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Gamma (γ) oscillation, a hallmark of cortical activity during sensory processing and cognition, occurs during persistent, self-sustained activity or "UP" states, which are thought to be maintained by recurrent synaptic inputs to pyramidal cells. During neocortical "UP" states, excitatory regular spiking (RS) (pyramidal) cells and inhibitory fast spiking (FS) (basket) cells fire with distinct phase distributions relative to the γ oscillation in the local field potential. Evidence suggests that γ-modulated RS → FS input serves to synchronize the interneurons and hence to generate γ-modulated FS → RS drive. How RS → RS recurrent input shapes both self-sustained activity and γ-modulated phasic firing, although, is unclear. Here, we investigate this by reconstructing γ-modulated synaptic input to RS cells using the conductance injection (dynamic clamp) technique in cortical slices. We find that, to show lifelike γ-modulated firing, RS cells require strongly γ-modulated, low-latency inhibitory inputs from FS cells but little or no γ-modulation from recurrent RS → RS connections. We suggest that this demodulation of recurrent excitation, compared with inhibition, reflects several possible effects, including distributed propagation delays and integration of excitation over wider areas of cortex, and maximizes the capacity for representing information by the timing of recurrent excitation.
Gamma (γ) oscillations, in the frequency range 30–80 Hz, are a prominent form of synchronization in the awake cortex and are widely believed to play a role in various neurocognitive functions, including feature binding, selective attention, and consciousness. The phasic activity of principal neurons associated with γ is thought to indicate the possibility of spike-time coding by individual cells relative to the γ"clock" signal of the average activity in the surrounding network. Many studies have established that γ oscillations can be maintained by local, recurrent neuronal interactions (Csicsvari et al., 2003; Traub et al., 2004), in which chemical and electrical interactions between interneurons (Buzsaki and Chrobak, 1995; Wang and Buzsaki, 1996; Penttonen et al., 1998; Deans et al., 2001; Hormuzdi et al., 2001; Galarreta and Hestrin, 2002; Gibson et al., 2005), the intrinsic γ-frequency threshold firing frequency of interneurons (Tateno et al., 2004), and cooperative drive of interneurons by principal cells (Whittington et al., 1995; Wang and Buzsaki, 1996; Buhl et al., 1998; Fisahn et al., 1998; Penttonen et al., 1998; Mann et al., 2005) are thought to be important. Self-sustained activity in the cortex, or the "UP" state (Steriade et al., 1993; Cowan and Wilson, 1994; Goldman-Rakic, 1995; Quintana and Fuster, 1999; Wang, 2001; Amit and Mongillo, 2003; Shu et al., 2003; Hasenstaub et al., 2005), is thought to be maintained by recurrent excitation between excitatory cells, balanced with recurrent inhibition via interneurons (Sanchez-Vives and McCormick, 2000; Shu et al., 2003; Haider et al., 2006), and has been shown recently to be accompanied by γ oscillations in vivo (Hasenstaub et al., 2005). However, so far, relatively little is known about the function of excitatory reverberation among pyramidal cells in the formation of the γ rhythm. From the perspective of coding or information representation, it is important to determine whether recurrent excitatory interactions between the principal cells directly influence the timing of the γ rhythm through recurrent excitation or whether the γ clock signal can be relatively independent of different patterns of recurrent excitation. Attempts have been made to measure inhibitory and excitatory fractions of synaptic input during γ oscillations, by voltage clamping the soma to depolarized or hyperpolarized membrane potentials. However, this approach suffers from the impossibility of spatial control of the membrane potential by the voltage clamp and precludes simultaneous observation of the response of the cell to particular patterns of synaptic input. Here, using recent in vivo measurements for the distributions of firing phase in the major cell groups that are responsible for γ, the regular-spiking (RS) (principal excitatory), and fast-spiking (FS) (inhibitory) cells, we have studied how principal cells integrate conductance stimuli that mimic γ-modulated population synaptic input. We find that, to reproduce lifelike γ-modulated firing, RS cells require strongly γ-modulated low-latency inhibitory inputs from FS cells but little or no γ-modulation from recurrent RS → RS connections. This demodulation of the recurrent excitatory signal probably reflects several characteristics of recurrent excitation, including distributed propagation delays and widespread divergence of local excitatory projections. We suggest that this leads to a high capacity for representing information through the timing of recurrent excitatory inputs but minimizes their impact on γ rhythm timing.
Materials and Methods
Three hundred micrometer slices of somatosensory cortex were prepared from postnatal days 14 to 26 Wistar rats (killed according to United Kingdom Home Office guidelines) in chilled solution composed of the following (in mm): 125 NaCl, 25 NaHCO3, 2.5 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 2 CaCl2, 1 MgCl2, and 25 glucose (oxygenated with 95% O2, 5% CO2). Slices were held at room temperature for at least 30 min before recording and perfused with oxygenated slicing solution at 30–33°C during recording. Whole-cell recordings were made from the somata of neurons in cortical layers 2/3. Cells were identified as RS cells based on their pyramidal shape, capability for low-frequency firing (<10 Hz), and frequency adaptation. RS cells had input conductance of 4.98 ± 1.99 nS and spike width (measured at −30 mV) of 4.30 ± 1.37 ms (n = 37). Patch pipettes of 5–10 MΩ resistance were filled with a solution containing the following (in mm): 105 K-gluconate, 30 KCl, 10 HEPES, 10 phosphocreatine, 4 ATP, and 0.3 GTP, adjusted to pH 7.35. Current-clamp recordings were performed using a Multiclamp 700B (Molecular Devices, Union City, CA). Membrane potentials, including stated reversal potentials for injected conductances, were corrected afterward for the pre-nulling of the liquid junction potential (10 mV). Series resistances were in the range 10–20 MΩ and were measured and compensated for by the Auto Bridge Balance function of the Multiclamp 700B. Signals were filtered at 6–10 kHz (Bessel), sampled at 20 kHz with 16-bit resolution, and recorded with custom software written in Matlab (MathWorks, Natick, MA).
Conductance injection.
Recorded neurons were stimulated using conductance injection (Robinson and Kawai, 1993). A conductance injection amplifier (SM-1) or software running on a DSP analog board (SM-2; Cambridge Conductance, Cambridge, UK) implemented multiplication of the conductance command signal and the real-time value of the driving force, with a response time of <200 ns (SM-1) or <25 μs (SM-2), to produce the current command signal. Voltage dependence of NMDA current was simulated by multiplying the command signal by an additional factor (1 + 0.33[Mg2+]exp(−0.06V))−1 (Harsch and Robinson, 2000), where V is the membrane potential and [Mg2+] is the extracellular magnesium concentration set to either 1 or 0.5 mm. The reversal potentials EAMPA, ENMDA, and EGABA were set to 0, 0, and −70 mV, respectively.
Stimulus protocol.
A total of 25 (for time-varying γ) or 20 (periodic γ) seconds of γ-modulated conductance waveforms were calculated for each type of stimulus. Each γ-modulated stimulus was divided into five segments. Individual sweeps consisted of 5–7 s of stimulus, with data from the initial 1–2 s discarded to eliminate transient onset responses. Twenty to 30 s interval between sweeps was allowed for recovery. For experiments in which a parameter was varied systematically (e.g., degree of γ modulation), we used both increasing and decreasing orders and confirmed that there was no difference. During intervals between sweeps, we applied an adaptive background holding current (time constant, 100 ms) to keep the resting membrane potential at a constant level, usually −75 mV. This current was fixed for the duration of each stimulus.
Data analysis.
The occurrence of spikes was defined by a positive crossing of a threshold potential, usually −40 mV. Data from several cells were pooled to calculate histograms: 4 cells in Figure 2B, 14 cells in Figure 2D, 10 cells in Figure 2E, 5 cells in Figure 3C, 8 cells in Figure 4, 8 cells in Figure 5, and 2 cells in Figure 8. Figure 7 uses data from one cell. Spiking probability during the gamma period was expressed as an instantaneous firing frequency, by dividing the total number of spikes generated during each bin of the histogram by the total corresponding time period (bin width × number of neurons × number of trials × number of periods). "Mean phase" and "sharpness" of the distributions (see Figs. 4, 8) were defined as follows. For each bin whose normalized phase is x (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) and instantaneous firing frequency is fx (Hz), we constructed a two-dimensional vector (fx cos2πx, fx sin2πx). These vectors were then summed and normalized to the average of the instantaneous firing frequency. From this, we obtained the average vector where y (0 ≤ y < 1) and z were defined as the mean phase and the sharpness of the distribution (histogram), respectively.
Numerical simulations.
Simulations were performed in the simulation program NEURON version 5.8 (Hines and Carnevale, 1997). A layer 2/3 neocortical pyramidal cell model (Mainen et al., 1995) was obtained from the NEURON computational neuroscience model archive (see Fig. 6A). This compartmental model of a spatially extended neuron, with active currents and uniform passive electrical structure, included channels described by four voltage-dependent currents: fast (Hodgkin–Huxley style kinetics) Na+ (INa), fast K+ (IKv), slow, non-inactivating muscarinic K+ (IKm), and high-threshold Ca2+ (ICa), as well as one Ca2+-dependent potassium current (IKCa). There was a low density of Na+ channels in the soma and dendrites but a high density in the axon hillock and initial segment. IKv was present in the soma but absent in the dendrites, and IKm, ICa,, and IKCa were in both soma and dendrites. A first-order calcium pump was used for calculating the internal calcium concentration. Dendritic spines were taken into account by an increased dendritic membrane area of 0.83 μm2 per linear micrometer of dendrite. An "axon" consisting of a tapering conical hillock (10 μm long) connected by a cylindrical initial segment (15 μm) to five myelinated internodes separated by nodal segments (100 μm) was attached to the soma. Specific membrane capacitance was 0.75 μF cm−2, except in myelinated axon segments, where it was 0.02 μF cm−2, and specific membrane resistance was 30 kΩ-cm2, except for axon node segments, where it was 50 Ω-cm2. Specific axial resistance was 150 Ω-cm. The resting membrane potential and passive channel reversal potential were −70 mV, and reversal potentials ENa, EK, and ECa were 60, −90, and 140 mV, respectively. We adjusted channel densities (the parameters of the Mainen and Sejnowski model) to produce similar shapes and frequencies of firing as in the experimental cells. Values of channel densities are given in Tables 1 and 2 for active and passive dendrite models, respectively. Unitary synaptic inputs were exactly as used in the experiments, and 1000 AMPA/NMDA synapses and 100 GABA synapses were either concentrated at the soma or distributed evenly over the soma and dendrites.
Figure 1A illustrates diagrammatically the strategy that we followed. We assume that there are homogeneous populations of RS cells and FS cells in a local region of the neocortex, which generate spikes according to observed spike timing (phase) distributions of RS and FS cells, relative to the local field potential (LFP) γ oscillation during in vivo UP states (taken from Hasenstaub et al., 2005) (see below). From this, we calculate the expected recurrent synaptic conductances that should converge on to a single RS neuron, for different values of parameters such as the delay, degrees of stochasticity and γ modulation, and firing rate. We then stimulate actual RS cells in rat neocortical slices with these conductance inputs, using the conductance injection or dynamic-clamp technique (Robinson and Kawai, 1993; Sharp et al., 1993), and measure the "postsynaptic" RS cellular spike phase distribution. With this strategy, we could examine how the parameters of the reconstructed synaptic inputs determine the shape of the postsynaptic spike phase distribution. In particular, we were able to ask what assumptions are necessary to produce an RS spike phase distribution that is a consistent match with the original "presynaptic" distribution used to generate the spikes in silico.
Stimulation of RS cells with reconstructed recurrent synaptic conductances
