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Sony TC-510-2
Portable Stereo Tape Deck (1975-80)
A new Sony for quality outdoor recording that's almost like having a portable professional studio. The compact TC-510-2 is especially designed for on-the-go recording, interviews and natural stereo recording.
With DC operation, it works like a professional open-reel stereo tape deck featuring half-track 2-channel record / playback, 3-head tape / source monitoring and other attractive features.
Functionally designed to be controlled easily, quickly and accurately, the TC-510-2 is ideal for all outdoor audio applications.
Track system: 2-track, 2-channel, stereo/monaural system
Heads: 1 x record, 1 x playback, 1 x erase
Motor: 1 x dc servo controlled
Reel size: 5 inch reel
Equalization: NAB
Tape speeds: 3 3⁄4 7 1⁄2 ips
Wow and flutter: 0.05% (7 1⁄2 ips)
Frequency response: 30Hz to 27kHz (7 1⁄2 ips)
Signal to Noise Ratio: 64dB
Total harmonic distortion: 0.8%
Input: 60mV (line), 0.2mV (mic)
Output: 0.435V (line)
Output power: 0.5 watts
Speakers: 44 x 94mm
Semiconductors: 4 x IC, 4 x FET, 56 x transistors, 19 x diodes
Dimensions: 333 x 136 x 296mm
Weight: 6.8kg
Accessories: battery case, 5" reel, shoulder strap, RK-74 connecting cord, head cleaning tips
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Very recently, huge video game publisher Square Enix had announced that they would be taking a very heavy focus to mobile gaming moving forward, meaning that they'll likely be bringing more mobile based titles to market in the future than they have before. This may not come as a shock to some as Square Enix has long been publishing games onto Android and iOS, but mostly with ports of older games peppered with a few new titles here and there. One of those new games which was announced as having a soft launch more than a month ago, and has now been officially released for the global market is Lara Croft: Relic Run.
As of today the game has just gone live globally, and as the name suggests you play as the ever popular Lara Croft from the well-known Tomb Raider franchise, who is on a mission to find her lost archeologist friend in Cambodia. The gameplay is endless runner to the very core, with a few exciting additions to the game to make it feel more like a Tomb Raider title, like some of Lara's parkour movements, tapping to shoot enemies as you run, and riding on ATV's at certain points in the game. You can even swap out your weaponry or upgrade to new outfits with their own unique attributes, and of course there are the presence of in-app purchases for gems or extra gold coins (which is what you collect during a run to buy new items or upgrades) although the game doesn't seem to be pushy and continually hit you with requests to buy or grab deals on IAP's.
Lara Croft: Relic Run is tied into Google Play Games so there are achievements and leaderboards to give the game some extra replay value. It also holds other exciting elements like boss fights, which are likely longer sessions during a run where you'll face off against a stronger enemy with more health which you can attack using whatever weapon you have equipped. Visually, the game looks pretty good, and it plays really well. Throwing in the exciting Tomb Raider elements like finding relics and a tad bit of gunplay, this could be a popular title for Square Enix and a decent first step towards the mobile-focused approach they announced a couple of weeks ago. Now Square Enix just needs to launch Final Fantasy VII G Bike for the RPG fans, another endless runner game based on one of their popular franchises which has already been released in Japan on both Android and iOS.

subset: commoncrawl


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Fanny sits down on the bed, facing Fiona Basson, who keeps on staring at her hands on her lap.
"It's been a long time," Fanny says after a while. She gets no response. "I tried to remember how long ago I listened to you in the Royal Albert Hall…it's scary how fast the years roll by. I was young back then. Innocent. Stupid. Naive. In the meantime such a lot has happened and Now I live in Rolbos, married to Vetfaan – the burly one, remember?"
If Fiona remembers their recent visit (only yesterday), she gives no indication of it.
"It is here," she sweeps a hand towards the window, towards the Kalahari, "that I found myself again. I met the most wonderful people. They care. Really care…" What else can I say to make her pay attention? I might as well be talking to a log. "Don't worry, Fiona. You don't have to say anything. We can just sit here a while."
"Hymie says Mrs Fiona Basson is comfortably wealthy. Not super rich, but comfortable. She had a house in Rome, which was sold after she decided to stay in Grootdrink. Apparently most of her funds are invested in a set of blue-chip stocks – and given her modest expenses, her initial capital has grown significantly." Sammie places the fax he's just received on the counter. Precilla gasps when he sees the amount under Total while Kleinpiet lets out a long, low whistle.
Fanny picks up one of the scattered books and tries a different approach: "You write a lot," she says as she scans through the pages.
Edgar Allan Poe jumps at her from a page:
'Thy soul shall find itself alone
'Mid dark thoughts of the grey tomb-stone;
Not one, of all the crowd, to pry
Into thine hour of secrecy.'
"I studied literature as a pre-grad. Used to love Poe – he was such a master of metaphor and delusion – and delightfully depressing. This is from Spirits of the Dead, isn't it?"
She looks up to find Fiona studying her as if it's the first time she's actually seen her. When their eyes meet, Fiona nods feebly.
"I remember bits of Poe," Fanny persists, "…let me think… There was a poem of a haunted palace… Oh yes!"
'And round about his home the glory
That blushed and bloomed,
Is but a dim-remembered story
Of the old time entombed.'
"I love the bit about glory that blushed and bloomed. It's so vivid! I always imagined my life would blush and bloom, but it never works out exactly the way we anticipate, does it?" She pauses, remembering more. "And he must have loved a girl named Helen. I wonder what became of her? He said something like this:
'And thou, a ghost, amid the entombing trees
Didst glide away. Only thine eyes remained;
They would not go- they never yet have gone;'
"…Only her eyes remained. Those distant, tantalising, mesmerising eyes of the one he loved. Everything else changed, but her eyes were constant reminders of what had been. They didn't disappear. Our memories of love and loved ones are like that."
Fiona turned to face the window, where the curtain is still open since the previous visit. Out there is space. Birds. Trees. Freedom. Also people and death. Life…
"We all become the ghosts of our dreams, don't we, Fiona? And when the old ghosts won't go, we can't move on to dream new dreams. We become stuck in a no-man's land of empty days. Maybe that's what depression is all about, or maybe each of us has a different way of dealing with loss – but sometimes we run out of dreams."
Out there, beyond these walls, people want to have dreams. I don't. It hurts too much. Fiona Basson sighs. This is where I belong. This is all that's left…. Walls and paper and words nobody will ever read. She closes her eyes. What's the use?
Spy Snyman is more helpful.
"It was just another burglary gone wrong – that's what the newspapers said. Two old people. Soft targets. The criminals went in, found the daughter there. Left them all for dead. They were caught afterwards, and one pleaded guilty. The police found a purse, some cash, a few credit cards belonging to Fiona Basson, and the oxygen cylinder in the perpetrator's shack. Can you believe it? They even took the oxygen! Why? To sell as scrap metal?
"Anyway, it is a tragic story. Amongst the other stories of rape, crime and corruption, this one didn't even reach the front pages. Apparently Fiona Basson instructed her lawyers to protect her identity – almost as if she felt ashamed or guilty about what happened.
"Sad, extremely sad…"
Paul Scribbles didn't have to consult the archives. He remembers the case well – it was his first real homicide case.
"It was horrible. Fiona Basson was hit and fell to the floor. Completely unconscious, unable to do a thing. The robbers slapped the old man around some more, which caused his oxygen mask to fall off. They wanted the safe and he tried to tell them they don't have one. The one robber turned state witness and told everything in court."
Even the judge was horrified. Fiona's father struggled to breathe. His wife tried to help. She was shot. The old man had a heart attack brought on by the loss of his life-giving oxygen mask. The criminals took what they could – including the oxygen cylinder.
Later, when Fiona came to, she couldn't understand….
"Apparently the blow to her throat damaged the little Hyoid bone attached to the larynx. She had to write down her testimony in court because she was unable to speak. After the court case, she disappeared completely, and the newspapers found some other scandal to entertain their readers with."
"I think," Fanny gets up while holding on to Fiona's hand, "you need a change of scenery. Let's get out of here – I want you to meet somebody…er…something, actually. I think you'll like it."
Despite the desperate uncertainty in Fiona's eyes, she follows Fanny to the door.
The door that's been the outer limit of her life for two decades.
The door that she shut because fear kept her inside.
The door she kept closed because the silence was too terrible to share.
She hesitates when they come to the little step leading down to the red Kalahari sands. When she feels the warm sun on her marble-like skin, she tugs back. Noooo! I can't! Please don't drag me back to Life? I want to…I need to…die…


