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When Democrats began the push to oust Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker last year, his controversial law curbing the collective-bargaining rights of most public employees headlined their list of grievances. But while June 5's landmark recall election began as a fight over the fate of unions, it has since become a battle over unemployment, past promises and the state's economic future. As voters head to the polls Tuesday to anoint a Democratic challenger, the once-pitched debate over collective bargaining has fallen silent.
Democrats' indictments of Walker are as withering as ever. But party messengers have re-calibrated their arguments to focus on bread-and-butter topics capable of swaying the narrow band of independents who remain undecided ahead of next month's election. "Collective-bargaining rights are not the main issue at this point," says one Democratic operative in Wisconsin.
(PHOTOS: Union Showdown in Wisconsin)
The messaging shift reflects the realities of a calcified electorate. The saturation of media coverage since union protesters thronged the capitol in Madison has produced a remarkably low number of ambivalent voters–fewer than 5% of respondents in recent polls. "It's been so discussed and litigated," says the operative. "People have already made up their minds on it."
For Democrats, that meant changing messages was a necessary tactical move. But it was nonetheless a striking shift in the wake of the charged rhetoric and moral outrage of last winter, which accused Walker of gutting the state's middle class to enrich his corporate overlords and cloaking his plan to bust unions in the language of fiscal reform. Now Democrats, whose case to recall a sitting governor for the third time in U.S. history was rooted in notions of executive overreach, have settled on a different argument as the election looms. "The irony is that collective bargaining, which was the instigation in all this, is fading into the background," says Charles Franklin, a pollster at Marquette University.
(MORE: How Scott Walker's Fundraising Windfall Could Decide the Recall)
It probably didn't help that Tom Barrett, the Milwaukee mayor likely to become Walker's opponent on Tuesday, has had a checkered relationship with some of the state's powerful unions. Barrett, who held a 17-point lead over Dane County Executive Kathleen Falk in a recent poll, supported the idea that public employees should foot a greater share of the bill for their benefits, and rankled one Milwaukee-based union so much that it claimed (inaccurately, as Politifact shows) that he sought concessions beyond those that Walker later prescribed. Such skirmishes may have been what prompted a labor-backed outside group to plunk down more than $4 million to advertise on behalf of Falk, although her financial backers are preparing to transform their organizations into get-out-the-vote operations for Barrett should he win.
Barrett, who lost the 2010 gubernatorial race to Walker by five percentage points amid a national Tea Party wave, has taken pains during the primary to dispel concerns about his commitment to bargaining rights. He has said he supports the restoration of negotiating rights that were curbed by Republicans. But he has not made the issue a central focus of his campaign, preferring instead to focus on Walker's record on jobs, education, women's health and crime.
(MORE: Behind Wisconsin Democrats' Million-Signature Show of Force)
Like the state party and Democratic outside groups, Barrett has zeroed in on Walker's campaign pledge to create 250,000 jobs during his first term. Recently released data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics indicate that Wisconsin lost more jobs last year than any other state, and Barrett has assailed the governor for this "broken promise." These statistics have supplanted testimonials about the plight of public workers as the centerpiece of Democratic messaging. In a speech last month, Peter Barca, the party's leader in the state assembly, cited the state's job losses to argue that "by any meaningful metric, Governor Walker has the worst jobs record of any governor in the nation." A recent strategy memo from the chair of the state's Democratic Party spent more time casting Walker as a subsidiary of Koch Industries than connecting him to Act 10.
Walker has been conspicuously quiet on the subject as well. Like most embattled incumbents, including President Obama, he has sought to frame the race as a choice between competing ideologies, rather than a referendum on his tenure. Walker and his conservative defenders have blistered Barrett, touted studies showing the state's increasingly hospitable climate for businesses, and pointed to an unemployment rate that is below the national average. While the governor has painted restrictions on collective bargaining as essential to his effort to close the state's budget gap, he has downplayed his work curtailing union powers, the very efforts that made him an icon of the conservative movement.
Political observers in Wisconsin say it's natural that both sides have tweaked their messaging to strike a chord with the rare wavering voter. But that doesn't mean they don't notice the dissonance between the recall's impetus and its end game. "I don't think you would've ever gotten a recall on the jobs issue," says Marquette University's Franklin, "but it looks like it'll be front and center now."
MORE: What is a Conservative?


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ProPublica is a Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative newsroom. Sign up for The Big Story newsletter to receive stories like this one in your inbox. Members of a secret Facebook group for current and former Border Patrol agents joked about the deaths of migrants, discussed throwing burritos at Latino members of Congress visiting a detention facility in Texas on Monday and posted a vulgar illustration depicting Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez engaged in oral sex with a detained migrant, according to screenshots of their postings. In one exchange, group members responded with indifference and wisecracks to the post of a news story about a 16-year-old Guatemalan migrant who died in May while in custody at a Border Patrol station in Weslaco, Texas. One member posted a GIF of Elmo with the quote, "Oh well." Another responded with an image and the words "If he dies, he dies."Papel Pintado Mural Vellón Ventana Creativa De Jirafa 2 Paisaje Fondo Pansize
Created in August 2016, the Facebook group is called "I'm 10-15" and boasts roughly 9,500 members from across the country.

