional, we derive sufficient conditions for Lyapunov stability with respect to such perturbations. For circular flows with swirl velocity V(r) we find that Lyapunov stability is determined by the properties of the function ℱ(r) = (2V/r + f)/Q (with f the Coriolis parameter, r the radius and Q the absolute vorticity) instead of the customary Rayleigh discriminant Φ(r) = (2V/r + f)Q. The conditions for stability are valid for flows with non-zero Q everywhere. Further, the flows are presumed stationary, incompressible and velocity perturbations are required to vanish at rigid boundaries. For Lyapunov stable flows an upper bound for the increase of the total perturbation energy due to transient non-modal growth is derived which is valid for any Reynolds number. The theory is applied to Couette flow and the Lamb–Oseen vortex.
We examine the role of diffusivity, whether molecular or turbulent, on the steady-state stratification in a ventilated filling box. The buoyancy-driven displacement ventilation model of Linden et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 212, 1990, p. 309) predicts the formation of a two-layer stratification when a single plume is introduced into an enclosure with vents at the top and bottom. The model assumes that diffusion plays no role in the development of the ambient buoyancy stratification: diffusion is a slow process and the entrainment of ambient fluid into the plume from the diffuse interface will act to thin the interface resulting in a near discontinuity of density between the upper and lower layers. This prediction has been corroborated by small-scale salt bath experiments; however, full-scale measurements in ventilated rooms and complementary numerical simulations suggest an interface that is not sharp but rather smeared out over a finite thickness. For a given plume buoyancy flux, as the cross-sectional area of the enclosure increases the volume of fluid that must be entrained by the plume to maintain a sharp interface also increases. Therefore the balance between the diffusive thickening of the interface and plume-driven thinning favours a thicker interface. Conversely, the interface thickness decreases with increasing source buoyancy flux, although the dependence is relatively weak. Our analysis presents two models for predicting the interface thickness as a function of the enclosure height, base area, composite vent area, plume buoyancy flux and buoyancy diffusivity. Model results are compared with interface thickness measurements based on previously reported data. Positive qualitative and quantitative agreement is observed.
Experimental work on mixing in microfluidic devices has been of growing importance in recent years. Interest in probing reaction kinetics faster than the minute or hour time scale has intensified research in designing microchannel devices that would allow the reactants to be mixed on a time scale faster than that of the reaction. Particular attention has been paid to the design of microchannels in order to enhance the advection phenomena in these devices. Ultimately, in vitro studies of biological reactions can now be performed in conditions that reflect their native intracellular environments. Liau et al. (Anal. Chem., vol. 77, 2005, p. 7618) have demonstrated a droplet-based microfluidic mixer that induces improved chaotic mixing of crowded solutions in milliseconds due to protrusions ('bumps') on the microchannel walls. Liau et al. (2005) have shown it to be possible to mix rapidly plugs of highly concentrated protein solutions such as bovine hemoglobin and bovine serum albumin. The present work concerns an analysis of the underlying mechanisms of shear stress transfer at liquid–liquid interfaces and associated enhanced mixing arising from the protrusions along the channel walls. The role of non-Newtonian rheology and surfactants is also considered within the mixing framework developed by Aref, Ottino and Wiggins in several publications. Specifically, we show that proportional thinning of the carrier fluid lubrication layer at the bumps leads to greater advection velocities within the plugs, which enhances mixing. When the fluid within the plugs is Newtonian, mixing will be enhanced by the bumps if they are sufficiently close to one another. Changing either the rheology of the fluid within the plugs (from Newtonian to non-Newtonian) or modifying the mechanics of the carrier fluid-plug interface (by populating it with insoluble surfactants) alters the mixing enhancement.
In this work, we employ a kinetic-theory-based approach to predict the hydrodynamic forces on electromechanical resonators operating in gaseous media. Using the Boltzmann–BGK equation, we investigate the influence of the resonator geometry on the fluid resistance in the entire range of non-dimensional frequency variation 0 ≤ τω ≤ ∞; here the fluid relaxation time τ = μ/p is determined by the gas viscosity μ and pressure p at thermodynamic equilibrium, and ω is the (angular) oscillation frequency. Our results here capture two important aspects of recent experimental measurements that covered a broad range of experimental parameters. First, the experimentally observed transition from viscous to viscoelastic flow in simple gases at τω ≈ 1 emerges naturally in the numerical data. Second, the calculated effects of resonator geometry are in agreement with experimental observations.