We started with a simple method of generating recurrent synaptic conductances by numerically convolving unitary AMPA and NMDA receptor conductance waveforms (red and orange lines in Fig. 1B, respectively) with the observed in vivo phase distribution of RS cellular spikes (red line in Fig. 1C: fitting of the data by Hasenstaub et al., 2005, their Fig. 5G, by a Gaussian mixture) and a unitary GABA receptor conductance waveform (blue line in Fig. 1B) with the FS spike phase distribution (blue line in Fig. 1C). These conductance stimuli (Fig. 1D) follow smooth trajectories that could be considered equivalent to the average synaptic conductance time course during the γ oscillation period. Figure 2Ac shows an example membrane potential trajectory of a neocortical RS cell in response to the injection of the conductances shown in Figure 2Ab: we adjusted the balance of excitation and inhibition so that RS cells fired at an average rate of 5–15 Hz (Hasenstaub et al., 2005). Figure 2Ba shows the resulting postsynaptic spike phase distribution. As shown in the figure, the postsynaptic distribution differs markedly from the presynaptic distribution (red dashed line in Fig. 2Ba), being much sharper and showing a delay of 4–5 ms in its peak. Thus, consistency of presynaptic and postsynaptic RS cell spike phase distributions does not hold under this simplest input scenario.
When only excitation or inhibition is γ modulated
To make the postsynaptic spike phase distribution closer to the presynaptic one, the structure of the reconstructed inputs needs to be altered. In the experiment described above, both excitatory and inhibitory conductance were fully γ modulated, as shown in Figure 2Ab. One possibility is that there is a difference in the extent of γ modulation in excitation and inhibition. We first tested the extreme cases of restricting γ modulation solely to excitation or to inhibition. Specifically, we stimulated RS cells with either (1) the reconstructed recurrent excitatory (AMPA and NMDA) conductance, which is the same as in the previous experiment and thus prominently γ modulated, together with tonic inhibitory (GABA) conductance, or (2) tonic excitatory conductance and the reconstructed γ-modulated inhibitory conductance. Figure 2, Bb and Bc, shows the resulting postsynaptic RS spike phase distributions. When only excitation is γ modulated (Fig. 2Bb), the peak of the postsynaptic distribution (histogram) is even further delayed from the presynaptic distribution (red dashed line) by ∼8 ms. Conversely, when only inhibition is γ modulated (Fig. 2Bc), the peak of the postsynaptic distribution shifts to the left, corresponding closely to that of the presynaptic distribution. These results suggest that, when recurrent excitation is γ modulated according directly to the presynaptic spike phase distribution of RS cells, it has too strong an impact on postsynaptic spike timing, leading to a peak in firing that is delayed by some milliseconds from that of the presynaptic distribution, thus making it impossible for presynaptic and postsynaptic spike distributions to agree. However, although the peak firing phase shifts to the correct position when only recurrent inhibition is γ modulated (Fig. 2Bc), the postsynaptic distribution is still much narrower than the presynaptic one, suggesting that additional modification to the input scenario is necessary.
Simulating stochastic firing of presynaptic neurons
So far, the stimuli used have not included the stochastic nature of activity in the presynaptic neuron population. It is possible that the spike phase distribution could be broadened sufficiently by taking such stochasticity into account. To test this, we devised another method to synthesize conductances: explicit instances of presynaptic spike times were generated as nonstationary Poisson processes, whose rates followed the RS and FS spike distributions (Fig. 2Ca, the same as Aa), scaled to frequencies that were compatible with known firing rate and numbers of synaptic connections, i.e., 4000–6000 Hz for AMPA/NMDA and 600–1600 Hz for GABA. Then unitary conductance transients (Fig. 1B) were generated for each spike time and summed. The resulting conductances were no longer smooth and periodic (Figs. 1E, 2Cb), and the membrane potential of the neuron stimulated in this way showed irregular fluctuations (Fig. 2Cc). Figure 2Da shows a postsynaptic spike phase distribution obtained for this stochastic input scenario. As shown in this figure, the postsynaptic distribution becomes broader than with deterministic stimuli (Fig. 2Ba), as desired, whereas the peak time of the distribution does not significantly change.
We then examined the scenario of stochastic excitation and inhibition but with γ modulation of only one or the other. In other words, we generated presynaptic FS spike times according to a stationary Poisson process, whereas RS spike times were generated according to the same nonstationary Poisson process as used in the previous experiment or vice versa. Figure 2, Db and Dc, shows the resulting postsynaptic RS spike phase distributions. The effect of the stochasticity is again to broaden the distribution relative to the corresponding distribution for nonstochastic input (Fig. 2Bb,Bc), whereas the peak positions hardly changed. Notably, in the case of stochastic γ-modulated inhibition and nonmodulated excitation (Fig. 2Dc), the postsynaptic RS spike phase distribution (histogram) closely resembles the presynaptic one (red dashed line) in both the peak time and the narrowness and also in the degree of skew. This suggests that the phase preference of RS spikes during UP states is shaped by γ-modulated recurrent GABAergic input and that γ-modulated recurrent excitation is inconsistent with the observed RS and FS firing distributions. We further examined, in a different set of cells, cases in which excitation or inhibition were partially γ modulated, using mixtures of stationary and nonstationary Poisson processes. This confirmed (Fig. 2E) that consistency between presynaptic and postsynaptic RS spike phase distributions is achieved when RS cells receive strongly γ-modulated inhibition and weakly or nonmodulated excitation (bottom left panels in Fig. 2E).
Simulating time-varying frequency of γ oscillations
So far, we have assumed that the frequency of the LFP γ oscillation is fixed at 40 Hz. However, in real γ oscillations, the frequency can vary from period to period, over the frequency range of 30–80 Hz (Hasenstaub et al., 2005). Can this variation cause additional change in the shape of the spike phase distributions? We simulated this scenario using an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) process (Gillespie, 1996). The periodic RS and FS spike densities used thus far (Fig. 2Ca) were transformed by stretching or shrinking the time axis by a time-variable factor, given by an OU process with mean of 1, SD of ¼, and time constant of 250 ms. Figure 3Aa shows an example OU process, and Figure 3Ab shows how the original periodic spike density (bottom horizontal waveform) is transformed into a time-varying γ-modulated one (left vertical waveform) via the integral of the OU process (diagonal line). From these time-varying γ-modulated spike densities (Fig. 3Ba), we synthesized AMPA, GABA, and NMDA receptor conductances (Fig. 3Bb) and injected them into RS cells (Fig. 3Bc). Again, we examined situations in which excitation and inhibition are γ modulated to different extents. The results (Fig. 3C) were generally similar to the previous ones obtained with a fixed (40 Hz) γ frequency (Fig. 2E): good agreement between presynaptic and postsynaptic RS spike phase distributions was again achieved when RS cells receive strongly γ-modulated inhibition and weakly or non-γ-modulated excitation (bottom left panels in Fig. 3C). Variation in the γ frequency appeared to have little effect on the peak phase of the distributions but reduced their sharpness slightly.
To compare these results quantitatively, we calculated the mean phase and the sharpness of the distributions (see Materials and Methods). As shown in Figure 4, the best match between the mean position of the presynaptic and postsynaptic distributions is realized when only GABAergic inputs are γ modulated (Fig. 4Ac). There was little effect of the degree of stochasticity on the mean position of the distribution (horizontal axes of Fig. 4Ac), but the sharpness of phase distributions was less for stochastic stimulation than for nonstochastic stimulation and reduced still further by using time-varying stochastic stimulation to almost the same extent as the original presynaptic distribution (Fig. 4Bc). The closest match to the presynaptic distribution, in both sharpness and mean phase, was for the case of time-varying γ-modulated stochastic GABAergic input, with stationary stochastic glutamatergic input (the rightmost points in Fig. 4Ac,Bc).
Simulating distributed delays on recurrent inputs
As seen above, to realize the match between presynaptic and postsynaptic distributions, it is necessary that excitatory synaptic inputs to RS cells should not be strongly γ modulated. One possibility is that γ modulation of recurrent excitation, which must be strong at its origin, namely in the firing of presynaptic RS cells, is then weakened by distributed delays in axonal conduction and/or dendritic integration (discussed later). We examined this possibility by synthesizing artificial recurrent conductances with delays. Specifically, spike times were first generated according to the presynaptic spike phase distributions in the same way as previously but then shifted by amounts taken independently from a certain delay distribution, for which we used a half-Gaussian function for simplicity (Fig. 5, green filled curves in the top row and the leftmost column). Figure 5 shows the resulting postsynaptic spike phase distributions. Increasing the delay in recurrent inhibition (from left to right in Fig. 5) systematically shifted the distribution to the right, whereas the effect of increasing delay in recurrent excitation (from top to bottom) depended on the delay in inhibition. In the case of zero delay in inhibition with a large mean delay of 9.6 ms in excitation, there was very good consistency between the presynaptic and postsynaptic distributions, as shown in the figure. Under this scenario, although the excitatory AMPA conductance (red solid line in Fig. 5) is still slightly γ modulated, the modulation is greatly weakened and shifted to the right by the distributed delay, so as almost to coincide in timing with the modulation of the inhibitory conductance (blue solid line). In this circumstance, it seems that γ modulation of the recurrent excitation could be uniformly masked by γ modulation of the inhibition so that it does not shift the postsynaptic spike phase distribution but simply broadens it by weakening the impact of γ-modulated inhibition on spike timing.
Comparison of point versus distributed synaptic input in a numerical model
Postsynaptic integration could also contribute to the demodulation of excitation, because glutamatergic synapses are distributed extensively over the dendrites of pyramidal cells. The effect of such a distributed input may not be adequately reproduced by a point conductance input at the soma. To examine whether this is the case, we performed morphologically detailed simulations of a layer 2/3 pyramidal cell using the NEURON simulation environment (Hines and Carnevale, 1997), with voltage-dependent conductances based on the model of Mainen et al. (1995) (see Materials and Methods). We found that distributing either the excitatory or the inhibitory inputs had only small effects on the position of the peak in spike density and mainly affected the scaling or amplitude of the spike density distribution. Figure 6 shows spike density histograms with γ-modulated excitation and inhibition and without presynaptic delays, which produced a similar spike distribution to that observed experimentally for point somatic input (Fig. 2Da). Distributing both excitation and inhibition over the dendrites produced a small reduction in peak firing rate during the gamma cycle, with a slight shift of the spike density toward the right (Fig. 6Ca,Cd). Distributing the excitation while keeping somatic inhibition, the condition that probably most closely resembles the natural distribution of inputs, depresses the firing rate but has little impact on the position of the peak density (Fig. 6Cb,Ce). This would indicate that excitatory inputs applied proximally have a stronger weight than distal inputs, even in the case of active dendrites. Conversely, with distributed inhibition but point somatic excitation, firing rates are boosted but again without a marked effect on the position of the peak (Fig. 6Cc,Cf). The effects on firing rate were more pronounced when dendrites were passive (Fig. 6Cd–Cf) than when they were active (Fig. 6Ca–Cc), presumably reflecting compensation of dendritic attenuation by active amplification. Thus, these simulations suggest that, although dendritic integration and propagation delays could contribute to the overall demodulation, they are unlikely to be a major component.