subset: commoncrawl


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Mercer Dining Side Chair
- Summary
Mercer's polished nickel legs and padded upholstered seat and back were inspired by the luxe furnishings of the 1930s. Designed to coordinate with our Mercer table, this chair pairs beautifully with a range of table styles and makes a style statement in the living room, den or office as well.
- 20"W x 26"D x 36"H.
- Metal frame is engineered for superior strength, then plated in nickel, polished to a high shine and lacquered to preserve its finish.
- Available made to order in your choice of custom upholstery fabrics and leathers; to place a custom order, please call 888-922-4108 for assistance from one of our furniture specialists.
- In-home delivery with White Glove service.
- Sold individually.
- Dimensions & More Info
- Overall: 20"Wx 26"D x 36"H.
- Seat height: 20".
- Seat depth: 19".
- Seat width: 20.25".
- Seat back height: 17"H.
- Legs: 2"W x 14.4"H.
- Distance between legs (front to back): 22.8".
- Distance between legs (side to side): 16".
- Weight capacity: 300 lb.
- Product weight: 31.52 lb.
Additional Information
- Seat and back are supported by FSC-certified sustainable, kiln-dried birch plywood.
- Made in China.
- Use & Care
Create your own custom-upholstered furniture using the fabric of your choice. For more details, please call 1.888.922.4108.
Furniture upholstered in mohair will not have welting (piping) or topstitching.
- Clean with a soft dry or slightly damp cloth; dry thoroughly.
- Avoid harsh cleaners (including ammonia-based glass cleaners) and abrasives as they will damage the finish.
- Brush or vacuum regularly (use a nonmetallic stiff-bristle brush).
- Protect from direct sunlight to prevent fading.
- Dab spills immediately with a soft white cloth dampened with distilled water (not tap water). Test fabric cleaners first in an inconspicuous area. Do not saturate fabric with cleaner. Pat instead of rub to avoid altering texture. Clean stain from outer edge to prevent "circling."
- Thorough cleaning is recommended every 12 to 24 months. Do not wait for severe soiling. We recommend a professional in-home upholstery cleaning service.
- Do not remove cushion casings for cleaning. Unlike slipcovers, upholstered casings are not meant to be removed.
- Never use detergents, polishes, preservers or saddle soap. They can remove natural oils.
- Dust or vacuum for routine maintenance.
- Do not place in direct sunlight; it will lighten or discolor leather over time.
- Dab spills immediately with a soft white cloth dampened in distilled water (not tap water). If spill penetrates leather, use lukewarm distilled water and a soft white cloth to massage stain and surrounding area. Blot with a dry cloth and allow leather to air dry.
- Most surface scratches will fade over time if you rub them with your fingertips. Friction and heat from rubbing helps to redistribute wax in surrounding areas to cover the scratch. Not all scratches have the same depth, and this may not work on deeper scratches.
Composition & Construction
- Our leather upholstered products are constructed from aniline leather. Only the top 5% of hides can be made into aniline leather, making it the finest available. The full-grain or top-grain leathers are soaked in transparent nontoxic dye, with no subsequent pigmented finish coats applied. Dye penetrates the hides, letting the natural grain show through. Our ivory leather, white pebbled leather and white faux ostrich are exceptions to this process; they are semi-aniline dyed, with a layer of pigment applied afterwards.
- Anilines have natural markings that vary from hide to hide. They also have color variations due to the leather's ability to accept dyes differently in various areas of a hide. Markings and shading distinguish genuine leather from man-made materials. Appreciating shade differences among hides also means appreciating them on individual furniture pieces, because no two pieces can be produced from a single hide.
- Our leathers appeal to customers who find the natural color variations, markings and patina of pure aniline leathers unique and beautiful. They may not appeal to customers who want uniform color and surface commonly seen on less expensive leathers that are heavily corrected and pigmented.
- Shipping
Shipping Information
Quick Ship: 2-4 Weeks
- Items marked as Quick Ship will usually be delivered within 2-4 weeks. There is no additional charge for Quick Ship delivery. This service is subject to product availability at time of shipping.
Made To Order: 8-12 Weeks
- Made to Order Items are usually delivered within 8-12 weeks to addresses within the contiguous 48 states. Once it reaches our distribution center, a local delivery service will contact you to schedule a delivery appointment.
Made To Order: 10-12 Weeks
- Made to Order Items are usually delivered within 10-12 weeks to addresses within the contiguous 48 states. Once it reaches our distribution center, a local delivery service will contact you to schedule a delivery appointment.
Made To Order: 14-16 Weeks
- Made to Order Items are usually delivered within 14-16 weeks to addresses within the contiguous 48 states. Once it reaches our distribution center, a local delivery service will contact you to schedule a delivery appointment.
Made To Order: 16+ Weeks
- Made to Order Items are usually delivered in 16+ weeks to addresses within the contiguous 48 states. Once it reaches our distribution center, a local delivery service will contact you to schedule a delivery appointment.
Item arrives fully assembled and in one piece by our in-home delivery with White Glove service. We'll call you in advance to schedule a delivery time, then bring the item into your home, unpack and inspect it, perform simple assembly and dispose of all packaging material. (Please note that outdoor grills are not unpacked and require owner assembly. Complete beds will be set up; headboards only will be unpacked, but not attached to existing bed frames.) Delivery is by appointment, Monday – Saturday; our delivery service will call to arrange a day. Available in the 48 contiguous states. Please call 888.922.4108 for additional assistance.
Shipping Rates
With Unlimited Flat Rate Furniture & Freight Delivery, an unlimited number of eligible furniture and select non-furniture items in your order can be delivered for a single flat rate. The exact shipping charges are based on your shipping location and will be applied during checkout. View Shipping Options and Charges.
Return Policy
Our products are designed with your comfort and style in mind.
Made to Order and Final Sale Furniture items are non-returnable, and cannot be cancelled once the order is placed.
Monogrammed orders cannot be cancelled or returned.
Final sale items ending in .97 or .99 cannot be returned.
Should your item arrive damaged or with a defect, please contact us at 888.922.4108 within 7 days so that we may arrange for a replacement. Frames and springs are warranted to be free of manufacturing defects for the product's life, subject to the following conditions: warranty applies only to original owner and normal residential use. Defects resulting from negligence, abuse or use in a commercial, hospitality or other non-residential setting are not covered. For warranty service, call 888.922.4108.
All other items may be returned within 30 days of receipt for a refund of merchandise only. View Full Returns Policy.


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The racing presidents will be giving Santa a run for his money this weekend as they give fans an off-season opportunity to mingle with their favorite mascots.
Members of the Nat Pack will escort the Nationals' racing presidents along with mascot Screech to White Flint Mall in Rockville this Sunday, December 13.
The "Exclusive Santa Photo Experience" is scheduled for 11:00am to 3:00pm in Center Court, Level One.
Filed under: Appearances | Tagged: Santa, White Flint, White Flint Mall |


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The UPS Store
Point of Purchase (PoP), Restaurant Menus, Placemats, Posters, Photographs and Calendars are just a few relevant print products that fit well on 11x17 paper. Select from our comprehensive list of print options which best describe your finished product, upload your print ready artwork and check out. With great prices and quick turnaround, why choose anyone else to handle all of your quick print needs.
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The UPS Store® (TUPSSTM) locations are independently owned and operated by franchisees of The UPS Store, Inc. in the USA and by its master licensee and its franchisees in Canada.


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Remember how much you loved this as a kid?
I've always wondered why people in charge of animated projects like to take classic properties that completely stood on their own because of their inherent uniqueness and appeal and then change them into the same thing as every other cartoon.
At one time this kind of thinking was relegated to low budget bargain basement Saturday Morning cartoons. It seemed outrageous to anyone with taste or respect for creativity way back in the 70s and 80s, but you could use the excuse that it's low budget and therefore trash by definition, and trash doesn't deserve original or creative ideas.
Now Hollywood will invest huge fortunes on low-budget trashy 80s Saturday Morning type thinking. "Let's take a highly beloved classic character and 'tude him up!"Cal Arts does Seuss
Kali and I went and saw Beowulf the other day, and besides the obvious outrages of the movie itself the theatre walls were littered with the movie posters of what else was going on in big-budget Hollywood. It was like looking at the Saturday Morning Cartoon lineup from 1985. Almost every poster advertised the types of ideas that 12 year olds come up with in the schoolyard at recess. I see this and wonder why ideas that anyone on earth could come up with deserve such vast amounts of money to produce. Couldn't a computer program generate the stories and concepts a lot cheaper than a bunch of Hollywood execs and writers?
The posters boasted something about people who ride the Coca Cola polar bears in the mountains. Hip Hop Chipmunks (with hairy human noses). Dr. Seuss who were designed somewhat like the originals, but standing around in poses and expressions from modern Cal Arts feature animation. The same expressions that are in every single animated feature made in the last 30 years. If you're gonna take Dr. Seuss characters, why not take the expressions and ideas along with them? That would be so refreshing to see something different. Why turn it into what we already have too much of? And why spend so much money on it?
Bad ideas don't deserve big money. I would think some smart executive somewhere would say we can do bad for a lot cheaper than the rest of Hollywood and therefore make more money back per dollar spent.
I wonder how much is spent on the scripts for ideas that anyone on the planet could come up with.
I really want to know how much they spend on movie poster bylines. "Honey just got funny". I hope they spend a lot on that department. Is there market research to demonstrate that having an awkward pun under the title brings in more profits?
How many car accidents has this billboard byline caused?
A comment worth answering:
Wes: How do you know the style of animation in this movie? Have you seen it? How can you judge a body of work from a poster that was more and likely done by a marketing team instead of the artist at the studio? You know as well as most people that even trailers are usually unfinished shots or shots cut from the movie. I do agree with some of what you say, but as far as people judging something before it's seen is really too bad, you might miss something great. Surf's Up was a great movie and Beautifully animated, but people judged it because of the characters and the movie failed. Don't judge a book by it's cover just because if it's bad you can say you were right....
These animators are obviously very talented, but the whole concept is playing against Dr. Seuss. It's acted and directed like a Pixar film,
rather than tailored to Seuss. I'm sure these artists could do a great movie, with some direction and an idea with more conviction. Technically, it's ready to go.Whoever animated this is pretty damn creative. The last scene in the trailer looks more custom than the first scene of this character. The first one looks Cal Arts. Anyone know why the 2 are different?
Do you like the normal sounding voices?
I think animators really would benefit from strong more distinct voices. When you have normal voices, then the broad animation actions don't seem to fit. To me, anyway. I'd like to see this animator do something to Mel Blanc or someone with real power and conviction in the acting. Good dialogue would help too.


