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Free Will and the Problem of EvilSubmitted by C.J. Trillian on Tue, 2009-04-14 12:49
I don't really have much to add to Scott's excellent analysis of the problem of evil. I think he gets the explanation of the problem exactly right and does a very nice job of exploring the various bullets that a theist might choose to bite. I think, however, that Scott may be giving the much-vaunted free will defense more credit than it rightly deserves.
The heart of the problem of evil, as Scott nicely illustrates, is that it seems to involve a set of mutually inconsistent claims. But theists face a similar problem when it comes to the topic of free will. Consider the following:
- God is omniscient.
- God is omnipotent.
- God is infallible.
- God created the universe.
- Humans have free will.
You can see the problem, I'm sure. If God really does know everything, then God is already aware of all the things that I will do. And if God created the universe, then She created a world already knowing that I would do whatever it is that I'm going to do. So we have an obvious problem here: if God already knows what I'm going to do and if God cannot possibly be wrong, then it looks like maybe my will isn't as free as I'd initially thought. I pretty much have to do whatever it is that God knew I would do when She created the universe.
Of course, there are ways around this. The most obvious one would be to deny that "free will" really just means "could have done otherwise." Harry Frankfurt offers what seems to be a pretty good knock-down of the freedom-means-the-ability-to-have-done-otherwise thesis:
Allison is contemplating whether to walk her dog or not. Unbeknown to Allison, her father, Lloyd, wants to insure that that she does decide to walk the dog. He has therefore implanted a computer chip in her head such that if she is about to decide not to walk the dog, the chip will activate and coerce her into deciding to take the dog for a walk. Given the presence of the chip, Allison is unable not to decide to walk her dog, and she lacks the ability to do otherwise. However, Allison does decide to walk the dog on her own.
In other words, even though Allison absolutely must walk the dog, there is a very real sense in which we can say that Allison freely chose to walk the dog in this instance. We can look at the chip and see that it didn't activate. Even if she couldn't have done otherwise, she could have chosen otherwise. So maybe it's possible after all to have free will even in if we couldn't possibly do otherwise. And thus God and free will turn out to be compatible after all. Score one for the theists!
Except, maybe not so much.
See, if we're going to make any sense at all of the idea of free will, then it will have to be the case that, regardless of what I end up actually doing, I will have to have had the ability to have chosen otherwise. So, for instance, when I made a snotty remark to my spouse last night (not the worst form of evil, but still a bad thing, all else being equal), it must be the case that I could have freely chosen not to make that remark. That is to say, it is logically possible that I might have refrained from making the remark.
But that, you see, is something of a problem for our theist. See, God, being omniscient, can envision every single logically possible world. That means that, prior to creating the universe, God already knew about possible world A (this one) and possible world B (the one that is exactly like this one, only I freely chose not to make the snotty remark to my spouse). And God, being omnipotent, had to choose to actualize one of those two possible worlds. Yet God chose to actualize A -- the one in which I freely chose to make a snotty remark to my wife -- rather than B.
The problem, in a nutshell, is that the moment we make free will perfectly compatible with God both knowing what I will do and creating the world in which I do it, the free will defense stops being a defense against the problem of evil. God could just as easily have actualized the possible world in which I (and everyone else) freely chose good all the time. That's because God's knowing that I would choose X and creating the world in which I choose X is not, ex hypothesi, inconsistent with my still having the ability to freely choose X.
For that matter, there's an even simpler response to the free will defense. God could have let me freely choose all I want but still made it the case that my poor choices never ended up causing evil to anyone other than myself. That gets us free will, real responsibility and far less evil in the world. But we don't have that, which leads me to think that the free will defense won't allow the theist to consistently hang on to God's omnipotence, omniscience and omnibenevolence.
Hypothetical History Without the Civil WarSubmitted by Peter Lambert on Fri, 2009-04-10 08:06
Today I was thinking about the outcomes of the American Civil War. The War, and the Union victory, affirmed the fact that the individual states do not have the right to seceded. The war resulted in the loss of hundreds of thousands of American lives. I would like to go through the possibilities of history if the war had never come to fighting.
The North was generally more technologically advanced and industrialized, which allowed them to win the war. The South was rather stuck with an outdated agricultural system. The North would have had outpaced the South economically.
All around the world, the practice of slavery was slowly declining. The agricultural system of the south was highly dependent on manual labor, which economically encouraged the practice of slavery. With technological advancements, the dependence on slave labor would diminish and slavery would become less important. Eventually the South would give up on slavery.
So here is my question: would the USA and the CSA have recombined at a later point without going to war? How long would that have taken? Would we have seen any other secessions at later points in our history? Would blacks have made progress toward equal rights in the 1960s, sooner, or later? Most importantly, would we be more free today?
Second-level LibertarianismSubmitted by C.J. Trillian on Thu, 2009-04-09 10:35
So if you haven't yet read Patri's Cato Unbound essay, you should go do that now. And, if you didn't happen to catch it live, you should also check out the podcast of his Seasteading talk at Cato. Of course, regular DR readers are already familiar with Patri's basic thesis: governments are inefficient local monopolies that impose (a) high barriers to entry and (b) exceptionally strong customer lock-in. That's not an especially controversial claim. What is, perhaps, somewhat more controversial Patri's diagnosis: Policy Libertarianism is useless in the face of overwhelming institutional obstacles, so if we want a truly free society, we should instead focus on changing its fundamental structure.*
But it strikes me that a lot of PL types (and certainly a lot of the commenters at Cato) rather significantly misunderstand Patri's vision. Will Wilkinson offers the clearest -- though hardly the only -- such example:
That said, one of the merits of Friedman's "dynamic geography" is that it is not really a "libertarian" project at all...I think there's good reason to expect competing sea-top jurisdictions to settle on a scheme of governance more libertarian than what the world's current nation states have to offer. But I also think there's little reason to expect a seastead to embody the system of most libertarians' dreams unless a lot of libertarians coordinate and settle there.
I don't want to get into any sort of I'm-more-libertarian-than-you shouting match here. Still, I think it's wrong to dismiss dynamic geography as not libertarian. I submit that it's best to understand Patri's project as what I'm going to call second-level libertarianism.** I'll try to explain what that means below.
Many (perhaps most) PLs are concerned with bringing about what we might call first-level libertarianism. That is, they want to live in a society with a minimal (or possibly even nonexistent) state, one with little-to-no taxation, an unfettered market, purely voluntary associations, and no restrictions on self-regarding or consensual behavior. Appropriately enough, PLs concentrate on ways of making our society more like that. And, as Patri allows in his talk, this can be a positive development. Lowering tax rates and increasing growth (even if only by a little) can have large positive-sum utility when aggregated over lots of people.
Moreover, the PLs have a point when they complain that Patri may be giving them too little credit for the work that they are doing. To the extent that seasteading is practical, it will be because enough people in the United States are willing to let seasteaders go their own way. To put the point another way, the best way to keep the U.S. Navy from parking a carrier group outside Floating Libertopia is to convince lots of Americans of the value of allowing small groups to pursue alternative political arrangements. Wilkinson and Reason's Brian Doherty are right to suggest that seasteading would be even less likely to succeed without Reason, Cato and the rest of the PL crowd. For that matter, it's not totally unreasonable to suggest that absent the work of Patri's grandfather, there's a real possibility that the Seasteading Institute's venture capital would have gone to cover Peter Thiel's 90% marginal tax rate.
But Patri's critique is fair in another way. See, where the SLs and the PLs part company, I think, is that Patri isn't really aiming at a first-level libertarian society. Will is right in that respect. But Patri is aiming at what I'm calling second-level libertarianism. The analogy I have in mind is similar to the distinction made between act- and rule-utilitarianism.***
Basically, the idea is that, like with utilitarianism, libertarianism can be applied in two different ways. It can be applied to particular governments -- that is, we can say that a particular state is more or less libertarian depending on the extent to which it conforms with whatever principles we take libertarianism to consist of. But both utilitarianism and libertarianism can also be used in a second-level fashion, as a way of generating the specific rules (in the case of utilitarianism) or the specific societies (in the case of libertarianism) that govern our ordinary, day-to-day lives.
