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Pay per click
|Part of a series on
|Internet marketing
|Search engine marketing
|Display advertising
|Affiliate marketing
|Mobile advertising
Pay per click (PPC) (also called cost per click) is an internet advertising model used to direct traffic to websites, in which advertisers pay the publisher (typically a website owner) when the ad is clicked. It is defined simply as "the amount spent to get an advertisement clicked."[1]
With search engines, advertisers typically bid on keyword phrases relevant to their target market. Content sites commonly charge a fixed price per click rather than use a bidding system. PPC "display" advertisements, also known as "banner" ads, are shown on web sites or search engine results with related content that have agreed to show ads.
In contrast to the generalized portal, which seeks to drive a high volume of traffic to one site, PPC implements the so-called affiliate model, which provides purchase opportunities wherever people may be surfing. It does this by offering financial incentives (in the form of a percentage of revenue) to affiliated partner sites. The affiliates provide purchase-point click-through to the merchant. It is a pay-for-performance model: If an affiliate does not generate sales, it represents no cost to the merchant. Variations include banner exchange, pay-per-click, and revenue sharing programs.
Websites that utilize PPC ads will display an advertisement when a keyword query matches an advertiser's keyword list, or when a content site displays relevant content. Such advertisements are called sponsored links or sponsored ads, and appear adjacent to, above, or beneath organic results on search engine results pages, or anywhere a web developer chooses on a content site.[2]
The PPC advertising model is open to abuse through click fraud, although Google and others have implemented automated systems[3] to guard against abusive clicks by competitors or corrupt web developers.[4]
Pay-per-click, along with cost per impression and cost per order, are used to assess the cost effectiveness and profitability of internet marketing. Pay-per-click has an advantage over cost per impression in that it tells us something about how effective the advertising was. Clicks are a way to measure attention and interest. Inexpensive ads that few people click on will have a low cost per impression and a high pay-per-click. If the main purpose of an ad is to generate a click, then pay-per-click is the preferred metric. Once a certain number of web impressions are achieved, the quality and placement of the advertisement will affect clickthrough rates and the resulting pay-per-click.[1]
Pay-per-click is calculated by dividing the advertising cost by the number of clicks generated by an advertisement. The basic formula is:
- Pay-per-click ($) = Advertising cost ($) ÷ Ads clicked (#)[1]
There are two primary models for determining pay-per-click: flat-rate and bid-based. In both cases, the advertiser must consider the potential value of a click from a given source. This value is based on the type of individual the advertiser is expecting to receive as a visitor to his or her website, and what the advertiser can gain from that visit, usually revenue, both in the short term as well as in the long term. As with other forms of advertising targeting is key, and factors that often play into PPC campaigns include the target's interest (often defined by a search term they have entered into a search engine, or the content of a page that they are browsing), intent (e.g., to purchase or not), location (for geo targeting), and the day and time that they are browsing.
Flat-rate PPC[edit]
In the flat-rate model, the advertiser and publisher agree upon a fixed amount that will be paid for each click. In many cases the publisher has a rate card that lists the pay-per-click (PPC) within different areas of their website or network. These various amounts are often related to the content on pages, with content that generally attracts more valuable visitors having a higher PPC than content that attracts less valuable visitors. However, in many cases advertisers can negotiate lower rates, especially when committing to a long-term or high-value contract.
The flat-rate model is particularly common to comparison shopping engines, which typically publish rate cards.[5] However, these rates are sometimes minimal, and advertisers can pay more for greater visibility. These sites are usually neatly compartmentalized into product or service categories, allowing a high degree of targeting by advertisers. In many cases, the entire core content of these sites is paid ads.
Bid-based PPC[edit]
The advertiser signs a contract that allows them to compete against other advertisers in a private auction hosted by a publisher or, more commonly, an advertising network. Each advertiser informs the host of the maximum amount that he or she is willing to pay for a given ad spot (often based on a keyword), usually using online tools to do so. The auction plays out in an automated fashion every time a visitor triggers the ad spot.
When the ad spot is part of a search engine results page (SERP), the automated auction takes place whenever a search for the keyword that is being bid upon occurs. All bids for the keyword that target the searcher's geo-location, the day and time of the search, etc. are then compared and the winner determined. In situations where there are multiple ad spots, a common occurrence on SERPs, there can be multiple winners whose positions on the page are influenced by the amount each has bid. The ad with the highest bid generally shows up first, though additional factors such as ad quality and relevance can sometimes come into play (see Quality Score).The predominant three match types for both Google and Bing are broad, exact and phrase. Google also offers the broad modifier match type.[6]
In addition to ad spots on SERPs, the major advertising networks allow for contextual ads to be placed on the properties of 3rd-parties with whom they have partnered. These publishers sign up to host ads on behalf of the network. In return, they receive a portion of the ad revenue that the network generates, which can be anywhere from 50% to over 80% of the gross revenue paid by advertisers. These properties are often referred to as a content network and the ads on them as contextual ads because the ad spots are associated with keywords based on the context of the page on which they are found. In general, ads on content networks have a much lower click-through rate (CTR) and conversion rate (CR) than ads found on SERPs and consequently are less highly valued. Content network properties can include websites, newsletters, and e-mails.[7]
Advertisers pay for each click they receive, with the actual amount paid based on the amount bid. It is common practice amongst auction hosts to charge a winning bidder just slightly more (e.g. one penny) than the next highest bidder or the actual amount bid, whichever is lower.[8] This avoids situations where bidders are constantly adjusting their bids by very small amounts to see if they can still win the auction while paying just a little bit less per click.
To maximize success and achieve scale, automated bid management systems can be deployed. These systems can be used directly by the advertiser, though they are more commonly used by advertising agencies that offer PPC bid management as a service. These tools generally allow for bid management at scale, with thousands or even millions of PPC bids controlled by a highly automated system. The system generally sets each bid based on the goal that has been set for it, such as maximize profit, maximize traffic at breakeven, and so forth. The system is usually tied into the advertiser's website and fed the results of each click, which then allows it to set bids. The effectiveness of these systems is directly related to the quality and quantity of the performance data that they have to work with — low-traffic ads can lead to a scarcity of data problem that renders many bid management tools useless at worst, or inefficient at best.
In 1996, the first known and documented version of a PPC was included in a web directory called Planet Oasis. This was a desktop application featuring links to informational and commercial web sites, and it was developed by Ark Interface II, a division of Packard Bell NEC Computers. The initial reactions from commercial companies to Ark Interface II's "pay-per-visit" model were skeptical, however.[9] By the end of 1997, over 400 major brands were paying between $.005 to $.25 per click plus a placement fee.[citation needed]
In February 1998 Jeffrey Brewer of Goto.com, a 25-employee startup company (later Overture, now part of Yahoo!), presented a pay per click search engine proof-of-concept to the TED conference in California.[10] This presentation and the events that followed created the PPC advertising system. Credit for the concept of the PPC model is generally given to Idealab and Goto.com founder Bill Gross.
Google started search engine advertising in December 1999. It was not until October 2000 that the AdWords system was introduced, allowing advertisers to create text ads for placement on the Google search engine. However, PPC was only introduced in 2002; until then, advertisements were charged at cost-per-thousand impressions. Overture has filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Google, saying the rival search service overstepped its bounds with its ad-placement tools.[11]
Although GoTo.com started PPC in 1998, Yahoo! did not start syndicating GoTo.com (later Overture) advertisers until November 2001.[12] Prior to this, Yahoo's primary source of SERPS advertising included contextual IAB advertising units (mainly 468x60 display ads). When the syndication contract with Yahoo! was up for renewal in July 2003, Yahoo! announced intent to acquire Overture for $1.63 billion.[13] Today, companies such as adMarketplace, ValueClick and adknowledge offer PPC services, as an alternative to AdWords and AdCenter.
Among PPC providers, Google AdWords, Yahoo! Search Marketing, and Microsoft adCenter had been the three largest network operators, all three operating under a bid-based model.[2] In 2010, Yahoo and Microsoft launched their combined effort against Google and Microsoft's Bing began to be the search engine that Yahoo used to provide its search results.[14] Since they joined forces, their PPC platform was renamed AdCenter. Their combined network of third party sites that allow AdCenter ads to populate banner and text ads on their site is called BingAds.[15]
In 2012 Google was ruled to have engaged in misleading and deceptive conduct by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission in possibly the first legal case of its kind. The Commission ruled unanimously that Google was responsible for the content of its sponsored AdWords ads that had shown links to a car sales website CarSales. The Ads had been shown by Google in response to a search for Honda Australia. The ACCC said the ads were deceptive, as they suggested CarSales was connected to the Honda company. The ruling was later overturned when Google appealed to the Australian High Court. Google was found not liable for the misleading advertisements run through AdWords despite the fact that the ads were served up by Google and created using the company's tools.[16]
See also[edit]
- ^ a b c Farris, Paul W.; Neil T. Bendle; Phillip E. Pfeifer; David J. Reibstein (2010). Marketing Metrics: The Definitive Guide to Measuring Marketing Performance. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN 0-13-705829-2. The Marketing Accountability Standards Board (MASB) endorses the definitions, purposes, and constructs of classes of measures that appear in Marketing Metrics as part of its ongoing Common Language: Marketing Activities and Metrics Project.
- ^ a b "Customers Now", David Szetela, 2009.
- ^ Shuman Ghosemajumder (March 18, 2008). "Using data to help prevent fraud". Google Blog. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
- ^ How do you prevent invalid clicks and impressions? Google AdSense Help Center, Accessed January 9, 2008
- ^ Card Shopping.com Merchant Enrollment Shopping.com, Accessed June 12, 2007
- ^ "Keyword Matching Options Article: Keyword Matching Options Bing Ads". Google Support. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
- ^ Yahoo! Search Marketing (May 18, 2010). "Sponsored Search". Website Traffic Yahoo! Search Marketing (formerly Overture). Retrieved May 18, 2010.
- ^ The cost of AdWords Google AdWords Help, Accessed May 18, 2012
- ^ and documented Planet Oasis gives web sites promotion clout, Advertising Age July 8, 1996, retrieved December 5, 2012
- ^ Overture and Google: Internet Pay Per Click (PPC) Advertising Auctions, London Business School, Accessed June 12, 2007
- ^ Stefanie Olsen and Gwendolyn Mariano (April 5, 2002). "Overture sues Google over search patent". CNET. Retrieved Jan 28, 2011.
- ^ Yahoo! Inc. (2002). "Yahoo! and Overture Extend Pay-for-Performance Search Agreement". Yahoo! Press Release. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
- ^ Stefanie Olsen (July 14, 2003). "Yahoo to buy Overture for $1.63 billion". CNET. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
- ^ Singel, Ryan (18 February 2010). "Yahoo and Microsoft Join Search Forces". Retrieved 26 September 2012.
- ^ "Link to Webpronews.com Article: Yahoo And Microsoft Introduce The Yahoo Bing Network, adCenter Becomes Bing Ads". WebProNews. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
- ^ "Link to citywebguide.com.au Article: Google Wins Legal Battle at ACCC". TheCityWebGuide. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
External links[edit]
- Paid listings confuse web searchers, PC World