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A delicate floral design in soft pastel hues rests on the muted Silver base of Fantasie's Sophie Side Support Bra. Its three piece cup with side support feels effortlessly feminine overlaid with exquisite lace on the top cup.
Shipping Information
You can earn free shipping on your order over $100! We ship USPS Priority mail. Most orders are delivered in 2-5 business days. Currently, we do not ship internationally.
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Once your order has been processed, you will receive an email with your USPS tracking information. Please email firstname.lastname@example.com if you have any concerns or errors placing your order.
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| Researching Court Records
This article is part of a series.
|Overview of Court Records
|Court Procedures
|Equity Cases
|Divorce Actions
|Types of Court Records
|List of Court Record Types
|Researching Court Records
|Selected Proceedings and Courts
|Justice of the Peace Courts
|List of Useful Court References
This article originally appeared in "Court Records" by Sandra Hargreaves Luebking, FUGA, Loretto Dennis Szucs, FUGA, and Arlene H. Eakle, Ph.D. in The Source: A Guidebook to American Genealogy
Probate cases are distinctive enough to be discussed separately from equity proceedings. The records they generate are among the most valuable genealogical materials we have in America. They are also among the most complicated, filled with pitfalls for the unwary.
In New York State Probate Records: Genealogist's Guide to Testate and Intestate Records, Gordon L. Remington says, "To the genealogical purist, the title 'Probate Records' may not be quite accurate, for technically this term refers only to persons leaving wills (Testate) and not those who died without one (Intestate). The word probate, however, has come to mean the general class of records associated with an estate. Even Black's Law Dictionary (6th edition) states that 'in current usage this term has been expanded to refer to the legal process wherein the estate of a decedent is administered.'"<ref>Gordon L. Remington, New York State Probate Records: Genealogist's Guide to Testate and Intestate Records (Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2002), vii.</ref>
The probate process transfers the legal responsibility for payment of taxes, care and custody of dependent family members, liquidation of debts, and transfer of property title to heirs from the deceased to an executor/executrix (where there is a will), to an administrator/administratix (if the person dies intestate-without a will), or to a guardian/conservator if there are heirs under the age of twenty-one years or in cases where a person has become incompetent through disease or disability.
Testate Estates
When a person makes a last will and testament, he or she leaves a testate estate. Originally, only personal property (money and movables) could be bequeathed (given posthumously) by will. Not until 1540 did the Statute of Wills first permit land and other real property to be devised (granted posthumously) by will. Some authors have asserted a distinction between a will and a testament, applying one to real property and the other to personal property, but courts have uniformly held the terms to be equivalent. The phrase "last will and testament," like many deliberately redundant legal phrases, combines synonymous Anglo-Saxon and Norman-French terms.
Wills are of three different kinds: (1) Attested wills are prepared in writing with essay writing services and signed by responsible witnesses who certify to the court that the will was written at the instance of the deceased of his or her own free will and choice and that he or she was of sound mind at the time. (2) Holographic wills are handwritten entirely by the person making the will, signed, dated, and not witnessed. If any other person writes on the will, it is invalid. In addition, the will must be found among the individual's important papers. It cannot be filed with an attorney or other third party unless all valuable papers are so filed. In some jurisdictions, this kind of will is not valid. (3) Nuncupative wills are oral, deathbed wills dictated to witnesses who convert them to writing at the earliest possible moment and present them to the court within a specified period of time after the person dies. In some jurisdictions, this kind of will is also invalid.
Intestate Estates
When a person dies without making a will, his or her property becomes an intestate estate. It is divided according to settlement shares determined by law. In most states, if the deceased is a married man, the widow receives a prescribed interest in any real property her husband owned (known as her dower rights) and a prescribed share of his personal property, and the rest is divided equally among the children. If a child is dead, his share is divided among his own legal heirs. An illegitimate child is entitled to inherit from his or her mother. Unless the father has acknowledged his parenthood in writing, duly witnessed and accepted by the court, or unless he later marries the mother, a child born of unmarried parents cannot inherit from the father. Some states allow the father to petition for a legislative act to legitimize his children so they can inherit, and some allow naturalization of deceased persons by special act so their heirs can inherit.
If a person dies without issue, his or her estate passes to the spouse. If there is no spouse, the estate passes to his or her parents and brothers and sisters. In some states, descent of property goes no further than this. In some, lines of descent become quite complicated, with provision even for nephews, second cousins, and others.
In community property jurisdictions (Louisiana, California, Washington, Idaho, etc.), the property that a husband and wife own at the time of marriage and the property that each individually inherits afterward remain separate property; the property that they acquire together during their married life becomes community property in which each has an undivided one-half interest. Upon the death of one spouse, the common estate automatically reverts to the surviving spouse in fee simple-that is, with the right to sell, mortgage, exchange, bequeath, or gift by written document.
Dower and Curtesy
In non-community property states, a woman has a dower right or life-estate, usually in one-third of her husband's real property. This right must be legally recognized in all transactions, including transfers of land. A man has the right of curtesy-a life-estate in any property his wife owned when they married or in any she inherits in her own right during the marriage-providing they had at least one living child who could inherit from them. Otherwise, he has a right to one-third of her property only.<ref>For an authoritative discussion of dower and curtesy, see 'The Decline of Dower,' in Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law, 3rd ed. (New York: Touchstone, 2005), 322'23. </ref> Marriage settlements contracted before the time of marriage can change these provisions.
Dower rights in Colonial America were based upon English common law and were practiced in most, if not all, colonies. One of the first states to enact specific provisions for widow's dower land was North Carolina in 1784. Lee Albright and Helen F. M. Leary, in North Carolina Research: Genealogy and Local History write:
- The widow, upon her petition, was put into possession of a third of the land her husband had owned at his death, plus enough provision to support her and the minor children for a year. In the personal property division she received the same portion a child did. If slaves were part of her 'child's part' she held them only for her lifetime; at her death they returned to her husband's other heirs. If the deceased had no children, however, a third of the personal estate went to the widow absolutely, even if that third included slaves.<ref>Lee Albright and Helen F. M. Leary, 'Designing Research Strategies,' in North Carolina Research: Genealogy and Local History (Raleigh: North Carolina Genealogical Society, 1996), 36.</ref>
Tennessee, which initially applied North Carolina's law, soon made changes. Beginning in 1813, a widow became entitled to a year's support in provisions and the use of crops from her husband's estate. Eventually, tools, leather, and iron were included, then household goods were added. By 1825, widows received one-half of the personal estate as well as the real estate share. An 1833 refinement gave the widow "1 plow, 1 hoe, 1 set gears for plowing, 1 iron wedge, 1 horse, mule, or yoke of oxen." Throughout this time, the intent of the law was to allow the widow to continue living in the family home. For a full discussion of the dower application process and the documents created, see Gary R. Toms and William R. Gann, Widows' Dowers of Washington County, Tennessee,<ref>Gary R. Toms and William R. Gann, Widow's Dowers of Washington County, Tennessee 1803'1899 (Milford, Ohio: Little Miami Publishing, 2004).</ref> from which this paragraph was adapted. This title is the first known book of compiled dower records and should be examined by all researchers hoping to locate similar documents in Tennessee or elsewhere.
Under recent legislation, however, a woman has the right to renounce her dower claim to her husband's estate. She must acknowledge that full disclosure of the total worth of the estate was made and that she understands what she is renouncing. This protects the estate against undue litigation. A man cannot legally disinherit his wife and leave her destitute, on the public's mercy. In most jurisdictions, welfare help is denied, even in cases of divorce, if the husband is in a position to pay for the wife's upkeep. Some states now designate a share of the intestate spouse's entire estate to the survivor, as an alternative to dower or curtesy, though this applies only to real estate.
A guardian is a responsible individual of legal age appointed or acknowledged by the court to manage the property ownership of those incompetent by reason of youth or mental or physical handicap to handle their own affairs. A guardian may also be called a conservator, a curator, a tutor, or a receiver.
An orphan is a minor whose father is dead or whose deceased mother left separately owned property to her child but excluded the father. In both cases, a guardian is appointed to assume the legal responsibilities of property ownership. In other words, the "orphan" may have a living parent in either case. Such a child may also be called a ward or infant. It is also common for a mother or father to be appointed guardian of his or her own children without implying adoption, formal or otherwise.
The appointment of a guardian for a minor may be a separate court process from probate, handled by a different court. Depending on the jurisdiction, the appointment of a guardian for an adult who is incompetent to handle his or her own affairs may require two separate court processes: the first to declare him or her incompetent, and the second to appoint someone to act in his or her behalf.
Probate Proceedings
Since the procedures followed in both testate and intestate cases are almost identical, both can be considered together. Most states require that probate begin the first term of court following the death of a property owner, between thirty and ninety days after death.
1. Usually, the principal heir petitions the court for authority to begin the probate process. Until recent years these petitions were made verbally and recorded only in the probate minute books. However, some jurisdictions require written petitions bearing the names of all heirs, their residences, and their ages; these are filed with the original estate papers. Such petitions are especially valuable because they may be the only documents that list all the heirs. The attached image is an example of a petition to commence probate.
In a testate estate, the executor petitions for letters testamentary or authority to probate the will. In an intestate case, the surviving spouse or oldest son normally petitions for letters of administration or authority to administer the estate according to the laws of the jurisdiction.
