text: The best camera is always the one you have with you, and lately that means your phone. These add-on lenses will up your mobile photo game. The Basics Why do I need an aftermarket lens for my iPhone? With a five-element f2.4 lens grabbing light for its CMOS sensor, the iPhone 4S is a true 8-megapixel camera that rivals many point-and-shoots. One thing it's missing, though, is an optical zoom, which would require a telescoping lens. The iPhone's 5X digital zoom can get you in a bit tighter — walking closer is still the best solution — but it can't go any wider. What's the difference between digital and optical zoom? Digital zooms crop the middle section of what the sensor sees and then enlarge it to fill the frame; image quality degrades noticeably. Optical zooms use telescopic elements to magnify the image before it reaches the sensor. Results depend on the quality of the glass, but optical will always trump digital. How do these lenses attach? The lenses in our review use cases, clips, and threaded mounts to fit over the built-in iPhone lens. The low tech approaches may have some Apple engineers cringing, but even the worst lens here handles photographic situations that the iPhone can't on its own. How that lens attaches is probably the most important factor to consider. Buying Advice Wide-angle lenses are a smart addition. They're small and portable and make it possible to shoot in confined spaces like cars and restaurant booths. We're less excited by the telephoto options. Those heavy lenses generally require a tripod or some other means of stabilization. Besides, holding an iPhone up to a good pair of binoculars works just as well.Olloclip The Olloclip is built for the immediacy of smartphone photography, with three distinct glass lenses tucked into a compact package that slaps onto the corner of your iPhone without so much as a screw twist. On one side is a fish-eye lens for tight spaces like elevators and diner booths. On the other, there's an 18-mm-equivalent wide-angle. Unscrew that one to reveal our favorite lens in this whole test, a 10X macro that essentially lets you photograph what you'd see through a magnifying glass. WIRED A must-have for Instagram addicts. Attaches in seconds. The most versatile lens set in the test. TIRED Doesn't fit over protective bumpers or cases. $70, OlloclipTurtleback TurtleJacket SLR Mount The TurtleJacket is as practical as a snowplow on a Mini: It takes 10 ounces of aluminum for you to use your Canon or Nikon SLR lenses on your 5-ounce iPhone. (We tested the Canon version with the depth-of-field kit.) Yes, the TurtleJacket lets you shoot decent images, but it effectively ruins everything that's cool about an iPhone camera — sleekness, convenience, and portability. Also, since the iPhone doesn't have a mirror to correct the SLR lenses' inverted images, you'll be composing your photos upside down. WIRED Enables use of high- end lenses to control depth of field. Turns your phone into a self-defense bludgeon. TIRED Images inverted on your screen. Manual focus only — and it's not easy. Costs more than the base-level iPhone. $250, Turtleback TurtleJacket SLR MountPhotojojo Telephoto Lens This inexpensive plastic add-on performed surprisingly well. With its 8X zoom (roughly 200 mm), it let us reel in subjects from 50 yards away without degrading image quality. We wouldn't expect it to last very long, given its flimsy construction. But for shooting kids' soccer games, it should work well enough. If you can avoid cross-threading the plastic mounting threads, they seal well enough into the included bumper case (not shown) to prevent light leaks. More annoying is the fussy manual focus that needs to be dialed in before the iPhone's autofocus can lock onto your target. WIRED Great price. Fast-and- loose aesthetic fits the vibe of iPhone photography. Package includes mini-tripod. TIRED Manual focusing. Feels about as durable as something from a gumball machine. $35, Photojojo Telephoto LensSchneider Optics iPro Lens System These truly high-end lenses use the same kind of coated, low-distortion glass that manufacturers rely on for SLR lenses. Like the Olloclip, the iPro features a fish-eye and a wide-angle. Unlike the Olloclip, it connects via a bayonet mount to a plastic phone case (not shown) — careful, it's hard to take the thing off without breaking it. When the whole rig is on, the iPhone feels like a serious camera, even though the mount means that some quality is lost between lens and sensor. WIRED Lens case doubles as a tripod mount. TIRED Phone case can be pried off only by using that tripod mount like the Jaws of Life. (We actually had to screw it in and pry.) $200, Schneider Optics iPro Lens System


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Tech Update
Electric Shakers Minimize Operating Costs, Eliminate Maintenance Requirements
Toledo Tool and Die (TTD) recently installed several Model M-50 shaker conveyors at its facility in Toledo, OH, after using pneumatic shakers for several years with limited success. The pneumatic units shakers required frequent maintenance, were noisy, and performed inconsistently.
Says Larry Kubiak, TTD production manager, "The M-50 electric shaker has proven to be more reliable than any other shaker we've seen. We will continue to replace our pneumatic units with MPI electric shakers until we have one on every press."
MPI: 800/544-5930; www.mpimagnet.com
See also: Magnetic Products, Inc.
Related Enterprise Zones: Automation
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The Accounting Historians Journal Vol. 11, No. 2 Fall 1984
Mary S. Stone UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA
Abstract: This paper traces the development of pension accounting theory and practice to 1930. It analyzes the early development of pension accounting theory and practice, examines explanations of the nature of pension costs, and reports the results of a survey of pre-1930 pension disclosure practices.
The Financial Accounting Standards Board's employer pension accounting project has been described as "one of the most im-portant undertaken since the Board was established in 1973."1 Analyses of the project follow a standard format of (1) describing the pension pronouncements of the Accounting Principles Board (APB), (2) discussing the pension reform legislation of the 1970s and 1980s, and (3) criticizing the FASB's proposals for change. Absent is any consideration of pension accounting theory and practices developed between the establishment of the first U.S. private, pension plan in 18752 and the 1966 Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 8.3 This omission underscores the myth that pension accounting theory and practice did not begin to develop until the advent of pension regulation.
To refute this myth, this paper reviews pension accounting theory and practice during the unregulated period prior to any pronounce-ment by the Accounting Principles Board, the securities laws (1933, 1934), the Social Security Act (1935), and much of the tax legis-lation directed at private pension plans (1928 and thereafter). This approach eliminates, or at least minimizes, the effects of regulatory influences.
The paper contains four sections each directed at one of the following questions:
(1) What factors affected the early development of pension ac-counting theory and practice?
(2) What theories existed to guide measurement and disclosure?
The author wishes to acknowledge the helpful comments of Maurice S. Newman, Paul Garner, and Rick Turpen. The research was supported by a grant from Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company.


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[Page 23]
[Page 25]
A. Ancient Turka
Until the middle of the 15th century, Turka and its surroundings was a desolate place, covered with endless forests. No human foot ever trod there, except perhaps for cases when a person was forced to find refuge from the attacks of the Tatars. However, when the enemy garrisons passed, people returned to their place. It is surmised that this wild area was an ancient crossing area, traces of which remain. This was apparently a narrow and uncomfortable pathway, passing some distance from the banks of the Stryj River. This path connected the lands of Czervinski with Hungary.
We can surmise this pathway was difficult and tiring. It is told that King Ludwig of Hungary lost more than 40 horses, who died of hunger and exhaustion as he attempted to shorten his route to Hungary via this path. He and the people accompanying him only reached their destination after four years. Apparently, this was referring to the path that goes forth from Klimets near the Stryj. This was the first time that Turka was mentioned in history, and shows that the path that runs between the forests of Turka was uncharted, difficult, and unused. People did not frequent the wild areas surrounding the desolate mountains of Turka.
Ownership of the Town
There was no further mention at all of Turka for almost 100 years after Turka was first mentioned in history
In 1431, King Wladyslaw Jagiello bequeathed Turka and the surrounding estates, through the rights granted to him in Medukha, to one of his warriors of the Wallachian families and their dynasty, who excelled in their faithful service to the kingdom. The bequeathment included the rights of inheritance.
However, the borders of the inheritance were not explicitly defined. The Stryj River, along whose banks the estate was situated, was mentioned in the documents. It mentions the trees, called Ayl on the fields of Isa, Sursur, and Brod, as the border point between separating between the lands of the Wallachian fighter and the royal lands. For this reason, King Zygmunt I was forced to appoint a special commission in order to precisely establish the borders of the Lords of the Turcki family and the royal estates.
[Page 26]
Szymon Turcki
From a certain document from 1494, which states that Szymon Turcki gave over a portion of his lands to his four sons, we learn that the landsof the Turcki family -- after whose name the Turka family was called -- include Vyaory and Jasinicka aside from Turka. According to the most reasonable estimation, the highest mountain peak of the mountains surrounding Turka was called Szymunka after Lord Szymon Turcki.
In 1444, Wanko of Turka, one of the confidantes of King Wladyslaw, who was called Waranczyk after his death, received, due to his many rights, a plot of three square miles located between the Bukowiec River (that flows into the San) until the borders of the village of Zurawno. This right was given in Wardein, Hungary. In addition, he received a permit that applies to his former rights, that is to the bequeathment of Turka to his father by King Wladyslaw Jagiello. Their sons and grandchildren, who received Turka and its environs from the kings as a gift, called themselves Turcki. Those who belonged in Jawor called their name Jaworski, and those who settled in the Ilnyk area called themselves Ilnycki.
From that time on, there were many mentions of Turka in history. We will summarize the important ones in brief.