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Historically, financial services organizations have not regarded their change capabilities as a core competence. Faced with unprecedented changes in digital, market presence, operating models, the customer experience and product innovation, as well as ongoing regulatory change, this is no longer adequate.
Change is now essential for the survival and growth of every single financial services enterprise. This involves developing organization-wide agility and leveraging professional change capabilities, both developed internally and sourced externally from key partners. This report explores how banks and insurers can professionalize and industrialize change to improve their ability to adapt rapidly in a world of ongoing technology, customer and regulatory change.


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Empowering young people in townships of South Africa.
Southern Africa Youth Project is a Youth development institution that strives to change the way young people in rural areas and townships thinks about themselves. We do this by up-skilling them to recognize and utilize the opportunities that are around them.
This is done through the following interventions
- Educational Support for the girl child
- Capacity building for the unemployed youth
- and finally linking unemployed youth into jobs and educational opportunities
On the demand side, Southern Africa Youth Project SayPro prepares first-time employees for work, providing a pool of skilled workers for businesses and minimising the risks associated with employing first-time job seekers.
Moreover, it has built a scalable model to source, screen, and we match high volumes of young people based on their personal strengths, instead of simply looking at their educational history or other formal qualifications, and it can do this for multiple organisations at the same time.
Southern Africa Youth Project SayPro also assists job seekers in identifying which of their skills may need improvement and offers them help. On the supply side, SayPro sources and selects young people who exhibit demonstrated potential but who have gaps in work readiness, and puts them through an intensive bridging program that helps them cultivate the skills and personal development needed for success in the workplace.
They are then placed in preselected, permanent, formal-sector jobs. SayPro also addresses the resource constraints and lack of social networks that young people face when looking for work. It deploys recruiters to the areas of greatest deprivation, for example, and creates application processes that use accessible technology, such as cell phones, to reduce the costs of applying for a job.
Telephone: + 27 (0) 11 071 1903 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Website:www.southernafricayouth.org


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If you need a quote for large quantities of Tagged Batteries, please find the product you wish to enquire about and use the "Request a Quote" link below its pricing.
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Fatos Nano is a former Prime Minister of Albania and former leader of the Socialist Party of Albania. Like his rival Sali Berisha, Nano emerged as a leading figure in Albanian politics following the collapse of the communist regime. Like Berisha he has been a major actor for over fifteen years, with multiple terms in power. And, like Berisha, he has been accused of corruption, manipulation of elections and failure to improve Albanians' standard of living. The youth movement MJAFT which began its campaign for civic activism while Nano was in power, have often criticised and made fun of him and his policies.
Nano was born in Tirana in 1952. Under the communist regime he was a well known economist at Tirana University where he did his PhD and taught as a professor. In 1991 President Ramiz Alia chose Nano as the prime minister of the technical government meant to prepare the country for democratic elections. He resigned in June amidst calls by trade unions for a general strike. At the tenth congress of the Albanian Labour party, in June 1991, the party was formally dissolved. The Socialist Party became its legal successor and Nano was elected as the new party's first chairman. He held this post for over 14 years, only resigning on September 1 2005.
In July 1993, Nano was imprisoned for misuse of public funds. Former communist leader and Albanian president Ramiz Alia met with the same fate. Berisha finally pardoned and released Nano in the middle of the 1997 crisis and appointed him Prime Minister. After parliamentary elections in July 1997 Rexhep Mexhani succeeded Berisha as president and made Nano his Prime Minister.
On September 12 1998 a Democratic Party MP, Azem Hadjari, was gunned down outside of the DP's headquarters in Tirana. DP supporters engaged in violent protests outside government ministries which led to confrontations with the police.
"The Democrats accused Nano of being directly responsible for Hadjari's assassination. On September 14 Hadjari's supporters attacked the prime minister's offices and temporarily seized control of government buildings and state radio and television. Nano abandoned his post and vanished for two days, fleeing to Macedonia. After his return to Tirana, the prime minister vowed not to resign and accused Berisha of a coup attempt. On September 18 the Socialist controlled parliament voted overwhelmingly to lift Berisha's immunity, clearing the way for his arrest. Amid fears that Albania was on the verge of reverting to the political and civil chaos that engulfed the country in 1997, the international community warned Nano against arresting Berisha. Nano's decision to flee Tirana and seek refuge in neighbouring Macedonia had seriously undermined his already diminished authority. With his plans to arrest Berisha thwarted and facing increased opposition from within his own party, Nano resigned on September 28."
("The New European Diasporas: National minorities and Conflict in Eastern Europe" edited by Michael Mandelbaum, 2000)
The Socialist Party remained in power and Nano returned for his third term as prime minister in July 2002. In February 2004 the largest demonstrations seen in Albania since 1997 were held, demanding Nano's resignation. The crowds in Tirana, estimated at up to 20,000 people, chanted "Nano, go!". The prime minister was accused of corruption and electoral fraud. His rival Berisha called him "the enemy of the Albanians…it is he who is stifling the hope of the Albanians" (BBC article, 2004).
Nano also became the target of a MJAFT protest after changing the state protocol to award his new wife the title of "First Lady of the Republic", taking it away from the president's wife. To mock the move MJAFT, dressed 50 volunteers as brides. These gathered in front of the premier's office to protest and demand a chance to become 'first lady' too. The day after, MJAFT was sued for 'illegal assembly'. To comply with the charges, MJAFT surrendered the organizer of the rally ? a store front mannequin - at a public press conference.
The Socialist Party suffered a heavy defeat in the July 2005 parliamentary elections and Berisha replaced Nano as Prime Minister. Fatos Nano also stepped down as party leader in September 2005. The Socialist Party is now led by the major of Tirana, Edi Rama. Nano has by no means left Albanian politics. In 2007 he defied the majority of his own party by standing as a candidate in the parliamentary vote to appoint the new president. His bid was unsuccessful. He earned only three votes in the first round of voting and five in the second.
May 2008