It is the responsibility of the executor or the administrator to look out for the best interest of the estate, the needs of the heirs, and the claims of the creditors.
2. Proving the will is a step that applies only to testate cases. The document is presented to the court. The witnesses to the will appear and attest that they saw the individual sign the will, that he or she was in sound mental condition and that he or she expressed his or her own free will. The court, after hearing this sworn testimony, will order that the will be recorded. Wills judged invalid are not proved and, hence, are not recorded in the will book but can often be found among the loose or miscellaneous papers of the courthouse or town hall. They will not appear in the index to probate records, and they are rarely microfilmed. You have to ask for these records to be searched at the courthouse. Some jurisdictions now provide for pre-proved wills. At the same time the will is signed by the testator, the witnesses swear in writing before a notary that the testator was of sound mind and acting freely. Wills executed in this manner are accepted for probate without the witnesses appearing personally.
Some jurisdictions require that all heirs of the estate be notified and present at the reading and recording of the will. Anyone who would argue against the admission of the will to probate may make claim then or generally forfeit any future right to contest the will.
3. The executor designated in the decedent's will must be formally approved by the court. In intestate cases, the court appoints the administrator. Each state prescribes the order in which persons are entitled to be appointed, but, in general, this order is maintained: spouse, one of the children, parents, grandparents, brothers or sisters, uncles, aunts, nephews, nieces, great-uncles, great-aunts, first cousins, creditors, anyone legally competent, public administrators, etc.
4. An administrator must post a bond equal to the worth of the assets of the estate to insure his or her faithful performance of duty and to protect the heirs in cases of misconduct. In most states, an executor is not required to file a large bond if the decedent's will exempts him or her from that trust.
Bondsmen were usually relatives or family friends until recently, when bonding companies replaced personal sureties. If the wife is executrix, the bondsmen will usually be her relatives. If a brother or son is executor, they will be chosen from the family of the deceased. Bondsmen can also be heirs to the estate.
5. In most testate and all intestate estates, three disinterested people (often relatives who are not potential heirs) are appointed by the court to inventory and appraise all the property of the estate. They are usually ordered to submit the inventory at the next term of court or within ninety days. This inventory protected the executor or administrator from excessive claims against the estate and protected heirs against fraud or pilfering of their inheritance. The court also used it to set probate fees, as in modern practice. As a result, the values given to each item were close to current market value, although there seems to have been a tendency to keep them low. Thus, the fees levied against the estate were lower.
6. As soon as the inventory is made, publication of the pending probate is published. In early times, notices were tacked on the doors of courthouses, town halls, churches, etc. Later, the court required public posting at the town hall and publication three successive weeks in the major county, town, or district newspaper before probate to give interested parties opportunity to be present to voice disagreement or to present claims against the estate. The law required preservation of those publication notices. Some jurisdictions keep copies of the newspapers in which notices appeared at the county courthouse or town hall, while others clip the notices and preserve them with the case packet. It is thus possible to find missing issues of newspapers at the probate authority.
7. Another step taken before probate begins is assigning an allowance for the dependents from a portion of the estate (usually the amount is determined annually) until the estate is settled and distributed. It may take the form of cash, income-producing property (such as a herd of cattle), or money from the court-authorized sale of certain property. Usually the property so designated is exempt from creditors' claims. At this time, also, the widow's dower right will often be set off to provide for her support.
8. In estates involving minors or incompetent individuals, a guardian is appointed to receive and assume stewardship over their respective shares. Attached is a petition of minor children for their mother to be appointed guardian. As with administrators and executors, guardians must post a bond equal to the worth of the orphan's estate. To the right is another attached image that is an example of the required bond.
9. To raise funds for the support of the widow and children or to convert perishables to cash, it is frequently necessary to conduct periodic sales of property under the surveillance of the court. First, the administrator/executor or guardian petitions the court for authority to sell, stipulating the items, why the income is needed, and how much is expected to be realized. If the court authorizes the sale, a public auctioneer is appointed and a careful account is kept of what was sold, how much each item brought, and to whom the item went.
10. In some jurisdictions, executors/administrators or guardians must account annually to the court for income received and expenses paid out of the estate, and for what purposes. In others, executors may be required only to account upon request from heirs or creditors. Because these records show heirs who die and women who marry before final settlement, they are extremely valuable for the genealogist.
11. Prior to the final settlement and distribution of the estate among the heirs, additional publication notices are issued to give claimants one last chance to voice their desires.
12. The executor/administrator must make a final accounting of receipts and disbursements of the estate before the remaining property can be divided and the responsibility ended. The image at right shows a final accounting.
13. When all parties concerned come to an agreement or when all heirs are twenty-one years of age, the property is divided and distributed to those heirs entitled to receive it, the case is closed, and the executor/administrator is released. In many probate jurisdictions, lengthy division documents will be found listing all heirs and their addresses, husbands of female heirs, and second marriages of widows. In some states, these settlement documents are found in the Office of the Land Recorder-Division of Real Estate.
14. As each heir receives his or her portion of the estate, he or she signs a receipt or release to the executor/administrator. These receipts give the name of the heir, the amount and description of property received, the name of the executor/administrator, the names of guardians of minor children, and the name of the deceased. These releases are filed among the original estate papers.
Probate records can provide an intimate glimpse into the lifestyle of an ancestor and specific facts about the family. From wills you can discover how often the men on your pedigree entrusted their assets to a wife, whether all sons inherited equally, how the daughters fared in comparison, whether a man distributed his property to his children before his death, and who was instructed to care for the widow and younger children or for incapacitated or handicapped family members. Servants were sometimes released by will and slaves freed.
What provision was made for the widow? Was firewood delivered to her door? Were living quarters and a cash allowance for needed purchases provided? Did the allowance end on remarriage? What was to happen to her portion of the estate if she remarried?
What are the demographics of your family? Who lived in the household? What was the ratio of adults to children, males to females? Did the men live to see their grandchildren? Did the women outlive the men? How many children reached adulthood before their parents died? What were the sizes of your family units? What standard of living did your family have? Did they read and write? Did a bequest include paintings, a family Bible, fine furniture, a carriage, or musical instruments?
Also revealed in a will is biographical information: title, occupation, religious affiliation, age, place of residence, place of property ownership, associates of the family, and relationship to prominent families in the area.
Did your ancestor bequeath assets to charities, such as schools, hospitals, and churches? Did he make a contribution for the upkeep of roads and bridges? Did she support a political party?
How did your ancestor speak? Indications of local dialect and pronunciation can be found in spelling variants, especially when a will is a holograph. It can also reveal personality, character, and level of formal education.
The probate inventory gives other insights into your family's life and how your family compared to others in the community.<ref>'Inventories as a Source of Local History: Houses, Farmers, Industries, and Professions,' Amateur Historian 4 (1958'59): 157'61, 186'95, 227'31, 320'24; B. C. Jones, 'Inventories of Goods and Chattels,' Amateur Historian 2 (1955'56): 76'79.</ref> If items are listed room by room and the rooms labeled, you know who slept where. A man was often judged by the kind of bed he slept in, so inventories usually listed bed and bedding in considerable detail: bed curtains imply a canopied bed to keep out cold drafts. Featherbeds, sheets, coverlets, blankets, and spreads may also be listed separately.
Table linens may be listed (damask, diaper, flaxen, canvas); cooking utensils and dishes (pewter, wood, china, porcelain, silverplate, brass); lighting (candles, lamps, wicks, lantern glass, and lighter fluids). In poor households, a clock might represent almost a quarter of the estate's total value. Pots and pans may be valued by weight, since that is the way they were bought and sold. Unfamiliar items, such as kimblins, piggins, and eshons (cheese vats and presses), may appear.
The processes of cooking, brewing, baking, dairying, and washing are described in the kinds of utility tubs and bowls used. The presence of smoothing tables or boards and flat irons indicate that clothes were ironed before wearing, and bedding may also have been "smoothed." Sanitary facilities inside the house could consist of chamber pots and close stools, often both. The larder hints at diet-butter, cheese, ham, bacon, hanging beef, salt pork, potatoes. Particular trades or occupations emerge from tools, mercantile inventory, record books, contents of barns, granaries, and crops in the field.
A comparison of inventories from one generation of the family to another will show improvements in living conditions-from fireplace cooking to stoves, from enclosed bedsteads to heated bedrooms, from wooden platters to china. Glass in windows, unless bequeathed as heirlooms to a family member, could be sold separately from a house, so panes may be listed in the inventory as well.
Sometimes an item will be missing from an inventory because the owner gave it away before his or her death, because it was sold to cover debts prior to death, or because it is specified in the will and falls in the executor's charge. Some inventories will end with "things unseen or forgotten," a category with an arbitrary dollar value assigned.
An inventory is also useful for distinguishing between persons of the same name by matching inventory contents, such as horses, cattle, and pigs, with tax rolls and agricultural census entries. You can also prove the relationship between a man and his children with property, real or personal, listed in inventories and wills from one generation to the next.
American Probate Law