What the particular rules are don't really matter here; the point is just that, on the second-level view, we don't necessarily appeal directly to utility at the level of action. We might, if it works out that direct appeals to utility are the best rule-of-thumb available. But if they aren't, then we might well end up being guided by rules that don't look particularly utilitarian.****
I think Patri is doing much the same thing. Indeed, he says as much during the talk, though it's a point that seems to have escaped most of the audience. Dynamic geography -- and by extension, the seasteading project -- isn't about creating a first-level libertarian society. It is, rather, aimed at creating a libertarian framework for creating new governments. If we take seriously Patri's argument that government is just another industry, then we should aim at a world in which the industry of government is a competitive market. We ought, in other words, to apply the principles of libertarianism to the generation of government itself.
To put the point another way, libertarianism -- much like utilitarianism -- can be applied at either of two levels. It can be used as a set of guidelines for a particular government. But it can also be used as a set of guidelines for generating the set of existent governments. PLs are aiming primarily at the former. SLs like Patri are aiming primarily at the latter. The idea, of course, is that a libertarian framework will -- as Will suggests -- be likely to generate particular libertarian societies. But even if it doesn't, I think that there is a good case to be made for the argument that a world in which governments are generated via a libertarian framework is, in some very real sense, a libertarian world even if none of the actual societies generated from that system looks like Libertopia.
* I'd like to point out how thoroughly -- and quickly -- Jacob's PL/SL distinction has become standard parlance; Cato's Doug Bandow, for example, uses the term throughout his response to Patri.
** For those philosophers out there, yes, I am borrowing the idea of two-level libertarianism from R.M. Hare. Obviously the analogy is far from perfect. That's why the actual post uses act- and rule-utilitarianism rather than Hare's critical and intuitive levels. I've stuck with stealing Hare's terms, though, because rule-libertarianism sounds like such a glaring oxymoron.
*** I am, by the way, particularly delighted by this analogy since (a) many of the Catallarchs are on board with Patri's vision of dynamic geography and (b) most of them also hate rule-utilitarianism. It's a nice analogy in another way, too: as with "utilitarianism" people use the word "libertarian" as if it has but one meaning, when in fact, it encompasses a huge array of possible meanings. Still, I think it's useful to talk about both in a general fashion, as long as we're aware that we are really talking about a set of theories with a strong family resemblance and not any particular concrete theory.
**** Again, for the philosophers out there, yes, I am arguing that second-level libertarianism might well turn out to be self-effacing.
so they 'got all violent' to 'make a scene' and 'make sure that their voices were heard'. It was kinda like they were simulatingSubmitted by Dr. Steve on Tue, 2009-04-07 05:33
But where would we be without the Rating Agencies?Submitted by Dr. Steve on Tue, 2009-04-07 03:28
Obama Doesn't Speak Austrian, Only Keynesian.Submitted by Brian Macker on Mon, 2009-04-06 17:33
I don't see why Michelle Malkin is making such a big deal about Obama saying he doesn't speak Austrian. I thought everyone knew he only speaks Keynesian, and not because his father is from Kenya either.
Social Security. It's Insolvent Now.Submitted by Brian Macker on Sat, 2009-04-04 08:25
Tom Blumen writes an article on how Social Security is likely to be insolvent six years earlier than expected.
Are you kidding me? It's insolvent now like any Ponzi scheme. Just because Madoff made payments to investors doesn't mean his operation was solvent at any point. It became insolvent the minute it used new investor money to pay old investors. That's exactly what Social Security does.
The True Meaning of The PitchforkSubmitted by Brian Macker on Sat, 2009-04-04 06:49
Obama is now quoted as saying, "My administration,"is the only thing between you and the pitchforks" to AIG officials giving out bonuses.
Obama, let me clue you into the true meaning of
Christmas the pitchfork.
Me and My Pitchfork - Feb 28, 2009
Picture taken by Arthur B. with my camera.
My pitchfork was aimed at the politicians and their appointees.
Politicians are the ones that interfered in free markets to cause this economic crisis. They're the ones throwing my money in the air around their rich friends. They are the ones who attempted central monetary planning with the Fed, and GSEs.
Obama, Bush, Clinton, Paulson, Geithner, Bernarke, Franks, Raines, and most importantly Greenspan, all need the business end of a pitchfork.
Update: I had used a publicly posted picture that had no copyright notice without crediting the photographer, Eugene Gannon. He had intended for his picture to be shared but wanted credit. I hadn't thought he would care and I should have asked first. I added a credit yesterday but apparently he didn't notice and posted another comment where he still seemed upset. So I have now replaced the photo with one taken by my camera. You can see Eugene Gannon's Photo at his site.
While I was at it I'll also add some sexy protest babes who are way better looking than me. My photo but anyone who wants can use it. I don't care. Ask me if you want full resolution. You can crop out the Frankenstein monster that way if you want.
I didn't take many pictures but I had to get a picture of the poster on the left. It was the best one I saw.
The Freeloader ProblemSubmitted by Dr. Steve on Wed, 2009-04-01 02:11
This Daily Dish reader raises what (paradoxically) seems like an obvious point, but one that is not often discussed - that even tax paying, middle class Americans are direct benefits of redistributionist policies due to a progressive tax system. I like how he describes himself as a "taker" for benefitting from public services that he doesn't pay his "fair share"* for.
This reasoning I think is flawed from a few perspectives, but most strikingly he seems confused by the idea anyone is a beneficiary of the progressive tax system (and particularly in the form we have today).**
*"Fair" in his sense I gather means ratably according to percentage of gross personal income.
**He is also confused on Socail Security. He comments "Social Security [is] one of the most successful "taker" programs in human history". Besides being an obvious hyperbole (for which I do am sure he is aware), he ignores the fact that nearly every other type of tax on income in the world today is more "taker" than FICA because it doesn't cut off at $90k.
Vending machinesSubmitted by Nukinim on Sun, 2009-03-29 17:17
Why stuff from a vending machine is usually more expensive than from a shop? It does not make sense, does it? One doesn't need to hire any assistant selling the goods one doesn't need to pay so much for rent. What is the point of putting a potential customer off by raising the price? And people go to queue in a shop instead of buying a drink or cigarettes from the machine round the corner!
HomoparadoxSubmitted by Nukinim on Sun, 2009-03-29 17:07
Every gay person comes from a man-and-woman relationship - a heterosexual couple. By promoting homosexual relations they immanently act against themselves.
In Love with the Welfare -correctedSubmitted by Nukinim on Sun, 2009-03-29 17:01
In Denmark where I'm staying at the moment people are really excited about Obama's victory. And these are not random people but rather highly educated Danes I find pleasant to meet and talk to, some of them are my good friends! Strikingly, it is hard to picture anyone in this country thinking or knowing clearly what's going on in real politics, they are completely unaware. It seems like they are living some dream, led solely by television (here media are extensively controlled by the state), mentally switched off, like hypnotised and not perceiving the reality.
Otherwise, the whole society is really well programmed, including those living purely on allowance, they know very well how to do nothing and get the stolen, pardon, redistributed wealth. The society have a great deal of order and harmony and everything seems to be functioning pretty well, although nearly every aspect of life is somehow regulated by the government. And when you think about it it is really awful, a golden cage model, but when you don't think about it you can be really happy! And that's the whole point!
The state-based media, surely knowing what to broadcast to ensure the happy substituted reality, help to maintain the common certainty of a brilliant social system taking care of them and keeping them secure. When they speak about it, they all believe, naturally, that they're articulating their own thoughts and are deeply confident about that.
Their life standard is relatively good (that is why the Master's of the society are praised by people who do not even care about the massive robbery exercised on them day by day) AND THAT'S THEIR CURSE! from the freedom expansion viewpoint. There would not be really anything spectacular about it, most democratic countries are simillar, now even the United States become communist, but what is striking here is that the common social acceptance for this system is very high. This could be a good exaple of a power of media and control. This is a new version of socialism, socialism with a human face, upgraded form which will not rely on terror anymore, but on the common acceptance! That's the point. You will have your CHANGE in the States soon too. Mr. Change started very well, happy cash printing is not a huge but some change indeed. Venezuelization is on its way. The Founding Fathers are turning in their graves.
