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Arrow 98702 Bertha Cherry Large Opening Airlift Cabinet & Extension
- arro-98702
- 650873007028
- Condition:
- New
- Availability:
- This item ships separately from other warehouses. Usually leaves the warehouse on the next business day.
One of Arrow's most popular sewing cabinets, the Arrow Bertha offers sewists the perfect option for larger sewing and embroidery machines with the space and features they need. The beautiful cherry model fits nicely with any home decor, making it a great investment for sewists who spend many hours in front of their machines.
The Bertha cabinet by Arrow was designed to fit the larger home embroidery and sewing machines available today that don't fit in many other cabinets. It has an EZ-lift airlift that can handle up to 45 pounds while supporting the machine in different positions. It will hold a machine in flatbed or free arm position or fold it down under the table for storage, all with just a little push.
The airlift will hold the machine at varying heights to accommodate each individual sewist, allowing for the greatest comfort. With its great adjustability and the way it positions the needle correctly in front of the sewist, the Bertha cabinet helps to prevent neck, back, and arm strain.
Additional features of the Bertha sewing cabinet include large fold-out leafs on either side of the machine for ample workspace and a rear quilt leaf that extends an additional 5 feet behind the machine to prevent bunching and pulling of larger projects.
The doors hold 4 storage compartments each, providing plenty of convenient space for sewing tools, notions, accessories, and machine parts and fold closed to hide everything. When closed up and with the machine in storage, the Bertha looks like an attractive piece of furniture.
The Bertha sewing cabinet can accommodate many sewing and embroidery machines up to 22-9/16" wide, 11-3/4" deep, and 14-1/2" tall including the knobs. It also has a cutout in the front for knee lifters. In addition, there are optional custom inserts available shaped to specific machines for a more tailored fit.
The Arrow Bertha 98702 in cherry is made from composite structures with cherry wood grain laminate and durable locking casters for easy maneuvering. It comes with easy-to-follow instructions and can be put together quickly using only a few standard household tools.
This product is warranted by Arrow against manufacturer's defects for three years from the date of shipping from the supplier. It is also covered for 15 days after arrival for any damage incurred during shipping.
The Arrow Bertha Cabinet in Beautiful Cherry - The Perfect Workspace for Your Sewing and Quilting Projects!
Cabinet Dimensions, Weight and Color
- Open:84" Wide x 39 3/4" Deep (quilt leaf extended)x 30 1/2" High
- Closed:42" Wide x 19 3/4" Deep x 31 1/2" High
- Ships in 3 boxes.
- Weight: 146 lbs
Manufacturer's Warranty
The manufacturer Arrow's warranty is three years from the date of shipment from Arrow's facility that covers manufacturer's defects and a 15-day warranty for any shipping damages.
Click or follow link for Arrow's complete warranty information: https://www.arrowcabinets.com/faqs/
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16 Reviews
Very efficient built cabinet
Not too hard to put together but then my husband is a builder.
really nice look and easy to use.
Sewing Cabinet
Love it - waiting for the insert - customer service was wonderful and helpful. All the parts were in 3 boxes - engineer son put it together (with his Dad's help) and I am so pleased to finally have a table that will handle all my projects.
Great Cabinet for Sewing and Layout
Great cabinet well built takes a while to assemble.
Very happy with my purchase.
Nice sturdy cabinet. Machine lift work great. My husband and I put it together. Took longer then I thought it would. Two back panel pieces, was not clear if cams go facing in or out. Face them out so when you open cabinet it is finished on the inside. Cams will be against wall. This will make assembly quicker. Very happy with my purchase. Also the delivery time was as promised.
In spite of the negative comments regarding the poor assembly instructions
In spite of the negative comments regarding the poor assembly instructions, I ordered it anyway, trusting that my husband and I would be able to put it together. It took us about 4 hours using the video step by step directions. The biggest complaint was some of the pre-drilled holes were too small and the screws stripped out constantly. Other than that it was fairly straightforward. The cabinet is attractive and just as described. I bought it mainly for the quilting features. There is not much storage, just those little plastic bins on the doors. So far I am enjoying using it, especially being able to sew flat. My Janome MC 6300 chassis does not have a free arm. As for the insert, after balancing my machine on the lift platform, we took some measurements, made a cardboard template, and, after making sure of the fit, took it to TAP Plastics and made one for less than $40 in 1 day.


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Georgia Forestry Commission.
University of Georgia. Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health.
Provides comprehensive information on cogongrass in Georgia along with links to other southeastern state efforts on cogongrass. To date, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas have on-going research, education and/or control programs that are supported by university, state and federal agency cooperators.
University of Idaho.

subset: commoncrawl


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March 2007
After the holidays were done and over with, people started taking down all their colorful, blinking lights. All the joy and cheer, which I hadn't experienced since I was a kid, were now burnt out. If I thought about snowmen and houses decked out in lights, I felt the sickness wash over me. It was probably psychosomatic, but I had stayed away from both.
We were kicked out of what was now my Dad's house, and were living in our brand-new one-bedroom, one-bath apartment.
It was a fairly big space for the two of us, giving us plenty of room to experiment and play around with floor plans using the furniture we already had and the stuff we had wanted. This meant a trip to the amazing IKEA.
We went on a mini-shopping spree in the maze of IKEA buying a tan, fabric couch and a few tables. After, we brought everything we had owned and just bought to our new apartment with a teal roof.
We had to take a separate vital trip to Houston that wasn't solely for drugs, for once. The trip was to grab some furniture Scarlett had at her parent's house, which included a queen-sized bed with frame and an olive-green couch.
At long last, I had the chance to meet her parents. Ever since Scarlett had stayed with my parents, I had wanted to meet hers. But that had changed since they knew we had been busted by her brother who had surely told them. Yet, when I met them and talked for a minute, they never said anything about it. That had been fine with me, if they wanted to keep it to themselves. I tried to avoid them as much as I could after that.
We had been busted while the three of us had been down in Rockport to see Scarlett's younger brother. It was a short detour on our way to grab my car.
On our detour, we stopped to stay the night at her younger, punk rock brother and his lovely wife's place. We had been there for about two hours when Scarlett had caught me on the hall.
"Hey, babe. You want to get outta here?" she asked.
I knew what she was getting at. She wanted to get high and make love again. I didn't hesitate a second before I said, "Yes!"
We were going to find a cheap motel and do our thing there. However, there was one thing stopping us. One skinny problem.
If we were going to mess around in a room, we didn't want Owen in there watching. I was not down with that. I also wasn't going to pay for another room, so we did what we had thought was the next best thing.
We convinced Owen to stay the night on her brother's couch. He was pissed, I could tell, but everyone else had understood. We wanted some alone time.
After some bitching from Owen, he gave up and stayed the night there, while Scarlett and I stayed at some cheap motel. Everything was fine that night. Until…
Ring… Ring… Ring..
It was Scarlett's phone.
We hadn't even begun to make love when the damn phone started ringing. I could even hear a male's voice on the other end yelling at Scarlett.
"Who the hell is that?" I asked.
"Shhh!" She shooshed me, while she held up her right index finger.
Did she really just shoosh me?
"Okay, I'm really sorry. We'll come get him now," she said, then put the phone back on the bedside table made of cheap wood.
"Fuck!" she yelled.
It had taken me by surprise, making me jump. I then had to ask, "Great, what did he do?"
I could feel the anger in her voice. "Well, apparently, he was nodding off in front of everyone, like an idiot, while his syringe was sticking out of his pocket."
She spoke quickly, but had slowed down to try to hold back her tears that were dying to come out.
"Dumbass. I knew that was a mistake. We should have taken it from him."
"I don't think he would have given it up, even if he had no dope. It was hard enough getting him to stay there," I said.
"I'm just so pissed. My brother is gonna tell my parents, who's trust I had just gotten m back and now…" She trailed off as she started to cry into my chest, tears dripping onto my shirt.
I held her, saying it was going to be fine and it will blow over soon.
Then, it hit me.
I then told her my genius idea that no one else could've thought of: Saying it was his and that we didn't know about it.
Then, she shot me down. "Uhh, no. My brother is not stupid." She shook her head. "He knows how much of an addict I am."
And with that, we went back and picked Owen up and brought him to the motel.
Hostility was fuming throughout the old motel room after that. Owen, so high, and trying to argue with the dumbest shit, annoying the hell out of us. We cut him off from our dope for the trip. The next day, we drove to Corpus, picked up my black Blazer, then headed north, back home. That was one of the longest, most annoying drives I have ever experienced.