Despite their usefulness, probate records are filled with traps for the unwary genealogist. The first pitfall is contemporary law. Probate is a function of state authority, with only one federal prohibition: primogeniture, or passing a landed estate automatically to the eldest son, is forbidden; by 1811, all former colonies had revoked it by statute. Because probate is a state function, probate procedures vary from state to state and have changed over time.
In addition to the pitfalls presented by ignorance of legal language and past laws, another problem may arise if a researcher concentrates only on the case files or probate packet. You should not overlook other records leading to probate that appear among the records of other courts. For example, the Court of Common Pleas in Pennsylvania was responsible for hearing evidence of incompetence and determining the status of such individuals.
Appearance Docket, Vol. A, p. 536, Perry County, Pennsylvania, contains the petition of John River, brother-in-law of Peter Arnold of Buffalo Township, to issue a writ of incompetence since Peter Arnold was a habitual drunkard. Peter's heirs are listed as George, Peter, William, and daughter Barbara, wife of George Varns. The court confirmed the petition on 16 March 1824. By 10 November 1827, Peter had reformed and petitioned the court to have his rights restored. The court granted his request and released the guardian.<ref>As cited in Harry A. Focht, 'Hidden Genealogical Data in Court Records,' Perry Historians 8 (1923): 2'3. The record also documents Peter Arnold's second marriage.</ref>
In the attached chart is a checklist of documents produced by probate courts.<ref>From Vincent L. Jones, et al., Family History for Fun and Profit (Salt Lake City: Genealogical Institute, 1972). Used with permission.</ref> Important supporting legal documents can also be found in these non-probate categories of records:
- Bastardy papers
- Legitimation of children
- Child custody papers
- Name changes
- Aliases
- Loose papers
- Unfiled documents
- Inquisitions of lunacy
- Manumissions
- Petitions for freedom
- Certificates of freedom
- Apprenticeships
- Dower releases
- Marriage contracts
- Marriage settlements
- Lis Pendens
- Foreclosures
- Deeds
- Liens
- Tax liens
- Land sold for back taxes
- Legislative papers
- Congressional petitions
- Divorces
- Annulments
- Adoptions
- Orphans' court records
- Appeals
- Claims
- Attachments of property
Also available at law libraries are the state law codes. To locate a law effective when your ancestor was alive, check the current law code (dower rights, for instance, or age when a minor could make a will). Get the reference to the next earliest code when the law was changed or modified and work backward in time until you find the law as it was.
Although this process seems tedious, it is sometimes necessary and nearly always illuminating. The law determines the specifics in much of the probate process. Court officials do not explain what they are doing or their reasons for acting in a certain way in the records. They expect you to know that already.
The law also determined the ages at which your ancestors could transact legal business. The attached chart summarizes the most common ages (and exceptions) in the United States.
When courthouse fires have occurred, these other court documents may have survived if they were filed in other buildings or kept among the personal papers of justices or court officials. Some of these records are used legally in lieu of probate processes. For example, Jacob Hoofman (Hoffman) Sr. died intestate in Fairfield County, Ohio, leaving sixteen children. The probate clerk, when a search was requested, found no will, but a careful search brought an extremely detailed deed to light.
Jacob had distributed his lands to his children before his death but had died before the deed he executed for his son Simon could be recorded. The property went into his estate. Jacob had recorded the transaction in his own account book and the court accepted the transaction, requiring only that a quitclaim deed be signed by all sixteen children and their spouses. The document is invaluable, but it was found in the deeds, not the probate records.
Many probate records have been published by societies and individuals. As is true with any extract, some transcripts are complete and others are incomplete or have been misread. "Check the Original! Two Lessons Learned the Hard Way" (National Genealogical Society Quarterly) is an instructive two-part commentary on the perils of not checking compiled works against original records.<ref>John Anderson Brayton, Part 1, 'Hardy of South Carolina'A 'Discreet' Omission to Hide an Indiscretion,' and Shana Elizabeth Proffitt, Part 2, 'Mallory-Blunt of Virginia'A Miscopied Name Blocks Line,' in Notes and Documents, 'Check the Original! Two Lessons Learned the Hard Way,' National Genealogical Society Quarterly 90, no. 1 (March 2002): 69'73.</ref> Part 1, "Hardy of South Carolina-A 'Discreet' Omission to Hide an Indiscretion" by John Anderson Brayton, matches a 1969 abstract of the 1769 will of Mathew Hardy of St. John's Parish, Colleton County, South Carolina, against a verbatim transcription of the will. He notes the abstract "omitted the primary heir and left out significant information that changed the entire thrust of the document."<ref>Brayton, 'Hardy of South Carolina,' 69.</ref> Brayton suspects the omissions were to hide a master-slave concubinage hinted at in the will.
In Part 2, "Mallory-Blunt of Virginia-A Miscopied Name Blocks Line," Shana Elizabeth Proffitt gives evidence of an error in a long-accepted compilation by a leading English authority that resulted in a nearly thirty-year mystery. Proffitt's examination of the original files corrects the name: Michael, not Henry Blunt. The amendment of the error "will provide certain Blunt family descendants with a previously unknown connection to the Mallory family of colonial Virginia."<ref>Proffitt, 'Mallory-Blunt of Virginia,' 71. </ref> As Proffitt notes, "Errors happen amid notetaking, writing, and publishing, and those errors stymie research."<ref>Ibid., 73.</ref>
Another problem in probate research is that not all people are referenced in probate records. New England demographic research comparing wills and probate inventories with tax rolls and other inhabitants' lists shows that less than 50 percent of the male population was included among inventories and less than 40 percent left wills. In some areas, the percentage was below 25 percent. Less than 10 percent of the women had either wills or inventories. While some people had little or no property to inventory, a substantial number seem to have deliberately made provision for their estates to pass to their heirs without probate.<ref>Kenneth Lockridge, 'A Communication,' William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser., 25 (1968): 516'17; Daniel Scott Smith, 'Underregistration and Bias in Probate Records: An Analysis of Data From Eighteenth Century Hingham, Massachusetts,' William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser., 32 (1975): 100'110.</ref>
Probate records are of uneven value when it comes to establishing specific death dates. Some probate records include the date of death. Some indexes include the date of death, while the probate record does not. Where the death date is not given, the date of the acknowledgment of witnesses is usually the first record made in the probate process, followed by admission of the will to probate. In some jurisdictions, however, the witnesses acknowledged their signatures and certified the mental soundness of the testator at the time the will was drafted-not after the person's death. To avoid these problems, the safest date to use is the date the will was recorded-usually between thirty and ninety days after the death of the testator.
Relationships between legatees and testator were seldom defined. As a consequence, brothers and nephews are mistaken for sons, sisters-in-law and daughters-in-law appear as unmarried daughters, and daughters with unknown married names may be unidentifiable. The legatees sometimes are mentioned by first names only. "In-law" was often a synonym for "step" and adopted kin. Because of these ambiguities, it is wise to corroborate all relationships with other sources.
Probate records can provide valuable leads to those relationships. Nine clues that may help determine relationship have been formulated by eminent genealogist Donald Lines Jacobus<ref>Donald L. Jacobus, 'Probate Law and Custom,' American Genealogist 9 (1932): 4'9.</ref>:
- In states that allowed the eldest son a double portion of his father's estate, an estate with seven shares had six heirs, not seven.
- Daughters unmarried at the time a will was drafted may have been married by the time it was probated. The will and subsequent documents will contain different names. Watch given names carefully and always check all males listed in the final settlement, especially if they are not listed in the will as potential sons-in-law.
- Statements such as "my daughters Mary and Martha shall have five shillings each with what I have already given them" and "my daughter Grace shall have £30 to make her equal with her sisters" imply that some daughters were married and had already received their portions.
- Special terminology may reveal relationships: "a femme sole" is an unmarried woman; "coverture" refers to a married woman.
- Where two executors are named in a will, one is usually the relative of the testator and the other a relative of the spouse. Both sides of the family were represented to safeguard the interests of all parties and to keep peace.
- Bondsmen are usually relatives who are willing to stand the risks and who have some leverage over the persons they guarantee. If the wife is executrix, the bondsmen will usually be her relatives. Where her maiden surname is unknown, look carefully at the names of the bondsmen.
- Guardians are usually relatives who have no potential interest in the estate. With some careful calculations, you can decide who these would be and perhaps identify missing surnames.
- When the court has to determine who inherits, unless extenuating circumstances dictate otherwise, the estate is usually awarded to heirs of the whole blood (related by blood to both sides of the family) rather than an heir of the half blood (related to one side only). In this way, the property is more likely to stay in the family.
- Second marriages of widows are most frequently documented among probate and guardianship records, as their new husbands assume responsibilities of the estate. This makes probate records especially valuable.
Sometimes, family members are omitted from a will because they are otherwise provided for. A man can settle a jointure on his wife at the beginning of the marriage in lieu of dower rights or subsequent claims against the estate. During colonial times, when the law of primogeniture was in effect, the eldest son was frequently not mentioned in the will, for the real property descended automatically to him. Most American men also owned other lands in fee simple that could be described and left to younger sons.
As daughters married, they were customarily given their portions in cash, land, household furnishings, food, horses, slaves, etc. Sons were given their property when they reached the age of majority or planned to marry. A family account book recorded the property conveyed to each child. If, when the father's estate was later settled, a child contested the settlement, this account showed what each marriage portion was. Thus, children who had received their shares were frequently omitted from the will.
The importance of probate records to the genealogist is recognized by the regional projects, online and in print, that produce indexes. An example of print works are Thornton W. Mitchell, North Carolina Wills: A Testator Index, 1665-1900. Carol Willsey Bell, Ohio Wills and Estates to 1850: An Index, and Brent Holcomb, Abstracts of South Carolina Wills for several counties. These three projects are models for needed work in other areas.<ref>Thorton W. Mitchell, Carolina Wills: A Testator Index, 1665'1900, 4th printing (Baltimore: Clearfield, 2001); Carol Willsey Bell, Ohio Wills and Estates to 1850: An Index (Columbia, Ohio: the author, 1981); Brent Holcomb, Abstracts of South Carolina Wills (Easley, S.C.: Southern Historical Press, 1977).</ref>