The common relative well-being, lack of pressures (although now the crisis is intensifying, it is probably not this one yet to have an outbreak of people's anger, they are too well trained for that, democratic republic invested so much over so many decades) keeps them and other similar societies away from capitalistic mentality. The key is adaptation to risk which has to be taken to get anywhere, to set the Future as the major aim, having descendants in view. But having children is not very popular in democratic Europe nowadays (excluding immigrants of which Muslims dominate, and this may bring about a civilizational switch, which steadfast Oriana Fallaci emphasized). European nations are shrinking! dying! This is the plan of the greatest enemies of our civilisation being brought to life. It is easiest to guide our world (Western World) to self-destruction, invert its strongest values and humiliate its foundation - Christianity. This is why this consumption-driven, human action-deficient system is so harmful! So demoralising! Such humans seem to be addicted to their peace of mind, substituted reality, not human-like from psychological perspective but more cattle-like, thought-voluntarily-less. So down-hearted and brainwashed by media that they prefer paying so lot for their safety and security (which is just an illusion) to taking their lives in their hands. This is a plague of nearly all modern societies manipulated to the very core of human consciousness. Still trusting the banks and government, even after Iceland experience or credit crunch in the US or UK, which strikingly showed that people who are in control of our money are not responsible at all! Democratic societies are rusting very fast. It is not even a hundred years of democracy in Europe!
All in all Danes are well, maybe very well if measured by their frame of mind and there's absolutely no stimulation to start questioning things. There's only this kind of mental laziness and fear of what could the liberal changes do with this well organised society, supposedly based on the notion that better is the enemy of good, as stated by Francois-Marie Arouet known under the nickname Voltaire. This socialism is still strongly supported by the society because the symptoms of bankruptcy are not yet noticeable, and may still remain unseen for a long time. Therefore it is hard to explain to a person being a part of this machine that it is doomed to failure even though it miraculously still holds up. Or maybe does so rather due to the decent capital accumulated by many generations of strict protestants saving every penny (and the fact that it is so small population of about 5 million, largely honest and corruption free). The losses and squandering this system creates is smashing, however, they can't feel it because there's still this desensitizing (and in a way demoralising!) excess of wealth. Such societies need a serious crisis to wake up from the dream. Such a deep hypnosis requires a proportional shock to open the eyes again and turn the attitude from glorification of social security to appreciation of freedom and voluntary society. This is probably true for all Scandinavian and other countries where taxes are astronomical but the leftovers still sufficient to keep people's mouths shut. It takes time to consume a lot of wealth, but it cannot take forever.
Obama nixes Yucca Mountain, nuclear power.Submitted by Reason on Wed, 2009-03-25 20:43
Another crosspost from the Science in Society blog:
From the AP:
Energy Secretary Steven Chu said Thursday the proposed Yucca Mountain site in Nevada no longer is an option for storing highly radioactive nuclear waste, brushing aside criticism from several Republican lawmakers.
To date about $13.5 billion has been spent on the project and last year the Bush administration submitted an application for a construction and operating license to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission....
Instead, Chu said the Obama administration believes the nearly 60,000 tons of waste in the form of used reactor fuel can remain at nuclear power plants while a new, comprehensive plan for waste disposal is developed.
But President Barack Obama's first budget a week ago proposes scrapping all spending on Yucca Mountain except for what is needed to answer questions from the NRC on the license application "while the administration devises a new strategy toward nuclear waste disposal."
The lack of a permanent storage site for nuclear waste has been a significant impediment to the expansion of nuclear power in the US. Despite the vague talk of other options for waste disposal, this plan means that plants will have to continue to store their waste on-site, and above ground, making the construction of new power plants very difficult. And given the amount of time and money required to prepare the Nevada site so far, it is unlikely that another solution will be forthcoming anytime soon.
While environmental advocates are usually the first to promote clean-energy subsidies, many have been lukewarm towards nuclear power. Some of this aversion is due to safety - while there are 104 nuclear power plants operating in the US currently, the specter of Three Mile Island still haunts the industry. Some of it is cultural, feeding off an aversion towards the "unnatural" in the environmental movement.
Yet of the various zero-emissions energy sources, nuclear power has been the most significant success, generating 80% of the electricity used by France. (The only alternative energy that comes close is hydrothermal, which generates a similar proportion of Iceland's energy. But Iceland has both a smaller population and extraordinarily favorable geography for power generation.) Because of this success, some within the environmental movement have been pushing for increased nuclear power as the best option to combat CO2 emissions.
But, like the majority of the environmental movement, Obama has a record of being less than wholehearted in supporting nuclear power, even as he pushes for subsidizing less quantitatively promising - but politically safer - sources of alternative energy. The safety problem with nuclear power is a real and significant challenge, but by piling up waste at over a hundred discrete sites, this move will likely only exacerbate the problem in the short to medium run. In the long run the risk may decrease, if only because nuclear power generation will stop altogether as old plants are shut down.
The cynic in me must note that the Senate Majority Leader, Harry Reid, is from...you guessed it, Nevada.
Obama's statist service plan is about to pass Congress.Submitted by Reason on Wed, 2009-03-25 19:47
I've previously talked about the dangers of Obama's creepy mandatory service plan, a far-reaching campaign promise to enlist students in government-designated "service." Well, now a version of it is before Congress, tucked into the budget.
From here:
The legislation will, in many circumstances, force our children to participate in charitable activity as part of school – and that activity may well be chosen by or approved by a bureaucrat. The bill causes a federally chartered, Washington-based institution to, essentially, pick priorities and winners and losers in the charitable universe – undoubtedly putting many charities at a significant disadvantage…
None of this even considers the lack of Constitutional basis for such a massive federal intervention into local charities and volunteerism… but when does that ever stop anyone in Washington?
This is how it goes in the Senate. Rush a 300 page bill through the Senate that will fundamentally re-shape the relationship not just between government and charity – but between our national government and charities nationwide, small and large… all so that Senators don't have to be bothered over the weekend. After all, they have fundraisers to attend – fishing trips to take – golf matches to make....
Our national government in Washington – the same folks who are supposed to be managing our budget ($10 Trillion+ in debt and running), our borders (10 million illegal immigrants or more?), and who brought you social security and medicare (each of which are bankrupt) – are now going to tell us how to volunteer, and start telling our kids that they must volunteer and with whom they must do it.
Shortages are BadSubmitted by Curunir on Sun, 2009-03-22 13:18
When I was a teaching assistant for introductory microeconomics, one of the main lessons I really tried to impress on the students was the wastefulness of shortages caused by price controls. Lots of issues are controversial in economics, but the wastefulness and pure social loss of shortages are not one of them. Usually the students understand this quite well.
And then I read articles like this [HT: Instapundit], and I despair:
I spent last week staring at parking meters. And wondering if I was witnessing the beginnings of a boycott.
Boycott is probably too strong a term. Quiet rebellion may be more like it.
Whatever the word, on Wednesday at 10:30 a.m. there were at least 10 open parking meters down one short block of Clark Street next to Lincoln Park.
At noon in Wicker Park, where Milwaukee Avenue is usually packed with parked cars, there were open meters waiting.
And at 2 p.m. around the Sheraton Hotel on Columbus Drive, a place where normally you can't crowbar your car into a space, there were at least three or four parking spaces. What's up with this?
What's up is that a month ago, when the City of Chicago privatized parking meters, rates were immediately jacked way up, and you now have to feed 28 quarters into the meter to park a car in the Loop for two hours. In exchange for a 75-year lease, the city got $1.2 billion to help plug its budget holes.
Look, this is a good thing. When the city privatized the meters, then the price for parking went to something resembling a market-clearing rate. And what happened? Well (surprise!) there are no longer chronic shortages of parking spaces. Imagine!
What's exasperating in this article is the idea that the optimum quantity of open parking spaces is zero. That's rubbish of the first order. Where the Sun-Times sees a boycott, I see a market. I see the opportunity to park in front of the Sheridan, rather than the extraordinary inefficiency of 100% occupancy. We don't say it's a "boycott" of milk if the grocery store sets prices above zero and so there is actually an inventory of milk present. Why should it be different with parking spaces?
People think of free parking as a God-given right and costless. It is neither. While I would prefer fully-privatized ownership of parking spaces, competitively set meter rates would actually be a reasonable close substitute. And the cost of "free" parking is enormous. There's a wonderful book on this topic.
Think of all the time you have to circle for thirty minutes to find a place to park. Think of all the traffic that consists solely of people in the endless hunt for the perfect spot. These are real costs. Just because they aren't monetized doesn't mean they don't exist.
I'm sympathetic to people who think that allowing legitimate road pricing just gives the government more revenue[*]. But there is a name for these people, even those that call themselves libertarians. The word is socialist. And it's no wonder this kind of socialism fails spectacularly.
