text:
Sleeps 2-5 people.
The centerpiece of this apartment is the well-equipped kitchen with dishwasher, coffee maker, kettle and satellite TV.
The apartment also includes two separate double bedrooms (one of which can be used as a triple). Each bedroom has an en-suite bathroom containing shower and WC.
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For all our guests:
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Please note that this apartment is non-smoking.


text:
1 Introduction
According to the shunt capacitor banks need to be energized and de-energized (switched-in and switch-out) several times in accordance with the behavior of the system load profile, which it is not stable, these banks are created that the switching transient inrush current when they are switched on. The three-phase overcurrent protection relay (50/51) with short time overcurrent and instantaneous functions shall be applied with the desirable minimum pickup of 135% of nominal phase current for grounded wye banks or 125% for ungrounded banks. The operation delay is set long enough to avoid false trips during switching [1, 2]. In modern IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices), the time overcurrent functions with fundamental frequency band-pass filters are not sensitive to inrush currents. Successful operation of modern IEDs may be obtained by setting instantaneous relays at a lower value compared with relays without band-pass filters; typically, 3 to 4 times the capacitor bank rated current is sufficient to override back-to-back bank switching [1, 2]. Practically, the minimum pickup is around 15 times the capacitor bank rated current (without band-pass filters) which there is less than the rated short-circuit of the system. It is enough to avoid the relay mal-operation from transient inrush current during energizing the reactive power. However, the suitable pickup setting for instantaneous function shall be 3 to 4 times of the capacitor bank rated current and a few cycles delay because it is convenient for protecting the capacitor in case of the harmonic current presence in the system [3]. Therefore, when designing the shunt capacitor bank protection scheme, it is very important to clearly discriminate between the normal capacitor current and transient capacitor inrush current due to capacitor energizing.
Works of literature on transient classification and discrimination techniques were presented in recent publications [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. These papers have explained a new method for detecting and classifying the power quality disturbance both industries and utilities. The transient classification using various techniques, for instance, using S-Transform and Competitive Neural Network [5], Mathematic morphology [7, 8], Continuous wavelet transform [9], Decision Tree-based Classifiers and Hidden Markov Model [10] and Wavelet-fuzzy logic [11]. The several results of their literatures are effectively detected and classify the transient inrush current from other events. On the other hand, many kinds of literature provide the technique to classify the transient by obtaining the inrush current signal from switching capacitor bank with only a series reactor. Some literatures simulated only the single step switching. It is not enough and does not cover all of the protection schemes. Additionally, some researchers need the voltage signal to investigate the transient oscillation for discriminating the transient capacitor switching. In the meanwhile, the problem of classification and discrimination transient inrush current remains as an open problem for better discussing and improving the solutions. However, the techniques to detect, classify and discriminate the transient inrush current which is occurred from the 6-difference cases of the transient mitigation methods were not presented.
Therefore, this paper proposes a new technique for detection and classification of the high transient inrush current with the 6-difference cases of transient mitigation methods (for instance, pre-insertion resistor, pre-insertion inductor, current limiting reactor, 6% reactor and synchronous closing control) which are normally found in the application of capacitor bank. The DWT is performed to extract the high-frequency component which is contained in the transient inrush currents. The wavelet coefficients of the scale 1-30 from the DWT will be used for detection. Then, the standard deviation of wavelet scale coefficient will be determined for classifying the possible case of normal switching (isolated) or back-to-back capacitor switching [4]. The total case studies of 244 cases have been tested and verified with various 12 switching inception angles. The results from DWT are an input to the Artificial Intelligence (AI). The type of intelligence is a "Fuzzy Inference System (FIS)". In order to discriminate the transient inrush current which is occurred from the 6-difference cases of the transient mitigation methods will be used by the fuzzy inference system. The results show that the proposed technique can effectively perform the detection, classification and discrimination of the transient inrush current during capacitor switching which provides the high accuracy more than 90%. It can be developed to overcurrent (50/51) and unbalanced current (60C) protection relay for avoiding the relay mal-operation from high transient inrush current in the future. In addition, the proposed methods can help an engineer who works in the field of protective relay to identify the type of transient signals.
2 System simulation study
2.1 System modeling
The substation shunt capacitor bank used as a model is shown in Figure 1 [12]. The 4th-steps capacitor bank which is rated 72 Mvar, 230 kV is used to simulate the high transient inrush current and classify the possible cases of switching. The three-phase voltage source model is represented by equivalent circuit with a short circuit value of 10 kA [4]. The transient mitigation method for 6-difference cases was numerically simulated: a base-case, with a pre-insertion resistor, with a pre-insertion inductor, with a current limiting reactor, with a series 6% reactor and using synchronous closing control [3]. The inrush current with variation of the inception angle for capacitor bank switching at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300 and 330 degrees were recorded. The switching transient patterns were varied into 6 different cases as following:
- –
Simulations using a base case (uncontrolled transient energization)
- –
Simulation using the pre-insertion resistors; each with a resistance value of approximately 86 Ω.
- –
Simulation using the pre-insertion inductors; each with a reactance value of approximately 119 mH.
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Simulations using the current limiting reactors; each with inductance value of approximately 1 mH/phase.
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Simulations using the series 6% reactors; each with an inductance value of approximately 166 mH per phase.
- –
Simulations using synchronous closing control for the controlled shunt capacitor bank.
2.2 High transient inrush current
To design a protection scheme of capacitor bank able to detect and classify the transient inrush current. Each kind of transient inrush current is very important to be prepared. The PSCAD/ EMTDC [13] was used for simulation by using the sampling frequency of 250 kHz. These recorded signals were used to be an input for wavelet analysis. The example of high transient inrush current form 6-difference cases of transient mitigation methods was shown in Figure 2.
The inrush current has been increased while the last step switching. The typical amplitude of the inrush current for back-to-back energization is several kAs with a frequency of more than 2 kHz. The magnitude and frequency of this inrush current is, therefore, much higher than that of an isolated bank. Generally, the isolated capacitor bank switching has an inrush frequency between 300 Hz to 2 kHz and not exceed 20 times of capacitor rated current because the large impedance of network can reduce this inrush current.
3 Proposed techniques
3.1 Discrete wavelet transform for detection and classification
The discrete wavelet transforms based on Daubechis wavelet has been used to detect and classify the high transient inrush current [14]. Figure 3 shows the structure of the proposed techniques for the transient inrush current classifier. The structure is composed of the discrete wavelet transform, wavelet scale analysis, maximum scale selection and transient classification from the inrush current 6-difference cases of transient mitigation methods in order to investigate the possible cause of capacitor bank switching. The DWT is used to analyze the transient signal at scale selecting between 1 to 30 scales only. The mother wavelet, db4 is also used to analyze the transient disturbance owing to less time requirement to do the calculation and provide the classification more correctly than others [10]. The wavelet coefficient from each scale will be determined by Equation (1) [15, 16]. The discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) is used to analyze the transient signal at scale selecting from first scale to thirty scales only.