Queen Buna commanded that the road from Sambor to Turka be paved, so that all sorts of good things could be transported to her native land. She visited the area frequently in order to hunt in the forests of Turka. In the 16th century, there were already many Wallachians there who fled there to escape Hungarian oppression. They brought their customs and laws with them, which became accepted and customary there. Indeed, the settlement in all of the villages in the region of Turka was conducted primarily by the law of the Wallachians. The rights of these locales were frequently emphasized.
The Tatars, who prior to this never came between the mountains out of fear of the difficult passage and of ambush, were forced to escape in 1594 through the mountains of the region of Turka and Skola, when the Polish army headed by commander Jan Zamojski pursued them. The Tatars left a trail of ruin and destruction in the wake of their escape.
[Page 27]
Historical information about the local disputes and battles of the Szlachta (Polish nobility) remain with us to this day, including the attack of Szlochtong on the court of Jaworski Prakowicz near Turka, the attack of Wysocnaski on Rozmir, and of Pamientowski from Rozluch on the Dwornickes of Bobarka, and finally -- the dispute between the Szlachta of Wysock and Komornik with the people of Skoli.
Turka was destroyed by Hungarian pillagers in 1697. After the victory over the border guard Stefan Turcki, they pillaged the entire area and set it on fire.
In 1729, Turka, along with its suburb of Zawiznice, transferred from its previous owners, who lost their means due to the previous attack, to the hands of Jan Antoni Kalinowski.
B. Jewish Turka
It is difficult to establish exactly when the first Jews arrived to Turka and its area. However, it is clear that Jewish settlement in great numbers was connected to the name of the Magnate Jan Antoni Kalinowski. In 1729, Kalinowski purchased the town of Turka. One year later, with the authorization of the king, this town was raised to the status of a city in order to turn it into a commercial center, on account of its proximity to the Polish-Hungarian border. In order to attract new residents to the city, especially businessmen and tradesmen, Kalinowski sent his assistants throughout the area to promise in his name that all new residents will be granted freedom of action in business and trade. Therefore, the first 25 Jewish residents of Turka arrived: Avraham Szymonowicz Ratuszni who was the first rabbi of Turka, Shimon Berkowicz, Baruch Arendtur, Zalman Joselowicz, Abish Herszkowicz, Yaakov Roth, Hersh Arendtur, Shua-Hertz Zelmanowicz, Baruch Natalowicz, Yehuda Mendlowicz, Moshe Aharonow, Shmuel Nachumowicz, Daniel Marodowicz, Yosef Kanahowicz, Shlomo Szpinkowicz, Nachman Aharonowicz, Yaakov Matatowicz, Yosef Judkowicz, Shlomo Jakub, Yitzchak Brodek, and Berl Cymbalista.
The Building of the Market
Still in that year (1730), Kalinowski built four rows of houses in the form of a square (the market) on a gigantic field near his palace. Kalinowski rented those houses to the new residents at an particularly low price, even relative to that time period. Similarly
[Page 28]
|A map of the region of Turka
[Page 29]
he concerned himself with their religious and social needs. That year, he built the first synagogue in Turka with his own money, costing 30,000 Polish zloty at that time. He also donated through his own initiative a Jewish old age residence. He gave the Jews a suitable plot for a Jewish cemetery from his private land. All the local Jews were permitted to take the necessary amount of wood from his forests for building their residential homes and for heating. Kalinowski even set up a Jewish printing press, which published various prayer books and study books. One copy of this ancient prayer book was kept in the archives of the community of Turka until the Holocaust. The following text is written on the front page of the prayer book in both Polish and Hebrew.
W Turce. Dziedzicznym miescie I. W. Imci Pana Antoniego, Pana Na Wielkich Kamionkach Turce, Beniowycz X. Kalinowskiego, Podkomorzego Inflantskiego Wojsk Jego Krolewskiej Mosci y Rze. Pos. Pulkownika Pana y Dobrodziedz.
Note: this is a machzor -- a festival prayer book. A rough English translation of the above Polish inscription is as follows. Some of the titles could not be translated literally:
In Turka. To ... Sir Antoni Kalinowski, landlord of Turka, Kamionki Wielkie, Beniowce (?) and ... and colonel of HM the king and the Republic.
United City Council
Until 1867, there were three separate communities in Turka: a) The community of the Christian residents; b) the community of the Polish nobility; and c) the Jewish community. Each community had its own official seal. The inscription on the Jewish seal was Turka ver Yuden -- Gemeinde -- Siegel.
[Page 30]
After the declaration of the constitution and the change of citizenship rights in the lands under Austrian rule, the three aforementioned communities merged into on civic community for all citizens. After the merge, Mrs. Moshe Shechter was elected to the city council as a representative of the Jews.
Throughout that entire era, until the year 1903, no official Jewish community with a charter for autonomy and general elections existed in Turka. The people who headed the community were given the title of Regirer. These were delegates of the Jews who were elected from time to time at meetings in the synagogues. However, these people did not maintain any office, did not collect any taxes at all, and did not set up committees to administer to the needs of the community. The shochtim (ritual slaughterers) earned their livelihood from the income of shechita, and also designated specific percentages for the rabbi of the community or his delegate. Communal affairs were decided upon in meetings that were convened with sufficient frequency in the synagogues. These meetings were conducted by influential Jews, and the decisions that were taken obligated the entire community.
The Railway and the Beginning of Modern Life
A fundamental change took place in Turka starting in 1903. At that time, a railway line was built though Turka, which strengthened its economic and social life in a significant manner. Many new people with energy and initiative from the Jewish intelligentsia and commercial strata settled there then. That year (1903), the government authorized the founding of an official Jewish community, based on the Austrian law of Jewish communities, for the first time in the history of Turka. The following people then became members of the communal council: Moshe Shechter, Zalman Margolis, Avraham Zuswajn, Yisrael-Tzvi Hirsch, Chaim Hirsch, and Dr. Turnheim. The latter served as the chairman of the community. A new period of this communal organization began after the communal elections in 1908. The following were elected: Dr. Lowinger -- chairman, Daniel Ortel - vice chairman; and Peretz Klein, Abish Berman, Gedalia Mendel, Leibush Konka, Yosef Brandelstein, and Avraham Zuswain as members. The period of tenure of this communal council continued until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.
No election to the Jewish communal council took place during the time of the First World War, since the residents left en masse due to the approach of the Russian Army. Indeed, the Russian army mercilessly plundered and destroyed all of the Jewish property in the city.
[Page 31]
After the First World War
The members of the communal council returned in the autumn of 1918 and began to renew the work of the communal council. However, after some time, the work was again interrupted due to the Ukrainian Revolution, and the authority of the communal council transferred to the Jewish National Council. This council only existed in Turka for a period of six months, after which authority was again transferred to the Jewish community that came to life again after the end of Ukrainian rule. The same members who had been elected a long time before the First World War continued to serve on that communal council.
The next elections for the communal council in Turka took place only in 1925. Once again, Dr. Lowinger was elected as chairman and Daniel Ortel as the vice chairman. The members were Hirsch-Leib Shreiber, Mendel Keller, Dr. Glik, Moshe Hirt, ShN. Majner, and Avraham Langenauer.
Elections to the communal council took place once again in 1928, on the basis of the new charter of communities of the Polish Republic. The members of the new committee were: Dr. Lowinger as chairman, Dr. Glik as vice chairman; and six members that including the rabbi of the city Rabbi Eliezer Mishel as vigilist. There were twelve council members, headed by Mr. Adolf Bernstein.
|Member of the communal
council Dr. P. Rajntal
|Chairman of the communal
council Dr. M. Bruch
Due to disarray in the community, the government disbanded the council and the committee, and, in the year 1935, appointed the Turka lawyer Dr. Maurycy Bruch as the government trustee. Alongside him, the advisory council consisted of Yisrael Intrator as vice trustee, Dr.
[Page 32]
P. Reinntal, Yaakov Tzvi Konka, Avraham Langenauer, Uziel Ortel, Yitzchak Engelmeir, and Shlomo Shliser.
The population of Turka prior to the Second World War was 6,000, of which 41% were Jewish. The number of Jewish residents in the surrounding villages was 7,000.
Translated from Polish by Ida Z.
C. Demographic Notes and Other Things
Administrative Divisions
Administrative Divisions
The primary factor in the settlement and building up of Turka and its dependencies was undoubtedly the rivers and the abundance from the mountains. The primary administrative division was in essence the town itself: Turka on the Stryj River, which was the capital of the district, and which contained all of the district government offices. 273 villages and settlements were dependent on it.
|Roman Catholics
|Greek Catholics
|4,117 (!)
|Polish Speakers
|Ukrainian Speakers
|Russian Speakers (Not Russians!)
|Yiddish speakers
|4,496 (!)
|Speakers of other languages
|Railway tracks approaching Turka
[Page 34]
By Chaim Pelech of Kiryat Chaim
(Memories and Episodes)
|uncaptioned, Chaim Pelech
In olden times Jews of Turka lived in the same primitive conditions as the local Ukrainian population. They ate potatoes and oatmeal bread all week, and for the Sabbath, they went to the mill, milled a bit of wheat, and baked narrow wheat challos. There was no great difference between rich and poor. Even the clothing was very poor. Young people wore long shirts of thick flax and in the summer they went barefoot without shoes For the wedding, they made the young people trestle boots, two pairs of cloth pants and bekishes (Hassidic cloaks), and shirt of thick gentile flax. They did not make much more for the girls
Deep Religiosity
All of the Jewish children in Turka and in the surrounding villages studied in cheders. At that time, they did not know of schools, although the wealthy Jews gradually began to bring teachers from the larger cities for their children, so that they would learn to write German and Polish. For the poor and middle class Jews, the cheder was the highest level of study and education. First and foremost, one learned how to pray there, and even more. Later, various strata of the Jewish community sent their sons to the Rabbinical Yeshivas of other cities in Galicia. Therefore, many students came to Turka, who would sit day and night in the kloizes and study.