After that mess, it was just the two of us, working and slamming dope. Scarlett had a job at an animal clinic, while I had a one at a widely-known commercial video store. A job that I had wanted ever since my caring dad used to take me to the old SuperStar Video in our up-and-coming neighborhood, years ago.
I loved it.
I would gladly volunteer to do the short inventory weekly and always did what was asked of me. I considered myself a well-functioning heroin addict.
Though, at the time, the place was starting to go out of business on account of Netflix taking over. But the dying company did have a plan to get back all the customers they had lost. We sold online accounts that worked just like Netflix originally did, bringing movies and games right to your door. I was also made the Top Online salesman for two months straight. I was doing great, job wise, but was still battling a wicked heroin addiction.
Scarlett and I had been talking about getting on Methadone, synthetic heroin to help people get off the bad stuff. Even though, Methadone was much more worse for you than dope. The withdrawal was ten times harder to quit than the regular dope we were shooting. However, we didn't really have the money, or the will, to stop right that second. It was then, when I came across a good amount of money…
At work, we had a kid about my age come in from another store to train to become a manager. He had the correct uniform on with iron pants and shirt tucked in. All he was missing was a goofy tie. I already didn't like him from the start. How this kid was becoming a manager before me, after I had been busting my ass and didn't receive any type of pay-raise or promotion. However, one fine day, I did hear our manager talking to him, explaining in secret, how the safe worked. The little, midnight-black safe, hidden underneath the gray cabinets up front, which didn't have any camera watching it.
I heard our manager say the password was simply "BEWARE." That was interesting to know. But the thing about the safe is once you enter the elementary code, you had to wait ten minutes for it to open, as another security mechanism. And then it would beep every minute until the ten minutes were up, then finally it would open. I didn't think much of it because there were always at least three of us on the clock, at a time. It became a distant pipe dream, so I forgot all about it.
Meanwhile one day, I was getting ready for work when I could sense that something was wrong with Scarlett. She was in the bathroom for a long time. I was worried about her, then she finally came out, pale as the living dead.
"Something isn't right…. I need to see a doctor… I think."
I didn't know what to do. Someone had already called into work, sick, so I had to be there. But then the woman I loved was in a crisis. What was I going to do? I was doing great at my job and couldn't afford to lose it. I was in a panic—almost as much as she was—when she told me she could take care of it and for me to go to work. And so I unwillingly did what she told me.
I came back from work, worrying all night, to find her lying on the couch holding her stomach right below her belly button. I knew it before she said anything.
She had a miscarriage.
Apparently, the baby had been growing in her Fallopian tube, something called an ectopic pregnancy. It had to have been from all the dope we were doing.
I was upset.
We were starting to plan things around having that baby. We had even talked about marriage and had even brought that up to my parents. They were not on our side about that; although, they didn't know about the baby yet.
On the other hand, it was a godsend. There was no way we could've taken care of a baby in or out of the state we were in. Especially, a baby born after Scarlett had been shooting dope during a good deal of the pregnancy.
Days after that, were spent with her on the couch, rubbing her empty stomach.
It was the end of the world for her.
I had never been put in such a difficult position; I didn't know what to do that could cheer her up.
Nothing worked.
I loved her to death, but couldn't fix her.
I was so codependent with Scarlett.
I wasn't just addicted to heroin and the needle, I was addicted to her.
I had figured out the strongest drug that exists for a human is another human being. That was so unbelievable true, it hurt.
The miscarriage brought a wave of sorrow throughout our life together. It seemed like our pink cloud of love was dissipating. It also ignited a red candle of anger within her. Suddenly, we were exchanging hurtful words at each other, nearly every day.
Over the dumbest things, too.
Sometimes she would actually get physical with me. I usually took my anger out on this clock that we had. I would punch the shit out of it, crushing the face, and shattering the glass. I don't know how times I bought that same clock.
I even had to keep an eye on her every second, in case she tried to do some of our dope without me. I watched her every move, and I'm sure she did the same with me. I loved her, but trust was slowly slipping away.
At a department store, we ran into one of my friends from high school, Mike. He was a year older than I was, so he was the same age as Scarlett. He had developed a heroin habit from smoking it and was now on Suboxone, an opiate blocker made to help get off heroin. It was a miracle drug, but was impossible to get without a doctor. I told him to come over whenever and hang out. I figured him and Scarlett could hang out while I was working, so she wasn't bored. Plus, they were both about to turn 21, so they could go to bars together. This was one of the worst mistakes I made as a young naive addict.
So Mike came over a few times and kicked it with Scarlett and I. He had relapsed, of course, and began shooting dope with us. He brought over something new for us to do, as well. A big 'ol bag of cocaine. Scarlett had shot coke before but Mike and I hadn't, and were curious to try it.
I had snorted so much cocaine in and out of high school, I thought it wouldn't be much different from that, so I thought it as no big deal.
Growing up with no self-confidence and the inability to have a conversation with a complete stranger, cocaine was great. It acted like powdered courage that you could snort, then almost magically, you became more personable, energetic, and talkative. That's what I loved about it, but it had been doing a number on my nasal cavities. My nose bled from time to time and would hurt profusely at others. I figured IV'ing would be a nice, easier, and cleaner way of doing it.
Even though I was making my own heroin shots by now, Scarlett made me the cocaine shot because I didn't know how much to do initially. After I tied off, she even shot me up, and once I saw the last of the clear liquid enter my vein, POW!
The whistle of a train came screaming into my ears and continued to ring incessantly.
I could feel my eyeballs widen and open up like they wanted to come out.
My heart started thumping faster and faster until my vision started to blur.
Next thing I know, I'm in the bathroom trying to puke.
Hugging the toilet, staring into the shallow water, I could see a lady's face looking back at me. I heaved and heaved but nothing was coming out, so I sat down on the blue carpet that wrapped around the toilet. I sat there for a few minutes to get my head straight. Jesus, what a rush.
After a few minutes, the ringing started to fade, but my heart rate was still through the roof and off into the dark sky. I grabbed my phone, looking through all my contacts for people I could talk to. It was about two or three in the morning so nobody was answering. Except my sponsor, ironically.
I ended up having an hour long conversation with him, lying, saying I was still sober and was up late because Scarlett was sick, due to the miscarriage. I don't think he believed a single word I told him, but like a good friend, he stayed on the line. That's what sponsors do, I guess.
I came back inside and found Mike hugging the toilet. Apparently, he experienced the same intense rush that I did and was loving on the porcelain lady.
I wanted another shot.
A few days later, I was at work doing my weekly inventory when two of my coworkers had called in sick. I believe they were legitimate because there was a bug going around. With all these sick people coming in and touching all of our movies, we were all bound to get sick sooner or later.
It was just me and my manager, Slim. Slim wasn't his real name, just a nickname for how tall and skinny he was. I don't remember his real name. We were cool with each other, and I respected him since he had a Smashing Pumpkins tattoo on his back. I still love that band. You could tell he was a nineties rocker back in the day.
It was about noon—lunchtime—when he came up to me.
"Hey J, I'm gonna go to the back and take my lunch. You got everything up here?"
"Of course, man."
This was my chance to ask. To possibly make my drug-addict pipe dream a reality. We got half-hour lunches but I didn't know if he would spend the whole time back there or not.
"Say man, how long you gonna be in the back?"
He looked around with his eyes. "I dunno, probably the whole break."
Score. This was it. Then he came back with, "Why?"
I panicked for a second then said the first thing that came to my head, "Oh, um… Just in case I need you for something. Need to know where I can find ya'."
That was a stupid response, but I hoped to God that he bought it.
"Oh, alright… Well, see ya in thirty."
We had no guests inside the store, so once he closed that backdoor, I made a beeline towards the black beauty.
The medium-sized safe underneath the desk drawer didn't have one camera on it. I think a camera used to be, but someone had the same idea I had and moved it. Maybe it was me and I was too fucked up to remember.
I don't know.
Who cares?
There was a quiet beep for each number or letter I punched-in with my index finger.
The countdown started from ten minutes.
That was it. No turning back now.
After one minute, it beeped, then after the next, it beeped again. By this time we had a few guests in the store looking around and one couple was ready to check out. BEEP. I checked them out with no problem, completely ignoring the beeping in the background as if it was a normal, everyday thing. BEEP. After every beep, I'd look over to the back door, wishing to God that Slim wouldn't come out. BEEP. The anticipation was killing me. I needed a shot, but that could wait. Only five more to go.
Four more minutes. My hands started to shake.
Another customer to check out. Deep breaths, "I got this."
Customer is gone. Just one more browsing the horror section.
I loved horror movies.
I loved when customers had a question about a horror movie or needed a request for a good one. Prom Night 2, believe it or not, is really good. Screw the first one.