*I actually don't necessarily agree (as I think other mechanisms determine the overall size of government), and I also think that the deadweight loss of our "free" roads and parking is so enormous that I'd deal with it if the government gets slightly bigger in exchange for real pricing. Congestion is an abomination.
Get With the Program KrugmanSubmitted by Brian Macker on Sun, 2009-03-22 08:51
Paul Krugman is finally, very late in the game, criticizing just some of the economic madness that has been going on for the past twenty years. He points this out in his article, More on the bank plan. He does so for all the wrong reasons.
Krugman states in his article, "A bank, broadly defined, is any institution that borrows short and lends long."
Get with the program Krugman. This is the bust phase of an Austrian business cycle. A bust caused by the fact that you can't borrow short and lend long without causing a mismatch between the plans of the lenders and the borrowers.
Eventually the short term plans of the lenders cannot be serviced by the borrowers. The lenders want their money back to spend but it's all tied up. They thought they had more savings than they actually did because fractional reserve acts as a monetary multiplier. There are more short deposits than actual liquidity to serve the accounts.
If your definition of a bank implicitly includes that then you should be against banks. However, banks don't need to do that. They could match maturities. They don't because they can cheat the system that way, with the help of the government. It allows them to leverage on the backs of savers without them being fully aware of the game. It's implicit fraud.
You know that Austrian Economics is the way to go. This Keynesian/Monetarist Frankenstein hybrid you mainstream economists, yes YOU, have been running the country on is going to end up destroying us.
You don't give a sh_t about the poor unless you are willing to swallow your pride, admit you've been wrong all these years, and join the good guys. Join those who are against the reckless governmental destruction of the past twenty years.
I've known this mess was coming down from at least 1996. My coworkers and I have been speculating on when this sham economy was going to come down around our feet since at least then. Fractional reserve monetary inflation coupled with margin account leverage was not the answer to prosperity during Clinton. Reflating the fractional reserve bubble with absurdly low interest rates was not the answer during Bush. Now printing fiat money will not help correct the fractional reserve monetary deflation problem.
Money is NOT goods. Inflating the money supply is not the way to prosperity. Government spending is consumption not production. This "plan" is idiotic and will fail, as would your plan. You say time for a Swedish solution? Get real. That would just set us on the path to socialism, and further destruction of the economy. Nationalization of industry is NOT the way to go.
People are going to starve if this keeps up. Not just here but all over the world. We've had central monetary planning and it doesn't work just as Austrian Economics predicts. That's science. Nationalized banks aren't going to help. This whole mess was caused by government sponsored entities in the first place. The Fed, Fannie and Freddy, etc.
Setting interest rates below market is a price control. Like all price controls it causes producers to produce less and consumers to consume more. For interest rates that means low savings (the producers) and high borrowing (the consumers). So that's economics 101 in ANY school of economics. Shame on Alan Greenspan for not following those metrics and shutting down the monetary pumps. Shame on the Fed and Bernarke who was instrumental in helping Greenspan ruin the economy.
Furthermore, with low interest rates, Austrian economics predicts that there will be asset price inflation in goods that are far away from production and companies that produce them. That describes internet companies and housing to a tee. Can anyone say Internet bubble? Can anyone say housing bubble?
It also predicts, according to theory, that commodity prices will skyrocket as the extra money injected into long term goals bids up the prices of those first. They go up highest because interest rates are more important to the costs of production of things that are far away from consumption.
That's exactly what happened confirming the theory.
Furthermore Austrian theory predicts that commodity prices will collapse as fractional reserve monetary inflation contracts at the end of an expansionary period. It happened confirming the theory.
Plus it predicts that there will be trade deficits as the fractional reserve (or fiat) inflation proceeds and other countries still accept the currency. This causes a shift of production to foreign countries according to Austrian theory. This is exactly as it happened. Shame on Greenspan for causing this. Shame on him for adding the additional incentives that caused capital flight. Incentives like the Mexican and the Asian Crisis bailouts.
It also predicts that under a metallic standard such monetary inflation will cause an outflow of the backing assets. In the case of the US during and before Nixon it was gold. We had below market interest rates back then too. Plus a currency pegged above gold. So the gold flowed out. Being the idiot he was Nixon took the final steps to get us off gold and made us have a completely fiat currency.
What is our backing asset now that we are on fiat currency? It's our ability to pay. So taxpayer debt is the backing asset to our currency. Increasing governmental debt is equivalent to the draining of gold now days. This whole time the central bank has been watching as our coffers have been drained. A sure sign that monetary policy was too loose.
Austrian Economics now predicts massive inflation. When that event happens will you finally believe in proper theory?
Austrian Economics also predicts that you can't do the kind of quantitative predictions that other economists are so fond of. You have to do the qualitative types of predictions as I did above. No mainstream economists saw this coming with their physics based mathematical models. Just as Austrian theory predicts.
Every step of the way the Austrians have been right and the Keynesian and Monetarists have been wrong.
Yet after Keynesianism just failed twice, once with the internet bubble, and now with the housing bubble, now Obama is going to try the same stupid "solutions" again. Lower interest rates, print money, and spend. This is Bush and Clinton on steroids. Who the hell is this guy listening too?
If he were smart he'd look me up and fire his entire cabinet.
You know the next government steps. Inflation will harm old people, people who will lose their jobs, orphans, everyone in the US trying to buy foreign trade goods. So the incredibly stupid politicians we have will try price controls which will further cripple the economy.
Krugman, Greenspan, Paulson, Bernarke, you are all economic ignoramuses. Try applying scientific principles to economics. All scientific principles like self consistency. Stop believing the fantasies of Keynesianism a self contradictory system with all its "paradoxes". They are not paradoxes to be accepted they are contradictions that falsify the theory.
You call your column, "The Conscience of a Liberal". How can you live with yourself when you know you've been wrong all these years? Do the right thing and abandon your socialist tendencies and failed economic policies.
Update: I posted this comment at Krugman's blog. It stayed up for a while. Now it is gone. This guy is as honest with his blog as Delong. That is to say totally dishonest. His comment section is a echo chamber.
Liberal EmotionSubmitted by Constant on Thu, 2009-03-19 11:52
From David Henderson:
Interestingly, the difference between the liberals and the libertarians was less on the economic analysis and even the bottom-line policy conclusions than it was on our feelings about the bottom line. The libertarians--Anderson, Zycher, and I--loved it when the answer was that free markets work; and that was usually the answer. The liberals, Krugman more than Summers, seemed often upset when that was the answer; they seemed to want a big role for government.
It had been puzzling me why economic literacy so often does little more for a liberal than to make him an even more effective advocate of big government. The above observation helps to explain it.
Just the Science?Submitted by Reason on Tue, 2009-03-17 16:39
Cross-posting from the Science in Society blog:
Last week, the Obama administration rolled back restrictions on federal funding for embryonic stem cell research on newly created embryos. When he was in the Senate, Obama said the following:
...the promise that stem cells hold does not come from any particular ideology; it is the judgment of science, and we deserve a president who will put that judgment first.
A recurrent theme of this blog is that science policy is more than just science. Like all policy decisions, it is informed by facts but fundamentally comes down to a question of priorities. What is the value of a human embryo, and is it worth trading off X of these to develop Y therapies? What is the cost of climate change, and how much are we willing to pay economically to mitigate the effects? The "judgment of science" can tell us the characteristics of a blastocyst and vaguely sketch out possible benefits from stem cell research. But the decision whether to have the government fund it is a political and ideological one, and to point to one side of the argument as "science trumping ideology" is disingenuous.
The Economist article goes on to point out that Obama opposes human cloning. In his remarks on embryonic stem cell research he called human cloning "dangerous, profoundly wrong, and has no place in our society, or any society," and promised that "we will ensure that our government never opens the door to the use of cloning for human reproduction." Now there are good reasons for this opposition: even on animals there is a very low success rate, and even for successful clones there are often lingering medical issues. But notice how the reasoning has suddenly changed - he is morally opposed to human cloning based on these known risks, thus justifying at least defunding of the research and possibly (the wording is unclear) banning it altogether. From science trumping ideology we now have ideology directing science.
Not that this makes these decisions necesarily wrong. There are strong arguments for embryonic stem cell research, which become stronger or weaker depending on the value you place on a human blastocyst. Likewise many (but not all) believe that the suffering attendant upon human cloning efforts is too great to justify scientific advance in that field. But we need to be clear that these decisions are informed by science but ultimately based on personal beliefs and priorities, not solely on "the judgment of science."
