text:
Interactive nationwide data service communication system for stationary and mobile battery operated subscriber units
In a two-way interactive communication video network having a network switching center for point-to-point communications between subscribers at different geographic locations, a local base station configuration is provided for facilitating low power battery operated portable subscriber units. The local subscriber units surrounding a base station are adapted for multiplex transmission of digital messages synchronously related to a broadcast television signal for system coordination. Digital messages are transmitted from the local subscriber units to the base station data processing facility through a set of receive only cell site subdivision zones distributed over the base station transmitter geographical range, which communicate with the base station data processing facility over a communication link such as wired cable. Messages are compiled and relayed by satellite to a network switching center transmitter site for nationwide point-to-point communications. Small-size, inexpensive, low-power, portable, digital-transmitting subscriber units are introduced compatible with interactive video data system standards with the ability to cross subdivision and cell zones. Thus, monitoring of inventory, temperature, and other parameters for passive automatic alarm systems and the like, as well as active mobility of subscriber units for meter reading and the like is made possible with direct low-cost nationwide real time reporting capability.
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This invention relates to an interactive two-way data service network for conveying synchronously timed digital messages point to point throughout the network, and more particularly it relates to local area base station cell sites subdivided into zones for processing communications within the zones from subsets of subscriber units of a configuration for integrating communications into a nationwide network of interconnected base station cell sites for point to point communications with identified remote subscriber units, wherein the subscriber units comprise low energy, stationary and mobile, digital transceivers, which may be battery operated.BACKGROUND ART
A wireless interactive video system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,591,906, May 27, 1986, Fernando Morales-Garza, et al. provides for real time interactive digital communication from a large audience of subscribers in urban areas in the vicinity of a central television transmitting station.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has now established in the U.S.A. communication standards for such interactive video data service allocating wireless transmissions in the 218-219 MHz band for FCC licensing for public use in assigned local base station areas authorizing low power subscriber interaction units of maximum effective radiated power under twenty watts.
There has been no known interactive video data service system available heretofore that has the capability of servicing an assigned base station area with subscriber units transmitting in a milliwatt power range. With such an improved system, battery powered, portable subscriber units, suitable for such functions as meter reading, would become feasible with low battery drain, permitting interactive digital communication in local areas or nationwide.
Wireless interactive video data service is provided without telephone lines or cable systems over a nationwide network of base stations in the manner disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,101,267, Mar. 31, 1992, Fernando Morales, by way of satellite transmissions between local area base stations and a data center.
This nationwide communication capability permits live video programs viewed nationwide, such as world series baseball games, to become interactive for individual subscriber participation. Thus, mass communications over a substantially real time communication system with such large urban area audience participation that would jam any existing public telephone switching network capability are made feasible.
Each local base station in such a nationwide communication system must be capable of interacting within designated license restrictions in the presence of peak local audience participation without significant switching delays to establish substantially real time interactive two-way connections over a network processing an audience of very large numbers of participants wishing to communicate substantially simultaneously.
Prior art two-ay radio transmission network technology, as represented for example by portable telephone communication systems, is generally incompatible with efficient substantially real time communication in the presence of heavy subscriber activity. This occurs because in telephone systems switching and connection operations must be made compatible with switching instructions from subscriber instruments with coded audio tones at audio frequencies accompanying analog audio messages. Thus with long numeric identification numbers for nationwide long distance connections, typically of ten decimal digits, which must be manually entered while busying lines to complete point-to-point connections as a part of the interconnecting signal data, switching circuits are engaged for very long periods of time inconsistent with substantially real time connections or heavy traffic conditions. Accordingly busy signals are encountered often to restrict the size of a participating audience for immediate connection and the follow-up contention for a line requiring re-dialing is frustrating to the potential using audience. Thus, interactive response that requires telephone exchange communications tends to be delayed and discouraging to participants, and introduces the critical problem of identifying and communicating interactively between subscribers in real time without jammed exchanges and the frustration of encountering busy signals and starting over with a new attempt to communicate.
Similarly, even with the restricted amount of digital data that might be transferred in digital paging system messages, where typically some messages only indicate a short fixed length message such as a calling telephone number, there is little possibility of approaching real time communications in the presence of heavy traffic because of the complexities of the necessary telephone switching networks employed for conveying messages.
In order to process digital information accurately, efficiently and privately it is necessary to precisely time and organize the digital data and accompanying commands. For real time two-way digital communications with large audiences wanting prompt access to the message conveyance system or network, synchronous signal timing becomes critical and absolutely necessary for real time interactive communication. In general, audio telephone communications are of an analog nature not critical to timing and are conveyed asynchronously. Thus, prior telephone art signal communication systems are unsuited for adoption in interactive video data systems that convey private point to point digital messages on a real time basis for large audiences.
Typical patents relating to nationwide communications employing such prior art telephone switching techniques are now briefly referenced as representative of the present state of the are utilizing analog (voice) telephone communication networks and cellular technology to accommodate low-cost mobile battery-operated subscriber units operable within local cellular subdivisions.
In the telephone arts: Freeburg, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,481,670, Nov. 6, 1984 and 4,525,861, Jun. 25, 1985 and 4,550,443, Oct. 29, 1985 provide for handing off best signals from portable radio sets in two-way audio analog communications between overlapping zones served by different fixed location cellular transceivers, which in some cases use different frequency bands for isolating adjacent zones.
In the paging arts, modems are used for connection with a telephone system for communication and switching over a national network as typically set forth in Andros, et al. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,870,410, Sep. 26, 1989 and 4,875,039, Oct. 17, 1989, and therefore are subject to the same switching system bottlenecks previously described even when short digital only communication is desired.
It is accordingly an objective of this invention to improve the state of the art by effectively using licensed interactive communication channels to provide substantially real time, synchronously timed digital communications of variable length between geographically separated base station subscribers of an interactive video data service system. Capacity for heavy audience participation without substantial delays during peak loading conditions is essential in a manner compatible with the FCC licensing conditions for interactive video data service.
It is a further objective of this invention to introduce into interactive video data service a system providing effective two-way interactive communications with simplified low-cost subscriber units transmitting in milliwatt peak power ranges under parameters compatible with FCC licensing restrictions.
Another object of the invention is to introduce portable digital communication subscriber units into an interactive video data service system adapted for local and national communications.
Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be found throughout the following description, the drawings and the claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A base station configuration for interactive data service provides several interrelated features for improving effectiveness of digital communication. Such features include (1) a system employing portable subscriber units of milliwatt transmitting power capacity, and (2) increasing substantially the number of subscriber units operable at the base station. Thus, typically 4000 subscriber units at a base station may be processed for point to point nationwide communication at 5.16 Kbaud data rate per unit.
A significant advantage of the invention is the capacity to rapidly connect a very large number of individually identified subscribers at each base station for parallel communications and connecting new subscribers into awaiting communication slots without significant delay.
In one embodiment, the features of the present invention are embodied in a subscriber multiplexing system at the base station that relates synchronously with a base station carrier signal or the television frames of a master TV channel. Thus, the communications and switching connections are synchronized throughout a nationwide network for more efficiently and promptly processing point-to-point real time communications. Even more significantly is the corresponding freedom to multiplex digital messages of variable length from a large number of transmitting subscriber units at the base station, with the assurance that little access waiting time will be encountered by subscribers to complete switching connections, even for nationwide communications.
The base station comprises a central transmitter and data processing site for processing transmitted digital data to subscriber units within the base station designated area. A plurality of receive only stations distributed throughout the region and connected by wire, cable, microwave link or radio to the central data processing site then process and relay transmitted digital data from subscriber units within subdivided zones in the base station designated area. Thus, the base station serves a gridwork of receiver sub-cell sites distributed at locations permitting reliable response by subscribers transmitting with milliwatt digit signal levels in the FCC authorized 218-219 MHz band. Provision is made to process fringe signals between the different subdivided zones so that low-cost portable battery-operated milliwatt transmitter subscriber units may be moved throughout the base station geographical area for reliably performing such functions as meter reading and data transfer.
The base station system is adapted for communication in a nationwide network of base stations over a satellite communication network such as that of U.S. Pat. No. 5,101,267. Thus, the base station data processor locally segregates, accumulates and formats the messages from individual subscribers for retransmission over the satellite network to a switching hub and data processing center with the capacity to locate individual subscribers in remote base stations over a nationwide network.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 is a block system diagram of a nationwide interactive video data satellite system embodiment of the invention that provides point-to-point communications between subscriber response units in local service areas and with various vendors of goods and services;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of a local area base cell site system embodiment of the invention for communications with very low powered local subscriber units, including mobile or portable units;
FIG. 3 is a fragmental sketch of r-f signal protocol at the base cell site for permitting communications from a significant number of subscriber units simultaneously in real time;
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic sketch of message frames for illustrating the maximization of data processed at local cell sites;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a base cell site to satellite communication link afforded by the invention to process fixed length frames and formulate variable length messages from subscribers during an active connection interval;
FIGS. 6A and 6B respectively are a block system diagram of communication channels at the base cell site, and a corresponding diagrammatic system flow diagram for transmitted messages between local subscribers the cell data center and the satellite connected network of cell sites;
FIGS. 7A and 7B respectively are a block diagram illustrating transit time characteristics of messages at a base cell site, and a diagrammatic view of typical communication frames showing relative times at different cell site communication stations;
FIGS. 8A and 8B are respectively frequency band charts for FCC allocated frequency bands and subchannel bands for interactive video data services as employed by this invention; and
FIGS. 9A and 9B are respective block circuit diagrams of subscriber units for digital only fixed or mobile communication services and integrated video and digital data service embodiments of the invention.THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In FIG. 1 the nationwide interactive network embodying this invention and setting out in perspective support services and equipment is illustrated in block diagram format. Thus a set of subscribers at response units 4 communicate over the wireless 218-219 MHz r-f links 5 to either a set of local remote receivers 20, each connected by a link 21 such as a telephone line to repeater cell 3, or to a local area base station repeater cell 3, one of a set of such repeater stations in different geographic locations for communicating via satellite 1 under control of a data and switching control center 2. Regional and local service or product participants 7 also communicate with the local area cells 3 and the control center 2. The basic operation of this system is set forth in said U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,591,906 and 5,101,267. Details of point-to-point switching and communication throughout the system identified at switch control center 14 and accompanying terminal directory 13, downloading of data and software from the control center 15, and the processing of billings and transactions 16, and the corresponding interaction of the memory and software at the subscriber unit 17 are set forth in co-pending application Ser. No. 07/889,626, May 28, 1992 for Software Controlled Interactive Video Network and Ser. No. 07/932,241, Aug. 19, 1992 for Interactive Satellite Broadcast Network, which are incorporated hereinto by reference as background material to the extent necessary for providing a full disclosure of operating details.