The wavelet coefficient in each phase during capacitor switching will be conducted for detection the high transient inrush current by using an if-then statement which will be compared with the wavelet coefficient during capacitor rated current (threshold, steady state) as follows.
If (IA, max) > (1.3xThreshold),1,0),
If (IB, max) > (1.3xThreshold),1,0),
If (IC, max) > (1.3xThreshold),1,0),
If (Imax, positive) > (1.3xThreshold),1,0)
If (AND (Imax, positive) = 1,
SUM (IA:IB:IC, max) ≥ 2),"Abnormal","Normal")
The above if-then statement is designed to match the high transient inrush current phenomena and the philosophy of the protective relay setting accordance with IEC 60871-1:2014, IEC 60871-3:2015, IEEE Std. 1036-2010 and IEEE Std. C37.99-2012. The capacitor units shall be suitable for continuous operation at an r.m.s. current of 1.30 times the normal rated current that occurs at rated sinusoidal voltage and rated frequency, excluding transients. Therefore, for banks with separate overload and short-circuit protection, the overload protection is normally set in the range of 1.3 and 1.4 times rated current. The operating delay time is set long enough to avoid false trips during switching. The short-circuit protection is set above 3In and a few cycles delay. Refer to the if-then statement as above, the 130% or 1.3 times is from the maximum of capacitor overloading condition. If current phase A, B, C and positive sequence current are higher than the 1.3 times. It is a risk for capacitor damage and exposure due to capacitor overloading. This criterion is the pick-up current setting for overcurrent relay protection. During capacitor switching to close state, the transient inrush current phase A, B, C and positive sequence current will be increased rapidly and higher than the threshold. Therefore, the result of a proposed algorithm is the abnormal condition. Moreover, if the summation of wavelet coefficient of the positive sequence current is higher than the threshold and the summation of wavelet coefficient in each phase can detect more than 2 phases. We can conclude that these signals are abnormal. The criteria of the summation of wavelet coefficient in phase A, B and C shall be used equally or more than 2-phase detection because some of the switching devices are closed nearly to 0 degrees. Thus, the inrush current is very low signal. However, we cannot judge the transient signal whether it is the inrush current switching or normal capacitor rated current. The algorithm of standard deviation will be performed in order to find the type of these transients.
In the section of classification algorithm, the standard deviation is very important features to distinguish the transient disturbance classification [9]. Therefore, the equation to calculate the standard deviation is shown in Equation (2).
The standard deviation of the discrete wavelet scale analysis and the number of maximum scales to detect in wavelet scale analysis can be used to classify the possible cause and origin of transient inrush current both isolate and back-to-back capacitor switching by using the if-then statement. The flowchart diagram of the proposed algorithm can be shown in Figure 4.
IF (AND (STDEV, inrush, positive) > (1.3*STDEV, threshold, positive), Wavelet, scale max < (Wavelet, scale threshold), "Normal switching","Back-to-Back switching")
As the above algorithm, the standard deviation must be multiplied with 1.30 times to be setting the pick-up current (threshold). The capacitor unit can withstand for continuous operation at an r.m.s. current of 1.30 times the normal rated current that occurs at rated sinusoidal voltage and rated frequency, excluding transients. The variable "STDEV, inrush, positive" is the standard deviation which is calculated from the wavelet coefficient of positive sequence current by using the equation (2). This variable will be calculated the standard deviation totally 30 scale wavelet analysis. The variable "STDEV, threshold, positive" is the standard deviation which is calculated from wavelet coefficient of positive sequence current during normal capacitor switching totally 30 scale wavelet analysis.
3.2 Fuzzy logic inference system for discrimination
To solve the protective relay of capacitor bank mal-operation from transient switching inrush current, a fuzzy-based approach is proposed. The fuzzy logic rules evaluate the multi-resolution features as well as electric characteristics in order to identify the power quality disturbances in network. The fuzzy inference system with two linguistic variables that defines 2-concept, the maximum wavelet scale detection is acted as input 1, the standard deviation is acted for input 2. Then, the output is the type of 6-difference cases for transient mitigation methods. The structure of fuzzy classifier based on the fuzzy inference system (FIS) diagram for discrimination of high transient inrush current is shown in Table 1.
Before building the fuzzy interference system, the standard deviation will be multiplied by 100 in order to easily create the membership function and can be designed a system cable of detecting and classifying the high transient inrush current as shown in Figure 5. A fuzzy inference system (FIS) is a system that uses fuzzy set theory to map inputs to outputs. Type of fuzzy inference system which is Mamdani [17, 18]. Mamdani's fuzzy inference method is the most commonly seen fuzzy methodology using fuzzy set theory. The Mamdani type rules to discriminate the information provided by the two linguistic variable inputs. Figure 6 shows the block diagram of transient inrush current discrimination with FIS scheme based on Mamdani type rules.
3.3 Experiment test unit
A single line diagram of the experimental test unit is shown in Figure 8. The power supply of the system is taken from the university laboratory at a voltage level of 380 V and then connecting to a step-up voltage transformer to be 415 V. The switching capacitor in each step uses the magnetic contactors k1, k2, and k3. The switched capacitor bank can be operated by push button and a power factor controller (PFR). The HRC fuses will be mainly used for short-circuit protection.
The current transformer connected to main incoming phase A to be an input of the controller. The three-phase PQ analyzer is used to do the measurement of the voltage at main bus-bar and transient inrush current in each step. The 3-step capacitor switching will have the reactive power at 5.0 kvar per step including the series 7% reactor. The inductance rating of series reactor is 0.653 mH per phase. The shunt capacitor bank series with the 7% reactor can be used in high distribution loads (loads with more than 4-steps of capacitor banks) and in industrial applications. The inductor size is normally estimated by 7% of the capacitive reactance of the capacitor bank. The picture of experimental test unit is shown in Figure 9.Voltage and current were measured at a location in the front of the magnetic contactor. The measurement of the oscillation overvoltage and high transient inrush current was done using a power quality analyzer. However, the operation of a capacitor bank in experiment test unit will be controlled by manual mode via push button in the front side of the unit.
The controller unit receives voltage and current measurements from the potential transformer (PT) and current transformer (CT) to calculate the power factor of the system and then compares these data with the power factor value that is set inside the unit. After that, it sends an on/off signal to the magnetic contractor to close or open the capacitor bank circuit in each step. This test setup is downscale from the capacitor bank system in the 115-kV substation with a reactive power of 48 MVar in each step. This experimental test unit is downscaled from 115 kV to 415 V in the laboratory by using per-unit calculation to determine the size of the capacitor and other devices or equipment for the test unit.
