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a test that measures a person's average blood glucose level over the past 2 to 3 months. Hemoglobin (HEE-mo-glo-bin) is the part of a red blood cell that carries oxygen to the cells and sometimes joins with the glucose in the bloodstream. Also called hemoglobin A1C or glycosylated (gly-KOH-sih-lay-ted) hemoglobin, the test shows the amount of glucose that sticks to the red blood cell, which is proportional to the amount of glucose in the blood.
describes something that happens suddenly and for a short time. Opposite of chronic.
adult-onset diabetes
former term for Type 2 diabetes.
alpha cell (AL-fa)
a type of cell in the pancreas. Alpha cells make and release a hormone called glucagon. The body sends a signal to the alpha cells to make glucagon when blood glucose falls too low. Then glucagon reaches the liver where it tells it to release glucose into the blood for energy.
antibodies (AN-ti-bod-eez)
proteins made by the body to protect itself from "foreign" substances such as bacteria or viruses. People get Type 1 diabetes when their bodies make antibodies that destroy the body's own insulin-making beta cells.
arteriosclerosis (ar-TEER-ee-oh-skluh-RO-sis)
hardening of the arteries.
a large blood vessel that carries blood with oxygen from the heart to all parts of the body.
atherosclerosis (ATH-uh-row-skluh-RO-sis)
clogging, narrowing and hardening of the body's large arteries and medium-sized blood vessels. Atherosclerosis can lead to stroke, heart attack, eye problems and kidney problems.
autoimmune disease (AW-toh-ih-MYOON)
disorder of the body's immune system in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys body tissue that it believes to be foreign.
autonomic neuropathy (aw-toh-NOM-ik ne-ROP-uh-thee)
a type of neuropathy affecting the lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, bladder or genitals.
background retinopathy (REH-tih-NOP-uh-thee)
a type of damage to the retina of the eye marked by bleeding, fluid accumulation and abnormal dilation of the blood vessels. Background retinopathy is an early stage of diabetic retinopathy. Also called simple or nonproliferative (non-pro-LIF-er-uh-tiv) retinopathy.
beta cell
a cell that makes insulin. Beta cells are located in the islets of the pancreas.
blood glucose
the main sugar found in the blood and the body's main source of energy. Also called blood sugar.
blood glucose level
the amount of glucose in a given amount of blood. It is noted in milligrams in a deciliter, or mg/dL.
blood glucose meter
a small, portable machine used by people with diabetes to check their blood glucose levels. After pricking the skin with a lancet, one places a drop of blood on a test strip in the machine. The meter (or monitor) soon displays the blood glucose level as a number on the meter's digital display.
blood glucose monitoring
checking blood glucose level on a regular basis in order to manage diabetes. A blood glucose meter (or blood glucose test strips that change color when touched by a blood sample) is needed for frequent blood glucose monitoring.
blood pressure
the force of blood exerted on the inside walls of blood vessels. Blood pressure is expressed as a ratio (example: 120/80, read as "120 over 80"). The first number is the systolic (sis-TAH-lik) pressure, or the pressure when the heart pushes blood out into the arteries. The second number is the diastolic (DY-uh-STAH-lik) pressure, or the pressure when the heart rests.
blood vessels
tubes that carry blood to and from all parts of the body. The three main types of blood vessels are arteries, veins and capillaries.
body mass index (BMI)
a measure used to evaluate body weight relative to a person's height. BMI is used to find out if a person is underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese.
borderline diabetes
a former term for Type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance.
brittle diabetes
a term used when a person's blood glucose level moves often from low to high and from high to low.
C-peptide (see-peptide)
"Connecting peptide," a substance the pancreas releases into the bloodstream in equal amounts to insulin. A test of C-peptide levels shows how much insulin the body is making.
a unit representing the energy provided by food. Carbohydrate, protein, fat and alcohol provide calories in the diet. Carbohydrate and protein have 4 calories per gram, fat has 9 calories per gram, and alcohol has 7 calories per gram.
capillary (KAP-ih-lair-ee)
the smallest of the body's blood vessels. Oxygen and glucose pass through capillary walls and enter the cells. Waste products such as carbon dioxide pass back from the cells into the blood through capillaries.
carbohydrate (kar-boh-HY-drate)
one of the three main nutrients in food. Foods that provide carbohydrate are starches, vegetables, fruits, dairy products and sugars.
carbohydrate counting
a method of meal planning for people with diabetes based on counting the number of grams of carbohydrate in food.
cardiologist (kar-dee-AH-luh-jist)
a doctor who treats people who have heart problems.
cardiovascular disease (KAR-dee-oh-VASK-yoo-ler)
disease of the heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries).
cataract (KA-ter-act)
clouding of the lens of the eye.
cerebrovascular disease (seh-REE-broh-VASK-yoo-ler)
damage to blood vessels in the brain. Vessels can burst and bleed or become clogged with fatty deposits. When blood flow is interrupted, brain cells die or are damaged, resulting in a stroke.
certified diabetes educator (CDE)
a health care professional with expertise in diabetes education who has met eligibility requirements and successfully completed a certification exam.
cholesterol (koh-LES-ter-all)
a type of fat produced by the liver and found in the blood; it is also found in some foods. Cholesterol is used by the body to make hormones and build cell walls.
describes something that is long-lasting. Opposite of acute.
the flow of blood through the body's blood vessels and heart.
a sleep-like state in which a person is not conscious. May be caused by hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) or hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) in people with diabetes.
combination oral medicines
a pill that includes two or more different medicines.
combination therapy
the use of different medicines together (oral hypoglycemic agents or an oral hypoglycemic agent and insulin) to manage the blood glucose levels of people with Type 2 diabetes.