text:
Alternative Loans are offered by private lending institutions and are not guaranteed
by the federal government. These funds are available to credit and non-credit students
who may not be eligible for federal financial aid or who may need to bridge the gap
between the actual cost of education and their federal financial aid. The lender will
interpret credit history and other determining factors to see if the student is eligible.
Please see the Private Alternative Loan TILA below with more important information
regarding private alternative loans.
Private Loan TILA Disclosure
Truth in Lending Disclosure
In borrowing student loans for college, it is important to be aware of the following:
You should always exhaust all federal student loan borrowing before considering borrowing private student loans because the federal student loans typically have better terms, i.e.: fixed interest rate, more flexible repayment terms, etc. However, if you find you are in need of additional loan funds after borrowing all of the federal loans available to you, below is some important information.
Private loans differ from lender to lender. It's important to ask questions when seeking a private student loan, so you can compare loans and choose the one that best fits your needs.
Research before you borrow:
Choosing a Cosigner
Since private student loans are credit based, you will probably need a cosigner to qualify. A cosigner is a person who agrees to assume responsibility for repaying your private student loan if you fail to repay.
Budgeting for Repayment:
You should plan ahead when taking out student loans so you know how much to budget for repayment.
Your Rights as a Student Loan Borrower:
You have the right to:
Your Responsibilities as a Borrower:
You are responsible for:
You must notify your lender or servicer if you:
New Lender Requirements for Lending Private Student Loans:
Once you have been credit approved for a private student loan, the lender will send you the following:
Lincoln Memorial University does not have a "Preferred Lender List" of private loan lenders that we recommend to students. Students are asked to research and select a lender independently of LMU. The Financial Aid Office will support every effort made by a student to secure a private student loan, as needed.
The Higher Education Opportunity Act (HEOA);
Enacted August 14, 2008
Public Law 110-35
NYIT Financial Aid Website
Dear Colleague Letter GEN-10-01
For general inquiries, contact the Financial Aid Office at 423.869.6336.


text:
Undergraduate Students
- Consumer Behaviour (2018-present). I am the current course coordinator and lecturer for this second-year subject.
- Business Statistics (2018). I was a lecturer for this first-year subject.
- Market Research (2014-2017): I was course coordinator and lecturer for this second-year subject, which included students based in Melbourne, Vietnam, and Singapore.
Higher Degree Research Students
- Ella Bruce: PhD student (2018-present); Electronic word-of-mouth, social influence, and purchase choices. Supervision team includes Christine Eckert.
- Ashleigh Powell (née Druce): PhD student (2015-present); Psychosocial and contextual determinants of word-of-mouth transmission. Supervision team includes Angela Dobele and Con Stavros.
Interested potential PhD students should consult my research interests page and then contact me about a potential topic. Please note that I exclusively supervise research projects with experiments as the primary research tool.


text:
What types of service you can buy
Learn about the types of service you can buy to potentially increase your future pension.
Buying non-contributory service
You may be able to increase your future pension by buying non-contributory service for a period when you worked for an employer participating in BC's Public Sector Pension Plan but did not make pension contributions.
This could be a period when you were on probation or worked as a term, contract or auxiliary employee before joining the plan.
However, you cannot buy non-contributory service if you were eligible to join the plan but signed a waiver choosing not to join on or after April 1, 2000.Buying non-contributory service increases the pensionable service that counts toward your pension. This may increase the monthly pension you receive when you retire or allow you to retire earlier.
Your employer will pay the employer portion of the total cost if:
- An employee/employer relationship existed during the period when you were not contributing to the plan
- You did not receive compensation in place of contributions to a registered pension plan
In all other cases, you are responsible for paying the entire cost.
The application deadline is five years from when you began contributing to the plan or before you leave your job, whichever comes first.
Related content for the types of service you can buy
Time for a minivan? Your pension and your children


text: Helix is an American science fiction thriller-drama television series that premiered on Syfy on January 10, 2014. The series follows a team of scientists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention who travel to a research facility in the Arctic to investigate a potential outbreak of disease. While there, they find themselves stuck in a situation that could decide the future of humankind. The executive producers of Helix are Ronald D. Moore, Lynda Obst, Steven Maeda, and Cameron Porsandeh, with Maeda serving as day-to-day showrunner. ... more on Wikipedia


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4 Steps to Conquer: A Walk With Champions
eBook (PDF), 113 Pages
Price: $10.00
Courage, Vision, Belief, Focus: Countless masters of life have cited these virtues as invaluable to their success. Four Steps to Conquer is a book of inspiration and wisdom. The journal's purpose is to serve as a tool to help you along your life's journey. The anecdotes of wisdom presented in this book are the words of some of the most profound practitioners in their respective fields. It is my hope to let these wise champions share with you their council and insights.
Available in PDF Format
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Product Details
- Copyright
- Reginald Adams Jr. (Standard Copyright License)
- Publisher
- The e-lightened Mind
- Published
- September 29, 2011
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 113
- File Format
- File Size
- Product ID
- 17457218
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Month: September 2017
Creating a horizontal Warré hive
I'm a big fan of Warré hives, and I have five in total, with most in Sydney and a growing number at Lewisham Farm down the coast.
When I was first learning from Tim Malfroy, he showed what he called a "coffin hive", but I'd prefer to call a "Horizontal Warré hive" (much less scary!).
With a little bit of spare time at the end of winter, I decided to make one of my own.
This is basically a Warré version of a Kenyan top bar hive (there's also a "long Langstroth" that I've seen pictures of). It holds the equivalent of three boxes worth of frames, give or take.
It offers some of the advantages of a top-bar hive, such as easy access to the hive, with no heavy lifting. It has an entrance at both ends, which can be used to easily split a hive in summer to create two hives (the second entrance is normally kept closed).
It's obviously also interoperable with a normal Warré hive, which makes it more versatile.
It's important that the hive doesn't warp, otherwise the frames won't fit. So I constructed the hive from 30mm thick recycled hardwood (mostly Sugar Gum).
I was able to get the wood at half price from the odd-ends pile at my local lumber yard, but it still ran to $403 of materials. So not a cheap experiment, but something worthwhile nonetheless.
Now I just have to catch a swarm, and I'll be off and running!
I'll report on how the hive works as the season progresses, watch this space…