Politicians ought to appoint scientific advisors on a nonideological basis and listen to what they have to say, but it is ultimately their job to issue a judgment based on their value system. However rhetorically convenient it may be, it is disingenuous for them to claim to follow science's lead when approving of research, only to voice moral disapproval when they wish to hit the ideological brakes.
AnCap Entrepreneur NetworkSubmitted by Mark on Tue, 2009-03-17 08:58
I just returned from my first event at the Ludwig von Mises Institute. I generally pick up the recorded events a few days later on the podcast feed. But, after seeing that Gil Guillory was presenting a paper (scheduled to join the others on his site) "Marketing Subscription-Based Patrol and Restitution", I decided to take the drive down to Alabama to meet him.
Gil's research is on a business model similar to the product I speculated about back in September. Finding Gil's research was a watershed moment for me: this anarcho-capitalism stuff is becoming real. We've studied the ideology, we've discussed scenarios, we see the old economic model crumbling--now it's time to combine land, labor, and capital in the real world. It's time to look at generating revenue streams not decades away, but this year.
I am proposing that we create a network of business people interested in starting profitable organizations based on anarcho-capitalist ideology in the short to medium term. My draft of the manifesto is here. Here's a rough plan for us to develop.
Who's ready to build a free society?
AnCap Entrepreneur Network - Rough PlanSubmitted by Mark on Tue, 2009-03-17 08:56
This is the start of my brainstorming, so I'll leave this as bulleted items with minimal explanation.
- Social networking site - Members' contact info and business skills, member blogs, wiki, private conversations, shared documents. Partner with similar site to leverage hosting and development?
- Research program for business models and background info - submit to Libertarian Papers?
- Conferences - Piggy-back on existing conference. Session track at Austrian Scholar's Conference? Other conferences to get geographic/ideological/seasonal spread? Additional smaller, more frequent, less formal meetups?
- Funding - What model to use: donations in kind (open source)/financial donation/subscription/advertising/pay-per services/paper topic "bounties" (perhaps awarded as prizes at conference and chosen by donors: $300 for best presentation on 'When to Change your Accounting Currency to Gold; a Breakeven Analysis', $100 2nd prize)
- Expenses - Site hosting
- Marketing - Associated projects: LvMI, Free State Project, Freedomain Radio, Seasteading Institute, Global Guerrillas (resilient communities and failed states), Factor e Farm (distributed manufacturing, response to unsustainable social institutions)
- Progression as sector develops - e.g. "Rothbardian Contract Law"
- Theory presentation at conference
- Course on how to create compatible contracts
- Course for mediators/arbitrators (M/A)
- M/A network
- Advertising for M/A organizations
- Feedback from M/A on difficult issues develops theory further
- Contract boilerplate for purchase
- M/A Certification service
- Contract history rating service to certify parties' reputations in honoring contracts


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Classroom Norms Part 1: Face-to-Face Expectations
Classroom norms are critical when setting up expected behaviors in a classroom. Taking time to set up classroom norms in a collaborative way with your students will help everyone understand what is expected of them prior to, during, and following learning sessions.
Classroom norms should be available to students and teachers and reviewed frequently to create consistency in the classroom. Classroom norms can be set up by asking three simple questions:
- What do students expect of the teacher?
- What do students expect of their peers?
- What does the teacher expect of students?
Give the students time to answer each of these questions. One great method is to write the three questions on the board, and then have students shout out their ideas for each question. Once you have several answers to each question, you can make additions to any category if you think something important has been overlooked. Although different groups of students often come up with very different classroom norms, this actually helps to customize classroom norms to each unique group of students. The teacher always has the final say, and can ensure that basic rules of etiquette are in place.
Once classroom norms have been created, it is a good idea to post these in the classroom, or in the online environment if appropriate.
Creating classroom norms is a great way to get everyone on the same page as far as what is and is not acceptable behavior during your face-to-face time together.
Check back next Friday for Part 2, which focuses on classroom norms for virtual meetings.
Sharon Aka
Sharon is a Registered Nurse by trade, with 16 years experience as Surgical Nurse and Nurse Educator at The Scarborough Hospital in Toronto, Ontario. She also has 11 years experience as a Professor of Nursing and Professional Development Specialist for faculty at Humber Institute of Technology & Advanced Learning in Toronto, Ontario.
Sharon is a PhD student at Andrews University, USA.
Latest posts by Sharon Aka (see all)
- RAFT Assignments & Rubrics to Engage Students in Learning - August 27, 2018
- Conflict Management & Resolution - July 23, 2018
- Signals for Quiet & The Transition Sequence - June 28, 2018

subset: commoncrawl


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For experiments in plasma, nuclear, and high-energy physics, there is a strong demand for laser pulses exhibiting relativistic intensity, few-cycle pulse duration, and a very high contrast. Here we present a picosecond-pumped optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) system delivering pulses at 10 Hz repetition rate with the following key parameters: a compressed pulse duration of less than 7 fs (close to the Fourier limit), a contrast of better than starting from 1 ps before the main pulse, and a peak intensity of achieved with an off-axis parabolic mirror (f/1.6). In a proof-of-principle experiment, these pulses were used to generate high harmonics from solid surfaces with photon energies exceeding 55 eV. These results underline the promising perspectives of the reported system for relativistic light–matter interaction experiments and attosecond science.
© 2018 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing AgreementFull Article | PDF Article
17 April 2018: A correction was made to the acknowledgments.
OSA Recommended Articles
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Opt. Express 22(5) 5544-5557 (2014)
Stephan Prinz, Maximilian Schnitzenbaumer, Dionysios Potamianos, Marcel Schultze, Sebastian Stark, Matthias Häfner, Catherine Y. Teisset, Christoph Wandt, Knut Michel, Reinhard Kienberger, Birgitta Bernhardt, and Thomas Metzger
Opt. Express 26(2) 1108-1124 (2018)
Christoph Skrobol, Izhar Ahmad, Sandro Klingebiel, Christoph Wandt, Sergei A. Trushin, Zsuzsanna Major, Ferenc Krausz, and Stefan Karsch
Opt. Express 20(4) 4619-4629 (2012)


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My address went live on the checker on chorus.co.nz today for UFB. I've called spark to arrange the order, but they can't process an order, as their system says its not available. I asked the CSR to check the chorus website, which she did and confirmed it is available. But still won't process an order.
How long does it take spark to update their system with realtime information?


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From break of dawn until the end of day
I still love you, you know, I love you
'Mogadess' means 'sacred' and is about LOVE. Love is sacred, we are love, a true gift of life, which I wanted to express in its 'earthy' form: Full of warmth, rich, spicy, nourishing.
Size: 60ml/2.0 fl. oz
In stock
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Notes: Orange Blossom, Red Pepper, Bitter Orange, Strawberry, Tagette, Rosewood, Benzoin, Cacao Extract, Cinnamon, Bark, Cardamon, Cedarwood, Coriander, Estragon, Sandalwood, Olibanum, Amber, Vanilla
MariaL is the abbreviation of MariaLux. She is my muse, my perfect alter ego. Maria as virgin, mother, lover. Lux stands for light, luxury, and lust.
The 'L' is me, Lilian Driessen, designer & creative director. I dress. I've been working in this profession since 1987. I embrace work in progress, the effort and collective excitement that lies in the process. As I have touched and have been touched, there are many stories to tell.
The house creates anarchic tailored elegance and raw luxury. A concept I adapt to all products I develop, executed and produced with care and love by masters of their craft. Everything we do we approach with personal attention. We search for exclusivity, privacy, and delicacy in a thoughtful but informal manner.
The perfumes are inspired by love, the most complex, by far most important grandiose human emotion that never will materialize itself. In order to tell the stories, I found a trinity within that are closely connected and cover this intricate sentiment loaded with inner duality. It's these three 'typical' love themes I believe we all individually will have experienced at some point in our lives. These deeply felt emotions leave traces on our souls, as in any most intimate encounter between two people, maybe male and female, their perfume still lingers and finds its way between the sheets after lovemaking.
They have been created in collaboration with perfumer Alessandro Gualtieri aka The Nose.
Additional information
|8 oz
|2 × 4 × 4.75 in
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The Prodigal Son
by Michael Hume
4/14/2017 / Testimonies
Jesus told a parable about a man with two sons in Luke 15:11-32. The focus is on the one who, taking his inheritance early left the family home, wasting it in loose living, then finally coming to his senses. On realising that even his father's servants were better off than him, he returns to his father with deep apologies.