Gamma phase encoding of synaptic inputs
A recent study (Fries et al., 2007) proposed that the strength of excitatory input to pyramidal cells could be encoded by the phase of firing, with more strongly excited cells firing earlier in the gamma cycle. In Figure 7, A and B, we demonstrate that different "frozen noise" instances of stochastic gamma input can give quite reliable spike-time encoding at different phases of the gamma cycle. However, when the synaptic input preceding spikes is averaged over many stochastic instances, or "reverse correlated" (Fig. 7C,D), we found that spikes early in the gamma cycle are associated with strong preceding reductions in inhibition and only very weak transients of excitation. Thus, our results support the idea that the phase of firing can be a reliable function of the input, but we suggest that, at least for the input scenario that we have used, the level of inhibition is a stronger determinant of spike timing than the level of excitation. It is possible, however, that, if excitatory conductance also underwent modulations at a slower timescale, encoding of the level of excitatory input as suggested by Fries et al. could occur, and this is an interesting avenue for future research.
Possible input scenario shaping γ oscillations during sustained activity
We have shown that the phase preferences of RS and FS cellular spikes observed in vivo during UP states (Hasenstaub et al., 2005) are consistent with an input scenario in which RS cells receive strong, low-latency inhibitory input from FS cells, which is prominently modulated by the LFP γ rhythm to the same extent as the presynaptic FS spike generation probability, in combination with excitatory conductance from other RS cells that have little or no γ modulation. The low latency for the inputs from FS cells corresponds to two known facts; first, that axons of FS cells (proximally targeting interneurons) are mostly thick and well myelinated (for review, see Thomson and Bannister, 2003) and so conduction velocity should be high, and second, that most GABAergic synapses made by FS cells are seen on the somata or perisomatic dendrites so that delay attributable to dendritic integration should be short (Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1997). It is also in line with a proposed mechanism for many kinds of γ oscillations in which γ-modulated firing of principal pyramidal cells is driven by synchronized oscillatory GABAergic inputs (Whittington et al., 1995; Buhl et al., 1998; Fisahn et al., 1998; Penttonen et al., 1998; Mann et al., 2005), suggesting that the same principle is also applicable to the background γ oscillations that accompany self-sustained UP states.
Conversely, apart from several modeling studies (Whittington et al., 1997; Kopell et al., 2000; Brunel and Wang, 2003; Geisler et al., 2005; Kanamaru, 2006), relatively little is known about how recurrent excitation between pyramidal cells is involved in the γ rhythm, although such excitatory reverberation is thought to underlie sustained activity. We found that, if there is phasic modulation in the excitatory conductance in an RS cell, it has a significant impact on the spike timing of the cell, which is very difficult to cancel out by phasic modulation in the inhibition. In particular, if recurrent excitatory inputs are γ modulated at the stage of the postsynaptic somatic conductance as prominently as at the original stage of presynaptic firing probability, it seems to be impossible to match postsynaptic and presynaptic spike phase distributions. Therefore, if the UP state activity is sustained predominantly by local recurrent inputs as believed (Sanchez-Vives and McCormick, 2000; Shu et al., 2003; Haider et al., 2006), phasic RS firing is likely to be somehow transformed in the network into postsynaptic conductance that is quite evenly dispersed in time. We have shown that a distributed (half-Gaussian) delay of on average ∼10 ms on the recurrent excitation could weaken its γ modulation to the expected extent (see Fig. 5). Such a distribution of delay could result from RS cells collecting recurrent excitation from many other pyramidal cells at a variety of distances via axonal collaterals, because, in contrast to axons of FS cells, pyramidal axonal collaterals are essentially unmyelinated, and thus the conduction velocity is low (≤0.1 m/s) (Thomson and Bannister, 2003). Dendritic integration could also contribute in part to the delay (Fig. 6). Theoretical studies of the effect of delay on the γ oscillation are few and limited to simple cases such as fixed delay between two populations of neurons (Kanamaru, 2006). Extension of such models to the case of distributed delays on recurrent excitatory connections would be interesting in the light of our results.
In addition to the effects of local recurrence delay, it is likely that a decay in spatial synchronization of the γ oscillation with distance will contribute to the weakening of γ modulation of recurrent input, through integration of distal inputs. Other possible mechanisms such as stochastic propagation of action potentials in local RS recurrent connections (Faisal et al., 2005) or hypothesized random occurrence of ectopic spikes in pyramidal axons coupled by axo-axonic gap junctions (Draguhn et al., 1998) could also play a part in diluting the γ modulation of recurrent excitation. In entorhinal cortex, it has been shown that kainate receptors (KARs) play a major role in generating UP states (Cunningham et al., 2006). Kainate receptor-mediated transmission is often associated with significantly slower conductance transients than AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated transmission (Lerma, 2003), and it has been suggested that KARs could effectively act as a low-pass filter of input signals (Frerking and Nicoll, 2000). KAR-mediated transmission is present in the neocortex (Kidd and Isaac, 1999) but forms a much smaller fraction of fast transmission than do AMPARs (Ali, 2003), and there are also presynaptic kainate receptors that can facilitate excitatory transmission (Lerma, 2003). It is conceivable, however, that under UP state conditions, with widespread glutamate spillover, postsynaptic KAR activation might be larger and relatively slow in time course. Applying CNQX to block AMPAR-mediated excitation also blocks KAR-mediated transmission, whose contribution may therefore previously have been underestimated (Castillo et al., 1997; Vignes and Collingridge, 1997). Therefore, we examined the effect of using much slower unitary excitatory conductance events (rise time constant of 0.5 ms, decay time constant of 100 ms) on the spike phase distribution (Fig. 8A). As shown in Figure 8B, using exclusively slow KAR-like unitary kinetics can also effectively eliminate the γ modulation of the excitatory conductance, producing good consistency between the input and output RS firing phase distributions. With 50% AMPAR, 50% KAR kinetics, there is only a partial shift of the distribution toward the target presynaptic distribution. Thus, it appears possible that KAR-mediated transmission could account for some of the demodulation of recurrent excitatory input conductance, although more quantitative estimates of the KAR contribution during UP states will be required to assess the importance of this potential mechanism.
Advantages and potential drawbacks of our approach
The genesis of the γ rhythm is a complex, variable network phenomenon. Quantitative insight into how the structure of input determines spike responses is difficult during such a global, distributed activity pattern. To understand how individual cells participate in γ rhythms, it is necessary to reconstruct the synaptic input that they receive and to show how this input is integrated into γ-modulated firing. To address this question, the approach that we have taken of injecting artificial synaptic conductances into neurons in vitro has several key advantages: it realistically reproduces the electrical nature of synaptic input, but, unlike for in vivo γ oscillations, the different fractions of conductance input are known precisely and can be systematically varied according to different models. Unlike in numerical simulations, we are studying the responses of the actual spike-generating mechanisms of the neuron, whose impact on the network oscillation may significantly differ from that of simple models (Geisler et al., 2005). Applying this approach to different kinds of oscillatory activity patterns should shed light on common and distinct mechanisms. A potential criticism of this approach is that conductance is injected only at the soma. However, it is known, as already described, that, although glutamatergic synapses are distributed over the somatodendritic axis of pyramidal cells, most GABAergic synapses made by FS cells are seen on the somata or perisomatic dendrites rather than on distal dendrites (Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1997). Thus, this method reproduces the most important nonlinear characteristic of synaptic input, the shunting nature of proximal inhibition, near to the site of spike initiation. The conductance nature of excitation at the soma is less important, because its reversal potential is far from spike threshold, and, in accordance with this, results of numerical simulations of these experiments showed no major qualitative differences in spike density distributions between point somatic or distributed excitation (Fig. 6).
We have not explicitly included a drive by fast rhythmic bursting (FRB) or chattering cells (Gray and McCormick, 1996; Steriade et al., 1998), which can intrinsically generate bursts of spikes at a gamma frequency and may be important for generating cortical gamma oscillations in particular (Cunningham et al., 2004). However, our results suggest that FRB cell input to RS neurons, like recurrent input from other RS cells, should also be subject to a distributed delay and effective demodulation. If this was not the case, then reproducing the in vivo RS cell spike density distributions should require more strongly γ-modulated excitatory input.
Another aspect that was not simulated by our conductance inputs was the conductance attributable to activation of other types of synaptic receptors, such as metabotropic glutamate and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, which are less well characterized in terms of kinetics and distribution. However, during naturally evoked gamma oscillations in vivo, the proportion of the total conductance of the membrane resulting from these conductances is likely to be low relative to that of the AMPA, NMDA, and GABA receptors, and, because of their slow activation and deactivation time courses, they are not expected to show fast temporal modulation during the gamma cycle. Nevertheless, we cannot rule out a significant influence of these receptors on synaptic integration during in vivo cortical gamma oscillations.
We have reconstructed recurrent synaptic inputs that RS cells are expected to receive during self-sustained UP states accompanied by γ oscillations and have used these to stimulate actual RS cells and to explore the input scenarios under which the measured postsynaptic spike phase distribution matches the presynaptic distribution. Our results indicate that RS cells are likely to receive strongly γ-modulated, low-latency inhibition from FS cells and excitation with little or no γ modulation from other RS cells, possibly through several mechanisms including long distributed delays. This structure of input during γ oscillations indicates a possible separation of function in the network between excitatory and inhibitory connections. Inhibitory inputs from FS cells are responsible for setting a reliable rhythm, whereas recurrent excitation between RS cells has no overall effect on the gamma rhythm but still contributed a strong reinforcement to the maintenance of the sustained activity. The lack of overall phase modulation in RS–RS cell recurrent excitation would allow a large capacity for encoding information with reference to a γ clock signal, because the uniform distribution of recurrent excitatory inputs through the γ period permits a great number of different arrangements of recurrent input timing, without impacting on the timing of the clock itself.
This work was supported by grants from European Community Framework Programme 6 (H.P.C.R.), the Daiwa Foundation (K.A., H.P.C.R.), a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas (Higher-Order Brain Functions) from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology Japan Grant 17022012 (K.A.), and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research Fellowship for Young Scientists Grant 10834 (K.M.). K.M. thanks Dr. Kojiro Yano for help and advice with experimental procedures.
- Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Hugh P. C. Robinson, Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK. hpcr{at}cam.ac.uk