harmful effects of diabetes such as damage to the eyes, heart, blood vessels, nervous system, teeth and gums, feet and skin, or kidneys. Studies show that keeping blood glucose, blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels close to normal can help prevent or delay these problems.
congenital defects (kun-JEN-ih-tul)
problems or conditions that are present at birth.
congestive heart failure
loss of the heart's pumping power, which causes fluids to collect in the body, especially in the feet and lungs.
conventional therapy
a term used in clinical trials where one group receives treatment for diabetes in which A1C and blood glucose levels are kept at levels based on current practice guidelines. However, the goal is not to keep blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible, as is done in intensive therapy. Conventional therapy includes use of medication, meal planning and exercise, along with regular visits to health care providers.
coronary heart disease (KOR-uh-ner-ee)
heart disease caused by narrowing of the arteries that supply blood to the heart. If the blood supply is cut off, the result is a heart attack.
dawn phenomenon (feh-NAH-meh-nun)
the early-morning (4 a.m. to 8 a.m.) rise in blood glucose level.
dehydration (dee-hy-DRAY-shun)
the loss of too much body fluid through frequent urinating, sweating, diarrhea or vomiting.
Dextrose, also called glucose (DECKS-trohss)
simple sugar found in blood that serves as the body's main source of energy.
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)
a study by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, conducted from 1983 to 1993 in people with Type 1 diabetes. The study showed that intensive therapy compared to conventional therapy significantly helped prevent or delay diabetes complications. Intensive therapy included multiple daily insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump with multiple blood glucose readings each day. Complications followed in the study included diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy.
diabetes educator
a health care professional who teaches people who have diabetes how to manage their diabetes. Some diabetes educators are certified diabetes educators (CDEs). Diabetes educators are found in hospitals, physician offices, managed care organizations, home health care and other settings.
diabetes mellitus (MELL-ih-tus)
a condition characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from the body's inability to use blood glucose for energy. In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas no longer makes insulin and therefore blood glucose cannot enter the cells to be used for energy. In Type 2 diabetes, either the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body is unable to use insulin correctly.
Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)
a study by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases conducted from 1998 to 2001 in people at high risk for Type 2 diabetes. All study participants had impaired glucose tolerance, also called pre-diabetes, and were overweight. The study showed that people who lost 5 to 7 percent of their body weight through a low-fat, low-calorie diet and moderate exercise (usually walking for 30 minutes 5 days a week) reduced their risk of getting Type 2 diabetes by 58 percent. Participants who received treatment with the oral diabetes drug metformin reduced their risk of getting Type 2 diabetes by 31 percent.
diabetic diarrhea (dy-uh-REE-uh)
loose stools, fecal incontinence, or both that result from an overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine and diabetic neuropathy in the intestines. This nerve damage can also result in constipation.
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) (KEY-toe-ass-ih-DOH-sis)
an emergency condition in which extremely high blood glucose levels, along with a severe lack of insulin, result in the breakdown of body fat for energy and an accumulation of ketones in the blood and urine. Signs of DKA are nausea and vomiting, stomach pain, fruity breath odor and rapid breathing. Untreated DKA can lead to coma and death.
diabetic myelopathy (my-eh-LAH-puh-thee)
damage to the spinal cord found in some people with diabetes.
diabetic retinopathy (REH-tih-NOP-uh-thee)
diabetic eye disease; damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. Loss of vision may result.
diabetogenic (DY-uh-beh-toh-JEN-ic)
causing diabetes. For example, some drugs cause blood glucose levels to rise, resulting in diabetes.
diabetologist (DY-uh-beh-TAH-luh-jist)
a doctor who specializes in treating people with diabetes.
diagnosis (DY-ug-NO-sis)
the determination of a disease from its signs and symptoms.
dialysis (dy-AL-ih-sis)
the process of cleaning wastes from the blood artificially. This job is normally done by the kidneys. If the kidneys fail, the blood must be cleaned artificially with special equipment. The two major forms of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
dietitian (DY-eh-TIH-shun)
a health care professional who advises people about meal planning, weight control and diabetes management. A registered dietitian (RD) has more training
Endocrine gland (EN-doh-krin)
a group of specialized cells that release hormones into the blood. For example, the islets in the pancreas, which secrete insulin, are endocrine glands.
endocrinologist (EN-doh-krih-NAH-luh-jist)
a doctor who treats people who have endocrine gland problems such as diabetes.
euglycemia (you-gly-SEEM-ee-uh)
a normal level of glucose in the blood.
exchange lists
one of several approaches for diabetes meal planning. Foods are categorized into three groups based on their nutritional content. Lists provide the serving sizes for carbohydrates, meat and meat alternatives, and fats. These lists allow for substitution for different groups to keep the nutritional content fixed.
fasting blood glucose test
a check of a person's blood glucose level after the person has not eaten for 8 to 12 hours (usually overnight). This test is used to diagnose pre-diabetes and diabetes. It is also used to monitor people with diabetes.
one of the three main nutrients in food. Foods that provide fat are butter, margarine, salad dressing, oil, nuts, meat, poultry, fish and some dairy products. 2. Excess calories are stored as body fat, providing the body with a reserve supply of energy and other functions.
fructosamine test (frook-TOH-sah-meen)
measures the number of blood glucose molecules (MAH-leh-kyools) linked to protein molecules in the blood. The test provides information on the average blood glucose level for the past 3 weeks.
fructose (FROOK-tohss)
a sugar that occurs naturally in fruits and honey. Fructose has 4 calories per gram.
gangrene (GANG-green)
the death of body tissue, most often caused by a lack of blood flow and infection. It can lead to amputation.
gastroparesis (gas-tro-puh-REE-sis)
a form of neuropathy that affects the stomach. Digestion of food may be incomplete or delayed, resulting in nausea, vomiting, or bloating, making blood glucose control difficult.