His father welcoms him warmly and is really glad to have him home safe and sound.
So it was with me. I lived loosely and selfishly for thirty years, yet when I return to God, He welcomes me with open arms, instantly forgiving me all my sins. So it is with every male and female who returns from living for the world's values and ways and chooses God and His ways. God never condemns me, instead, privately and discretely, now and then He convicts me of my sin interiorly. God is so gracious, and loving, the Best Friend you could possibly have.
God wants all His prodigal sons and daughters back to live with Him in His house. He yearns for them and is hugely relieved, and greatly pleased, and rejoices when one returns home to live a Godly life.
All of us born on earth were born in sin caused by Adam and Eve except for Jesus who had no sin. Jesus died on a cross to take away all our sins. He was in a tomb for two nights and rose in body on the third day to live forever. He also raised us up immortal with Him. It is a mystery of God how an event happening about two thousand years ago is relevant, powerful and effective now and in the future. But it is and I have experienced it myself. Jesus died once as a human/God sacrifice to clear us of all our sins, destroy Satan's works in our lives, and reconcile us to God. He also showed by His public life what any son or daughter of God can do, and taught us how to live well before God.
Jesus and God the Father are accessible now and in easy reach of each of us. They are only a prayer away. I said a prayer like this, "Dear heavenly Father, I am sorry for all my sins. I believe that Jesus died on a cross to take away all my sins. I now accept Him as my Saviour and Lord. Please come into my life now." That began my relationship with God, and it is an amazing adventure.
I seek God daily in Bible reading and meditating on the Bible, and in prayer. The Holy Spirit has taught me the rest.
God the Father is a loving and Trustworthy Friend. He has all the characteristics of Jesus and a lot more. He is approachable, infinitely compassionate. Hugely loving and welcoming. He is really humble too.
Michael Hume. The Holy Spirit teaches you everything. Copyright belongs to author.
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The FDA recently approved Skyla (Bayer), the first new intrauterine device (IUD) in the US in 12 years. It releases levonorgestrel, a synthetic progestin, over a period of 3 years. A table summarizing contraceptive methods available in the US appears below.
OTHER IUDs — Two other IUDs are currently available in the US. The ParaGard T380A is a copper-containing device (copper is spermicidal) that is FDA-approved for use for 10 years. The Mirena device is FDA-approved for 5 years; it releases 20 mcg/day of levonorgestrel initially, which decreases gradually over 5 years to 10 mcg/day.1
MECHANISM OF ACTION — Local progestogenic effects that interfere with pregnancy include thickening of cervical mucus, inhibition of sperm capacitation and survival, and changes in the endometrial lining. Progestins also decrease gonadotropin... more
1. Choice of contraceptives. Treat Guidel Med Lett 2010; 8:89.
2. K Gemzell-Danielsson et al. A randomized, phase II study describing the efficacy, bleeding profile, and safety of two low-dose levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine contraceptive systems and Mirena. Fertil Steril 2012; 97:616.
3. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Long-acting reversible contraception: implants and intrauterine devices. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 121; Obstet Gynecol 2011; 118:184.
4. Wholesale acquisition cost (WAC). Source: $ource® Monthly (Selected from FDB MedKnowledge™) March 5, 2013. Reprinted with permission by FDB, Inc. All rights reserved. ©2013. www.fdbhealth.com/policies/drug-pricing-policy. Cost of insertion is not included.
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Surprise someone you are thinking about today with this pretty birthday card! It has everything you would need to wish someone a Happy Birthday in style. It includes pretty pink presents, and a woman wearing lovely pink shoes. You will also see the words Happy Birthday that were written just for the person who is celebrating their big day today. Be sure to let someone know how much you care by sending this sensational greeting card out right away!
This charming birthday card will make sure your friend, family member, or coworker will have a beautiful day! A lovely pink bird sits by her beautiful cage surrounded by flowers. Such a pretty sight to see! A sensational banner spells out the words Happy Birthday and will bring a smile to anyone's face. It's filled with delightful illustrations that come together to create an exquisite birthday card!
When someone is celebrating a birthday, it's time to make them feel special! You can make this happen by sending this delightful ecard their way. It showcases the prettiest cupcake with perfect frosting and star sprinkles. A lovely pink and brown bow is seen, along with fancy Happy Birthday lettering. Young or old, the person you are thinking of today will appreciate the fact that you sent such a fabulous card their way.
This lovely contemporary Christmas card showcases a unique reindeer scene that will be sure to grab anyone's attention! An all-white reindeer leaps across the sky followed by wonderful abstract shapes of blue, white, and bronze. This contemporary Christmas card's message contains thoughtful words that will wish the recipient joyful memories that last forever. The beauty of this Christmas card will certainly brighten someone's day.
Give love. Spread joy. Speak peace. Christmas is a joyous season where we put our faith in each other and believe in miracles. This scenic and beautiful holiday card wishes the receiver a Christmas season that brings joy and happiness all year round. The snow falls gently down on the homes lit up by holiday lights. It's a perfect winter scene that captures the beauty of Christmas.
This adorably funny card will have anyone, especially pet lovers, laughing out loud! This pup and kitty combo seem to like getting cookies and milk on Christmas Eve just as much as Santa. The cookies are even in the shape of bones, perfect for two pets who certainly have the holiday spirit. It's a whimsical way to wish someone a very Merry Christmas!
Peace in abundance! Joy overflowing! This vibrant holiday card is bursting with fresh hope and honest goodwill. Wish someone all the peace and joy this holiday can hold (and that's a lot!) with this bright green holiday greeting card bursting with baubles and snowflakes. Fill their hearts and their inboxes to the brim with warm wishes and kind thoughts for a wonderful holiday season. It's the simple things that make life beautiful. Let someone special know you're thinking of them.
Snow and reindeer are two of the most recognizable parts of the holiday season. This season's greetings card features a snowfall of beautiful snowflakes as they fall toward three fir trees and a large reindeer, all on a rich red background. Use the winter scene on this charming holiday card to say "Happy Holidays" to your friends and family this season!
Radiate joy and love this holiday season. A thoughtful season's greeting card perfect for anyone is here! This silver and blue holiday card shimmers with falling snow and with pretty snowflakes on beautiful ornaments. The weather might be cold, but our hearts are warm! With holiday lights everywhere, why not light up someone's inbox with this festive holiday greeting?
Who says flower-centered birthday cards have to be boring?! This card is a one-of-a-kind way of wishing someone special to you a very happy birthday. The mint color of the vase and light pink color of the flower create a nice contrast, while the plain background adds a nice element of simplicity. The sweet sentiment of the words is the icing on the cake of this magnificent birthday card!
For that pink-loving friend in your life, this is the birthday card you've been looking for. A pink background with pink balloons is sure to make their birthday extra special. A bonus is the sweet message. After all, who wouldn't want to be wished an amazing, incredible, and totally fantastic birthday?! We know we would!
Nothing says "Happy Birthday" and "I love you" better than a bouquet of roses. Pink roses mean love, gratitude, and appreciation, so there's no better way to tell your sweetheart how much you love her than with the flowers on this Happy Birthday card! Your loved one is the most incredible and beautiful person you know, so help her have an amazing day with this card!
This birthday card is amazing not just for its stunning car picture on the front, but for a great pun that's bound to make anyone chuckle. It's perfect for car lovers-especially those who like antique cars-but can be a great pick for anyone who appreciates a good joke. The background has a pattern that fits right into the classic theme, and it really ties the birthday card together.
Don't think of it as getting another year older. Instead think of it as getting another year better. Or wiser as our Older and Wiser Happy Birthday Card suggests! Send this tasteful birthday cake candle card to a super special guy to make him feel valued and appreciated on his big day. Flatter him by saying you bet he has a really good wish planned for all these candles!
With plenty of style and sophistication, this birthday card will appeal to any guy you know. Whether it's a close friend, family member, co-worker or someone you're hoping to get to know a little better, he'll appreciate the thoughtfulness of your gesture and the wishes you're sending his way today and in the year ahead!
Let the good times roll and keep on rollin'! Birthdays are for nice and easy, breezy living. This birthday Chihuahua knows what we're talking about. He's soaking up some rays and kickin' it seaside. Wish your friend a great birthday with a Chihuahua who's really too cool for school and knows it. Remind your friend to kick back and relax with a fun birthday card today.
