text:
"I didn't do bad boys but he was an exception." All...
The Bully | C.H.3402717075
- by overcalumed
- Rating:
- Published: 2 Nov 2014
- Updated: 12 Jan 2015
- Status: In Progress
One summer,One summer was all he needed to trick her into believing he liked her.
All Rights Reserved © OverCalumed 2014
All Rights Reserved © OverCalumed 2014
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[7 Posts]
Joined: 05 Jun 2012
Posts: 1935
Location: Wisconsin USA
Posted: Tue 12 Jun 2012, 09:19
Post subject:
Cute Puppy Linux
Subject description: 5.2.60 in progress
Hello I want to create my own puppy, but I want it to be:
-based off of Ubuntu 12.04 (x86)
-have the latest kernel
-and to have package suggestions from the community.
Currently in it
EDIT: I renamed this. I also am working on it. Also there is a retro version in progress.
Last edited by bark_bark_bark on Thu 28 Jun 2012, 08:32; edited 2 times in total
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Joined: 22 Jan 2011
Posts: 815
Location: Toronto
Posted: Tue 12 Jun 2012, 12:31
Post subject:
You can try remastering Upup Precise, which uses Ubuntu Precise Pangolin packages as the base.
I will probably switch over to using it at some point for my main pup, as it has a newer gcc compiler and newer libs. I just don't feel like remastering it to suit my tastes yet, since it's not completed.
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Joined: 23 May 2010
Posts: 2549
Location: near here
Posted: Tue 12 Jun 2012, 13:23
Post subject:
hello bark bark bark
You can build from the ground up if that is your desire, see Woof
I'll probably be helpful to test Precise Puppy Beta2 and give feedback
what are the goals for your derivative?
helping Wiki for help
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Joined: 05 Jun 2012
Posts: 1935
Location: Wisconsin USA
Posted: Tue 12 Jun 2012, 15:27
Post subject:
I am using woof to build it. But I need ideas (Window Manger, Drivers, etc.). BTW: What is the latest Linux Kernel?
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Official Crustacean
Joined: 04 May 2005
Posts: 15578
Location: Paradox Realm
Posted: Wed 13 Jun 2012, 01:20
Post subject:
-and to have package suggestions from the community.
Thank you.
You are using Quantal Quetzal as the eventual base?
Jemimah asked this question for Saluki so that thread will give some tips.
LibreOffice and all the major browsers is a good start.
For me I would like
Blender 3D
How about something Insane [I need the company]
Can you get Unity working in Puppy?
I would also like voice recognition of some sort.
As you are using the latest kernel
Remember release early, release often (ISO image)
Good luck with Woof
We are Puppy
Kennel Power!
Puppy Raspup 8.2
Puppy Links Page
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Joined: 16 Jun 2008
Posts: 3621
Location: 500 seconds from Sol
Posted: Wed 13 Jun 2012, 10:05
Post subject: Suggestions - follow-up to Lobster
Hi bark_bark_bark,
64-Bit. FatDog is great, but being a T2 Build limits the debian and ubuntu apps it can use OOTB.
If you have the technical skill:
(a) Examine Saluki's Custom-Builder and incorporate it. Saluki separates core modules from "work apps" which are included in an "adrive." Booted without "adrive" Saluki is, essentially, barebones. Custome-Builder enables user to easily package which apps he/she wants in adrive, thereby creating a personalized version of Puppy, or swapping out one adrive for another, specialized versions. Custom-Builder performs dependency checks during its build process, and downloads missing libs, etc.or at least warns of the need for manual download.
(b) Lobster mentioned "Voice Recognition." As far as I know, currently the only way to obtain voice-recognition "in Linux" is to run Dragon Naturally Speaking 10/10.5 (Standard or Preferred) in Wine, under Ubuntu or a Ubuntu derivative. I have not tested Pangolin as Ubuntu, itself, has never supported my wifi. But I've tested many distros and Ubuntu derivatives. Only the Ubuntu derivatives Zorin and Pinguy were able to run DNS 10. So obtaining Voice Recognition in Puppy may require an examination of how Pangolin differs from Zorin/Pinguy and its modification to include their differences. Additionally, as DNS 10 will need at least 2 Gigs of hard-drive, Puppy would probably have to be able to function as a Full Install. (Alternative: figure out how Voice Recognition is achieved under Android/Iphone).
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Joined: 14 Oct 2005
Posts: 6730
Location: Earth
Posted: Wed 13 Jun 2012, 11:55
Post subject:
Hi @bark_bark_bark AND Weccome to the Community (althought I am not an official greeter)
I saw this post for suggestions of a build.
I have about xxx years in the business and & with PUPs as a testor. I have used many Linux distros over the past 20 years beginning with an ATT derivative. As well as constantly working in a Multi-Vendor LAN environment with the many customers I have helped over the years. I ahv seen a lot of users in my day.
Puppy is and was an original replica of the Knoppix idea but on a much smaller scale because Barry lives in Australia and had only dial-up when he started. Problem: dial up and 650MB download. You see the problem. So he set out to produce a smaller derivative which would match dial up user download needs.
Along the way, others joined in and began offering and contributing many smaller version (and retooled versions) of useful ackages.
This is one of the several primary reasons PUPPY adopted an artificial size of 128MB as its ceiling for the Puppy distro.
As the movement progressed, Barry focused more and more on the building tools for those who would build a Puppy which match their personal views of desktop needs for users.
Over the years since starting, DSL speeds have become ubiquedous and now, much of the world (including cell internet users) enjoy much greater speeds to accomodate the larger downloads we all enjoy.
And, without an ensuing debate from many ni this community who would engage, RAM has grown considerably while running PUPs RAM use has changed little over the past 2 years.
Thus, the artificial ceiling of 128MB has been "loosely" abandoned over the past 3 years.
To me, the current "Ultimately Powerful Puppy" (before you,of course) is LightHouse64. The author became ill and his illness may have taken him from us iin the last few months. He was a very talented and gifted member of this community who paved the way for much of what is done in Puppyland. And, he will be missed.
The reason I vote for LightHouse64 being the current owner of that title in this community is that he personally decided to design a system that had great functionality and would all the distro to handle all types of LAN technologies, the selection of "mainstream" office products, much multimedia availability, use of Microsoft products on the distro and accomdating VM. For a single individual, this contribution is so phenomenal, its inconcievable in my view. That was greatest!!! And, like Wilt Chamberland scoring 100 points in a professional basketball game, his accomplishment may never be achieve by the rest of us mortals. One man so much.
The NUMBER 1 reason for LH64 being the prime candidate is that the packaging allows full use of desktop subsystems and user services that trememdously reduces any need to go back to the internet to add services beyond what is included on the CD. This is a tremendous plus for any, I repeat, any user at any level.
Further, he starts (like the PUPs we are seeing today) users off with a single screen localization. This carries tremendous power to the desktop user, for he gets an initial feeling of control and understanding when he first boots his distro.
Lastly, understanding that Games, xPads, multimedia and new LAN devices all talk to MS/Apple, and are the industry directions, he nisured that LH64 OOTB would also have the same ability to share with those systems as he included SAMBA, a 20 year old Linux subsystem that contains the ability to interact with those systems.
As you can see, he built a "Guiding Light" (aka LightHouse) to show all of us how to produce a RAM based Linux distro that is lightnng fast, fits in 2006+ PCs, and is full-featured.
Recently in last month, 01Micko has produced another distro that is an upcoming "high and mighty" system as it is progressing along a different path and yet has all the makings of taking on the likes of that title as well. HIs 32bit product "FATSlacko" has much of the Linux "stuff" without all the bells and whistles. It too, is an OOTB solutions that does NOT require the user to go to the well in an effort to round-out his running system.
So, I hope this helps you (I see you just joined this community) as it gives you an understanding of what one might consider to be a "Ultimately Powerful Puppy".
Thus, LH64 (Mariner version) and FATSlacko might be 2 offerings that I can provide you for how you may choose to proceed to help the community.
Here to help.
Get ACTIVE Create Circles; Do those good things which benefit people's needs!
We are all related ... Its time to show that we know this!
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In some books on category theory (for example, in J.Adámek, H.Herrlich, E.Strecker "Abstract and concrete categories...") the authors use the idea of "big sets" ("conglomerates" or "collections") which can contain classes (as far as I understand, in the Goedel-Bernays sense) as elements, and they formulate the "generalized axiom of choice", where it is stated that the choice function exists (not only for families or classes of sets, but also) for families of classes (indexed by elements of those "big sets"). This approach allows to prove, in particular, the existence of a skeleton in each category, and some other useful things.
This generalization of the axiom of choice is also mentioned In Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_global_choice (as the "strong form of the axiom of global choice").
I wonder if there are any texts with the justification of this trick? The references I found (in particular, those mentioned in Wikipedia) give justification only for usual axiom of choice (for families of sets or for classes of sets, but not for "conglomerates of classes"). So actually I can't understand whether, for example, the existence of a skeleton, is true for all categories (in some interpretation of set theory) or for some special ones... Similarly the other corollaries of this "global axiom of choice" look doubtful for me. I would be grateful if anybody could clarify this.
From the comments I see that there is a risk of misunderstanding, so I want to explain that by justification I mean an accurate (rigorous) definition of the new tool together with the analysis of whether it is compatible with the other tools of the theory.