In this system therefore, simplified low cost subscriber response units 4 are universally applicable to a wide range of interactive functions by means of software control facilities. The system furthermore in its r-f processing system efficiently handles mass data for accommodating very large system peak load capacity substantially in real time through the switch control center 14 with typically stores for each subscriber currently updated information that need not be transmitted with every transaction such as the directory identification code, name, address, telephone number and credit card, etc.
An explicit cell site 3 embodiment utilizing a local base station repeater cell 3 afforded by this invention, which expands the interactive capabilities and functions of the subscriber response units 4 while improving performance and reducing cost, is diagrammatically shown in FIG. 2. The outer dotted ring 19 outlines the limits of a local area cell site, such as may be licensed by the FCC, for interactive video data service. The cell site embodiment utilizing local base station repeater cell 3 communicates with the satellite system via directed dish antenna 3A, and transmits digital communications and TV video overlay trigger signals to a set of subscribers X throughout the assigned territory by way of antenna 8.
A set of typically ten remote, receive-only, fixed-location relay stations 20A-20N are positioned at strategic locations within the cell area. Each local remote receiver station 20 is connected by cable, microwave or leased telephone line 21 to the cell site utilizing a local base station repeater cell 3. Thus, transceiving subscriber units X 4, 4', etc. located within the subdivided response zones 22 communicate with the local remote receivers 20 over a significantly reduced transmission path distance within the subdivided response areas 22, as compared with direct transmission from a local base station repeater cell to transceiving subscriber units X 4, 4', etc. This subdivision feature, accordingly for the first time in interactive video data system provides for reliable transmission at radiated power levels in the milliwatt region. Distinct advantages result including less chance for external interference and long life battery operated portable subscriber units 4 which can be moved throughout the cell territory (19).
Accordingly, this invention encourages such additional interactive services in the network as typified by meter reading, and inventory control in soft drink dispensing machines, etc. in a manner saving so much manpower and expense as to be viable economically in this type of interactive video data service system. In the latter two examples, very simple digital communication subscriber units 4 may be provided without the necessity for video displays, in the manner later described. Other examples are site alarms for remote monitoring of open doors, fires, failure, temperature, etc. Two-way paging services are also thus made available, or telemeter in location or condition of delivery trucks, etc. Furthermore, with full service video display TV installation at a subscriber station 4, the feasibility of moving such remote units to different locations in a house, office, or car is established. Accordingly this invention is in part directed to the provision of portable or mobile interactive subscriber stations and communication units for interactive video data service systems compatible with FCC standards. With the lower power transmitters provided, adjustments of power in the subscriber units may be avoided by simple AGC at the remote receiver terminals. Smaller and portable home units are also possible. There is considerable advantage of longer battery life for portable units.
A further substantial advantage to the invention is the ability to handle point-to-point connections nationwide under peak traffic conditions with very little subscriber waiting time for access to the system. The system protocol for reception of messages and response at the subscriber units in the chart form of FIG. 3 illustrates the number, typically 640, of subscribers X that can be simultaneously using the system at any cell site 5. With reference again to FIG. 2, thus assume that each of ten fixed remote receiver stations 20A-20N within the cell area (19) is capable of processing 64 on-air subscriber units X. This results because the milliwatt powered subscriber units X are adapted for transmission in a single one of the ten subdivided areas or zones 22, with provisions preventing interference with adjacent zones 22A, 22B, etc.
Other system advantages are: (1) that low power subscribers use the system at outer cell boundaries, thereby reducing chances for inter-cell interference, (2) that the expansion of the system may occur by adding subdivided zones as the subscriber base grows, (3) that the passive local remote receive-only receives have no problems in meeting FCC interactive video data service conditions, (4) and that capital, power and operating costs substantially decrease.
With reference now to FIG. 3, to transmit with ten subscriber units X in the respective zones 22 of FIG. 2, the protocol assigns in a timed broadcast period 30 a home unit (HU) response time interval 31, at an accumulated 5.1 kbaud response rate. Each of these switched-in user home units then transmits a digital message superimposed by modulation on the 218-219 MHz band subcarrier. The broadcast time interval 32 permits the cell site transmitter 8 of FIG. 2 to broadcast a message including a (ringing) signal that may include an address code number for activating a single home unit within the cell area 19 of FIG. 2. Each home unit has a built in address code that must be used to activate that unit 14 of FIG. 2, and the central data switch control unit maintains a directory of all such numbers in the nationwide network. The broadcast time interval 33 provides a time gap for checking errors and for providing desirable control signals. Guard gaps 36 are supplied between successive broadcast periods 30, also identifiable as r-f frames.
With reference again to FIG. 3, the r-f frames permit transmission at 5.1 kbaud for each of say ten subdivisions 22 of FIG. 2. Thus the cell stores in a buffer the ten multiplexed home unit data rates to load the buffer at a 51 kbaud rate. A total data rate for the main cell area 19 of FIG. 2 is 51 kbaud from the ten simultaneous responses from the separate subdivisions 22 of FIG. 2. Assuming no errors and 1000 bit messages from each home unit, with 3,000 home units trying to get their message through ten channels, the waiting time for a "line" would be less than one minute without contention, thereby minimizing the necessity of "redialing".
The legends in the right hand column show that each remote receiver station 20A-20N is assigned a corresponding communication frequency bandwidth f.sub.1 -f.sub.n, thereby isolating the communications from subscriber units X in each subdivision 22 within the cell area 19 as shown in FIG. 2. The length of the r-f frames 30 is 12.4 milliseconds including a guard band 36 of about 120 microseconds.
Typical message protocol is illustrated in FIG. 4 for fixed frame message lengths of 30 bytes of eight bits. This fixed length is important in minimizing access time to the system under peak load conditions, since there will be substantially no need air time incurred while a subscriber is awaiting to be connected or disconnected. Various functional categories are typically included in the broadcast interval 32 as shown in the blocks. Of note is the home unit ID section which addresses the unit to be activated (similar to a telephone number), and the Packet ID byte for accumulating a sequence of home unit response frames into a packet. All messages and protocols are consistent with the transmission of data implicitly as part of a video message during the vertical blanking interval or transmission over a digital r-f link parallel to a video channel. However, as will be more particularly set forth later, it is pertinent to synchronize timed data within the nationwide system, even taking into account differences in travel time of radio waves (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,591,906), and for this reason the technique described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,755,871, Jul. 5, 1988 for Control of RF Answer Pulses in a TV Answer Back System may be used to synchronize transmissions with the TV carrier signal from the cell site transmitter and to organize all the multiplexed timing slots for avoiding idle on-air time. Thus, this system departs from any former telephone switching system art which is asynchronously switched.
As seen from FIGS. 1, 2, 4 and 5, the nationwide transmission of messages from the individual subscriber home units 4, (X) longer than 240 bits require several frames, with accumulation into packets, identifiable in the broadcast frame 32. The cell site transmission system 40 thus processes a set of packets in the manner shown in FIG. 5 to accumulate subscriber messages of variable length in a set of serial transmissions for transmitting to the satellite at higher transmission frequency. Accordingly packet builders 41, 41A, etc. are individually assigned to a responding one of simultaneously active subscribers until the subscriber's variable length message of n 592 bit frames is completed, and after pricing 42 the messages are accumulated 43, synchronously timed 45 and transmitted to the satellite 44. These accumulated messages are received at the central data station 2 for switching, adding pertinent subscriber data and a receiving address and retransmitting over the satellite at a receiving point, such as a further subscriber or a service provider.
Now FIGS. 6A and 6B relate to the communication sequences within the local base station repeater cell area (19, FIG. 2) between home units 4, the cell site utilizing local base station repeater cell 3 and local remote stationary receivers 20A-20N. Note that the home unit 4 is also designated as an interactive data appliance (IDA), a general term including subscriber video stations, digital alarms, or the like, and portable units.
The data flow chart of FIG. 6B relates to a "set-up" and response sequence of intercommunications between the respective subscriber units 4, (IDA) local remote fixed station subdivision receivers 20A-20A, (RR) and the cell site utilizing local base station repeater cell 3. Synchronization is controlled by the carrier frequency Tx.sub.a of the cell transmitter upon which the subscriber unit 4 locks. Then the subscriber unit 4 initiates a response which includes both the subscriber ID and the cell ID for the purpose of handoff between cells with portable units or fringe area cells.
The remote receiver 20 receives the subscriber's transmission on its frequency RX.sub.su, and passes an acknowledgement to the base station repeater cell 3 for sampling transmission and auditing the transmission routing. Thus base station repeater cell 3 selects the local remote receiver 20A-20N, etc. that receives the best subscriber signal. Note that the local remote receiver 20 receives both the transmissions from the cell transmitter frequency at Rx.sub.a1 and the communications at its assigned frequency Rx.sub.su, and similarly the subscriber unit transmits on two alternative frequencies, one tuned to a particular remote receiver 20 frequency.
The base station repeater cell 3 then relays the best frequency back to the subscriber unit 4 for tuning in and finishing communications with the best and only local remote receiver 20. This is the end of the "set up" period and the start of the transmission period, during which the message bits are relayed to the base station repeater cell 3 by the local remote receiver 20 tuned in, and are at the base station repeater cell 3 processed and relayed into the network to the central data hub via the VSAT link. Note that the gap 33 between the base station repeater cell 3 broadcast interval 32 and the home unit response interval 31 is used for the set up function so that a single frame period covers the procedure of FIG. 6B through the sending of a single frame of the message from the subscriber unit. If transmission conditions change, a succeeding frame of the subscriber's message thus could be transmitted from a different remote receiver at a different frequency. Thus the packet ID byte portion of FIG. 4 is significant for reassembling the message frames into a single message packet (also identified). The arbitrary cell identification umber 486 is similar to a telephone exchange area code designation in the identification of the cell or the subscriber's complete ID address.
This set up procedure is important for "hand-off" of a portable unit from one stationary local remote receiver site 22 to another as fringe areas are encountered, such as at borders 25 between two local remote receiver activity sites 22 (FIG. 2). Similarly the portable units can move from cell to cell when adjacent cells are present such as in urban areas, requiring similar hand-off procedure. The hand-off may be initiated in different ways.
As above described, the base station repeater cell 3 may initiate the hand-off of a subscriber 4 from a local remote receiver 20 in one zone to another in a different zone within the subdivided cell. Thus a signal strength (RSSI) measurement may serve as a criterion for handoff, with the cell directing the subscriber into a set-up routine when signals below a threshold, -80 dBm for example, are encountered. Since the subscriber unit 4 stores the message data, it is retained until the set-up procedure is completed in about 50 milliseconds.
Alternatively the subscriber unit software may cause the subscriber unit 4 to place itself in a set-up routine when the RSSI goes below a chosen threshold value, so that the home unit response is transmitted only after set-up with a satisfactory cell or cell sub-division zone (22) connection of proper signal strength.
When the subscribers 4 are transportable from cell to cell, the packets (FIG. 5) should be stored at the data processing center 2 rather than at the base station repeater cell 3 level. Each packet carries an identification of the subscriber for this purpose and the packet ID is carried in the broadcast frame (FIG. 4) for such processing. Thus at the central hub (2) a packet of three frames could be derived from two different cells, generally adjacent in geographical relationship. Note the cell ID in the subscriber's transmissions (FIG. 6B), which is used for control purposes.
Also with reference to FIG. 2, the possibility of fringe hand off errors or interfering signals between cells is avoided by the allocation of different transmission frequencies for communicating with the geographically adjoining local remote receiver stations (20) in the adjacent base station repeater cell areas (19, 26). Thus, in the vicinity of overlapping base station repeater cell regions 19 and 26, the related frequencies f.sub.x, f.sub.y assigned to adjacent local remote receivers 20X and 20Y may avoid interference problems between local remote receiver stations 20 in different adjacent base station repeater cell territories.