4 Simulation of the proposed algorithm
4.1 Inrush current detection and classification using DWT
The isolated capacitor bank switching provides the maximum wavelet coefficient as the ninth scale (1st step switching). In the meanwhile, the back-to-back capacitor switches as the third scale only. This characteristic will be used to classify the transient inrush current in order to find the possible causes and origin of transient inrush current. The comparison of the wavelet scale coefficients is shown in Figures 10 – 13. The comparison of the wavelet scale coefficients by Equation (1) is considered as illustrated in Figures 12 and 13. As in the figure, the wavelet scale analysis of all step capacitor switching is plotted on the wavelet scale versus wavelet coefficient. The wavelet scale coefficient in case of the threshold obtained from discrete wavelet transform during capacitor was already energized for a period more than 100 msec. It means that the capacitor current is in a stable stage.
4.2 Inrush current discrimination using Fuzzy Inference
The discrimination system was tested with 244 cases of transient inrush current signals which were generated with the PSCAD simulation. Due to the standard deviation for linguistic variables input 2 is very low. So, they will be multiplied by 100 in order to easy for create the membership functions and Mamdani rules in FIS. In Figure 11, the maximum wavelet scale detection is a triangular membership function defined as input 1. The standard deviation is a trapezoidal membership function defined as input 2. Then, the output is as a triangular membership function.
The scheme of FIS can be shown in Figure 14. Index of membership function for first and second input are defined by triangular (trimf) and trapezoidal (trapmf) respectively. Output is represented by a triangular (trimf). The surface viewer is shown as in Figure 14. A three-dimensional curve represents the mapping from maximum wavelet scale detection (input1) and standard deviation (input2) to the type of transient reduction control (output). The fuzzy rules for isolated and back-to-back capacitor switching will be established by Mamdani 21-rule and Mamdani 35-rule respectively.
4.3 Experimental test set
For the experiment, the system's normal case has been recorded to evaluate switching transients occurred when the energized capacitor back phenomena taken into account are inrush current and voltage transients. The current signals measurement will be acted as input for wavelet transform in order to verify the proposed algorithm. The inrush current waveform and oscillation overvoltage at the bus are shown in Figure 15 and 16, respectively. In the case of a capacitor bank system without an installed reactor (base case), when considering the system current after switching in the first step, the inrush current magnitude rises to approximately 7-8 times the normal current magnitude due to the energizing current to the capacitor bank. Inrush current in the next step is higher than the previous one due to the inrush current occurring when the energizing capacitor bank combines with the current from the energized bank. It causes an increase in magnitude of the inrush current accordance with the theory.
In Figure 15, the inrush current signal for phase A, B, and C will be calculated to determine the symmetrical component of positive, negative and zero sequence. The positive sequence current of each phase will be acted an input of discrete wavelet transform to detect and classify the transient inrush current behavior as shown in Figure 17. Then, the output from wavelet classifier will be used to input for fuzzy inference for discrimination the type of transient reduction control between base case and 7% reactor. The wavelet scale analysis to detect and classify the signals whether transient created from isolated switching or back-to-back switching was shown in Figure 17. The result shows that maximum wavelet coefficient can be founded in the 2nd scale.
The fuzzy inference system for discriminating the type of transient mitigation method in case of an experimental test unit can be built in the same method as the simulation study case. But the membership function for output variable is different. It is only 2-output between 7% reactor and base case. The maximum wavelet scale detection is a triangular membership function defined as input 1. The standard deviation is a trapezoidal membership function defined as input 2. Then, the output is as a triangular membership function.
5 Results of proposed algorithm
5.1 Simulation study results
The proposed algorithm has shown satisfactory performance to detect, classify and discriminate the transient inrush current in the various types of capacitor switching transient. The errors of an algorithm will have occurred when switching at reference voltage phase A as 0 degree and 180 degrees because this switching inception angle provides the zero voltage across the circuit breaker [4]. So, the transient inrush current does not occur.
5.2 Experimental results
The experimental results are shown in Table IV and V. The proposed algorithm shows excellent performance to detect, classify and discriminate the high transient inrush current.
The results of the proposed algorithm were shown in Table 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The wavelet coefficient corresponds with the switching sequence. The wavelet coefficient will be increased when the number of step-switching is increased. The last step-switching provides the highest of wavelet coefficient which is corresponding with the inrush current in the system as the capacitor switching theory (Isolated & Back-to-Back capacitor switching). Each of the wavelet coefficient from the 6-difference cases of transient reduction control can be found that the switching capacitor bank without transient reduction control (base case) have the highest value of wavelet coefficient, but the maximum of wavelet scale detection is very minimum. In the meanwhile, the switching capacitor bank with synchronous closing control has the lowest value of wavelet coefficient, but the maximum of wavelet scale detection is so high. It is concluded that if the maximum of wavelet scale analysis is high, the inrush current is very low. Contrarily, if the maximum of wavelet scale analysis is very low, it has the meaning that the inrush current is very high. On the other hand, if the wavelet coefficient is so high, the inrush current is so high too. Therefore, the wavelet coefficient value is corresponding with the high transient inrush current signal by the wavelet coefficient which will be highest value when the capacitor bank switching in the last step. Regarding the fuzzy inference system, it shows the high accuracy to discriminate the high transient inrush current in case of the transient mitigation method of synchronous switching control and pre-insertion inductor respectively. In the meanwhile, the pre-insertion resistor has the highest of error discrimination because each of transient mitigation method that provided with the value of standard deviation and max scale detection had nearly value in each mitigation method. It is quite difficult to discriminate the type of transient mitigation method with FIS. However, the proposed algorithm provides the accuracy more than 90% for classifying the all capacitor switching transient inrush currents.
6 Conclusion
This paper presents the technique of detection, classification and discrimination of the high transient inrush current during capacitor bank switching occurring on the substation shunt capacitor bank in order to avoid the overcurrent relay (50/51) and unbalanced current relay (60C) mal-operation due to failed trip from high transient inrush current. This paper described the approach to detect and classify high transient inrush current, which occurs from the energization of an HV substation shunt capacitor bank, rated 4×72 Mvar/230 kV, in a Thailand's substation system. The main purpose of the new algorithm in this paper is clear to discriminate between the normal capacitor current and transient capacitor inrush current only. The protective relay can be known that the type of transient signals is the inrush current or normal capacitor rated current. Thus, the relay will not be tripped (block function) from the type of transient inrush current signal.