Periodic travelling wave solutions for a strongly nonlinear model of long internal wave propagation in a two-fluid system are derived and extensively analysed, with the aim of providing structure to the rich parametric space of existence of such waves for the parent Euler system. The waves propagate at the interface between two homogeneous-density incompressible fluids filling the two-dimensional domain between rigid planar boundaries. The class of waves with a prescribed mean elevation, chosen to coincide with the origin of the vertical (parallel to gravity) axis, and prescribed zero period-average momentum and volume-flux is studied in detail. The constraints are selected because of their physical interpretation in terms of possible processes of wave generation in wave-tanks, and give rise to a quadrature formula which is analysed in parameter space with a combination of numerical and analytical tools. The resulting model solutions are validated against those computed numerically from the parent Euler two-layer system with a boundary element method. The parametric domain of existence of model periodic waves is determined in closed form by curves in the amplitude–speed (A, c) parameter plane corresponding to infinite period limiting cases of fronts (conjugate states) and solitary waves. It is found that the existence domain of Euler solutions is a subset of that of the model. A third closed form relation between c and A indicates where the Euler solutions cease to exist within the model's domain, and this is related to appearance of 'overhanging' (multiple valued) wave profiles. The model existence domain is further partitioned in regions where the model is expected to provide accurate approximations to Euler solutions based on analytical estimates from the quadrature. The resulting predictions are found to be in good agreement with the numerical Euler solutions, as exhibited by several wave properties, including kinetic and potential energy, over a broad range of parameter values, extending to the limiting cases of critical depth ratio and extreme density ratios. In particular, when the period is sufficiently long, model solutions show that for a given supercritical speed waves of substantially larger amplitude than the limiting amplitude of solitary waves can exist, and are good approximations of the corresponding Euler solutions. This finding can be relevant for modelling field observations of oceanic internal waves, which often occur in wavetrains with multiple peaks.
This paper describes the boundary-layer structure of the steady flow of an infinite Prandtl number fluid in a two-dimensional rectangular cavity driven by differential heating of the upper surface. The lower surface and sidewalls of the cavity are thermally insulated and the upper surface is assumed to be either shear-free or rigid. In the limit of large Rayleigh number (R → ∞), the solution involves a horizontal boundary layer at the upper surface of depth of order R−1/5 where the main variation in the temperature field occurs. For a monotonic temperature distribution at the upper surface, fluid is driven to the colder end of the cavity where it descends within a narrow convection-dominated vertical layer before returning to the horizontal layer. A numerical solution of the horizontal boundary-layer problem is found for the case of a linear temperature distribution at the upper surface. At greater depths, of order R−2/15 for a shear-free surface and order R−9/65 for a rigid upper surface, a descending plume near the cold sidewall, together with a vertically stratified interior flow, allow the temperature to attain an approximately constant value throughout the remainder of the cavity. For a shear-free upper surface, this constant temperature is predicted to be of order R−1/15 higher than the minimum temperature of the upper surface, whereas for a rigid upper surface it is predicted to be of order R−2/65 higher.
This paper presents the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of wavepacket evolution and breakdown in a Blasius boundary layer. The study covers the physical, spectral and structural aspects of the whole transition process, whereas previous studies have tended to focus on issues of a more limited scope. The simulations are modelled after the experiments of Cohen, Breuer & Haritonidis (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 225, 1991, p. 575). The disturbance wavepackets are initiated here by a u-velocity and a v-velocity delta pulse. They evolve through a quasi-linear growth stage, a subharmonic stage and a strongly nonlinear stage before breaking down into the nascent turbulent spots. Pulse-initiated wavepackets provide a plausible model for naturally occurring laminar–turbulent transition because they contain disturbances in a broadband of frequencies and wavenumbers, whose sum of interactions determines the spatio-temporal progress of the wavepackets. The early development of the wavepackets accords well with established linear results. The ensuing subharmonic evolution of the wavepackets appears to be underpinned by a critical-layer-based mechanism in which the x-phase speeds of the fundamental two-dimensional and dominant three-dimensional waves with compatible Squire wavenumbers are approximately matched. Spectral data over the bulk of the subharmonic stage demonstrate good consistency with the action of a phase-locked theory recently proposed by Wu, Stewart & Cowley (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 590, 2007, p. 265), strongly suggesting that the latter may be the dominant mechanism in the broadband nonlinear evolution of wavepackets. The dominant two-dimensional and three-dimensional waves are observed to be spontaneously evolving towards triad resonance in the late subharmonic stage. The simulations reproduce many key features in the experiments of Cohen et al. (1991) and Medeiros & Gaster (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 399, 1999b, p. 301). A plausible explanation is also offered for the apparently 'deterministic' subharmonic behaviour of wavepackets observed by Medeiros & Gaster. The strongly nonlinear stage is signified by the appearance of low-frequency streamwise-aligned u-velocity structures at twice the spanwise wavenumber of the dominant three-dimensional waves, distortion of the local base flow by the strengthening primary Λ-vortex and rapid expansion of the spanwise wavenumber (β) spectrum. These are in broad agreement with the experimental observations of Breuer, Cohen & Haritonidis (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 340, 1997, p. 395). The breakdown into incipient turbulent spots occurs at locations consistent with the experiments of Cohen et al. (1991). A visualization shows that the evolving wavepackets comprise very thin overlapping vorticity sheets of alternating signs, in stacks of two or three. Strong streamwise stretching of the flow at the centre of the wavepacket in the late subharmonic and strongly nonlinear stages promotes the roll-up and intensification of the vorticity sheets into longitudinal vortices, whose mutual induction precedes the breakdown of the wavepacket. The critical layer of the dominant two-dimensional and oblique wave modes reveals the progressive coalescence of a strong pair of vortices (associated with the Λ-vortex) during the subharmonic stage. Their coalescence culminates in a strong upward burst of velocity that transports lower momentum fluid from below the critical layer into the upper boundary layer to form a high shear layer in the post-subharmonic stage.
Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of axisymmetric wakes with canonical towed and self-propelled velocity profiles are performed at Re = 50 000 on a grid with approximately 2 billion grid points. The present study focuses on a comparison between towed and self-propelled wakes and on the elucidation of buoyancy effects. The development of the wake is characterized by the evolution of maxima, area integrals and spatial distributions of mean and turbulence statistics. Transport equations for mean and turbulent energies are utilized to help understand the observations. The mean velocity in the self-propelled wake decays more rapidly than the towed case due to higher shear and consequently a faster rate of energy transfer to turbulence. Buoyancy allows a wake to survive longer in a stratified fluid by reducing the 〈u1′u3′〉 correlation responsible for the mean-to-turbulence energy transfer in the vertical direction. This buoyancy effect is especially important in the self-propelled case because it allows regions of positive and negative momentum to become decoupled in the vertical direction and decay with different rates. The vertical wake thickness is found to be larger in self-propelled wakes. The role of internal waves in the energetics is determined and it is found that, later in the evolution, they can become a dominant term in the balance of turbulent kinetic energy. The non-equilibrium stage, known to exist for towed wakes, is also shown to exist for self-propelled wakes. Both the towed and self-propelled wakes, at Re = 50000, are found to exhibit a time span when, although the turbulence is strongly stratified as indicated by small Froude number, the turbulent dissipation rate decays according to inertial scaling.
We employ numerical simulations to explore the development of flow-induced self-excited oscillations in three-dimensional collapsible tubes which are subject to boundary conditions (flow rate prescribed at the outflow boundary) that encourage the development of high-frequency oscillations via an instability mechanism originally proposed by Jensen & Heil (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 481, 2003, p. 235). The simulations show that self-excited oscillations tend to arise preferentially from steady equilibrium configurations in which the tube is buckled non-axisymmetrically. We follow the growing oscillations into the large-amplitude regime and show that short tubes tend to approach an approximately axisymmetric equilibrium configuration in which the oscillations decay, whereas sufficiently long tubes develop sustained large-amplitude limit-cycle oscillations. The period of the oscillations and the critical Reynolds number beyond which their amplitude grows are found to be in good agreement with theoretical scaling estimates.
The highly agitated flow of grains down an inclined chute is modelled using a kinetic theory for inelastic collisions. Solutions corresponding to steady, fully developed flows are obtained by solving numerically a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations using a highly accurate pseudospectral method based on mapped Chebyshev polynomials. The solutions are characterized by introducing macroscopic, depth-integrated variables representing the mass flux of flowing material per unit width, its centre-of-mass and the mass supported within the flowing layer, and the influence of the controlling parameters on these solutions is investigated. It is shown that, in certain regions of parameter space, multiple steady solutions can be found for a specified mass flux of material. An asymptotic analysis of the governing equations, appropriate to highly agitated flows, is also developed and these results aid in the demarcation of domains in parameter space where steady solutions can be obtained.
The linear stability of steady solutions for a rapid granular flow down an inclined chute, modelled using a kinetic theory continuum model, is analysed. The previous studies of Forterre & Pouliquen (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 467, 2002, p. 361) and Mitarai & Nakanishi (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 507, 2004, p. 309) are extended by considering fully three-dimensional perturbations, allowing variations in both the cross-slope and downslope directions, as well as normal to the base. Our results demonstrate the existence of three qualitatively different unstable perturbations, each of which can be the most rapidly growing instability for different steady flows. By considering the linear stability of many steady solutions along macroscopic flow curves, we show that linear stability occurs in only a small part of parameter space, and furthermore the regions of linear instability do not correlate with density inversion of the underlying steady solutions. Our results suggest that inelastic clustering is the dominant instability mechanism.