As an illustration, in the case of the usual axiom of choice (I mean its "weak form", in terms of Wikipedia), there are many textbooks (I can recommend E.Mendelson "Introduction to mathematical logic" or J.Kelly "General topology", the appendix), where the fundamental objects of the theory (in this case, the classes) are accurately introduced (here, axiomatically) and the necessary constructions (like functions) are rigorously defined in the theory. This makes possible to give rigorous formulation to the axiom of choice (again, to its "weak form") inside the theory, and moreover, this presentation of a new axiom is followed by a thorough investigation of whether it contradicts to the previous axioms of the theory. Only after receiving the answer that no contradictions can appear (in fact, a more strong thing is true: the new axiom is independent from the others, that was the result by P.Cohen) mathematicians can use this new axiom without worrying that something is wrong here.
So my question is whether there is something similar for the "strong form of the axiom of choice"? Is it possible that nothing lies behind these words? On the contrary, if there is a justification, where can I read about it?
Dear colleagues, from what I learn on this subject in the textbooks which I found, in Wikipedia and here in MO, I deduce that what people call "axiom of global choice" is just the usual axiom of choice (as it is presented in Kelly's book) applied to some special classes of sets arising in consideration of what is called the Grothendieck Universe. It's a puzzle for me
1) why people call this special case "a stronger form of the axiom of choice", and
2) why they don't want to give references, where this construction is accurately introduced.
With the aim to accelerate the clarification of this question, I now nominated for deletion the article in Wikipedia devoted to his topic: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Axiom_of_global_choice. As I wrote there, I don't exclude that the partisans of the idea will rewrite the article in Wikipedia for endowing "global choice" with some mathematical sense, but you should agree that in its present form this article and the other mentionings of "global choice" available for external observers, look indecently vague. I invite all comers to share their opinion here or at the Wikipedia page.


text:
Preparing for
a 12-day space shuttle mission or a six-month space station expedition
requires incredibly detailed planning. If you forget to bring something
with you, or you schedule two tasks for the same time period that
require the same piece of equipment, you're going to have problems.
Hundreds of
people work together before and during a mission to ensure that
everything happens when it's supposed to happen and that everyone
gets what they need out of the mission.
and Projects
Control Center
Placed atop each console are initials or abbreviated names for each
console's function. Each console also has a "call sign," the name
the controller uses when talking to other controllers over the various
telephone communication circuits. In some cases, console names or
initials are the same as the call signs.
Mason is a timeline change officer in the Payload
Operations Center at Marshall Space Flight Center in
Huntsville, Ala.
More People of Planning
Ask the MCC Archives
During shuttle missions, flight controllers in the Mission Control
Center, Houston, responded to questions submitted
via the Internet.
Dynamics FacilityAmong
the many space flight support functions of the Flight Dynamics Facility
at Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., is the essential
job of generating the data used to point ground-based and space-based
tracking and communications antennas at spacecraft, including the
space shuttle and the International Space Station. This pointing
data makes it possible to send commands and receive telemetry, science
data and television broadcasts from space. It also provides voice
communication between the Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas,
and the astronauts.
Integration Planning
More than five years of planning can go into the development of
an International Space Station science experiment. NASA's payload
integration experts take into account the resource requirements
of each experiment and find the most efficient way to incorporate
it into the station's systems and the crew's timeline.
Shuttle Reference ManualThis technical
guide provides in-depth information of the Shuttle program.
the People
Curator: Kim Dismukes | Responsible NASA Official: Amiko Kauderer | Updated: 07/01/2009
Privacy Policy and Important Notices


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L. L. Bean
95 Main Street
Freeport, ME 04032
Telephone: 207-373-2700
This is it - this is the original L.L. Bean store in Freeport, Maine. In 1917, we opened our first retail location right here on Main Street. Nearly a century later, over three million people visit us in Freeport each year. L.L. Bean is worth a visit from anywhere, and we invite you to make L.L. Bean a part of your Maine adventure.
Operating Season
Open All Year


text:
It's been two weeks since I arrived back home from Orlando and the Club Industry East show, but thoughts of Florida are never far away.
Today, I interviewed Geoff Dyer, CEO and founder of Lifestyle Family Fitness, which is based in St. Petersburg, FL. Although Lifestyle has several clubs in Florida, the company has recently branched out to North Carolina and Ohio.
The neat thing about our interview was that it will be our first podcast, provided that nothing went screwy in the recording process. We hope to make the podcast "live" in the next few weeks and add more podcasts in the future. Today, I considered myself part writer, part radio DJ. I wouldn't mind the nickname "Disco Stu," but a character on "The Simpsons" already has that moniker.
Speaking of Orlando, it looks like I'm headed back down there at the end of November/first of December for the Athletic Business Conference and Expo. This time, I'll be at the Orange County Convention Center, not at anyplace with the name "Disney" attached. I guess there's more to Orlando than just Disney.
The neat part about this trip will be listening to the keynote speaker, columnist Rick Reilly of Sports Illustrated. Rick has narrowly beaten me out for several national sportswriter of the year awards over the years, and his column on the back page of SI is must-read material.
Some folks, like Willie Nelson, have Georgia on their mind. Me? It's the Sunshine State.


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The State of Maryland operates numerous welcome centers and rest areas at major gateways and strategic locations within the state. The major facilities are located on Interstate and Primary highways and provide modern restroom facilities, travel information, vending machines, picnic facilities and telephones.
TTY/TTD Telephone available at each facility.
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text:
The Lebanese Recipes Kitchen (The home of delicious Lebanese Recipes and Middle Eastern food recipes) invites you to try Easy Chicken Kebabs Recipe. Enjoy quick and easy Middle Eastern food recipes and learn how to make Easy Chicken Kebabs.
Try this tasty family recipe that the kids will love – you can even get them to help you make it! With the chicken providing a good source of protein, and the valuable addition of an array of vegetables, this can provide a healthy meal that is suitable on both a summer or winter's evening. Serve the kebabs with salad in the summer, and rice or potato in the winter for a more warming dish.
4 chicken breasts, cut into 1 inch cubes
Red peppers
Wooden skewers
For the marinade:
7 tablespoons each of: olive oil, ketchup and sweet chilli dipping sauce
4 tablespoons each of: honey, white wine vinegar
Pinch of salt and pepper
This is one of those easy recipes for kids that will keep the whole family happy.
Combine all of the marinade ingredients together in a bowl. Stir the chicken into the marinade until its all good and covered, put clingfilm over the top of the bowl to cover, and place in the fridge for one hour.
Thread the chicken and the vegetables on the wooden skewers, alternating chicken and vegetables. Tip: soak wooden skewers in water for 20 minutes to stop them from burning in the oven.Lightly oil a baking tray and place kebabs on tray and cook in a preheated panggangan at 220°C for approximately 20 minutes.Serve two skewers per person, and some form of potato side dish, such as potato chips
This is a great dish to make with the children. Get little fingers busy and helping you…cut up the vegetables and chicken and place on separate plates, then gather the children around the table and hold a threading competition to see who is the quickest at threading the chicken/vegetables onto the skewer, or who can get the most amount of vegetables/chicken onto their skewer!
Source: www.foodhealthinfo.com
Save and share Easy Chicken Kebabs Recipe
Want to share this recipe with your family and friends? Click the button below to send them an email or save this to your favorite social network.


text:
- A P90X® Restaurant Guide
- Last Call to Get In Shape for Swimsuit Season!
- Nutrition 911, Part XIV: Energy Drinks – Do They Really Give You Wings?
- Test Your Lazy Invention IQ!
One half of knowing what you want is knowing what you must give up before you get it.
A P90X® Restaurant GuideBy Denis Faye
You're working late at the office. It's time for dinner, but there's a problem. You're in the middle of your P90X program, and a big, greasy restaurant meal will throw your precision diet into complete chaos.
"But wait," you think, "aren't there restaurant meals listed in the back of the handy dandy P90X Nutrition Plan?" Yes, but you open it up and . . . d'oh! It's all fast food! You're with a client and you don't want to slum it!
Relax. You'll be fine. I'll talk you through this difficult situation.
The first thing you need to do is use common sense. Here's a quick list of things that'll help you survive any restaurant.
- Go for the chicken or fish.
- Avoid fried food.
- Unless it's veggies, salad, or fruit, skip the side dish.
- Pasta? Avoid cream sauces and just eat half your portion.
- No bread, except if you're having a sandwich. And get whole wheat.
- Ask for the salad dressing on the side and use it sparingly.
If you do this, you'll probably find yourself with a remarkably stripped-down meal that'll be easy to judge. Here's how to do that.
- Piece of meat = 2 protein portions.
- Side of veggies or salad = 1 veggie portion per side dish.
- Salad dressing can count as 1 condiment portion if you limit the serving to 2 tablespoons.
- If you ignored my extra side dish advice, count that as 1 carb portion.
- If there's any kind of sauce or marinade on your meat, add 1 condiment portion.
- Add 1 fat portion. Restaurants are notorious for sneaking fat and sodium into food. That's why it tastes so good.
- In the event that you are 100 percent, categorically certain that there's no hidden fat in your meal, skip step 5 and add 1 condiment portion, simply because I don't trust those restaurant guys. I'm certain they snuck something in there. Trust me. I'm paranoid so that you don't have to be.
So, for example, let's take Denny's Grilled Tilapia. Here's how they describe it on the menu: a mild, white fish filet seasoned and grilled, then placed on a bed of savory vegetable rice pilaf. Served with your choice of two sides and dinner bread.