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Barrett, Peter - 2012 Hall of Fame
Peter Jones Barrett
"In any competitive endeavor, success goes to those who most want to succeed."
February 20, 1935 – December 17, 2000
Birthplace: Madison, Wisconsin
In the 1964 Olympics in Japan, Peter Barrett started the final Finn race with a gold medal virtually assured. After the start, he took the stern of a starboard tack boat. Hiking flat out, he thought he felt a little "tick" as the boats passed, indicating his shoulder might have touched the other boat's rudder. The other skipper didn't react. But the knowledge that he might have committed a foul was enough to make Barrett drop out (no penalty turns in those days). "That was Barrett," says Peter Harken, of Harken, Inc., a close friend who took mechanical engineering courses from Barrett at the University of Wisconsin. "He was the greatest sailing sportsman ever."
Despite his thick glasses, and lack of an athletic build, Barrett played quarterback in high school. He was known for his strength and determination. He was a brilliant student who earned a law degree on the side. As a Finn sailor, he was known for his willingness to share his go-fast secrets with his nearest competitors, even during the Olympic trials.
In the 1968 Olympics, Barrett crewed for Lowell North on a Star. On the way to the start of the last race, the main halyard broke. Barrett unstepped the mast, laid it in the water, swam out, pulled up the sail and tied it in place, got back in the boat, and somehow lifted the mast with the sail attached out of the water and stepped it. North and Barrett went on to win the gold medal.
When North started making sails, he recruited Barrett as his first sailor-salesman, or "Tiger." Barrett went on to be president of North Sails.
Throughout his competitive career, Peter Barrett won national championships in 470s and Finns, as well as C- and A-Scows. He was a contributing editor to Yacht Racing Cruising (now Sailing World ). He also designed a number of sailboats.
Barrett died of cancer in 2000. The University of Wisconsin's sailing program annually awards a trophy in Barrett's name "for excellence in sportsmanship during competition."
- Roger Vaughan
Click Here to View Photo Gallery
Links of Interest:
Wikipedia entry for Peter J. Barrett (sailor)
Article about Barrett written by Donald P. Sanford for the Mendota Yacht Club
US Sailing Peter J. Barrett Sportsmanship Trophy
Patent for a Mounting Device for a Boat Sail - filed by Barrett
Peter J. Barrett Sailing Alliance at Delavan Lake Sailing School


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Restrict the content and placement of alcohol advertisements on broadcasts, outdoor displays, internet marketing, etc. via state laws, local ordinances, industry self-regulation, or a combination of efforts
Policies & Programs
Policies and programs that can improve health
filtered by "Some Evidence"
124 results
Alcohol advertising restrictions
Alcohol days of sale restrictions
Limit the days alcohol can be sold in on-premise settings such as bars and restaurants or in off-premise outlets such as liquor and convenience stores; sometimes with limits to times of sale
Allied dental professional scope of practice
Expand the role of allied dental professionals (e.g., hygienists, therapists, etc.) via changes to statute, dentist supervision requirements, etc.
Bicycle paths, lanes & tracks
Accommodate or provide dedicated space for bicyclists via bicycle paths, lanes, cycle tracks or protected bike lanes, etc.
Big Brothers Big Sisters (BBBS)
Match disadvantaged or at-risk youth with volunteer mentors in school or community settings
Bike & pedestrian master plans
Establish a framework to increase walking and biking trails and improve connectivity of non-auto paths and trails in a particular area
Child firearm access prevention laws
Impose penalties on adults for a child's unsupervised access to firearms or violation of safe firearm storage requirements
Child-focused advertising restrictions for unhealthy foods & beverages
Restrict child-focused advertising for unhealthy foods and beverages via bans on unhealthy food and drink ads during children's TV programs, product placement in children's movies, etc.
Clinic-based interventions for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination
Combine information about HPV and the benefits of vaccination with efforts to support vaccine series completion (e.g., patient and parent education or reminders, physician education, etc.)
College-based obesity prevention educational interventions
Support multi-component educational interventions for college students that address nutrition, physical activity, and healthy weight management; often with environmental modifications


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As representatives of the international community assemble in Juba, the capital of the newly-independent Republic of South Sudan, Spineless Liberal takes a look at the challenges facing the world's newest country.
Tag Archive: UNSC
With the international community divided over how exactly to react to the ongoing crisis in Libya, the world risks losing its best hope of toppling Gaddafi, preventing a full-blown humanitarian emergency, and repairing its links with the Arab world. All because of Iraq.
While Britain and France have been demanding a no-fly zone to be put in place over Libya for some time now, the Obama administration is lacking. It's rhetoric is multilateral and interventionist, but outgoing Secretary of Defence Robert Gates refuses to sanction a no fly zone. The reasons are plain – it fears another Iraqi conflict. But Libya is not Iraq.
The invasion of Iraq was wrong, and should not be repeated, but not because it brought down the Hussein regime – it was wrong because it was poorly planned, costly, showed no awareness of the internal situation, had no exit strategy, and had little international and regional support. On the other hand, involving ourselves in Libya is a must. We can deploy immediately, hopefully never use ground troops, and can exit when the new government is installed – a government with mass popular support, from the population, the exiled king, human rights actors in Libya and the regional powers.
NATO claims that there are three conditions for its involvement.
1) Regional Support
2) Proof its help is needed
3) A Security Council Resolution
The first condition has already been satisfied by recent calls from the Arab League and the Gulf Co-Operation Council to impose a no fly zone. The Arab League Secretary-general, Amr Moussa, has said that the League "can also play a role" in imposing the no-fly zone. Saudi Arabian, Egyptian and other Arab planes in the skies over Libya would help nullify Gaddafi's rhetoric about the West just being after Libya's oil. We must make sure that any response is multilateral, this is true, but this can be done.
The second condition – It is probably true that the humanitarian crisis has not yet fully emerged, and Gaddafi's air force has not always been the main danger to rebel forces. But with strongholds such as Brega and Ajdabiya being taken by Gaddafi loyalists, and Misurata coming under heavy shelling, it will not be long before the rebel forces are driven all the way back to their stronghold in Benghazi. This is the crown in the rebels' defences – a city of up to a million people, most virulently anti-Gaddafi, and many armed. It will be too large for Gaddafi's forces to attack head on, and some pundits claim that the air force will be used in great force. It will be the only way for Gaddafi to finally crush the rebellion against him.
The rebels are in a desperate position. The Libyan army has huge momentum and control of major roads and crossroads, whereas the rebellion is lacking supplies and its morale is low. Support from the international community would change everything. A no fly zone grounding Libyan planes would improve morale and make Benghazi near impossible to capture. The rebellion may yet succeed, but only if we support it in its hour of need.
The third condition of having a UN Security Council resolution is important. But it may be too late. Diplomats are currently saying that there may be no vote on the UK-France resolution before Thursday – in a conversation with Reuters, Libya's deputy foreign minister, Khaled Kaim, said that the country would be back under control "as soon as possible… [he hopes] in a matter of days". It might be time to start thinking about circumventing the UN – we did it in the Balkans, when time was of the essence. It is almost run out for the Libyan Opposition.
The desperation of the situation in Libya for the rebels cannot be over-emphasised. If the Arab League and/or NATO are going to install a no fly zone, in order to prevent a humanitarian crisis, it must be done nearly immediately. Perhaps before even a Security Council resolution can be passed. Gareth Evans, the former Foreign Minister of Australia, and proponent of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine, claimed that Libya is a perfect case for military intervention. Amr Moussa, has said that intervening in Libya is a "humanitarian action, [consisting of] supporting the Libyan people in their fight for freedom against a regime that is more and more disdainful." We must move quickly, and if the UNSC does not manage to give authorisation in time to prevent a tragedy, NATO, the Arab League, Britain and France should prepare to take matters into their own hands, if Cameron's calls for the UN to "show some leadership" go unheeded, and they act too late. In a short, emotional speech on Tuesday, Gaddafi attacked Britain for calling for a no-fly zone – "What right do you have? Do we share borders? Are you our tutor?" No, Britain and Libya do not share a border, but the neighbours of Libya call for the same action to be taken as Britain. We are not your tutors but we must be the protectors of the Libyan people, if their government are a threat to them. It is only right and moral.
This is what the UN and NATO, Germany and the United States, must remember – Libya is not Iraq. Here, we have a chance to prevent a crisis, help overthrow a dictator, liberate a people. We have wide-spread regional support, a request from the Libyans themselves to intervene, and even a minimal deployment will help in some way. Iraq must never be repeated, but this is a different situation. If we allow our fear over repeating Iraq to prevent us implementing a no-fly zone over Libya, and saving the Opposition movement from its almost certain annihilation, we will have committed a mistake greater than invading Iraq ever was. We learnt the wrong lessons.
Posted online at http://politicalpromise.co.uk/2011/03/17/libya-were-learning-the-wrong-lessons-from-iraq/
BBC News – Viewpoint: Libya intervention 'brings huge risks'.
Steve Clemons, in this article for the BBC, argues well against the institution of a no-fly zone over Libya, claiming that we should not distract from the rebels themselves, and impose a "Western" no-fly zone that would only serve to bolster Gaddafi's rhetoric against the West's neocolonialism.
This is entirely true. However, I don't agree that we can't have a no-fly zone.
I think that this article unfortunately suffers from the problem of blogging and journalism. With major events, such as the rebellion in Libya, events move so quickly, that articles and posts may be out of date and redundant within hours of publishing. In this case, it was out of date even when it was published.
Amr Moussa, the secretary-general of the Arab League, has called for a no-fly zone over Libya, and has said the bloc wants a role in imposing it.
The comments comes as the organisation meets in the Egyptian capital Cairo on Friday for talks on the ongoing crisis.
"I do not know how nor who will impose this zone, that remains to be seen. The Arab League can also play a role, that is what I will recommend," Mussa said in an interview with a German magazine.
"I am talking about a humanitarian action. It consists, with a no-fly zone, of supporting the Libyan people in their fight for freedom against a regime that is more and more disdainful."
Support from the West for a no-fly zone appears to hinge on the outcome of the meeting as consensus is sought for such an action.
"The European Union and the [UN] Security Council are not going to do anything unless they get support from the Arab League," Qatar University's Youcef Bouandel told Al Jazeera.
via Libya tops Arab League agenda – Africa – Al Jazeera English.
Please, please Arab League…agree to a no-fly zone.
The Gulf Cooperation Council, with Saudi Arabia a key member, has already agreed that Gaddafi's government is illegitimate and support's a no-fly zone. If Saudi Arabia can convince Egypt to join in, then two of the best equipped air forces in the Arab/North African world could ground Gaddafi's fearsome air-force.
The Arab community must be the one to front and support any foreign intervention in Libya, or else the neocolonial arguments will just fracture the country more and send waving nationalists over to Gaddafi's side.