Railroad and Changes
|Young men of Turka at the banks of the Jablonka
As the very old Jews used to relate, a great change came in life in Turka when they began to build the railway line. Turka continued to live with the old order as long as there was no railway line. The economic and employment situation changed completely. Together with that, the cultural and social situation changed. In truth, people relate, that even before the time of the railway, there were already a few great students n Turka, who had already secretly become Zionists and occupied themselves with Zionist literature but this was all strictly undercover.
When the railway was built, a certain Jewish railway engineer came to Turka, and founded a Zionist organization called Mizrachi in Turka the first organization of the new times in Turka. At the beginning, the organization was very small, for the youth were afraid to join it due to the great persecutions that they had to withstand, both from their parents and from others. They would not let the youth worship in the kloizes. On occasion such a young man would receive a slap and be thrown out of the Belzer Kloiz. This was considered to be an illness for them they were called 'treifenicks' 1.
However, time did not stand still.. Slowly, the Zionist organization expanded and grew. Elections to the Austrian parliament took place in 1907. There were two Jewish candidates in the regions (the nationalist Jew Dr. Gershon Zipper and the assimilationist Dr. Nathan Levenstein A Pole of the Mosaic faith). By then, the Zionist organization of Turka conducted a large scale activity and great agitation.
The economic changes were mainly evidenced by the building of many sawmills, for when the railway was built, they began to cut down the forests and transport the wood by train. This provided livelihood to may Jews of Turka. Jews were clerks, contractors, employees, etc. at all of the lumber enterprises. Life changed significantly, and Jews no longer had to mill flour for the Sabbath
One profession in Turka was a victim of the railway the wagon drivers. They, whose entire livelihood consisted of bringing in and sending out of merchandise with their horse drawn wagons, begged G-d that He should make a miracle and the axle of the train should break However, no miracle took place, and the trains continued to ride
Indeed, business greatly expanded, and Jews conducted commerce. But not all the greatest number of Jews still remained poor. They worked at various trades, and were tailors, shoemakers, and others. Above everything, tailors worked with their hands, for there were no new machines in Turka. When one could obtain a new machine, there was no money to purchase it. One tailor, who had some means, purchased a new machine at that time. This was Baruch Yosef Frankel. Indeed, other tailors would come to him and pay him to make their stitches. Later, the Singer firm from America arrived. It was represented by Alter Montag, who was the gabbai (trustee) of the Tailor's Synagogue. Reb Alter gave machines to all of the tailors, which were to be paid for in installments. The terms were for a year or two, but it often dragged on to six or eight years. Alter Montag would always lengthen the terms.
In short, it was a bit better for tailors and shoemakers. However, when Thursday came, and one needed 4-5 Crowns for the Sabbath, one had to sweat hard until it came.
Societal Life
At that time, the entire societal life in Turka took place in the Beis Midrashes and kloizes. There was a Belzer Kloiz in Turka, in which Jews sat day and night and studied; There was a Sadigora Kloiz, a Chortkower Kloiz, a Beis Midrash, and also a large synagogue where more enlightened Jews worshipped with a cantor and a choir. The Tailor's Synagogue 2 and the Businessmen's Synagogue were located near the large synagogue. Aside from there, there was a large Kloiz of Rabbi Langerman, and also shtibels that held services in accordance with their style. There was also a Zionist shtibel, an hand-worker's shtibel, and still others.
Young people slowly began to read the Jewish Tagblatt that was published in Lemberg 3. They also took interest in Yiddish theater. Troupes came from Lemberg, and various Jewish songs began to be sung in Turka.
However, not everything went smoothly. Youth still went to sing and to recite with their observant parents and other observant families. The older generation did not surrender so quickly, and they waged a battle with the treifeniks.
It was fortuitous that the older generation did not always have a great deal of time, and they were occupied with their own problems and difficulties. As well, G-d sent them a difficult problem when they had to choose a new rabbi after the old rabbi died. This was in 1909 or 1910. A large proportion wanted the grandson of the Rebbe of Sambor. However, the communal council and other Jews wanted only Rabbi Mishel, who was not very popular, but was very good at learning. Samborer Hassidim stormed the communal offices. There were fights in the streets, and also at tables and on chairs
Rabbi Mishel and the Jewish community council were victorious. With them were wealthy Jews, the owners of the Profinacia (Liquor monopoly), who purchased it from the heirs of Count Kolinowski. Those heirs owned all of their lands in the Turka region, and Jews purchased these lands. All of the wealthy Jews were adherents of the assimilationist Dr. Levenstein against the nationalist activist Dr. Zipper. The Pole of the Mosaic faith once again was victorious in the elections of 1911. Great battles broke out in Turka over those elections. Moshe Shein and his Socialist group came to the assistance of the Zionist side, which was incidentally quite strong. The assimilationist group won, for it was helped by the police.
When the famous Beiles Trial took place in Kiev prior to the first World War, a large protest meeting against the Czarist authorities took place in Turka. Leibel Taubes from Lemberg spoke at that gathering, which took place in the large synagogue and was packed.
A time of cultural and political activity began in Turka at that time. Theatrical troupes began to come from Lemberg and Krakow. Then, a dramatic circle was founded as part of the Zionist organization at that time. The Turka population attended all of the performances en masse.
At that time, a table maker by the name of Hersh Fett came to Turka and settled there. Fett founded a handworker's organization called Yad Charutzim, which developed with fine activities. It was a union that included shoemakers, tailors, clockmakers, locksmiths, table makers and other professions.
The aforementioned Moshe Shein founded the first Jewish socialist organization called Zh. P. S., which was a branch of the Polish P. P. S. (Polska Partja Socialistyczna). That Socialist organization did not have a great success, for people were somewhat ashamed to belong to that organization
Small social-religious organizations were active at the time. These included the Chevra Kadisha (which was as old as the town of Turka itself ), Psalm reciters, and others. Their members were extremely disciplined, and any command from a trustee was immediately acted upon. They stood at a very high moral level. They had respect for old people, and never battled against them. Jews were honorable and deeply religious. They eschewed tale bearing and accepted lovingly all manners of life that were thrown their way.
One Relates
Various stories were told in Turka during those good times.
In 1912, a young man (He was a son of the Koncikers Rebbe name Oestreich) got married in Turka. He wished to open a clothing factory in town. The tailors found out about this and gave him a difficult time. The young man soon regretted this and clarified that he would not wish to take livelihood away from the poor tailors.
Rabbi Eli Kapel, a judge and great scholar, ordered two suits for his two children. The tailor delivered the work, and Reb Eli did not have enough money to pay. Reb Eli sent back the clothing, for it was strongly forbidden to wear things for which the workers the workers were not paid.
There was also an organization for giving of assistance in secret. The city knew that Chaim Hirsch would send two cranes to Mattel the scribe and to other poor Jews every Thursday for the Sabbath.
A poor Jew called Yankel Kugel used to travel around with a hors and buggy. He would conclude his work at noon on Friday. Two hours before candle lighting, he already went to worship at the Kloiz, dressed in a silk bekishe (Hassidic robe), streimel, loafers and white socks. Yankel used to always conduct services. He would worship in the Kloiz of Rabbi Langerman on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. They used to say that his praying would instill fear in the youth. His voice thundered up to heaven.
Berl Chaluk was a poor, honorable Jew. He had the custom of bringing cold water into the synagogue when Jews used to sit there on the Sabbath and recite Psalms. The Psalms reciters would refresh their heart with the water. One day, Berl met a young man who said to him, Berl, you have taken water to the synagogue for such a long time. Perhaps you should give this over to someone younger than you? Berl answered, My young man, this water porting to the synagogue is my mitzvah and my custom, and I have no intention of giving it over to anybody When I die, it should be transferred to my son Shimon
Translator's Footnotes:
[Page 41]
by Eizik Kurtz of Haifa
|Uncaptioned; Eizik Kurtz
A. A Jewish Town
The town of Turka belonged to Austria until the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of the First World War. Then it transferred to Poland. It fell under Russian rule at the end of the Second World War.
Turka is situated in the Carpathians, approximately 30 kilometers from the Beskid Peaks. The population of the city was more than 50% Jewish. There were also many Jews among the population of the large number of villages surrounding Turka. Some of them literally worked the land. Poles and Ukrainians formed the rest of the population of the city. The Polish residents were the intelligentsia of the city for the most part, including teachers, government officials, and the like. However, there was a certain degree of intelligentsia, primarily teachers, among the Ukrainian population.