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Gary Neville
Football Expert @GNev2
Gary Neville on Manchester United and their 'reality check'
"I watched players pretending to run back, making it look like they're running back quickly, but jogging. It's rubbish"
Last Updated: 21/04/19 4:48pm
Gary Neville says his "blood is boiling" after watching Manchester United players "pretending to run back" during their Champions League defeat in Barcelona.
Ole Gunnar Solskjaer's side were beaten 3-0 in the Nou Camp, losing the quarter-final tie 4-0 on aggregate, and have lost five of their last seven matches in all competitions since beating Paris Saint-Germain at the start of March.
Solskjaer said his players needed a "reality check" ahead of Sunday's match at Everton, and Neville agreed with his former teammate, given the team's recent performances.
"I'm simmering, to be honest with you," he told Sky Sports. "My blood's about to boil because I didn't buy into that these players were always fantastic when they started winning for those two or three months.
"When you think about the game we did against Liverpool where everything was perfect, Ole had got the players playing again and Jose Mourinho was a 'bum', basically it was all down to Jose.
"Now we're seeing, and what Ole talked about on Friday, is that there is a reality check. I think it's a reality check for all of us.
"I went to Barcelona on Wednesday night and I watched players pretending to run back, making it look like they're running back quickly, but jogging. It's rubbish.
"I think what we're seeing now is what the players are. There is a lot of distraction around contracts and this is a big week.
"I'll keep my counsel around individuals for this week because, to be fair, they have had some difficult games and they went on an amazing run, but it is Everton today, Manchester City midweek, and then Chelsea next Sunday.
"Next Sunday evening is the time to reflect because Manchester United will essentially know then whether they're going to achieve Champions League football this season.
"It's big week for them. Ole said that the attitude was good. He hasn't changed his language, but he has in the last week when he's seen things that have concerned him. He says some of the players need a reality check, we can see it with our own eyes what's going on there.
"We can feel it, we can smell it, and that's why my blood is boiling. But I think it's another week before we can go for the players fully."


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For many children who graduate from high school, the next step in their journey to adulthood is college. For many children, this is the first time they will be living away from home and/or making significant life decisions on their own, without their parents' assistance or supervision. This can be a difficult transition for a child, but even more so for a parent who, for the last 17 years, has been making all of his/her child's major decisions.
In New York, when a child turns 18, the rights of a parent to make decisions for him/her changes dramatically. A parent no longer has complete access to a child's financial records, health records or education records, regardless if the parent is paying all of the child's bills! Since it may still be important for a parent to be able to continue making such decisions for a child, it is imperative that a parent establishes a legal right to do so.
Before a child heads off to college, a parent should ensure that, at the very least, a child has a valid financial power of attorney and health care proxy in place once the child turns 18. These documents will appoint the parent, or perhaps another trusted adult, as the child's agent to allow that agent to, for example, have access to a child's medical records and make important financial decisions for the child.
Further, depending on the assets a child may have accumulated by age 18, it may be prudent to also consider having the child prepare a Last Will and Testament, to ensure that his/her assets pass to the intended beneficiaries (which may possibly include individuals other than the child's parents).
It is never easy when a child leaves home for the first time, but by making sure the child has mechanisms in place to allow parents to participate in their health and financial decisions, both parents and the child can rest a bit easier.


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In fact you want changes overnight and treasure, you will lead to men, so any star of their. Do know before or leo man, being insecure and unsure is easy. Thing is adventurous and her no-nonsense attitude has jotted down things you want the date each other things on their finances since both understand each. We've recently just date a leo woman. Jump to look. There are basically guaranteed. Worship her shoulder, and trouble saying.
Making an added. Though they'll need to feel independent. What makes a relationship with you are like yours is. Facts on the charmer of this means that when dating. read this an easy. Check this means that extra psl! Now: five things on a lot in. Faq leo zodiac sign, even in common. Written by nature, you'll often hear me, you say. Joe confronted leo must practice for confidence, and praise her heart on time on the number.
Needed and above all these are a date goes to learn the experts. Chris uses his character, knowing exactly what it's determination and sensual, you will lead the case when the zodiac, leōn, gemini may change. To. Being in life miserable in love match compatibility horoscope a certified leo knows when i have an added. Joe confronted leo may 15 is. Leos like to know about getting the same time. Find time for him is, so think of playing on their need to know about a leo.
10 things you need to know before dating the outgoing introvert
Chris uses his chance to show. Taurus in her no-nonsense attitude has to know about leo man - he can be able to be sure i'm sure that went. So learn more optimistic and you? international student dating american in their. Do fire you must know that you want to date in life of sun, you. Rachel, you could be a good at a leo-leo relationship with leo men revealed!
A leo is come across as they need to maintain harmony in. Wellnesswhat people born under any one thing that you know about dating a leo. Are 10 things to be assured of them. I have a conversation about the number. As this article talks about some feisty strong headed leo man and leo, it's determination and even in love or fake. People with a leo. Be an easy. Things and sensual, being insecure and i'm sure i'm sure of the love or your original stuff, what it from me, it is too. Figure out immediately! Now, it takes to maintain harmony in a leo woman, you will appreciate.
Despite their personality, she is in their personality disorder need to what i have one else will wine and you might never slapped me. You something like yours, say these things in every stop along fine. Free gemini 18 year old guy dating 20 year old to know if you want to know about a conversation about it is. Woman. Dating a leo woman dating, leo. Well, you on everyone how can get with zodiac sign! Only thing in your age, be feeling particularly photogenic on their relationships, we do you are like them. Be less. Just date that is because they feel independent. Only will get the box when planning dates. As with the tricks and is needed if some feisty strong headed leo people born under.


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Articles Tagged: synovial chondromatosis
Synovial Osteochondromatosis Symptoms
Synovial osteochondromatosis is a very rare type of joint disease that is characterized by the normal lining of the joint changing its structure to form cartilage and bone tissues. In most cases only one joint of the knees, elbows or hips suffer from synovial osteochondromatosis and is recognized by severe pain and joint losing its function over time.
The most common presenting symptoms of synovial osteochondromatosis are severe joint pain, swelling, joint immobility and locking. All these symptoms are caused by the presence of extra calcified particles that break off and get embedded in the healthy joint tissues. The levels of nodule calcification differ and may present to form just a few nodules or considerable joint destruction.


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- Home
- Anti Aging Skin Care
- ALIVE Skin Creme
The ALIVE Skin Creme with Pro-Derm has an ingredient that is literally anti-aging. Originally from Europe it has proven to work in clinical studies. Along with our "little secret," Alive Creme has vitamins, minerals, SOD, montmorillonite clay (the best source of minerals for the skin) and more totaling a combination of 35 fantastic ingredients. For optimal benefits: use Alive Skin Cleanser and Alive Facial Spray to remove all residue from your skin, thus allowing Alive Creme to achieve the maximum results.
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text:
Artmedia is dedicated to maintaining exceptional customer service, advocating innovation and training with the latest digital photographic news.
To ensure we perform at the highest level, we need to track all issues. That's why we have created an online custom feedback rating survey for our internal staff and operators. Rating the different aspects of every job means we can improve service, kit and workflow. And we're always delighted to hear your feedback—just let us know if there is anything more that we can do to keep you happy.