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The unlabeled phosphopeptide is an excellent substrate for mammalian protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (Km = 3.9 µM) and Yersinia PTP. The sequence is derived from an autophosphorylation site (Tyr992) of EGFR. The unlabeled peptide is used to assay PTB based on marked fluorescence increase upon the removal of the phosphate group (Em = 305 nm and Ex = 282 nm).
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Ohio Corn Harvest May Continue as a High Moisture Corn Harvest
https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/news/newsreleases/2009/oct-26-2009/drying-high-moisture-corn-can-be-tricky/ https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/blog/charles-r-hurburgh-mark-licht/harvest ... Currently only 37% of the corn crop has been harvested compared to a 5 year average of 56% Using a dry down ... moisture since most moisture meters are not accurate when grain temperature falls below 40 F. In order to ...
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Gringo Chameleon - VEGAN
Gringo Chameleon - VEGAN
One of our best selling styles is back with a facelift. This time Gringo is Vegan and in Snakeskin. The perfect material for a cowboy boot, don't you think? Gringo Chameleon comes in a natural coloured snakeskin pattern. It will fit well with most outfits and is superbly functional for everyday use. Gringo brings a hint of western with every style. The fit is standard. The outsole is soft and the extra foam in the footbed makes it an all time favourite.
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It is however a prerequisite that these deficits are not caused by any misuse of the product or other damaging behavior that has led to shortages. If the product is tainted with a lack, the customer is entitled to require replacement.
This means that you may require a new product sent to replace the one advertised above.
Return address for products:
Lola Ramona / Nordic Edge
Bjeverskov Alle 22B
2650 Hvidovre
Tlf: +45 4035 3635
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