Critical timings in the messages processed within the base station repeater cell site (19, FIG. 2) are discussed in relationship to FIGS. 7A and 7B. For keeping the message bits accurately synchronized within the system, the delays in transit time of r-f transmissions must be accounted for. Those transit times are noted in FIG. 7A, and the transmitted message frame timings are set forth in FIG. 7B. The frames are sequentially separated by a 120 microsecond guard band. The approximate 2.7 microsecond delay within the cell area (19) of 2 miles diameter is encountered between the subscriber (IDA) 4 and the closest local remote receiver station 20 of approximately ten such stations distributed about the base station repeater cell. This is of no significance since by the use of fifty microsecond pulse widths in the communications that is less than 6% of the pulse width and thus no range adjustment is needed for that propagation induced delay. The base station repeater cell 3 thus adjusts its synchronization with system timing of the received IDA responses after accounting for the approximately two times 10.6 microsecond (average) delay time for the transmissions to IDA 4 and back to base station repeater cell 3.
FIGS. 8A and 8B set forth the FCC approved bands for licensed interactive communications, thus allocating fifteen channels of bandwidth capable of carrying the messages under the conditions described herein.
FIGS. 9A and 9B respectively illustrate portable subscriber units afforded by this invention for interactive two-way wireless communications in a cell compatible with FCC standards for interactive video data services of the simplified digital appliance type (9A) and the more comprehensive video display type (9B).
In the simplified version of FIG. 9A, the transceiver 50 permits two-way wireless communications in the 218-219 MHz bands set forth in FIG. 8, and compatible with the functions hereinbefore set forth such as in connection with FIG. 6A. The double headed arrow notation for the radiowaves at antenna 49 signifies two way wireless communication. For digital communications, an input register 51 for received digital data is supplied and an output register 52 for retaining interactive subscriber entered messages from transducer 53, typically a manual keyboard or a digital sensing instrument. Digital display means may be provided for subscriber viewing of either or both register contents. Thus the data processor 54, by way of suitable software controls the system with different modes of operation such as the manual control 55 suitable to keyboard input of data from a subscriber, or an automatic monitoring control mode 56 for relaying an alarm or inventory reading at a subscriber's coin operated vending machine. The frequency control section 57 serves to monitor and set the transmission carrier frequency during set up procedures for transmission to a most favorable fixed local remote receiver (20) station. Also it serves as the system clock to synchronize the transmission frequency of digital data pulses with the system by means of locking to a TV station carrier signal, for example. The unique identification number 58 is built into each subscriber unit and serves similar to a telephone number as a screen for incoming messages directed to that subscriber unit and as an identification of the source of messages sent from an individual subscriber. General software control technology for operation of the subscriber units and systems of the disclosed system are known in the art as set forth in more detail in the before mentioned prior patents and patent applications.
This interactive data appliance embodiment of the invention provides a number of innovative features and significant advantages, all compatible with operations within the parameters of a nationwide network of FCC licensed local interactive video data service cells, either for interactive communication within the local cell or for interactive communications nationwide over the network. The software controlled data processor makes the utility of the appliance substantially universal in terms of introduction of modes of operation to match with and integrate into machinery or systems and to provide a variety of features for manual control of interactivity by a subscriber. The simplicity of the digital mode of communication makes the unit simple, low cost and small in size for ideal portability and long life from battery power. It is of major importance to have the ability in an interactive video data service installation for portable movement of a subscriber unit for providing communication capabilities formerly limited to nationwide mobile telephone systems and further providing a range of interactivities not hitherto feasible.
The embodiment of FIG. 9B provides for interactivity in conjunction with video displays, and in particular as related to broadcast television programs. Thus the conventional television receiver 60 with the wireless communication link 63 communicates with the interactive data appliance 61 for the type of service described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,101,267, for example. Therefore the manual control unit 62 controls the TV receiver 60 and the interactive data appliance, which in this case may be termed a home unit or subscriber station. The portability feature made possible by this invention permits such a unit to be moved next door or put into a car or van for movement within or across cell boundaries with good digital synchronous communication contact within the nationwide network of cells, which utility has not heretofore been known or feasible in interactive video data systems.
It is therefore evident from this disclosure that the state of the art is advanced. Accordingly the features of novelty believed descriptive of the spirit and nature of the invention are set forth with particularity in the following claims.
1. A base station configuration in a two-way communication interactive video network having network hub switching center means for routing communications from and to a plurality of subscriber units comprising:
- subscriber units dispersed at various locations within a predetermined base station geographic area,
- local base station repeater cell means for communicating with identified individual subscriber units within a local base station geographic area associated with said local base station repeater cell means, said local base station repeater cell means further comprising:
- base station data processing and transmission means for transmitting to a set of said local subscriber units contained within said local base station geographic area associated with said local base station repeater cell means and receiving from a subset of said local set of subscriber units multiplexed synchronously related digital data messages of variable lengths for point-to-point communication between said local base station repeater cell means and said subset of said local subscriber units,
- reception means for receiving and processing data messages from said set of local subscriber units comprising a local remote receiver disposed within one of a plurality of cell subdivision site partitioned from said local base station geographic area associated with said local base station repeater cell means, said plurality of cell subdivision sites dispersed over said local base station geographic area, each local remote receiver adapted for receiving-only low power digital messages transmitted from said local subscriber units within range of said local remote receiver, and
- a set of local subscriber transceiver units including low power mobile units located within said local base station geographic area, each of said local subscriber transceiver units adapted to communicate with said local base station repeater cell means by way of digital data signals of variable lengths synchronously related to a base station broadcast signal and timed for multiplexed message transmission.
2. A two-way communication interactive video network system having network hub switching center means for routing communications to and from a plurality of subscriber units comprising:
- base station repeater cell means for communicating with a plurality of subscriber units, said base station repeater cell means and said plurality of subscriber units disposed in a respective geographic area, said base station repeater cell means further comprising:
- data processing and transmission means for transmitting to and receiving from at least one of said plurality of said subscriber units multiplexed synchronously related data messages of variable lengths, such that point-to-point communication between said base station repeater cell means and said at least one of said plurality of subscriber units is possible,
- reception means for receiving and processing said multiplexed synchronously related data messages from said at least one of said plurality of subscriber units and relaying said multiplexed synchronously related data messages from said at least one of said plurality of subscriber units to said base station repeater cell means.
3. The two-way communication interactive video network system of claim 2 wherein said point-to-point communication between said base station repeater cell means and said at least one of said plurality of said subscriber units is accomplished via digital data modulated on an r-f carrier.
4. The two-way communication interactive video network system of claim 3 wherein said point-to-point communication between said base station repeater cell means and said at least one of said plurality of said subscriber units is accomplished via digital data modulated on an r-f carrier frequency of approximately 218 MHz.
5. The two-way communication interactive video network system of claim 2 wherein said plurality of subscriber units are further comprised of:
- low power mobile units located within said respective geographic area, each of said low power mobile units adapted to communicate with said base station repeater cell means by way of digital data signals of variable lengths synchronously related and timed for multiplexed message transmission with said base station repeater cell means.
6. The two-way communication interactive video network system of claim 2 wherein said plurality of subscriber units are further comprised of:
- digital message organization means for disassembling said multiplexed synchronously related data messages of variable lengths and for transmitting data in a sequence of fixed length transmission frames.
7. The two-way communication interactive video network system of claim 2 wherein said reception means further comprises:
- at least one local remote receiver disposed within a respective at least one base station repeater cell means subdivision site wherein said at least one cell subdivision site is partitioned from said respective geographic area associated with said base station repeater cell means, said at least one local remote receiver adapted for receiving-only low power digital messages transmitted from said subscriber units within range of said at least one local remote receiver and for relaying said low power digital messages to said base station repeater cell means.
8. The two-way communication interactive video network system of claim 2 further including a plurality of said base station repeater cell means each of said plurality of said base station repeater cell means for communicating with a corresponding plurality of subscriber units wherein each of said plurality of said base station repeater cell means and said corresponding plurality of subscriber units are disposed in a common geographic area.
9. The two-way communication interactive video network system of claim 8 wherein each of said plurality of said base station repeater cell means has a respective at least one local remote receiver associated therewith, said respective at least one local remote receiver disposed within a respective at least one base station repeater cell means subdivision site partitioned from said respective geographic area associated with said respective base station repeater cell means, said at least one local remote receiver adapted for receiving-only low power digital messages transmitted from said subscriber units within range of said at least one local remote receiver and for relaying said low power digital messages to said corresponding base station repeater cell means.
10. The two-way communication interactive video network system of claim 9 further comprising:
- means for transmitting messages from each of at said least one base station repeater cell means subdivision sites on a different carrier frequency.
11. The two-way communication interactive video network system of claim 8 further comprising:
- hub switching center means located remotely from said plurality of base station repeater cell means for routing designated digital data messages between a first plurality of subscriber units and a corresponding first base station repeater cell in a first geographic area and a second plurality of subscriber units and a corresponding second base station repeater cell located in a second geographic areas.
12. The two-way communication interactive video network system of claim 2 wherein said data processing and transmission means of said base station repeater cell means further comprises:
- message accumulation means for storing and retransmitting digital message packets received from said at least one of said plurality of subscriber units, said message packets comprising a sequence of subscriber transmission frames, and
- means for retransmitting said message packets to a hub switching center of an interactive video network system via a satellite.
13. The two-way communication interactive video network system of claim 2 further comprising:
- means for compensating for the time of propagation of said multiplexed synchronously related data messages between said subscriber units and said data processing means of said base station repeater cell means.
14. A digital cellular communication system comprising in combination, a cell site divided into a plurality of subdivided zones, a plurality of subscriber units with identity numbers based in said cell site, a cell site communication system including a digital transmitter for communication with individual identified subscriber units geographically located within the cell site, a set of receive only digital receivers positioned in said subdivided zones, each said digital receiver being coupled by a transmission link with the cell site communication system to relay received digital communications, and a set of said subscriber units comprising portable wireless digital communication units with a limited power digital transmitter having a transmitting power for transmissions within the area of the subdivided zones and a receiver for reception of digital messages from said cell site digital transmitter, said transmissions of said subscriber units to said receive only digital receivers synchronously related to said digital messages transmitted by said cell site digital transmitter.
Type: Grant
Filed: May 10, 1994
Date of Patent: Jan 2, 1996
Assignee: Eon Corporation (Reston, VA)
Inventor: Gilbert M. Dinkins (Herdon, VA)
Primary Examiner: Wellington Chin
Attorneys: Patrick T. King, John P. Wagner, Jr.
Application Number: 8/240,147
International Classification: H04N 7173; H04B 724; H04L 1218;