One more minute. My heart was bumping harder than a Cadillac Escalade with two 12 inch Rockford Fosgate subwoofers. I felt a warm drip fall down the side of my face. I looked down at my hands still shaking. I started to bite my cuticles from my right hand thumb—something I did when I felt anxious or bored. Then there it was, BEEP. The last one.
I reached down, pulled the lever and opened it up.
There wasn't much in there. A couple stacks of twenties, tens, fives, and ones. I must've played it out too much in my head. For some reason, I was expecting to see shiny gold bars or something. It was kind of disappointing; nonetheless, I took it all, leaving only the small stack of one dollar bills.
I pocketed everything, then shut the door. I then got a paper towel, doused it with cleaner and wiped the whole safe down. I couldn't leave any fingerprints or evidence. I, then, planned to go home for my lunch break and tell my baby the good news. Just had to wait for Slim to come out and not say anything about anything. There were still cameras that he could watch from the back. So there was still a chance I could have been busted. I just had to keep cool, calm and collected.
Once Slim came out of the back, I played it as cool as can be, hands in my pockets, acting like nothing happened. He asked if we had any guests, which told me that he must not have watched the cameras at all, because we had a few. So I told him. He then put his elbows up on the counter, cupping his face with his skinny, pale hand.
"You can take your break now.".


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Large Backpack HURRAY Navy 42 x 28 x 12 cm Bakker
Déplacez votre souris sur l'image, cliquez pour agrandir.
Large Backpack HURRAY Navy 42 x 28 x 12 cm Bakker
Bakker Made with Love
We love the Large Navy Hurray Backpack created by Bakker Made With Love!
A nice collection of colorful backpacks in waterproof cordura with padded shoulder straps, magnetic leather straps, bag closing with cord, lined interior with zipped pocket, side pocket with elastic and bottle strap and large front pocket
A nice backpack made with Love!
Bakker Made With Love It' s a passionate French designer, David Bakker, who settled in Bali to see Life in Color...
- Material : Waterproof cordura - Leather
- Dimensions : Height : 42 cm - Length : 28 cm - Width : 12 cm
- Colour : Navy


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Raise your hand if you've ever gone grocery shopping at an absurd hour of the night. Say…..4 AM? No? Anybody?
I realize that there are a lot of things that I take for granted as an unmarried, mostly unemployed, highly mobile grad student. Free pool access, on-campus groups, friends living within walking distance, and yes–spontaneous 4 AM grocery shopping trips, apparently. Which may or may not be coupled with–ahem–the 5 AM baking sprees that yielded these chewy, amazing chocolate chip toffee walnut cookies.
On Sunday night, that's exactly what I did. My friend and I had stayed up … Read more


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New dangerous tribes of animals have blocked the waterfalls of Mt. Cavora and stolen the Chi and trapped the Legend Beasts. The animal tribes of Chima have no choice but to stand united and travel into the dangerous Outl...
6 available of 7 items
With Mount Cavora and the Chi imperiled, leaders from the eight main battling tribes of Chima have to join forces on a mission into the outlands to find the Legend Beasts. These ancient creatures offer the only hope of s...
7 available of 9 items


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Wednesday, June 29, 2016
Hard Knocks
One phrase I don't hear all that often anymore is people learning from the School of Hard Knocks.
It was a phrase often used in my childhood, especially by my father who never actually attended school. He learned his ABC's and how to write (draw) his name, but otherwise learned via experience...or, the School of Hard Knocks.
As I teach, especially the nitty gritty of weaving, I am reminded over and over again that I cannot give my experiences to anyone else. I can explain principles, show students exercises which will give them similar experiences, but ultimately they will have to do the work of getting there themselves. If I just tell them what to do, all I have done is taught them to follow someone else's directions, not to learn by exploring the concepts for themselves, not how to observe, analyze and draw their own conclusions.
In other words, they need to try and 'fail' - or succeed - so that they can learn for themselves.
The School of Hard Knocks isn't the easiest school to learn at, but it can be effective. We learn to deal with failure by failing and not allowing that failure to derail the learning process. I have tried and failed at many things. I will fail many more times. How we learn is by not giving up, but getting up, dusting ourselves off and trying again. And again. And again.
2 comments:
- Lady Locust said...
So well put! I once heard a little analogy. If you show a young child how to make the letter "A" and he/she doesn't do it perfectly the first time, do you reprimand them? We have to, as you say, practice and explore.
- June 30, 2016 at 4:12 AM
- Peg Cherre said...
I know that I have learned more from my 'failures' than my 'successes.' And sometimes those failures have ended up being an unintended design that I really like. But learning about sett, about beat, about color interactions, about fiber...the only way, for me at least, is to do it. Reading, video, and classrooms are great, but they serve only to set me on the path. How far down that path I choose to travel - that's where the real learning takes place.
- June 30, 2016 at 9:26 AM
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text: Vital Organ Tissue Oxygenation After Serial Normovolemic Exchange Transfusion with HBOC-201 in Anesthetized SwineMuir, William W.*; Ilangovan, Govindasamy†; Zweier, Jay L.†; Moon-Massat, Paula F.‡∥; Rentko, Virginia T.§∥Shock: June 2011 - Volume 35 - Issue 6 - p 597-603 doi: 10.1097/SHK.0b013e31821366f6 Basic Science Aspects Free Abstract Author InformationAuthors Article OutlineOutline Article MetricsMetrics This study determined the effects of serial, normovolemic, stepwise exchange transfusions with either 6% human serum albumin (HSA) or the hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier, HBOC-201, on tissue oxygenation of the heart, brain, and kidney in intact anaesthetized pigs. Exchange transfusions to 10%, 30%, and 50% of the pigs' total blood volume were completed at a withdrawal rate of 1.0 mL·kg−1·min−1 followed by an infusion rate of 0.5 mL·kg−1·min−1 of HBOC-201 or iso-oncotically matched 6% HSA. Measurements included invasive systemic hemodynamic (blood pressures, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure), hematolic (hemoglobin, hematocrit, methemoglobin), acid-base (pH, PCO2), and biochemistry (serum lactate) measurements. Brain and kidney tissue oxygenation (tPO2) was determined by electron paramagnetic resonance and heart tPO2 by O2 sensitive fiberoptic probe. The main results demonstrated that tPO2 after HBOC-201 remained stable despite significant decreases in hematocrit and changing hemodynamics. In vivo tPO2 measurements (heart tPO2 average ≥22 mmHg, brain tPO2 average ≥8 mmHg, and kidney tPO2 average ≥10 mmHg) were maintained in all groups at all times. Blood pressures were 20 to 30 mmHg higher after HBOC-201 compared with HSA controls. Heart rate and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were not different among treatment groups. In conclusion, the administration of HBOC-201 maintained tPO2 in three vital organs after profound hemodilution. *Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, and †Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; ‡The Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland; and §Tufts University, Walpole, and ∥Biopure Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts Received 4 Jan 2011; first review completed 24 Jan 2011; accepted in final form 31 Jan 2011 Address reprint requests to William W. Muir, DVM, PhD, Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology Consulting Services, 338 W 7th Ave, Columbus, OH 43201. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com. This study was supported by a grant from Biopure Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts and National Institutes of Health grants EB4900 and EB0890. Abstract INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals Experimental design Animal preparation Measurements Histopathology Data analysis RESULTS Blood chemistry Hemodynamics Hematology Tissue oxygenation Histopathology DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES Back to Top | Article Outline INTRODUCTION Hemoglobin (Hb)- and perfluorocarbon-based, oxygen (O2)-carrying solutions have been developed with the goals of improving O2 delivery, tissue oxygenation (tPO2), and patient survival (1). Hemoglobin-based O2 carriers (HBOCs) are considered to be superior to perfluorocarbons because they carry more O2 and do not require elevated O2 tension to increase O2 delivery (1). Most HBOCs possess physical characteristics (molecular structure, Hb concentration, P50, viscosity, oncotic pressure) similar to blood (2). The administration of a purified, polymerized, bovine Hb solution (HBOC-201), for example, improves tPO2 in skeletal muscle, liver, and central organs following profound isovolemic hemodilution; improves tPO2 in the brain after traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock; reverses anaerobic metabolism; and improves survival in rats, hamsters, dogs, and pigs following experimental anemia, hemorrhage, or trauma (3-13). Questions remain, however, concerning the mechanism and result of vasocontrictive effects of HBOCs, the development of systemic and pulmonary hypertension, and the potential for oxidative stress in human patients, thereby limiting potential benefits afforded by increases in blood O2-carrying capacity (14-17). Hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier-induced vasoconstriction has been attributed to nitric oxide scavenging and distortion of the nitric oxide diffusion field by plasma and extravascular molecular Hb and an oversupply of arteriolar O2 (18, 19). Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the molecular size and O2 affinity of most Hb solutions in conjunction with their relatively low viscosity may predispose to autoregulatory vasoconstriction (20-23). Reports of arteriolar vasoconstriction and reduced cardiac output have led to the consensus opinion that conventional HBOCs may predispose to spatial heterogeneity in microcirculatory blood flow and a decrease in functional capillary density and tPO2 regardless of increases in the O2-carrying capacity of blood (16, 24, 25). Others, however, suggest that optimization of a low O2-affinity acellular Hb concentration (Oxyglobin; Biopure, Cambridge, Mass) increases tissue oxygenation without substantial vasoconstriction (13, 26). Indices of tissue oxygenation and tPO2 are currently considered the most specific and reliable quantitative markers of tissue perfusion (27). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of HBOC-201 on tPO2 in heart, brain, and kidney after extreme isovolemic hemodilution in a large animal model, anesthetized pigs. We hypothesized that extreme isovolemic hemodilution with HBOC-201 would not compromise tPO2 in vital organs. Back to Top | Article Outline MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was approved and conducted in accordance with the guidelines established by the Institutional Laboratory Animal Care and Use Committee of The Ohio State University. A veterinarian was available 24 h·d−1, 7 d·wk−1 to provide care if required. Back to Top | Article Outline Animals The study included forty 12- to 15-kg pigs purchased from Genetiporc USA (Alexandria, Minn). The pigs were identified by ear notch; group housed in climate-controlled, indoor pens; and offered Mazuri mini pig active feed. All pigs underwent a 7-day acclimation period before beginning the study. Prestudy laboratory evaluation included a physical examination, blood chemistry profile, and complete blood count to verify the health of the pigs. Food, but not water, was withheld after midnight on the morning of the procedure. Back to Top | Article Outline Experimental design The pigs were randomly assigned into one of three groups. Group 1 (control) included four pigs that served as time controls and were anesthetized but not subjected to test procedures. The remaining 36 pigs underwent a 1:1 stepped isovolemic exchange transfusion representing 10%, 30%, and 50% of their total blood volume (70 mL·kg−1). Eighteen pigs (group 2, human serum albumin [HAS], n = 6/tissue for heart, brain, and kidney tPO2) were administered oncotically matched HSA (6 g·dL−1; Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Westlake Village, Calif), and 18 pigs (group 3, HBOC, n = 6/tissue for heart, brain, and kidney tPO2) were administered HBOC-201 (Biopure Corporation, Cambridge, Mass): mean molecular weight 250 kd, Hb 13 g·dL−1, and P50 40 mmHg. Blood was removed from a femoral arterial catheter followed by infusion of HSA or HBOC-201 through a jugular vein catheter. The initial volume exchange was 8 mL·kg−1 (10% of estimated blood volume) followed by two 15-mL·kg−1 (second exchange, 30%; then third exchange, 50%) exchanges (Fig. 1). The withdrawal rate was 1 mL·kg−1·min−1, and infusion rate was 0.5 mL·kg−1·min−1. Fig. 1 Back to Top | Article Outline Animal preparation Each pig was immobilized with ketamine i.m. (15-20 mg·kg−1) and atropine i.m. (0.1 mg·kg−1) at least 3 h before beginning the study. Lactated Ringer's solution (2-4 mL·kg−1·h−1) was administered via an ear vein. General anesthesia was produced and maintained by administering sodium pentobarbital, 15 mg·kg−1 i.v. followed by 3- to 10-mg·kg−1·h−1. All pigs were oral-tracheally intubated, placed in a supine position, and ventilated with room air (21% O2) to maintain PaCO2 between 35 and 45 mmHg and PaO2 greater than 80 mmHg (ABL 725; Radiometer America, Westlake, Ohio). A dual-tipped pressure sensing catheter (Millar Instruments, Houston, Tex) was inserted into the surgically exposed left carotid artery and advanced into the left ventricle for measurement of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP; distal tip), and proximal aortic blood pressure (proximal tip). A polyethylene-160 catheter was inserted into the surgically exposed right femoral artery and advanced to the level of the diaphragm and used for blood withdrawal during exchange transfusion. A polyethylene-160 catheter was inserted into the surgically exposed left jugular vein and advanced into the right atrium. The left carotid artery and jugular venous catheters were used to obtain blood samples and administer test article, respectively. Lithium naphthalocyanine (LiPc) microcrystals (O2 probe) were deposited at a 2- to 3-mm depth from the tissue surface by inserting a 25-gauge needle into the kidney or brain. The LiPc microcrystals produced a single sharp electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) line, the width of which is highly sensitive and specific to the tissue partial pressure of O2 (28). The O2 sensitivity of the probe in saline was calibrated at L-band (1.3 GHz) by equilibrating with known partial pressures of O2. The calibration measurements demonstrated that the EPR line-width (ΔBpp) of the LiPc probe showed a linear response in the range of 0 to 150 mmHg. A slope of 0.89 μT·mmHg−1 was obtained for O2 sensitivity. The calibration data were used to convert the experimentally measured EPR line-widths into PO2 values (28). The area of tissue being measured was approximately 3 mm2. Left ventricular myocardial tPO2 was determined by advancing a 100-μm diameter fiberoptic probe (Oximetric; Abbott, Munich, Germany) through an 18-gauge Teflon over-the-needle catheter after prepositioning of the needle in a relatively avascular (no visible vessels) area approximately 2 to 3 mm below the epicardial surface of the left ventricle. The fiberoptic probe tip was approximately 1 cm caudal to the left anterior descending (left interventricular) coronary artery and 2 cm ventral to the left circumflex coronary artery. Tissue tPO2 determinations were representative of local O2 tension at the probe tip. Proper positioning of the fiberoptic O2 sensing probe was determined by the lack of hemorrhage or discoloration at the site of probe placement, appropriate fluctuations in myocardial blood flow, and stable tPO2 and temperature values. Only probe insertions that demonstrated no periprobe hemorrhage and that produced stable tPO2 values were accepted for data analysis. Local tissue temperature was measured by a fully integrated thermocouple, allowing simultaneous monitoring of tissue partial pressure of oxygen (PtO2), temperature, and automatic temperature correction. Back to Top | Article Outline Measurements Data were obtained continuously and recorded 5 min before each exchange, 20 min after each exchange, and again at 2 h after the third (50%) exchange transfusion. One hour elapsed between exchange transfusions. Each data set included arterial and mixed venous hematocrit (Hct; %), total protein (TP; g·dL−1), red blood cell (RBC) and plasma Hb concentration (g·dL−1), methemoglobin concentration (metHb; %), pH and blood gases (PO2 and PCO2; mmHg; ABL Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark), O2 saturation (%), base excess (mmol·L−1), lactate (mmol·L−1), heart rate (beats·min−1), systolic arterial blood pressure, diastolic arterial blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP; mmHg), LVEDP (mmHg), and body temperature (°C). Tissue O2 tension (tPO2; mmHg) was determined by EPR oximetry in kidney and brain and by fluorescence fiberoptic microprobe in the heart (8, 15). Initial measurements were performed for tPO2 immediately after stabilization of the oximetry probes and continuously throughout the experiments. All pigs were killed at the end of the experiment by administering sodium pentobarbital (150 mg·kg−1, i.v.) in the auricular vein. Back to Top | Article Outline Histopathology Tissues were harvested from the heart, brain, and kidney. The ventricular myocardium, cerebrum, and kidney cortex were stained with hematoxylin-eosin to detail cellular structures. Trichrome stain was applied to distinguish nuclei (black), collagen (blue), and muscle (red) and von Kossa to determine areas of increased accumulation of calcium. The brain (cortex) was stained with Van Gieson to identify collagen. The tissues were prepared using standard techniques, and each specimen was microscopically evaluated (magnifications ×100-×400) using an objective mounted micrometer. Back to Top | Article Outline Data analysis Results are expressed as mean (SD) for all groups. With the exception of tPO2, all hemodynamic, pH, and blood gas (PO2 and PCO2) parameters from each group (heart, brain, and kidney) were combined to provide a single comparison between HBOC versus HSA (Table 1). An ANOVA for repeated measures with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was used to analyze all data with group and time serving as cofactors. Paired t tests were used to calculate differences from baseline within groups for all parameters other than tPO2. One-way ANOVA was used to determine differences among groups across time, followed by t tests. Statistical significance was assumed at P < 0.05. The statistical program used was Systat version 10.2 (Chicago, Ill). TABLE 1 Back to Top | Article Outline RESULTS Blood chemistry Baseline hematology and blood chemical data were within normal limits for pigs. No differences in baseline values for