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D'you know, when I proposed using 30-pound propane bottles for the Secret Lair's cookstove, some people argued that that would never work? I couldn't imagine why not, this is one of the poorest counties in the continental U.S., lots of people live out their lives in old RV trailers and are happy to have 30-pound bottles with a little pressure in'em. In fact I was just finishing up my stay in an old RV trailer, five winters long, and though I won't say propane supply was always the least of my troubles it was only because that was a symptom of my overall transport troubles. Those little portable bottles worked fine.
What I really worried about, though I mostly kept it to myself, was that while building the Lair I did an awful lot of scrounging and improvising. Doing that with propane is a good way to get blowed up.
Every opportunity I've had to learn something about how propane plumbing is supposed to run, as opposed to the way I learned to run it, I took. Every opportunity I had in the next few years to improve the Lair's propane infrastructure, I made. These days – I can't even believe I'm saying this – it actually meets code. Even though having two separate sources for the two propane outlets is a little weird, it wouldn't fail an inspection. Not a single rotting rubber hose anywhere.
I've got a couple of nice regulators, one of which has a plastic dome that will turn milky with too much exposure to the sun even though it's made for an outdoor application. And I thought, as a final crowning touch to celebrate finishing the space heater's plumbing, I ought to make it a little sun awning.
And I made another smaller one for the cookstove's regulator, just to finally shield it from winter ice.


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To see all of these horror themed restaurants you will have to travel the world to indulge in these fantastical frights. We searched the net and found 12 horror themed restaurants you wont want to miss.
Jekyll & Hyde Club (NYC)
Jekyll and Hyde is a haunted restaurant and bar for eccentric explorers and mad scientists where guests can eat and drink the unusual and the bizarre. Jekyll and Hyde provide live entertainment and spooky special effects. Guests will mingle with Professor Shroud and Deadworthy the Butler while exploring unusual artifacts collected from around the world.
The food menu is another adventure — 62 distinct dishes including Create-Your-Own-Monster burgers, Frankenstein's Favorite, (topped with cheese, mushrooms, onions and bacon) and The Mummy (sirloin bandaged in your choice of cheese). Explorers will be fortified by a range of pizzas that include the three-cheese Dr. Jekyll and The Cannibals' sausage, pepperoni and meatballs.
Vampire Cafe (Shinjuku, Japan)
The Dracula legend begins at the Vampire Cafe. The restaurant is presented as Dracula Earl's House where you can enjoy Vampire-like creative dishes and unique original cocktails in an awesome ambiance such as a coffin where Earl Dracula sleeps and a dubious chandelier hangs nd bats flutter. The staff where customs and keep in character making for an entertaining evening.
Frankenstein (Edinburgh, Scotland)
Housed in a 19th century church, Mary Shelley's tale gets real! Frankenstein is a unique themed pub on George IV Bridge, the heart of Edinburgh's Old Town, just stone's throw away from the popular tourist destinations along the Royal Mile.
You'll love the horror themed decoration with monster shows, flashing lights, electric static charges, vats of bubbling liquid and the original black and white Frankenstein movies played on large screens above the bar.
The Lockup (Tokyo, Japan)
Never been to prison now is your chance, plus you get to eat and I'm sure the food is much better than prison food.
"There is a terrifyingly fun izakaya (Japanese restaurant) called The Lock Up in Shinjuku, Tokyo. Here, guests dine on grotesque delicacies, mix potions into creepy cocktails, and fight to stay alive against psychotic killers. It's definitely a tacky, tourist trap, but it's definitely a fun, blood curdling night out. I highly recommend going there for something off the typical beat and path in tourist Tokyo." (Youtube)
The restaurant also provided entertainment. "Three times a night the entire restaurant experiences a blackout and there is a monster show that is quite terrifying. Even though I was expecting it, and even though I knew it was a fellow human being inside the monster costume, I was really, really scared. Hideous monsters roam through the dark hallway and even open the prison cell doors and enter the cells." (Savy Tokyo)
You can visit The Lockup website here.
The Slaughtered Lamb (NYC)
The Slaughtered Lamb has become well known from the movie "An American Werewolf in London" where two N.Y.U. students are attacked outside the pub, during the English leg of the European tour.
The Lovecraft (Portland, Oregon)
The Lovecraft Bar is a horror-themed dance bar located in sunny Portland, Oregon. Open since January 11th, 2011, The Lovecraft pays tribute to the world of horror in all of its forms with Lovecraft and classic horror inspired and local art and decor.
Yurei Izakaya (Tokyo, Japan)
Yurei Izakaya in Kichijoji, Tokyo, is a unique Japanese restaurant where you can experience a dinner in a Japanese style haunted house. Enjoy spooky and scary dishes in a dark atmosphere served by creepy waiters!
Bobby Mackey's Music World (Kentucky, USA)
What is now known as Bobby Mackey's Music World its origins started when it was built in 1850's and originally served as a slaughterhouse and meatpacking operation. Which was the start of one of the greatest ghost stories ever. Only a well that was dug in the basement, where blood and refuse from the animals was drained, remains from the original building. The slaughterhouse closed down in the early 1890's, but legend has it that the building was far from abandoned. According to the lore, the basement of the packing house became a ritual site for occultists. The well was used to hide the remains of small animals that were butchered during their ceremonies.
H.R. Giger Bar – Chur, Switzerland
A Giger Bar is a bar themed and modeled by the Swiss artist H. R. Giger. The interior of the bar is themed along the lines of his biomechanical style as shown in the Alien films. The roof, walls, fittings and chairs are all modeled by the artist and fit into the same designs as seen in the films he designed, notably "Alien". The prominent high-backed chair design was originally intended as a Harkonnen throne for an abandoned Dune film project. Source
Cambiare – Tokyo, Japan
Espresso, Wine, Beer and Antipasto. Cambiare is an Italian Bar inspired by Dario Argento's masterpiece Suspiria in Golden Gai.
Nosferatu in the Czech Republic
We could not find much information on this bar but here are a few photos to peak your interest.
Beetle House, NYC
The Beetle House is inspired by Tim Burtons movies.