PSCAD/EMTDC was used to simulate transient inrush current with the transient mitigation methods in six different cases. Wavelet scale analysis can be used to detect and classify the possible cause of transient inrush current both isolate and back-to-back capacitor switching. The type of Artificial intelligence is a Fuzzy Inference System which will be used to discriminate and distinguish the type of capacitor switching in the 6-different cases of transient reduction control. The proposed techniques show the highest accuracy and satisfaction for detection, classification and discrimination in both the experimental test unit and simulation study. It can be developed to the numerical protective relay in the protection scheme of the HV shunt capacitor bank.
However, the next research will be a further study on how to discriminate between short-circuit current and inrush current signals. The protection algorithm will be conducted. Finally, the author expected that the software engineer who was responsible to develop the computer processor in IED have an idea to classify the type of transient signal during capacitor switching.
The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support for this research (No. KREF045507) from the King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang research fund, Thailand.
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About the article
Received: 2017-11-01
Accepted: 2017-11-30
Published Online: 2018-04-18
Citation Information: Open Physics, Volume 16, Issue 1, Pages 93–104, ISSN (Online) 2391-5471, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2018-0016.
© 2018 Theerasak Patcharoen et al., published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. BY-NC-ND 4.0

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Luxury Design, Past & Present
A Regency amboyna and gilt library table attributed to Seddon and Morel, the rectangular
top set upon solid end supports with a turned, reeded and gilded stretcher and gilded
foliate bun feet, decorated throughout with rich amboyna veneers and gilt gesso edging to
the top and end supports. Inscribed in pencil with a sale date and '…Duke of Rutland'.
English, circa 1815.
H 29in (74cm) L 55iin (40cm) D 27in (69cm) £34,500
An almost identical table is in the grand entrance of Buckingham Palace.
Footnote: George Seddon, 1796-1857, was the grandson of George Seddon of Aldersgate
Street (the largest furniture manufacturer of the 18th century). Nicholas Morel was of
French extraction and a protégé of the architect Henry Holland. Under Holland's direction
he worked on the decoration of Carlton House, official London residence of the Prince of
Wales. In 1827 Seddon and Morel formed a partnership to undertake the refurbishment of
Windsor Castle for King George IV, with an enormous budget at that time of £200,000.
Numerous examples of similar tables in this characteristic combination of amboyna and gilt
are illustrated by Hugh Roberts in For the King's Pleasure, The Furnishing and Decoration of
George IV's Apartments at Windsor Castle, London 2001, figures 309, 380, 399, 407 and 413.
This commission inevitably encouraged other patrons, from the Marques of Stafford to
Liverpool Town Council and the firm continued successfully until Seddon devoted himself to
painting. He trained in Paris in 1841 and then travelled widely in Egypt and the Holy Land
with the Pre-Raphaelite William Holman Hunt. He had a picture accepted by the Royal
Wick Antiques LTDCharles Wallrock
Lymington SO41 9BB


text:
Jefferson Hagen, MacEwan Athletics
EDMONTON – Rankings are never the favourite topic of MacEwan women's volleyball head coach Ken Briggs, who is much more focused on the nuances and individual matchups his players need to master to have success each week than what a piece of paper says.
But with his team receiving an honourable mention in this week's U SPORTS top-10 rankings, it's at least a shot of validation that the Griffins – who have a 4-2 record (tied for third in Canada West) – are a good team.
"It just means we've had some success in the first three weeks. But it's still the fact we're finding ways to win. That's the biggest thing to take out of that," said Briggs, whose team's clutch play has them defying another ranking so far this season – the Canada West preseason coaches' poll that tabbed them to finish 12th out of 13 teams.
The team conference coaches voted to finish first and who are currently ranked fourth in the country – the Alberta Pandas – are the Griffins' opponent this weekend as they head across town to the Saville Centre for matches on Friday (7:30 p.m.) and Saturday (5 p.m.).
As much as Briggs doesn't put a lot of stock into the perceived pecking order, he knows what they're up against in a Pandas team that's also 4-2 so far this season (with both of their losses coming at No. 3 Trinity Western last weekend).
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"They're definitely a measuring stick and it's also difficult to play at Saville. That's a tough gym to play in. To go in there and compete is a big step."
This could be MacEwan's best shot at the Pandas since entering Canada West in 2014, though. Not only are the Griffins a confident bunch with home sweeps of UBC-Okanagan and Saskatchewan under their belts so far this season, the last time they played a regular season match at the Saville Centre (October 2017), they should have won, undone by their own errors in a five-set defeat.
If there are takeaways out of that and how the Griffins have had success this season it's how important the mental battle is in warding off mistakes and maintaining momentum.
"We have some confidence in the things we're doing, and we know the things we've done well on the first three weekends we need to continue to do that," said Briggs.
"Error control is our biggest enemy because they're very much a team that's going to push you and try to win through attrition. They're not going to make any dangerous moves, they're not going to take any big chances because they're going to make you make the mistake."


text:
HKN baddest boy Davido drops a new hit off his highly anticipated soon to be released sophomore album set for release this September, he calls this one "Dodo". The song is already generating a lot of buzz, fans are saying every song Davido drops is a hit, a fan on twitter @engr_pharuk tweeted "@iam_Davido I swear that dodo track is one of it kind and the best for 2015 keep doing the good job bro nd stay bless" Dodo is produced by Kiddominant. Enjoy!
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The compact brush head reaches into awkward corners where mud can accumulate – like car footwells and hard-to-reach places around the cabin.
Delivery details
Free delivery for orders of £35 or more (£3.06 for postage and handling if your order is less than £35). We'll deliver your replacement parts and tools within 5-7 working days.


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Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukone are one of the most adorable couples of Bollywood. And I guess many of us wish that they never get separated. But every now and then rumors are heard about their break-up. Recently, their break-up news spreads like wildfire.
And to shut these rumors they both showed their presence in the Birthday party of Ritesh Sidhwani (Producer). They choose to arrive in the same car. Ranveer drove the car while his love Deepika was sitting backseat. And while returning from the party they were spotted together at the backseat.
Saturday was a busy day for Ranveer as he walked the ramp at the Lakme Fashion Week for the designer Manish Arora. He was seen in a rainbow-sequinned jacket. After this, he directly drove to the party with Deepika in the same outfit. And Deepika, as usual, was looking gorgeous in a white crop top and black pants.
Now let's check out some more pictures here –
Ranveer and Deepika however, been dating each other, since 2013 but haven't acknowledged their relationship officially but will marry soon. Currently, they are filming Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Padmavati.


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Combine the ancient spiritual practice of yoga with the thrill of trekking in the Himalaya. Not only will you be in the Himalaya, but this trekking route is ranked as one of the best trails in the whole world! Sharpen your body and mind while being in the presence of several of the highest peaks in the world, including the behemoth Mount Everest (8848 meters).