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After the work is complete, return to the site and rate your tradesman based on their quality of work, reliability and value for money.


text:
Tom Cook
Hey, I'm the "new guy" here at 100.5 The River. We'll get to hang out for part of your workday and the drive home while you're listening to Today's Best Mix without the rap. Some people asked "why would you move HERE?" when I started. I answer that question with disbelief and realize that people in GR simply don't realize what a great city they have. Grand Rapids is just a fantastic city. The people, the downtown, the festivals, the philanthropy of our 'famous families' … the list goes on and on. The VIBE of this city is just incredible. Those who say "why would you move HERE?" clearly don't realize how crappy most other similar sized cities are compared to GR. We moved here from the vibrant and clean city (#sarcasm) of Toledo, OH where I was the Operations Manager for six radio stations. Before that, I was on-air or programming stations in Philadelphia, New York City, Milwaukee, Madison, Cedar Rapids (Iowa) and Waterloo (Iowa). My wife and I met in Madison and were married four days after 9/11. We have two "furry kids" named Ollie (yellow lab/bassett/corgi) and Chester (bassett). I'm also the Program Director for Channel 95-7 and 100.5 The River, so if you have any comments, suggestions or complaints (I welcome compliments, too), just email or call me!


text:
Karla Brown
It was a cold January morning many, many, many years ago. An 8 pound, 2 ounce baby girl was born to Mr. and Mrs. Brown. The names Jennifer Lee and Myra Jean were tossed around but, "Karla" finally stuck. No, I wasn't named after my grandma or any other important figure in my parent's life. I was named after a soap opera character on "General Hospital." Fast forward many, many, many years and here I am. I wanted this job so bad, I started on Christmas Eve, 1994. Now, that's dedication! My interests include stalking Rick Springfield, stalking Ben Davis and stalking Todd Heitkamp. Join me from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. every weekday and we'll "MIX it up!"


text:
Posted on July 26, 2012
I thank all of you who have commented on my March 2012 article about mental hospital records at the Illinois State Archives. Clearly there is a clamoring for access to the closed patient records. My research to date shows there are two ways to obtain them, depending if immediate family members survive.
1. If you are an immediate family member of a deceased patient, or can get an immediate family member to make the request.
Three additional requirements apply:
• No probate case was opened for the deceased
• The deceased did not appoint an agent under a power of attorney for health care
• The deceased did not object to disclosure of his/her records in writing
Public Act 097-0623 became effective November 23, 2011. It allows a surviving spouse, or if there is no surviving spouse, an adult son or daughter, adult brother or sister, or parent to request the deceased patient's records "including but not limited to those relating to the diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, history, charts, pictures and plates, kept in connection with the treatment of such patient." See full text of the law at http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/fulltext.asp?Name=097-0623
The written request goes to the medical records department of the state hospital. The hospital charges a $20 handling fee plus copying charges of $0.75/pg for pages 1-25, $0.50/pg for pages 26-50, and $0.25/pg for pages 51+. Copies made from digital format cost 50% of the paper copy charges. Copies from microfilm or microfiche shall not exceed $1.25/pg. There are other charges for non-standard items such as x-ray films. The hospital has to provide the information within 60 days of receiving the request.
This is the format of the written request:
I, [insert name of authorized relative in capital letters], certify that I am
an authorized relative of the deceased [insert name of deceased in capital letters].
A certified copy of the death certificate is attached.
I certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief that
no executor or administrator has been appointed for the
deceased's estate, that no agent was authorized to act for the
deceased under a power of attorney for health care, and the
deceased has not specifically objected to disclosure in
I certify that I am the surviving spouse of the deceased;
I certify that there is no surviving spouse and my relationship to the deceased is
[select one from list below and insert]:
(1) An adult son or daughter of the deceased.
(2) Either parent of the deceased.
(3) An adult brother or sister of the deceased.
This certification is made under penalty of perjury.*
Dated: [insert date]
[Authorized Relative's signature]
[type Authorized Relative's Name in capital letters below signature]
[Authorized Relative's address]
*(Note: Perjury is defined in Section 32-2 of the Criminal Code
of 1961, and is a Class 3 felony.)"
Regarding probate cases: Most likely the patient would not have had a large enough estate for a probate to be opened. Immediate family members should know if a probate was filed. If you are unsure, check the indexes to probate cases in the year of the patient's death. The probate division of a county's circuit court handles probate cases. Probates are typically filed in the deceased person's county of residence. Some counties have online indexes. For other counties, you may have to go to the court house or request a search for a fee.
Regarding power of attorney for health care: The Illinois Power of Attorney Act (P.A. 85-701) became effective September 22, 1987. It would not apply to patients hospitalized prior to that date. For those to whom it did apply, look through family papers first, then investigate what governmental body it might have been filed with. For example, I have seen powers of attorney for property filed at the recorder of deeds.
Regarding certified copies of death certificates: Certified copies of Cook County death certificates ($17 as of July 1, 2012) cannot be obtained through cookcountygenealogy.com. Instead they can be ordered in one of five ways, see https://www.cookcountyclerk.com/vitalrecords/deathcertificates/Pages/default.aspx
For deaths in other counties, contact the county clerk's office. Contact information for all Illinois counties is listed at this link: http://www.idph.state.il.us/vitalrecords/countylisting.htm
The Illinois Department of Public Health is another source of certified death certificates, see http://www.idph.state.il.us/vitalrecords/deathinfo.htm
Note: SB3171, a bill that clarifies Public Act 097-0623, was sent to Gov. Quinn on June 28, 2012. It eliminates the $20 handling charge for the records, references the pertinent section of the Code of Civil Procedure, and adds language about the relative acting as a personal representative of a deceased patient. You may want to wait until the governor signs this into law because it becomes effective immediately and would save some money. View the text of the bill and updates at http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/billstatus.asp?DocNum=3171&GAID=11&GA=97&DocTypeID=SB&LegID=64095&SessionID=84
2. If there are no surviving immediate family members (for instance, the ancestor was institutionalized in the 1800s).
A court order from an Illinois circuit court will be necessary. The best argument is family health history, such as seeing an inherited disposition to mental illness. The order is directed to the Illinois Department of Human Services for processing.
You will need an attorney versed in mental health law. Several bar associations offer low-cost referrals:
Illinois State Bar Association
(877) 851-7882
$25 for a half-hour consultation; you are not obligated to hire the lawyer
West Suburban Bar Association
(708) 366-1122
$25 for first consultation
Northwest Suburban Bar Association
(847) 221-2681
$25 for half-hour consultation + attorney's fees for any work done
Chicago Bar Association
$30 for first consultation plus attorney's fees
Please post comments to let me and others know about your experiences using the two methods in this article. I am in the process of using the first method, verifying that no probate was opened, so I cannot report on its effectiveness yet.
By Grace Dumelle, Genealogy and Local History Assistant
Submitted by Jean Richards on July 28, 2012 Permalink
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text:
The discussion.
IN THE COMMENTS: I said:
The book is a pain to read if you're not into [it]. I would never force anyone to read that book. The writing style is enough to give nightmares.Robert Cook said:
Oh, rather like THE GREAT GATSBY, eh?Let me answer that here on the front page, because this is important. Yes. It is like "The Great Gatsby." Neither book should be forced on anyone. It's destructive of the capacity to appreciate exactly what is most notable, the strange locutions. If you are not in the mood to get inside those sentences and luxuriate and ideate, it's a damned pain. If you've been assigned the book and so you feel like powering through it, everything that's good about it will feel like a speed bump. People hate speed bumps. These English teachers who imagine they are serving up delight are making it hateful.
I've said this already, but I don't keep repeating it as I've blogged about isolated sentences from "The Great Gatsby" in my "Gatsby" project. So let me point out one place where I made the point clearly:
My initial motivation was love. I thought of all the high school students — I remember being one — who were assigned this book and made to read the whole thing. That being the task, the really interesting sentences are speed bumps. They're completely annoying. You can't take the time to figure them out. What should be loved is hated. Later in life, I reread the book and enjoyed it, because of the worthiness of individual sentences.The writing style of "Beloved" is, in my opinion, much, much worse than "The Great Gatsby." Chances are, a high school student will resist the project of reading this material, especially since the teacher might not emphasize the artistry of the style. It may be administered medicinally, by a teacher who wants her presumably bland and cosseted students to vicariously inhabit the condition of slavery. This is a terrible idea. Recommend "Beloved" for optional, outside reading and give the students the 19th century narratives written by Americans who were themselves enslaved. That's real and that's free of the pretensions of poetry.