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subset: commoncrawl


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2018 was an amazing year for the car show! Thanks to you we had more types of vehicles than ever before and by far and away the most entries we have had in our six years of hosting the show.
We were thrilled to have cars dating from 1921, as diverse as a 1930 Austin 7 Chummy to a 1959 Cadillac Coupe De Ville, a 1950s Standard 10 van to a 1944 AEG Matador, a 1950s BSA Bantam to a 2017 Lamborghini Aventador!
All ages of Custom and Classic [modern and old] cars, Commercials, Agricultural vehicles, Steamers, Motorbikes are of course welcome. As well as seeing and showing all those favourites from yesteryear, including ones that you can say 'Oh Dad had one of those' or ' that was my first car!', we hope that there will also be a variety of static displays to provide extra interest for everyone.
Help us deliver an even better show this year by breaking over the 100 vehicle barrier [we were 94 last year – so close!] and help support the excellent nominated charities.
If you wish to show a vehicle, booking in advance is free, or alternatively on the day we ask just £2 for un-booked vehicles which will include a commemorative plaque, something which will be available to those who have pre-booked at the same price.
Booking forms are available for download from this webpage. There is one for individual entries and also one for club stands. Please send the completed forms by email to firstname.lastname@example.com , or deliver or send them to me at:
John Baxter, Greenacres, Angel Lane, Longham, Ferndown BH22 9DZ or by telephone 01202 897884 [don't withhold your number!].
I am very much looking forward to receiving your form and welcoming you and your vehicle on the 22nd June at the KGV. If you book please do tell your friends to come along and make the day extra special for you!
For entry details and an application form to enter your vehicle in the show, click here.
We also have space for Club Stands at the show, for details and to download an application form, click here.


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Well, if that isn't a beautiful sounding and attention grabbing title for a post, then I don't know why you're reading this. Loljksmiles, hello again. I didn't stop blogging, I just didn't feel inspired. But here we are! I'm now in grad school, studying nutrition. At the moment the course I'm taking is about nutrition in health and disease, and one of the lectures we had today was really motivating and engaging for me. I might have been talking a little bit too much, but in all honesty — if I'm in a classroom where nobody is answering any questions that the professor throws out there, I'm not going to leave him or her hanging. I'm there to learn and to participate, no matter how strange that might sound.
Anywhoozles, the part of the lecture that really got me going was when we spoke about the reasons for why nutrition isn't used so much as a treatment strategy in the clinical setting, and why doctors receive little or no training in the field. According to the physician that gave the lecture, there are too few studies in the area that have clinically relevant end points. Doctors need support and proof from randomized controlled studies to be able to give certain recommendations to their patients.
While I see the point in this, there is still something not solid about this argument. Actually, there are several holes in it according to yours truly. Maybe you can help me out here. First of all, and this can probably not ever be given a certain and generally true answer, but: are physicians and patients ready to take the healing potential of nutritious food into serious consideration when it comes to curing (and more importantly, preventing) illnesses? It's not a pill that you take, where the effects come into play more or less immediately. It takes patience, and consistency. It's not life in the fast lane. An illness for which food can function as a cure isn't likely to have mysteriously appeared overnight, either. Second, and building on the previous point, when maintaining a healthy diet for long periods of time is (likely to be) what brings forth it's health-preserving and healing powers, and when inter individual variability concerning physiological processes cause the definition of a 'healthy diet' to differ between people/populations, then how can we produce any sort of the proof that is asked for with regards to the efficacy of nutritional interventions and/or preventive measures? I can only think of pretty unethical cohort studies here.
This brings me to the second realm of questions, which pertain to the research methodology that is more or less demanded. Don't get me wrong — there is not a hair on my head that wishes to argue against the integrity and legitimacy of a solid randomized controlled trial when it comes to research questions that are well suited for them. With nutrition and different dietary recommendations, there are so many factors that influence the end results that I'm heavily doubting whether it can all be accounted for. People in a study won't be able to accurately report everything about their lifestyle that may bear an influence on their health. Happiness and contentment matters: how do you objectively measure and quantify that? And, how do you find the influence thereof on a persons general health status?
Variability in research results hampers their applicability. So what do we do in such a situation? There are several options, and I will mention two. First, we can increase the sample size, and do sub-group analyses. For instance take a look at the differences between age groups, between men and women, and so on and so forth. Second, we can increase the specificity of the study. For example, if we're investigating what effects fish consumption may have on variable X, we can isolate the nutrient in fish that we suspect is the one that lends the effect. Yet, the truth of the matter is that we don't consume nutrients in isolation, and when giving supplements these usually contain greater amounts of the nutrient than would a serving obtained through food sources. Moreover, nutrients interact and the absorption thereof may be enhanced or diminished by the presence or absence of a given nutrient, as well as by the method with which the food has been prepared (e.g. cooked, raw, etc).
In sum: YES we need more peeps to conduct research, but I still doubt whether this will change much. What do you think?