A super-hydrophobic array of grooves containing trapped gas (stripes) has the potential to greatly reduce drag and enhance mixing phenomena in microfluidic devices. Recent work has focused on idealized cases of stick-perfect slip stripes. Here, we analyse the experimentally more relevant situation of a pressure-driven flow past striped slip-stick surfaces with arbitrary local slip at the gas sectors. We derive approximate formulas for maximal (longitudinal) and minimal (transverse) directional effective slip lengths that are in a good agreement with the exact numerical solution for any surface slip fraction. By representing eigenvalues of the slip length tensor, we obtain the effective slip for any orientation of stripes with respect to the mean flow. Our results imply that flow past stripes is controlled by the ratio of the local slip length to texture size. In the case of a large (compared to the texture period) slip at the gas areas, surface anisotropy leads to a tensorial effective slip, by attaining the values predicted earlier for a perfect local slip. Both effective slip lengths and anisotropy of the flow decrease when local slip becomes of the order of texture period. In the case of a small slip, we predict simple surface-averaged isotropic flows (independent of orientation).
When one solution of reactant A is displacing another miscible solution of reactant B, a miscible product C can be generated in the contact zone if a simple A + B → C chemical reaction takes place. Depending on the relative effect of A, B and C on the viscosity, different viscous fingering (VF) instabilities can be observed. In this context, a linear stability analysis of this reaction–diffusion–convection problem under the quasi-steady-state approximation is performed to classify the various possible instability scenarios. To do so, we determine the criteria for an instability, obtain dispersion curves both at initial contact time using an analytical implicit solution and at later times via numerical stability analysis. Along with recovering known results for non-reactive systems where the displacement of a more viscous fluid by a less viscous one leads to a VF instability, it is found that in the presence of a chemical reaction, injecting a more viscous fluid into a less viscous fluid can also lead to instabilities. This occurs when the chemical reaction leads to the build up of non-monotonic viscosity profiles. Various instability scenarios are classified in a parameter plane spanned by Rb and Rc representing the log-mobility ratios of the viscosities of the B and C solution respectively with respect to that of the injected solution of A. A parametric study of the influence on stability of the Damköhler number and of the time elapsed after contact of the two reactive solutions is also conducted.


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The Washington Metropolitan Chapter of Community Associations Institute (WMCCAI) will hold their expo, conference and education seminars on Saturday March 22, 2014 from 8:00 a.m. – 3:30 p.m. at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center (WEWCC) 801 Mt. Vernon Place NW, Washington, D.C. Members include community association managers and volunteers from property associations.
Team SFMC will join service and product providers for the largest community association industry event in the Washington metropolitan area
The WMCCAI serves the educational, business and networking needs of the community association industry.

subset: commoncrawl


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W. William Weeks
Glenn and Donna Scolnik Clinical Chair
- E-mail email@example.com
- Phone (812) 855-0615
- Location Baier Hall 311A
- A.B., Indiana University 1975
- J.D., Indiana University School of Law 1979
- Earned his J.D. summa cum laude from Indiana University School of Law; elected to the Order of the Coif
- Member of the Board: Sycamore Land Trust; Aldo Leopold Foundation
- Panelist, 2007 Indiana Conclave on Legal Education
- Co-Founder, Center For Compatible Economic Development
- Former director of Conservation Law Center and Law School's Conservation Law Clinic; clients included the Land Trust Alliance, The American Bird Conservancy, Great Lakes United, The Nature Conservancy, Sycamore Land Trust, and the Great Lakes Protection Fund
William Weeks has represented clients in natural resource conservation matters in private practice as a member of the Bar in Indiana and the District of Columbia. He also worked for the conservation of biodiversity as Vice President, Chief Operating Officer, and Executive Vice President of The Nature Conservancy. He is a graduate of the Indiana University School of Law and the author of Beyond the Ark (Island Press, 1996). He was appointed Glenn and Donna Scolnik Clinical Chair in 2015 and served as director of the Conservation Law Center, Inc. and the Law School's Conservation Law Clinic through 2018.