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (jes-TAY-shun-ul MELL-ih-tus)
a type of diabetes mellitus that develops only during pregnancy and usually disappears upon delivery, but increases the risk that the mother will develop diabetes later. GDM is managed with meal planning, activity, and, in some cases, insulin.
gingivitis (JIN-jih-VY-tis)
a condition of the gums characterized by inflammation and bleeding.
a group of cells that secrete substances. Endocrine glands secrete hormones. Exocrine glands secrete salt, enzymes and water.
glaucoma (glaw-KOH-muh)
an increase in fluid pressure inside the eye that may lead to loss of vision.
glucagon (GLOO-kah-gahn)
a hormone produced by the alpha cells in the pancreas. It raises blood glucose. An injectable form of glucagon, available by prescription, may be used to treat severe hypoglycemia.
one of the simplest forms of sugar.
glucose tablets
chewable tablets made of pure glucose used for treating hypoglycemia.
glycemic index (gly-SEE-mik)
a ranking of carbohydrate-containing foods, based on the food's effect on blood glucose compared with a standard reference food.
glycogen (GLY-koh-jen)
the form of glucose found in the liver and muscles.
glycosuria (gly-koh-SOOR-ee-ah)
the presence of glucose in the urine.
a unit of weight in the metric system. An ounce equals 28 grams. In some meal plans for people with diabetes, the suggested amounts of food are given in grams.
the passing of a trait from parent to child.
honeymoon phase
Some people with type 1 diabetes experience a brief remission called the "honeymoon period." During this time their pancreas may still secrete some insulin. Over time, this secretion stops and as this happens, the child will require more insulin from injections. The honeymoon period can last weeks, months, or even up to a year or more.
a chemical produced in one part of the body and released into the blood to trigger or regulate particular functions of the body. For example, insulin is a hormone made in the pancreas that tells other cells when to use glucose for energy. Synthetic hormones, made for use as medicines, can be the same or different from those made in the body.
hyperglycemia (HY-per-gly-SEE-mee-uh)
excessive blood glucose. Fasting hyperglycemia is blood glucose above a desirable level after a person has fasted for at least 8 hours. Postprandial hyperglycemia is blood glucose above a desirable level 1 to 2 hours after a person has eaten.
hyperinsulinemia (HY-per-IN-suh-lih-NEE-mee-uh)
a condition in which the level of insulin in the blood is higher than normal. Caused by overproduction of insulin by the body. Related to insulin resistance.
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) (HY-per-oz-MOH-lur HY-per-gly-SEE-mik non-kee-TAH-tik)
an emergency condition in which one's blood glucose level is very high and ketones are not present in the blood or urine. If HHNS is not treated, it can lead to coma or death.
hypertension (HY-per-TEN-shun)
a condition present when blood flows through the blood vessels with a force greater than normal. Also called high blood pressure. Hypertension can strain the heart, damage blood vessels, and increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney problems and death.
hypoglycemia (hy-po-gly-SEE-mee-uh)
a condition that occurs when one's blood glucose is lower than normal, usually less than 70 mg/dL. Signs include hunger, nervousness, shakiness, perspiration, dizziness or light-headedness, sleepiness, and confusion. If left untreated, hypoglycemia may lead to unconsciousness. Hypoglycemia is treated by consuming a carbohydrate-rich food such as a glucose tablet or juice. It may also be treated with an injection of glucagon if the person is unconscious or unable to swallow. Also called an insulin reaction.
hypoglycemia unawareness (un-uh-WARE-ness)
a state in which a person does not feel or recognize the symptoms of hypoglycemia. People who have frequent episodes of hypoglycemia may no longer experience the warning signs of it.
IDDM (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus)
former term for Type 1 diabetes.
immune system (ih-MYOON)
the body's system for protecting itself from viruses and bacteria or any "foreign" substances.
impaired fasting glucose (IFG)
a condition in which a blood glucose test, taken after an 8- to 12-hour fast, shows a level of glucose higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. IFG, also called pre-diabetes, is a level of 100 mg/dL to 125 mg/dL. Most people with pre-diabetes are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes.
impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
a condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but are not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. IGT, also called pre-diabetes, is a level of 140 mg/dL to 199 mg/dL 2 hours after the start of an oral glucose tolerance test. Most people with pre-diabetes are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Other names for IGT that are no longer used are "borderline," "subclinical," "chemical," or "latent" diabetes.
implantable insulin pump (im-PLAN-tuh-bull)
a small pump placed inside the body to deliver insulin in response to remote-control commands from the user.
impotence (IM-po-tents)
the inability to get or maintain an erection for sexual activity. Also called erectile (ee-REK-tile) dysfunction (dis-FUNK-shun).
incidence (IN-sih-dints)
a measure of how often a disease occurs; the number of new cases of a disease among a certain group of people for a certain period of time.
incontinence (in-KON-tih-nents)
loss of bladder or bowel control; the accidental loss of urine or feces.
inhaled insulin
an experimental treatment for taking insulin using a portable device that allows a person to breathe in insulin.
injection (in-JEK-shun)
inserting liquid medication or nutrients into the body with a syringe. A person with diabetes may use short needles or pinch the skin and inject at an angle to avoid an intramuscular injection of insulin.
injection site rotation
changing the places on the body where insulin is injected. Rotation prevents the formation of lipodystrophies.
injection sites
places on the body where insulin is usually injected.
a hormone that helps the body use glucose for energy. The beta cells of the pancreas make insulin. When the body cannot make enough insulin, it is taken by injection or through use of an insulin pump.