Yoga is a mental, spiritual and physical practice of disciplining and strengthening oneself. It is mostly practiced mostly by Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains, though it has rapidly spread to the west and become a secular practice. Anyone and everyone can enjoy the beauty of yoga. Is there a better place on Earth to experience this enlightening activity? Find a sense of inner peace at the lap of the world's highest summit!
There is a lot more to yoga than strengthening and relaxing the body (though that does help a lot during our trek!). It is about strengthening self-awareness and cultivating a higher consciousness in the individual. The trekking helps this even more because we are hiking through pristine sceneries. We are detached from the worries and anxieties that sometimes way down on us during our everyday life.
This unforgettable journey will stick with you forever! Every day we begin and end the day with yoga and meditation. There is no better way to wake up and fall asleep.
The trek starts with a flight to Lukla, considered to be one of the most dangerous flights in the world (do not worry, you will be safe!). It is a slow and steadyclimb from here on. One notable stop is in Namche Bazaar – the center point of Sherpa trade and tourism. Busy shops, bakeries, and guesthouses are packed along the stone streets. It is a lovelytown to spend a day acclimatizing and exploring.
Another fascinating placeis Tengboche Monastery – a huge Tibetan Buddhist monastic complex. Receive some blessings here before traversing higher and higher into the rugged and barren environment. Reaching Everest Base Camp is an unforgettable moment. There is so much history to this legendary place, you can feel it in the air.
Kala Patthar, though, outshines Everest Base Camp in terms of sheer beauty. This is the best place to see Mount Everest, so enjoy its splendor. Also admire dozens of other rugged ridges and peaks surrounding it. Youcan see several more of the world's tallest mountains, including Lhotse, Makalu, and others.
Throughout the trek, you feel at peace from hours of yoga and meditation. You become more present throughout the journey and your spirit is filled. You will be glowing for days following the trek. We would love to share this amazing experience with you!
To join our Everest Base Camp Yoga Trek, you do not need to have any previous yoga experience. We guide you through the in's and out's of the practice, while making you feel comfortable and welcome. Whether you have lots of yoga experience or none at all, you will enjoy our Everest Base Camp Yoga Trek. Also, you only need a basic level of fitness for the trekking. Our itinerary allows for slow and steady acclimatization so anyone can join our adventure.
It is possible to do the Everest Base Camp Trek throughout the year. The best times, though, are spring (March to May) and fall (September to November). In the springtime, the colorful flowers are blooming. During the fall, the skies are usually clearer. Ashmita Trek and Tours arranges the trek with full management, including transportation, meals, etc. Please do not hesitate to reach out if you have questions!
Welcome to Nepal! Upon your arrival to TIA, we pick you up and take you to your hotel. In the evening, we brief you on the upcoming adventure. Overnight in hotel.
Have breakfast at the hotel and head off for a sightseeing tour of Kathmandu, including its UNESCO World Heritage sites. Spend the day visiting Pashupatinath, Boudhanath, Swayambunath, and Kathmandu Durbar Square. Our knowledgeable guides will tell you all about the historical and cultural significance of each spot. Spend your evening as wish, wandering around and preparing for the trek. Overnight in hotel.
A gripping flight from the Kathmandu domestic airport to Lukla kicks off the adventure. The window shows spectacular mountain views are all around. After the quick flight, we start on the lovely trail. The route passes Sherpa villages and everything that comes with that – including their fields of crops and Tibetan Buddhist monuments. As we reach Phakding, KusumKanguru and other mountains make their presence known. Overnight at the guest house.
On our first full day of our trek, the trail climbs through pine and rhododendron forests. Check in at the TIMS post and carry on. A little bit later, just past Monjo, we check into Sagarmatha National Park and the DudhKoshi as it goes higher in elevation. Before Namche Bazaar, Mount Everest pops into view and makes the scene even more magnificent. Overnight at the guest house.
We pass the day just letting our bodies adjust to the change in altitude. The wears on our bodies, so we try to prevent problems by slowly ascending. As the saying goes, "climb high, sleep low."Climb up to Khumjung and visit the Sagarmatha National Park Museum. Fromthis spot, we have awesome views of Everest, Lhotse, Nuptse, and AmaDablam. Then, spend time exploring Namche Bazaar, which is packed with shops and bakeries. There is lots to see today! Overnight at the guest house.
Wake up with a tasty breakfast in Namche. Trek up again toKhumjung and admire the stunning views. Carry on untilPhungiThanga, where the trail splits. One way goes to Gokyo and the other to Everest Base Camp. We take the one to Everest Base Camp, which goes uphill. Pine and rhododendron forests surround us. After a little while more, we arrive inTengboche, where there is a large monastery. Overnight at the guest house.
A drastic change in scenery happens today. We move past the tree line into the barren, rocky alpine area. During the trek, we enjoy dramatic mountain vistas, including views of Everest, Lhotse, and AmaDablam. After passing the Imja River, we reach Pangboche, a beautiful spot to have lunch. Further along the Imja Valley lies Dingboche, after one final ascent. Overnight at the guest house.
Stay in Dingboche for an extra day to acclimatize and explore, following the mantra of climb high, sleep low. So, we climb up the Chhukung Valley. Throughout the hike, crystal clear peaks surround us. The hike is steep and difficult, but rewarding. After we are finished, we head back down to Dingboche and rest. Overnight at the guest house.
Higher and higher we go, up to Lobuche. Distance-wise, it is not too far. However, the high altitude makes it hard on us. To Thukla, the trail is relatively even. We can have lunch here and to give ourselves energy. Make a final push to Lobuche and enjoy the stunning views. Overnight at the guest house.
Let's make it to Everest Base Camp today! Ascend first to Gorakshep, stopping at our guest house to drop off our bags. With our day packs, we push to base camp along a steep and rocky trail. Shoot some photographs and savor the moment of being at this historical place. Check out the Khumbu Icefall, Mt.Khumbutse and Pumori. When you are ready, we descend back to Gorakshep. Overnight at the guest house.
The trek gets even better today as we head to Kala Patthar – the best place to view Mount Everest. It's a bit difficult getting there, but it is totally worth it. Besides Everest, you can see many more magnificent peaks. Then, descend all the way to Pheriche. Overnight at the guest house.
After breakfast, keep moving down towards Namche Bazaar. Onthe same trail, we get to seeall the beauty a second time. Take some time to revisit Tengboche Monastery or any other site you missed or especially liked the first time. Have a little celebration in Namche in the evening! Overnight at the guest house.