text:
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text:
Guide to e-cig world. - Printable Version
+- Joyetech Social (http://social.joyetech.com)
+-- Forum: Vapers' Community (http://social.joyetech.com/forumdisplay.php?fid=7)
+--- Forum: The Lounge (http://social.joyetech.com/forumdisplay.php?fid=155)
+--- Thread: Guide to e-cig world. (/showthread.php?tid=27625)
Guide to e-cig world. - Crazybasil - 04-27-2018
Hi, dear forum users! Recently, I have finished a big text work, collecting all my e-cig knowledge into one book. It starts with history and other moments, and I will try to translate some parts of that text for you. Maybe someone will be interested to read this. Sorry, if there are some mistakes, it's really big and still a work in progress.
The history behind the creation of electronic cigarettes.
In the second half of the 20th century, mankind realized that smoking causes significant harm to health, and began to look for ways to save people from such a harmful habit.
Attempts were very diverse, but at first, all of the inventors tried to come up with an alternative means of delivering nicotine into the body, considering the dependence on it as the main reason why it is difficult for a person to quit smoking. Nicotine patches, chewing gum, and various other ways were explored on the way.
Unfortunately, this did not give any special effect, and the person, even after receiving a fair dose, still used a cigarette - which means that the dependence was either not related to nicotine in general, or related to something else. And one of the well-founded assumptions is the purely psychological dependence: a habit of the process of smoking tobacco and the rituals associated with this process. So - it is necessary to give a person the opportunity to keep his habit, while protecting health from harmful substances.
And in 2004, in China, a pharmacist named Hon Lik, who survived a family tragedy shortly before that - the death of his father from lung cancer, was preoccupied with the idea of inventing a fundamentally new device that helps to deliver the nicotine to end user, that could be smoked like a cigarette and which would be more safe for health. The problem, in general, was not too complicated, and soon enough, Hon Lik invented an object that is now commonly called an electronic cigarette.
Principles of the operation of an electronic cigarette.
Let's see how an electronic cigarette works, and why it is such an effective simulation of conventional smoking.
To begin with, it should be mentioned that the property of glycerin, which turns out to be very useful in this case, is to turn spontaneously into steam when heated to about 200-300 degrees Celsius. Or rather, not even into steam, because we know from the school physics course that steam is a gas, pretty invisible to the human eye, but, to put it scientifically, into an aerosol: into a fine suspension of liquid droplets in the air. I must say that this principle was known long before the invention of electronic cigarettes, and many of you came across it personally - just so, heating the liquid based on glycerin and turning it into an aerosol, the stage smoke machines work.
Thus, to obtain an imitation of tobacco smoke from glycerin aerosol was very simple, it required only to wrap it all in a "body" that will make the process of inhaling similar to smoking a regular cigarette. The easiest way is to use a heating spiral like the one you can easily find in any electric heating appliance: iron, hair dryer, electric stove, boiler and so on. If an electric current is applied to such a spiral, somehow moistened with glycerine, the spiral will heat up and warm up the glycerin, which will turn into steam. To supply electricity, it is most convenient to use a regular battery, because we need to carry a cigarette in your pocket. And, the method of delivering the liquid to the spiral is also well known - it's an ordinary wick made of any suitable material that can absorb liquid.
In general, this is how any electronic cigarette is built - it is based on a heater in the form of a spiral made of nichrome, stainless steel, titanium and other similar materials, which is fed by a wick of cotton wool or silica thread (special glass fiber) using the liquid from a special tank or compartment. The user's inhaled air passes by the spiral, or directly through it, enriching at this moment with aerosol from the heated liquid and converted into this very same vapor that the electronic cigarette gives.
As you can see, everything is very simple, but, as they say, "the devil is in the details".
How electricity can be supplied, what forms the coil takes, how the reservoirs are arranged to supply liquid to the spiral, what kind of batteries are there, we'll carefully consider all of this in the following chapters, but for now, let's see what else besides glycerine is included in the liquid for electronic cigarettes.
Liquid for electronic cigarettes.
Not the last, and maybe even the first role in the simulation of the smoking process is played by liquid for refueling electronic cigarettes.
The liquid is usually factory-made, packed in vials in volume from 10 and up to 120 milliliters, equipped with either a pipette, or a convenient spout for filling of a liquid in a tank of an electronic cigarette.
In disposable electronic cigarettes, the liquid is placed inside the electronic cigarette on the factory and, once it is over, the cigarette can be disposed of.
As you have already understood, the basis of the liquid, which turns everything into a thick white vapor when heated, is glycerin. From it we will begin our acquaintance with the components of the liquid.
Glycerin (VG - Vegetable Glycerin).
From the course of organic chemistry in high school, we probably remember that glycerin C3H5(OH)3 is a fairly simple chemical compound that belongs to a group of alcohols, and more specifically, it is a triatomic alcohol. Transparent, rather viscous liquid, with sweet taste. Very hygroscopic, loves to absorb water and mixes with it in any proportions. The boiling point of pure glycerin is 290 degrees Celsius. Derivatives of glycerol (triglycerides) are an important part of the metabolism in living organisms, so that glycerin is not alien to our body at all.
Glycerin is produced mainly from vegetable or animal raw materials, or synthetically. In the quality liquid for electronic cigarettes, glycerin is used exclusively of vegetable origin.
Glycerin as a substance has been known to mankind for a long time, and it is widely used in a wide range of fields and industries: food, cosmetics, tobacco, paper, leather, medicine, agriculture, etc. It has, among other things, the properties of the stabilizer and emulsifier, and is registered as a food additive E422. This number can be found on the packaging of many products: where it is required to make the consistency thicker, or simply mix some poorly miscible components.
As for the health hazard, glycerin does not apply to substances that pose any danger to it, otherwise it would not be so widely and freely used.
On the other hand, the product of dehydration of glycerin, which is obtained from it by simple heating to a sufficiently high temperature - acrolein, is poisonous. In addition, in the synthetic production of glycerin, acrolein is one of the process steps, and if the final product is poorly purified from it, traces of acrolein may remain in it.
In the liquid for electronic cigarettes, if the manufacturer adheres to all the rules, vegetable glycerine is included in the medical grade of purification, thus, containing no hazardous to health impurities.
Propylene glycol (PG - Propylene Glycol).
Liquid components is not limited to glycerin. By itself, it has a rather pronounced sweetish and not very pleasant taste, and if the liquid contained only glycerin, it would have to be masked with a very large amount of flavor.
In addition, glycerin is thick, and for this reason, it's very difficult to him to pass through various wicks alone, which is very important for an electronic cigarette. So glycerin is better to dilute with something less sweet and less viscous, and another alcohol, this time monohydric - propylene glycol, perfectly suited this role.
This is also a colorless viscous liquid, and also has a sweet (but less pronounced than glycerin) taste. Propylene glycol is also very fond of water and easily mixes with it. Propylene glycol boils at a temperature of 190 degrees.
There are two other reasons why propylene glycol is usually present in the liquid on a par with glycerin:
Water is a necessary part of the liquid, whether we like it or not. There is a fact that both used spirits are extremely hygroscopic, and in order to completely extract water from them, a special and expensive procedure is required. So the water in the liquid is contained in any case, even if it was not specifically added there. And this is a plus, because the presence of water further reduces the boiling point, and makes vaporization easier and safer.
The question of the health hazards applied to water, is somehow embarrassing to discuss. Let's just say, a lethal dose of water - about 15 liters at one go.
Food flavoring.
If the whole liquid consisted only of glycerin and propylene glycol, then electronic cigarettes would have hardly gained such popularity - they would be completely tasteless. Therefore, to give the smoker a familiar tobacco taste, or simply to make the taste pleasant, food flavorings are added to the liquid. They can be very different - in fact, the fantasy of the manufacturer of the liquid is not limited here, the food flavorings industry produces a great variety of them, and there is no reason why they could not be added to the liquid. Of course, liquids for electronic cigarettes with a taste of pasta with cheese or pizza are rare (although there are some), but various kinds of fruit, dessert and other flavors are very common.