text:
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text:
When we checked into our hotel last night they'd screwed up our reservation, and had us down as needing a handicapped room. This didn't seem to be that big a deal, and since it was the only room they had left, we took it. We were exhausted. I set up a wake-up call, went out to forage for food, and after dinner we all fell dead asleep.
Morning came, and with it our wake-up call. When we went to bed it had, somewhat naively, never occurred to me that a wake-up call in a handicapped room would involve more than a phone ringing. But it did.
At 8:00 the phone SHRIEKED at a volume that would normally be mistaken for a racing fire truck, or perhaps a nuclear bomb. It went beyond waking us up. We all leaped out of bed, with the kids screaming that it was a fire alarm. As if the noise wasn't enough to wake the deaf, the room lights suddenly began flashing on and off, plunging our dark-adjusted eyes from glare to dark to glare again at a seizure-inducing frequency. I grabbed the phone, still asleep, and screamed "What the hell is going on?". The desk clerk, in polite tones amplified by the phone's megavolume, just said "This is your wake-up call sir". I screamed "Thank you!" and hung up.
The lights stopped, plunging the room back into pitch darkness. There were 10 seconds of silence, interrupted by Craig announcing that he needed to change his underwear.
After breakfast we went over to my FIL's house. As soon as I walked in I was unceremoniously told that I'd been picked to lead everybody's kids on a forest adventure hike (I'd apparently been voted to do this while I was flying here yesterday). They all told me that Mrs. Grumpy was supposed to have told me last night. When I looked at her, she pretended to still be deaf from the wake-up call.
So I was given 9 kids, some granola bars & water, and loaded up the van.
On the way to the trailhead Mrs. Grumpy called to tell me to stop for mosquito repellent. After making several wrong turns (and being run off the road by a tractor) I finally found a store. I bought a bottle, and moved on.
The hike was an adventure of whiny children, trees, and LOTS of mosquitoes. Bug repellent doesn't work. Anyone who spends any time in the great outdoors knows that "repellent" is a misnomer. In fact, it's more like firing a flare to announce your presence, daring the bugs to come get you.
And they do.
You walk quickly, and they follow you. You stop to swat them, and more land on you. And the kids thought we were having a portable eclipse because of the way the black bug cloud followed us everywhere.
After we gave up and turned back, I discovered the bottle of repellent had leaked in my shoulder pack. It had partially melted one of my plastic credit cards. Nice to think it was on our skin.
We headed back to the house, and to clean the bug spray off I sent all the kids to the showers. Of course, as soon as they got out they wanted to go swimming. All the other adults had magically disappeared, too (gee, I wonder why).
So I'm trying to direct 10 kids (somehow another had joined us, I have no idea where) in and out of showers, and clothes, and towels. All the while I'm having horrible visions of being seen by a nosy neighbor and spending the rest of my life in pedophile prison.
After a bunch of Happy Meals I dragged the kids, and cousins, and some friends who'd somehow attached themselves to my safari train (we were up to 12 now, WTF?), to the city pool. Where, of course, I'm suddenly the bad guy because (although I just bought them lunch) I won't pay for them to buy stuff from the vending machines. Even though I think some of the snacks in there had gone out of production during my childhood.
The city pool was a popular spot, although when we got there one of the pools was temporarily closed for a rescue drill. As I watched, 2 lifeguards "rescued" a 3rd guard, who was pretending to be a drowning victim. The drowning victim, however, wasn't particularly realistic, as he kept talking, and they were all giggling over something. When they got closer I realized the victim had developed a woody during the drill, and was trying to cover it with his hat.
The kids ran into the pool. I found a chair, opened my book, popped a Diet Coke, and relaxed. The afternoon went on, with increasingly cloudy skies. Then thunder crackled, and suddenly it began pouring rain.
At home this would have sent everyone scurrying out of the pool to shelter (I still don't understand why people get out of the pool when it's raining- you're already wet for crying out loud!) but here everyone kept merrily swimming. Even as it became a downpour. Even as strong winds began blowing. And then the temperature suddenly began dropping. Into the low 50's.
To the kids in the pool, none of this was a big deal. To a guy (like me) in shorts, a t-shirt, and flip-flops, it wasn't pleasant. My kids had NO interest in leaving the pool, and I was stuck watching them. And I was cold.
Then the wind began blowing water from the water slide onto me. And when I reached for a towel to cover up, my paperback blew into the pool.
At this point I was waiting for a grizzly bear to come maul me. I figured that would make the day complete.
Fortunately, as the lightning got closer, they closed the pool, giving me an excuse to haul the wild bunch back to base. Where the other adults had returned from a nice day of restaurant hopping. They also wanted to know who some of the 14 kids were that I'd brought home, as 3 of them had never been seen before.
I can only assume they were tossed out of passing UFO's by angry alien parents. "It's 4 light years back to Centauri, and you guys can walk if you don't behave!"
I certainly sympathize.


text:
Cold Water Works
A version of this article appears in the July/August 2007 issue of Home Energy Magazine.
July 01, 2007
Business-minded people eagerly await the latest issue of Fortune magazine, and the more literary among us look forward to reading the latest fiction in the New Yorker or Atlantic Monthly. Here at Home Energy, some of us salivate over seeing a fresh copy of the Chemical & Engineering News (C&EN), a publication of the American Chemical Society, in our mailboxes. (Of course, we like "normal" magazines too.) We especially like it when C&EN has a green-related cover story, as it did in the January 29, 2007, issue ("Going Green," p. 13). This story reports on how chemists are creating a new generation of laundry detergents that work well in cold water, use less volume than traditional detergents, and contain fewer materials that are hazardous when they go down the drain and into the nation's water supply. The C&EN article shows how the public—you and I—the government, and Wal-Mart can help shape our economy and move it in a more efficient and sustainable direction. As a sign of the times, Proctor & Gamble recently took out an ad in the New York Times Magazine touting the green benefits ...
To read complete online articles, you need to sign up for an Online Subscription.
Once an order has been placed there is an automatic $10 processing fee that will be deducted with any cancellation.
The Home Energy Online articles are for personal use only and may not be printed for distribution. For permission to reprint, please send an e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
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any or all of the other options.
Based on your own experience, would you say that this is a good service area for
MotorwayServices.info is an independent website. It is not associated with the Highways Agency or any motorway services operator.
MotorwayServices.info is a Good Stuff website.


text:
Lost to gun violence on September 27, 2014 in Fayetteville, North Carolina.
Photo sources:
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The people with the most candles in the past 24 hours are featured on our homepage.
Ask your friends to light a candle or come back tomorrow to light another candle for Joseph.
You can add to Joseph's profile:
Other nearby fatal shootings:


text:
All of our engineers are fully trained and approved by gas safe. We offer an expert service that will ensure that your new central heating will be installed safely. All of our engineers are on call 24-7 so that can get the here when you need us.
All of our central heating installation project will vary in price as there are loads of different variables such as rooms, number of floors and size of the building. We guarantee to give you a fair price for our central heating installation service. We have a team of local engineers in Ryeish Green so if you have any questions about our services, how we operate or you would like a free quote then please call us on 01753 709 755 or email us and we will get back to you.


text:
179 Henry Street
A version of this article appears in the September/October 2012 issue of Home Energy Magazine.
August 30, 2012
A Case Study in Converting from Two-Pipe Steam to Hydronic Heating
New York City is filled with multifamily apartment buildings built before World War II; we often refer to them as prewar buildings. Of course, many wars have been waged since 1945, so I won't use "prewar" as a description. A common trait of these buildings, however, is that they are heated with steam boilers. Builders didn't stop building multifamily housing with steam heat after the war—steam heat has been as common as hot-water heat in these large buildings for some time. The multifamily building at 179 Henry Street was built in 1965 with HUD financing for senior living. The heating system was designed to provide two-pipe steam heat to the building from two large firebox boilers burning #6 fuel oil. This is how it was in 1965 and through the summer of 2010. (For a snapshot of the building before the retrofit in 2010, see "Preweatherization Stats.")
To read complete online articles, you need to sign up for an Online Subscription.
Once an order has been placed there is an automatic $10 processing fee that will be deducted with any cancellation.
The Home Energy Online articles are for personal use only and may not be printed for distribution. For permission to reprint, please send an e-mail to email@example.com.


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The Mrs. International® System has established itself as an organization with integrity, high ethical standards, and consistent application of its rules and regulations. It is our goal to provide ladies everywhere the opportunity to compete in a pageant system that maintains the highest of moral values.
We believe that we owe consistent application of our rules and regulations to all of our past, present or future contestants and directors. We are firmly committed to applying these standards fairly, uniformly and consistently.
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