text: I Pray TONIGHT that you learn to live with deep dependence on the Lord Jesus…. Realizing that true dependence is not simply asking the Lord to bless what you have decided to do. It is coming to Him with an open mind and an open heart inviting Him to plant His desires within you. I pray that He infuses within you a dream that seems far beyond your reach. I pray that this will begin your journey of profound reliance on the Lord Jesus Christ. It is a faith walk, taken one step at a time, leaning on Him as much as you need. This is not a path of continual success but of multiple failures. However, each failure is followed by of growth spurt, nourished by increased reliance on Him. Enjoy the blessedness of a victorious life, through deepening your dependence on Him alone. In Jesus name I pray, Amen and Amen… I Love You All!!! God Bless You!!! ♥♥♥


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San Jose Sights
In San José some streets have names, but no one seems to know or use them. Streets in the center of the capital are laid out in a grid, with avenidas (avenues) running east and west, and calles (streets) north and south. Odd-number avenues increase in number north of Avenida Central; even-number avenues, south. Streets east of Calle Central have odd numbers; those to the west are
even. Locals rarely use the numbers, however.
Costa Ricans rely instead on a charming and exasperating system of designating addresses by the distance from landmarks, as in "100 meters north and 50 meters west of the school." Another quirk: "100 meters" always refers to one city block, regardless of how long it actually is. Likewise, "200 meters" is two blocks, and so on. (As you can imagine, getting a pizza delivered here is quite a challenge.)
Historically, the reference point was the church, but these days it might be a bar, a Taco Bell, or even a quirky landmark: the eastern suburb of San Pedro uses the higuerón, a prominent fig tree. The city has embarked on an ambitious project to name all its streets once and for all. Even after it's completed, it's improbable that anybody will know or use the names. Your best bet is to follow the time-honored practice of ir y preguntar (keep walking and keep asking).
Browse Sights
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Fodor's Choice
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Downtown 23
North and East of Downtown 3
West of Downtown 2
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Arts/ Performance Venue 6
Building/ Architectural Site 1
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Industrial Site/ Mill/ Factory 1
Market/ Bazaar 1
Memorial/ Monument/ Tomb 3
Military Site 2
Museum/ Gallery 7
Neighborhood/ Street 1
Park/ Playground 4
Plaza/ Square/ Piazza 5
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|News Home
Admission Will Be FREE; Tickets Available Beginning November 3, 2005
October 27, 2005
LOS ANGELES—The Getty Villa in Malibu will open to the public on Saturday, January 28, 2006. Following a major renovation, this cultural landmark returns with a new mission as an educational center and museum dedicated to the study of the arts and cultures of ancient Greece, Rome, and Etruria. The Getty Villa will serve a varied audience through the permanent collection, changing exhibitions, conservation, scholarship, research, and public programs.
Admission to the Getty Villa will be FREE. Advance, timed tickets will be required for each individual and can be obtained online at www.getty.edu or by phone at 310-440-7300, beginning November 3, 2005, at 9:00 a.m. PST. The ticketing process will allow for a smooth, evenly paced flow of visitors through the intimate setting of the Villa.
"The Getty Villa, which was the site of the original J. Paul Getty Museum, has been an important cultural landmark in Los Angeles for some time, and one that our Trustees and staff are pleased to share again with a variety of audiences," says Barry Munitz, president and chief executive officer of the J. Paul Getty Trust. "Recently transformed, this companion setting to the Getty Center in Los Angeles will be an important gateway connecting today's audiences to the ancient world. The Villa brings together the Getty's four programs in a remarkable concentration of resources focused on the classical past, shaped by a strong dedication to education at all levels, serving adults, families, students, as well as scholars and specialized professionals. In a rare commitment, even the site itself serves as an essential part of our learning and teaching mission."
Three inaugural exhibitions at the J. Paul Getty Museum at the Getty Villa will celebrate the opening. Antiquity & Photography: Early Views of Ancient Mediterranean Sites (January 28 – May 1, 2006) explores the efforts of pioneering photographers to capture and study the visual remnants of the ancient world. The Getty Villa Reimagined (January 28 – May 8, 2006) looks back on the Villa's history and traces the vision that guided the development of the present site. Molten Color: Glassmaking in Antiquity (January 28 – July 24, 2006) celebrates the recent acquisition of the Oppenländer collection of more than 350 pieces of beautiful and rare ancient glass.
Bordered by coastal mountains and the Pacific Ocean, the Getty Villa evokes the classical world in its architecture, landscape, and gardens, which have been planted with species known to have flourished in the ancient Mediterranean. Boston-based architects Machado and Silvetti Associates, Inc., fused contemporary design ideas with architecture inspired by antiquity to provide support for the Getty Trust's four programs: the Getty Conservation Institute, the Getty Foundation, the J. Paul Getty Museum, and the Getty Research Institute. The four programs will work closely together on activities at the Villa, as they do at the Getty Center.
The renovated J. Paul Getty Museum at the Getty Villa includes new galleries, which feature steel support systems hidden in the walls and floors to secure large and heavy works of art and protect them in case of earthquakes. Among other highlights of the Villa are the new 250-seat Auditorium and the 450-seat Barbara and Lawrence Fleischman Theater, an outdoor theater based on ancient prototypes that allow contemporary audiences to experience reimagined classical performances as they were once viewed. The site also incorporates new space for Getty staff and scholars, including state-of-the art conservation laboratories, seminar rooms, a classroom, and the Research Library at the Villa with around 20,000 volumes.
The Getty Villa will house the J. Paul Getty Museum's collection of about 44,000 antiquities. Over 1,200 works will be on view in 23 galleries devoted to the permanent collection, now organized by theme, with five additional galleries for changing and loan exhibitions. Two educational spaces will offer alternative ways to engage with art. The Family Forum, a hands-on discovery room for families, features activities that encourage shared learning experiences, while another interactive installation, the TimeScape Room, focuses on time, place, and artistic style in the ancient Mediterranean.
Research and scholarly activities at the Villa will be fueled by the presence of the Museum's antiquities collection and the resources of the Research Library. As is the case with the ongoing scholars program at the Getty Research Institute, the new Villa Scholars Program will have an annual theme that serves as a focus for research and programs. A distinguished figure in the field will be honored as Villa Professor each year and will collaborate with Getty staff responsible for the intellectual direction of the program.
The Getty Villa will also be home to the UCLA/Getty Master's Program on the Conservation of Ethnographic and Archaeological Materials, the first master's program on this subject in the United States.
Complementing the exhibitions and installations will be a wide variety of public programs. They include an annual outdoor theater production, staged play readings, musical performances, film screenings, family festivals, artist demonstrations, lectures, workshops, and gallery and studio courses.
The 64-acre Getty Villa site in Malibu was purchased by J. Paul Getty in 1945. Nine years later, he opened the J. Paul Getty Museum to the public in his Ranch House, where he showcased his collection of art, of which Greek and Roman antiquities were an important element. The original villa was conceived in 1968, based on the Villa dei Papiri, a first-century Roman country house. The villa in Malibu became the new location of the J. Paul Getty Museum in 1974; it closed for renovation six months prior to the opening of the Getty Center in 1997. When the reimagined Getty Villa opens this January, the Getty Trust's four programs will serve visitors from two locations: the Getty Center in Los Angeles and the Getty Villa in Malibu.
Tracy Gilbert
Getty Communications Dept.
# # #
About the Getty:
The J. Paul Getty Trust is an international cultural and philanthropic institution devoted to the visual arts that features the Getty Conservation Institute, the Getty Foundation, the J. Paul Getty Museum, and the Getty Research Institute. The J. Paul Getty Trust and Getty programs serve a varied audience from two locations: the Getty Center in Los Angeles and the Getty Villa in Malibu.
Sign up for e-Getty at www.getty.edu/subscribe/ to receive free monthly highlights of events at the Getty Center and the Getty Villa via e-mail, or visit our event calendar for a complete calendar of public programs.


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|Khia meets Frank Zappa in a very odd way.
Here is my take on Khia's immortal -- and astonishingly dirty -- hit song, "My Neck, My Back." I've given it a retro-futuristic setting with a melody taken from Frank Zappa's "Peaches en Regalia." I hope you enjoy.
NOTE: Once again, Podomatic has lopped off the last second of this. I don't know why that always happens. Maybe in the future I should just tack on an extra second of silence...?