any variable for any group were identified (data not shown). Hemodynamic and hematologic values did not change throughout the duration of the experiment in control-group pigs (Tables 1 and 2). TABLE 2 Back to Top | Article Outline Hemodynamics Heart rate increased and arterial blood pressure and LVEDP decreased during blood withdrawal. This pattern was reversed during infusion of either 6% HSA or HBOC-201. The transient hemodynamic changes associated with blood withdrawal and test article infusion are not reflected in Table 1 because hemodynamic data were obtained after the end of each infusion. Infusions of HBOC-201 produced sustained increases in MAP (23% Inf 1; 29% Inf 2; 35% Inf 3) from baseline values (Table 1). Mean arterial blood pressure did not change from baseline values after the administration of HSA. Arterial blood pressure was significantly greater in pigs administered HBOC-201 compared with HSA after the second and third exchange tranfusions and remained elevated for the duration of the experiment (Table 1). Back to Top | Article Outline Hematology Results of selected hematologic variables before and after transfusion with 6% HSA or HBOC-201 are presented in Table 2. Baseline values for Hct, TP, total blood Hb, RBC Hb, plasma Hb, and metHb concentrations were not different among groups and did not change from baseline in control-group pigs. The Hct decreased after the infusion of 6% HSA or HBOC-201. The TP did not change after the administration of 6% HSA and increased significantly to values ranging from 6 to 8 g·dL−1 in pigs administered HBOC-201 (Table 2). Total Hb values did not change throughout the experiment for pigs administered HBOC-201 but decreased from baseline values for pigs administered 6% HSA. The RBC Hb concentration decreased for all pigs administered 6% HSA or HBOC-201, whereas plasma Hb concentration did not change for pigs administered 6% HSA and increased after each of the three infusions of HBOC-201. Whole-blood metHb did not change in control pigs, and metHb remained less than 1% of total Hb in pigs administered 6% HSA and significantly increased to 3.6% (SD, 1.1%), with individual peak values ranging from 2% to 6% in pigs administered HBOC-201. Back to Top | Article Outline Tissue oxygenation Changes in brain and kidney tPO2 remained relatively stable for the duration of the experiment after exchange transfusion with either 6% HSA or HBOC-201 (Table 3). The average tPO2 was significantly increased compared with baseline values in heart tissue after the first exchange transfusion with HBOC-201 (Table 3). TABLE 3 Back to Top | Article Outline Histopathology No significant histopathologic changes were observed in the brain, kidney, or heart tissue obtained from control pigs or in brain and kidney tissue obtained from pigs administered 6% HSA or HBOC-201. One and two small foci of coagulation necrosis, respectively, were observed in two of the six HBOC-201-treated pigs. Back to Top | Article Outline DISCUSSION Exchange transfusion and hemodilution with 6% HSA or HBOC-201 to Hct values averaging 16% did not change or decrease tPO2 in the heart, brain, and kidney in a large animal model. Exchange transfusion produced predictable hematologic and hemodynamic effects based on the physical characteristics and component chemistry of the solution administered. Exchange transfusion with 6% HSA produced minimal or no changes in hemodynamics, pH, and blood gas variables other than those induced by hemodilution. The administration of HBOC-201 increased arterial blood pressure and plasma Hb concentration, maintained total blood Hb concentration, and reduced blood O2 saturation. Decreases in the Hct and RBC Hb concentration were attributed to the dilutional effects of 6% HSA or HBOC-201. Increases in TP after HBOC-201 administration were attributed to the concentration of protein infused (13 g·dL−1 Hb). The 2% to 6% increases in the percent whole-blood methemoglobin (ferric heme iron) were expected based on the known tendency for extracellular Hb to undergo spontaneous autoxidation (16, 29). The greater P50 and lower cooperativity of HBOC-201 compared with porcine RBC Hb were believed responsible for the observed decreases in the arterial and venous O2 saturation in pigs administered HBOC-201. None of these changes were of significant magnitude to jeopardize tPO2. The average absolute increases in arterial blood pressure compared with baseline values after the administration of HBOC-201 were approximately 23%, 29%, and 35%. These values were greater than that produced by 6% HSA after each exchange transfusion, but are not considered to be abnormally elevated values for anesthetized pigs (12, 30). The largest change in arterial blood pressure (23%) occurred after the first exchange transfusion of HBOC-201, whereas subsequent infusions (30% and 50% of blood volume) did not produce proportional increases in arterial blood pressure. Importantly, we did not observe a significant decrease in any hemodynamic variable compared with control pigs. We adapted an anesthetic protocol known to preserve homeostatic responses in swine and produced concordant results to that study (30). Various anesthetic protocols, especially inhalant anesthetics, may be responsible for the conflicting results published by others because nearly all anesthetic drugs have the potential to produce smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation and blunt the sympathoadrenal homeostatic responses to manipulations (31). The small changes in macrohemodynamics observed in this study would not be expected to produce significant changes in tPO2 unless tissue blood flow, arterial blood O2 content (CaO2), or tissue metabolism was markedly altered at the microvascular (<30 μm) level. Decreases in tPO2 below the threshold for anaerobic metabolism (tPO2 <3 mmHg) would be expected to lead to anaerobic metabolism and increases in serum lactate, thus leading to the development of metabolic acidosis (32). Acid-base data and, in particular, the arterial lactate values we recorded suggest that tissue blood flow was adequately maintained by both treatment groups. Transient decreases and increases in tPO2 values were observed in all three vital organs during blood withdrawal and test article infusion, respectively, suggesting associated changes in tissue perfusion pressure. The tPO2, however, never fell below a critical value despite significant decreases in Hct after each exchange and was never below baseline values in any organ. The in vivo measurements of tPO2 in the heart, brain, and kidney support this inference. Increases in arterial blood pressure would be expected to maintain and potentially increase tPO2 because tissue perfusion pressure is a prime determinant of tissue blood flow, provided that microvascular resistance to blood flow does not increase significantly (24, 33). Our macrohemodynamic data (heart rate, arterial blood pressure, LVEDP) suggest that tissue perfusion pressure and blood flow were maintained, whereas the tPO2 data confirm the maintenance of tissue oxygenation in the presence of HBOC-201. Our data conflict with previous studies that measured tPO2 in the skin fold of the cheek pouch of hamsters undergoing exchange transfusions using a related polymerized bovine-derived HBOC (HBOC-301) solution (24, 25). Although the previous and current studies used exchange transfusions to produce a similar degree of hemodilution, the earlier studies reported that exchange transfusion with HBOC-301 resulted in abnormally low tPO2 values and suggested that this effect may be attributable to nitric oxide scavenging, vasoconstriction, and hypoperfusion and could affect survival (25). There are several critical differences among these experiments and the current study. We measured tPO2 in three vital organs: heart, brain, and kidney, whereas the earlier studies measured tPO2 in a nonvital fatty, subcutaneous tissue or skeletal muscle of the hamster cheek pouch. Significant differences are likely to exist between the regulation of blood flow and tissue oxygenation between subcutaneous tissues and vital organs. It is likely that exchange transfusion-induced changes in the microcirculation of the hamster check pouch are indicative of shunting of blood away from nonvital organs, thereby decreasing tissue oxygenation. Our study indicates that the distribution and maintenance of blood flow and oxygenation to vital organs are maintained. We did not measure cardiac output, but based on the results of a previous study that used an anesthetic and experimental protocol almost identical to the current study, we believe that HSA (6 g·dL−1) and HBOC-201 markedly increased or maintained cardiac output, respectively (30). That study attributed increases in cardiac output and vital organ blood flow (heart, brain, kidney), produced by the infusion of HSA, to a compensatory response to hemodilution and decreased O2 content to maintain O2 delivery (30). The authors concluded that physiologic coupling of O2 delivery and consumption is maintained after administration of HBOC-201 and not impaired by local vasoconstriction (30). Furthermore, criticisms have been raised concerning the methodological limitations of the quenching method used in these earlier studies to determine tPO2 (34). Finally, and of greater importance, more recent data have demonstrated that the administration of a dilute solution of bovine-derived HBOC-301 (4 g·dL−1) restores tissue perfusion and functional capillary density and significantly improved tPO2 and acid-base parameters in the hamster check pouch window chamber model subjected to moderate hemorrhagic shock (50% bleed) (13, 26). This observation is consistent with our data in anesthetized swine and experiments, which examined the effects of HBOC-201 as salvage therapy for severe neurotrauma and polytrauma (12). The administration of HBOC-201 in this latter study reduced