Do you have a friend that you have known for years? If so, this birthday card would be perfect for their big day! It features a message that lets them know you feel they are the same fun and awesome person they were when you first met them. This special birthday card displays wonderful colors and perfectly wrapped birthday presents. Your friend is going to love this fantastic greeting card!
We all have that one friend, right? The one who prefers a birthday beer over a birthday cake? If that's your best friend, then send them this overflowing delight! The Frothy Beer Mug Happy Birthday Card goes above and beyond by wishing your awesome buddy a wonderful day AND letting them know you're thankful they were born! If not for that big event, then you'd be out a best friend!
A beautiful floral background brings an extra special touch to this birthday card for your sister. Adding to the sentimentality of this greeting is the heartfelt message. It's a chance to let her know that with each passing year, your wish for her remains the same: to be surrounded by all wonderful things—because she means everything to you.
If you would like to thank your darling sister for being so wonderful and wish her success and lots of fun, then look no future! This birthday card will accomplish that and also put a smile on your sister's face. This beautiful birthday card was designed perfectly with bright pink roses, a special gift that features a purple ribbon, and creative Happy Birthday lettering. They all come together to create a birthday card your sister will love receiving!
Hurray for sisters! Wish yours a very happy birthday and let her know you think she is the best sister ever. This spunky birthday card is a delightful way to celebrate your sister's special day. Help her enjoy her birthday to the fullest and send a pretty purple card full of lovely butterflies and warm wishes. She will appreciate the thoughtfulness and the pretty birthday card when she opens up her inbox.
Your husband holds a special place in your heart. Wish him a happy birthday with this one-of-a-kind card. Featuring a sleek black sports car to symbolize the journey ahead, it's the perfect way to let him know that you love being his passenger in life and look forward to your next adventure together.
Your husband is the tops, number one, the best, your superhero. You love him so much! Now send your favorite guy ever the Super Deserve It Happy Birthday Wishes Card to show him big love on his special day! The bold reds and loud yellows of this card will wish him a fantastically fun-filled day because if anyone deserves it—it's him!
Meeting the man who became your husband was a magical experience. And now, years later when you look at him, you're still struck by him. He brings a touch of mystique to your life, has opened your eyes to wonders you never imagined. And he keeps doing it year after year. On his birthday, let your husband know his spell on you is stronger than ever and you wish it'll never fade.
Make it a beautiful birthday when you send this ribbon and bow birthday card to your niece! Sometimes there just aren't enough words to tell your niece how wonderful she is, but this special birthday message tries to do just that! Amazing, brilliant, and talented are just a few of the words to describe your niece! Send a beautiful birthday greeting card to your niece and wish her a great day.
Delight your niece with this birthday greeting! It's her special day, so remind her to do all the things she loves most. On her birthday, your niece can laugh and smile to her heart's content. Send your niece a birthday message wishing her a day of blessing and a year of delight. She'll love this thoughtful birthday card delivered straight to her inbox.
Birthdays should be fun and filled with excitement, and that's what makes this birthday card so perfect! It contains all the elements that make birthdays special – celebration balloons, party hats, candy, cupcakes, presents, fireworks, and more! You really can't go wrong with this greeting card! It will add fun to your niece's big day and let her know that you love her!
For anyone celebrating a 25th anniversary, you can't go wrong with this bright, exciting anniversary card. The string of hearts with celebratory balloons is tons of fun, while the general nature of the card allows you to customize it for any parents, friends, or family members you're celebrating.
This anniversary card is the perfect choice for any couple in your life... parents, friend, siblings, in-laws, especially for anniversary parties or celebrations. It offers a great balance of fun and heartfelt sentiment.
Pink and red cut-out hearts make this one zesty anniversary card! Do you like a minimalist look that still spells heartfelt love? This anniversary greeting card is for you! Send it to a couple you know who is celebrating their anniversary. Wish your friends or family a happy anniversary with warm wishes to enjoy their special day. Isn't love fantastic? Tell them so! Send an anniversary card today and spread the love.


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Why Serviced Apartments are Perfect for Tourists
Serviced apartments are all the rage among tourists nowadays. Instead of staying in a hotel, many business and leisure travelers now prefer these furnished apartments for short-term and long-term stays.
Booking Is Stress-Free
One big benefit of taking this route is that booking with these apartments can be done easily. Usually, the process is not time-consuming and you will be able to reserve a unit without much hassle as you would experience when booking a hotel. Just give them a call and you will immediately see what I mean.
Impressive Amenities
Serviced apartments are also far more practical because of the amenities provided. Features may vary depending on your chosen apartment but in most cases, you will get a nice dining area, a living room, a fully equipped kitchen, a classy bathroom, a dishwasher, a washing machine and a dryer, a cable TV, a telephone, and a good internet connection. Parking space is also available if you are bringing your vehicle with you.
To put it simply, almost everything you need will be provided there. This is definitely a place where you can relax, work or do pretty much whatever you want – as if you are really in your own home!
Need More Space?
Service apartments are typically more spacious, too. Compared with a standard hotel room, these apartments can assure you about 30% more space. That can make a big difference most especially if you are travelling with your family.
Privacy Is Assured
Serviced apartments can guarantee you with increased privacy. While staying there, it is even possible to entertain guests anytime you want. You wouldn't even have to worry about room cleaning service and other hotel employees knocking on your door. Truly, these apartments pretty much feel like your home away from home.
More Affordable
With all these advantages mentioned, what's even greater about this is that serviced apartments are significantly more affordable. You will spend lesser money and enjoy all the conveniences enumerated in this article. If you are staying for more than seven days then that means you will be able to avail of special discounts. You'll be surprised to know that your overall fees will be reduced as you stay there for a longer time.
Just imagine all the savings you will get. There will be no need to spend big bucks for hotel room services, meals and other hidden fees. On top of that, the required charges are usually per apartment and not per person.


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Tag Archives: racing tips
Know About The Past of Horse Racing
There has actually been actually horse racing of varieties for several years. Horse racing started in Assyria in c. 1500 B.C. as well as Chariot Racing was a preferred event in Roman Moments. It resided in fact the Romans who … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged best bets, best racing tips, horse racing, pro tipping, pro tips, racing tips, soccer tips, sports tips, tipping Comments Off on Know About The Past of Horse Racing


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Premature menopause or early menopause symptoms will occur if menopause happens before a woman reaches 40. The average normal age for menopause is 51 years old, this is the average age at which menstruation stops. If menopause (ie. you haven't had a period for 12 months) happens significantly earlier than this it's known as early menopause or premature menopause.
Whether your early menopause symptoms are natural or induced or because of illness, they will be pretty much the same menopausal symptoms as those who are in normal natural menopause.
Reasons vary for the for early signs of menopause : natural early menopause; premature ovarian failure; surgery such as hysterectomy and oophorectomy; ovarian damage, cancer treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation; autoimmune disorders such as Graves Disease, lupus or hypothyroidism.
By measuring Folicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), your doctor will be able to tell if your ovaries are producing estrogen. When production of estrogen by your ovaries slows down, your levels of FSH increase. When your FSH levels rise above 30 or 40 mIU/mL, it usually indicates that you are in menopause.
It's important to rule out
other factors which may be causing your early menopause signs if you
have no obvious reason for it. These could be pregnancy or thyroid
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The Chicago Bears have drafted Kansas State guard Cody Whitehair with the 56th pick after trading down twice in the second round on Friday night.
The Bears selected Whitehair after a flurry of moves that started with them trading the 41st pick to Buffalo for the No. 49 selection plus fourth-rounders this year and in 2017. After Green Bay traded up with Indianapolis to take Indiana offensive tackle Jason Spriggs, Chicago made another move. The Bears sent the 49th pick to Seattle for No. 56 and a fourth-rounder.
The 6-foot-4, 301-pound Whitehair was a four-year starter who played both guard and tackle at Kansas State.
The Bears added defensive tackle Jonathon Bullard of Florida in the 3rd round with the 72nd overall pick.
Chicago, 6-10 last season, drafted Georgia outside linebacker Leonard Floyd with the ninth pick on Thursday.