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Wagner Ramos Skater Profile
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Salads are a big part of my weekly menu and I'm not talking about little itty – bitty side salads. No I am talking about Big Beautiful Salads – BBS for short! Thankfully hubby Tom also likes these salads and we can make a meal out of them. Like most people we enjoy a creamy salad dressing with all those lovely greens and vegetables. With a little experimentation I came up with a creamy delicious no oil balsamic dressing that works well with so many different types of salads. You are going to love this one!
It's wonderful on a green salad, broccoli slaw or potato salad. For the slaws I prefer it made with a white balsamic to keep the salad from looking dingy. It's also yummy served as a dip for the Fresh Spring Rolls or the Crispy Spring Rolls. The dressing gets thicker after it chills in the fridge. I try to keep some dressing made and in the fridge at all times. Preparation is key to being able to eat healthy when hunger strikes! I use the Costco Balsamic vinegar for this dressing. The cannellini beans make it thick and creamy. It doesn't taste "beany" – you would never know it was made with beans.
Nutmeg Notebook Creamy Balsamic Dressing / See below for an option with no dates
- 1 box or can of cannellini beans no salt added, rinsed and drained
- 1/2 cup balsamic vinegar *
- 4 Medjool dates** – pitted (depends on how sweet you like it – you could use less or more)
- 4 teaspoons Dijon Mustard or no salt added mustard
- 1 cup unsweetened plant milk
- 2-3 teaspoons Garlic & Herb no salt seasoning or you could use 2 fresh garlic cloves
Mix all the ingredients together in a high power blender like a Blendtec or Vitamix until smooth and creamy. It thickens after chilling in the fridge.
If you have a regular blender you might try soaking the dates in warm water to soften them so they will blend better.
*For a slaw salad I suggest you use the white balsamic vinegar – Trader Joe's has a good one and other stores also sell white balsamic vinegar. The lighter color looks better on a slaw. The white balsamic is a lighter flavor but it still makes a yummy dressing.
**If you don't want to use dates you can do what my friend Sharon Klupt McRae does – use Napa Valley Naturals Grand Reverse Balsamic vinegar that only has a 4% acidity. It is a thicker, reduced balsamic that is sweeter.
A Nutmeg Notebook Recipe


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Entertainment in Solaris Kassiopi
In a relaxed and warm welcoming environment, you can enjoy your drink alone or give yourself the chance to meet other holidaymakers. You can also take part in free nightly entertainment where everyone in Kassiopi is welcome.
During the season we occasionally organize Northern Soul and Motown nights.You will hear great music that brings back the best memories and of course you can dance away to the music .
We often have Quiz nights with a great selections of questions based on : Picture, General Knowledge, Films and Music. Questions are for ALL and great fun for a family..
Solaris provides an idyllic setting for weddings, cocktail parties, children parties that you may like to consider .


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Beck, CEI's Horner denounced Gore's work as "science fiction," spread global warming misinformation
On the April 5 edition of his CNN Headline News program, Glenn Beck joined Chris Horner, counsel for the energy industry-funded Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI), in denouncing former Vice President Al Gore's award-winning documentary, An Inconvenient Truth (Paramount Classics, 2006), with Horner saying the film is "pure science fiction." As evidence, Beck cited a New York Times article on global warming -- which, as Media Matters for America has repeatedly noted, includes misleading characterizations, a false comparison, and misrepresentations of Gore's statements. Horner also claimed that, "in about a year, it'll be almost 10 years since we've experienced any warming" -- an argument contradicted by NASA surface temperature analyses. He also asserted that Gore "has been saying, for nigh on five years, that we've got 10 years to live," a statement that Gore does not appear to have ever made.
In introducing the segment, Beck stated: "Even The New York Times has said that Al Gore is writing checks that his research couldn't cash. Usually, the only thing you find about Al Gore in The New York Times -- love letters." Horner later echoed Beck's claim, saying: "It took The New York Times about 15 months to pick up on the fact that his movie was pure science fiction before they found some scientists who were willing to say this." But as Media Matters noted, the March 13 Times article to which Horner and Beck were presumably referring included several misrepresentations of Gore's position, including making a false comparison to suggest that Gore exaggerated a potential rise in sea levels.
Additionally, the article's author, New York Times science writer William J. Broad, identified Donald J. Easterbrook as a "rank-and-file" scientist who opposes Gore's views, when, in fact Easterbrook, in a presentation at the Geological Society of America's 2006 annual meeting, suggested that "global warming since 1900 could well have happened without any effect of CO2" and predicted global cooling between 2065 and 2100. Moreover, Media Matters has documented that scientists who were identified as skeptics in the article -- Richard Lindzen, Bjørn Lomborg, Roy Spencer, and Benny J. Peiser -- all have made statements questioning global warming that have either been debunked or discredited by the scientific community, which Broad did not report. The Broad article echoes the anti-Gore myths perpetuated by the Times that -- as Media Matters senior fellow Eric Boehlert has noted -- affected the outcome of the 2000 election.
During the segment, Horner also claimed that "it'll be almost 10 years since we've experienced any warming," and that "it hasn't warmed since 1998." In fact, as Media Matters has noted, according to NASA, 1998 was a particularly warm year because "a strong El Nino, a warm water event in the eastern Pacific Ocean, added warmth to global temperatures." Despite the temperature spike that occurred in 1998, the Climatic Research Unit's Global Temperature Record and a surface temperature analysis of 2006 by the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) show a general warming trend since 1970. Moreover, a February 2007 NASA Earth Observatory news release states, "By the early 1980s, temperatures surpassed those of the 1940s and, despite ups and downs from year to year, they continued rising beyond the year 2000."
A graph on NASA's website illustrates the "global mean land-ocean temperature index" from 1880 to 2006:
During the show, Horner also stated that Gore "has been saying, for nigh on five years, that we've got 10 years to live, so, pretty soon ... those chickens are going to come home to roost." In fact, Gore has asserted that, according to "leading scientists," such as NASA's James Hansen, the climate may be reaching "a point of no return" within the next 10 years. On the December 5, 2006, edition of The Oprah Winfrey Show, Gore said: "Some of the leading scientists are now saying we may have as little as 10 years before we cross a kind of point of no return, beyond which it's much more difficult to save the habitability of the planet in the future." Media Matters could find no evidence that Gore has ever said that "we've got 10 years to live."
From the April 5 edition of CNN Headline News' Glenn Beck:
BECK: Because both sides now know you're full of bullcrap!
Those on the left who do agree with the perceived immediate dangers of global warming think you're a hypocrite. Not only does your palatial mansion use more electricity in a month than the average American home does in a year, but the meat-eater that he is also contributes to cattle emissions, which are infinitely worse than driving a fully loaded Hummer.
Now, that's not my opinion; no, that's the opinion of those crazy conservatives at the U.N.
Now, those on the right have long believed that, you know, something's going on with the Earth's climate, but it's impossible to deny that so much of Al Gore's science is unsubstantiated and his doomsday language is wide -- it's just out of control and counterproductive.
Even The New York Times has said that Al Gore is writing checks that his research couldn't cash. Usually, the only thing you find about Al Gore in The New York Times -- love letters.
Al, the world's onto you. Your self-promotional, politically motivated science fiction -- I say, forget, you know, the diet, grow the beard back, invite your old friends, Ben and Jerry, over for a little reunion. The jig seems to be up!
Chris Horner, he is the author of The Politically Incorrect Guide to Global Warming (and Environmentalism). Chris --
HORNER: Yes.
BECK: -- aren't you absolutely shocked that the mainstream media didn't pick up a story about protesters at Al Gore's speech from the left?
HORNER: Well, wait a second. It took The New York Times about 15 months to pick up on the fact that his movie was pure science fiction before they found some scientists who were willing to say this, so I expect in another year or so, they'll figure out that maybe it's worth reporting, because we'll figure out -- in about a year, it'll be almost 10 years since we've experienced any warming, Glenn. You have to remember that it hasn't warmed since 1998.
Maybe, on that anniversary -- that they will notice that, in fact, some college students jeered him. And the reason that's odd is -- you're noting that, yes, he does tend to now speak only before reliably left-wing audiences, sure, but typically elites.
College students may come from the elite strain, but they aren't yet there.
BECK: Right.
HORNER: They haven't figured out that his agenda is really about other people. They realize they'd like to create wealth, and he's going to make it quite difficult for them.
BECK: Let me go to -- let me go -- 'cause you said, you know, it's been 10 years, almost 10 years -- it's been nine now since we've experienced any warming in the globe. Let me go -- let me show you that we seem to have collective Alzheimer's. From The Washington Post -- "Greenhouse Doomsday" : "The year is 2035. Phoenix is in its third week of temperatures over 130 degrees. ... Holland is under water. Bangladesh has ceased to exist. ... (This) is not science fiction; it's based on current projections."
At what point do the projections start to catch up on them?
HORNER: Well, when they assign years to them -- I believe that article assigned 2035, so, back then, it was a long time in the future. Right now -- remember, Al Gore has been saying, for nigh on five years, that we've got 10 years to live, so, pretty soon, you know, those chickens are going to come home to roost.
BECK: I don't know if you saw this, but in USA Today, I think it was yesterday, the lead story in the Life section was, scientists say it's too late. It's too late to turn this around. I thought --
HORNER: Right.
BECK: -- "Well, I should go buy the Hummer then."
HORNER: Well, that's when the schism's part starts in the movement because, at that point, the funding drives up. What's the point? Remember, Glenn, we spent $5 billion with a "b" researching this that's purportedly settled, and now it's too late. Why don't we spend the money productively to help with adaptation, which is how societies -- successful societies have always dealt with something that they always face: climate change.
BECK: Chris, thank you. I want to leave you with one quick quote here. It is from Discover magazine: "[W]e have to offer up some scary scenarios, make simplified dramatic statements and little mention of any doubts one might have." Discover magazine, 1989. Seems like the playbook.
That's "The Real Story" tonight, and in the spirit of equal time, I want to give Al Gore a chance to respond, and I mean this sincerely. Here it is.
[begin video clip]
AL GORE IMPERSONATOR: I want to talk to you today about global warming. We all know the dangers it presents, so I'm not going to try and scare you. I'm just going to present you with the facts.
Here's fact No. 1: If you don't act soon, the Earth will suffer many, many explosions! Bombs! Deaths! It's going to be hell on Earth! Your skin is going to bubble! You're going to burn alive, and you're going to be dead -- dead! So dead you won't even believe how dead you are!
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: This message brought to you by the Committee to Keep Al Gore's Ongoing 2012 Presidential Campaign Secret.