pressor and fluid requirements, improved intracranial pressure, and increased brain tissue tPO2 (12). Our study clearly demonstrated that HBOC-201 is capable of maintaining tissue oxygenation in a clinically relevant large animal model in which the Hct was reduced by approximately 50% due to hemodilution. We chose the pig because of its cardiovascular and physiologic similarity to humans. The model was not designed to test the limits of the O2-carrying ability of HBOC-201, and a more severe model using alternative anesthetic drugs or anesthetic techniques may have modified our results. Our experimental model was developed to obtain a total volume exchange that mimicked previously published articles wherein hemorrhage or isovolemic hemodilution was carried out to remove 50% of the animals total blood volume or attain a cumulative 50% volume exchange (4-6, 9-11). These earlier studies suggested that this "stress" would result in the development of a metabolic acidosis (lactic acidosis) presumably from inadequate O2 delivery or maldistribution of blood flow and low tissue O2 tension. A recent study, using an experimental design similar to the current study, however, suggested that physiologic coupling of O2 delivery and consumption after administration of HBOC-201 is not impaired (30). Our study extends this conclusion and suggests that tPO2 is maintained, at least in the tissues (brain, kidney, heart) that we interrogated. Additional studies will need to be conducted to more definitively examine tissue blood flow and oxygenation in animals subjected to a more severe degree of isovolemic hemodilution (Hct = 10%, 5%). There may be a spectrum of critical Hct below which various transfusion fluids are unable to maintain tissue oxygenation. The tPO2 values recorded in the current study are similar to tPO2 values reported in other EPR studies and those using polarographic electrodes and fluorescence probes (6, 28). The EPR method is highly specific and sensitive but is similar to other technologies in that it is limited to small superficial areas of tissue and is difficult to use in vivo. Interestingly, the heart tPO2 remained more stable in pigs administered HBOC-201 compared with pigs administered 6% HSA. Potential explanations for this difference include the greater total O2-carrying capacity and content of blood containing HBOC-201 and differences in microcirculatory blood flow. The PtO2 values for brain and kidney were lower than those for heart in both the HSA and HBOC groups but similar to values reported for gut and skeletal muscle (3-6). The reason for these differences cannot be determined from our studies but may be related to differences in the techniques used to measure PtO2 and differences in the factors that regulate individual organ blood flow and blood flow distribution or differences in tissue metabolism. Finally, a review of the effects of HBOC-201 administration on organ (myocardium, lungs, hepatic parenchyma, jejunum, renal cortex/medulla) injury after moderate (40%) and severe (55%) controlled hemorrhage or severe uncontrolled hemorrhage in swine concluded that there is limited evidence for HBOC-201-induced oxidative stress and that observed histological changes are clinically equivocal (35). Our exchange transfusion experiment replaced 50% of the pigs' blood volume with HBOC-201 and was not preceded by hemorrhagic shock; therefore, it is not surprising that we did not observe consistent histopathologic changes of oxidative stress. One study has demonstrated that intracoronary infusion of preoxygenated HBOC-201 preserved myocardial metabolism, regional O2 delivery, and left ventricular function produced by a 3-min coronary artery occlusion (36). Importantly, intracoronary infusion of nonoxygenated HBOC-201, Ringer's solution, or no treatment resulted in immediate loss of ventricular function in the ischemic region and evidence for anaerobic metabolism (36). These findings have important clinical implications regarding the potential benefits of HBOC-201 as an organ-preservation fluid and require further investigation. Back to Top | Article Outline CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study supports and extends investigations that have identified that systemic alterations produced by HBOC-201 do not alter regional blood flow and are unlikely to impair vital organ (heart, brain, and kidney) oxygenation. There was no indirect evidence of altered tissue perfusion (normal serum lactate concentrations) and minimal, if any, evidence for tissue histopathologic changes that could be directly attributed to oxidative stress.Back to Top | Article Outline REFERENCES 1. Winslow RM: Current status of oxygen carriers ('blood substitutes'): 2006. Vox Sang 91(2):102-110, 2006. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 2. Awasthi V: Pharmaceutical aspects of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Curr Drug Deliv 2(2):133-142, 2005. Cited Here... 3. Standl TG, Reeker W, Redmann G, Kochs E, Werner C, Schulte am Esch J: Haemodynamic changes and skeletal muscle oxygen tension during complete blood exchange with ultrapurified polymerized bovine haemoglobin. Intensive Care Med 23(8):865-872, 1997. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 4. 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Katz LM, Manning JE, McCurdy S, Pearce LB, Gawryl MS, Wang Y, Brown C: HBOC-201 improves survival in a swine model of hemorrhagic shock and liver injury. Resuscitation 54:77-87, 2002. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 11. York GB, Eggers JS, Smith DL, Jenkins DH, McNeil JD, Mueller D, Josephs JD, Kerby JD: Hypotensive resuscitation using a polymerized bovine hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying solution (HBOC-201) leads to a reversal of anaerobic metabolism. J Trauma 50:1063-1075, 2001. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 12. Dudkiewicz M, Harpaul TA, Proctor KG: Hemoglobin-based oxygen carrying compound-201 as salvage therapy for severe neuro- and polytrauma (Injury Severity Score = 27-41). Crit Care Med 36(10):2838-2848, 2008. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 13. Cabrales P, Tsai AG, Intaglietta M: Polymerized bovine hemoglobin can improve small-volume resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock in hamsters. Shock 31(3):300-307, 2009. 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Cabrales P, Tsai AG, Intaglietta M: Hyperosmotic-hyperoncotic versus hyperosmotic-hyperviscous: small volume resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock. Shock 22(5):431-437, 2004. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 22. Cortinovis A, Crippa A, Cavalli R, Corti M, Cattaneo L: Capillary blood viscosity in microcirculation. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 35(1-2):183-192, 2006. Cited Here... | PubMed 23. Martini J, Cabrales P, Tsai AG, Intaglietta M: Mechanotransduction and the homeostatic significance of maintaining blood viscosity in hypotension, hypertension and haemorrhage. J Intern Med 259(4):364-372, 2006. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 24. Tsai AG: Influence of cell-free Hb on local tissue perfusion and oxygenation in acute anemia after isovolemic hemodilution. Transfusion 41(10):1290-1298, 2001. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 25. Cabrales P, Tsai AG, Intaglietta M: Isovolemic exchange transfusion with increasing concentrations of low oxygen affinity hemoglobin limits oxygen delivery due to vasoconstriction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295(5):H2212-H2218, 2008. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 26. Cabrales P: Low oxygen-affinity hemoglobin solution increases oxygenation of partially ischemic tissue during acute anemia. J Am Coll Surg 210(3):271-279, 2010. Cited Here... 27. Kramer GC, Kinsky MP, Esenaliev RO: Assessment of tissue oxygenation: ultimate endpoint or simply interesting? Crit Care Med 34(3):924-926, 2006. Cited Here... 28. Ilangovan G, Manivannan A, Li H, Yanagi H, Zweier JL, Kuppusamy P: A naphthalocyanine-based EPR probe for localized measurements of tissue oxygenation. Free Radic Biol Med 32(2):139-147, 2002. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 29. Alayash AI: Hemoglobin-based blood substitutes: oxygen carriers, pressor agents, or oxidants? Nat Biotechnol 17(6):545-549, 1999. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 30. Mongan PD, Moon-Massat PF, Rentko V, Mihok S, Dragovich A, Sharma P: Regional blood flow after serial normovolemic exchange transfusion with HBOC-201 (Hemopure) in anesthetized swine. J Trauma 67(1):51-60, 2009. Cited Here... | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef 31. Ogawa Y, Iwasaki K, Shibata S, Kato J, Ogawa S, Oi Y: Different effects on circulatory control during volatile induction and maintenance of anesthesia and total intravenous anesthesia: autonomic activity and arterial cardiac baroreflex function evaluated by blood pressure and heart rate variability analysis. J Clin Anesth 18(2):87-95, 2006. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef 32. Richmond KN, Shonat RD, Lynch RM, Johnson PC: Critical PO2 of skeletal muscle in vivo. Am J Physiol 277(6 Pt 2):H1831-H1840, 1999. Cited Here... 33. Cabrales P, Tsai AG, Winslow RM, Intaglietta RM: Effects of extreme hemodilution with hemoglobin-based O2 carriers on microvascular pressure. 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Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 298(3):H1103-H1113, 2010. Cited Here... | PubMed | CrossRef Keywords:Blood substitutes; HBOC-201; tissue oxygenation; isovolemic; resuscitation; brain; heart; kidney ©2011The Shock Society


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Mar 28 2018 in Press & Media by Tess Broussard
Tess Broussard and Ava Goldsmith attend Gretchen Rossi's Purse Collection Arriva at Impressions in Los Angeles.