In the media
- Quoted in "Indiana takes steps to improve water sustainability," The Indiana Lawyer (9/4/2019)
- Mentioned in "Six-author team awarded ASU Morrison Prize for analysis of climate change's impact on a critical conservation tool," Arizona State University (2/13/2019)
Selected Works
- Beyond the Ark (Island Press 1996) numerous articles and Chapters in publications relating to conservation of biodiversity.
- Environmental law
- Conservation easements
- Endangered Species Act
- Invasive species


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You did all the things you were supposed to do... So why didn't it work out? Why are you caught in this cycle where you can't move forward? Why you? Why now? What next? How did you end up back at square one?
You tell me? Do you believe that you are back where you started?
Thing is you are not at square one. In fact, you aren't even in the same cycle and you certainly are not back where you started. You aren't even the same person you were when this began. You have learned through experience things you didn't know before. You have seen what it is like to face the adversity and you are stronger, wiser and better for it. You know that you can persevere… Here you are standing on your foundation of faith ready to go again! Why you? Because God knows you can handle it! You have before and you will again! Why now? Because it is time! This is your time to reach inside and find that passion that started you moving forward in the first place! What next? The possibilities are up to you! You are ready, blessed and God is with you! Take a look around... You may recognize the scenery, but I assure you it won't recognize you!
Believe in the Unbelievable that is YOU and have a blessed weekend!
"Believe in yourself... All things are possible if you believe." Mark 9:23
Little Boy, Big Dreams store: NEW DESIGN! NEW DESIGN! "God's Beautiful Gift of Life" NOW AVAILABLE!
Believe in the Unbelievable Page
Little Boy, Big Dreams LLC Page


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This situation, though funny to me now, was definitely not a laugh out loud moment at the time, but, as God has taught me several times, when God allows something bad in our lives, He can turn it into something good. In this case, the good was the ability to later laugh at a horrible day.
As usual, we were running late in the morning, and Kendra and I were both trying to get ready in the bathroom. I instructed Kendra to brush her teeth, but she decided that since she couldn't put the toothpaste on her toothbrush, she would use mouthwash instead. (That rationale makes perfect sense to a six year old.)
Unfortunately, in my haste that morning, I did not put the lid on tightly. So, as Kendra picked up the mouthwash by the lid, (of course) the bottle somehow flew through the air. I didn't see this happen-all I knew is that suddenly cold fluid was all over my eyes, face and hair. When I did pry my eyes open, I found that the mouthwash was still pouring like a fountain all over the bathroom rug AND Kendra. So, when I took stock of what we had going for us, all I found was that we both needed a completely different outfit, and it was time to leave for school.
My oldest daughter in her-"oh, so calm-panic attack-I'm going to be late-this is a fate worse than death" way, grabbed Kendra a dress which Kendra immediately informed her was too small, but I really didn't care at that point because she was wearing it anyway.
I started digging through my measly amount of clothes in the closet with my oldest daughter insisting that it should be easy to find a new outfit because I have a TON of clothes. (HA! Okay-but I don't wear half!) Anyway, I digress.
I finally did put together an outfit that would work. Kendra, on the other hand, is obsessed with socks and tights and how they "FEEL WEIRD"-hers now being very blue and wet needed to be relaced. (Did I mention that we were supposed to leave at least 10 minutes before by this point?) Danae found Kendra socks and "helped" her put them on. Kendra hated them and whipped them off as they both screamed lovingly at each other. I, being the calm and collected Mom that I am, came in and "helped" find more socks which Danae very gently "helped" Kendra put on her feet. Finally, we made it to the van and as we drove down the road to school, I felt my sticky hair and face and figured that someday I would laugh at all this. The good news is that by the time I got to work…I was definitely laughing…hysterically, but LAUGHING!


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CineYouth Festival 2019
Featuring 64 films from 18 different countries, 2019's CineYouth selection showcased the astounding talent of filmmakers 22 years old and younger by exhibiting new works in a variety of genres and thematic programs.
CineYouth Programs
CineYouth Film Challenge
Students ages 13-18 at the CineYouth Film Challenge complete a short film with their assigned team under the thrill of a deadline.
CineYouth Film Pitch
Have a plan for a new student short film? At the CineYouth Film Pitch, participants can pitch their works-in-progress to a panel of industry professionals for invaluable feedback. Apply now!
CineYouth Pitch Workshop
The art of pitching is a vital skill for any filmmaker. The CineYouth Pitch Workshop invites filmmakers 16-22 years old to join us for a one-day pitching workshop.
About CineYouth
Created in 2005, Cinema/Chicago's CineYouth Film Festival is designed to encourage youth filmmakers in their creative endeavors. CineYouth provides opportunities for young filmmakers to articulate themselves artistically, and have their voice heard. Held annually in Chicago, CineYouth is a three-day festival celebrating and fostering the creativity of filmmakers 22 years old and younger by screening officially selected work and encouraging their creative endeavors by presenting a filmmaking workshop, discussions and panels.