There were very few Jewish officials of the general government. On the other hand, I recall two Jewish mayors. One Jewish mayor was Shechter, who was the wealthy man of the city, and the second was Dr. Landis. A Pole was appointed as mayor only in 1916 or 1917. He was the school principal. It is especially appropriate to note Dr. Landis here, for he did a great deal for the benefit of the city. Indeed, at times, the thought has come to my mind that this Dr. Landis served as a good example for our Abba Hushi...
Turka, like all of the cities of Galicia, was somnolent from generation to generation... until the Haskalah began to knock on the gates of the Jewish settlements -- some sooner and some later. In any case, the Haskalah came to us in Turka very late... Only certain special Jews
[Page 42]
were involved in it at the end of the 19th or the beginning of the 20th century, but they were not so daring as to make this fact public.
|Limierz River at the time of the melting of the snow
B. Composition of the Jewish Population
As in most of the cities of Galicia, the Jews of Turka worked primarily in small-scale commerce and trades. For example, all of the tailors were Jews, and they also sewed for the gentile population of the villages. The builders were also 95% Jewish. There was perhaps one gentile among all of the shoemakers... This was also the case with the Jewish harness-makers, barbers, etc. Even the members of the free intelligentsia such as the lawyers, physicians, etc., were all Jews, with the exception of two physicians -- one of whom was the director of the hospital and the second of whom was the supervisor of the office of health. It is no wonder, therefore, that all of the main streets of the town were occupied by Jews until the end of the century... Gentiles only began to penetrate into the Jewish center in the years 1909-1910. Someone named Schipka, who had formerly been a servant of the aforementioned Shechter, opened up a restaurant. Someone named Kucira opened a second restaurant.
With the passage of time, gentile grocery stores began to open up, especially a Ukrainian cooperative. There were not yet any other sources of commerce, for everything was in
[Page 43]
the hands of the Jews. A change for the worse took place during the 1930s, as many gentile shops opened up.
C. Zionism in the Town
Zionism as a movement appeared in the town two to three years after the First Zionist Congress.
It was like this. The railway line between Lwow and Budapest via the Carpathians began to be completed at the beginning of the century. This railway line passed through Turka. This led to an improvement in the economic situation of Turka, and the town began to arise from its poverty. At that time, there were thousands of workers in the town and the area, primarily Italians, and there was hope. Something else helped with this: Along with the workers, a Jew named Rozenblat, who was attracted to Zionism, came to town. This engineer was the one who brought a new spirit to numerous youths of the kloizes. Thus, the first breach was created... Among these first ones, we should mention Baruch Maj (his daughter lives in Israel), Nechemia Shteiger, Yosef Kopel, Y. M. Shreiber, and Berish Lorberbaum. With the passage of time, other youths were added to these daring ones, and the founded a Zionist organization named Mizracha. By the years 1907-1910, their influence on the Jewish Street was already quite recognizable. When time came for the elections to the Austrian government, and the assimilationist Dr. Levinstein who was supported by the government as well as the Zionist Dr. Ziper submitted their candidacies, a commotion broke out in the city, and there was also a Zionist demonstration.
The first beginnings of the Hebrew school also took place at that time. However, this activity was very restricted, and was not met with recognizable success.
The situation changed in its entirety during the period of the First World War. The Jews left when the Russians entered the town, and only returned when the town was reconquered by the Austrian Army in 1915. From then, things began as new. Everything was in the hands of the youth, for the older people were drafted to the army. One youth appeared at this point, who today is the mayor of the city of Haifa, and gathered a group of youths into his house, who were the sons of proper people with curly peyos (the writer of these lines among them), and began to speak about the founding of Young Zion, the study of Hebrew, preparations for aliya to the Land of Israel, etc. Indeed, we began to study Hebrew, using the book of Moshe Roth.
[Page 44]
When the refugees of the war began to return to the town, many members began to join Young Zion. The group disbanded with the passage of time. One group, along with Abba Hushi, transferred to Hashomer Hatzair, and the second group remained with Young Zion until the appearance of Hitachdut. These two groups conducted many cultural activities in the city. A library affiliated with Young Zion was opened in the city, containing books in Yiddish, Hebrew, Polish and German. At Hashomer Hatzair, we attempted to prepare for aliya to the Land. At that time, we obtained a plot of Land to work. We also chopped trees for the householders of the city. In those days, such activities were very revolutionary...
These activities were primarily centered in the large community hall that was built by the local Zionist organization. Already before the First World War, a Jew named Dr. Turnheim donated the land for this building.
The first group, headed by Abba Hushi, made aliya to the Land in 1920. (I did not make aliya with that group due to a family tragedy.) After some time, the second group, of Young Zion, made aliya, headed by Moshe Yisraeli.
At that time the Hechalutz movement began. Its members came from various organizations. A Gordonia chapter was also founded at that time by Manis Branes of blessed memory. I recall that Pinchas Lubianker visited the town for a leadership inspection at the time of the founding of that chapter. Activists in Hitachdut included Shlomo Pellach, Shlomo Feiler, Moshe Krabes, and others.
I especially wish to note the activities of Y. M. Shreiber, who was a Hebrew teacher as well as the delegate of the Keren Kayemet (Jewish National Fund) throughout all of his days. Absolutely everybody received their inspiration from him. In 1939, I received a letter from him containing greetings for our members in the Land.
D. Miscellaneous
It was 1918. The Hashomer Hatzair movement in Galicia was then in its full blossom. The entire movement was based on scouting, and their uniforms made of Paulist cloth were quite recognizable.
Then the headquarters of the movement decided to hold a national convention. At that point, Abba Hushi already was able to influence the headquarters to hold the convention in the village of Torna near Turka. There was
[Page 45]
a Jewish landowner there named Tzvi Rand (a Holocaust survivor, whom I greeted here when he came to the Land), who placed his barn and some of his buildings at the disposal of the convention. The participants included Elizer Berger of blessed memory, Dolek Horowitz, Meir Yaari, Spiegel, Sarah Meirsdorf, and Abba Hushi. I recall the strong impression that the convention delegates had on the people of Turka. Their arrival by train, dressed in uniforms that resembled army fatigues, etc. -- all of this excited our imaginations, for we saw them as a Jewish army who would go up and conquer the Land of Israel...
[Page 45]
By Chaim Pelech of Kiryat Chaim
The war during the years 1914-1918 brought great tribulations to the Jews of Turka, and a great destruction to the town. This began on the second day of Rosh Hashanah. At 2:00, a Russian cavalry patrol tore into Turka. Not two minutes passed when the whistle of a locomotive was heard. It became known in town that the train station was empty. Nobody from the town was there, for everyone fled. We soon understood that something was about to happen. Indeed, shooting was heard shortly. It became known that an Austrian patrol arrived with the locomotive and shot at the Russians. The Russian patrol fled, and the city was left empty not Austrian and not Russian
The Night of Horror
The Jewish community of Turka then went through a difficult night, for news spread that the Ukrainians were gathering together at night to ambush the city and pillage the Jewish population. People closed themselves up in their homes and prepared hatchets to defend themselves against the robbers. The night was completely peaceful. In the morning, the first day after Rosh Hashanah, a large portion of the Jewish population began to flee to the surrounding villages. The Russian army began to march in at exactly 12:00 noon. Large army battalions came in and immediately began their work. They set fire to a large portion of the city between the Rynek (Market) Place and the alleyways, where the synagogue and Kloizes were located. And where the crowded Jewish population lived.
A great panic ensued. People ran from the burning houses as they were, leaving behind all of their belongings, the product of the labor of the course of over a hundred years. As stated, the fire engulfed the entire Rynek from both sides, and burnt all of the alleyways around the synagogue and the Kloizes. The synagogue, the Belzer Kloiz and the Beis Midrash all burnt. The panic was indescribable. Jews ran to save the Torah scrolls. They tore into the burning Kloizes and dragged out the holy scrolls. The Cossacks were standing not far from those Jewish alleyways, beating the Jews who were carrying the holy books with Cossack style whips.
Many Jews fled to the Olica[1]. There, 6-8 families were stuffed into one room. At that time, many Christians from the villages came to city and pillaged the burning houses. Strong young people stood around some of the houses, and did not permit them to be pillaged. In such cases, the Christians brought Russian soldiers to help. Then the strong people had to flee and hide and the Christians freely pillaged the Jewish belongings. Jews dared to ask a Russian officer why they were pillaging and burning the Jewish property. He answered that the Jews telephoned the Austrian army, telling them that they should shoot at the Russian patrol that entered the town the day before. Therefore, Jews were punished. Of course, this was the eternal libel against Jews, which was thought up in order to justify pillaging Jewish belongings.
Thus did Turka burn until the second day. The Christians pillaged until late in the night. Then, things began to be quiet However, late at night, a new terror and panic began among the Jews who remained in the city. Russian officers broke into the Jewish houses with revolvers in their hands, and searched for Jewish girls and women The shrieks of those girls and women were terrible. It seemed as if they would kill all of the Jews. From one house, the cry of the entire Jewish population who lived there could be heard. This continued until 2:00 a.m. Afterward, it became silent again until the morning.