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THE GREAT ALONE by Kristin Hannah is a novel that can change your life.
I've never really thought much about visiting Alaska. Not really. Too much snow and cold. But was soothing when I was reading an advance copy because it was oh-so hot here in S.W. Florida. But when I started reading this story I almost changed my mind. Almost. And only in the very beginning…
The Albright family is celebrating the return of Ernt from his tour in Vietnam. The year is 1974 and we find he was held as a POW. Now he's home and looking forward to being reunited with this wife Cora and their 13-year-old daughter Leni. Leni hardly remembers her dad. But Ernt is suffering from PTSD and is having a hard time settling into a job. He's having debilitating headaches and nightmares that are very unsettling to say the least.
When Ernt receives a letter telling him he's inherited a piece of land in Kaneq, Alaska, he jumps at the chance to move off the grid. An old buddy died and left the land to Ernt knowing it was right up his alley. He convinces Cora that he will be healthier in this new environment and off they go, half-cocked. Not nearly prepared for the raw harshness of the wild, untamed world, let alone a winter that needs a year of preparation.
The people they meet in Alaska are amazing. Hannah has outdone herself with the characters. Large Marge has to be my very favorite. And Mad Earl kept me scared half to death through most of the book.
Hannah's sense of place is picture -perfect. You can not write something like this without having experienced the wildness of Alaska firsthand. The cold of the Alaskan winters is bleak and unforgiving. It can and will kill you. Your neighbors are your lifeline. And you better get along.
Sure enough, as winter approaches, and the nights come earlier and last seemingly forever, Ernt starts suffering nightmares even worse than before. Along with them he shows his ass. Cora has put up with his physical abuse for too long. And now Leni is seeing this and having to deal with watching her mom being beat to a pulp on a regular basis. Of course Ernt is always sooooo sorry after the fact. Isn't that always the way with the abuser…
There are parts of this novel that are hard to read because of the physical abuse to Cora. And when Ernt begins threatening Leni it gets even harder. A mother's love is not like anything else in this world. What Cora puts up with it to keep her Leni safe….
Leni loves living in Alaska. She even thrives on all the things her dad does to prepare her to protect herself. She can shoot a gun as good as anyone. She learns to put food on the table. And she is still going to school during all this. That's where she meets Matthew Walker, and then falls in love. You know there is going to be trouble now.
Cora's parents gave up on her early-on when she decided to run off with Ernt against their wishes. She was pregnant with Leni and in love. What would they think if they could see her now?
Danger lurks everywhere. They say what doesn't kill you makes you stronger. Sometimes you just can't imagine living through a situation. And THE GREAT ALONE poses that reality.
I truly believe this is going to be the blockbuster of the season. As harrowing as it is, it's wonderfully written and totally unputdownable. I can't wait to be able to talk to you about it.
We will have brand new copies of THE GREAT ALONE at Copperfish Books in Punta Gorda on Tuesday, February 6th. This amazing new hardcover blockbuster will be discounted 20%.
My review copy arrived from St. Martin's Press. I truly LOVED it !


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As you can already tell by the title, this is about to be a rant!!
As someone who snitches on herself all the time, it absolutely drives me insane when people don't hold themselves accountable for things that happen to them or their mistakes. That's the ish I really don't like.
Today, at my minimum wage job, I experienced a co-worker completely ignore her own failure to communicate to the appropriate parties about something concerning her schedule. But when ish hit the fan, I was questioned or basically held accountable for the consequences of her failure to communicate well. Obviously some lies were told, and obviously, when one is new at a place, they re less likely to be believed. This is what happened to me!
My spirit is just vexed because, I EXPECT PEOPLE TO HOLD THEMSELVES ACCOUNTABLE! AT ALL TIMES! Saving yourself or dodging the consequences is not nearly as beneficial as confessing or snitching! I know the say "snitches get stitches"
*I'm not saying snitch on other people. Here, I'm talking about telling on yourself, being honest and forthcoming about your mistakes and taking the consequences! But if you are going to snitch on other people do it at your own discretion. anyways back to what I was saying.*
but honestly, how proud will we feel if we could just say, "I got these scars from being honest even though the consequences that came with it caused me pain or shame."
I've just been so upset over this issue the whole day and I've lost so much respect for my co-worker.
I just dey vex waaaa!


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31-33 Stert St, Abingdon OX14 3JF, UK – 01235 520067
Excellent stationers which stocks Rhodia, Leuchtturm1917, Clairfontaine and more. They even found a refill for one of my pen's where other shops have failed. Prices seem competitive to internet prices too. Abingdon has free car parking for the first two hours so there's no excuse not to go here.
Really helpful proprietor. Took ages trying to find a refill for an unusual pen.
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May 7, 2019 | bake, breakfast, chicken | No Comments|
- 1 rotisserie chicken, meat removed a cut to bite size pieces
- 8 count of large (extra large size – Big & Flaky) crescent rolls
- 2 cups shredded cheddar cheese, divided in half
- 1 bag frozen broccoli steamers, cooked and chopped into bite size pieces
- 1 can cream of chicken soup (10 1/2 ounces)
- 1 cup milk
- 1/2 cup sour cream (optional)
- 1 cup shredded cheddar cheese
- salt & pepper to taste
- Preheat oven to 375 degrees F. Spray a 9×13 baking dish with non-stick cooking spray.
- In a large bowl, mix chicken, broccoli and 1 cup cheddar cheese. Separate crescent rolls – one at a time, place a crescent on flat surface and add a large heaping scoop of chicken mix and roll up, sealing (pinch) any openings. Repeat with the remaining rolls. There will be leftover chicken – set aside, it will be added later. Place rolls in baking dish and bake for 10 minutes. See photos below.
- Source Blog>>https://sweetlittlebluebird.com/cheesy-chicken-crescent-bake/


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We're No. 4 city for drinking beer
The owners of Taft's Ale House are gearing up to open Taft's Brewing Company, which will feature a tap room and pizza restaurant. The brewery is already producing beer on site. Wochit
We have an impressive number of microbreweries in Cincinnati and an even more impressive number of microbreweries per capita. That's one reason we rank highly on a survey of cities best for beer drinkers.
It was put together by SmartAsset, a financial company that usually researches topics relating to personal finance.
More: These beers are Googled the most in Ohio, Kentucky & Indiana
For fun, their data-crunchers compared cities on the basis of total microbreweries, microbreweries per 100,000 residents, bars per 100,000 residents, average Yelp score of breweries and the average price of a pint to come up with an index number.
Cincinnati is fourth on that list. Twenty-one microbreweries is a good number for a city our size. and gives us a high per capita score. (we have seven per 100,000). There are actually quite a few more microbreweries in the Greater Cincinnati area, so we should probably rank even higher.
Our average Yelp score is a little lower than other cities, but we have plenty of bars: 24.7 bars per 100,000 of us, and a moderate average price for a pint: $4.
Asheville, NC is No. 1, followed by Portland, Maine and Duluth, Minnesota.


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Effects on sexual function Epimedium enhances the secretory function of the endocrine system such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, the adrenal axis, and the thymus axis. Epimedium extract 1ml/100g body weight is used in female rats. After 5 days, it can increase the responsiveness of pituitary to corpus luteum releasing hormone and ovarian luteinizing hormone; obviously increase the anterior pituitary, ovary and uterus of normal rats. weight.
Epimedium has a prophylactic effect. This effect is caused by the semen secretion, which is filled with the seminal vesicle, which stimulates the sensory nerve and indirectly excites sexual desire.
Epimedium extract has the effect of promoting the secretion of semen in dogs. The leaves and roots have the strongest effect, followed by the fruit, and the stem is the weakest. The method of increasing the weight of the prostate, seminal vesicle and levator ani muscle (mouse) proves kinky The extract of Aquilaria sinensis has an androgenic effect, which is weaker than Cnidium, but stronger than Hippocampus and sputum, and its extract is 20mg ~ 40mg, its efficacy is equivalent to 7.5μg testosterone.
Epimedium processed products also have obvious functions of improving sexual function and increasing plasma testosterone content. The intensity of the effect is not significantly different from that of intramuscular testosterone, and it promotes the proliferation and secretion of testicular tissue. Some compound preparations of Epimedium have similar effects.
Epimedium can also increase the 17-ketone content in the urine of rats, suggesting that it may have an effect on improving adrenal function. After taking epimedium in patients with chronic bronchitis, the average 24-hour urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids increased significantly, even exceeding normal levels. The 24-hour excretion of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids did not improve significantly after treatment, suggesting that Epimedium has a hormone-like effect.


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Man in serious condition after west side shooting
Crime Stoppers of Central Indiana allows Indianapolis residents to share anonymous tips with law enforcement. Here are a few things Crime Stoppers wants you to know before you call. Wochit
A 19-year-old man was shot Sunday afternoon and is in serious condition, according to an Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department spokesman.
The shooting occurred at the 2300 block of N. Goodlet Avenue on the city's west side.
"It was not random," the IMPD spokesman said. "Apparently there was some kind of altercation earlier."
The man was shot in the upper thigh.
Indianapolis has recorded 149 criminal homicides in 2017, which equals last year's record-setting total, although an earlier homicide might soon be ruled as self-defense.
► Poorer neighborhoods wait longer for pothole fixes. This is the city's explanation
Contact Mark Alesia at 317-444-6311. Follow him on Twitter: @markalesia.