The last day on the trail takes us back to Lukla. Enjoy the last ofthe mountain views. Walk over six high suspension bridges before reaching Lukla. Also, enjoy the last moments in typical Sherpa settlements. Stop in Phakding for lunch and then hike for a couple more hours to Lukla. Overnight at the guest house.
After breakfast, stroll on over to Tenzing-Hillary Airport for the flight back to Kathmandu. Spend the rest of the day in Kathmandu as you wish! Farewell dinner in Kathmandu in the evening. Overnight at the hotel.
We pick you up from your hotel and take you to the airport. Thank you for trekking with Ashmita Trek and Tours! We hope to see you soon.
Ashmita Trek and Tours does not take responsibility for any problems incurred by weather, damages to personal property, etc. We will do our best to prevent/handle any problems that happen. There is a chance that transportation to and from Lukla may be delayed due to road and weather conditions. Therefore, it is recommended to book your international flight with several days margin. It is possible to fly to Kathmandu if necessary (for an additional cost).


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The Hairdressers Award is a major event in Belgium and Luxembourg. It's the big one! Attracting entries from the very best stylists from across the two countries, it's a celebration of national talent and creativity.
Last year Steff Vranckx won the Hairdresser of the year award 2015 and the Up to date award. Sevda Durukan won the Color award. Check out the winning styles in the gallery below.
The JOICO sponsored event will be held on December 13th this year. JOICO Vision Director Gianni Scumaci and JOICO European Design Team member David Murray will be in the jury.
Detailed information on the processing of personal data can be found in our Data Protection Statement. Also our declaration of consent applies to this form, this information will also be provided to in the newsletter subscription confirmation email.


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Just over a year ago now, SmugMug announced the acquisition of Flickr from Verizon's Oath (née, Yahoo). At the time, I didn't much care, frankly. My use of Flickr was the same as many people who were suckling at the free storage teat that the site offered; I had (and still have) about 4,000 digital photos uploaded which I put there for accessibility to family and clients.
Then late last year, SmugMug started sending lots of e-mail to me and others: The free ride was, in large part, coming to an end. Or, at least, a truncation — only the newest 1,000 photos would be retained unless I acted promptly. I hemmed. I hawed. And in the end, I paid. Why?
If SmugMug's e-mail barrage notifying me that "changes are coming!" did nothing else, it made me log into Flickr. Look around. Evaluate my own use of the site. Do the mental calculations of what it was worth to me. In the end, I did nothing. At first. The dire warnings that my content was going to get truncated back to just 1,000 photos didn't stir me to action by itself.
Then, April 2019 came, and if you've read the series here, here, here and/or here, you'll already know that I rediscovered film photography just a couple of months back. I kicked Flickr's tires a little more, and hiding there in plain sight was an entire community of like-minded people. There were groups for film photography, but not just that, there were groups for 120 film. Groups for 120 Fuji film. Groups for 120 Fuji Velvia 50 film. And tens of thousands of others, some with tons of members and photos, and some with far fewer. I started browsing. I started getting ideas. And suddenly my film photography interest went from ember to full-on inferno — and it was Flickr I can thank for that, by allowing me access to similarly-minded people's work that in turn, inspired me.
I decided that before all my historical digital images were purged, and with the intent to post my best film work there, I'd go Pro, and did just that several weeks ago. My reasons were as much altruistic as personal. The MacAskill family, who owns SmugMug (and now Flickr), are reportedly passionate about photography; like really passionate. Flickr clearly suffered under the ownership of Yahoo / Oath / Verizon, there's nothing like it elsewhere on the internet (no, Instagram is no Flickr), and I wanted to support that as well.
I have to say that my decision was not even slightly influenced by the "Pro Perks" that SmugMug lined-up to get people to pay-up:
First off, I haven't heard of most of these companies. Second, I don't need online photography classes, or Lightroom presets, I don't qualify for the Adobe discount, and I don't really need photo books.
Then the Pentax 645 happened. And I want to shoot with the other cameras too. And you try to find a single camera bag that holds a medium format body, two 35mm bodies, and a passel of lenses, a flash or two, a light meter, and the usual required bits and bobs you want to shoot with. Seriously, try it. I dare you.
In a random moment, I saw that one item on the Pro Perks list: Peak Design. Hmmm. Who are they? "Gear." OK, let's check it out. I did, and well, one word: Score!
Peak Design is a cool San Francisco company that makes some interesting gear and accessories with photographers in-mind. (They also have YouTube video demos of their products which border on annoyingly lame.) But they hatch ideas with Kickstarter (which now that they're well-established seems a bit cheesy, but anyway), and it seems to work for them:
Scoring US$6,000,000+ for a product with a US$500,000 funding goal seems a pretty clear success.
In any event, the company has some pretty innovative case options for photographers, and after about a month of unease at pulling the trigger for a US$500 purchase, I finally did so with the understanding I could always return all of it within 30 days.
I chose the Travel Backpack 45L with some of its accessories:
I'm not convinced that I want to lug a backpack around; I've never been a fan of them. But three cameras plus lenses and accessories isn't going to work in a shoulder bag in any way I can envision. And the modularity of the Peak Design solution means I can carry some of the internal parts separately when needed.
But the best part? That 20% Flickr Pro discount that dropped a significant US$100 off the final tab. Essentially, I bought the gear for full price and got two full years of Flickr Pro for free — if you want to look at it that way. Regardless, US$100 is non-trivial.
If Peak Design is listening, for the record, until Flickr Pro I'd never heard of you. So whatever deal you made with them has created at least one customer where you didn't have one before.
When the gear gets here, you can look for a full listing of what I got, along with a review. Until then, I'm feeling pretty smug (bad pun, in light of Flickr's new owners) about scoring a massive discount on the heels of signing-up.


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Your best chance for better promotions, pay and new jobs
Diploma of Civil Construction Management &
Diploma of Leadership & Management
Diploma of Civil Construction Management & Diploma of Leadership and Management
- Age: 21 Years or over
- Education: Year 12 pass or Certificate IV and 2+ Years relevant Industry Experience or Proof of skills – provide a current resume or 2 Referees to testify to your ability to complete the course
- Language, Literacy, Numeracy: Proof of Yr12/Senior Certificate or Pass in approved LLN Tests; English language: see 'English Requirements' in the footer of the website for more information; Fluent in written and spoken English
- Employment:
- currently employed in the industry
- 3+ years of Civil Construction experience
- Have practical field experience in Civil Construction as a one of the following: Supervisor, Foreman, Estimator, Safety Supervisor, Project Manager, Engineer, and Superintendent…
- Access to a workplace where you can complete practical workplace projects including running meetings. (If you are between contracts or jobs, please call us to discuss. You may be able to access evidence from previous jobs or complete case studies).