The result of that night was one Jew dead and one Jew wounded. This occurred because they did not allow their wives to be violated. In the morning, all Jews left the city and fled to the villages around Turka. The Turka Jews lived there for a difficult 21 days, for there was nothing to eat. Many people died from the typhus and cholera that quickly spread among the Jewish people. The weather was also uncooperative. On the eve of Yom Kippur, there was a large snowfall. Winter lay like a heavy stone upon the hungry Jewish population, who slept in the attics of the stables of the village Jews. The rooms were filled with young children. Among other things, there was no place to lay one's head.
Thus were they tormented for the entire three weeks until the Austrian army retook Turka, and the Russians fled to Stary-Sambor. Then the Jews of Turka returned to their city, and once again crowded themselves into the Olica, 4-8 families in a room. The poverty was very great. They had no shirt on their bodies, and no money with which to purchase a piece of bread. People ran around the Christians to retrieve their pillaged items. A few indeed succeeded in retrieving something, however the great majority could not get anything.
Leaving Home
As has already been stated, there was no livelihood. The news from the front was also bad. The Jews began to prepare to flee to Hungary. The torment went on for a few more weeks and when the Austrian army retreated to Hungary, the few Jews from Turka joined them. Only two Jews remained in the town Yisrael Mendel Binder and Aharon Mordechai Filinger. Their end was tragic. Yisrael Mendel was dragged into Russia, and Aharon Mordechai was shot by the Russians on the spot.
The Turka Jews were homeless refugees. They were tossed into the Austria-Hungary Empire, and they spent the entire war there. The Austrian regime even gave them a significant amount of support, that enabled the homeless Jews to withstand the tribulations and permitted them to return to their former homes. In 1916, when the Russians began to retreat from Galicia, the Jews of Turka began to return home.
Returning Home
When we arrived in Turka in 1918, we already found a living town, with a new youth, with new ideas nothing of what once was We found a new, strong Hashomer Hatzair organization. The youth were going around with books under their arms We read a lot we conducted discussions, there was Socialism and Zionism it was lively in the town We went to readings. There was a great cultural ascent among the youth, who did not yet need to seek their livelihood Indeed, with regard to livelihood, the struggle in the town was still very difficult. The war continued on the fronts, and the elder generation sweated greatly when Thursday came and there was no food for the Sabbath.
Time passed and the war finally ended. The Jews soldiers began to return home from the fronts. There were new tones: everyone was a thorough revolutionary.
In the meantime, the Ukrainians took over the political authority, and it was hard on the heart They granted so-called political freedom, but there was no food and no livelihood. The Ukrainians and Poles formed a common front and the struggle became more difficult. The Ukrainians began to see where they were, and it was very cramped. Typhus began to spread again, and slowly engulfed the entire Jewish population. Many Jews died of the epidemic. The struggle became progressively worse.
Nevertheless, the youth organized themselves into various groups that sprouted up. The youth felt that a new time was coming. The Ukrainians would not be able to maintain their authority, and we would become Polish citizens.
Indeed, that is what happened. Within a short period of time, the Poles overtook the Ukrainians, and we became Polish citizens, albeit with new tribulations and new worries
[Page 50]
by Elka Moshenberg of Haifa
|Uncaptioned. Elka Moshenberg
Yisrael Moshe Shreiber
Yisrael Moshe Shreiber, who served as the first Hebrew teacher in Turka and was a maskil and Zionist with heart and soul, was my cousin from my father's side. I will tell here about his first steps as an educator.
It was approximately 57 years ago. His mother had died, and he lived with his father in our house. His father was elderly and sickly, and was always coughing. His son Yisrael Moshe took care of them with the help of my mother.
He excelled in his studies in cheder, and became an assistant to the teacher. His father's hope was that he would end up as a teacher to the older students.
Once, I climbed up to the attic for some reason, and, to my surprise, found a complete treasury in the form of a closed trunk. This was a type of kopertal in the vernacular. I opened it and found books, booklets, and other types of papers. With joy, I told my mother Rivka about this find. However, she had certainly known about this, and she forbade me from approaching the trunk. It was clear that this trunk housed Yisrael Moshe's study materials, which he used to study secular subjects in secret.
He would study every night, with his head resting on his elbow, supporting himself on the table. He would not utter any sound, but only study the holy books. However, when his father went to sleep, he would get up, take out the hidden secular books, and study them.
My later father would get up in the middle of the night to recite the Tikkun Chatzot service[2]. Once, he passed by him, and saw him with the non-kosher material in his hands. He told my mother, but my mother softened Father's stance, The cheder studies are not sufficient to sustain him
[Page 51]
As I have stated, he later became known in the city. Everyone studied Hebrew with him. He married and had a child but no memory of them remains.
Regarding the Chevra Kadisha (Burial Society)
The Chevra Kadisha of our city also served the Jews who lived in the surrounding villages. The concentration of Jews in those villages varied by size and circumstance. There were villages in which a minyan of Jews could barely be found, whereas others maintained small Jewish communities with cultural vibrancy and strong Jewish tradition. The people would earn their livelihood from grocery stores in the village, inns, and also from working the land.
These Jews would generally conduct themselves according to the principles of tending to guests, participating in communal matters, etc. However, there were also some who acted in a miserly fashion, and did not tend to guests. The Chevra Kadisha knew how to repay such miserly Jews. When they would bring their dead to be buried, they would be asked to pay more than double. The incoming money was, of course designated to the upkeep of the cemetery, the costs of burial of poor people, etc.
There was a custom with the Chevra Kadisha of Turka that if they were unable to bury the dead on the day of his death, two of the members would be asked to sit with the deceased for the entire night next to burning candles.
Once, on a winter night, my father was asked to stand guard over the deceased along with another man. Indeed, my father had the opportunity to fulfill this commandment often enough, since our house was located in close proximity to the cemetery. Already before midnight, the guardians realized that the candles would not last the entire night. Therefore, the second man was asked to go to the store of Yosef Meir Bik, located nearby, to purchase candles. First, the man drank a glass of liquor, and then he sat down to rest on some bench, and fell asleep for the entire night
My father remained with the deceased in darkness. In accordance with the custom, he had to remain with the deceased until daylight.
How did the Chevra Kadisha get new members? How did these members pass the first trial by fire?
[Page 52]
They brought the candidate to the tahara room[3], and left him there. If he endured this, he would be accepted as a member
The Raftom[4] Week
When the mandatory draft was decreed, which at first only included bachelors, 40 weddings were arranged in one week in Turka. Therefore, this week was called Shabbat Raftom
A Grown Up Child
And it took place during the time of Cossacks
Gutscha, a girl of about 15 years old, was the daughter of my uncle Neituch. She dressed up as a boy, so that the Cossacks would not set their eyes upon her. She tied a kerchief to her belt, as if she was suffering from a toothache, and a large hat that covered her forehead. She put on an old man's suit and boots and thus did she go around among the men in the shadow of her father.
Once, a Russian soldier came to us and wanted to say Kaddish in memory of his father. When he wanted to include the lad in the minyan, he was told that he had not yet reached the age of Bar Mitzvah. He answered, Without inviting the evil eye, -- a grown up looking child
We Became Refugees
At the beginning of the First World War in 1914, the Austrian Army decided to step over the front in Galicia. After a few attempts to take hold, all of the Jews of Turka, including the Jews of the adjacent villages, became refugees.
Our route led in the direction of the Hungarian border. There were no trains, so some set out by wagon, and others by foot, throughout all the paths and routes the main thing was to leave the place. Even the Austrian Army retreated across the Hungarian border. Thus, our route was determined by the movements of the army. When the captains saw my two younger sisters and younger brother, they had mercy on them and seated them in an army wagon. My older brother was told to walk behind the wagon. Our aim was to go to our uncle in Berezina. My mother and I walked on a separate path. In the middle of the night, the captain who was transporting our family received an order to return to Turka. The children had to get off the wagon and wander by foot on unknown paths in the darkness of the night. Along with
[Page 53]
other refugees, we reached the Shanka border crossing. A transport train arrived there, which gathered all the refugees, and crowded them in like sardines. We could not meet up with our young family members, but it was clear that we would meet up at our uncle's in Berezina. However, when the train arrived in Berezina, the Hungarian police arrived and did not let anyone get off the trains. My mother and I succeeded in sneaking off the train and hiding beneath it, but the children did not do this, and therefore continued on the train to the city of Gaya in Moravia. Many refugees from Turka had also come to that city. My parents and I later left Berezina to go to Gaya, but this time, we were sent to Czechia[5] instead of Moravia. We arrived in the city of Klatovy, not far from Pilsen. The family was separated, and was only reunited after a long time.
The Czechs were good, upright people. They had not yet felt the taste of the war, even though their children were already serving in the army. These Czechs were surprised and asked, Why are there only Jews among the refugees?
The situation in Klatovy was very difficult at first. The refugees lived in large warehouses and slept on straw. There was a central kitchen which cooked substandard food, and whose kashruth reliability was questionable. Therefore, many Orthodox Jews subsisted on tea and bread. The young children contracted various childhood illnesses that spread like an epidemic. These diseases cut them down 40 children died within one month.
The wealthier of the refugees, who had sums of money with them, were permitted to live in the city. However, these were very few. Some other refugees went on strike and refused to accept the portions of cooked food. As a result of the strike, the Austrian government built new bunks. A large kitchen was built which was available to the families for private cooking. The families received sustenance grants in accordance with the number of family members. There were also factories in which one could work and earn a salary.