insulin adjustment
a change in the amount of insulin a person with diabetes takes based on factors such as meal planning, activity and blood glucose levels.
insulin pen
a device for injecting insulin that looks like a fountain pen and holds replaceable cartridges of insulin. Also available in disposable form.
insulin pump
an insulin-delivering device about the size of a deck of cards that can be worn on a belt or kept in a pocket. An insulin pump connects to narrow, flexible plastic tubing that ends with a needle inserted just under the skin. Users set the pump to give a steady trickle or basal amount of insulin continuously throughout the day. Pumps release bolus doses of insulin (several units at a time) at meals and at times when blood glucose is too high, based on programming done by the user.
insulin reaction
when the level of glucose in the blood is too low (at or below 70 mg/dL). Also known as hypoglycemia.
insulin receptors
areas on the outer part of a cell that allow the cell to bind with insulin in the blood. When the cell and insulin bind, the cell can take glucose from the blood and use it for energy.
insulin resistance
the body's inability to respond to and use the insulin it produces. Insulin resistance may be linked to obesity, hypertension, and high levels of fat in the blood.
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
former term for Type 1 diabetes.
insulinoma (IN-suh-lih-NOH-mah)
a tumor of the beta cells in the pancreas. An insulinoma may cause the body to make extra insulin, leading to hypoglycemia.
intensive therapy
a treatment for diabetes in which blood glucose is kept as close to normal as possible through frequent injections or use of an insulin pump; meal planning; adjustment of medicines; and exercise based on blood glucose test results and frequent contact with a person's health care team.
intramuscular injection (in-trah-MUS-kyoo-lar)
inserting liquid medication into a muscle with a syringe. Glucagon may be given by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection for hypoglycemia.
islet cell autoantibodies (ICA) (EYE-let aw-toe-AN-ti-bod-eez)
proteins found in the blood of people newly diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. They are also found in people who may be developing Type 1 diabetes. The presence of ICA indicates that the body's immune system has been damaging beta cells in the pancreas.
islet transplantation
moving the islets from a donor pancreas into a person whose pancreas has stopped producing insulin. Beta cells in the islets make the insulin that the body needs for using blood glucose.
groups of cells located in the pancreas that make hormones that help the body break down and use food. For example, alpha cells make glucagon and beta cells make insulin. Also called islets of Langerhans (LANG-er-hahns).
jet injector (in-JEK-tur)
a device that uses high pressure instead of a needle to propel insulin through the skin and into the body.
juvenile diabetes
former term for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), or Type 1 diabetes.
a chemical produced when there is a shortage of insulin in the blood and the body breaks down body fat for energy. High levels of ketones can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis and coma. Sometimes referred to as ketone bodies.
ketonuria (key-toe-NUH-ree-ah)
a condition occurring when ketones are present in the urine, a warning sign of diabetic ketoacidosis.
ketosis (ke-TOE-sis)
a ketone buildup in the body that may lead to diabetic ketoacidosis. Signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain.
kidney failure
a chronic condition in which the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up because the kidneys no longer work properly. A person with kidney failure needs dialysis or a kidney transplant. Also called end-stage renal (REE-nul) disease or ESRD.
the two bean-shaped organs that filter wastes from the blood and form urine. The kidneys are located near the middle of the back. They send urine to the bladder.
a spring-loaded device used to prick the skin with a small needle to obtain a drop of blood for blood glucose monitoring.
latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)
a condition in which Type 1 diabetes develops in adults.
lipid (LIP-id)
a term for fat in the body. Lipids can be broken down by the body and used for energy.
lipohypertrophy (LIP-oh-hy-PER-truh-fee)
buildup of fat below the surface of the skin, causing lumps. Lipohypertrophy may be caused by repeated injections of insulin in the same spot.
an organ in the body that changes food into energy, removes alcohol and poisons from the blood, and makes bile, a substance that breaks down fats and helps rid the body of wastes.
macrosomia (mack-roh-SOH-mee-ah)
abnormally large; in diabetes, refers to abnormally large babies that may be born to women with diabetes.
macrovascular disease (mack-roh-VASK-yoo-ler)
disease of the large blood vessels, such as those found in the heart. Lipids and blood clots build up in the large blood vessels and can cause atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.
macular edema (MACK-yoo-lur eh-DEE-mah)
swelling of the macula.
mastopathy, diabetic
a rare fibrous breast condition occurring in women, and sometimes men, with long-standing diabetes. The lumps are not malignant and can be surgically removed, although they often recur.
maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)
a kind of Type 2 diabetes that accounts for 1 to 5 percent of people with diabetes. Of the six forms identified, each is caused by a defect in a single gene.
the term for the way cells chemically change food so that it can be used to store or use energy and make the proteins, fats, and sugars needed by the body.
milligrams (MILL-ih-grams) per deciliter (DESS-ih-lee-tur), a unit of measure that shows the concentration of a substance in a specific amount of fluid. In the United States, blood glucose test results are reported as mg/dL. Medical journals and other countries use millimoles per liter (mmol/L). To convert to mg/dL from mmol/L, multiply mmol/L by 18. Example: 10 mmol/L ? 18 = 180 mg/dL.
microalbuminuria (MY-kro-al-BYOO-min-your-EE-ah)
the presence of small amounts of albumin, a protein, in the urine. Microalbuminuria is an early sign of kidney damage, or nephropathy, a common and serious complication of diabetes. The ADA recommends that people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes be tested for microalbuminuria at the time they are diagnosed and every year thereafter; people with type 1 diabetes should be tested 5 years after diagnosis and every year thereafter. Microalbuminuria is usally managed by improving blood glucose control, reducing blood pressure, and modifying the diet.