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Our Group organises 3000+ Global Conferenceseries Events every year across USA, Europe & Asia with support from 1000 more scientific Societies and Publishes 700+ Open Access Journals which contains over 50000 eminent personalities, reputed scientists as editorial board members.
Open Access Journals gaining more Readers and Citations
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Hepatitis B Co-Infection is Associated with Poorer Survival of HIV-Infected Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in West Africa
Background: Hepatitis B has been reported to be high in HIV-infected African populations. However, the impact of this co-infection on the survival of HIV-infected Africans on long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) remains poorly characterised. We investigated the impact of HBV/HIV co-infection on survival of HIV infected patients un... Read More»
Nimzing G Ladep, Oche O Agbaji, Patricia A Agaba, Auwal Muazu, Placid Ugoagwu, Godwin Imade, Graham S Cooke, Livia Vivas, Sheena Mc Cormack, Simon D Taylor-Robinson, John Idoko and Phyllis Kanki
Research Article: J AIDS Clin Res 2011, S3: 006
Abstract Peer-reviewed Full Article Peer-reviewed Article PDF Mobile Full Article
Make the best use of Scientific Research and information from our 700 + peer reviewed, Open Access Journals


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WELL can help you drive portal enrollment at your practice in a simple and automated way.
Use automated messages or quick response templates to target new patients or existing patients who have not yet enrolled in your patient portal. For those who are enrolled, drive usage with automated text reminders to download your proprietary mobile application or use the patient portal to check lab results and other clinical information they've received from your practice.
You can also display the patient's portal enrollment status directly in the WELL facesheet. To do this, navigate to Default Settings under the Enterprise Settings menu. Toggle the setting for Portal Enrollment Status in Facesheet to on.
To discuss the integration necessary to pull this information into WELL, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Our solutions
Avantix provides its customers with mission critical systems on naval, land and air platforms.
With its 4 areas of expertise in acquisition, transmission, processing and simulating/testing, Avantix develops and manufactures high performance and modular rugged systems, adaptable to complex applications and specific systems.
ELINT/R-ESM systems
Vital radar intelligence for fast and
relevant decision making.
COMINT/C-ESM systems
Improve your operational decision-making
with actionable intelligence.
Jamming ECM systems
Facing remote controlled improvise
explosive device.
A French company with 560 engineers, Avantix is a leader in the design and integration of critical high-tech systems.
With its combined expertise in electronics and information technology, Avantix targets strategic industry sectors.
Avantix defines itself both as a designer and integrator of critical high-tech systems. This original positioning allows it to offer a complete range of services using dual technologies (civil and military) and innovative solutions based on recognized expertise centers.
Newsroom & Events
Meet us @ Milipol Paris 2019
Booth 5J 154.
19th – 22nd November, Paris Nord Villepinte, FRANCE.
A leading event for homeland security and safety.
Meet us @ EW Europe 2019
13th-15th May 2019, Stockholm, Sweden.
Unifying electromagnetic warfare in a complex world – together.
Watch Shephard Media video to learn more about FlashHawk , Avantix innovative Airborne C-ESM solution.


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Sold Out
We are offering this item at a discount because we made too much! All sales are final - no returns or exchanges. Happy savings! ❤
Wrap your wrist with the Cleo Cuff and feel the power of this statement piece. She's perfectly happy being a conversation starter or being admired from afar—just as long as she getting noticed.
• Nickel-free and hypoallergenic
• E-coated for lasting wear and shine
• Adjustable one-size-fits-most sizing
Every Ultimate Cuff style comes straight to your door with:
• Top and bottom bracelet pieces
• Storage pouch
• Apple Watch not included
The Ultimate Promise is simple, we want you to be 100% satisfied with your purchase and your product. We will be here to answer questions and respond quickly to your enquires. We want you to love your cuff and your experience with us.
Our Cleo Cuff is named for the Egyptian Queen Cleopatra. In a male dominated society, Cleopatra not only held her country together but proved to be a powerful and cunning leader. She used her strength and determination to assemble armies, lead naval fleets in battle and have threats to her throne assassinated. Cleopatra used her softer side to seduce both Julius Caesar and Marc Antony in order to gain enough military muscle to overthrow her brother and cement herself firmly in place as the Queen of Egypt.
I have purchased two cuffs and I absolutely love them. They are beautiful!
Purchased for my daughter and she loves it :) Very unique piece of functional jewelry. I loved the fast delivery.
The cuff is absolutely beautiful and makes the watch look so elegant. Extremely happy with the purchase and will be buying more.
I love that I can dress up my Apple Watch. The Ultimate Cuff goes on and comes off easily.
I love my new cuff and get so many complements on it. I actually received it several months ago, and there was a problem with the pin falling out that held it to the watch. After a couple of emails back and forth, Ultimate Cuff was able to send me a new one. I still love it and get so many complements. Very trendy!
My Cleo Cuff just arrived for my 44mm Stainless Steel Apple Watch and my first thought upon opening the package was wow!!! It truly is gorgeous and makes my watch look like an amazing piece of jewelry. I hope it ages as well as it looks, but I adore it. Simply beautiful!!!
I absolutely love my new cuff. It has been catching major attention! Love it!
I have been waiting a while to purchase a cuff. Couldn't wait to open the box. The cuffs are so unique and really up the game for my apple watch. Thank you so much.
The ultimate cuffs are well made. These are great to dress up my Apple Watch—making it look like jewelry. I have purchased four different cuffs to add to outfits for Work and leisure. If you don't have one take the leap and get one. You won't regret it!


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Aired 2 years ago - Mar 13, 2017
Franco is subjected to a stop-and-frisk for no reason, Randy invites her fellow cops to a community outreach meeting to discuss profiling. Also, Arthur must consider his own unconscious bias when a piece of his sports memorabilia goes missing.
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Calm down! Calm down Funmi! I have heard about Liebster award. I was not expecting a nomination because I felt I did not know people here on a personal level so I was ecstatic when True Wonderer nominated me. The award is basically for promoting new blogs. I am so grateful. So let's get to do this
I think I have to state the rules for the award:
I'm really bad at talking about myself but okay. 11 random facts about me; might not be random but whatever 😒
Done with that so let's go to questions
This has to continue so drumroll someone, I pass the baton to:
Okay, so I have to come up with questions……
I look forward to your reply! I can't wait. Thank you True wonderer for this opportunity. 💕💕
Publish a book, Ahhh that dream we share in common, I wish you all the very best. And don't be too hard on yourself, I am sure you are a great friend😇, and if you bother them.. Well that's what they are for😏.. Isn't it? Mine are!. And for that one liner…. 'Marine salute' .
Omg I wonder if I'll ever reach my goals because of my laziness too! Why try when you can sleep?! Don't listen to me. That's terrible advice 😂 Great answers! Thanks so much for tagging me!
Haha! Funmi! This was so funny and so real. That superpower would be soooooo on point! Thanks for nominating me. These your questions look hard tho. Lol. I'll try my best xx 😘


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Our Store Policy & info
We do online business only , please email us if you have a budget or you willing to buy more than 2 rugs , will be happy to do the best for you .
The Office
Shipping Policy
We ship by DHL, Fedex, USPS, Handling time 3-4 business days,
Please Email us if you want urgent shipment.
Return Policy
Exchange only / No refund / No Returns
Exchange within 14 days after its delivered.


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A few days ago, a couple of my husband's friends came to stay with us. One of them had been diagnosed about a year and a half ago with a deadly form of blood cancer. He was not supposed to make it more than about eleven months. He sought treatment and through the grace of […]Dead Men Walking — Valerie Cullers
I found this inspirational post on my friend Valerie's blog and had to share it with all my friends as well. I hope you benefit from it and take a minute to visit Valerie Cullers' blog for more inspirational and uplifting posts like this one.


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Truth features in Sunday Times Loyalty & Rewards supplement 2018
Truth is proud to be featured in this year's Sunday Times supplement: Rewards & Loyalty South Africa, released this week. The supplement covers an in-depth look into the South African loyalty landscape and the opinions of South Africa's loyalty & CRM thought leaders.
"Another reason behind changing customer demands has to do with the reality that "there is a great difference between loyalty programmes and customer loyalty. Customers are no longer just excited by receiving points, they want to feel that your brand promises are offered in a way that shows customers that you truly value them across every aspect of your brand, not just your loyalty programme."
Amanda Cromhout, CEO, Truth
In this feature, we discuss the changing demands of customers and how it influences loyalty usage, as well as, the critical role customer engagement plays after a programme has launched.
Thank you Sunday Times for the opportunity to share our expertise in the field of loyalty.
To view the full supplement, download it here: https://lnkd.in/d_VQqxg


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Austin A30
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Austin A30 is a small family car which was produced by Austin from May 1952 to September 1956. It was launched at the 1951 Earls Court Motor Show as the "New Austin Seven" and was Austin's competitor with the Morris Minor. At launch the car cost £507, undercutting the Minor by £62.
Though Austin had previously contracted the American industrial designer, Raymond Loewy in the task, the designs of Holden 'Bob' Koto were discarded and the car we know was eventually styled in-house by Ricardo 'Dick' Burzi.
The body structure was designed by T.K. Garrett, who had been an aeronautical engineer before joining Austin. It was of fully stressed monocoque chassis-less construction, which made it lighter and stiffer than most contemporary vehicles, the first Austin to be made in this way.
Inside there were individual seats at the front and a bench at the rear covered in PVC with an option of leather facings on the seats. Evidence of economy was seen in only having a single windscreen wiper, central combined stop/tail/numberplate lamp and a sun visor in front of the driver only. A passenger-side wiper and sun visor, and a heater were available as optional extras.
Originally only offered as a 4-door saloon, 2-door variants were introduced in late 1953, and in 1954 a van and van-based "Countryman" estate were made available. Despite having a smaller loading capacity than the equivalent BMC O-type Minor based vans (60 cu ft / 1.70 m3 as opposed to 76 cu ft / 2.15 m3) the Austin van offered the same payload. Being slightly lighter and stiffer, it was favoured by businessmen, and saw long service for many. The A30 was replaced by the Austin A35 in 1956 with 223,264 examples having been built.
The A30 had a smaller rear window than the A35 and trafficators instead of modern indicators, which popped out from the B pillar when operated by a knob mounted on the centre of the dashboard. The car, along with the larger engined (and hence faster) A35, was quite successful in 1950s saloon car racing, and some still appear in historic events.
The car's newly designed A-Series straight-4 engine was state of the art for the time and returned an average fuel consumption of 42 mpg / under 7L/100 km. With spirited driving the A30 was able to attain a top speed of 70 mph (110 km/h) (factory quoted). In their road test The Motor magazine achieved a top speed of 67.2 mph (108.1 km/h) and a 0–60 mph time of 42.3 seconds.
Braking was effected by a hybrid system, with Lockheed fully hydraulic drum brakes at the front and a body mounted single cylinder operating rods to the wheels at the rear, which despite being heavily criticised as being archaic and old-fashioned, were reported as being quite acceptable.
The rod system provided good handbrake efficiency and was applied by a lever in an unorthodox position to the right of the drivers seat (Right hand drive vehicles). Bumps were handled by independent coil springs at the front end and beam axle/semi-elliptic leaf springs at the back.
A car tested by The Motor magazine in 1952 had a top speed of 62 mph (100 km/h) and could accelerate from 0–50 mph (80 km/h) in 29 seconds. A fuel consumption of 38.8 miles per imperial gallon (7.28 L/100 km; 32.3 mpg-US) was recorded. The test car cost £553 including taxes. The optional radio was an extra £43 and the heater £9. Performance data need to be seen in the context of fuel availability.
Early in the Second World War "branded fuel" disappeared from sale in the UK, and the nationally available fuel available at the beginning of 1952 had an octane rating of just 70, which enforced relatively low compression ratios: this reduced the performance available from all cars, especially small ones.
In 1952 branded fuels returned to the forecourts, available octane ratings began to increase, and compression ratios were progressively improved along with the performance figures of cars such as the Austin A30 and its A35 successor.