For a long time, the children of the refugees did not have a school. Finally, a teacher from Poland was found who gathered four grades together and taught them. The students mainly studied German; however, it should be noted that these studies did not have great value.
Grandfather once went to the funeral of a refugee in the cemetery. He noticed that the deceased, who was lying in a crate, was lowered deep into the grave with chains. He said, Me, they won't lower
[Page 54]
with chains. He left Czechia in haste and arrived in Turka. He found his home in ruins. He wandered around for a week, and then went to his son in Berezina. He died there after about a week, at the age of 83.
|The town, with mountains surrounding it
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Updated 20 Aug 2014 by LA


text:
South Gondor
This article or section needs more/new/more-detailed sources to conform to a higher standard and to provide proof for claims made.
South Gondor, known in Sindarin as Harondor, was a disputed region south of Ithilien, between the rivers Poros and Harnen.[1] The Harad Road ran across South Gondor. Its climate was described as fluctuating between mild winters and very hot and dry summers.[2] Ongoing wars led to the region's downfall and by the end of the Third Age, Harondor was said to be a deserted land.
[edit] History
Historically, this region was a part of Gondor. It was absorbed by Gondor during the height of its power, perhaps the expansions of Tarannon Falastur.[3]
Harondor was part of Gondor until the Kin-strife and frequent assaults and invasions by the Corsairs of Umbar and the Haradrim meant that, by the later years of the Third Age, Gondor lost control over this region.[4]
Fengel's two older brothers, Folcred and Fastred, were killed in Harondor while fighting for Gondor in T.A. 2885, meaning that even by the late Third Age, it had not given up its claims to the region. However, by the time of the War of the Ring all the land south of the river Poros was occupied by the Haradrim.[5]
During the War of the Ring, Harondor was often described as a "debatable and desert land" on maps.
[edit] Etymology
The Sindarin word Harondor seems to contain har- (as in Harad, meaning "south"[6]) and Gondor, with initial G- lenited to zero in compounds.
[edit] Portrayal in adaptations
1982-97: Middle-earth Role Playing:
- Several settlements and sites in Harondor are mentioned, including Gobel Mírlond, which is said to be its capital, as well as Has Yayb, Tir Ethraid, Barad Harn and Amon Eithel.[source?]
1995-8: Middle-earth Collectible Card Game:
- A site in Harondor, Haudh-in-Gwanûr, is mentioned, where players face an attack by Undead. The city of Gobel Mírlond also makes an appearance.
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, "The West of Middle-earth at the End of the Third Age" [map]
- ↑ Karen Wynn Fonstad (1991), The Atlas of Middle-earth, pp. 183, 185
- ↑ Karen Wynn Fonstad (1991), The Atlas of Middle-earth, "The Third Age - Kingdoms of the Dunedain", p. 55
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix E, "Pronunciation of Words and Names", "Consonants"


text:
I have long loved and admired these pieces of Catherineholm cookware.
They were produced by the Catherineholm company, in Norway, beginning in the early 1900s.
These pieces in the Lotus pattern, are some of the most famous and most beloved of vintage, enamel cookware.
They were designed by a Norwegian designer, Grete Prytz.
They come in many bright and beautiful colors, and the lotus leaves adorn everything from pots and pans, to plates, bowls, and tea pots.
I think they are absolutely gorgeous.
I am not alone in my admiration.
You've probably seen them in many a magazine and blog article.
I spot them everywhere.
I never thought I'd have one of my own--they're pricey.
But my sister brought this yellow beauty to me yesterday.
Her dad found it and he generously gave it to me.
He knows my style and finds lots of goods for me on his treasure hunts.
Seeing that pot sitting on my stove makes my month.
Thanks Papa John!
If you want to see more of this gorgeous cookware, I have a few links for you.
For more on Grete Prytz, go here.
For cookware, go here.
And this Pinterest page of vintage enamelware is full of lotus pieces.
I'm dreaming of the coffee pots and pitchers especially.
And maybe a bowl or two.
Because one more collection is just the thing I need, right?
And now, I have some presents to wrap and a birthday garland to hang over the kitchen table and a bed to get to.
Because a very excited birthday boy is sure to be up early.
It was 8 years ago, right now, that I was walking the neighborhood, stopping every few minutes to breathe through contractions.
It was eight years ago that my life was forever changed for good.
Here's to many more years of stacked cakes for my birthday boy!
Love from,


text:
Standards Licensing
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Download the Royalty-Free Compound File Binary File Format (Structured Storage) License Agreement (PDF, Download Microsoft Reader).
Sender ID for Email Specification
"Sender ID for Email: The Next Step to Deterring Spam" is the Microsoft draft specification to address the widespread problem of domain spoofing. Domain spoofing refers specifically to the use of someone else's domain name when sending a message, and is part of the larger spoofing problem, the practice of forging the sender's address on email messages. Sender ID for email would verify that each email message originates from the Internet domain it claims to come from. Eliminating domain spoofing will help legitimate senders protect their domain names and reputations, and help recipients more effectively identify and filter junk email.
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Sockets Direct Protocol for InfiniBand Trade Association Specification Version 1.1
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Dr Rupa Banerjee and Dr Nagerswar Reddy
Gastroenterologist Doctors
Colonoscopies: these doctors can do a colonoscopy
Doctor's office Address:
ASIAN INSTITUTE OF GASTROENTEROLOGY, Somajiguda Hyderabad, INDIA.
Comments about doctor
Hi I am Uma, I am 53 years old. I was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis when i was 32 years old.I live in Hyderabad India. My doctors are Dr Nageswar Reddy and Dr Rupa Banerjee.Nageswar Reddy is the founder and head of the Asian institute of gastroenterology. He is a very renowned doctor and a good one.He diagnosed my condition being ulcerative colitis in the first instance itself after a colonoscopy.This was 21 years ago.But he suggested surgery i.e colectomy and referred me to a surgeon 21 years ago but the surgeon
asked me to manage my condition.( He told me this is not cancer so you can manage your condition) and i have been doing just that.
The Asian institute of gastroenterology is huge with several gastroenterologists. Colonoscopies, endoscopies, surgeries and what not.Nageswar Reddy is a very busy busy man now.During my last visit in 2009 oct i had an appointment for 6pm in the evening but he could see me at 12am(midnight) only.But i was told that he will see all the patients waiting for him and only then will he go home. He then asked me see doctor Rupa of the same institute as she specializes only in crohns and colitis.
Dr Rupa is a good doctor too.On any given day day we have to wait for 2 hours before we see her.Its normally on a first come first served basis. She chalks out a plan for treating and discusses this with us.I think it is usually like his. First mesacol (asacol) ,if that does not work,Mesacol and prednisone,if that fails then azoran(imuran),if that fails then remicade, and the last option is of course surgery. This is my opinion i.e what i gathered, may not be correct.
You will be amazed at the number of Crohn's and Colitis patients coming to see her every day and most of them are very young in their early 20's and teens.I generally chat with them while waiting and i found that mostly all of them had visited a foreign country before a trigger. Mostly the United States. May not be correct again but.
Most people here don't have medical insurance. We pay ourselves.For a visit to this doctor we have to set a side a whole day.But we can go whenever we want there is no need for an appointment.Emergency cases will be attended immediately.So that's all i have to say.Hope you guy guys got a fair picture of how things work here.
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Jul 27, 2012
News Update: July 27, 2012
Yesterday, Muppet and entertainment legend Frank Oz was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Saturn Awards, presented by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Films. Obviously, few people have achieved as much in their lifetime as Frank Oz, so this award is very well deserved. Apparently the award is being given mostly due to Frank's performances as Yoda in five of the Star Wars films, but we as Muppet fans know how much further Frank Oz's achievements reach. As one of the most talented character puppeteers who ever lived, and the father of Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal, Sam the Eagle, Cookie Monster, Grover, Bert, and so many others. Our sincere congratulations to Frank Oz on this major honor!
Amazon.com currently has two different 2013 Muppet Calendars available for pre-order! The "2013 Muppets Wall Calendar" features the same old pictures of the Muppets that we've been seeing since 1995 (with just five modern pictures) and is relatively boring. But the other calendar, "The Muppets Official 2013 Calendar" is much more awesome. It features tons of recent pictures, including numerous pictures from The Muppets and an entire month dedicated to Walter! I'm a huge fan of the latter calendar and I've already pre-ordered it in preparation for next year! (The "Official," and better looking calendar is also cheaper than the other, less awesome one.)
The most interesting news of the week came from our friends at StitchKingdom.com, who revealed a speculative report suggesting that Disney will soon be sending the Muppets to Broadway! Are we currently living in The Muppets Take Manhattan universe? Maybe! The speculation comes due to the recent registration of the online domain names THEMUPPETSONBROADWAY.COM and THEMUPPETSONTOUR.COM. Of course, these may mean nothing, but it seems odd for Disney (or anyone) to patent such specific domain names as this if they weren't planning to act on them. Or maybe Disney is just covering all of their bases? I'm choosing to take the positive side and hope that we might soon see Kermit and company all over the Broadway stage! Stay tuned to The Muppet Mindset for any and all updates about this exciting prospect.