We have our fish, so that's 2 protein portions. The vegetable rice pilaf is 1 carb portion and 1 veggie portion. The corn and tomato slices are 1 veggie portion each. Let's call that 1 carb portion and 1 veggie portion. There doesn't seem to be a lot of fat going on here, so we'll skip the fat portion. However, the pilaf is savory, which implies a sauce, so let's add 1 condiment portion.
Here's where we end up.
Fit Fare Grilled Tilapia with Rice Pilaf, Corn, and Tomato Slices
3 veggie portions
2 protein portions
1 carb portion
1 condiment portion
- Calories: 600
- Protein: 58 g
- Carbs: 66 g
- Fat Total: 11 g
Simple, huh?
Of course, don't limit yourself to major chain restaurants. In fact, they usually cater to the lowest common denominator, so you'll probably have better luck finding healthier food at an independent restaurant specializing in fresh fare for more selective customers.
Unfortunately, I haven't spent much time in your neighborhood, so I don't really know much about your local joints. I do, however, have access to quite a bit of information about several national chains, thanks to the Internet. Here are a few examples to get you started. You'll note the nutrition information under the portion information. Many restaurants provide that on request. Don't be afraid to ask.
Grilled Salmon with Garlic and Herbs (no sides)
1 fat portion
2 protein portions
1 veggie portion
0.5 carb portion
2 condiment portions
- Calories: 380
- Protein: 40 g
- Carbs: 1 g
- Fat Total: 25 g
Fajita Pita Chicken
1 fat portion
1 protein portion
1 veggie portion
0.5 carb portion
- Calories: 455
- Protein: 31 g
- Carbs: 52 g
- Fat Total: 13 g
Guiltless Black Bean Burger
1 protein portion
2 carb portions
2 condiment portions
- Calories: 609
- Protein: 37 g
- Carbs: 91 g
- Fat Total: 11 g
Guiltless Grilled Salmon
1 fat portion
2 protein portions
2 condiment portions
- Calories: 395
- Protein: 51 g
- Carbs: 8 g
- Fat Total: 20 g
Veggie-Cheese Omelet with Eggbeaters (no sides)
1 fat portion
1 veggie portion
1.5 protein portions
1 condiment portion
- Calories: 410
- Protein: 39 g
- Carbs: 11 g
- Fat Total: 22 g
Grilled Chicken Salad Deluxe
1 veggie portion
1.5 protein portions
1 condiment portion
- Calories: 290
- Protein: 36 g
- Carbs: 15 g
- Fat Total: 10 g
Vegetable Beef Soup
1 veggie portion
0.5 protein portion
1 condiment portion
- Calories: 140
- Protein: 7 g
- Carbs: 17 g
- Fat Total: 5 g
Olive Garden
Pasta e Fagioli
0.5 protein portion
0.5 carb portion
- Calories: 130
- Protein: 7 g
- Carbs: 19 g
- Fat Total: 2.5 g
Linguine Alla Marinara (dinner)
1 protein portion
1 carb portion
2 veggie portions
1 condiment portion
- Calories: 430
- Protein: 18 g
- Carbs: 76 g
- Fat Total: 6 g
Venetian Apricot Chicken (dinner)
2 protein portions
1 fruit portion
1 condiment portion
- Calories: 360
- Protein: 58 g
- Carbs: 32 g
- Fat Total: 4 g
Red Lobster
Chilled Jumbo Shrimp Cocktail
1 protein portion
1 condiment portion
- Calories: 120
- Protein: 19 g
- Carbs: 9 g
- Fat Total: 1 g
Manhattan Clam Chowder (Cup)
1 veggie portion
- Calories: 80
- Protein: 6 g
- Carbs: 12 g
- Fat Total: 1 g
Sources: Nutritional information from Chili's, Denny's, Olive Garden's, and Red Lobster's Web sites.
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"7 Tips for Fast Food Survival"
"8 Horrible, Disgusting, and Just Plain Scary Foods"
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Nutrition 911, Part XIV: Energy Drinks – Do They Really Give You Wings?By Steve Edwards
Energy drinks have taken over the soft drink market in a caffeine-fueled frenzy. By listening to the ad campaigns, you'd be sure that this has everything to do with your health. Now instead of leaving the convenience store with a gut bomb, you can grab a Monster can of Adrenaline that promises to Redline your performance until you're partying like a Rockstar. But do energy drinks really give you wings? Or are you more likely to experience a fleeting glimpse of euphoria, only to come crashing down like Icarus? This week, we take a deeper look at energy drinks, 911 style.
Since Red Bull entered the U.S. market in 1997, energy drinks have been chipping away at the soft drink and bottled water companies' stranglehold. According to an article in The New York Times, energy drinks have now surpassed bottled water as the fastest growing category of beverages. This isn't to say that they're hurting the soda companies, because pretty much everyone now makes an energy drink, from Hansen's to Steven Seagal. Despite a slew of drinks with far more provocative names such as Who's Your Daddy?®, Cocaine™, Jones Whoopass™, and Beaver Buzz™, the industry leader is still Red Bull, with sales over $3 billion last year.
The where and why?
Energy drinks have been around for decades, particularly in Asia and mainly in Japan. They weren't soft drinks like they are today. Instead, they were small vials of liquid promising to increase performance. These vials were usually filled with caffeine, many herbs containing caffeine, and some vitamins. Their target audience was businessmen, to aid their long work schedules.
Red Bull took its name and certain ingredients from a Thai supplement. It was watered down and sugar was added so that it could be consumed as a soft drink, targeting the under-30 crowd. And voilà, a new market was formed. Pretty much everyone has jumped on the bandwagon. The more consumer-friendly varieties tend to be larger and resemble soft drinks, but there are still some aimed at more "sports-specific" audiences like bodybuilders and ravers. These will often come in a smaller package resembling the vials that you get overseas, which are probably more suitable for those who want to feel as though they're doing something illegal.
The what?
So what's in the stuff that makes it so special and, even more importantly, is it special? The ingredients vary, but there is one constant: caffeine. No matter what any energy drink professes, its secret ingredient is caffeine. Many contain various forms of caffeine like guarana, yerba maté, and tea, but caffeine is the business they're in. Everything else is a side dish.
As an example, let's take a closer look at Red Bull's active ingredients.
- Sucrose and glucose. Like most soft drinks, the number one ingredient by far is sugar (check out "6 Foods with Hidden Sugar" in the Related Articles section below). This is where all of the calories in a Red Bull come from. Sugar provides an instant energy rush, but its effects are anything but energizing after only a few minutes. A study conducted at the Sleep Research Centre at Loughborough University in the United Kingdom proved exactly the opposite of this instant energy-rush effect. The study showed that a high-sugar and low-caffeine energy drink would promote sleepiness, not energy.
"Energy drinks are a misnomer," reported Lona Sandon, an assistant professor of clinical nutrition at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, to HealthDay News. "Sure, they provide energy in the form of calories, usually from some form of a simple sugar, but simple sugars are digested, absorbed, and metabolized very quickly, so the energy they contain doesn't last long."
Sugar, however, does speed the other ingredients into your system quicker. That's the point. Let's have a look at them to see what they do.
- Sodium citrate. A food additive or preservative, usually added because of its tart flavor. But it's also alkaline and inhibits blood clotting. Because it's an effective buffering agent, it may help you utilize other nutrients better. A British study in 2003 also showed that it improved running times. However, in this study, the amount used was 37 grams. Since a Red Bull's only measurable ingredient is 27 grams of sugar (not counting the water), it's unlikely that the amount of sodium citrate will add any noticeable velocity to your wing speed.
- Taurine. Originally came from bull bile, which is where Red Bull got its name. Now it's synthesized, and of all the ingredients in a Red Bull, it's the least understood. While it's associated with many benefits—and some dangers—virtually nothing is proven other than it is essential for your cat's health. In the energy drink world, some studies showing that it could reduce muscle fatigue are the most promising. But studies have concluded that it is not an energy enhancer.
- Glucuronolactone. A naturally occurring chemical compound produced by glucose metabolism in the liver. Because it was once rumored (now disproved) to be linked with brain tumors during the Vietnam era, it was not a popular ingredient, until Red Bull used it because of its reputation for improving memory retention and concentration. Years later, there is still no conclusive proof, but it's become a popular ingredient in energy drinks across the board.
- Caffeine. Now here's the business. Caffeine is a plant alkaloid found in over 60 species of plants, including guarana, kola nut, maté, tea, and, of course, coffee. Over 19,000 studies have been done on caffeine and most of them have been positive—the truly dangerous conclusions drawn by some studies have yet to be proven. The upside is so well known that there's no need to go into it. Caffeine is now arguably more popular than ever, and it's estimated that 90 percent of American adults consume it in some form. But this is nothing new; it's been used as a stimulant for as long as we've been recording history (and perhaps it's even the cause of us recording history).
Caffeine is not without its downside. Too much can make you jittery, anxious, unable to sleep, and even paranoid. It increases the production of stomach acid and can lead to an assortment of ailments. It's also addicting. And those who drink caffeine daily will suffer withdrawal symptoms if they can't get it. It has a toxic dosage, but it's so high that death by caffeine is highly unlikely, if not altogether impossible, unless it's consumed in its pure form. It is worth noting that over a certain amount (the average being around 400 milligrams, or 3 or 4 cups of coffee), caffeine intoxication may occur, which is an unpleasant condition that may include heart palpitations, irritability, anxiousness, and insomnia. We discussed this back in "Nutrition 911, Part XI: Coffee, Tea, and Caffeine" (see the Related Articles section below).