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Animal Spirits: The Hummingbird
Posted on March 23, 2015 by Julianne Victoria
Though I wrote about the hummingbird about a year and a half ago, tucked into the post on The Raven/Crow, I've recently had some amazing encounters and feel the hummingbird deserves a post of her own. Whenever a hummingbird visits … Continue reading →
Posted in Animal Spirits | Tagged angels, animal messages, Golden Gate Park, guardian angels, hummingbird, joy, Ohlone, shamanism, spirits, totem animal | 23 Comments

subset: commoncrawl


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One of the reasons I write this blog is to share my tea experiences in England with an audience of readers who, like you (and me!) love tea and love England. Another reason is to reveal the sometime obscure tea connections that I seem to find woven throughout the places I visit here. Here's one of them.
Apsley House
Apsley House, with its prestigious address of Number One London, was the London townhouse of Arthur Wellesley (1769-1852) – better known as the 1st Duke of Wellington. Besides defeating Napoleon at Waterloo and being a two-time Prime Minister, Wellington did all that other stuff that
gets your name on hundreds of pub signs in the country puts men like him into the history books. You can read more about his adventurous life here.
Because it contains one of the finest art collections in London, a stunning collection of silver and porcelain (including tea sets – gifts to the Duke to celebrate his military and political prowess), and a massive nude statue of Napoleon (and we always thought that Napoleon's "complex" was due to his small …….. stature), a visit to Apsley House was on the Tea in England Bucket List. And so it transpired.
I can report that Apsley House is a fantastic property to tour. English Heritage have done well in keeping the interior of the house much the same as it was during the occupancy of the Iron Duke. (P.S. The Wellington family still live there!)
The Tea Connection
Many 19th century military officers traveled with their own dinnerware, and Wellington was no exception. His traveling canteen, displayed in the basement at Apsley House, includes plates and serving dishes, beakers and tumblers, knives and spoons – and a silver tea set.
Wellington was a dedicated tea drinker who appreciated its qualities, and whether at home or away on campaign, a pot of tea was never far from hand. He wrote that whilst planning the [Spanish] Battle of Salamanca, "Tea cleared my head and left me with no misapprehensions."
So it is true: Real Men Drink Tea
And now
There could be nothing more perfect after a visit to Apsley House than to treat yourself to a Wellington-themed Afternoon Tea in London. Impossible? Not at all! The Wellington Lounge at Intercontinental Hotel London, a stone's throw from Apsley House and in the shadows of Wellington Arch, honours the original Duke of Wellington with its magnificent Wellington Afternoon Tea that uses British ingredients infused with influences from his travels.
I was recently invited to experience the Wellington Afternoon Tea and I can't wait to tell you about it. It was flawless! Look for my review on Wednesday.
In the meantime, don't take my word for it that the Duke of Wellington was a tea drinker. See for yourself:
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AgTech Investment, Innovation & Acceleration
Since 2011, SVG Partners has been building a global agtech innovation platform that accelerates, invests, and works with entrepreneurs, investors, and Fortune 500 food, agriculture, and technology corporations. As part of this initative, THRIVE AgTech was launched in 2014 with a mission to solve key industry challenges, test technologies in the field and across the supply chain, and build partnerships within the ecosystem in order to shorten the time it takes to bring innovation to market. SVG Partners is based in Silicon Valley, California.
Advance the future of food and agriculture by joining the fastest growing agtech ecosystem in the world


text: Remember all the times you lusted after Christian Bale in those Batman movies? Or maybe you left American Psycho all thirsty from the shower scene, even though he was playing a sadistic bastard. We've all had our Christian Bale thoughts, but check him out in that photo above. Believe it or not, that's him playing Dick Cheney in the movie Vice. Bale is not the only creative-casting choice from this movie either. Sam Rockwell plays a young George W. Bush and Amy Adams plays the Vice-President's wife, Lynne Cheney in this story of the their time in office. So, who wants to see Vice EARLY and FOR FREE? Continue reading →