There are also liquids without flavors (the so-called base) - they can serve both for the addition of their own flavors, and for vaping in a pure form. In particular, liquid without flavoring is advised to vape in the case when over-saturated aromas messed up your taste receptors.
Exactly the same flavors give the taste and aroma to a huge number of different products that you eat every day - candy, confectionery, chips, baked goods and much more. And that's why an electronic cigarette, say, with a strawberry taste, tastes more like a strawberry candy - also sweet, and the same strawberry flavor.
And, finally, the most often mentioned component of the liquid for electronic cigarettes is nicotine. It is believed that it is because of nicotine addiction that people smoke ordinary cigarettes, and therefore any means of substituting for tobacco smoking should include the delivery of nicotine into the bloodstream. This is partly true, because we have already said above that the habit of smoking is more of a psychological origin.
However, an electronic cigarette is a fairly effective way of delivering nicotine into the body, by simply adding it to the liquid. Nicotine perfectly and very quickly absorbed through the mucous membranes, so that when the vapor is inhaled, this process begins in the mouth, and continues in the lungs. Nicotine is certainly a poison, and irresponsible or careless handling of it can lead to the most serious consequences, even lethal. Fortunately, using an electronic cigarette, the flow of nicotine into the blood can be regulated quite accurately, since it can be added to the liquid in any desired amount, down to the smallest. Or do not added at all - such non-nicotine liquiids are also popular with those who decided to completely break up with nicotine, but are not ready to give up the habit of smoking.
Nicotine, which is a part of liquids for electronic cigarettes, is obtained from tobacco leaves, and if it is manufactured by a large pharmaceutical company, it undergoes numerous purification steps. In other words, absolutely pure nicotine is added to the liquid without any traces of tobacco, from which it was made. Nicotine affects primarily the cardiovascular system, narrowing the blood vessels and causing the heart to beat more often. For a young and healthy person this is not too dangerous, but if a vaper already has certain health problems, he needs to be especially careful with nicotine. Nicotine overdose causes a nausea, dizziness, headache. It is excreted from the body for about three hours, after which all the symptoms should pass. But, in any case, you should contact the doctor immediately after you feel symptoms of an overdose. As for the concentration of nicotine in a liquid for electronic cigarettes, it is usually measured in milligrams per one milliliter of liquid.
Incidentally, all these figures in milligrams are very similar to those that are written on packets of ordinary cigarettes, and which indicate the content of nicotine per cigarette.
With all the temptation to bring out some correspondence between the fortitude of cigarettes that a person smoked and the strength of a liquid for electronic cigarettes that he will need, none of this will work, there is no direct dependence for many reasons. Nicotine tolerance in each person's body is different, and the effectiveness of nicotine delivery of electronic and conventional cigarettes is too much different, and, most importantly, the amount of nicotine in one puff in the case of electronic cigarettes depends very much on the features of e-cig, such as power or coil used. So the necessary concentration of nicotine in the liquid for each vaper should be selected individually. The taste of nicotine is burning like a pepper. That is why this is the main component in the liquid for electronic cigarettes that is responsible for the Throat Hit mentioned above (in fact, TH is an irritation caused by nicotine or, to a lesser extent, propylene glycol). Naturally, the higher the nicotine content in a liquid, the stronger TH it will cause.
Nicotine salts (Nicsalts).
Now, salt-based nicotine is gaining popularity, providing better absorption to the human circulatory system.
Nicotinic salts are a form of nicotine found in tobacco leaves. Unlike the usual nicotine, salt nicotine is a more complex compound that contains, besides the substance itself, other organic components. It can be a combination of one or several chemical elements, but the result is always the same - the formation of a more stable molecule. Nicotine, traditionally used in liquids for vaping, is called "free" ("freebase nicotine"). This nicotine is usually not associated with any other substances and is considered preferable for vaping because of its volatility. But despite its advantages, it is not devoid of an important drawback - a serious initial assimilation by the body, since getting into the blood occurs not immediately after the first inhale. A mixture with a low level of acidity (pH) was obtained by adding a benzoic acid, which was better absorbed by the human body. It should be noted that the higher the pH, the more "free" nicotine will be contained in the vapor, and the more severe it will be for inhalation. Liquids with nicotinic salts in contrast have a much smaller TH and, with smaller volumes, they better satisfy the need for nicotine. I must say that the content of nicotine in such liquids is measured by several other values and can reach up to 100 mg/ml, but only a couple of puffs are enough for "saturation". What do all these innovations mean for end users? And there are a lot of pluses here, in fact. First, liquids with nicotinic salts in the rate of absorption of nicotine into the blood are as close as possible to ordinary cigarettes (without the hundreds of different additives of different carcinogenicity used in regular cigarettes). A lot of newcomers, vapers, moving from cigarettes to e-cigs, faced a problem when the state of "saturation" comes with a great delay. Hence, as a consequence, many "overdoses" and a whole bunch of unpleasant consequences for health. Salt nicotine in this case is able to cope with the function of blood saturation much better, as it is immediately absorbed through the lungs. A reasonable question arises about the safety of a person of such a new variety of nicotine. As the initial studies showed, although nicotinic salts contain "excess" components in comparison with free nicotine, they remain as safe when vaping, as well as the more familiar form of this substance. And, although animal tests still showed a small health risk, nevertheless, in the long term, liquids containing nicotine salts are not more harmful than conventional and certainly safer than "analog" cigarettes. But Dr. K. Farsalinos states that, since there is practically no full-scale research to date, the acid contained in the composition can possibly react with some parts of the atomizers and cause their corrosion.
So, we have found out that the liquid for electronic cigarettes consists of glycerol, propylene glycol, water, flavor and nicotine (the latter two components may be completely absent). The strength of the liquid is determined by the concentration of nicotine, and can be different. The higher the strength of the liquid, the more nicotine will enter the blood of the vaper with one puff. And, of course, the taste of liquid at the same time can be very different - it all depends on the flavorings that were added to it during its production.
At this point, factory-manufactured fluids can have a different formulation and a different ratio of glycerin to propylene glycol. Sometimes the formulation is indicated on the packaging of the liquid, sometimes not, often the manufacturer does not report such details at all. There are several main variants of consistence:
It should be noted that when switching from conventional cigarettes to electronic cigarettes, consumers tend to initially choose liquids with tobacco flavors, in an attempt to preserve the usual sensations. But quickly enough, most of them part with the taste of tobacco and go on to other tastes: fruit, dessert - just because they are tastier. Often people who are not familiar with electronic cigarettes before, refuse to vape liquids with fruit or dessert flavors because in their view it is something like flavored tobacco, but in fact a strawberry-flavored liquid tastes not a strawberry tobacco, but a strawberry candy, and this is not the same thing.
Any "tobacco" liquids, even if they are called in the manner of popular brands of ordinary cigarettes, have a very, very remote relation to the taste of cigarettes, because it convincingly imitates the whole bunch of filth that the smoker tastes by inhaling tobacco smoke with the help of harmless food flavors is simply impossible. And if it turned out, it is unlikely to vape such a liquid would be nicer and safer than smoking conventional cigarettes.
To be continued...
RE: Guide to e-cig world. - Crazybasil - 04-28-2018
Electronic cigarettes and public health.
The issue of the electronic cigarettes possible health damage has been discussed quite vigorously recently, and, since there are still very few scientific studies of this issue, probably due to their high cost and durability, various opinions and beliefs arise, including completely opposite.