microaneurysm (MY-kro-AN-yeh-rizm)
a small swelling that forms on the side of tiny blood vessels. These small swellings may break and allow blood to leak into nearby tissue. People with diabetes may get microaneurysms in the retina of the eye.
microvascular disease (MY-kro-VASK-yoo-ler)
disease of the smallest blood vessels, such as those found in the eyes, nerves, and kidneys. The walls of the vessels become abnormally thick but weak. Then they bleed, leak protein, and slow the flow of blood to the cells.
mixed dose
a combination of two types of insulin in one injection. Usually a rapid- or short-acting insulin is combined with a longer acting insulin (such as NPH insulin) to provide both short-term and long-term control of blood glucose levels.
millimoles per liter, a unit of measure that shows the concentration of a substance in a specific amount of fluid. In most of the world, except for the United States, blood glucose test results are reported as mmol/L. In the United States, milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) is used. To convert to mmol/L from mg/dL, divide mg/dL by 18. Example: 180 mg/dL ? 18 = 10 mmol/L.
mononeuropathy (MAH-noh-ne-ROP-uh-thee)
neuropathy affecting a single nerve.
myocardial infarction (my-oh-KAR-dee-ul in-FARK-shun)
an interruption in the blood supply to the heart because of narrowed or blocked blood vessels. Also called a heart attack.
nephrologist (neh-FRAH-luh-jist)
a doctor who treats people who have kidney problems.
nephropathy (neh-FROP-uh-thee)
disease of the kidneys. Hyperglycemia and hypertension can damage the kidneys' glomeruli. When the kidneys are damaged, protein leaks out of the kidneys into the urine. Damaged kidneys can no longer remove waste and extra fluids from the bloodstream.
neurologist (ne-RAH-luh-jist)
a doctor who specializes in problems of the nervous system, such as neuropathy.
neuropathy (ne-ROP-uh-thee)
disease of the nervous system. The three major forms in people with diabetes are peripheral neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, and mononeuropathy. The most common form is peripheral neuropathy, which affects mainly the legs and feet.
noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
former term for Type 2 diabetes.
noninvasive blood glucose monitoring (NON-in-VAY-siv)
measuring blood glucose without pricking the finger to obtain a blood sample.
nutritionist (noo-TRIH-shuh-nist)
a person with training in nutrition; may or may not have specialized training and qualifications. See dietitian.
a condition in which a greater than normal amount of fat is in the body; more severe than overweight; having a body mass index of 30 or more.
obstetrician (ob-steh-TRIH-shun)
a doctor who treats pregnant women and delivers babies.
ophthalmologist (AHF-thal-MAH-luh-jist)
a medical doctor who diagnoses and treats all eye diseases and eye disorders. Opthalmologists can also prescribe glasses and contact lenses.
optician (ahp-TI-shun)
a health care professional who dispenses glasses and lenses. An optician also makes and fits contact lenses.
optometrist (ahp-TAH-meh-trist)
a primary eye care provider who prescribes glasses and contact lenses. Optometrists can diagnose and treat certain eye conditions and diseases.
oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
a test to diagnose pre-diabetes and diabetes. The oral glucose tolerance test is given by a health care professional after an overnight fast. A blood sample is taken, then the patient drinks a high-glucose beverage. Blood samples are taken at intervals for 2 to 3 hours. Test results are compared with a standard and show how the body uses glucose over time.
oral hypoglycemic agents (hy-po-gly-SEE-mik)
medicines taken by mouth by people with Type 2 diabetes to keep blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible. Classes of oral hypoglycemic agents are alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, biguanides, D-phenylalanine derivatives, meglitinides, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones.
an above-normal body weight; having a body mass index of 25 to 29.9.
pancreas (PAN-kree-us)
an organ that makes insulin and enzymes for digestion. The pancreas is located behind the lower part of the stomach and is about the size of a hand.
pancreas transplantation
a surgical procedure to take a healthy whole or partial pancreas from a donor and place it into a person with diabetes.
Pediatric endocrinologist (pee-dee-AT-rik en-doh-krih-NAH-luh-jist)
a doctor who treats children who have endocrine gland problems such as diabetes.
pedorthist (ped-OR-thist)
a health care professional who specializes in fitting shoes for people with disabilities or deformities. A pedorthist can custom-make shoes or orthotics (special inserts for shoes).
periodontal disease (PER-ee-oh-DON-tul)
disease of the gums.
periodontist (PER-ee-oh-DON-tist)
a dentist who specializes in treating people who have gum diseases.
peripheral neuropathy (puh-RIF-uh-rul ne-ROP-uh-thee)
nerve damage that affects the feet, legs, or hands. Peripheral neuropathy causes pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling.
peripheral vascular disease (PVD) (puh-RIF-uh-rul VAS-kyoo-ler)
a disease of the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. PVD may occur when major blood vessels in these areas are blocked and do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains and slow-healing foot sores.
pharmacist (FAR-mah-sist)
a health care professional who prepares and distributes medicine to people. Pharmacists also give information on medicines.
podiatrist (puh-DY-uh-trist)
a doctor who treats people who have foot problems. Podiatrists also help people keep their feet healthy by providing regular foot examinations and treatment.
podiatry (puh-DY-uh-tree)
the care and treatment of feet.
point system
a meal planning system that uses points to rate the caloric content of foods.
polydipsia (pah-lee-DIP-see-uh)
excessive thirst; may be a sign of diabetes.
polyphagia (pah-lee-FAY-jee-ah)
excessive hunger; may be a sign of diabetes.
polyuria (pah-lee-YOOR-ee-ah)
excessive urination; may be a sign of diabetes.
postprandial blood glucose (post-PRAN-dee-ul)
the blood glucose level taken 1 to 2 hours after eating.
a condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but are not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. People with pre-diabetes are at increased risk for developing Type 2 diabetes and for heart disease and stroke. Other names for pre-diabetes are impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose.
preprandial blood glucose (pree-PRAN-dee-ul)
the blood glucose level taken before eating.
the number of people in a given group or population who are reported to have a disease.
proliferative retinopathy (pro-LIH-fur-ah-tiv REH-tih-NOP-uh-thee)
a condition in which fragile new blood vessels grow along the retina and in the vitreous humor of the eye.
protein (PRO-teen)
1. One of the three main nutrients in food. Foods that provide protein include meat, poultry, fish, cheese, milk, dairy products, eggs, and dried beans. 2. Proteins are also used in the body for cell structure, hormones such as insulin, and other functions.
rebound hyperglycemia (HY-per-gly-SEE-mee-ah)
a swing to a high level of glucose in the blood after a low level. See Somogyi effect.
Recognized Diabetes Education Programs
diabetes self-management education programs that are approved by the American Diabetes Association.
renal (REE-nal)
having to do with the kidneys. A renal disease is a disease of the kidneys. Renal failure means the kidneys have stopped working.
renal threshold of glucose (THRESH-hold)
the blood glucose concentration at which the kidneys start to excrete glucose into the urine.
retina (REH-ti-nuh)
the light-sensitive layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye.
retinopathy (REH-tih-NOP-uh-thee)
Eye disease that is caused by damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. Loss of vision may result. (Also known as diabetic retinopathy)
risk factor
anything that raises the chances of a person developing a disease.
saccharin (SAK-ah-rin)
a sweetener with no calories and no nutritional value.
secondary diabetes
a type of diabetes caused by another disease or certain drugs or chemicals.
in diabetes, the ongoing process of managing diabetes. Includes meal planning, planned physical activity, blood glucose monitoring, taking diabetes medicines, handling episodes of illness and of low and high blood glucose, managing diabetes when traveling, and more. The person with diabetes designs his or her own self-management treatment plan in consultation with a variety of health care professionals such as doctors, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, and others.
sharps container
a container for disposal of used needles and syringes; often made of hard plastic so that needles cannot poke through.
side effects
the unintended action(s) of a drug.
sliding scale
a set of instructions for adjusting insulin on the basis of blood glucose test results, meals, or activity levels.
Somogyi effect, also called rebound hyperglycemia (suh-MOH-jee)
when the blood glucose level swings high following hypoglycemia. The Somogyi effect may follow an untreated hypoglycemic episode during the night and is caused by the release of stress hormones.
sorbitol (SORE-bih-tall)
1. A sugar alcohol (sweetener) with 2.6 calories per gram. 2. A substance produced by the body in people with diabetes that can cause damage to the eyes and nerves.
another name for carbohydrate, one of the three main nutrients in food.
condition caused by damage to blood vessels in the brain; may cause loss of ability to speak or to move parts of the body.
subcutaneous injection (sub-kyoo-TAY-nee-us)
putting a fluid into the tissue under the skin with a needle and syringe.
a sweetener made from sugar but with no calories and no nutritional value.
a two-part sugar made of glucose and fructose. Known as table sugar or white sugar, it is found naturally in sugar cane and in beets.
1. A class of carbohydrates with a sweet taste, including glucose, fructose and sucrose. 2. A term used to refer to blood glucose.
sugar alcohols
sweeteners that produce a smaller rise in blood glucose than other carbohydrates. Their calorie content is about 2 calories per gram. Includes erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, and xylitol. Also known as polyols (PAH-lee-alls.)
sugar diabetes
former term for diabetes mellitus.
syringe (suh-RINJ)
a device used to inject medications or other liquids into body tissues. The syringe for insulin has a hollow plastic tube with a plunger inside and a needle on the end.
Type 1 diabetes
a condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by a total lack of insulin. Occurs when the body's immune system attacks the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas and destroys them. The pancreas then produces little or no insulin. Type 1 diabetes develops most often in young people but can appear in adults.
Type 2 diabetes
a condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by either a lack of insulin or the body's inability to use insulin efficiently. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older adults but can appear in young people.
ulcer (UL-sur)
a deep open sore or break in the skin.
unit of insulin
the basic measure of insulin. U-100 insulin means 100 units of insulin per milliliter (mL) or cubic centimeter (cc) of solution. Most insulin made today in the United States is U-100.
urea (yoo-REE-uh)
a waste product found in the blood that results from the normal breakdown of protein in the liver. Urea is normally removed from the blood by the kidneys and then excreted in the urine.
the liquid waste product filtered from the blood by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and expelled from the body by the act of urinating.
urine testing
also called urinalysis; a test of a urine sample to diagnose diseases of the urinary system and other body systems. Urine may also be checked for signs of bleeding. Some tests use a single urine sample. For others, 24-hour collection may be needed. And sometimes a sample is "cultured" to see exactly what type of bacteria grows.
urologist (yoo-RAH-luh-jist)
a doctor who treats people who have urinary tract problems. A urologist also cares for men who have problems with their genital organs, such as impotence.
vascular (VAS-kyoo-ler)
relating to the body's blood vessels.
a blood vessel that carries blood to the heart.
to urinate; to empty the bladder.
wound care
steps taken to ensure that a wound such as a foot ulcer heals correctly. People with diabetes need to take special precautions so wounds do not become infected.
xylitol (ZY-lih-tall)
a carbohydrate-based sweetener found in plants and used as a substitute for sugar; provides calories. Found in some mints and chewing gum.
50/50 insulin
premixed insulin that is 50 percent intermediate-acting (NPH) insulin and 50 percent short-acting (regular) insulin.
70/30 insulin
premixed insulin that is 70 percent intermediate-acting (NPH) insulin and 30 percent short-acting (regular) insulin.