- Resource Requirements: Students are required to have access to the internet and a computer in order to access their materials online.
- General: Motivation and good reason to complete qualification
Total Flexibility – Fit study in around your work & family commitments. All the resources and assessments are available to you 24/7.
You can complete this via:
- Online + Unlimited personal 1 on 1 phone training sessions with your Trainer
- Distance – Material posted + unlimited personal 1 on 1 phone training sessions with your Trainer
- Face to Face Training sessions – maybe available depending on your location
- Company Training – In-house. Contact Us to discuss a program designed just for your company and employees
3-12 months – Accelerated – Depending upon your previous experience and how much time you can allocate to completing your qualification.
All the resources and assessments are available to you 24/7, so you can get in and complete as fast as you want.
Flexible – Year round start dates – Means you can start anytime – Fast start & quick access to your Course.
Use your work experience and be recognised. Practical. No exams, No essays. Clear instructions & expectations. Listen to recorded instructions when you are actually doing your work; Resubmit up to 2 more times if your Assessor requires extra evidence from you. Use sessions with Trainer to work through your Assessments – learn what is expected;
Simple Process:
1. Answer questions and complete Projects (many with workplace based option);
2. Collect workplace documents or complete provided templates;
3. Cross-match answers & evidence.
4. Submit
- Flexible – Gain the amount of information you need and want – when and where suits you.
- All materials are available online and on your USB stick
- Unlimited phone training sessions with trainer – Flexible – Day & evening sessions available
- Wealth of resources for in-depth knowledge or Quick Tips
What we are known for – Great support for you. Be supported, accountable and motivated by your own Completion Coach, Trainers; Office Staff.
Flexible – Design your communication and training times and methods to suit you: phone, email, fax, post…
Your Trainer has wide management and training experience and will be able to relate to you.
May be available for Certificate IV, Diploma or Advanced Diploma units completed within the last 5 years. Phone us to check or send us a copy of your results showing the units studied with your enrollment form. Any we cannot credit, may be used for Recognition of Prior Learning, to support your understanding of the topic.
- RIIENV501D Implement and maintain environmental management plan
- RIIQUA501D Implement, monitor and develop quality management plans
- RIIRIS501D Implement and maintain management systems to control risk
- RIICWM501D Implement civil construction plan
- LGACOM401A Administer Contracts
- BSBMGT517 Manage Operational Plan
- BSBWOR501 Manage personal work priorities and professional development
- BSBWOR502 Lead and Manage Team effectiveness
- BSBLDR502 Lead and Manage Effective Workplace Relationships
- BSBWHS501 Ensure a Safe Workplace
- BSBRSK501 Manage Risk
- BSBADM502 Manage Meetings
- BSBLDR511 Develop and use Emotional Intelligence
- BSBFIM501 Manage Budgets and Financials Plans
- BSBMGT516 Facilitate Continuous Improvement
About Your Qualification
Gain Your Diploma of Civil Construction + Diploma of Leadership & Management online and develop Your Career in Civil Construction and Management.
Gaining 2 qualifications doubles your employment opportunities and shows future employers that you are serious about your career within a leadership role of Construction. Use the learning opportunities these qualifications offer to gain new skills and recognition for the skills you already have, help towards a promotion or better job or even towards further studies…
Supervisors, Foreman, Multiple Site Supervisors and Construction Managers can gain further skills in coordinating multiple teams or projects and in management.
- Increase Performance
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- Better Bottom Line
- Build Teams
- Improve Communication
Becoming qualified with your Diploma's are highly valued within Civil Construction, Construction, Mining and Coal Seam Gas industries.
Just like our hundreds of past students, you too can graduate with your Diploma of Civil Construction + Diploma of Leadership & Management.
Find out more through reading the headings to the left.
Click this button to download the official fee schedule for the cost of this course.
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Great civil course. The costing units really expanded my understanding of the process. I found that I learnt heaps by just completing the assessments. They got me to engage with different members of staff so I could ask them relative questions with the course. The phone interviews for each subject were really helpful. – James Castle
Thank you for the support and guidance during my 2 Diploma courses. I would thoroughly recommend Global Training Institute to any person who is looking to update their qualifications. The staff were extremely friendly,knowledgeable and expedient with any problems or questions that were raised. It would appear that there may be a promotion in the near future for myself and without a doubt I believe that this was granted with your help. – Steve Wallis
How to Enrol in this Course – 5 Simple Steps
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- Your Course: Ensure that you are comfortable and understand about the course that you wish to apply for and that you believe you will get benefit from completing it. Download the official Course Flyer on this webpage. Ensure you meet the course Entry Requirements listed on this page.
- Studying with Global Training Institute: To become familiar with all the policies and information regarding how studying occurs, your rights and obligations eg communication between us, issuing your qualification, withdrawals, refunds, complaints etc read the Student Handbook and student forms. The up-to-date versions will always be available to you in the website footer and in your Online Student Area. Download the Student Handbook – click here
- Funding Details and Requirements: Click the funding method of your choice to learn about the details and requirements.
- Apply: Click on the Enrol Now button on your course webpage and choose how you wish to pay for your course. Depending on the payment method selected, follow the instructions. You will usually be either A. taken to your Enrolment Application Form first and then arrange payment later (VSL and Funded options) or B. taken to the Order Form first (arrange payment on your credit card) and then complete your Enrolment Application Form.
- Course Offer: We will confirm your eligibility for study in the course, any credits you have, funding available, calculate your student fees, and if all OK, offer you a place.
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- Enrolment Confirmation and Get Started: We will then officially enrol you in your course, send you your Confirmation of Enrolment letter, allow you access into your Online Student Area (where you will find your Training and Assessment materials) and get you started on your course with your Trainer.
Contact us with any questions or you require any further information.
We are looking forward to working with you soon.
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Should your application not be accepted, you will receive a refund of fees paid.
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2. Private Loans
Private Loan: Borrow all or part of your tuition fees through Study Loans Australia and pay it back over 6 – 48 months.


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He already stepped down as a mod
He already stepped down as a mod
Awww... Well, this wasn't so big surprise. He didn't enjoy anymore i think so should be good decision for him. Hope all best for you @ShadowSurfer!!
Level: 125
Main: QUEENCHLOEGT
My first farm:CHLOESCASTLE
Guild home: QUEENSGUILD
Instagram: QueenChloeGT
How we could fix famable economy: OPEN LINK HERE
IGN - MineDeath
If Anything is possible, then it's possible for it to be impossible for anything to be possible! .
Instagram Link!
Discord Link!
He shall be missed.
I can't change my past. Thats why I live in the present and fix my future.
Growtopian name- FurtherMaths
Oh the youtuber?