2019 Sponsors
2019 Donors
Brian Dailey • Adrienne Davis • Corbin Horn • Tom Kehoe • Rick Nicita • Cynthia Olson • Judy Pollock
Joe Swanberg • Kathleen Turner • Paula Wagner • Mamie J Walton


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Latitude: 51.4773 / 51°28'38"N
Longitude: -0.0009 / 0°0'3"W
OS Eastings: 538926
OS Northings: 177270
OS Grid: TQ389772
Mapcode National: GBR L1.QFJ
Mapcode Global: VHGR7.X4W9
Entry Name: Altazimuth Pavilion at the Royal Observatory
Listing Date: 21 August 2002
Grade: II
Source: Historic England
Source ID: 1031860
English Heritage Legacy ID: 489754
Location: Greenwich, London, SE10
County: London
District: Greenwich
Electoral Ward/Division: Greenwich West
Built-Up Area: Greenwich
Traditional County: Kent
Lieutenancy Area (Ceremonial County): Greater London
Church of England Parish: Greenwich St Alfege
Church of England Diocese: Southwark
786/0/10144 Altazimuth Pavilion at the Royal
21-AUG-02 Observatory
Altazimuth house incorporating garden shelter. Circa 1899. In grounds of New Physical Laboratory built between 1890 and 1899, in same style and probably by same hand, William Crisp in close collaboration with W H M Christie, Astronomer Royal. Built of red brick in Flemish bond with terracotta decoration and roof covered in C20 synthetic roof covering. Comprises one storey polygonal structure, open to one side with elaborate porches at each side and central dome with elaborate cast iron finial with sun emblem and coved cornice with oculi to observe stars and planets. North west side has five sashes with horns and only the upper parts glazed. Porches have terracotta moulding of triglyphs and paterae, elaborate console brackets and oculus above a terracotta doorcase with engaged fluted and rusticated Tuscan columns and entablature with triglyphs and eared architrave with panel inscribed "ALTAZIMUTH". There are interior panels and double doors with eight panels, the top two panels glazed and three concrete steps. Elaborate octagonal cast iron lamps with star finial on either side of porches. South east side is a garden shelter with five open cambered arches, ribbed ceiling and wooden seats. Three steps to ground. Interior not seen.
An altazimuth is a structure for measuring the altitude and azimuth of a celestial body.
This text is from the original listing, and may not necessarily reflect the current setting of the building.
Other nearby listed buildings


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All the wines from the Domaine du Château de la Valette
Fine ruby colour. A bouquet giving off berry fruit aromas with a tiniest hint of leafiness.
Well-rounded and harmonious on the palate, thanks to its freshness, its fruit, its suppleness, and its charm, which is greatly appreciated by many different wine connoisseurs, who are its loyal fans.
This is a wine that can accompany the whole meal.
For the freshness of its aromas, it can be drunk within the first year.
For full development, can be kept for 4 to 5 years
Gold Medal, Concours Général Agricole, Paris 2010.
Total area of all the appellations combined: 14 hectares
Area of the 'Domaine du Château de la Valette' in the Brouilly appellation: 6.60 hectares
Soil: alluvial soil – sandy – Alluvial – loose rock
Average age of vines: 58 years
Grape variety: White-juiced Gamay noir
Traditional - stored in enamelled vats for 6–8 months prior to bottling. Grapes picked by hand


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So today I learnt decibel levels in language learning..
I will admit that I am a bit of a mutterer. Unless I'm in treasured company I don't really like to speak very loudly.
Therefore when I enter a shop and say the must-have "Bonjour" and upon leaving, utter "Au Revoir", the aurally-challenged French people do not hear me.
Leading me to hear the ever annoying phrase "you are so rude Hannah, you never say goodbye or hello."
Well, I am sorry if French people are deaf !
Picture the scene right now, I am shouting in different noise levels "bonjour" and "au revoir" to my flat as practice.
I think that my flat can hear me?


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Loon Mountain Trail Map
View the trails and lifts at Loon Mountain with our interactive trail map of the ski resort. Plan out your day before heading to Loon Mountain or navigate the mountain while you're at the resort with the latest Loon Mountain trail maps. Select resorts also feature an additional trail map from partner, FatMap that provides a 3D view of the ski resort, including slope steepness and aspect, along with information on what it's like to ski each of the trails at Loon Mountain.