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¿Reconoces a una estrella porno en este vídeo? Ayúdanos a que las estrellas porno sean más fáciles de encontrar en YouPorn diciéndonos quién está en este vídeo.
Ayúdanos: ¿Estas estrellas porno aparecen en este vídeo?
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You guys have like the best porn vids ever. :o)
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When we have the great pleasure of seeing your new exciting and sensual vid? Jessica let loose with your original erotic fantasy and sexy lingerie, this time to welcome a close-up .... there in your lovely pink little hole smaller. See you soon, my friends.
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Looking like a cross between the Twitter iPad app and the iPad's new-but-not-so-great Music app, this pic might just show Spotify's first iPad app. Like the Panasonic GF5 camera, it was leaked on Instragram — the latest rumour-mill, evidently.
It looks pretty fancy that's for sure, with what appears to be side-sliding panes just like those found on the official Twitter app for the iPad. Spotify-loving iPad owners have been crying out for a native app for a while now, and we can only hope it's a better experience than the "new and improved" iPad Music app. We've heard for some time that the Spotify iPad app was being "planned", but it could be here sooner rather than later if the streaming service really is testing this beta version. The Aussie launch is expected any day now. [The Verge]
Our newest offspring Gizmodo UK is gobbling up the news in a different timezone, so check them out if you need another Giz fix.


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The reviewed monograph is the product of a symposium held in 2009 at the Trinity College in Cambridge and consists of an editorial introduction and thirteen individual analyses, compiled with the aim of shedding light on various aspects of trans-Atlantic connections in the 1820s. In order to critically assess this collective work, I want to subject three aspects to scrutiny: first, the theoretical concepts and units of analysis presented as framework; second, the scholarly, intellectual, and narrative qualities of the articles; and third the coherence of the contributions in view of the framework.
In their introduction, which serves as theoretical pivot of the volume, the editors present the studied decade as a comparatively understudied period which is, nonetheless, of considerable importance to central questions of historical investigation, namely the idea of a paradigmatic shift from "colony" to "informal empire". Traditionally, the 1820s tend to appear as a time of rupture and broken ties between the Old World and the New, when old antagonisms are finally disentangled.In such a view, the 1820s and following decades are somewhat of a black box out of which a fully developed "age of empire" emerges. Studying the persisting, changing, and rupture of connections in the 1820s with more detail, therefore, becomes a necessity to better understand the origins of that later dominance.The editors are sceptical of the view thatinterprets the formation of the new nation states in the 1820sas the terminal point of a largely unidirectional diffusion of the "age of revolutions" back to the American continent. Instead they call for a more nuanced view of mutual influences and detect a lack of linearity of processes.
The transnational and comparative approach of the volume is not particularly novel– it is common in Atlantic history, and the vast commemorative bibliography on the bicentenaries of 1810, and 1812 is testimony to it –, butit certainly is a sterlingway to overcome the national prisms so long prevalent in the study of the formative decades of Latin American nation states. It is, thus, well suited to remedy the relative neglect the 1820s have received– not so much in the number of individual studies but in considering it as a separate unit of analysis and a fulcrum in the overall development of Atlantic history.
The intellectual quality of all contributions in the volume in itself is fine, without exception, and they are generally quite readable. When in the following I express some criticism, it is not on the individual quality, but on how much they contribute to the central statements and theoretical focus of the volume. Keeping conference-based volumes coherent is often a difficult task: the common basis of ideas often only forms at such an occasion, and some of the talks fit closer to it while others don't. Brown and Paquette apparently tried to remedy this issue by drafting their introduction first, then handing it out to the authors so they could adjust focus and arguments in that light – at leastI interpret this from the references to the introduction in several texts.
The first thematic contribution of the volume by Brian Hamnettis a panorama of the main political and economic developments in Latin America in the turbulent 1820s. It does not get to the core of the volume, but it does serve as a convenient second, less theoretic background for the other contributions. In several of the articles, however, the relevance to the guiding questions and objects of study of the volume remains somewhat unclear: Josep Fradera's article about the limitations and inner contradictions of Spanish liberalism on colonial policy, for example,is more focused on the relation with the remaining Spanish colonies and the 1820s have no prominent place in it, so it fails to contribute much to the discussion about persistence and change of connections around political rupture nor helps to establish the 1820s as way-point in Atlantic history. Likewise, Christopher Schmidt-Nowara's contribution on Las Casas in the Abolitionist discourse in itself is most interesting, it but does not specificallyshow how the two shores of the Ocean interacted in the 1820s. Another article about slavery, by Carrie Gibson, lacks a transatlantic orientation altogether and centers on the "Haitian Specter" that functioned as a glue for loyalty of the remaining colonies. Finally, Scarlett O'Phelan gives a well-informed account of Bernardo O'Higgins's years in Peruvian exile, but ultimately it is the Pacifictale of a libertador who outlived his prime, with only some volatile reference to his Atlantic identity formed much earlier: the 1820s as epigraph to a past world.
One contributionthat only ostensibly does not fit well to the line of investigation is Jay Sexton's text on the foreign policy towards Latin America by the Monroe administration. Convincingly, the author manages to justify the presence as relevant by highlighting the political and economic connections between Latin America and Europe as a pivotal aspect to which the Monroe administration's policy reacted. Two articles take on reception processes of political thought and culture in both directions across the Atlantic: Will Fowler analyses the Spanish origins of Mexican pronunciamiento-culture, and Gabriel Paquette lines out the Brazilian influences on the Portuguese constitution of 1826 through dynastic connections and how this set into motion a chain of reaction in Portugal and Europe.
A more direct entanglement of hemispheres is presented by Maurizio Isabella about the connections between Italian liberals and Spanish America in the 1820s, illustrating a "trans-Atlantic, pan-European liberal" identity with intense personal and epistolary connections and mutual influences. Reuben Zahler's buoyant account on foreigners in 1820s-Venezuela examines the insertion or isolation of different new groups of foreigners and a growing popular xenophoby, showing both how new connections formed, yet remainedfrail and incomplete. Equally central is David Rock's study on the rise and decay of British influence, trade and interest in Riverplate under Rivadavia, a contribution that conforms very well to the conception of the 1820s a distinct period and the lack of linearity in the development of "informal empire".A thematically rather isolated, yet important contribution to the aims of the volume is that of Iona Macintyre: it shows how a specific demand for educational literature on the Spanish American book market is satisfied by British publications specifically produced and tailored to meet the demand, promoting British liberal ideas with even a Protestant touch to them – a prime example of how new political circumstances and new actors converge in new forms of Atlantic connections.
The last article, by Matthew Brown is a closing parenthesis, the effort of uniting the various contributions under a common umbrella. He ultimately infers a "slight [sic] inflection of destination" of connections towards London and Amsterdam, yet shying away from making a leap to broad assumptions of a linear shift from one dependence to a new one. Brown acknowledges the "more political and more social" scope of the contributions of the volume.
It is true: important aspects of economic ties and personal networks are absent, as well as a case study of persisting, changing or forming academic/intellectual connections. Yet, nobody can expect a monograph that searches for a fresh angle to be all encompassing; or a conference-based volume to contain a set of contributions that all equally contribute to its theoretical framework. Overall, editors and authors convincingly establish the decade of the 1820s as an important unit of study for Atlantic history, and the volume fulfils the purpose of an opener to further investigations.
Copyright (c) 2002-2020 by Clio-online, 'connections', H-Soz-Kult, and the author, all rights reserved.
connections [at] uni-leipzig.de


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Welcome at the City Partner Central Hotel Wuppertal in North Rhine-Westphalia Germany
The three star Central Hotel is located at the heart of Wuppertal downtown, only 200 meters away from the central station oft he north rhine-westphalian metropolis. The pedestrian area and the renown overhead railway can be observed within walking distance.
Even though the most important and interesting parts oft he city are within walking distance from our house, we offer you the "Wuppertal Kombi-Ticket" for free. The ticket that is included in an overnight stay at our house enables you to use the public transportation system for free. The surrounding cities of Düsseldorf and Essen as well as other parts of the Ruhr area are accessible with the ticket. So there is no need for you to look out for good offers or parking lots - your travel experience is made easy with the ticket.
After an exciting daytrip our hotel is a good place to relax in an ambient and cosy setting. We are always orientated towards our customers and their wellbeing. We ensure you a pleasant stay at our hotel: whether it is the substantial breakfast or the hints and tips by our stuff concerning cultural events and restaurants in our area - we make sure that your stay is as stress-free as possible.
The team of the City Partner Central Hotel is looking forward to your visit in Wuppertal!