- Inositol. I'm only going to go into this ingredient enough to show why many ingredients are added to supplements and drinks—only for show. As a supplement, inositol has some promising science behind it, but you would need to drink approximately 350 Red Bulls—enough to kill you from caffeine intoxication—to get the dosage used in the studies. It merely sounds important. Many "teas" and other convenience-store elixirs also tout important-sounding ingredients on the label, but they only contain trace amounts of those ingredients.
How much?
We refer to both the amount of ingredients and the cost of such ingredients. Energy drinks are expensive, and given the amount you get of each ingredient, you'd better really like the way they taste. If not, you're being ripped off.
Let's start with sugar. First off, sugar is not performance enhancing, so paying extra for it makes little sense. If you want sugar, buy something that tastes good. Many energy drinks are also made with artificial sweeteners, which are exactly the same low-grade additives that you can get in a can of Big K® diet soda for 25 cents.
Caffeine is cheap, as is coffee, and the average cup of coffee has three times more caffeine than the average energy drink. There are whole Web sites set up to help you do the math on this. One such site, Energyfiend.com, lists the milligrams of caffeine per ounce contained in each energy drink. The more commercial brands like Rockstar and Red Bull have far fewer milligrams than some of the more esoteric brands. But nothing beats a good old cup o' joe, except the 1-ounce caffeine shots.
While the above-listed ingredients are the flagship ingredients of promotion, they aren't added in amounts that are effective. If you like the science behind taurine or inositol, you're better off buying it in bulk and then drinking plain coffee or tea.
So will they give me wings?
While there is little doubt you will gain a burst of energy from these drinks, it's unlikely to be sustained energy. Furthermore, the type of rush you get will be followed with a crash that will make you crave more. Because these have very little nutritional value, chances are that consuming more than a couple will leave you feeling edgy or downright irritable.
Energy drinks may have a place in your diet, but with proper fueling and regular exercise, you are unlikely to need them regularly. We tend to be low on energy because we make poor food choices, sleep too little, exercise too little, and stress too much. No drug can offset this behavior except during the short term. Energy drinks should be nothing but an emergency solution.
And when you want to party like a Rockstar?
Energy drinks are popularly used as cocktail mixers. Bars commonly promote such concoctions and energy drink companies often sponsor social gatherings. While mixing stimulants and depressants has been common among the partying sect for a long time, that doesn't make it safe. A 2006 study found a possible link between energy drinks and seizures, and research shows that combining heavy stimulants with heavy depressants could lead to heart failure. Remember that all rock stars don't make it through their partying years.
How to best enhance your energy
Your lifestyle has more to do with your energy level than anything else. Energy drinks should be reserved for the occasional pick-me-up or for sports performance. Consistent and intense exercise keeps your hormones working in balance and your body on an even keel. A proper diet with plenty of fiber, protein, vitamins, and good fatty acids that's supported by plenty of fresh water will give you long-term, sustained energy. Finally, getting ample sleep helps you recover from the stress and breakdown of everyday life. This is your real Pimp Juice if you want to keep your Diesel engine going Full Throttle all day, even if you've got to catch a Red Eye.
Next time, we'll wrap up the beverage portion of class by looking at everyone's favorite elixir, alcohol.
Sources: Lovett, R. (24 September 2005). "Coffee: The demon drink?". New Scientist (2518).; Escohotado, A. and Symington, K. (May 1999). A Brief History of Drugs: From the Stone Age to the Stoned Age. Park Street Press. ISBN 0-89281-826-3.; Warskulat, U., et al. (2004). "Taurine transporter knockout depletes muscle taurine levels and results in severe skeletal muscle impairment but leaves cardiac function uncompromised". FASEB J.: 03-0496fje. DOI:10.1096/fj.03-0496fje.; Oopik, V., et al. 2003; 37: 485-489.; Caffeine-related disorders. Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders. Retrieved on 2006-08-14.; Kamijo Y., et al. (1999 Dec). "Severe rhabdomyolysis following massive ingestion of oolong tea: caffeine intoxication with coexisting hyponatremia". Veterinary and Human Toxicology 41 (6): 381-3. PMID 10592946.; Kerrigan S. and Lindsey T. (2005). "Fatal caffeine overdose: two case reports". Forensic Sci Int 153 (1): 67-9.; Chung S.S. and Iyadurai S.J.P. (2006). "New-onset seizures in adults: Possible association with consumption of popular energy drinks". Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Science Direct. Received 28 December 2006; revised 25 January 2007; accepted 26 January 2007; Available online 8 March 2007.
Related Articles
"6 Foods with Hidden Sugar"
"Nutrition 911, Part XIII: Juice, Juicing, and Fruit – The Differences"
"Nutrition 911, Part XII: Jumbo Juices and Crappuccinos"
"Nutrition 911, Part XI: Coffee, Tea, and Caffeine"
"Nutrition 911, Part VII: Sugar vs. Fat: Which Is Worse?"
"Nutrition 911, Part II: What to Eat"
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Test Your Lazy Invention IQ!By DeLane McDuffie
Creativity is a good thing. Human ingenuity has given us great inventions like the lightbulb, automobile, and telephone. But sometimes, those who don't use the power of creativity for the forces of good can cross over into the realm of slackers and just plain stupidity. Any able-bodied person should know better. We at the National Organization against Languid Action, Zzzzzz, and Yawning (NOLAZY) need your help. Fight the good fight, and match the lazy contraption with its function/characteristic—hopefully, they will inspire you to get up and move around.
- Extendable forks – Eat like a giant. In case your 6-inch fork wasn't long enough to reach your plate that's about 4 inches away, you'll be happy to know that there are 25- and 30-inch forks out there that you can use to reach your neighbor's plate. We can understand why you need one to dig way down in those big ol' jars, but for everyday use, it just doesn't make much sense. You'll need a forklift to lift your fork. If the giant would've had a fork like this, he would've caught Jack before he slid down that beanstalk.
- Electric scissors – Cut through the bull. Yeah! You're big. You're strong. You're tired of moving your hands unnecessarily. Why not let a pair of cordless power scissors do the work for you? Now you can show those Sunday morning newspaper coupons who's boss! That old credit card's talking trash to you again? You know what to do.
- Packaged, peeled, hardboiled eggs – Grade-A laziness. I saw this in the grocery store one day and almost dropped my carton of eggs. Stunning! Removing the shell and boiling an egg aren't really hard to do. If this keeps up, soon baby chicks will be delivered to chickens, and they won't have to hatch them.
- The Hawaii Chair – Twist into shape. This is real. I'm not making this up. Once upon a time, there was a chair that was supposed to keep you slim and trim by simulating the hula dance's twisting motion—all while you were sitting down! Go YouTube® the infomercial. I can't see how eating or even working at your desk could even be possible. It looks like a cross between a medieval torture device and a time machine. Also, anything that advises you to "take the 'work' out of your workout" is probably not going to get you ripped. As the infomercial says, "If you can sit, you can get fit."
- Motorized ice cream cone – Be cooler than your friends. Quite possibly the laziest invention in recorded human history, all a person has to do is stick out his or her tongue. It's official. Because your tongue has just been laid off from its job, you have managed to achieve zero muscle activity. Nice! You might as well be asleep. Some people think that electric toothbrushes are unnecessary, but at least they have a hygienic purpose. The purpose of a motorized ice cream cone? Hmm...I'll let you know when I figure one out.
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My spouse got an iPhone 4 recently and we want to use the old iPhone 3GS as an iPod for the daughter. They switched him over at the AT&T store so I don't know if the old phone has a SIM card in it or not right this minute (not at home).
The WIFI works fine. On the top left of the screen where it would show bars and "AT&T", it displays NO SERVICE.
The issue is this: the battery drains over night when it is asleep. I have charged it the last few days and the next time the kid wants it, the battery is dead. The iphone was only 1 year old so the battery shouldn't be fading.
Is the phone searching for service and draining the battery even when asleep?
I have disabled the location services and made sure push notifications are set to manual or disabled.
Any thoughts?
Thanks in advance.


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Posted: Sat Apr 22, 2006 7:48 pm
Post subject: J-Hook Scan by RickyWayne
J-Hook Scan:
Find stocks in an uptrend short term or long term, but most important to me is that the 20sma is above the 50sma. To thin out my list and really get an up trend I also want the 50sma above the 200sma.The PCF for that would be (AVGC20 >= AVGC50) AND (AVGC50 >= AVGC200) Now keeping in mind that a J-Hook is nothing more than a pull back in an uptrend and you could use the 20, 30, 40, 50sma or any sma as the trigger for your buy point. So to do that for my 20sma J-hook / pull back trigger point I use a PCF that I call PB20&P. The PCF for that would be (C <= AVGC5.5) OR (C <= AVGC9) AND (C >= AVGC20). Now I also use a Volume PCF . (AVGV90 >= 2000)
I also only trade the Nazdaq. As far as the price of the stock goes just use what you are comfortable with.
Now add all this to an easy scan and there you go. The scan is not magic so you will need to flip thru your charts and pick the very best ones. That takes me about 15 min each night. Some things I look for is if the stock is in a good uptrend with a nice orderly pull back to the 20sma or the moving average of your choice. You want the pull back to be organized no big gaps, no big jerks just a simple orderly pull back.
Some things you might add to your easy scan is a Stoch (STOC8.2 <= 30) or try using (RSI2.3 <= 30) this is not absolute, play with the numbers to find what works for you.
My style of trading is to buy in the belly of the J-Hook and sell some in the leg up. I make my decision to buy the stock by listening to what the candles are saying in the belly and the fact that the 20 is holding and there is an uptrend.