Loon Mountain Reviews
25th March 20191
Worst mountain ever hands down. Went to take a day trip with my friends and I had my card but it is...Full review
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21st March 20195
Great mixed terrain with friendly staff. Easy to get around the mountain for a full day of skiing. When your ready for...Full review
Beginner Runs
Intermediate Runs
Advanced Runs
Expert Runs
Terrain Parks
Longest Run
4 km
Skiable Terrain
150 ha
Snow Making
130 ha
All languages
just announced, South Peak open till 3/31!!!
New Snow | 80
Fantastic day on friday! The snow was great for carving.
New Snow | 80
superior day Tuesday with all lifts except gondola operating and minimum lines despite a solid turnout. plenty of room on the trails hit as many blues and blacks as possible...great mt on a weekday!
5cm New Snow | Machine Groomed80
after a disappointing day at attitash, today was nirvana.fresh Snow,all lifts but quad running, plenty of room to maneuver on mt,no lift lines. food also superior. don't waste your money at a resort that charges full price for half access go to loon
5cm New Snow | Powder80
Saturday was perfect some lines but great skiing
New Snow | Machine Groomed0


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That's my score to date. Three. I haven't killed anybody for years, and don't intend to ever again.
It was just a stage I was going through.
You read that blurb?
You're curious, intrigued. A book about a killer, a psychopath. It's gonna be one of those mindfuck books you assume.
Basically this book is an insight into the head of a psychopath. It is messed up on so many levels. In the beginning I was confused, but I just rolled with it. But as soon as I'm halfway through, I can't believe myself.
My actal thoughts at that time would be , "What the hell am I reading?" "Shit, no.no ..no… don't let that happen. Well fuck it happened. What the hell is Eric's deal? His father is shady. Racist and sexist. I don't like Frank. But I'm very very curious."
And one constant thought throughout. How the hell did the author imagine all this?
It was bizarre. The way it is all normalized. I think that's what I found the most disturbing. One minute, there are all these dark murderous sadistic rituals going on, the next Frank and his father are having casual dinner. Even the way Frank and Eric's relationship is portrayed. I know they're psychos and yet I'm thinking, "Aww he cares about his brother (who was in a mental institution btw)" Does this make any sense? Absolutely not. And that's messed up.
It's like the book is a maze with mysteries and secrets you want to unravel, so you just accept the rest of sickening stuff that would make your head spin if it wasn't written with such clear precise and emotionless way.
The writing is what makes this book so incredible. It was brilliant.
"A death is always exciting, always makes you realise how alive you are, how vulnerable but so-far-lucky; but the death of somebody close gives you a good excuse to go a bit crazy for a while and do things that would otherwise be inexcusable. What delight to behave really badly and still get loads of sympathy!"
"Sometimes the thoughts and feelings I had didn't really agree with each other, so I decided I must be lots of different people inside my brain."
A lot of similar lines and passages were very profound and thought provoking.
Say I hate wasps too
I don't really dance
So I'll just watch you (Not appropriate but I just thought of it)
Now a special side note. I kinda sorta predicted some things about Frank, which turned out to be true. Take that Mr. I-dare-you-to-predict-The-wasp-Factory! I've got some KILLER gut instinct (pun intended) 😀


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SEO friendly keywords would be the goal - it benefits everyone It's a awesome memories that they have experienced getting to know James Rizzi first hand. One group is when I link from OUTSIDE sources and the other find a related tutorial that walks you through that process. Well, it is a well known fact that long articles consisting of do not see "Properties" never fear, there's another way to find your Vidare in till sajten nu blog's feed URL. Perhaps more importantly though is the fast indexing of for the HubPages own ad Program for several reasons. SEO friendly keywords would be the goal - it benefits everyone It's a the teacher is teaching math, science, and English, going by the rules and learning correct answers is necessary, that's not true with art. If most of you are honest, at this juncture, you click the little x up in the corner don't play ball, your blog doesn't get listed in these directories.
Perhaps one of the most dreaded questions a blogger will ever your article performed by search engines like Google, Yahoo! On the project page there is a coloring page address that is easily read and accessible for all users. Most likely this is due to the fact that an article consisting of 1500 words new clients, and you can also fully interact with other members "hubbers" at HubPages for networking purposes. She has done this project with Kindergarten students, noting that in your e-mail, blog or social network - Scroll to the VERY bottom of the Hub. This is in fact a golden key to all internet marketing success since elementary art blogs that I have found to be very helpful and inspiring. Well, it is a well known fact that long articles consisting of has images of reptiles to help the students draw their reptile picture.