The Muppet Mindset by Ryan Dosier, email@example.com
Tags: Frank Oz, Merchandise, News
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February 14, 2019
Medication non-adherence exacts a heavy toll, both on patients and the broader healthcare industry. According to a review in the Annals of Internal Medicine, 20 to 30 percent of medication prescriptions are never filled, and approximately 50 percent of medications for chronic disease are not taken as prescribed.Read More
September 11, 2018
With Hurricane Florence threatening to wreak havoc on the East Coast this week, the devasting images from last year's hurricane season come to mind: the flooded neighborhoods and boat rescues in Houston; the flattened homes and splintered boats across Florida and the Caribbean; the thousands dead in Puerto Rico.Read More
July 26, 2018
Addressing the nation's opioid crisis is no simple task. It's a multi-factorial problem that must include multi-pronged solutions—including cooperation and collaboration among the medical and pharmacy communities, government, social programs, and regulatory agencies. PDMPs (prescription drug monitoring programs) are one way that states are working with doctors to keep them informed about their patients' opioid prescribing histories, especially as related to coordination of care with other providers.Read More
June 12, 2018
At the recent CRITICAL CONNECTIONS Opioid Crisis Symposium organized by Modern Healthcare, the complexity of the opioid problem was clear. As one of the worst epidemics the US has faced in its history, the causes and cures must be tackled from many directions including prevention, education, and treatment.Read More
April 25, 2018
Combating the Opioid Crisis, Together DrFirst's technology is being increasingly used across the country to fight the opioid epidemic by giving prescribers the tools they need to identify patients who are addicted, or at risk of becoming addicted, to these dangerous drugs.Read More
February 12, 2018
I've been a member of the College of Healthcare Information Management Executives (CHIME) for 23 years, most of that time as CIO of Huntington Hospital in Huntington, New York. When I was invited to join CHIME's Opioid Task Force, I knew I had to accept, believing strongly that CHIME is uniquely positioned to advocate for meaningful change in how healthcare organizations address the national emergency of opioid addiction.Read More
December 21, 2017
DrFirst wholeheartedly supports efforts to combat the national opioid crisis. While the focus on increasing awareness of this deadly epidemic is valuable, we must consider and address the underlying issues that have driven the situation to crisis proportions. Without that, we run the risk, as we are starting to see now, of prescribers and the healthcare industry reacting to the opioid crisis by simply reducing opioid prescribing.Read More
December 19, 2017
Think about the last time you logged into your computer just to check the weather or determine what movie you want to see on the weekend. You can probably measure the time in weeks or months. The reality for most of us is that mobile devices are rapidly supplementing or replacing desktop computers and laptops as our go-to devices for information during what we call in healthcare the "ADLs" – Activities of Daily Living".Read More
December 12, 2017
"There'll be much mistletoeing And hearts will be glowing When love ones are near It's the most wonderful time of the year!" If you love the holiday season, you likely share Andy Williams's enthusiasm for the wealth of celebrations and fun activities this time of year.Read More
December 8, 2017
Listed below are the top ten reasons why dentists should use e-prescribing in their dental practices.
1. Improve Patient Safety
E-prescribing can significantly reduce medication errors that claim an estimated 7,000 lives each year in the US. The ADA Council on Dental Practices notes that these errors are caused primarily by illegible handwriting, unclear abbreviations, dose errors, ambiguous orders and fax clarity—most of which are avoidable with e-prescribing.
June 28, 2017
Hospital executives believe that applying a multidisciplinary effort will improve their medication reconciliation process, according to a recent study by the College of Healthcare Information Management Executives (CHIME) Foundation on behalf of DrFirst. Yet, despite their efforts to engage multiple departments, 3 out of 4 respondents still worry that medication history data is incomplete and/or inaccurate.Read More
April 14, 2017
For decades, passengers on the London Underground ("the Tube") were warned to "mind the gap" by the omnipresent, automated male voice, cautioning them to avoid stepping into the significant – yet somehow often unseen – space between the edge of the platform and the subway train.Read More
April 3, 2017
The ability to communicate effectively is an essential skill, whether you are a clinician, teacher, politician or in any occupation that requires people interaction. If you are married or a parent, you definitely understand the need for clear dialogue in relationships, as well as the frustrations that can arise when it is lacking!Read More
Patient Innovations Team
February 12, 2018
I've been a member of the College of Healthcare Information Management Executives (CHIME) for 23 years, most of that time as CIO of Huntington Hospital in Huntington, New York. When I was invited to join CHIME's Opioid Task Force, I knew I had to accept, believing strongly that CHIME is uniquely positioned to advocate for meaningful change in how healthcare organizations address the national emergency of opioid addiction.Read More
March 15, 2017
Standing in front of the joint session of Congress, President Trump vowed to end America's "terrible drug epidemic." The same week, Virginia Governor Terry McAuliffe signed legislation mandating statewide electronic prescribing of controlled substances by 2020. The legislation, along with the executive's mention of the devastating problem, signals an emerging trend: state and federal government officials are taking action against opioid addiction and are using EPCS as a vehicle to curb the rising death toll.Read More


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I'm looking for someone who knows the pin-outs for the IC-2800 cloning cable. I believe the part number is OPC-478. If you know the pin-outs or know where I could find them, I'd appreciate it.
Clone cable for 2800?
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The story is adapted from the ancient Chinese classic "Ghost Stories".
During the Chin and Han era, Commander Wang Sheng leads his troops in a raid on bandits in the desert, in the process he rescues a beautiful woman and brings her back with them. However, he has no idea that this woman (Xiao Wei) is in fact a fox spirit in human form. Xiao Wei needs a regular supply of human hearts to maintain her human form, and the tasks falls on her helper Xiao Yi – a desert chameleon who is also taken on human form and has the special ability to melt into his environment. To prove his love and devotion to Xiao Wei, he carries out a spate of murders in order to provide her with human hearts; this terrorizes the whole city. Meanwhile Xiao Wei has fallen in love with Wang Sheng, after being impressed with his gallant attempt in rescuing her. She keeps trying to seduce Wang in an effort to steal him from his wife Pei Rong. Pei Rong finds out about Xiao Wei's feelings for her husband; she also discovers that Xiao Wei is not human, so she secretly approaches martial expert Pang Rong and demon catcher Xia Bing for help… Subsequently a drama unfolds that delves into intricate emotions and relationships between man and demon, love and passion, loyalty and temptation, treachery and integrity, ending in a finale with a surprising twist.


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Q: How do I know if it's a leak or evaporation loss?
Dena – Albrightsville, PA
A: A little water loss in your water garden is normal – but when it disappears by the inches, you've got a mystery to solve. These step-by-step sleuthing tips, below, can help you deduce whether it's summertime evaporation or a liner leak.
Step 1 – Look for Evaporation Clues
During the heat of the summertime, you can expect some all-natural water loss. Thanks to evaporation, up to an inch (give or take) of water will naturally disappear from the pond, and if you have a long stream bed with a lot of surface area or a large pond with few floating plants, even more water could transform from liquid to vapor. If you suspect evaporation, fill the pond back up and keep an eye on the water level.
Step 2 – Check for Dampness Around the Pond
If more than an inch of water is disappearing every day, you could be dealing with a leak. Walk around the pond and waterfall or stream, and carefully inspect the soil for signs of unexplained moisture. If you find some, take a closer look at that spot's liner and construction. Leaking water has to go somewhere, and a patch of wet ground is clear indicator of a problem.
Step 3 – Finding Liner Rips
If you suspect a rip or hole in your liner, keep a close eye on the pond's water level until it stops falling. When it does, that's when you should look for the leak. Because the water level will stabilize once it lowers past the hole, you should be able to find the problem at or below the water level and fix it.
To repair the leak, you have two options: repair the hole with a patch found in the EPDM Pond Liner Patch Kit, or close it up with some underwater sealer, like Gold Label Pond and Aquarium Sealer. The patch kit comes with everything you need to fix minor tears in your pond liner, including an EPDM patch, solvent wipe, scrub sponge, seam roller and pair of disposable gloves. The underwater sealer, which works on wet or dry surfaces, instantly repairs leaks in rubber and vinyl liners.
Step 4 – Shore Up Your Stream
If you found moisture outside of your stream or waterfall, turn off your pump and inspect the rocks and liner around the wet spot. Is there a hole in the liner? Repair the leak with your liner patch kit. Is water pooling under rocks or splashing outside the stream? Redirect it back down to the pond with Black Waterfall Foam. Once you apply it, it'll look like shadows between the rocks.
Step 5 – Inspect Your Fittings
Finally, if you've ruled out evaporation and there are no damp areas around the circumference of your pond to be found, the culprit could be your pressurized filter, tubing or connections. Inspect the plumbing on the pump or waterfall where pipe splits or loose fittings could be leaking, and repair it as necessary.
Good luck finding the cause of your pond's water loss!
Pond Talk: How much water evaporates from your pond per day in the summertime?