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Its sweep of white sand and pretty harbour full of dazzling white boats are ideal for romantic strolls.
There are candlelit waterfront restaurants and inviting bars designed for lazy afternoons and cosy evenings.
Plus BA flights from the UK take just over an hour and only cost £69.
It was our first trip abroad together – a treat to celebrate finishing our exams and a chance to enjoy a care-free summer before setting off for uni.
While we relished the thought of striking out on our own on this French adventure, we were still finding our feet in terms of foreign travel.
So we opted for the home comforts of La Pointe St. Gilles, a family-run, eco-friendly Eurocamp resort.
With its five-star facilities, on-site conveniences and full-on fun activities, we could happily spend the week enjoying our first taste of freedom – but with the option to call on the help of an English-speaking rep if need be.
Our Espirit mobile home, pictured left, was spacious and spotless throughout with every utensil we needed.
One of the pleasures of a French self-catering holiday is a trip to the local hypermarket – those sprawling megastores selling unfamiliar groceries, fresh meats, aromatic cheeses, tennis rackets, sets of boules – the list goes on.
At the nearby Carrefour we stocked up on strings of garlicinfused sausages, plenty of smooth vin rouge and crisp French cider before cranking up the barbecue on the spacious wrap-around decking.
Soon delicious wafts of sizzling meat drifted across the air. It was the perfect start to the holiday. The camp's biggest asset has to be its grand array of swimming pools.
There are outdoor pools and a lagoon featuring pretty foliage and wooden bridges, a kids' ankle-deep fun pool, a space-age spa pool with a retractable roof, spiralling water chutes and a whirlpool.
A meandering lazy river completes the scene, all surrounded by plenty of sunbeds and shade.
There's also a mini golf course, tennis, football, basketball, volleyball, a gym, an adventure playground and cycling. In the evening there are shows, quizzes, discos and karaoke.
Takeaway Head to the on-site mini-market for the mandatory daily baguette and if you fancy a night off from cooking, there's Le Safran restaurant as well as a takeaway selling frites, sandwiches and pizzas.
La Pointe St. Gilles is just a 30-second stroll from Bénodet beach resort, which is ideal for sunbathing, swimming and building sand castles. Kids will love a trip on the tourist train which runs along the front, as well as St Gilles beach with its rockpools a little further along.
If you enjoy making the most of lazy days in the sun, head to Phare du Coq beach, which is perfectly positioned for catching the early evening rays.
Alternatively get out and explore the coastline on a beach safari, For a scenic day trip, take the ferry cruise down the River Odet to medieval Quimper.
The city is regarded as the cultural heart of Brittany, and a walk through the winding alleys will take you to the gothic splendour of the 13th century St Corentin cathedral.
Near to this is the Musee des Beaux Arts, housing work by Max Jacob who helped shape the French avant-garde art scene with his good friend Pablo Picasso.
Or do it all on one leg-saving trip by hopping aboard the open-top bus which takes in Quimper's prettiest streets and squares including the Place Du Beurre, an ideal stop-off for a crepe.
The picturesque nearby town of Pont Aven, known as the village of artists, is where post-impressionist painter Paul Gauguin worked.
Wander around the little independent galleries, enjoy the river walks and the Promenades des Moulins, a trail around the remains of 15 watermills in the village.
Plus don't forget to pick up a box of galettes – delicious butter-laced biscuits – from Biscuiterie Traou Mad.
One evening we took to the glowing boulevards of Bénodet and were drawn to Le Sans Souci restaurant by its open frontage looking out to sea and colour-popping interior.
Friendly staff humoured our French-speaking attempts when we ordered the mouth-watering French classic of moules mariniere – that's mussels cooked in wine or cider – and a very artistic-looking tuna nicoise salad.
Afterwards we mingled with the locals celebrating French Assumption Day as music from a free concert starring local Brittany rock band Soldat Louis filled the streets.
We finished the day at the multicoloured counter of the Bankiz icecream parlour – and their strawberry cheesecake flavour is delicieux!
Fact box: Eurocamp is the leading provider of outdoor holidays and helps more than 500,000 holidaymakers plan trips to Europe each year.
Eurocamp offers more than 180 prime locations that are ideal for any kind of holiday: from beach and city breaks, to stays among mountains and lakes.
Eurocamp offers a range of travel options, including flight, ferry and driving, and total flexibility on arrival and departure dates.
To book visit eurocamp.co.uk or call 0844 406 0402. For a classic tent it costs from £38 a night.


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Welcome! Thank you for visiting.
Biscotte Knit Slipper
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Knit these easy slippers. Great holiday gifts. Instructions are available for in various sizes so you can accomoadate all family members. Using acrylic or superwash yarns prevents the slippers from shrinking in the wash. The slipper tends to be smaller than the foot so that it can hug it, a bit like a sock.
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Repeats every week every Tuesday 4 times.Tue, Apr. 4, 1:00
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Fighting the Inner Critic
The portrait of the struggling writer is a timeless one. Sitting in their rickety desk chair, scribbling away on a notepad, banging away at the typewriter, abusing their keyboard, throwing every sentence into the garbage until the bin overflows. Either that or the conflicted writer is staring at an ominous sheet of blank paper desperate to come up with even one decent word to slap onto it. Writer's block is the popular name for this creative illness. People treat writer's block like they treat the common cold. Everyone gets it from time to time, there is no universal cure, and one needs to just "wait for it to pass." This is the worst thing that a writer could possibly do when trying to fight this demon. The inner cynic, The inner critic, that little voice in the back of your head piercing through any idea you might have and saying in a soft convincing whisper: "This isn't good enough. Your motivations aren't pure enough. You're just doing this for attention. No one would ever want to read this junk."
It is my theory that writer's block isn't so much a lack of ideas inflicted on the writer by the lack of a mystical Muse, but submitting to the inner critic in its philosophy that all of the ideas you've concocted for a story are too terrible to take up space on the precious page. Perhaps for some the ideas simply don't materialize in their heads, but in my experience, plenty of ideas do present themselves. Although on some days the inner critic takes over and rakes whatever I'm working on over the coals whether it is fiction, journalism, or some other type of writing activity. It is, at bottom, a battle with your own insecurities about your writing. For artists of many different mediums this war is nearly unwinnable.
When one waits for this malady to clear out of the system, one stops themselves from writing altogether, and the ability to crank words out fades with every day that passes. The wall of writer's block just grows taller and sturdier. Whenever a new project begins, the evil glare of the blank page forces the brain into stagnation. Ernest Hemingway had a useful technique in combating this kind of thing: "The best way is always to stop when you are going good and when you know what will happen next." This is a decent strategy to maintaining momentum in writing. The writer will be even more excited to start next day's writing if they know what is going to happen next. It's a sly way of forcing the Muse to do the bidding of the writer as opposed to the other way around. This is of little use to the unfortunate soul that can't get themselves to "go good" to begin with though, so allow me to make something of a strange suggestion.
Allow yourself to suck. Building this technique on the foundation of my own experience, my inner critic is one of the strongest voices in my head whenever I sit down to pound the keys. It constantly second-guesses every word, and convinces me to erase work and start all over again because nothing I've put down is salvageable enough for public consumption. While it is in a writer's nature to be self-critical and desire some form of validation of the work before they can be satisfied with it, this obsession with perfection can be a shackle limiting your progress. On occasion the writer might scrap an incredible idea because they think it's terrible, but they in tandem deprive the rest of us from reading it.
This is not my arguing that one shouldn't edit, double-check, and be critical of their writing. However, being too critical of one's work leads to a miserable existence of floundering in the murky waters of diffidence. Demand excellence, but do not conflate excellence with perfection. If we're to believe the theories of Dunning and Kruger, that those who are bad at an activity do not possess the very skills required to detect their poor performance in said activity, then it is only a small leap in logic to say that those who are overwhelmingly good at what they do are intensely critical of their work and unfortunately, can find themselves crushed by the weight of their own ability to critique.
Each writer needs to find the strategy that works for them and the creative process is a mechanism that runs at different speeds and blasts at different frequencies for each artist. Advice from writers will almost always contradict each other. Many writers swear by a routine. Some writers prefer to wait until they are "on a roll" and type out 15,000 words in one day. Some writers prefer to quit while they're ahead, others prefer to type away until they are fully exhausted of inspiration. Some writers will tell you that inspiration is a total myth, and it is more likely to hit when you're going through the motions of writing. Try all of these things. Make use of everything and figure out what works for you, but if you find yourself unable to write words for fear that they won't be good enough, allow yourself to suck. Ignore the seductive call of the Inner Critic for a while and jot down 500 words of the worst kind of prose. Beat yourself up for a little for having written it. Think that you wasted your time doing it. Then a couple days later return to it. You could find that it doesn't sound nearly as horrible as you once thought. The Inner Critic pretends it is helping you, but in reality it's the most hindering force plaguing writers next to Procrastination. Ignore it. You won't need it until the editing phase.