Ripppppppppppppppppppppppp byeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeerere
Instagram: @Rimuoi._
Discord: @* Asagiri Rim * #1725
My Growid is RimuWu Now!
In case you see this:
Shadowsurfer, you were the best playermod that we've ever had, your videos have been amazing, it's a shame that you stepped down.
IGN: Ephus
- Trilingual
- Really experienced
- Good humour
- Friendly
I speak fluent Finnish, Swedish and English.
Feel free to talk to me in those languages!
"No act of kindness, no matter how small, is ever wasted."
well thank you for everything @shadowsurfer good luck with college now we all wish you the best the turtle squad will forever live still
Instagram: @Idiot.cat
Goals: to help people in forums, to get focused eyes, and to meet new peoples.
I wonder why
Join Forumers United, Join now!
All for one and one for all, we are only as strong as we are united, as weak as we are divided.
Is he really quitting/resigning as a mod? because it'll be so sad
Last edited by JericoCanja; 11-11-2019 at 12:22 PM.
Hello There,
First thing first ShadowSurfer is a guy.
Well base on his Social Media Bio It Written there he is "ex-moderator" but no confirmation about that.
I guess it is true.
Be Kind To Each Other
Everyone gets bored of something even moderators, we're all still human.
With Those Toxic Player.....Even Nekorei Had to Disable Her Comment Section
Be Kind To Each Other
Isn't he a youtuber?


text:
A metallic gleam adds to the stylish appearance of these 15/0 Hex Cut Miyuki seed beads. These beads are extremely small, making them an excellent choice for detailed designs. They have a large hole for their size and remain consistent in size and shape. Try them for bead weaving, looming or as spacers in delicate designs.
Each 8g package contains approximately 3233 beads.
These size 15/0 Delica beads have a rich black color with a metallic finish that will make them perfect for dramatic designs. Their size is consistent, which makes weaving with them a pleasure. With a large hole, you can pass your thread through the beads multiple times without breaking them. You can also count on their color being consistent time and time again.
Each 8g package contains approximately 2900 beads.


text:
Hello All
we have T2081 custom board based on T2080RDB-PC,
i am confused in pin muxing and input output mapping,
as in case of IMX6UL we are specifically having pin muxing related header file present in U-boot and kernel,
i am trying to find the same for t2080RDB which i am not getting.
to configure the IO mapping as per the our custom board.
Any suggestion would be appreciated,kindly help to solve this issue.


text:
As Boston recovers from winter storm Greyson, we are reminded of the serious damage and flooding a severe storm can cause our communities. Yesterday's storm dropped 17 inches of snow on the greater Boston area and flooded coastal communities. Record high tides flooded Boston's Seaport District, damaging property, halting travel and creating dangerous conditions for anyone who needed to venture out. The storm serves as a reminder that we need to take steps to prepare Boston and coastal communities for the extreme storms and intense flooding that will accompany climate change. And we need to do it now.
How do we prepare for frequent extreme storms and flooding? We mimic nature and restore wetlands and streams to provide flood control. We build decentralized water infrastructure to conserve water, generate energy and build redundancy. We find a way out of the box we have created by thinking differently about our future and our built environment. My op-ed in today's Boston Globe (reprinted below) outlines this vision as applied to Widett Circle in South Boston.
The best use of Widett Circle? Don't develop it at all
By Bob Zimmerman and Elizabeth Henry
Boston Globe, January 4, 2018, reprinted with permission
Speculation on the best use of Widett Circle has included a soccer stadium, the Olympic village and arena, housing and commercial development, perhaps even the second headquarters for Amazon. Counterintuitively, the most profitable use of the circle, sandwiched between the South End and South Boston, may lie in not developing it. City coffers would be in better shape if we scrape up the pavement, create a wetland, and invite the public into a vibrant open space.
First, the city is hungry for public green space. The property tax implications are highlighted by two development options looked at by Charles River Watershed Association and Industrial Economics.In one, Widett Circle is densely developed and harvests the increased property tax benefits. In the other, up to 300 acres become a floodable wetland, laced with public amenities and wildlife habitat. The city harvests the property tax benefits from increases in adjacent property values. This second scenario is likely better for public finances. The cleanup of Boston Harbor, the Charles River, and the Rose Kennedy Greenway teach us a lot: when we steward our natural resources, nearby property values — and the taxes they generate — increase dramatically. Tax-increment financing could purchase Widett Circle and unlock its potential.
Second, a restored Widett wetland is flood insurance. Like Back Bay and the Innovation District, Widett Circle and the surrounding area sit atop landfill. Roughly a century ago, it was an open water inlet known as South Bay. The area is low-lying and, as the city's Climate Ready Boston work has shown, is subject to both stormwater and coastal flooding. Widett wetland, together with the restoration of the buried two-thirds of Fort Point Channel and a CRWA-designed stream dubbed the Bass River running through Widett wetland and into the South End, would increase flood control for the entire district by as much as 400 times over existing conditions. It would also accommodate a seven-foot storm surge.
Since 1958, according to the National Weather Service, the largest one percent of storms in New England has increased 71 percent in power and frequency. Within the next 20 years, the likelihood we will get hit with a catastrophic precipitation event like Baton Rouge, Pensacola, and Houston is very high. When measured against the enormous cost of rebuilding Boston, investments to begin to transform the city are frugal.
Third, this dramatic re-envisioning of development invites a comparably exciting new vision for resilient, decentralized water infrastructure. An enclosed wastewater treatment plant, called a Community Water and Energy Resource Center, or CWERC, that mines existing sewers would produce renewable electricity, thermal heating and cooling energy, and reclaimed water from sewage and food waste for sale in the district. CWERCs flip the cost paradigm on wastewater, generating valuable renewable utilities and income beyond wastewater treatment ratepayer fees and subsidize the change. They build resilience by providing both energy and reclaimed water, the key utilities necessary to recover quickly from catastrophic events. They also provide high quality flow to restored water features like the Bass River, helping protect against both drought and flooding.
Economic development and resilience are not mutually exclusive. They should not be seen as competing interests, especially if Boston intends to remain the economic and intellectual hub it has become. Reconfiguring and restoring streams and natural features will build deep resilience to both drought and flooding, reduce heat island effect, and become coveted open space. With CWERCs feeding restored streams a portion of the water they reclaim, we can revive natural hydrology in Boston and continue the economic renaissance begun by the cleaning of Boston Harbor and the Charles River.
There is a way out of the box we have created with pipes and pavement, but it will require us to think quite differently about our future and our built environment. The question is whether we begin the transformation before we get hit, or after.
Bob Zimmerman is executive director of the Charles River Watershed Association. Elizabeth Henry is president of the Environmental League of Massachusetts.