Make changes to the PCFs, tweek them have fun and let me know if you come up with a better idea.
Good Luck
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Joined: 17 Oct 2005
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Location: Portland, OR
Posted: Sun Apr 23, 2006 6:04 pm
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Just a question to clarify your PB20&P PCF you have three terms in the PCF (C <= AVGC5.5) OR (C <= AVGC9) AND (C >= AVGC20). When using OR and AND to combine terms it's good to include the parens to expliciting convey your intent.
For simplification lets call these terms A, B & C. The way you have it stated, since you have not parens to make it explicit the logic is
A or (B and C) - meaning you either want the close to be <= the average close 5-10 days ago OR you want the close to be between the 9 day average and the 20 day average.
If you meant for your formula to be (A OR B) AND C, ie the close always has to be above the 20 average and either less than the average 5-10 days ago or less than the average over the last 9 days.
Which way to did you intend?
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Digicel gives you different ways to manage your plan. If you would like to opt out of a plan, you can choose your preferred method below:
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American Racism As Prelude To Terrorism
I am not as afraid of an attack from a foreign country as I am of an attack by domestic terrorists. Ignoring these trends by holding onto the belief that the American people are somehow beyond this type of behavior is ignoring reality. There are more Timothy McVeigh's out there plotting and planning
[The United States]
"I think an overwhelming portion of the intensely demonstrated animosity toward President Barack Obama is based on the fact that he is a Black man."
These words were spoken by former president Jimmy Carter in September of 2009 during an interview with NBC's Brian Williams.
Both Republicans and Democrats responded predictably. Newt Gingrich called Carter's comments "very destructive." Republican Party Chairman Michael Steele referred to Carter's comments as "an outrage." Democrats and the White House distanced themselves from Carter's comments.
What's referred to as the mainstream media has always had trouble dealing honestly with issues involving race and racism. Sensing White America's historical weariness at being held accountable for this country's racist history, mainstream media usually handles issues of racism by either minimizing them or attributing them to individual ignorance. Rarely do they provide analysis or historical context. They don't want to use the "R" word to describe a racist act, person or event as racist.
Even Bill Maher, the unapologetically liberal and outspoken host of HBO's Real Time was at a loss for words when his guest, African American comedian Wanda Sykes said that she felt that much of the anti-Obama sentiment had racist roots. The discomfort caused by her comment was palpable.
Admitting that there is a certain segment of the population that is racist and taking an in-depth look into how that population impacts our social and political landscape calls for more introspection and analysis than NBC, ABC and CBS News care to demonstrate. They seem to want to be in denial that there is a growing segment of the population that is racist, scary and prone to violence, the foundation for acts of domestic terrorism.
Since the election of President Obama and the introduction of healthcare reform, we've been exposed to angry, gun-toting citizens at town hall meetings and the so-called Tea Party. The anger generated by these groups over the healthcare reform discussion always appeared to me to be "over the top." At the beginning, I thought they were victims of lies and propaganda spread by their representatives in Congress and the Senate. However, a closer look reveals that these are people who are just angry. They are angry over the election, they say things like, "I want my country back" and they are scared. The Republicans are feeding off of this fear and are attempting to use it as a way to regain majority control of the House and Senate.
The irony is that many of the angry town hall attendees and Tea Party members will benefit from the President's policies. The "Tea" in Tea party is an acronym for "Taxed Enough Already." I wonder if any Tea Party members earning under $250K recognize that they are already getting tax cuts. President Obama's tax proposals offer broad-based relief to middle-class families as well as tax cuts. Also, how many of these same folks have a relative that has been denied treatment based on pre-existing conditions, or have themselves been denied? These people don't care about policy. They care about opposing this president.
I am not as afraid of an attack from a foreign country as I am of an attack by domestic terrorists. Ignoring these trends by holding onto the belief that the American people are somehow beyond this type of behavior is ignoring reality. There are more Timothy McVeigh's out there plotting and planning on the best way show their disdain for the federal government and in particular, the Obama administration.
In February of this year Andrew Joseph Stack III, furious with the federal government, flew his small plane into an IRS building in Austin, Texas. The Boston Globe reported that death threats against President Obama are "unprecedented" and are up 400% from that of his predecessor. The Southern Poverty Law Center has stated that the number of White supremacist militia groups has spiked 35%.
Instead of ignoring or under reporting issues of racism and the activity of fringe elements in this country, we need the so-called main stream media to call them out, provide analysis and help us connect the dots. We don't need cheerleaders as much as we do awareness.
We all want to believe that America and our fellow Americans are decent people. We want to believe that the racial divisions of the past are behind us. The election of Barack Obama is proof of the progress that has been made. However, Obama's election should not make us turn a blind eye towards the growing racist sentiment that is pervading political debate and legitimate philosophical differences between parties.
Fast forward to Saturday, March 21, 2010.
Members of the Tea Party staged a demonstration at the Capitol to protest healthcare reform. Protestors spotted African American Congressmen John Lewis and Emanuel Cleaver walking from the Cannon office to the Capitol. Below is Lewis' and Cleaver's account of what happened as they encountered the protestors:
Lewis said he was leaving the Cannon office building to walk to the Capitol to vote when protesters shouted "Kill the bill, kill the bill," Lewis said.
"I said 'I'm for the bill, I support the bill, I'm voting for the bill'," Lewis said.
A colleague who was accompanying Lewis said people in the crowd responded by saying "Kill the bill, then the n-word."
"It surprised me that people are so mean and we can't engage in a civil dialogue and debate," Lewis said.
Rep. Emanuel Cleaver, D-Mo., said he was a few yards behind Lewis and distinctly heard "nigger."
"It was a chorus," Cleaver said. "In a way, I feel sorry for those people who are doing this nasty stuff - they're being whipped up. I decided I wouldn't be angry with any of them."
Congressman Cleaver also reported that a protestor spat on him. The protestor was arrested by Capitol Hill police, but Cleaver refused to press charges.
Congressman Barney Franks who is openly gay was also taunted with shouts of "Fag" by some protestors.
I hope the video and audio of this event is played on every news channel throughout the country and abroad. We need the mainstream media to rub the perpetrator's faces in this and expose them for what they are. We do not need to be protected from ourselves.
"Speaking Truth To Empower."
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This is my first castle I ever drew. When I think of castles I think about King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. Castles are magical because lots of old stories always had a castle being described in them. One of my favorite movies Warlock had a couple of cool castles, so did Lord of The Rings. Anyways I hope you like it. Be gentle when voting since it is my first one.
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What are AREDS and AREDS2?
The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) was designed to determine if daily intake of certain vitamins and minerals could reduce the risk of cataract and advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The study included a placebo-controlled trial, launched in 1992, to evaluate a combination of vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and zinc–known as the AREDS formulation. In 2001, the investigators reported that the AREDS formulation reduced the risk of advanced AMD by about 25 percent over a five-year period. There was no effect on cataract. After completion of the AREDS trial, all participants were given the option to receive the AREDS formulation as part of a five-year follow-up study.
In 2006, the investigators began a separate clinical trial called AREDS2. The primary goal was to determine if adding omega-3 fatty acids or the antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthin to the original AREDS formulation would make it more effective for reducing the risk of advanced AMD or cataract. In prior observational studies, increased dietary intake of some or all of these nutrients had been linked to a reduced risk of advanced AMD and cataract. The omega-3 fatty acids tested in AREDS2 were docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and its precursor eicosapentanoic acid (EPA). There were four main treatment arms to the trial: (1) control/AREDS formulation only, (2) lutein/zeaxanthin added to the formulation, (3) DHA/EPA added, (4) lutein/zeaxanthin and DHA/EPA added.
A secondary goal of the AREDS2 trial was to determine if changing beta-carotene and zinc levels in the original AREDS formulation would affect the risk of advanced AMD. The investigators tested the effects of eliminating beta-carotene, which some studies have shown may increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers. Only participants who were non-smokers or formers smokers were eligible to receive beta-carotene in AREDS2. The investigators also tried lowering the dose of zinc. In the original AREDS study, the dose was set high because a previous small trial had found that high-dose zinc was beneficial for AMD. However, some nutritionists were concerned the dose was too high.
What are the latest results?
AREDS and AMD
After the original trial ended, the investigators followed the AREDS participants for an additional five years. By the end of this 10-year period, about 70 percent of participants were taking the AREDS formulation. The investigators found that participants who had been assigned to the AREDS formulation in the original trial were 25-30 percent less likely to develop advanced AMD than those who had originally been assigned to placebo. Among participants at the highest risk for AMD, 34 percent who had taken the AREDS formulation in the trial progressed to advanced AMD, compared to 44 percent who had taken the placebo.
AREDS2 and AMD
In the AREDS2 trial, adding DHA/EPA or lutein/zeaxanthin to the original AREDS formulation (containing beta-carotene) had no additional overall effect on the risk of advanced AMD. However, trial participants who took AREDS containing lutein/zeaxanthin and no beta-carotene had a slight reduction in the risk of advanced AMD, compared to those who took AREDS with beta-carotene. Also, for a subgroup of participants with very low levels of lutein/zeaxanthin in their diet, adding these supplements to the AREDS formulation helped lower their risk of advanced AMD. Finally, former smokers who took AREDS with beta-carotene had a higher incidence of lung cancer. The investigators found no significant changes in the effectiveness of the formulation when they removed beta-carotene or lowered zinc.