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Thanks to Pull-Ups® for sponsoring this post.
You may not need to bust out your desert staff or duck into a burning bush to learn the ten commandments of potty training, but rest assured that you will be properly baptized into the process.
And as you make your way through the sea of training pants, potty chairs, and the long car rides when all you can do is cross your fingers and pray that the potty training gods will smile upon you, you might just want to consider these rules as your Bible for right now.
1. Thou shall bribe.
Oh, what's that, you say? The thought of bribing your children makes you uncomfortable? No problem. Instead of sharing with you that I have proudly bribed each and every one of my potty-trained children with candy, chocolate chips (my personal favorite), Tic Tacs, bubbles, TV time, and trips to grandma's house, I will simply say that I utilized some extrinsic motivational tools to reinforce positive behavior. It may roll off the tongue a little sweeter, but the bottom line is that no one is beneath bribes.
Also? They work.
2. Thou shall not covet the neighbor who potty trains with seemingly no effort.
When it comes to potty training, every child is different. Keeping up with the Jones' on this one just won't pay off. Follow your own child's cues and try not to get swept up in competing with the parent down the street who started potty training when her daughter was only 6 months old. (True story.)
3. Thou shall try the pretty reward chart and stickers.
And when they amount to absolutely nothing, you will jump directly to the Fourth Commandment.
4. Thou shall not get discouraged.
I would do well to remember this commandment myself because I'm currently in the throes of a formerly potty-trained toddler who has regressed back to wetting his pants regularly and I would be lying if I told you I wasn't discouraged. Potty training can feel like an exercise in futility, and if I didn't know any better I would swear to you that the little punk does it on purpose. But the truth is, there is a real brain-bladder link going on in there that has to send the message that it's time to go, and sometimes, that message gets lost in transmissions.
Bottom line? The child is learning and you're not failing.
5. Thou shall not force the process.
One of my biggest regrets as a parent is forcing my first child to be potty trained before she was ready. She eventually got the hang of it, of course, but not without significant stress on both of our parts. I was a foolish first-time mother who thought she "should" be potty trained and I definitely pushed the process along. Since then, I've introduced toilet training, but have also followed my children's cues to gauge how ready they really are.
6. Thou shall not punish your child for pee-pee pants.
Shame is not part of the potty-training game. Accidents are 100% part of the process, but I learned the hard way that our children are not being deliberately defiant when those accidents happen. Don't shame, punish, or otherwise beat down your child emotionally when he or she is learning a potentially frightening body change. Not only can it shame them, but it might also work against you and lead them to start "holding" their bowel movements or bladder.
7. Thou shall not dread it.
When I was pregnant with our fourth baby, I swore up and down that I wasn't even going to attempt to potty train our two-year-old son before her birth. I dreaded potty training so much because I just knew it would be horrible, hard work. So you can imagine my surprise when the day we brought home a newborn, my husband started potty training the toddler — and had him trained in only a week. Sometimes, putting off potty training might just be worse than actually going through it. Kids can surprise you when you least expect it.
8. Thou shall be consistent.
Consistency is key when it comes to potty training, especially when it comes to getting started. It's called "training" for a reason, right? Pop that kid on the pot in the morning, before naps, and at bedtime. You want to make sure you're consistent so he/she can expect a routine of potty time.
9. Thou shall always pack a change of clothes.
Because despite the best of intentions and even in the most potty-trained of children, accidents can happen. Also, you may as well pack a spare for your spare change of clothes. You can thank me later for that one.
10. Thou shall keep holy your humor.
Sometimes, there is no easy way to get through potty training. But a wise parent once assured me that most children eventually do potty train without an ample amount of frustration on their parents' part, so when all else fails, at least you can keep your sense of humor intact about the whole process. Potty mouth, anyone?
Starting your potty training journey? Visit the Pull-Ups® Big Kid Academy for tools, activities, and resources to make potty training fun for you and your toddler!More On


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By Jeff Samsel
Who says that going miniscule is the only way to catch crappie through the ice?
Downsize. That always seems to be the call to crappie fishermen for working through the ice, and crappie specialists commonly use 1/100-ounce jigs, 1- or 2-pound test and ultralight ice rods equipped with spring bobbers.
Not Doug Sikora.
Doug Sikora likes to be on the ice before it gets light in the morning and/or stay until after dark in the afternoon because the best crappie bites often occur at first and last light.
An Indiana crappie tournament fisherman and year-round angler who chases everything that swims, Sikora rarely messes with ultra finesse. In fact, Sikora's jigs and plastics he typically uses for ice fishing aren't officially ice lures. They are the same baits he jigs and casts for open water crappie, and most are around 2 1/2 inches long.
For Sikora, who fishes primarily in reservoirs when he ice-fishes near home, it's partly a matter of matching the hatch.
"Reservoir crappie mostly eat shad," he explained, "and there are no little shad during the winter, so a really tiny bait doesn't even look natural to the fish."
That's not his only reason, though. Sikora doesn't believe that it generally makes sense to downsize during the winter because fish feed less frequently and therefore want more bang for their buck. Of course, for summer, winter or any time in between, Sikora also favors baits on the large end of the spectrum simply because he wants to catch bigger crappie.
Beyond the unique fish attracting advantages that Sikora points toward, heavier jigheads are simply easier to manage with vertical presentations than traditional ice jigs, especially if the wind is blowing. A little added weight allows for better depth control of offerings, better feel of baits and control of presentations.
Most importantly, Sikora has learned that his open-water baits produce fish during the winter, and he can use the same color selections and presentations that he already knows well and uses to catch fish.
A black and white crappie double fell to Bobby Garland Scent Wiggl'R jigs.
"I think people make ice fishing too complicated with all the specialized gear and techniques, and that keeps a lot of people from going," Sikora said. "I don't fish much differently than I would from the boat."
Sikora's home ice season is fairly short. He admitted that if he lived in Minnesota, he might experiment with more specialized ice techniques. As is, his regular crappie lures and only a handful accessories do the job well.
Sikora's Selection
Specifically, Sikora likes a Bobby Garland Scent Wiggl'R, Baby Shad Swim'R and Stroll'R. He fishes all on 1/8 or 3/16-ounce Mo'Glo Jigheads. The Scent Wiggl'R has a big body profile but tapers down and has a subtle wavering action. The Swim'R has a tiny paddle at the tip of a pointed tail, so it shimmies with every movement of the rod. The Stroll'R offers a more punctuated swimming action and shakes with every lift and drop. Sikora experiments and lets the fish dictate their preferences any given day.
Sikora similarly leaves color determinations to the fish. If he is fishing with a friend or two, everyone tries to start with a different color. With or without company, he switches colors from time to time to time and pays attention to which colors draw strikes. His normal selection includes both translucent shad imitations and bold, bright, opaque color patterns.
Along with using big baits that are highly visible, Sikora adds attraction by coating baits with Bobby Garland Mo'Glo Slab Jam. The Slab Jam is a thick, gooey gel that can be loaded into an opening or used to coat a bait. As the name suggests, it glows in the dark and really lights up an offering in low-light conditions or stained water. As importantly, it adds a strong fish-attracting scent.
Beyond fishing with big baits, you can make a big impression with Mo'Glo Slab Jam, which adds scent and glows in the dark.
Sikora uses a fairly long ice rod because it allows him to fish aggressively, drilling several holes, moving from hole to hole and standing or kneeling instead of getting settled. He doesn't like to use too light a rod or go super tiny with his line because while crappie are his target species, he likes to catch everything, and he commonly encounters white bass, largemouths and various other species while he is crappie fishing.
Basic Approach
Sikora walks onto lakes near home and travels light so he can walk farther from access points and easily move to new areas. He has found that just 10 or 15 minutes of walking can get him to areas that receive far less pressure than similar spots that are closer to popular access points. His typical gear includes a hand auger, which he carries over his shoulder, a bucket that contains his flasher, a couple of rods, a skimmer, and a few little tackle boxes or packets. Add safety picks around his neck and a few odds accessories in pockets, and he is fully equipped to fish.
When crappie are his primary targets, Sikora focuses on the ends of points, the mouths of coves and the edges of flats – all places where that offer relatively shallow structure that drops into deeper water. He drills several holes at a range of depths upon arrival and works them methodically to find active fish. Sometimes he "peeks" into several holes with his flasher before he ever drops a line just to get an idea of the depths that are holding the most fish.
Sikora ice fishes whenever he can, and sometimes other aspects of life dictate fishing times. When possible, though, he gets on the ice well before daylight and has his holed drilled and has started fishing by the time it starts to get light. For afternoon outings, he almost always stays on the ice until it is completely dark because the best afternoon crappie bite often occurs just as it is getting dark. For morning outings, Sikora normally finds the best early success in his shallowest holes and then follows the fish down the slope as the sun climbs in the sky. The opposite is true in the afternoon.
Once Sikora starts fishing, he could just a well be jigging from his boat. He drops the same bait and works them with the same range of presentations. And just like he does when he fishes from his boat, Sikora typically catches a lot of crappie with his big approach.
Small Option
Although Sikora mostly fishes with baits that are big by ice crappie standards, if the fish won't quite commit or they are hitting and missing, he's willing to believe them that they want something different. When Sikora wants to mix things up by down-sizing, his crappie bait of choice is a Bobby Garland Itty Bit Swim'R, which, as the name suggests, is simply a miniature version of one of the lures that Sikora likes best for open water and hard water alike.
Products Mentioned
Bobbly Garland – bobbygarlandcrappie.com