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MBS' All-Terrain Longboard Wheels open up a new world for longboarders, the one just off the beaten asphalt path. Their super high rebound 100mm X 65mm treaded longboard wheels make them the perfect addition to any longboarder's quiver. Whether you're a seasoned longboarder looking for a new challenge, a beginner looking for wheels that will roll over anything, or a campus cruiser who just doesn't feel like walking when the pavement ends and grass begins, the Atom All-Terrain Longboard Wheels will get you where you want to go and turn a few heads along the way.
Note: Make sure you are aware of the size of these wheels and the amount of clearance or lack of clearance you might have before you attempt to mount on your board. You might need to add risers or cut some clearance on your deck.
- 100mm X 65mm all-terrain longboard wheels are cast with 78A super-high-rebound urethane for unparalleled speed.
- Uses 22mm O.D. Bearings.
- Set of 4 Weighs 3lbs. 7oz.
- Height: 3.75"
- Width: 2.5"
- Core Width: 20mm
We guarantee the best prices! If you find a better price, we will match it.
This excludes any special sales or discounts provided.


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An organisation of Sunni Muslim clerics in Bareilly have termed as 'haraam' the uploading of photos on the internet for matrimonial purpose and on social networking sites.
The fatwa issued by Madarsa Manzar-e-Islam of Dargah Aala Hazrat came in response to a question posed by a man from Kanpur. He had asked whether it was appropriate according to Islamic laws to post pictures on matrimonial and social networking sites.
Mufti Syed Mohammad Kafeel replied that this action would be considered 'haraam'. However, he said bio-data could be posted on the internet without photo.
Imam of Shahi Jama Masjid Mufti Khurshid Alam said a fatwa of Mufti Azam Hind was already available in which he has termed photos without necessity as 'haraam'. He, however, said a photo can be used for passport and other application forms wherever it is necessary.


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"I could've been HIV positive," said Mooney. "I just thank the Father that I'm not."
However, the issue is one that's near and dear to Mooney, who lost one brother to AIDS and has another that's been diagnosed with it.
In March, Prilosec OTC named Mooney the "Official Rower for a Cause," awarding him with a $4,000 grant which he will put towards preparing his rowboat for the trip. "I feel this is my destiny, to complete this mission," said Mooney, "to get as many people as possible tested for HIV/AIDS and once are tested, try to get them into care as soon as possible."
This will actually be his third attempt; the first time, his boat sank, and the second time, he couldn't generate enough electricity for his drinking water purifier.
"I'm excited; I've learned so much and there's always more to learn, but I feel much more comfortable going out again," said Mooney, who has been putting in extra workout time at the New York Sports Club in Rego Park and will start rowing in the World's Fair Marina once the weather warms up.
He is asking New Yorkers to join him for the annual AIDS Walk in Central Park on Sunday.
"Let's walk together to bring this disease to an end, and let's pray to God we can find a cure for it," said Mooney. "But until there's a cure, I'm rowing."
Mooney invites you to send him an email and submit your name as one of the 25,000 that can fit on his 17-foot rowboat, Never Give Up. Visit www.goreechallenge.com to cheer him on in the long journey ahead.
For the chance to win resources to pursue your own passion, visit www.officialsponsor.com.


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Travis Brorsen and his talented companion Presley have an amazing story to tell. After winning the 2008 CBS hit reality show "Greatest American Dog", this young actor and studio trained brindle boxer decided to hit the road. As they travel the country and entertain children (and adults) they demonstrate their incredible relationship, showing how respect, friendship and using good manners are empowering benefits to being successful.
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I was still traveling around the country when my son suggested I "get in shape" and take a trip up Aconcagua with a group he was guiding. Aconcagua is in Argentina and although it is the highest mountain in the western hemisphere, Rob does not consider it technically difficult. I never questioned his opinion; he's my son, right? I was able to rent two rooms in a house of someone I knew in Moab, Utah, and after visiting for awhile in Maine, I headed west. Along the way I visited a few places I had not seen before that I thought were exceptional.
One of these places was the Washita National Wildlife Refuge in Oklahoma, which has herds of longhorn cattle and buffalo that are allowed to range free. The other place is in New Mexico. The El Malpáis National Monument is an area of old lava flows from past volcanic action, interesting in itself. Within this Monument is a "lava cave, which was also formed as the result of volcanic action and known as a "bat cave." Watching the bats fly out at dusk one evening was one of my all-time highlights. Precisely at 7:15 the bats started flying out and it took 10 minutes for them to complete their exit. Meanwhile, I was sitting as still as possible so they wouldn't get scared and go back in the cave. The literature from the ranger station indicated it used to take the bats an hour to fly out.
I was reading some of the poetry from Songs for the Open Road, and cut out some for my journal, which seemed to express my mood at the time.
Here is The Land of Beyond by Robert Service.
Have ever you heard of the Land of Beyond
That dreams at the gates of the day?
Alluring it calls: O ye the yoke galls,
And ye of the trail overfond,
With saddle and pack, by paddle and track,
Let's go to the Land of Beyond!
And this from Emily Dickinson's Exultation is in the Going.
Exultation is in the going
Of an inland soul to sea,
Past the houses — past the headlands —
Into deep Eternity —
After passing through Colorado I reached Utah, set up housekeeping, and began making the preparations for my trip in South America. I would love to describe more about Colorado and Utah, but they need more space that I can allow here. I flew out of LAX December 13.
Mendoza was a big town, and busy, with a lot of people, except during the noon siesta. There was much noise and traffic. The cars are small, and they are driven fast, right on each other's bumper; they do not stop for pedestrians. There are many trees, along the streets and in the many parks and plazas. Water comes from the Andes Mountains first in big sluiceways, and then it is diverted throughout the city by a pipe system. At the plaza near the Hotel Nutibara, there was an art museum, and place for music concerts. Vendors spread their wares along the paths on the ground;most of it looked handmade. The streets are interesting to walk down. Many of the restaurants have tables and chairs outside and they were usually crowded.
The trip up the mountain was to be 20 days and I was amazed by the amount of planning involved. The first thing Rob and his assistant Max did was to plan all meals, and then the portions of food needed for those meals. All meals were furnished; even snacks, and they were good. I had brought some things with me that Rob had asked for. To give an example, one of the items he wanted was powdered coconut milk.
After all meals were planned, we went shopping. Cabs were plentiful and we could go anywhere for $5.00. All the food was then spread out in the hallway of the hotel as Rob and Max packed them in crates. Each piece of food was individually wrapped. There were 25 tomatoes; I don't know how many eggs were individually wrapped. Each crate was then labeled with each item that was in it. It was quite an interesting scene as other quests were coming and going. One time Rob carried a man's suitcase down the hall for him, as he was afraid the man would walk over the wrapped tomatoes and peppers.
We needed to secure the proper gear for me. I was looking at ice axes, crampons, down pants, still brain dead. Rob thought I could do it. Why I agreed with him is beyond me. Aconcagua is 22,974 feet high and is the highest peak in South America. After securing the necessary permits, weighing the crates for the mules, getting to the trailhead, and loading the mules, we set off.
We reached our camp by 5:00 the first evening. I was very tired, even after a slow rest step, which Max showed me. Some of the clients helped by getting water, I rested while the guides did the cooking. They had a very large Mountain Hardware Tent set up for that purpose. We dined well and elegantly. The meal consisted of soup, salad, chicken, and rice. Wine flowed, thanks to the mules. I was on kitchen cleanup duty.
The scenery all along the way was spectacular. There were rock fields, talus slopes, glaciers, and rocks of all sizes strewn everywhere. The snow-covered mountains in the distance look very close, as there is no smog to interfere with the view. There was a wide ford of a glacial River. Our group was small enough that we rode the mules across one deep part of the meandering, braided river. It was up to the thighs of those who walked across. It was kind of scary at first. My feet didn't reach the stirrups of the mules, and there is no pommel on the saddle to hold on to. Their gait is very rough. "Hold the saddle and lean back," I was told.
We had to climb a long way up and across a scree slope. It was difficult to get footing, and to keep it. Later that day we came to the "Penitentes." They are an unusual formation of snow caused by the sun melting the snow during the day and then it freezing during the night. From a distance, it looks like forms that are on their knees praying, or in a "penitent" position. The Penitentes are very attractive but difficult to walk through. I had on the crampons but it was constant stepping up and then down to get through and around them. As we climbed we could see the valley surrounded by the mountains with the talus slopes, which softened the edges to the U-shaped valley floor.
By the fourth day I was still hanging in there, but barely. La la land was having some cracks. The mules were no longer with us. Rob continually checked everyone's oxygen by sticking something on our fingers, which tells him the oxygen content of our blood. We were still all okay. The guides, on a little backpacker stove in a small tent that they shared, did all the cooking. The food was still very good and nutritious but no more wine without the mules. Everything now had to be carried on someone's back.
The seventh day was Christmas and I was very tired. That morning I started off with Max but within 10 minutes knew I was too tired to climb any more. I was done. Rob didn't question my decision to stop and made the arrangements for me to meet the Arrieros (mule handlers) and return with them to the trailhead. Max would go with me until we met the mules. I was neither despondent nor depressed. I had had seven days in the Andes and now would have the further adventure of riding with the Arrieros, then meet the owner of the guiding company and visit in Chile. What was there not to be happy about?
So why do I love mules? Some of the terrain coming out was scary at best. The mules go down the steep scree slope with no problem. They are very surefooted. One time I was amused to see them show some independence. They wanted a break and the Arrieros said no. So loaded with packs, they stopped and rolled on their backs (sort of), then got up and proceeded on again. It was a two-day trip out. I had never been so sore (you know where) in my life. But the two Arrieros were very hospitable to me and I treasured that part of my adventure also. I also treasured the mules for carrying me safely, if not comfortably.
On January 20 I was back in Utah.