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When you live with chronic pain, you have three constant companions. They are depression, fatigue and pain. Chronic fatigue, spelled with small caps, so as not to be confused with the syndrome that is suffered by many, tags along with me like a big ugly wart on the end of my nose. Is there any other time of year when we experience more fatigue than the holidays?
Please don't mistake me for Mr. Scrooge because nothing could be further from the truth. I bear a much greater resemblance to Mrs. Claus. However, I do not have the benefit of North Pole fairy dust which might give me boundless energy and an unfailing good humor. So how's your supply of fairy dust holding up?
Trying to explain this kind of fatigue to someone who doesn't have it isn't really worth the effort. It's so much more than, Gee, I'm pooped.
It's more like, I think I'm dead, but I just haven't fallen down yet. Why bother explaining it to them anyway? Whining is so non-satisfying. I thought those of us who have the heavy-handed kind would find comfort in mutual complaining. You know it if you have it. When you lie down, your arms are too heavy and too weak to even hold up the daily newspaper. When you climb stairs, you have to rest half-way up the flight. It's also nearly impossible to speak and move about at the same time, that is, if you want to breathe. I know time will take care of much of it, and I will just have to take it easy for a while. I'm not very good at that, but sometimes I don't have a choice.
We have some extra irritation going on right now. The contractor who was going to show up in August arrived in late November because our old porch is full of dry rot and has to be rebuilt. My good humor is being stretched by workmen who show up when they feel like it, require access to the bathroom, I'm sure due to some elderly male prostate thing, and irritate our two little terriers within an inch of my sanity. Barking, hammering and sawing, oh the sweet sounds of life. The dishwasher gave up the ghost last week, the dryer pooped out on Christmas Eve day. But other than that, life is just full of the usual post-Christmas clutter. Oh, yes, I forgot at midnight last night I had to put our Jack Russell into the bathtub due to a hygiene problem in her hinterlands due to too many table scraps. When will we learn? My husband is especially vulnerable to big brown eyes staring up at him from the floor while he is eating. Not only are our dogs spoiled, but my husband is totally beyond obedience school for humans - independent, that man.
Please join me, my friends, as we recover, rest, enjoy new gifts of the season and strive to maintain our sanity, at least the little bit we have left. That garland isn't going anywhere, all those leftovers can go into the freezer, and eventually you and I will return to normal, at least our normal. No one cares if the floor is vacuumed, the dust is moved around or the kitchen floor is sticky. Look for some pleasure today and let the rest go.

subset: commoncrawl


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"Fujitsu understands our business, the software and processes that support it, and provides us with outstanding solutions that rarely require rework"
Dave Jackson, Director of IT and CIO, Welch Foods
Founded in 1869, Welch Foods, Inc. (Welch's) is a family-farmer owned company and the leading marketer of Concord and Niagara grape-based products. Welch's products range from 100 percent juices and juice cocktails to jams, jellies and single-serve products in a variety of shapes and sizes. Welch's products are sold throughout the United States and in approximately 40 countries around the globe.
As a small company with limited resources, Welch's needed to find better and more efficient ways of doing business to remain competitive.
Download the full Welch Foods case study (201 KB/A4, 2 pages)
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text:
US: Invista launches new Lycra fibre for intimate apparel
Fibre maker Invista has commercially launched its Lycra with W Technology into the North American market, which it says offers a new level of performance in intimate apparel.
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6 rail-safety tips to photographers from Operation Lifesaver
Category: All Articles
Thursday, May 17, 2012 Operation Lifesaver warns photographers on safety
Operation Lifesaver President Helen M. Sramek participated Thursday in a webinar with Professional Photographers of America to educate photographers and others about the importance of safety around tracks and trains. Sramek said there were six "must-know" tips for professional photographers operating near railroad right-of-way.
The six items identified were: (1) Trains can't stop quickly to avoid people or vehicles on the tracks; (2) an optical illusion makes it hard to determine a train's distance from a person and its speed; (3) the average train overhangs the track by at least three feet; (4). railroad tracks, trestles, yards and rights-of-way are private property; (5). no tracks should be assumed to be abandoned or inactive; and (6). people in a given community mimic the behavior of others, including photographers.
"We understand the passion that photographers have for their work; however, they may not realize that using train tracks as a backdrop for portraits of high school seniors, wedding parties, and families is not only dangerous, it is illegal trespassing," said Sramek. "As part of Operation Lifesaver's mission to reduce deaths and injuries around trains, we urge professional and amateur photographers alike to set the right example for others."
PPA Director of Member Value & Experience Kristen Hartman said, "PPA is pleased to work with Operation Lifesaver to educate our members about these important safety issues."
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When I was working, my coworkers were my main social network. Although I did not go out and party with them on a daily basis, we did have significant interaction. We celebrated important events, like birthdays, and shared lots and lots of humor. So when I retired several years ago, not only did I lose my identity, I lost my social network. My friends that I didn't work with were (and are) people we did not see on a daily basis and only did activities with occasionally.
I am aware of the need to create a meaningful social network of real people that I can contribute to and benefit from at my current stage. I miss the camaraderie of my work colleagues. To try to recreate this, I have begun pushing myself to go to weekly social events.
For several years, DASN (Dementia Advocacy and Support Network) has been the virtual group and chat that I recommended for people with dementia. Although it's still good, the group has changed as key members' dementing illnesses progress. As a result, I have lost that significant social network — and even at its peak, DASN was never a face-to-face group. First I attended knitting groups that were very fulfilling, but my primary knitting group has morphed into young, edgy, "mean" girls that I simply can't keep up with. When I hear caregivers say "Mom used to love to sing in the choir or play cards, but now she isn't interested," I completely understand. I still want the meaningful interactions, but I just can't keep up.