AREDS2 and cataract
Neither omega-3 fatty acids nor lutein/zeaxanthin, when added to the original AREDS formulation, had any overall effect on the need for cataract surgery. However, when the participants were ranked into five equal-sized groups according to their dietary lutein/zeaxanthin intake, supplementation with lutein/zeaxanthin appeared to make a difference for the group with the lowest dietary levels. Within that group, lutein/zeaxanthin was associated with a 32 percent reduction in progression to cataract surgery.
What are the implications for preventing advanced AMD?
The AREDS formulation is the only treatment known to reduce the risk of advanced AMD. The AREDS follow-up study found that taking the AREDS formulation has a persistent benefit for reducing the risk of advanced AMD.
Despite prior evidence that dietary intake of the omega-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA seem to play important roles in visual health, taking them as supplements did not reduce the risk of advanced AMD in the AREDS2 trial. Lutein/zeaxanthin also had no overall effect on the risk of advanced AMD. However, there may be benefits to substituting lutein/zeaxanthin for beta-carotene in the original AREDS formulation, especially for current and former smokers, and for people who do not eat enough green leafy vegetables. Because these benefits are based on subgroup analyses, they should be interpreted with caution.
How common are cataract and AMD?
AMD and cataract are major causes of visual disability in the United States. It is estimated that 24.4 million Americans over age 40 have cataracts, or have had surgery to treat them. About 2 million people in the U.S. age 50 and over have vision loss caused by advanced AMD. About four times as many people have an intermediate stage of AMD, with or without vision loss.
What is AMD?
AMD involves damage to the macula, a region of the retina that is packed with light-sensing cells called photoreceptors. The macula is important for central, high-resolution vision that is needed for tasks such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces. People with AMD lose this sharp vision and eventually may become blind.
The causes of AMD are not fully understood, but it is associated with several risk factors besides aging. It has a genetic component, often runs in families, and is most common among people of European descent. Variation in specific genes has been shown to increase the risk of developing AMD. Other risk factors for AMD include high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, obesity, smoking, and a diet high in fats and low in green leafy vegetables and fish.
What is cataract?
A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye, most commonly associated with aging. Cataract can be treated by surgically removing the cloudy lens and replacing it with an artificial lens. Each year, the cost of outpatient, inpatient and prescription drug services related to cataract treatment totals about $6.8 billion in the U.S.
What are lutein and zeaxanthin?
Lutein and zeaxanthin, along with beta-carotene, belong to a family of organic pigments known as carotenoids. Carotenoids are made by plants and are especially enriched in green leafy vegetables. They can be stored in animal tissues and are found at relatively low levels in animal food products. Beta-carotene is an orange pigment. In the body, it is used to make Vitamin A, which is required by the retina to detect light and convert it into electrical signals. Lutein and zeaxanthin are yellow pigments and are responsible for the yellow color of corn, marigolds, egg yolks, and animal fat. Lutein/zeaxanthin are also found in the human retina and lens, where they may act as natural antioxidants and help absorb damaging, high-energy blue and ultraviolet light.
What are omega-3 fatty acids?
Omega-3 fatty acids are made by marine algae and are enriched in fish oils; they are believed to be responsible for the health benefits associated with regularly eating fish, including lower rates of cardiovascular disease. The AREDS2 study focused on the omega-3 fatty acids DHA and its precursor EPA. DHA is needed for the integrity of retinal cells, and has been shown to promote retinal development and repair in prior studies.
How is AMD diagnosed and what are its stages?
AMD diagnosis and staging depend largely on changes within the eye that can only be seen during an eye exam. These may include pigmentary changes in the retina and the presence of drusen, which are yellow deposits under the retina that contain cholesterol and cellular debris. Most people develop some very small drusen as a normal part of aging. Researchers and clinicians generally recognize three stages of AMD.
- Early AMD is characterized by the development of medium-sized drusen about 63-125 microns across, close to the width of an average human hair. Early AMD does not cause vision loss.
- Intermediate AMD is characterized by large drusen (bigger than 125 microns) along with pigmentary changes in the retina. Intermediate AMD usually causes little or no vision loss.
- In addition to drusen, advanced AMD is characterized by either:
- A gradual breakdown of the central retinal area, called dry AMD or geographic atrophy.
- Abnormal and fragile blood vessels under the retina that can leak blood and damage the retina, called wet or neovascular AMD.
There are treatments to slow vision loss from neovascular AMD, including drugs that inhibit a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). When injected into the eye, these drugs can reduce the growth of abnormal blood vessels. As reported in 2001, the AREDS formulation does not benefit people who have early AMD, or no AMD. It can slow the progression of intermediate AMD to advanced AMD.
What were the subgroup effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on advanced AMD?
In the AREDS2 trial, lutein/zeaxanthin appeared to have some benefits for reducing the risk of developing advanced AMD in two subgroups: participants with low levels of these two antioxidants in their diets and participants taking AREDS without beta-carotene.
In a subgroup analysis, participants were ranked into five equal-sized groups according to their dietary lutein/zeaxanthin levels (measured through blood analysis and the Harvard semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire). Within the group that had the lowest dietary levels of lutein/zeaxanthin, those who received lutein/zeaxanthin supplements had a 26 percent reduced risk of developing advanced AMD compared with those who did not receive the supplements. Within the other groups, there were no significant differences in developing advanced AMD between participants who received the lutein/zeaxanthin supplements and those who did not. The investigators noted that overall, AREDS2 participants tended to have higher dietary levels of lutein/zeaxanthin and other nutrients compared with the general population.
Lutein/zeaxanthin vs. beta-carotene
Because lutein, zeaxanthin and beta-carotene are all carotenoids, they compete with each other for absorption in the body. This could explain, in part, why lutein/zeaxanthin had no overall effect. Among the participants taking the original AREDS formulation, the beta-carotene within it would have been expected to limit absorption of lutein/zeaxanthin. This was confirmed by blood analysis. When beta-carotene was removed from the formulation, the researchers found evidence that lutein/zeaxanthin can slow progression to advanced AMD. Compared with participants who took AREDS containing beta-carotene (no lutein/zeaxanthin), those who took AREDS containing lutein/zeaxanthin (no beta-carotene) had an 18 percent lower risk of progressing to advanced AMD.
What were the subgroup effects of beta-carotene on cancer risk?
About 50 percent of the participants in AREDS2 were former smokers, and another seven percent were smokers at the time of the study. Since prior studies have linked beta-carotene to increased lung cancer risk among smokers, current smokers or those who had quit smoking less than a year before enrollment were excluded from receiving beta-carotene. Despite this precaution, lung cancers were observed in 2 percent of participants who took AREDS containing beta-carotene, compared to 0.9 percent of participants who took AREDS without beta-carotene. Across both groups, about 91 percent of participants who developed lung cancer were former smokers.
Who conducted these studies and how were they funded?
The lead investigator was Emily Chew, M.D., who is deputy director of the Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications and deputy clinical director at the National Eye Institute (NEI), part of the National Institute of Health. AREDS and the follow-up study were conducted at 11 clinical sites. AREDS2 was conducted at 82 sites.
The AREDS study and follow-up were supported by NEI. The AREDS2 trial was supported by NEI, and by other NIH components, including the Office of Dietary Supplements, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). The supplements used in AREDS2 were provided by Alcon, Bausch and Lomb, DSM, and Pfizer.
What was the study population in the AREDS follow-up?
The original AREDS trial involved 4757 participants, age 55-80 at the time of enrollment. Of 4203 surviving participants, 3549 (about 84 percent) took part in the follow-up study.
What was the study population in AREDS2?
AREDS2 enrolled 4203 participants, age 50-85. Because the original AREDS trial established that the formulation does not benefit people with no AMD or early AMD, the AREDS2 trial was limited to people with intermediate AMD in both eyes, or intermediate AMD in one eye and advanced AMD in the other eye.
What is the original AREDS formulation?
- 500 milligrams (mg) of vitamin C
- 400 international units of vitamin E
- 15 mg beta-carotene
- 80 mg zinc as zinc oxide
- 2 mg copper as cupric oxide
What modifications were tested in AREDS2?
- 10 mg lutein and 2 mg zeaxanthin
- 350 mg DHA and 650 mg EPA
- No beta-carotene
- 25 mg zinc
How were these modifications tested in AREDS2?
All participants were offered the AREDS formulation. The overall effects of lutein/zeaxanthin and DHA/EPA were evaluated by randomly assigning (randomizing) participants to one of four treatment groups: (1) control, i.e., AREDS formulation only, (2) lutein/zeaxanthin added, (3) DHA/EPA added, (4) lutein/zeaxanthin and DHA/EPA added. The treatment status of the participants was not revealed to them or to the researchers who analyzed the data until completion of the study.
The effects of adjusting beta-carotene and zinc levels were evaluated in a secondary randomization. Participants who chose to take AREDS (all but 19) were given the option to keep taking the original formulation or be randomly assigned to receive (1) the original formulation, (2) AREDS without beta-carotene, (3) AREDS with low zinc, or (4) AREDS with low zinc and no beta-carotene. For participants who consented to the randomization, their treatment status was not revealed to them or to the researchers who analyzed the data until completion of the study.
Progression to advanced AMD was determined by retinal photographs and by treatment for neovascular AMD after study enrollment (e.g., with VEGF inhibitors). Data on cataract surgeries were collected through regular phone calls to participants and annual study visits.
Where can I get more information?
AREDS follow-up study
- Chew et al. "Long-Term Effects of Vitamins C, E, Beta-Carotene and Zinc on Age-Related Macular Degeneration." Ophthalmology, published online April 11, 2013.