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Do you watch seasoned swimmers with envy as they glide effortlessly through the water?
Are you still scarred by swimming lessons you had as a kid, where the instructor made sure to kill all the fun you could have because learning how to swim had to be boring and hard?
Or did you take swimming lessons as an adult, only to find out that you could hardly swim any better after weeks, months or even years of instruction?
Well, it doesn't have to be this way! Learning to swim should be an enjoyable experience.
On this website, you will learn that by practicing progressive swimming exercises with the proper mindset, you can quickly learn each swimming stroke, step by step and while having fun!
Learn How To Swim
This section of the website features swimming exercises to either learn how to swim if you are a beginner, or to improve your swimming technique if you already have a degree of proficiency in one or several swim strokes.
First of all, if you are a beginner, you can start with our basic swimming techniques to get accustomed to being in the water and learn how to stay afloat.
After this, you can learn each popular stroke one step at a time using progressive swimming drills.
Using this approach, struggle is avoided and you can have fun while learning the following swimming strokes:
Learn to Swim Front Crawl
Front Crawl Drills: This sequence of swimming drills let you first practice the flutter kick, then floating on your chest, on your back, and on your sides.
Afterward, dynamic balance is practiced, which lets you float while rolling through different positions. Finally, the arm movements are added.
Learn to Swim Breaststroke
Breaststroke Drills: This sequence of swimming drills lets you practice the arm stroke and leg kick individually, first on dry land and then in the water using flotation devices.
Then both techniques are progressively integrated until you can swim breaststroke.
Learn to Swim Butterfly
Butterfly Stroke Drills: This sequence of swimming drills first lets you practice the body undulation and dolphin kick, which are prerequisites for an efficient butterfly.
Once those techniques have been mastered, adding the arm movements is straightforward and you will be quickly able to swim the butterfly.
Learn to Swim Backstroke
Backstroke Drills: This sequence of swimming drill lets you practice the flutter kick, static balance and dynamic balance. The focus, however, is to practice those techniques while floating on your back and on your sides.
Afterward, arm movements are added up to the point where you can swim backstroke.
Learn Sidestroke
Sidestroke Drills: This sequence of swimming drills lets you first practice the arm movements and scissor kick individually on dry land.
Thereafter those techniques are practiced individually in the water using flotation devices. Finally, you will combine both techniques and swim the full side stroke.
Fine-Tuning Your Technique
Fine-tuning your swimming technique: Learning each swim stroke should keep you busy for quite some time. Once you have achieved this, here are a few additional articles that will allow you to fine-tune your technique.
Swimming Strokes Overview
This section of the website gives an overview of the most popular swimming strokes in use today, then describes the swimming technique for each stroke in more detail.
Typically you'll be interested in this information once you have become proficient in a swim stroke and want to know the correct movements of each swim stroke in more detail. We cover the following strokes:
Front Crawl
Front Crawl Overview and Technique: Also known as front crawl, this is the fastest and most efficient of all swim strokes.
Because of this, it is the favorite swim stroke of many fitness swimmers and triathletes.
Breaststroke Overview and Technique: This is often the first of the competitive swim strokes taught to beginners.
The advantage of the breaststroke is that in the beginning the head can be kept out of the water, which avoids breathing issues.
Butterfly Stroke
Butterfly Stroke Overview and Technique: This is the second fastest and most exhausting of all swim strokes.
However, swimming a few lengths of butterfly is a lot of fun because its movements are unlike any other stroke.
Also, when you swim butterfly, you always get a lot of attention, because it is such a spectacular stroke.
Backstroke Overview and Technique: This is the sole competitive swim stroke swum on the back. Slower than butterfly but faster than breaststroke, it is often prescribed by doctors to patients that suffer from back pain.
Additional Swimming Resources
This section covers additional swimming information that will be of interest to improvement-minded swimmers.
Swimming Equipment
Swimming Equipment, Gear and Accessories: So you want to take up swimming and are unsure which gear and accessories you should get?
Well, have no fear! This section provides tips, tricks, and reviews to help you choose your swimming equipment.
Swimming Tips
Swimming tips: We also cover various tips about breathing technique, teaching yourself how to swim, etc.
Health and Safety
Swimming Information for Health and Safety: Swimming is an excellent sport that can be practiced at any age. It has a lot of benefits for the mind and the body.
Nevertheless, there are certain issues to be aware of so that you can avoid injury and enjoy swimming for the rest of your life! These issues are covered here.
Other Resources
Swimming Resources: Gives an overview of interesting swimming resources located on this and on other websites.
Swimming Articles
Swimming Articles: Various swimming articles about topics not covered elsewhere on the site: Overcoming fear of water, swimming pool etiquette and rules, keeping swimming fun, etc…


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Speaking at the Academy Awards is always nerve-wracking. The television cameras beaming to the billions of people watching, Hollywood's A-list right in front of you. Live television.
To add to the pressure, whenever Molly Ringwald walks out on the Oscar stage she locks eyes with the greatest actress of our generation.
"For some reason every time I have presented at the Academy Awards I see Meryl Streep," Ringwald told Popcorn Biz. "That's where my eye sort of automatically connects to. She's always been there, every single time."
Now a star mother on "The Secret Life of the American Teenager" Ringwald was off set the day Bristol Palin, the daughter of former vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin, shot her scenes for the show. But Ringwald says she wasn't going to miss out on the opportunity to pay tribute to the Hughes legend at the Oscars.
She made her name in Hughes' "Breakfast Club" and "Pretty in Pink." Further, the Academy tribute was a chance to remember a film legacy in front of Hughes family in the audience and die-hard fans watching around the world.
"Of course I jumped at the chance," says Ringwald. "To see him recognized by the Academy in that way -- they acknowledged he's had this huge impact not just on film but on the world in general."
Check out Popcorn Biz's video to hear Ringwald discuss her plans to restart her movie career now that she has moved to Los Angeles as well as writing about turning 40 in her new book "Getting the Pretty Back" (released on April 27).


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Michael Schachter has found that one advantage of starting his own law firm three years ago is that he can more easily dictate his fashion choices. That includes forgoing the trial attorney's usual button-down suit and tie.
"I don't wear a tie, ever," says Schachter, 35. As a transactional attorney for his two-person shop, Pearson and Schachter, he mostly works in his office. If he meets with clients, he'll emulate their level of formality. "And most of my clients don't wear ties."
The look: He goes for slacks that are slim fit, sophisticated. "I like to wear modern-style clothing. For colors, I like charcoal and blue. I have about 50 different blue shirts — about every shade of blue you can imagine." He's also a fan of Theory suits: "Every time I try something on from there, it feels like it was made just for me."
Inspiration: He says his very stylish girlfriend always looks out for new trends. "She'll see a pair of sunglasses in a movie, and find out where to buy them for me."
Favorite pieces: "My Ferragamo belt. It's reversible: one side is black, the other side is brown. And I was able to find Ferragamo shoes the same color. They are real comfortable and durable, and I don't like wearing shoes with laces."
— Martha Ross, Staff
Do your co-workers have style? If you'd like you or your office to be featured, email email@example.com with "office couture" in the subject line.