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Real Estate in Vienna
«AUSTRIA-PARTNER» represents luxury properties in Vienna and surrounding area. We offer our clients exclusive villas, beautiful houses, luxury apartments and penthouses and city Hotels, located in the Capital of Austria.
For clients interested in investing or buying a commercial property in the region of Vienna, «AUSTRIA-PARTNER» can offer exclusive Hotels and Pensions, both in the city as well in suburbs.
This web-site provides only a small portion of real estate, that we can offer for sale in Austria, so if you want to buy in Vienna a nice apartment, penthouse, house, villa, hotel or pension, you always can make a personal request of the Austrian real estate by own criteria, and we will provide to you the best properties.
By contacting us you will get all the answers, you will select options, and will have full legal and notarial support when purchasing real estate in Vienna. Our Austrian lawyers, professional specializing in real estate transactions, including foreign investors, will solve all related issues with the purchase of real estate and further accommodation in Austria.
Take your chance to own one of these wonderful real estates in Capital of Austria!
Properties in Vienna for sale
This modern duplex apartment on the 1st floor in a well-kept new building is located at the foot of the vineyards near Neustift am Walde and the American International School. T...More
Extraordinary luxury Hotel, situated in the heart of Vienna. The hotel is well known and very popular with visitors from around the world. Exquisite interiors and premium rooms....More
Even plot of land in a beautiful quiet and green area - close to Neustift am Wald and the American School Location: The property is located close to the forest, but is well conn...More
Why in Vienna?
Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria, and one of the nine states of Austria.
In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first (in a tie with Vancouver, Canada) for the world's most livable cities (in the 2012 survey of 140 cities Vienna was ranked number two, behind Melbourne).
For seven consecutive years (2009–2015), the human-resource-consulting firm Mercer ranked Vienna first in its annual "Quality of Living" survey of hundreds of cities around the world, a title the city still holds in 2015.
Districts of Vienna:
- 1st District - Innere Stadt
- 2nd District - Leopoldstadt
- 3rd District - Landstrasse
- 4th District - Wieden
- 5th District - Margareten
- 6th District - Mariahilf
- 7th District - Neubau
- 8th District - Josefstadt
- 9th District - Alsergrund
- 10th District - Favoriten
- 11th District - Simmering
- 12th District - Meidling
- 13th District - Hietzing
- 14th District - Penzing
- 15th District - Rudolfsheim
- 16th District - Ottakring
Find your property in Vienna
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Semmering - Lower Austria
Residential Real Estate in Austria
Special Offer for sale
City Centre - Vienna - Austria
Commercial Real Estate in Austria


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Belotti SpAA manufacturer of milling and waterjet 3-axis and 5-axis cutting systems for more than 30 years, offering a wide range of models that meet the most diversified market needs.
Via Don Bosco, 12
Suiso (Bergamo), 24040 IT
- Visit Company Website
- 39-035-4934-411
As Seen In CompositesWorld
Thriving aerospace pioneer builds business in the air and on land
Aerospace tier supplier Kanfit Ltd. is expanding, offering both composite and metal parts for applications in an expanding range of high-performance markets.
Kanfit adds CNC machine
Kanfit Ltd. (Migdal HaEmek, Israel), a leading manufacturer of aerospace-grade parts and assemblies manufactured from composite and metal materials, announced on Nov. 7 that it has successfully completed installation of its new 5-axis CNC machining center.
High-Volume Preforming for Automotive Application
More than a dozen parts for four Aston Martin models are mass produced in France using Ford Motor Co.'s optimized Programmable Preforming Process and resin transfer molding.


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This is my dear son during one of my favorite times of the day! It's nearly eight a.m. and we just finished snuggling with his bottle under a blanket. He is still small enough to want to do this yet old enough to respond with smiles and giggles.
My daughter is feeling under the weather today. It appears she has come down with a bit of a cold. I am so thankful we have done so well this year with colds and flus, but I still hope this is it before the warmer weather really starts coming. The other day I noticed her eyes and nose gradually looking stuffier and runnier, and by dinnertime she looked miserable. We were sitting at the table with visitors eating supper and she was just picking at her food. Her eyes were heavy and wet. I turned to Rob and said, "I think she needs to go to bed right now," and my daughter turns to me and says in a very pathetic little voice, "Yes... thank you mommy." You know your three-year-old is not feeling well when she thanks you for putting her to bed! My husband is a hero with sick children. I will be blunt and say, this is the part of motherhood I dread. Coming off of afternoon shift he wasn't very tired by 11 pm, so I crawled into bed, exhausted after a good visit with company, and he stayed up to watch some tv and listen for our daughter. He checked on her every time she cried out and checked her temperature and gave her Tylenol. By 1 a.m. (I suppose when he was good and tired, and our daughter had seemed to settle) he crept quietly into bed beside me too.
Good friends/relatives of ours announced the arrival of their baby girl yesterday! The birth of babies never ceases to thrill me. It reminds me of God's good gifts and how miraculous life is. I don't think I will ever grow tired of children being born. It seemed I was excited as the births of our own children. I couldn't even sleep last night, I was so excited for them and in prayer for this new life they're responsible for.
I am finding myself very anxious to meet our new little one, who is only about 11 weeks old in the womb. I find it amazing how early on I am attached to my babies. Even though my pregnancies have been fairly easy and uncomplicated, I have always been super anxious to meet my baby and have the pregnancy part over with. This little one will arrive soon enough, I'm sure. Life gets busier and busier with more children. Praise the Lord for good gifts from above. Giver of Life! Sustainer of my Soul.
April 27, 2009
Precious Moments
Filed Under: Family Life, Personal
4 comments:
- Amanda said...
I love this post. It sounds relaxed, restful and appreciative.
When is your due date? How was your visit with the midwife? It's been so long since we talked...
- Karina said...
I am due Nov 12, only 6 short months away. My midwife visit was nice. It was good to see her again and she thrilled to see Wes growing so well. We DO need to talk. Give me a call when you're off work! I'm here. At home. Nursing sick children back to health, I hope. :)
- Michael said...
what a cutie pie little boy.
poor sick girly. hope she feels better soon.
- Amanda said...
Hi Hi, after work today we're moving a greenhouse and planting artichokes. I've been running off my feet! Will try to give you a call this weekend. xoxo
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The locksmiths at UConn Health manage and maintain all of the access control and the various security systems in use across the campus. This includes traditional keyed locks, code entry and card access devices, as well as alarm point monitoring, intrusion detection and CCTV (video surveillance) systems.
As part of the Police Department Administrative Services, the locksmiths work in conjunction with the UConn Health police and fire departments to provide a safe and secure environment for both the UConn Health community and the public that come to the facility on a daily basis.
Key and Service Requests
All key requests and locksmith services are processed through our online system, FAMIS®. All requests must be processed through the self-service module or the work cannot be scheduled.
The system is divided into two sections – one for all UConn Health standard door key requests and one for all other locksmith services. There are separate processes for each.
To assist in providing adequate security at UConn Health facilities, keys must be personally issued to and signed for by the individual who will be in control of the key. Requests for newly issued keys must be accompanied by a reason for the issuance; i.e., the key is for a newly assigned individual who will be sharing an office with someone currently assigned to the room, or the individual has replaced someone who formerly occupied the room. If someone is replacing another individual in the room, the individual being replaced will be required to return his/her key to the UConn Health Police Department for issuance to the newly assigned person.
Lost Keys
Individuals who lose a key must file a lost report with the UConn Health Police Department.