AREDS2 (under embargo until May 5, 2013, 7:00 pm ET)
- AREDS2 Research Group. "Lutein/Zeaxanthin and Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial." JAMA, published online May 5, 2013.
- AREDS2 Research Group. "Lutein/Zeaxanthin for the Treatment of Age-Related Cataract." JAMA Ophthalmology, published online May 5, 2013.


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Highly experienced neurosurgeons and orthopedic spine surgeons perform all spinal surgeries at Baptist Medical Center. Use the Spine Surgeons link to meet our surgeons and see their video bios.
Learn more about NewSouth | NeuroSpine. Learn more about Mississippi Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center.
The Nurse Manager and Clinical Director of the Neurosciences Unit are registered nurses with advanced education and experience. They are responsible for the daily management of patient care, nursing and support staff activities, and the overall operating functions of the patient care units assigned to them. They focus on high quality patient care, personnel management and development, business administration of the patient care units, and facilitating collaborative relationships with physicians and other services. The Nurse Manager is located on the Neurosciences Unit and is available to speak to our patients and their families about any concerns.
The therapists at Baptist Medical Center participate in the Spine Center orientation class before surgery. The physical therapists will treat spine patients, as directed by the physician, while in the hospital. They teach our patients the appropriate exercises and how to perform those exercises properly. The physical therapist will also emphasize patient education and home exercises which enable our patients to actively participate in their rehabilitation after surgery.
An occupational therapist assesses a patient's ability to perform functional daily living activities, such as the ability to dress, prepare meals, transfer in and out of the shower or bathtub, etc. An occupational therapist may evaluate your ability to perform these activities of daily living and show you different ways to take care of yourself while following the precautions set forth by your doctor.
An anesthesiologist is a medical doctor trained to administer anesthesia and manage the medical care of patients before, during, and after surgery. A CRNA is an advanced practice registered nurse who is specially trained to perform surgical anesthesia under the supervision of an anesthesiologist. The anesthesiologist or CRNA will meet with you on the day of surgery to discuss anesthesia options and answer any questions.
The Spine Center Case Manager is available to assist patients with any needs they may have prior to discharge from the hospital. The Case Manager may interact with insurance companies or other facilities if additional care or equipment is needed.
Additionally, Baptist's clinical staff in the operating room and recovery room--for patient care immediately following surgery--consists of nurses and surgical technologists dedicated to spinal surgery patients.
After leaving recovery, patients receive care on Baptist's Neurosciences Unit. This unit is located on the 4th floor of Baptist Medical Center. Nurses and support staff who are experienced in caring for spine patients staff this unit.
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November 21, 2016
Bright new packaging and pairing suggestions are receiving "Rave reviews", says founder, Whitney Lamy.
November 2016; South Woodstock, Vermont� Vermont Farmstead Cheese Company (VFCC) and artisan cracker division Castleton Crackers, is proud to introduce newly-designed box packaging for the entire line of Castleton Crackers in more vibrant colors and compact size while retaining its artisan look. Castleton Crackers flavors have been re-named to help clarify flavors and feature pairing suggestions on the back of the box. "The line includes a NEW version of our maple cracker, SALTED MAPLE, which is receiving rave reviews", says founder, Whitney Lamy The new packaging design updates the Castleton Cracker�s signature kraft box with more color and information, while still keeping the see-through window. Better fitting tray cradles crackers more effectively for less breakage and the compact size allows for easier stocking at retail and are perfect for Holiday Gift Baskets. �Changing our packaging to a bolder color coded box makes us much more attractive to retailers. �More vibrant, sturdy packaging gives the retailer more display opportunities and the consumer a beautiful artisan box design�, says Whitney. ABOUT VERMONT FARMSTEAD CHEESE COMPANY: The Vermont Farmstead Cheese Company (www.vermontfarmstead.com), based in South Woodstock, VT, is home to a prize-winning, multi-breed herd, with an adjoining 5,500-sq. ft. production facility. The company�s creative cheesemakers employ traditional and sustainable dairy farming practices in creating a line of the highest-quality, �old-world� cheeses with distinct Vermont authenticity and style. ABOUT CASTLETON CRACKERS: Founded in 2008 by Whitney Lamy in Castleton, VT, Castleton Crackers (www.castletoncrackers.com) is an all-natural line of artisanal crackers inspired by an 1800s recipe. The wholesome, artisan-looking crackers are available in six flavors: Alehouse Cheddar, Sesame Graham, Salted Maple, Multi-Seed Rye, Rosemary, Simply Wheat. Castleton Crackers contain no trans fats or artificial colors, flavors or preservatives and GMO free. Castleton Crackers are available nationwide. In 2014, Castleton Crackers was awarded the SoFI for "Outstanding Cracker" by the Specialty Food Association.


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"Most Peace-Loving of Nations" (Part 2)
1961: Escalation of troops in Vietnam
1961: CIA involved in a plot to assassinate France's President Charles de Gaulle.
1961-64: CIA uses disgruntled Brazilian army colonels to overthrow President Koao Goulart. As a result of the ensuing coup d'etat, the new puppet regime in Brazil allows the CIA to set up a political police apparatus which ostensibly serves as the prototype for the U.S. "Office of Public Safety" (OPS), the mechanism through which death squads are created later in the decade within Latin America.
1962: Cuban Missile Crisis.
1962: The 3rd Marine Expeditionary Unit lands in Thailand to support the country "from communism."
1962-76: From October 1962 until 1976, the United States plays a role of "military support" in Laos.
1962-96: CIA launches its most sustained counterinsurgency campaign ever, lasting over thirty years, supporting the military dictatorship (including the use of torture) it installed in Guatemala after the 1954 coup. By 1994, over 200,000 would die, mostly Mayan Indians, at the hands of the dictatorship.
1963: Troops land in Haiti (again!) to protect American business interests.
1963-93: U.S. agrees to build nuclear reactors for India, allowing India to begin nuclear weapon production in 1974.
1964: U.S. provides airlift for Congolese troops during a rebellion and to transport Belgian paratroopers to rescue foreigners.
1964-85: U.S. induces a rightwing coup d'etat in the Dominican Republic. A naval force is stationed in Panama to deteran initiative by Panama to nationalize the Canal. Military forces begin to move into Thailand, begining a twenty year long counterinsurgency campaign.
1964-72: The OPS created by the CIA in Brazil is used against Uruguay. During this period,approximately 20,000 Uruguayans are murdered and/or subjected to sophisticated torture. Thousands are wrongly jailed for indefinite periods. In 1972, the CIA finally overthrows the Uruguayan government.
1964-74: CIA sponsors a series of military plots against the democratic government. In 1967, a coup d'etat finally takes place, and the government is toppled. The US manages to put a military junta led by Georges Papadaopoulis into power. Over the next seven (7) years, hundreds of Greek opposition leaders are murdered, and thousands are tortured and imprisoned by the American-led junta.
1965: CIA uses the Indonesian military to overthrow the Sukarno government in Indonesia.
1965: The U.S. fabricates the "Gulf of Tonkin" incident, using the fraudulent attack as justification to engage the North Vietnamese. This event sets off a chain of events which will evenetually lead to the death of 3.2 million Indochinese over the next ten years.
1965: 23,000 troops are used in the Dominican Republic to put down a popular revolt meant to restore democratic governance.
1965-73: Secret bombing of Laos begins. Two million tons of munitions are dropped on the tiny country by 1973.
1966: In Ghana, the CIA overthrows pan-Africanist president Kwame Nkruhama in a coup d'etat. A dictatorship is then established in Ghana with U.S. military and economic support.
1966-69: The U.S. unlawfuly and repeatedly encroaches upon North Korea with Naval vessels. As a result, in 1968, the North Koreans seize an American spy ship, the Pueblo, and intern her crew. War is narrowly averted.
1967: A combined CIA/Special Forces group in Bolivia operates with an elite Bolivian unit, destroying a guerilla unit led by Ernesto "Che" Guevara. Guevara is wounded, captured, and then executed.
1967: The United States sends three military transport aircraft with crews to provide the Congo central government with logistical support during a revolt.
1967: 4,000 troops are sent into Detroit to quell a rebellion in Detroit. MOre troops are sent later during a massive anti-Vietnam war protest.
1967-74: The Army Security Agency and other military intelligence units begin Operation Minaret, illegally surveilling the communications and activities of American citizens. Once the public finds out about it, the government shuts down Operation Minaret. But immediately thereafter, the CIA begins operations Chaos, Merimac, and Resistance-- all for the same purpose as Operation Minaret. The three programs continue until 1974.
1968: After Martin Luther King Jr's assassination, 70,000 troops are deployed nationwide to quell civil unrest.
1969: 40,000 troops are deployed to Washington D.C. during a huge protest against the Vietnam War.
1969-72: The CIA, with DoD cooperation, ushers LSD and methamphetamines into the cities. Vast amounts of heroine are also released in the African American and Latino communities.
1969-99: U.S. enters into a thirty (30) year agreement with Argentina to build nuclear plants in Argentina, resulting in Argentina attaining nuclear weapons production capability in 1985.
1970-71: The CIA arms rightwing insurgents in Costa Rica to bring about a coup d'etat of the liberal democratic government.
1971: U.S. and South Vietnamese forces invade Laos.
1972-2002: U.S. enters into a thirty (30) year agreement with Taiwan to build nuclear reactors resulting in a Taiwanese nuclear weapon program in 1979.
1973: Military airlift of advanced weaponry and other materials to bolster Israel for war against its Arab neighbors.