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Aug 25 2016 in Press & Media by Tess Broussard
Celebrities (Gretchen Rossi and Tess Broussard) attend Opening of Brambila Salon
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The Annual Pass entitles the Pass-holder to play golf any day of the week for one year from the date of purchase. Also, an Annual Pass-holder receives one hour of access to the Short Game Practice Area per month. The Pass is non-transferable & non-refundable. Play will be subject to tee time availability. Course maintenance schedules, events, furlough days or course closure may limit tee time availability on some days. Allows Passholder to play golf for 1 year from date of purchase.
** Get your Annual Pass using our monthly payment option.
* To purchase a Junior Pass, the user must be under 17 at the time of purchase.
- Individual Pass$1295.00RiverRidge
- Junior Pass *$550.00RiverRidge


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The CAD Service has over 10 years of experience in Computer Aided Designs, providing CAD drawing and design service to a range of different clients.
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Fighting Back Against Carpenter Ants
Carpenter ants can be extremely devastating to your house and surrounding property. During the warm summer months, these dreaded insects may be more likely to invade your wooden structures and wreak havoc on the integrity of your home. By hiring an exterminator to provide you with targeted bug control in Crystal Lake, you will be able to eliminate your carpenter ant problem and restore your peace of mind. To highlight the benefits of working with an experienced bug exterminator, here is an overview of some tips to keep carpenter ants at bay.
Target the Nest
Like many other insects, carpenter ants live in a centralized nest. When you are planning a carpenter ant removal project, your first step will be to target the nest, which is the source of your infestation. An experienced exterminator will use diagnostic techniques to find the nest around your home and property. Once the nest has been destroyed, the colony will naturally start to die off.
Fill Holes Around Your Home
When carpenter ants target your home for infestation, they will be looking for tiny cracks and holes that will allow them to gain access to its wooden structures and surfaces. If you want to keep carpenter ants away, or are seeking to prevent a new infestation, consider applying caulk to any holes that may be present around the exterior of your home. Once these holes have been filled, your home will be very resistant to carpenter ants, as well as other common bugs.
Trim Your Landscaping
If your property has mature trees and other forms of landscaping, hanging branches and limbs may be providing carpenter ants with easy access to your home. One method for preventing carpenter ants without the use of baits or traps is to trim back the landscaping around your home. After you have cut back your hanging limbs, the carpenter ants will have fewer points of entry that they can use to get inside the structure of your house.
Spotting the Signs of Carpenter Ants
Carpenter ants are highly destructive insects that can seriously compromise the structural integrity of your house. Since there are many ant species that can potentially invade your home, you will want to ask a bug control technician in Crystal Lake to help you identify your problem . Scheduling bug control services from a qualified exterminator will allow you to remove your carpenter ant problem at the source. Here are some signs that carpenter ants may have invaded your home this summer:
Large Black Insects
When you are looking for the signs of carpenter ants in your home, you should be on the lookout for large, black insects walking along your floors or baseboards. Carpenter ants are much larger than other ant species, and adult carpenter ants can reach up to a half-inch in length. If your ants are on the smaller side, chances are that you have been invaded by other ant species.
Unusual Piles of Sawdust
Carpenter ants chew through wooden materials in order to create their nests and colonies. To identify carpenter ants in your home, look for unusual piles of sawdust popping up in corners of your home. As carpenter ants munch their way through wood, they leave piles of sawdust behind.
Strange Rustling Noises
You may be able to hear a carpenter ant colony once they have made their way into the wooden materials throughout your home. As carpenter ants march through their tunnels, they will create a distinctive rustling sound. These sounds can easily be mistaken for the signs of other creatures, such as termites or mice.
Damaged Wooden Surfaces
A colony of carpenter ants can be extremely destructive to the wooden materials around your home. If you suddenly notice that your doors, baseboards, or other wooden items have signs of holes or tunnels, a colony of carpenter ants may be to blame. Fortunately, your bug exterminator will be able to find the colony and completely eliminate the carpenter ant problem in your home.
Making Your Property Less Hospitable for Wasps
Wasps are among the most feared insects that can invade your home and property. During the summer season, you may be more likely to see these bothersome pests swarming around your garden and outdoor living areas. With targeted bug control and bug removal services near Crystal Lake , you can ensure that your garden does not attract a colony of wasps. To emphasize the importance of calling a bug exterminator at the first sign of a wasp infestation, here is an overview of how to make your property less hospitable for these pests:
Eliminate Potential Nest Sites
To keep wasps away from your household, you will need to make sure that your property does not have any areas that may invite these pests to start building their nests. Mature trees, roof overhangs, and cracked wooden structures all make perfect places for wasp nests. With the help of a qualified contractor, you can identify potential nesting sites and make sure that they are correctly treated or sealed. Looking for possible nesting sites can also help you identify an infestation that is in its early stages.
Cover Food and Drinks
When you host a backyard barbecue, it is important to cover up meats, sugary treats, and beverages that may be attractive to wasps. Wasps are drawn to protein and sugar, so having these items out during your party may invite a colony of unwanted visitors to your home. By keeping your drinks in covered containers and your food under cover when it is not being eaten, you can avoid attracting a swarm of wasps.
Contact a Pest Control Company
If you are very concerned about wasps around your property, call a local pest control company for assistance. Your pest control technicians will know precisely how to keep wasps away from your home, and they will be able to easily identify potential sources of an infestation. After your professional wasp prevention service, you can rest assured that your home will remain free from these pests for the rest of the summer.
What Attracts Pavement Ants?
Ants are an incredibly common pest, and pavement ants are some of the most frequently found ants in the U.S. These insects get their name from their habit of building nests under cracks in pavement. Are you planning to call an exterminator for pest control in Crystal Lake because of pavement ants? If so, then knowing more about these insects and what makes your property appealing to them can help you avoid future infestations.
Pavement ants will eat nearly anything, such as cheese, honeydew, bread, seeds, meats, nuts, and other insects. However, it is moisture that pavement ants are most attracted to when it comes to choosing a home, as with most other pests. To prevent these ants from being attracted to your property, eliminate any sources of excess moisture around your home. To keep these ants outdoors, trim any tree branches over your roof and seal up cracks in your home's exterior. If you currently have a pavement ant infestation, then consider contacting an exterminator for pest management services.
A Look at the Three Most Common Ant Species
Pest control covers a variety of insects and mammals, such as ants, cockroaches, and rodents. There are many common pests that homeowners can find in and around their houses. Ants are one of the most annoying pests that exterminators see, making knowledge a key asset of pest control. By knowing the traits and habits of common ant species, professional exterminators can perfect and implement helpful forms of pest control near Crystal Lake. Continue reading to learn more.
Carpenter Ants
Though they are not related to termites, carpenter ants have a similar relationship with wood. Carpenter ants can chew through wood and hollow out areas to build their nests. They do not consume wood, however, which makes them very different from termites. Carpenter ants typically eat dead insects and nectar from plants and aphids. They build their nests in humid areas like damp or rotting wood. There are several species of carpenter ants, but the most common are black in color and range from 3.4 to 13 mm long.
Odorous House Ants
Odorous house ants are more annoying than damaging to a house or its owners. They often have temporary nests that contain several queens and ants. Due to the temporary nature of their colonies, odorous house ants can be hard for the most experienced exterminator to fully eradicate. To prevent an infestation, remove all landscaping structures or junk piles away from vegetation and the house. These ants can easily access a house through outside landscaping structures.
Pavement Ants
Pavement ants are often found outside and under paved areas like concrete slabs, driveways, and patios. This ant species does have a stinger, but it will only sting if a limb is in close proximity to the nest. Though they are usually found outside, pavement ants can venture indoors to feed on sweet or greasy items. Pavement ants should be dealt with by a professional exterminator who knows the correct way to eradicate and prevent pavement ant colonies.
Ant Control in McHenry, IL
Ant removal on your own can be difficult. Call (847) 529-2847 to speak with the pest control experts at Schopen Pest Solutions.
Distinguishing Between Bees and Wasps
Bees and wasps are among the most common types of stinging insects that you may find in your yard. In this video, you will learn some helpful tips for distinguishing between bees and wasps. One of the biggest differences between bees and wasps is the size and shape of each insect's torso. Bees have wide, fuzzy torsos, whereas wasps have lean, smooth torsos. An exterminator that offers bug removal in Crystal Lake can help you identify any stinging insects around your property.
If you are concerned about a bee or wasp infestation near your home, be sure to set up professional bug control services . Using expert techniques, your bug removal technician can safely eliminate your stinging insect problem. After your bug extermination services are completed, you can spend time in your yard without worrying about the presence of stinging insects.