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You're in Paris, France and your kids are done with museums and more museums! They need a break. What do you do that doesn't cost an arm and a leg?
The Jardin d'Acclimatation, a little west of the Arc de Triomphe in the northern part of the Bois de Boulogne, is a great little amusement park opened in 1860 by Napoleon III. Over Spring Break this year, we went to Paris for a few days and on the last day, we wanted to take the kids somewhere fun with rides (that wasn't EuroDisney). This place was a winner with the kids, with a train ride into the park and other fun activities! Lot of locals were here and not many tourists which was a nice break!
Even while getting tickets, there is a fun funky mirrors area. The kids were laughing up a storm. (Okay, maybe we don't get out much. Or maybe my kids are just easily pleased.) They wanted to stay there and I had to convince them there were more rides inside the park!
This park has a fun little playground area with a zipline.
Fun regular carnival-type rides.
There is a fun climbing area that the kids loved.
And even a small little zoo. History tells us that during the Siege in Paris (1870-1871), when food was scarce, the animals in this little zoo were cooked to be eaten. Oh my!
The just-their-size roller coasters topped it off for a great day for the kids. After visiting so many sites and museums, this was their treat for being great travelers!
**The Jardin d'Acclimatation costs 5.90 euros to get in per person (under 3 months is free), but this includes the train ride into the park. If you don't want the train ride, it is only 3 euros. Once you're in, like a carnival, the rides cost about 1-3 tickets. A pack of 25 tickets costs 55 euros. The playgrounds and farm do not cost any tickets. You can bring your own picnic inside or go to their various restaurants and cafes for lunch.


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Wellington's south coast is being battered by waves of up to 11 metres.
MetService put out wave warnings yesterday for the area.
Duty forecaster William Nepe said the waves were big enough to stop ferries crossing the Cook Strait.
He said a wave rider on the south coast is measuring six metre waves, which occasionally are reaching nine or even 11 metres.
For comparison, four-metre waves are considered heavy, he said. Areas such as Marine Drive are likely to be affected.
Nepe said the large waves were forecast to hit the east coast of the North Island and are probably already there.
A central fire communications staff member said there had not been any weather-related calls from the area this morning.
A spokeswoman for KiwiRail, which owns the Interislander ferry, said sailings were cancelled through to late afternoon today due to rough weather on the Cook Strait.
It is hoped the ferry will sail tonight if swells reduce as forecast, she said.
Any updates will be available on the Interislander website.
"We expect to have a further update on the situation this morning. We regret any inconvenience to our customers but safety is always our first priority."
The Beach House and Kiosk waiter Andrew Redyk said there were spectacular, large swells.
He said they are three times bigger than normal.
Redyk said there are a lot of rocks stopping the swells getting to the road so the cafe is open as normal.
He said normally there are a lot of people out on the water but today there's no one.


text: Varsity - SABIS 89.5, Commerce 45.5 Back By Jazmine Collins April 10, 2013 The SABIS girls track team defeated Commerce Tuesday night 89.5 to 45.5. Junior Chelsea Ako-Brew and Senior Jade Roberts made huge marks as they qualified for the Western Mass championship meet. Chelsea Ako-Brew won in shot put and discuss throwing 35'2 in shot and 76'5 in discuss. Jade Roberts won the 100 meter dash with a time of 13.4 seconds. Kaitlyn Mitchell won the 400H and The 4x400 with times 1:26 and 5:14, while Maryellen Manley won the mile with a time of 6:56 and Erykah Morgan won the 100H with a time of 21.1 seconds. Kimberly Malmborg won the 800 with a time of 2:51. Join the girls Wednesday as they go against New Leadership meet beginning at 4 p.m.


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India nabs man suspected of killing dozens of truck drivers
NEW DELHI (AP) — Indian police have arrested a 48-year-old man who they say has confessed to killing 33 truck drivers and their helpers over the past decade, then selling the vehicles and the goods they were carrying.
Police officer Rahul Kumar Lodha says the man was arrested two weeks ago near the central town of Bhopal, the capital of Madhya Pradesh state.
Police stumbled across the man's name as they investigated a string of recent murders of truck drivers in Madhya Pradesh. Some of the seven men arrested told police they helped the man in similar robberies.
Lodha said Wednesday the suspect would befriend drivers in roadside eateries and slip drugs into their food so they'd fall asleep. He would then drive their trucks to isolated areas and strangle them and their helpers.


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Syria is not implementing peace plan, says France
Issued on: Modified:
France said on Tuesday that Syria was not implementing a UN and Arab League-backed peace plan despite assurances from Damascus that it had started pulling troops out of certain provinces.
Foreign ministry spokesman Bernard Valero said the Syrian claim was "a new expression of a flagrant and unacceptable lie" that "shows a degree of impunity against which the international community absolutely must act."
Valero's comments came after Syrian forces shelled protest hubs and deployed reinforcements in an apparent breach of a UN-backed peace plan, activists and monitors said, as Russia urged its ally to act more decisively to implement the truce.
On the ground, forces loyal to President Bashar al-Assad shelled the villages of Marea and Hawr al-Nahr in northern Aleppo province, said the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.
Mortar shells also struck old quarters of the flashpoint city of Homs, it said, adding unidentified gunmen killed six soldiers in northeastern Hassakeh province.
But Syrian Foreign Minister Walid Muallem said in Moscow that Damascus had started to carry out the plan tabled by UN-Arab League envoy Kofi Annan by pulling some troops out of certain provinces.
Under the peace plan it agreed with Annan, the Syrian government is supposed to draw back its troops and armour from population centres on Tuesday ahead of a ceasefire on Thursday.
Activists said that instead of withdrawing, the Assad government was sending even more reinforcements into at least one other rebel stronghold, the besieged city of Rastan in central Homs province.
The United Nations says more than 9,000 people have been killed since anti-regime protests broke out in March 2011, while monitors put the number at more than 10,000.


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Colchester, Vt. (12/15/18) The Chargers traveled to St. Michael's College for a non-conference game. DC defeated the Purple Knights by a score of 91-86 to improve their overall record to 6-2. The Purple Knights dropped to 3-7.
The Purple Knights got out to a strong start and kept a lead for the entire opening half. Their largest lead over the Chargers was 14 points before DC closed the gap before halftime. The Chargers cut the deficit to 42-36 by halftime.
Tavon Ginyard (Brentwood, N.Y.) led DC in the opening half with 11 points and made 3 of 4 three-pointers. Jason Copman (Cumberland, Md.) added 7 points and pulled down 4 rebounds while Daniel Grant (Middletown, N.Y.) recorded 6 points.
Derek Cheatom led all scorers in the first half with 24 points and went 6 for 6 from three-point range and led the Purple Knights in rebounds with five. Walker Storey added 9 points for the Purple Knights.
The Chargers took their first lead of the game five minutes into the second half. DC took their largest lead of the game in the second half over the Purple Knights. The Purple Knights cut the Chargers' lead to four but DC held on for the win.
Ginyard finished the game with 26 points to lead the Chargers. Daniel Grant and Daraja Rodwell (Baldwin, N.Y.) each finished the game with 16 points and Grant added five rebounds and four assists.
Copman added 11 points and seven rebounds while Jonathon Garcia (Springfield, Mass.) recorded eight points and three rebounds. Ian Gardener (Norwalk, Conn.) led the team in rebounds with nine and also added five points.
Cheatom finished the game with 31 points and 11 rebounds to lead the Purple Knights. Winston Jones II added 17 points while Walker Storey scored 15 points and Levi Holmes III added 13 points for the Purple Knights.
The Chargers will be back in action on Wednesday, December 19th when they travel to Felician University for a conference game at 8:00 PM.


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Sensormatic Ultra Strip III Insertable Label - 5000 pcs. box
The Ultra Strip III Insertable label is designed to be inserted into plastic shrink wrapped packaging such as CD cases and perfume boxes. It should not be inserted into products intended for children's use. The bag format is intended for hand application.
|Label technology
|Label length
|Label width
Case Weight
|45.21mm ± 0.5mm (1.78in ± 0.02in)
10,67mm ± 0.5mm
(0.420in ± 0.020in)
|2.486kg (5.48lbs)
The acousto-magnetic (AM) label is in conformity with RoHS II Directive 2011/65/EU and REACH Substances of Very High Concern as defined in Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 and subsequent amendments to both
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Brandon, FL – Brandon Regional Hospital has been recognized as a recipient of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association's Target: Stroke Honor Roll, for improving stroke care. This means that at least 50 percent of eligible ischemic stroke patients have received IV rt-PA(TPA or "stroke buster" medication) within 60 minutes of arriving at the hospital (known as "door-to-needle" time). Brandon Regional Hospital is one of only four hospitals in Florida to receive this prestigious distinction.
Brandon Regional Hospital also received the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association's Gold Plus Target Stroke Award. Our mission at BRH is to "reduce death and disability caused by stroke by providing evidence based, compassionate care". This award confirms that the hospital is striving to reach that goal.
To receive the award Brandon Regional Hospital achieved 85 percent or higher adherence to all Get With the Guidelines® Stroke Quality Achievement indicators for two or more 12 month consecutive intervals and achieved 75 percent or higher compliance with six of ten Get With the Guidelines® - Stroke Quality Measure which are reporting initiatives to measure quality of care.
"Brandon Regional Hospital's extremely pleased to receive these two significant distinctions in the clinical field of stroke care. The ability to provide key treatments in a timely manner means a greater possibility for improved outcomes for our patients. This is certainly good news for those suffering stroke," said Brandon Regional Hospital's CEO Bland Eng.
"Our greatest reward is serving patients. That's why we're committed to turning treatment guidelines into lifelines. This is gratifying to see another indication that Brandon Regional Hospital is walking the walk toward achieving its mission, vision and values."
Get With the Guidelines® ‐ Stroke uses the "teachable moment," the time soon after a patient has had a stroke, when they are most likely to listen to and follow their healthcare professional's guidance. Studies demonstrate that patients who are taught how to manage their risk factors while still in the hospital reduce their risk of second heart attack or stroke.
According to the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and the leading cause of serious, long-term disability. On average someone suffers a stroke every 45 seconds; someone dies of a stroke every three minutes, and almost 800,000 people suffer a new or recurrent stroke each year.