1973: Counterinsurgency specialists, FBI, and U.S. Marshals are used to put down a Native American "uprising" at Wounded Knee, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota.
1973-76: The CIA sponsors a coup d'etat in Chile, resulting in the overthrow of democratically-elected President Salvadoe Allende. Allende is assassinated during the coup, as are other. U.S. military advisors then join the CIA in propping up military strongman Augustus Pinochet as Chile's new leader. Pinochet brutalizes the Chilean people over the course of the next 27 years.
1973-86: Despite "ironclad evidence" of its carcinogenic/mutogenic effects, the DoD denies any link between diseased veterans and Dioxin (aka "Agent Orange").
1973-2002: U.S. enters into an agreement with South Korea to build nuclear reactors for the South Koreans, resulting in South Koreas ability to produce nuclear weapons in 1985.
1974: Troops land in Cyprus to rptect American commercial interests
1974-2002: U.S. enters into a an agreement to build nuclear reactors for Portugal so that Portugal can attain nuclear weapons by 1984. However, due to a nuclear reactor problem, in 1981, Portugal shuts down its nuclear reactor.
1975: Marines land in Cambodia and engage in combat.
1975: The CIA, in conjuction with the Shah of Iran and the Mossad of Israel, establish a program to arm Kurdish guerillas in northern Iraq. Later, when American interests change, the U.S. abandon the Kurds, resulting in the death of 50,000 Kurds at the hands of Iraq and Turkey.
1975-78: CIA intervenes in Zaire to reinforce dictator Mobutu Seso Seko. Moroccan troops are used as proxies for Americans in Zaire. In exchange, theMoroccans receive military support from the U.S. in Morocco's war against guerillas at home.
1975-79: The CIA uses mercenaries to bolster the regime of Anastasio Somosa, a U.S. puppet in Nicaragua. The dicator is finally overthrown by Sandanista guerillas-- 60,000 die.
1975-91: The CIA and mercenaries sponsor and support prowestern factions within Angola. 60,000 people die in fighting as these factions try to seize power.
1976: Troops land in Lebanon during a civil war created, in part, by Israel's Mossad.
1976-80: CIA subverts military and police officials in Jamaica, using them to depose the liberal government of Michael Manley.
1977: Troops are sent to Uganda in a show of force against anti-Israel dictator, Idi Amin.
1978-80: Troops are sent to Iran as Iran collapses.
1979-81: The CIA employs mercenaries to stage a coup d'etat (unsuccessful) in the Seychelles Islands.
1979-91: CIA and Special Forces establish a counterinsurgency campaign in El Salvador, eventually costing the lives of over 150,000 Salvadorans.
1980-91: The CIA and Special Forces provide extensive training and support to MUjahadeen guerillas fighting Soviet forces in Afghanistan. Among those trained, Ramsey Yousef (World Trade Center bomber in 1993) and Osama bin Laden.
1981: The U.S. shoots down Libyan planes in the Gulf of Sidra.
1981-91: The Iran-Contra covert operation takes place. In order to support Honduras, the CIA sells drugs to raise money, and sells weapons to Iran (in violation of an embargo). The money is used to fund a campaign against the Sandanista government in Nicaragua. The Sandanistats are eventually deposed at the cost of 85,000 lives. A U.S. puppet regime is installed in Nicaragua.
1982: Logistical support is provided to Great Britain in its war against Argentina over the Argentine Malvinas (Falkland) Islands.
1982-84: Marines land in Lebanon (again) to support and Israeli invasion and partial occupation. The CIA uses the threat of subversion to coerce the government of Surinam into refusing Cuban aid.
1982-96: Troops deployed to the Sinai to assist Israel.
1983: U.S. invades the tiny island of Grenada and topples the government there. A U.S.-friendly puppet is installed.
1983: The U.S. transfers sophisticated weaponry to the antidemocratic Saudi Arabian government.
1984-89: Special Forces and the CIA undertake a prolonged counterinsurgency campaign in the Phillipines in order to defeat leftist guerillas. 30,000 die.
1985: The U.S. bombs Triploi and Benghazi in Libya, personally targeting the head of Libya, Muamar Qadaffi. The attack is made in retaliation for the bombing of a German disco, however, German intelligence had already concluded that Libya was not involved in the disco bombing.
1985: After the International Court of Justice enters an opinion declaring U.S. military operations in Nicaragua to be in violation of international law, the U.S. (under Reagan) pulls out of the ICJ and thereby repudiates the ICJ's jurisdiction.
1987-88: The U.S.S. Vincennes shoots down an unarmed and clearly identified Iranian commercial airliner flying over the Persian Gulf, killing 290. At the time, the U.S. happens to be supporting Iraq against Iran in the Iran/Iraq War. The captain of the Vincennes is decorated as a result of this incident, citing his "bravery" during the incident.
1989: The U.S. shoots down Libyan aircraft (again) as they fly over the Gulf of Sidra
1989: U.S. troops dispatched to the Phillippines to prevent a coup.
1989-90: The U.S. invades the tiny country of Panama with a massive force. As a result, the U.S. topples the government, installs a U.S.-friendly regime, and arrests Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega who was himself a former CIA "asset". Hundreds of Panamanians are killed.
1990: Troops are sent to Liberia to protect business assets.
1991-94: Troops are sent to Somalia to protect U.S. business interests in the Horn of Africa. Unsuccessful, the troops withdraw. But a smaller "peace keeping" force is kept behind to rid the country of its warlords. This plan results in the "Black Hawk Down" incident in which a few U.S. soldiers and thousands of Somalis are killed.
1991-2002: The U.S. assembles a coalition of countries to attack Iraq after the Iraqi invasion into Kuwait. Known as "Operation Desert Storm," Iraq's military and civilians infrastructure is pulverized as a result of the war. Nevertheless, as a term of treaty, the U.S. imposes "no-fly zones" over most of the country in Iraq, and regularly takes part in bombing campaigns throughout the country over the course of over ten years. Simultaneously, the U.S. spearheads an economic embargo against Iraq, lasting over ten years, during which 1 million Iraqis die as a result of the embargo (half of them children).
1992: Troops sent to Los Angeles after riots break out due to the Rodney King case.
1992-99: U.S. "peace keeping" forces sent into the former Yugoslavia in an effort to ensure that any government which emerges is pro-USA.
1992-2002: Just like the Agent Orange denials, the DoD denies, despite clear evidence, that there is any connection between depleted uranium usage in Iraq and what is known as "Gulf War Syndrome."
1993: Delta Force sniper teams are sent to assist the FBI in a protracted siege of the Branch Davidian Compund near Waco, Texas. By the end of it, 78 people, including 23 children, are massacred. Litigation reveals the existence of a highly classified "Praetor Protocol" under which the President is revealed to hold the authority to secretly "waive" Posse Comitatus constraints at his/her desire. In other words, the President may employ the military against the domestic population whenever and for whatever he/she so chooses.
1993-96: Troops sent to Haiti (again!) to establish U.S.-supported government. Troops are sent to Rwanda to evacuate Americans, but not interfere with the simultaneous genocide that is occuring there.
1995-2002: Federal troops are sent to take part in what are normally civilian operations, namely border patrol. In essence, this is another violation of Posse Comitatus.
1997: The U.S. bombs a pharmaceutical manufacturing plant in Sudan, in an attempt to bomb an al-Qaeda base. It turns out, the factory was never used by al-Qaeda, but the U.S. tries to quash this revelation.
1998-2002: The U.S. refuses to conform to the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court.
1999: Delta Force troops are used against World Trade Organization protesters in Seattle (another violation of Posse Comitatus).
1999-2001: The U.S. deploys air and naval units to fight against Yugoslavia. The U.S. bombs Belgrade, destroying (by mistake) the Chinese embassy.
2001-: After the September 11, 2001 "attacks" by CIA asset Osama bin Laden, the U.S. undertakes a "War on Terror" against whomever it so chooses to label as a "terrorist." At the outset, this results in the invasion and occupation of Afghanistan. The U.S. installs former Unocal executive Hamid Karzai as president of Afghanistan and begins construction on the highly coveted natural gas and oil pipeline. Osama Bin Laden has never been captured, and it seems that his capture is no longer a high priority.
2002-03: Special Forces are sent to the Phillippines to destroy the Abu Sayyaf guerilla group whom the U.S. government claims is linked to al-Qaeda. (However, many Filipinos believe Abu Sayyaf is a CIA front)
2002-03: Special Forces are sent to Chechnya and the Republic of Georgia.
2002-03: President Bush designates Iraq, Iran, and North Korea as being a part of the "Axis of Evil." Although not linked to al-Qaeda or the September 11 incident, the U.S. prepares for an invasion of Iraq.
2002: The U.S. fired smart missiles into sovereign Yemen, killing alleged terrorists.
2002-03: Selected Afghanis and alleged al-Qaeda operatives captured in Afghanistan are drugged and brought to secret prisons in Guantanomo Bay, Cuba. The prisoners are said to have no rights under internation law or otherwise, and are subsequently tortured.
2003-: Claiming that Iraq is an emminent danger to the U.S., and creating a justification for war based upon countless lies, the U.S. invades and occupies Iraq, toppling the Saddam Hussein government. Eventually Hussein is captured and imprisoned. Thousands of Iraqis are imprisoned, many of them tortured by American troops. Over 100,000 Iraqis have died in this war, to date. To date, nearly 2,000 American soldiers have died.
2003-: The U.S. has made numerous threats to the governments of Syria and Iran that 'they could be next.'


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