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'We are a friendly outdoor group based in West London. Our main outdoor activity is walking although we do occassionally do other activities such as cycling and pony-trekking.'
'A co-operative of older people sharing educational, creative and leisure activities. The motives for joining are a desire to improve and share your knowledge and experience, to keep your mind active, to enjoy leisure pursuits and to socialize with like-minded people. No qualifications are needed and none is given. You share learning and leisure experiences across a wide range of activities through a network of self-managed groups.'
'From July 2011 SCA [Southall Community Alliance] will be arranging a borough wide Health Walks programme. Previously the walks programme had been delivered by Ealing Primary Care Trust but SCA successfully applied to run the programme and we are keenly looking forward to arranging the walks around Ealing.'
'Hanger Lane to Brentford ... The Brent River Park Walk is now not only sharing its route with the Capital Ring but also the Grand Union Canal walk ... While the Walk is way marked there were one or two areas, particularly by the exit from Pitshanger Park which could have done with a few more way marks to make navigation a bit more straight forward ...'
'The green spaces of West London, including The Grand Union Canal, Boston Manor, Syon House, The Thames towpath, Kew Gardens, and Gunnersbury Park.'
Download from the Website PDFs of Historic Walk Guides of Ealing, Northolt, Greenford and Southall including maps.
'John Wells is a local naturalist and friend of Ealing Transition. He leads regular walks around the borough to help people gain a deeper appreciation of nature.'
Walking notes around the centre of Ealing, originally published in 1970, updated to 1986, with some more recent footnotes.
'Who first coined the term Queen of the Suburbs is not known, but the name sticks to the present day. The Mount Park Road area still retains much of its original character and is still dominated by grand family homes. For the most part, it has resisted the conversion into dormitory bed-sitters, an effect which has over taken so many of the other London suburbs.'
'Offers a brisk stroll close to London.'
Directory Statistics
To Add New Records
- *Oldham RamblersCategory: OldhamRecord Created:
- *Walking for Health - South SomersetCategory: South SomersetRecord Created:
- *LDWA - Bristol and WestCategory: BristolRecord Created:
- Fife Pilgrim WayCategory: FifeDistance (miles): 55Record Created:
- Glen Einich Shieling PathCategory: Inverness-shireDistance (miles): 9Record Created:


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Manning, Silverman & Company, CPAs
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Full-service accounting and tax firm. We can supply temporary and permanent staffing. We provide tax, estate, and investment planning. We also provide consulting, business advising and make introductions for our clients to help their businesses grow. Helping Businesses Prosper and Grow since 1987.
we would like to share our tax knowledge by offering everyone a free review of their last filed tax return.


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QuickBooks for Mac from Intuit is a financial accounting solution designed for accounting professionals and small businesses. Its features include invoicing, receipt scanning, payroll, income and expense tracking, an iOS mobile app, and more. In this article, we cover user reviews and pricing. Ready to try QuickBooks for Mac? Get a free trial.
What QuickBooks for Mac Does Well
Users who gave QuickBooks for Mac a positive review said that it is easy to use and can be applied to any type of business. They also like that it allows them to access QuickBooks Online.
"QuickBooks for Mac is a convenient product for users of QuickBooks Online. It gives users the 'desktop experience' in a lightweight application on your Mac. QuickBooks Online isn't as robust as the full desktop version but is easier to use and provides most of the features that small businesses need." — Matthew Lundh
What QuickBooks for Mac Does Not Do Well
Users who gave QuickBooks for Mac a negative review complained that they sometimes experience glitches. Others mentioned that its invoicing feature lacks customization capabilities.
One user who gave QuickBooks for Mac a negative review on Software Advice said that its approval levels are too broad, adding that it could use further customization features so that his company can provide access to specific users.
QuickBooks for Mac Pricing
QuickBooks for Mac offers three plans billed monthly: Simple Start ($20/month), Essentials ($40/month), and Plus ($70/month). The main differences between the plans include the number of built-in business reports and access to inventory tracking features.
|Choose Your Plan
|Simple Start
|Want to streamline customer invoicing and payment collection? Check out Freshbooks.
Ready to try QuickBooks for Mac? Get a free trial.
Popular Accounting Software 2019
Accounting Software
Best For
Most widely-used small business accounting software that scales as you grow.
Solopreneurs and freelancers who need to streamline customer invoicing and payment collection.
Businesses in the nonprofit, manufacturing & distribution, professional services, contracting, and retail industries.
Businesses that use other Zoho products, like Zoho CRM.
Which Accounting Software is Right for You?
Top Accounting Software Pick from Fit Small Business
10 Best Accounting Software for Small Businesses 2019 — The best accounting software for small businesses should be affordable, easy to use, and allow you to easily track income and expenses. In this guide, we looked at over two dozen accounting software and narrowed them down to our top 10.
QuickBooks for Mac Features
Check out the list below of some of QuickBooks for Mac's features:
- Track Income and Expenses
- Invoicing
- Print Checks and Record Transactions
- Access Through a Mobile Device
- Schedule Payments
- Compare Sales and Profitability with Industry Trends
- Inventory Tracking
- Budgeting
QuickBooks for Mac FAQ
Yes, you may. Users are allowed to invite up to two accounting professionals, such as your bookkeeper and accountant, to access your data.
What does QuickBooks for Mac's free trial include?
QuickBooks for Mac offers a 30-day free trial for its three plans, which includes all of the paid features.
Popular Integrations
Here is a list of some of QuickBooks for Mac's popular integrations:
- Microsoft Word and Excel
- QuickBooks Online
- MobileMe
- iCal
- Xsilva Lightspeed POS
QuickBooks for Mac Alternatives
Not sure if QuickBooks for Mac is the right fit for you? Read our reviews of all top accounting software providers.


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Published at Sunday, May 26th, 2019 - 11:39:42 AM. Coffee Table. By Raylen Fernandes.
The coffee table should be suitable to your living style. If you rarely use it, possibly only to serve your guest a cup of coffee, choose a small, simple table. If it is likely to get used as a place for your favorite magazines, flower vase, bowl, etc., then go for a spacious table with drawers.
However, you can also go vice versa, especially if you have already arranged a room. Changing an old coffee table, can give your room a whole new lease of life. Add a splash of color, an ingenious modern table and you get a whole new look. You have a marine or Hawaiian-style room, dominated by blue and green water? There are even tables in the form of fish aquariums so you can make it even more real.
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The first look launch of the upcoming Bengali film Meye/Manush directed by Raja Banerjee took place recently in the presence of the cast and crew of the film.
Soumitra Chatterjee and Lili Chakraborty are the two major attractions of the movie Meye/Manush.
The first story talks about the rights and power of women in today's society and how a woman can fight against all odds to establish that they have equal rights and power in today's world. Chandra survives the atrocities of a lower-middle class family, her in-laws and fights backs with stunning ethics and will power .She gives birth to a girl child and leads a life filled with beauty and pride for right reasons. Though she faces challenges in every turn of her life but that does not make her step back.
The second story talks much about the experience of a man's life and how he uses it to bring back lost values among the members of the family. What happens next?
Meye/Manush also stars Sujon Neel Mukherjee, Biswanath Chakraborty, Raja Chatterjee, Moumita Gupta, Sanjeev Sarkar and Ratna Ghosal in various supporting roles.
Meye/Manush is being produced under the banner of Ara's Vision being mentored by Reshmi Banerjee.
Priyanka Dutta
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How to Make a Coffee Table from Wine Crates
What a charming coffee table! Adding a new piece of furniture in your home can be expensive. If you are DIY-er and are looking for a great coffee table idea that is not going to cost a lot, why not just make one? Purchasing a coffee table ready made from a store is likely going to cost your more than repurposing some old materials. Using wooden wine is a good idea as the building material. Not only do you get to own a new coffee table, but you have also helped Mother Nature because you are recycling.
The materials needed for this project include 4 wooden crates to build the foundation of your new coffee table. Recycled pallets are on the list you need along with the basics in woodworking like screws, a screwdriver, some caster wheels and your choice of a good stain or paint. If this is your first time to work with wood, you may think you will need some assistance from the experts. But don't worry, because the instructions on how to build it on your own are easy and can do it all by yourself.
You simply have to paint or stain the crates with whatever color that you want. The measuring has to be precise on this one, so you must be careful working on that if you want to see a balanced and proportion look for your coffee table.
It is also up to you how you would want to style it. One of the benefits that you could get from using crates is that they will form little shelves for you to use for some of 'things'.
To learn more about how to make your own inexpensive coffee table from wine crates, please visit the "Goods Home Design" website below.
Learn MORE at Goods Home Design
To help with slow website load, we have put all photos for this article here: View photo gallery.