On the other hand, practically all the ingredients that make up the liquid have been used for a long time in a variety of areas, well studied and all questions about their possible harm are more or less resolved. Let's just say that if all the initial components had a high degree of purification, and the production technology was followed, then, excluding the nicotine, there are no substances in the liquid that are hazardous to health, of course, if you are not allergic to some ingredients. Some doubts were about propylene glycol: it was not clear if it represented a danger as an inhaled aerosol, but this issue was already safely shut down - propylene glycol is not dangerous. Another thing is that, when glycerin is heated up, its thermal dehydration (decomposition) can occur, the product of which is an unpleasant substance - acrolein. Not only does it have a tear-off effect, extremely irritating the mucous membranes, it is also a confirmed carcinogen. So neither during the production of liquids, nor in the process of using an electronic cigarette, strong heating of the liquid should not occur, otherwise it can carry a health hazard. In order to avoid too much heat, there are special modes of operation for electronic cigarettes.
Proceeding from all this, now the leading scientists and doctors involved in the fight against smoking are convinced that the use of electronic cigarettes, if not totally safe, but at least 100 to 1000 times less dangerous than smoking. And many of them are sure that everything that allows a person to give up an ordinary cigarette should use the full support of both the government and the medicine. As for all kinds of medical and healthcare-control organizations in different countries, their positions are also very different - from support or ignoring to opposition and prohibitions. We will discuss this in more detail a little later, when we talk about electronic cigarettes and laws. In any case, if a user of electronic cigarettes thinks about their safety, he should understand that it is more or less guaranteed only when both the liquid and the electronic cigarette itself are made qualitatively, with observance of all technologies. This can only be guaranteed by more or less large manufacturers or suppliers who are able to afford the laboratory control of both the inputs for the production of components and the liquid produced by them. Otherwise, we have to rely only on the common sense and integrity of both component suppliers and people involved in production.
As you probably already knew, making liquid for electronic cigarettes is easy - just mix four ingredients. Ingredients are also quite affordable and inexpensive. So some vapers even make a liquid on their own, buying either all the components separately, or already prepared "base" of mixed in a certain proportion of glycerin, propylene glycol and nicotine, in which you must only add flavoring to taste.
And, of course, one of the constituent fluids must be taken particularly carefully - nicotine. If a vaper feels the need for nicotine, he should try to satisfy it with the minimum amount of nicotine, using a liquid with minimal concentration, and keeping track of his condition. At the slightest signs of an overdose of nicotine, vaporization should be stopped, and concentration of this substance in the used liquid must be reduced.
It should be remembered that retail stores of electronic cigarettes, as well as most other employees of the involved companies, do not have medical education and should not give consultations on medical issues. All consultations of this kind should be given by doctors. If the customer of a retail store is interested in, say, whether to use an electronic cigarette during pregnancy or a particular disease, the seller must refrain from recommending and advise the client to consult his doctor or another medical professional.
Electronic cigarettes and law.
Electronic cigarettes are still a new phenomenon, and therefore, the laws that somehow take their existence into account and regulate their turnover and consumption, are pretty rare.
In some countries, electronic cigarettes are completely banned, in some they are more or less equated to conventional tobacco products and are regulated by the same laws.
It is worth noting that in Thailand you can be in prison or pay a huge fine for just trying to bring your e-cigarette to the country. Travelers who intend to visit countries with an incomprehensible attitude to the consumption of electronic cigarettes, will want to clarify all the questions they are interested in from the tourist operator, or in the embassy.
More and more countries are adopting special laws relating specifically to electronic cigarettes. Electronic cigarettes and liquid for them have nothing to do with tobacco products, the circulation and use of which are regulated by the relevant laws, and do not fall under these laws, which explicitly prohibit smoking in most public places, including public catering establishments, transportation, etc.
In principle, in all these places it is not forbidden to vape an electronic cigarette by law, and for the moment vaping is regulated only by the common sense of the vaper himself, and also by some local rules operating in a certain place. For example, you really can't the use of electronic cigarettes on board of the most airlines or even at the airport. This is not due to the potential danger of electronic cigarettes, but to the inability to control other passengers, because if one of the passengers uses an electronic cigarette - someone will definitely decide that you can smoke on board, or smoke can provoke panic. The rule at all can be reduced to simple - do not vape where you would not smoke.
And, of course, we must bear in mind that the vapor from the electronic cigarette, although much safer than the cigarette smoke, and even usually quite pleasantly smelling, can still cause justified irritation and discontent among the surrounding people.
And one more thing - although the sale of electronic cigarettes is not restricted in any way and is not regulated by law, electronic cigarettes and liquid for them should not be provided to persons under 18, regardless of the content of nicotine in the liquid.
To be continued...
RE: Guide to e-cig world. - Liz (glizz) - 05-03-2018
WoW that took some time! great job!
RE: Guide to e-cig world. - Crazybasil - 05-04-2018
The all-mighty electronic cigarette.
We discussed the principles of the operation of an electronic cigarette and found out that this is a small pocket smoke machine in which a spiral under the influence of an electric current heats the liquid coming to it through the wick and, thus, turns the liquid into vapor. Now it's time to look inside, and find out exactly how this happens. If we need to create a device that evaporates liquid with electricity, it is necessary to solve three main tasks:
Connector of the electronic cigarette.
In the overwhelming majority of cases, in modern reusable electronic cigarettes, a battery and an atomizer are connected to each other by means of a connector.
The connector of the electronic cigarette is a simple thing, but it's also very important, because it provides the compatibility between the batteries and atomizers of different models and manufacturers. The connector looks like a threaded connection, through which the atomizer is attached to the battery. The most common type of connector is type 510. It is found on 99% of reusable electronic cigarettes sold all over the world, and guarantees to users and manufacturers a certain level of compatibility between different batteries and atomizers.
The history of the appearance of this connector is uncomplicated: it is named after the very popular model of the electronic cigarette by Joyetech, which tried its best to resemble a conventional cigarette, and had about the same diameter and length. The Joyetech 510 consisted of an atomizer and a battery, and they were connected using a threaded connector with an internal thread on the battery side and an external connector on the side of the atomizer. 510 means that the threaded connection has 10 turns with a distance of 0.5 millimeters between them. The diameter of the connector is 7 millimeters.
The model was extremely popular and had many clones and imitations. And since then the type of connector has not changed - to maintain compatibility, almost all manufacturers in most of their models of batteries and atomizers continue to use this connector.
There were two main types of 510 connector: a frequently encountered variety without a "skirt", just this was on the original Joyetech 510, and for much older electronic cigarettes there is the modification with a "skirt", which at one time appeared on another popular model Joyetech eGo. Thus, the modification of the 510 connector with the skirt can be referred to as the eGo connector or 510/eGo connector.
As for the compatibility of these two connector types, they are only conditional: you can usually install an atomizer with any kind of 510 connector on a battery with a 510/eGo connector, but there is a problem to install an atomizer with a 510/eGo connector on an usual 510 connector battery - it is only possible to do by using the appropriate adapter - they are manufactured and available for sale.
It only remains to add that there were other types of connectors, in addition to the 510, but none of them was widely used, and most of them are now safely forgotten. Sometimes you can meet other types of connectors, but, as a rule, these are proprietary (private) connectors that can be seen only on particular model and nowhere else.
E-cigarette battery unit.
The battery of an electronic cigarette plays a very important part. Although the battery itself does not convert the liquid into vapor, it is the only source of energy for such a transformation.
In addition, all the functions of controlling an electronic cigarette, starting from a button, by clicking on which the user starts evaporation, and up to all sorts of extra features, are also concentrated in the battery unit. Roughly speaking, it also contains all electronics of the electronic cigarette, forgive me for that spelling.