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Tokenizing Knowledge and Time in a Decentralized Ecosystem
Updated on November 06, 2018
As economic growth and prosperity in several countries around the world are increasing exponentially, economic development has progressively shifted from labour intensive industries, subsequently to capital intensive industries ultimately leading to a major knowledge and technology revolution in the 21st Century. Such revolution has radically morphed the work place from a centralised dichotomic relationship between employer and employee into a highly fragmented regime where people manage a portfolio of jobs across multiple "employers". This has given birth to the freelancing phenomenon. Indeed it is no coincidence that in the US alone it is estimated that more than 57 million citizens are working through a freelancing model and are expected to grow even further in the coming years. Essentially time and knowledge have become commoditised and indeed a unit of exchange for currencies, goods and services. This phenomenon has been exploited by a number of intermediaries. However such platforms are operated through a centralised system wherein demands of all asset owners and asset seekers are reconciled through a single point of reference exposed to considerable security vulnerabilities, high transaction costs, loss of control over user own data and reduced effectiveness of network externalities.
Era Swap seeks to address the limitations of traditional platforms and will disrupt the market for tokenizing of time and knowledge by empowering users to take control of their data whilst enabling asset seekers and owners to interact directly without the intervention of an intermediary. Generating a peer to peer mechanism for commoditising time and knowledge. Such peer to peer interaction will create the right environment for the generation of a pure knowledge network that feeds on the multiplicity of nodes moving across all directions as opposed to being channeled through a single entity acting as the "Big Brother".
Era Swap will be using blockchain platforms as the underlying technologies for turning its vision into reality with several inter-related applications built around the users' specific needs in this market. The main application of the Eco-System, called Time Swappers, will enable direct trading of time amongst asset owners and asset seekers in real time. User experience and security of transactions will be enhanced through the Development of the Era Swap Smart Wallet which will accept a host of currencies including BTC, ETH and ERC-20 Tokens.
Moreover, users will further benefit from further reductions in transaction costs in dealing with multiple currency through another application called ComputeEx which includes an AI enabled smart application programmed to maximize gains whilst minimizing costs in exchanging multiple currencies across multiple exchanges.
Finally in an effort to restore user confidence to trade in crypto-currencies, Era Swap will be developing a further application called TimeAlly. TimeAlly will be designed to offer users some form of stability in the value of their tokens by locking up such value over a period of time of their choosing. This is expected to encourage an increased uptake of the tokens and better and more distribution of such tokens across the network.
On another front, as part of their corporate social responsibility, Eraswap will also include Blocklogy which will serve as a platform designed to educate and train students all around the world on the technical elements of blockchain.
The whole ecosystem is expected to be financed through the creation of an Eras Swap Token (EST) linked to Ethers through an Initial Coin Offering (ICO) that will be preceded by a presale. As attested by the variety of applications, the ecosystem is expected to generate significant value to users in the form of improved outcomes through increased exposure and interaction among asset seekers and asset owners and improved stability in the units of currencies in which the transactions are carried out.
Such value may be realized by the ecosystem through a carefully crafted strategy that is largely based on the appreciation in value and net worth of the whole system due to network externality effects as well as shorter term revenues in the form of subscriptions and minimal transaction charges which are likely to have a huge positive impact on the bottom line due to the large scale of transactions that are processed through the ecosystem.
Visit https://eraswaptoken.io to explore more and join the force.
Note: David Galea is an Innovative Digital Transformation Advisor with over twenty years international advisory experience with one of the Big Four Firms, a number of Govt organisations, the Secretariat of the President of Abu Dhabi, as well as various organisations in the United Kingdom. David has led a number of high profile projects, including the roll out of 4G with one of the major telecom players in the UK, together with various digitization strategy and implementation programmes in the financial services, energy and manufacturing sectors.
Related Blogs : peer to peer platforms blockchain technology


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Chelsea v BATE Betting Preview, Odds & Tips | 25/10/18
Betting Previews | 24th October 2018
Tom Rodgers (@tom11rodgers) previews Chelsea v BATE and provides us with his best bets for Thursday's Europa League clash by analysing team news, potential line-ups, head-to-head, key stats and facts and more.
Chelsea v Bate Betting Preview, Odds & Tips
- Date: 25/10/18
- Time: 20:00
- Venue: Stamford Bridge
- Channel: BT Sport
Chelsea come into this game off the back of a 2-2 draw with Manchester United where Ross Barkley popped up with a 96th minute equaliser for the blues to rescue a point.
Chelsea have been in fine form this season and enter Thursday's Europa League tie unbeaten in all competitions this season – a total of 12 games.
Chelsea have made a positive start to this group with a 1-0 win in their first game away to PAOK followed by a 1-0 win at home to Vidi thanks to an Alvaro Morata goal. The Blues will be looking to continue their early season form.
Bate have won 6 of their last 8 games in all competitions and currently sit top of the Belarus First Division where they are 9 points clear.
However they have had a steady start in Europe this term after beating Vidi in the opening round but fell in Match-day two to PAOK 4-1.
Chelsea will be hoping Alvaro Morata can fire them to victory and pretty much secure their place in the knockout rounds. On the other hand, BATE need to avoid defeat, otherwise it will be an uphill task to find their way out of the groups.
Team News
Both teams should have fully fit squads to choose from barring any last minute injuries.
Potential Chelsea Starting XI: Kepa, Zappacosta, Cahill, Christensen, Emerson, Kovacic, Fabregas, Loftus-Cheek, Pedro, Morata, Willian
Potential Bate Starting XI: Scherbitsky, Rios, Polyakov, Filipenko, Volodko, Bala, Yablonski, Dragun, Ivanic, Tuominen, Stasevich
Head To Head
- This is the first meeting between the two sides.
Key Stats and Facts
- There have been over 2.5 goals scored in each of Bate's last 5 games.
- Chelsea are unbeaten at home in their last 10 European matches (W7, L3).
- Bate have lost all 8 away games in European competition against top seeded opponents.
Betting Odds
- Chelsea 13/89 (Marathon Bet)
- Draw 8/1 (BetVictor)
- Bate 33/1 (BetVictor)
The Verdict
For how good Bate are in their respective league, they are nowhere near replicating that in their European form.
Chelsea have been in great form this season and I can't see them struggling to get past BATE here. I'm backing Alvaro Morata will get on the scoresheet and Chelsea to come out comfortable winners.
Recommended Bets
- Alvaro Morata to score anytime 10/11 (10Bet)
- Chelsea to win 3-0 21/4 (888Bet)
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- Presented By: Rivertown Theaters for the Performing Arts
- Dates: 1/10/2020, 1/11/2020, 1/12/2020, 1/17/2020, 1/18/2020, 1/19/2020, 1/23/2020, 1/24/2020, 1/25/2020, 1/26/2020
- Location: Rivertown Theaters for the Performing Arts
- Address: 325 Minor Street, Kenner, LA 70062
- Phone: (504) 461-9475
- View Site
Consider yourself at home with this timeless musical based on Charles Dickens' novel, Oliver Twist. The Tony and Olivier Award-winning show is one of the few musicals to win an Academy Award for Best Picture and is widely hailed as a true theatrical masterpiece by actors and audience members alike. We're bringing these unforgettable characters vividly to life in this lively, heel-kicking classic about an innocent orphan boy thrown into the dark world of double-dealing thieves and con men in 19th-century London. Overflowing with jubilant and heartfelt songs like, "Consider Yourself," "I'd Do Anything," and "Food, Glorious Food." Bring the whole family to marvel in a musical feast for the eyes and ears that will have you calling out for "More!". Rated PG


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To George Washington from George Washington Lewis, 7 August 1796
Fredericksburg 7th August 1796
Dr Sir
Last evenings post brought me your letter—acknowledging the receipt of my letter of the first instant with a bank note of one hundred dollars on Acct of my Brother Howell—his absence prevents my saying any thing with respect to the interest, which he certainly ought to have consider'd when he forwarded the principal, he is at present over the ridge with his family. by the first opportunity—I shall make acquainted with the contents of your last letter.
Mrs Lewis unites in best wishes to you and My Aunt—and accept the sincere esteem of Yr Affectionate Nephew
Go: Lewis


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Today, I am blogging at World Moms Blog.
It was quite a hard post for me to write (but I chose the topic anyway), I felt kinda of 'exposed' talking about it, because I'm baring a part of me that I don't really talk about with others - a dream and a passion that I've kind of lost the confidence or the zeal in pursuing. But something got me thinking that I need to relook at it this year.
It's got to do with this logo:
So please hop over to my blog post and if you could, leave me a comment there (or here if you prefer).