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This course designed for those who do love the hardware stuff, in this section of Technology we will only deal with the heavy stuff.
We will start from the beginning stuff till the postmodern stuff.
General Technology prepares students for unique positions in the workplace for which specified degree programs do not currently exist.
The flexible design of the degree allows students to focus on unique skill sets identified by employers as essential for a particular workplace. If the student has a unique combination of experiences or a unique career goal that has the potential of enhanced employment opportunities, this may also lead to a specialized curriculum.
General-purpose technologies (GPTs) are technologies that can affect an entire economy (usually at a national or global level). GPTs have the potential to drastically alter societies through their impact on pre-existing economic and social structures. Examples include the steam engine, railroad, interchangeable parts, electricity, electronics, material handling, mechanization, control theory (automation), the automobile, the computer, the Internet, and the blockchain.
|Other Categories
|Business Theory Chemistry Computer Science Courses Earth Science English Center General History General Research General Science History Humanities ICT - Information & Communication Technology International Chess Life Science Mathematical Educations Mathematics Maths Exercises Mechanics Mechatronics Physical Science Physics Physics Exercises Probability and Statistics References Research Skills Social Studies


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0940 GMT December 05, 2019
The Office for Students (OfS) compared the indiscriminate use of unconditional offers to pressure selling and said it could be in breach of consumer law, BBC reported.
There has been a steep rise in students offered places irrespective of grades.
But Sheffield Hallam University, South Yorkshire in England, said such offers could help some students.
It makes hundreds of unconditional offers each year to students with high predicted A-level grades.
And the university's vice-chancellor, Chris Husbands, said unconditional offers had a place, particularly for young people who "might otherwise not have the opportunity to study at a very high level".
"What unconditional offers can do when used in this way is to remove one element of pressure from the system and then ideally help students to achieve their potential and to thrive," he added.
'Conditional unconditional'
OfS researchers looked at the two different kinds of unconditional offer, those that: 1. Guarantee a place, with no conditions, and 2. Are unconditional only if an applicant makes the university their first choice.
Overall, the number of unconditional offers to 18-year-olds rose from 3,000 in 2013 to 117,000 in 2018, while 'conditional unconditional' offers rose from zero in 2013 to 66,000 by 2018.
Applicants who accepted an unconditional offer were more likely to miss their predicted grades by two or more grades, the researchers found.
OfS chief executive, Nicola Dandridge, said she was concerned about the rapid rise in unconditional offers, "particularly those with strings attached, which are akin to pressure selling".
"It is plainly not in students' interests to push them to accept an offer that may not be their best option," she said.
"If we identify cases where unconditional offers are having an obvious negative impact on students' choices or outcomes, we are of course prepared to intervene."
The OfS said it would: 1. Continue to monitor and assess the use of unconditional offers, 2. Intervene where students with unconditional or very low offers risked poor degrees or dropping out of their courses, 3. Encourage students to challenge 'pressure selling practices', and 5. Take its own regulatory action, from imposing internal changes on universities to fines and deregistration.
On the online forum 'The Student Room' some of this year's university applicants backed better regulation.
One reported having had four unconditional offers out of five applications but only "if I put them as my [first choice], which makes me believe that the universities do not actually care if I get the grade, instead, they just care about how many places they fill and want to guarantee as many as possible with the appeal of an unconditional offer".
Another said, "They can prey on the insecurities of strong students who could do better but are scared of missing a conditional offer."
Overall, 14 percent of students received unconditional offers last year — but this varied widely between types of institution.
Highly selective universities that demand very high A-level grades are least likely to make unconditional offers, with those that ask for lower grades more likely to make unconditional offers.
University data
The Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) said that later in January it would, for the first time, publish details of the numbers unconditional offers made by each institution.
Greg Walker, the chief executive of the MillionPlus group of universities, said unconditional offers were a longstanding part of the system.
"Higher education plays a major role in narrowing educational gaps that occur in primary and secondary education," he said, adding, "And since the evidence shows that lower socio-economic status is correlated to lower prior attainment, using unconditional offers to support students with the potential to succeed is a valid and necessary approach to enable social equality."
But Matt Waddup, the head of policy at the University and College Union — a British trade union, called for universities to shift to a system where students applied to university after they had received their grades, to make "unconditional offers redundant, bring us in line with the rest of the world and end the chaotic clearing scramble".


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Daffni Gingerich/Daffinblog
Defeated. Weepy and running out of reasons I sat with a glint of hope that I'd finally become something. Then ever so gently he blushed. My panties got wet and my head swirled. And the secrets dripped outta me. Clear, pink, bloody. He's seen me every season. He danced me into myself, into the woman I didn't think to become.
His words they get under me and make me wanna punch him in the face. In a good way. They pull me so close I can feel him inside me. They trap me his words. We slit our bellies beneath the full moon and exchange our insides for magic. His hands on my bloody hips, our eyes towards the sky. The crows they make funny shapes then dart down and peck out the eyes of small children. It's so sad it makes my bones ache. There's spit and cum and the scent…
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Sports and Games
Sports is an integral part of our curriculum. A variety of outdoor and indoor sports will be offered at the School. Our grounds are equipped for cricket, hockey, football, basketball courts, volleyball courts, facilities for long jump, swimming etc. facilities for indoor games like chess, carom, table tennis, badminton etc. are also available for indoor games enthusiasts.
Health Check Up
Every student of the our School undergoes health check-up once in a year by the doctors of reputed hospitals. The checks include eye, dental, ENT, pediatric and general.Children are also examined by a pediatrician. Records of the medical history of each child is maintained in the school Almanac.
Community Lunch
Community Lunch is a yearly activity designed to encourage community through a shared cooking and eating experience.


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As you may have heard, a massive fire recently destroyed the TAM office. Beginning Monday, August 5th, TAM® of Nevada will be moving to our new office. Don't worry, we aren't going far! You can find us less than half a mile from our old office on Paradise Road, between Flamingo and Twain.
Our new address is 3993 Howard Hughes Parkway, Suite 320, Las Vegas, NV 89169.
Convenient parking is available in front of the building. There is additional parking available in the parking garage structure that is to the right of our buildings at 3883 Howard Hughes. To find our office, take the elevator to 3rd floor, and you'll see our suite on the right side of Robert Half.
We will be returning to our regular business hours beginning Monday, August 5th. You may visit us for final exams and TAM Cards between 8:30am-5:00pm Monday through Friday and 9:00am-12:30pm Saturday.
Classroom training with our expert instructors will resume at a later date. Stay tuned for an updated classroom training schedule in the next few weeks.
The online alcohol awareness course is still available 24/7 at www.tamnevada.com.
We look forward to seeing you in person at our new office. Visit us on Facebook and Instagram to see photos of our new space!


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|Title: Is the isCOBOL 2009 SP1 release intended to deploy mainframe applications over the cloud? Or is it an integration mechanism for bringing in cloud data and apps?
|Thus far, the majority of customers deploying isCOBOL are part of the $200M+ open systems COBOL market (Windows, UNIX, Linux). Mainframe COBOL customers moving to Veryant have been electing to deploy isCOBOL on open systems. Our new product, isCOBOL Web Direct 2.0 -- available with latest release of isCOBOL -- is aimed at deploying the graphical user interface (GUI) of COBOL applications on the cloud, specifically in SaaS scenarios, without having to re-engineer an application or learn a new programming language, AJAX or Web programming.
It has been our experience that the majority of mainframe applications have a user interface that is not implemented in COBOL itself, so the isCOBOL Web Direct 2.0 offering in isCOBOL may not be deployed by these customers.
|Authored by: Veryant Support on Mon, Sep 21st, 2009 at 7:00 PM
This question has been viewed 7516 times so far.
|Online URL: http://support.veryant.com/support/phpkb/question.php?ID=104
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We represent clients in a wide range of commercial real estate matters from the purchase of raw land, to the sale of developed property and everything in between. We work closely with each client in order to ensure protection of all financial and legal interests.
Our firm assists client with the following commercial real estate issues:
If you are considering buying, selling, leasing, or investing in commercial real estate property, consult our firm to ensure that your transaction is structured in the most optimal manner possible.
Anderson & Hughes, P.C. serves clients throughout The Front Range, Central and Southern Colorado
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