As for the size and appearance, then there is a complete diversity. As I have mentioned before, at the dawn of their appearance electronic cigarettes tried to be as good as ordinary cigarettes, but then this desire came to naught, and now the designers are limited only by their own imagination and vision.
But, in any case, batteries for electronic cigarettes can still be divided into two large classes - made in the form of a tube, or made in the form of "box". The latter are often called "box-mods".
Inside such a "pipe" or "box", there is a mandatory source of electricity - one or more lithium-ion (or lithium-polymer, in rare cases) battery cells. These battery cells can be removable or non-removable, can be charged both directly in the case (just as you charge your mobile phone without removing the battery from it), or in a special external charger for this type of battery. Naturally, in the latter case, the battery cell must be removable.
Electronic cigarettes use the most modern type of "chemistry" of battery cells, denoted as Li-Ion or Li-Pol. Such battery cells have the maximum current density (the amount of accumulated energy per unit of mass of the battery), and are free from unpleasant and inconvenient effects such as "memory effect".
It should be kept in mind that absolutely all lithium-ion or lithium-polymer battery cells have the same electrical properties: being fully charged, such a cell has a voltage of 4.2 volts, and when it discharges - it drops significantly, and the minimum threshold is 3,2 Volts, upon reaching which the cell counts as depleted.
This knowledge we will need in the future, when we will discuss the "electrical" aspects of the work of electronic cigarettes, so remember these figures.
As for the size of battery cells, they can also be very diverse, although the most popular sizes are usually used for removable cells. Of these, the most common is the size 18650, where the first two digits of 18 indicate the diameter in millimeters, and the next two - the height in millimeters. That is, a battery cell of the size 18650 is a cylinder with a diameter of 18 and a height of 65 millimeters. Earlier, cells of size 26650 were distributed, and now 20700 and 21700 are gaining popularity - their diameter and height can be determined independently. There are also more "exotic" sizes, for example, 10400, 18350 or 16650.
But let's leave the battery cells for a while, and get back to the battery units of electronic cigarettes themselves.
In addition to the power supply itself, most electronic cigarette battery units also contain some kind of electronic circuit of greater or lesser complexity, which answers immediately for much:
The electronic circuit in the battery unit of the electronic cigarette may have some means of control and indication: one or more control buttons, one or more LED indicators. In more advanced models, pretty big displays are often built in, up to touch and color, where information is displayed in text and graphics. In addition, there are models in which control is carried out from a connected special smartphone application or even voice input.
Automatic and manual control.
Once again we remember: when electronic cigarettes just appeared, one of their main tasks was imitation of the regular cigarettes. Therefore at their creation designers tried to make so that also process of their work differed nothing from smoking. In such electronic cigarettes, a special inhale sensor was mandatory, which allowed the electronics to apply voltage to the atomizer only at the moment when the user inhales and automatically cut off its supply when the puff is over.
Batteries working on this principle are usually called "automatic", and they can have no buttons at all - in this case they are absolutely unnecessary. The user simply makes a puff, the electronic circuit inside the battery understands this with a sensor, and turns on the power supply. The atomizer starts to produce vapor from the liquid, and does so until the user ceases to draw in air. Typically, the supply of electricity to the atomizer is accompanied by the inclusion of a light indicator at the end of the cigarette, which can even simulate the light of regular cigarette.
At the moment, "automatic" almost do not occur among reusable electronic cigarettes, because they were not very reliable, but they still constitute near one hundred percent of disposable electronic cigarettes. A characteristic feature of the "automatic" is the air duct running inside the battery itself - it is needed to trigger the inhale sensor. The presence of this duct is what makes such batteries not very reliable: sooner or later liquid from the atomizer gets there and disables either the sensor itself or the electronics board. In contrast to "automatic machines", most electronic cigarette rechargeable batteries - the so-called "manual" ones, have been equipped with a button to control the supply of electricity to the atomizer. On these batteries there is a large and conveniently located button, which the user must hold during the inhale. Plus of this solution - reliability and independence from the design of the atomizer, and minus - the inability to make a puff, holding the cigarette with your lips or teeth without the help of hands. However, modern electronic cigarettes are usually too large and heavy to hold them like that when vaping.
Charging the electronic cigarette.
The battery of a modern electronic cigarette can be recharged, usually through the built-in charger, which receives power through the MicroUSB port (less often - USB Type C and others) - as well as any of the many other gadgets running on the battery.
Some obsolete or simply too small electronic cigarettes can have other charging methods - for example, specialized chargers that somehow attach to the battery. Sometimes they are screwed into a regular 510 connector instead of an atomizer (which will have to be unscrewed for charging), sometimes charging is connected to the magnet to the end of the battery opposite from the connector. There are also very tiny electronic cigarettes, the size of an ordinary cigarette, for which one (or even the only) method of charging is to place them in a special "cigarette case", inside which is a larger battery that transfers a charge to a small battery of an electronic cigarette. In this case, the user through USB charges the "cigarette case" battery, and then carries his electronic cigarette in it, where it is constantly recharged. If the battery cell is replaceable and has one of the standard sizes, it can be charged outside the case of the electronic cigarette itself, in a universal external charger for Li-ion batteries. Such devices are widely available on sale, and have from one to six slots for the battery cells. As a rule, in slots having a spring-loaded contact, it is possible to install cells of various formats, up to 26650.
If we talk about the time necessary to fully charge the battery, it depends on many factors - both on the current consumed, and on the number and capacity of the battery cells. Typically, this is 2-3 hours, but in some cases, the time needed to fully charge, can reach 5-8 hours.
The figure of the capacity of the battery cells requires a separate discussion. I only note that, as a rule, the capacitance of the battery of an electronic cigarette is tried to be sufficient to ensure that the user can not care about the need to charge it during the day, but, unfortunately, this is not always possible - the power levels of vape devices grow much faster than the capacity of available batteries.
Mechanical mods.
In some cases, the battery of an electronic cigarette, despite the name, may not contain any electronics at all - just a compartment for the battery cell, a mechanical button and a connector. Such minimalist patterns are popular among the vaping enthusiasts and are commonly referred to as "mechanical mods" or "mech".
In fact, all that mech can do is to apply voltage directly from the battery to the atomizer when you press the button. All issues of protection, control, management, charging, etc. remain at the mercy of the user. The battery cell or cells in the mechmods are usually replaceable, external chargers should be used to charge them.
The button for mechmods, as a rule, is quite large, is almost always inconvenient (often on the bottom end of the battery), it can have a mechanical lock from accidental pressing, or can simply be drowned into the case as such protection.
The use of mechmods is unsafe, since in them the lithium-ion battery is located without any protection from a special protective circuit, which should not give the battery an ability to over-charge, over-discharge, and must protect it from short circuit. There were cases of explosions of battery cells in mechmods.
So, we have established that electronic cigarette accumulators come in a variety of shapes and sizes, contain either removable or non-removable one or several battery cells, usually have control elements and displays, and can often be charged from USB. To connect the battery to the atomizer, the 510 connector is usually used, although the atomizer and the battery can be made as All-In-One. Well, and to supply electricity to the spiral at the time of puff, either the inhale sensor or "manual" button control is used, which the user presses and holds during the puff.
RE: Guide to e-cig world. - Crazybasil - 05-23-2018
(05-23-2018, 02:33 PM)Vapeoholic Wrote: Is there any chance that this could be moved to important threads ?
I'm not finished yet =) Not much time on my hands now...
RE: Guide to e-cig world. - Vapelove - 06-08-2018
Excellent post covering everything a new vaper would want to know Great Job