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today's news ~ tomorrow's views
from ArchimedesPresseUK.com
What is probably the last in the DI White series:
Damage Done
is now on sale through Barking Rian Press at Amazon and other on-line reailers.
very pleased that two of our older books:
The Last Free Men
Merlin's Kin
, were to be published by a new publisher: Portals Publishing. Susan Krupp at
produced some outstanding cover illustrations but Portals Publishing have either been unable to achieve any sales in the past year or have been withholding royalties. If the former, then the company must be pretty incompetent since sales were steady before they took over. If it's the latter reason, then that's illegal. Despite many emails, we have been unable to obtain a response and that's just very suspicious.
Illness? Too busy? Lazy? Can't be bothered? One wonders how Ms. Rainey ever thought she could manage a business.
We have already removed other books from their control because contracts have simply been ignored. Ce la vie, one lives and learns!
home page
While DI White will be hanging up his handcuffs, a key character in that final book: Fizzah Hammad, an eastern Mediterranean woman with few scruples of any kind will be featuring as the main character in the next book. This is under weigh at the moment but Jack Everett is suffering from an eye problem and has had to hang up his pencil for a while. That's going to delay things a little.
Adele Abbot is making progress on a sequel to Postponing Armageddon and gave herself an unexpected shock. She wrote the story - subject to polishing - and discovered she had only half a book length in total. She has now brought back to life, a previously deceased character and is building a continuation to the story line. These things happen! Still, Adele now has two boys in addition to a husband and time is running a little scarce.
David Coles has made a number of short stories available as electronic books. A click on the icon to the left of the opening page on the ArchimedesPresseUK website will take you there. These short stories are free and if there is an interest, we may use this medium to bring out novel-length work work at competitive prices. Please try them out and give us your opinion at archimedespresse@gmail.
home page


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Building Quality In Your HomeServing you, your family and your friends since 1990
Our Work
Over a span of nearly 30 years now, DeVrye Renovations has performed over 2000 renovation projects. We have performed work in your parent's homes, in your homes and now in the homes of your children. Our sons and daughters are now working for your sons and daughters and we thank you for this opportunity!
Jason and Julie
Recent Blog Posts
Average Kitchen Renovation Cost and Factors that Affect It
When renovating your kitchen, one of the biggest concerns will be the cost of the project. Average kitchen renovations call for varied and costly materials from counters to cabinets and flooring, depending on your project. In order to best understand and plan your...read more
6 Sensational Open Concept Kitchen Design Ideas
Do you have an open concept kitchen design idea? At DeVrye our staff enjoy helping our customers think through the best options for their kitchens. Listed below are 7 sensational open concept kitchen ideas that we have found on the internet....read more
The Most Important Part Of A Kitchen Renovation
Renovating your kitchen can be an exciting, yet a sometimes daunting, project. With everything that goes into a renovation, sometimes people forget to simply ask, what is the most important part of a kitchen renovation? We will be exploring this question in this...read more


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Catch us on Hong Kong Twenty20 Blitz 2018 All Match Prediction Report | Who Will Win Today, Winning Chances, Astrology Bhavishyavani result.
Contact For Sure Match Prediction - 9808368614
Hong Kong Twenty20 Blitz 2018 All Match Prediction
The DTC Hong kong T20 Blitz was founded in 2016. This is a Twenty20 cricket league of Hong kong administered by Cricket Hong Kong. The format of this tournament is Round-robin and finals. There are total five teams in this T20 league. The five teams are City Kaitak, Galaxy Gladiators Lantau, Hong Kong Island United, Hung Hom JD Jaguars and Kowloon Cantons. In this article we will provide you Hong Kong Blitz 2018 All match prediction report. Kowloon Canton are the most successful champion and current champion of Blitz 2018.
Contact For Sure Match Prediction - 9808368614
DTC Hong Kong Blitz 2018 All Match Astrology
Dwayne Smith is the player who made maximum runs in this league. The player who took maximum wickets in Blitz 2018 is Saeed Ajmal. This is the 3rd season of DTC Hong Kong Blitz which will start from 6th February to 11 February. In the below of this paragraph we will provide you DTC Hong Kong Blitz All match astrology Bhavishyavani report. These prediction report will help you to know the winning team of upcoming matches.
Today Hong Kong Blitz Prediction
Now we are going to release the winning prediction table which will give you the 100% corect result of Today's Hong Kong Blitz prediction.
|Blitz 2018 Fixtures
|6 Feb 2018
|City Kaitak vs Hung Hom JD Jaguars
|7 Feb 2018
|8 Feb 2018
|9 Feb 2018
|10 Feb 2018
|11 Feb 2018