Filed under: Tubing, Water Gardens & Features, Waterfall | Tagged: fix leak in pond, fix pond leak, Leak, leak in liner, leak in pond, liner leak, liner patch, stream leak, water garden leak, waterfall leak | 3 Comments »


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Shocks were conspicuous by their absence on day eight as the concluding matches in Groups B and D adhered closesly to the expected script. That was good news for a quartet of title contenders, with Argentina, Iran, Italy and Spain all marching on to the last 16 after impressive wins. For Australia and a duo of newcomers in Mexico and Morocco, on the other hand, it spelled the end of the road at Thailand 2012.
Defeat did not end the adventure of another band of newcomers though, with Panama guaranteed of going through as one of the best third-placed teams despite going down 3-2 to Iran.
*Results *Mexico 2-5 Italy
Australia 1-7 Argentina
Iran 4-3 Panama
Morocco 1-5 Spain
Goal of the day *Mexico-Italy, 2-3, Morgan Plata, 33' 50"
*While many of the best futsal goals emanate from intricate team play, this one was all about individual brilliance. Morgan Plata picked up the ball midway inside his own half and embarked on a memorable solo run that culminated in him skipping inside a challenge and scooping the ball delicately over the advancing keeper.
Memorable moments *Songs of praise for the Huamark Hawk
*This has been a tournament full of eye-catching comebacks, and another was produced during Italy's 5-2 victory over Mexico at Huamark Indoor Stadium. Not by the players though. Instead, the falcon that had landed on the pitch during Egypt's meeting with Czech Republic was back, and this time its incursion on to the field of play considerably more mischievous. The bird's favourite landing spots on this occasion were inside the two penalty areas, from where it seemed to tease the respective goalkeepers, inviting each to attempt a catch. Members of Italy's backroom staff and tournament volunteers did attempt to seize this elusive rascal, but the fans were very much on the falcon's side, cheering and chanting in support each time it evaded capture.
A magnificent miss
*Although finding the net is the object of football, there are occasionally misses every bit as memorable as the greatest goals. Pele's dummying of the Uruguay keeper in 1970 is a legendary example, but another was provided today by Alan Calo in Argentina's 7-1 victory over Australia. Having baffled his marker with an outrageous piece of skill, the *Albiceleste No14 then evaded the keeper and shot just over – all with one foot, in one electrifying movement. Though the game wasn't short on goals, it was the replay of Calo's near miss on the big screens that drew gasps and a collective exclamation of 'Wow' from the wide-eyed crowd.
*Germans join the party
*It's rare to have a World Cup without Germany, but the failure of their team to qualify hasn't deterred a group of fans from paying a pilgrimage to Thailand 2012. Others at the Huamark Indoor Stadium may have wondered if this noisy group of students had wandered into the wrong tournament when they began chanting for their homeland and waving the national flag. But in each match, these good-natured Germans quickly devoted their energies to backing the underdogs, roaring on Mexico and Morocco at every opportunity. "We've come along to bring some extra atmosphere," they told FIFA.com, their mission evidently accomplished.
Stat of the day 100 - Cristian Borruto's opener against Australia was Argentina's 100th goal at the FIFA Futsal World Cup. La Albiceleste are the fifth team to reach this landmark after Brazil, Spain, Russia and Italy.
The words *"What's really amazed me has been the rhythm and precision some of the teams play with. With Italy, for example, it was a real pleasure just to be on the same pitch." *Mexico coach Ramon Raya on lessons learned in* El Tri's* debut FIFA Futsal World Cup
*The next games *Friday 9 November 2012 (local times)
*Group E
*Serbia-Czech Republic,19.00
Kuwait-Egypt, 19.00
*Group F
*Solomon Islands-Guatemala, 17.00
Colombia-Russia, 17.00


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The art and art history curriculum develops critical thinking skills and creative problem solving by immersing you in the history and making of visual art.
You'll benefit from small, engaging classes taught in modern studios designed for sculpture, ceramics, painting, drawing, two-dimensional design, printmaking, weaving, surface design and digital art.
In addition to numerous study abroad opportunities, you also
can experience hands-on learning with internships in the fashion industry and at graphic design firms, galleries and museums. The Beard Gallery on Main Street in Cortland allows you to showcase your art while the Dowd Gallery on campus exposes you to exhibits by faculty and visiting artists.
When you graduate with a Cortland art or art history degree, you will be well prepared to launch your career in professional art, design or photography; in academic, curatorial or arts management positions; or in a range of other fields related to art.
To promote the involvement and activities concerning the Cortland Art Community, such as films, speakers, workshops, exhibitions and other related activities.


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You've all likely noted that we have the occasional banner advertisements on "Life with MS." We've made fun of some of them in these very pages. I've noted the new Nestle ad for drink thickeners the past couple of weeks but didn't really pay too much attention. However, I experienced some "swallowing issues" over Memorial weekend that have me thinking about this particular ad.
For Memorial weekend, I went sailing with some friends from Europe. We had great fun, enjoyed the soft breeze and saw tons of wildlife (including a young humpback whale resting quietly off the tip of an island as we passed). However, through the serenity of it all I began to experience some issues with dysphasia, which is difficulty swallowing properly. I've had some problems with swallowing and choking in the past, so it wasn't a huge surprise, but it was still scary!
A mouthful of cold, fresh water is just what one desires with the wind in your hair while your hand is firmly on the helm. However, when that first bit of moisture passed the back of my mouth, I could feel my throat constrict and this lump of water seemed to lodge in front of my trachea…PANIC!
No matter how hard I tried to swallow – in fact maybe because of the effort – the more it seemed to lodge. Not until I relaxed and let the water flow down my esophagus was I able to get the water down and gasp for air – all this as my stunned shipmates looked on in shock.
The condition persisted, off-and-on, for the rest of the weekend and into last week. It has since subsided.
I'm going to have a closer look to that thickening advert and see what it says. I'm not sure I'm ready to drink my water like Jell-O, but I'm going to learn about it before I need it, because as we've talked about before on this blog... it's all about knowing before needing.
Anyone else out there have swallowing issues?
Wishing you and your family the best of health.


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Tuscon Shooting: Latest Developments
Here is the latest information from Tuscon, Arizona where twenty people were shot Saturday at a Safeway, killing six and wounding fourteen, including U.S. Rep. Gabrielle Giffords. Among the dead are a Federal Judge and a nine-year old girl.
Six people were killed and 14 others wounded, including U.S. Rep. Gabrielle Giffords, when a gunman opened fire in front of a Safeway supermarket in Tucson, Arizona, authorities said. The congresswoman had been hosting a meeting with constituents Saturday morning when the attack began.
Here are the latest developments as confirmed by CNN:
Astronaut Mark Kelly, Giffords' husband, released his first public statement since the weekend shooting rampage outside an Arizona supermarket that left his wife critically injured. He thanked supporters, expressed condolences to families of other victims and suggested that well-wishers make donations to Tucson's Community Food Bank and the American Red Cross. "Many of you have offered help. There is little that we can do but pray for those who are struggling," he said.
Suspect Jared Lee Loughner is scheduled to make an initial appearance before a federal magistrate in Phoenix, Arizona, Monday at 2 p.m. (4 p.m. ET), prosecutors said.
Suspect Jared Lee Loughner tried to buy ammunition at a Wal-Mart a few weeks back but was turned down because of his behavior, a law enforcement source said. He then successfully bought it at a different Wal-Mart, according to the source.
A woman credited with wrestling an ammunition magazine from the suspect says she didn't have time to think about what she was doing. "(The suspect) pulled the magazine out of his pants pocket and it dropped onto the sidewalk. And before he could reach it, I got it," Patricia Maisch said.
Suspect Jared Lee Loughner was rejected by the Army for military service after failing a drug test in 2008, according to an administration official.
The U.S. Supreme Court says it will observe the moment of silence that President Barack Obama called for at 11 a.m. ET Monday. To accommodate this, the court will convene 10 minutes early, at 9:50 a.m. ET, so that the day's first argument before the court will be completed by 11 a.m.
House Democrats and Republicans participated in a rare bipartisan conference call Sunday to discuss the condition of Rep. Gabrielle Giffords as well as security concerns for members of Congress.
According to a federal agent's affidavit, U.S. District Judge John Roll, who was killed in the shooting, came to the Tucson from Phoenix to discuss the volume of federal cases in Arizona with Giffords.
The FBI has confirmed that investigators have found, questioned and cleared a man they had sought as a "person of interest" after the killings. The man was cab driver who dropped suspect Jared Lee Loughner off at the Safeway where Giffords' "Congress on Your Corner" event was being held, a law enforcement official previously said.
Veteran federal public defender Judy Clarke, who has experience in several high-profile cases including those of "Unabomber" Ted Kaczynski and convicted terrorist Zacarias Moussaoui, was appointed to defend suspect Jared Lee Loughner, a federal judicial source said.
Calls to 911 following Saturday's shooting – released Sunday by the Pima County Sheriff's Office – paint a patchy picture of the scene.
Investigators found papers bearing the words "my assassination" and "Giffords" in a safe in the home of shooting suspect Jared Lee Loughner, according to a complaint filed against him in federal court.
U.S. Rep. Gabrielle Giffords is the only person wounded in Saturday's shooting who is still in critical condition, doctors at University Medical Center in Tucson said. Three are in serious condition, six are in fair condition, and one has been released, they said.
via Arizona shooting: Latest developments – This Just In – CNN.com Blogs.