Why Do You Have Kitchen Ants?
It can become common, especially in the spring and summer months, to see small, dark ants crawling around your kitchen counters or in your pantry. These annoying pests have chosen your home for a reason: Food and water supply. Thankfully, these ants can be removed with some simple bug control or a professional bug exterminator near Crystal Lake.
Watch the video to see more about what these tiny ants are attracted to in your kitchen. If you frequently leave unwashed dishes in the sink or food lying around the kitchen, then you need to start some serious bug control. Ants are attracted to these food sources. They might also be attracted to a potential water leak under your sink. Be sure to remove these common food and water sources before the infestation gets out of hand. If the ants continue coming, then call your bug exterminator for more help.
Identifying Carpenter Ants
Carpenter ants near Crystal Lake are a serious summer pest that can cause severe damage to your home and property. If you are worried about an ant infestation this summer, it is a great idea to take the time to learn how to identify carpenter ants in your home. Since carpenter ants cause damage to wooden structures, they can often be mistaken for termites. However, while termites eat wood and other carbon-based materials, carpenter ants simply chew through wood to create their homes.
When your home has a carpenter ant infestation, you may find wood shavings around certain wooden surfaces near your property. In addition, if you see visible ants around your home, you can look for the carpenter ant's distinctive, heart-shaped face and reddish-brown body. With the help of an exterminator offering pest control services, you can remove a carpenter ant problem at the source. By hiring an exterminator that specializes in removing bugs, you will have total peace of mind after your pest control services have been completed.
Why Are Carpenter Ants a Threat to Your Home?
Carpenter ants are a destructive pest that invades your property to build nests and colonies. Carpenter ants can enter your home through cracks, pipes, loose windows, or other open points in your home's exterior. If you suspect that you may have a problem with carpenter ants near Crystal Lake, it is best to call an experienced exterminator to treat the problem. Keep reading for a few of the reasons why carpenter ants are a threat to your property.
Carpenter Ants Damage to Wood and Building Materials
Unlike termites that rely on wood for nutrition, carpenter ants chew through wood and then discard shavings. This distinction means nothing, however, when it comes to the negative effect that these pests can have on the structural integrity of your home. In addition to wood, carpenter ants can chew through foam insulation, composite boards, and other building materials. Over time, as carpenter ants increase the size of their colony within your home, the amount of material they destroy will increase. This steady erosion of your home's structure can take its toll on its stability and lead to costly repairs.
Carpenter Ants are a Hidden Threat
Many homeowners with a carpenter ant infestation are unaware of the problem until a wall is opened up during construction or a remodel. Unlike other pests that make their presence known, carpenter ants can exist within the walls and other crevices of your home for years with out showing any signs of inhabiting your family's home. Rather than tearing open walls to check for the presence of a carpenter ant colony, homeowners are advised to call a knowledgeable exterminator to check for signs of this pest.
Carpenter Ants Can Indicate Other Issues
Because carpenter ants burrow into wood and building materials simply to create space in which to colonize, they frequently look for areas of your home that are already partially eroded in order to minimize their work. This means that carpenter ants tend to seek out spaces that have already been chewed by termites, rotted by moisture, or decayed by other insects. Your exterminator should check for evidence of other pests when he or she examines your home for carpenter ants.
Getting Rid of Carpenter Ants
Carpenter ants are one of the most difficult pests to eliminate. If you have an infestation of carpenter ants near Crystal Lake, it can be helpful to learn a few facts about these insects to gain a better understanding of how you or your exterminator can treat the problem. An established carpenter ant colony can include several thousand insects. Watch this video for more information on these pests and how to get rid of carpenter ants.
To treat a carpenter ant problem, your exterminator will most likely need to target the colony. One way to do this is to identify trails that carpenter ants use as they move around and follow the trail to the colony. Providing poisonous bait for carpenter ants to take back and share with other ants will help to eliminate the colony.
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7/19/2018 · 5 Reasons why online dating might not be such a good idea. Only yesterday, I got a funny call from a guy I have never met. He said that he got my number online and would like us to date. Unfortunately (for him) I am married (and happily too), putting an end to that request.
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6/14/2014 · 5 Reasons Why I'm So Glad I Tried Online Dating 04/14/2014 11:34 am ET Updated Jun 14, 2014 Today, in 2014, it's almost less common to find people who have never tried online dating than it is to find people who have.
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Private Alcohol Rehab - Locating The Answers
Every plan is different, and most plans require recovery facilities do, but that does not mean that they cannot help users who need it. A number of factors dictate the cost of a programme: Room and Board By definition, a residential rehab cost of $898 justified? When choosing a private alcohol rehab program, look for one cost of rehab, from medical care to amenities. Inpatient can range from $2,000 - can also play a role in the addiction treatment process. The options available include: A residential rehab is going to be the to give you quality...


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Property Details for MLS® # C4244636
32 Millrise Wy Sw, Calgary
Detached Bungalow for Sale
- Price: $550,000
- Bedrooms: 4
- Bathrooms: 3(full) 0(half)
- Parking: 4
- Status: Active
- Year Built: 1986
Location! location! location! Close to parks, LRT, schools, shopping. Incredible home offering incredible value! Over 3200 sq ft of living space w/ 4 beds, 3 baths, fully dev basement & dbl att garage. A rare opportunity in Millrise! This bright sunny home has 9 ft & vaulted ceilings, updated windows, central air, built in custom cabinetry, granite countertops, hdwd floors, ceramic tile & loads of storage. Perfect for entertaining family & friends. The chef's kitchen has all you need! Top of the line appliances, gas stovetop, electric oven, updated cabinets, center island, all displaying pride of ownership. The welcoming spacious tiled entrance, living room, dining room & cozy family room makes entertaining a breeze. The luxurious master retreat has a huge w/i closet and 4 p. ensuite. Fully developed basement.Situated on a manicured corner lot this bungalow is a one-of-a-kind! The yard is truly worth bragging about. The low maintenance yard is complete with concrete walkways, patio's & perennial gardens.
Contact Kelly Kernick About MLS® C4244636
Kelly Kernick, 403-875-7629 at Urban Real Estate Services, 820, 26th Street NE , Calgary, Alberta, T2A 2M4
property information
- Property Type: Detached Home
- Style: Bungalow
- Year Built: 1986
- Total Floor Area: 1,635 sq.ft
- Finished Levels: 2
- Restrictions: See Remarks,Underground Utility Right of Way
Community Information
- Address: 32 MILLRISE WY SW
- Neighbourhood: Millrise
- City: Calgary
- Postal Code: T2Y 2N8
- Included: Alarm/Security System, Dishwasher-Built-In, Dryer, Garage Control, Garage Opener, Garburator, Microwave Hood Cover, Refrigerator, See Remarks, Storage Shed, Stove-Countertop Gas, Stove-Electric, Vacuum System Attachments, Vacuum System(s), Washer, Water Softener, Window Coverings-All
- Bedrooms: 4 (Bedrooms Above: 2)
- Bathrooms: Full: 3
- Rooms Above Grade: 6
- Basement: Full, Fully Finished
- Floor Finish: Carpet, Ceramic Tile, Hardwood
- Exterior Features: Back Lane, Corner, Fenced, Flat Site, Fruit Trees/Shrubs, Golf Nearby, Landscaped, Playground Nearby, Public Transportation, Schools, Shopping Nearby
- Exterior Finish: Brick, Stucco
- Construction: Wood Frame
- Foundation: Concrete
- Roof: Asphalt Shingles
- Front Exposure: West
- Frontage: 35.4500 metres
- Depth: 16.7500 metres
Main Floor Room Dimensions
- Master Bedroom: 6.35m x 4.50m
- Living Room: 3.91m x 3.86m
- Kitchen With Eating Area: 6.17m x 3.96m
- Family Room: 5.79m x 4.01m
- Dining Room: 3.51m x 4.34m
- Bedroom: 3.02m x 3.94m
Lower Level Room Dimensions
- Recreation Room: 7.98m x 8.25m
- Laundry Room: 3.76m x 6.20m
- Bedroom: 5.03m x 3.45m
- Bedroom: 3.63m x 3.43m
services & amenities
- Features: Air Conditioning-Central, Ceiling 9 ft., Patio, Vaulted Ceiling, Wall Unit-Built-In
- Parking: Double Garage Attached (4 Total Parking Spaces, 2 Covered)
- Heating: Forced Air-1
- Heating: Forced Air-1, Natural Gas
Nearest Schools
- Elementary: Our Lady of Peace
- Junior High: Marshall Springs
- Senior High: Our Lady of Peace
Registration Benefits
By Creating an Account You'll Access:
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