There are several Alzheimer's support groups in my city, all for caregivers. I currently co-facilitate five of them. I have noticed that I do not enjoy them as much as I used to and have to hold back tears as I listen to what a caregiver is complaining about because I'm doing the same thing to my family. But people all around me say how great I'm doing, and I have been told they mean it as a compliment.
I am able to do well in simple situations and small groups. Years ago, my spouse played and then coached softball, and we have known some of the players for decades. They're friends and dear to me. I have made going to softball a priority this year. I can sit here and complain about how isolated I feel and how I don't have meaningful daily contact with anyone, or I can put something on my calendar that gets me out of the house and stick with it. At softball games, I can sit and observe, and I don't have to say anything. I don't have to remember the players' names or the rules. They all wear numbers, and I can even yell their number to encourage them. After the game is over, all I have to do is congratulate or console my friends who play — and if I'm really, really lucky, they'll invite me to join them for a beer and I can relish my time with them a few more minutes.
That's my current social support group. What's yours?


text:
BOSTON, July 13 (UPI) -- Mitt Romney said U.S. President Barack Obama "sure as heck" should apologize for campaign aides' suggestions Romney lied about when he left Bain Capital.
A story in The Boston Globe Thursday indicated there is a conflict in the record on when Romney left the venture capital company he founded. The Obama campaign has played up the issue -- with a campaign official and a lawyer for the campaign suggesting Romney may have committed a felony by filing false reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Romney sat for five network and cable TV interviews Friday, maintaining he only nominally ran Bain after 1999 and insisting he would not release any income tax returns beyond his 2010 return, which he has made public and his 2011 return, for which he has released estimates on how much tax he paid, Politico reported.
He said repeatedly during the interviews, "I had no role whatsoever in the management of Bain Capital after February of 1999."
In an interview with ABC News, Romney said it is "beneath the dignity of the presidency to go out and say the kind of things that are being said and even Democrats are saying that."
"He sure as heck ought to say that he's sorry for the kinds of attacks that are coming from his team," Romney said.
In an interview with WJLA-TV, Washington, the president was asked Friday whether Romney was being dishonest with the public.
"Ultimately Mr. Romney, I think, is going to have to answer those questions," he said, "because if he aspires to being president one of the things you learn is, you are ultimately responsible for the conduct of your operations, but again that's probably a question that he's going to have to answer and I think that's a legitimate part of the campaign."
Romney campaign manager Matt Rhoades Thursday called on Obama to apologize after the president's deputy campaign manager Stephanie Cutter and campaign lawyer Bob Bauer argued Romney may have lied to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission about leaving Bain Capital in early 1999 to run the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.
Their accusations were based on the Globe report that SEC filings showed Romney remained chief executive officer, chairman and sole stockholder at Bain through 2002. The documents cited by the Globe indicated Romney earned at least $100,000 a year as a Bain "executive" in 2001 and 2002.
Romney argues he isn't responsible for outsourcing, job losses and bad deals that Bain was involved with after Feb. 11,1999, when he says he left Bain, because he was running the Olympics.
Cutter told reporters on a conference call Thursday Romney, the presumptive Republican presidential nominee, was either "misrepresenting his own position at Bain to the SEC, which is a felony, or he was misrepresenting his position at Bain to the American people."
Bauer said if Romney "was not the controlling person that is described [in the filings], that means that these statements are false and ... there are very, very serious legal consequences that would follow."
Cutter said her message to Romney was: "If the SEC filings aren't accurate, prove it. ... Prove it by releasing your tax returns."
"President Obama's campaign hit a new low today when one of its senior advisers made a reckless and unsubstantiated charge to reporters about Mitt Romney that was so over-the-top that it calls into question the integrity of their entire campaign," Rhoades said.
"President Obama ought to apologize for the out-of-control behavior of his staff, which demeans the office he holds," Rhoades said.
Rhoades called on the Globe to print a correction of its report, which the newspaper declined to do, saying its story was "entirely accurate."
The Romney campaign did not dispute any facts in the Globe report, but said the story left a false impression Romney continued to oversee Bain's day-to-day operations.
The Washington Post said its Factchecker found that while Romney "had not legally separated from Bain," by virtually every account he was a "passive investor" with no managerial role in the firm after leaving for Salt Lake City.
Bain said Thursday Romney "has had absolutely no involvement with the management or investment activities of the firm" since leaving to run the Olympics, but that "due to the sudden nature" of his departure, he remained the sole stockholder for some time and his name was on SEC filings "in various capacities."
Bain did not respond to Globe questions about why SEC filings showed Romney in control of five Bain business partnerships that were formed in January 2002 -- nearly three years after Romney says he left.
At the same time, the Romney campaign began airing an attack ad following Obama's dubbing Romney last month an "outsourcing pioneer."
The Romney ad disputes that assertion.
"When a president doesn't tell the truth, how can we trust him to lead?" the ad asks. "The Obama outsourcing attacks: Misleading, unfair and untrue. There was no evidence that Mitt Romney shipped jobs overseas."
The ad started running Thursday in swing states including Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio and Virginia.
Romney acknowledged to Fox Business Network his TV counterattack on outsourcing indicated his campaign was losing the messaging wars.
"I, of course, respond to the attacks that come," he told the network Wednesday.
"But you know, they say in politics, if you're responding, you're losing," he said.


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SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) - Seamless will generate more than $100 million in revenue this year as the online food ordering service expands in new cities and benefits from a surge in mobile users, Chief Executive Jonathan Zabusky said on Tuesday.
Seamless generated $85 million in revenue last year as its consumer business, its largest, grew 60 percent.
"That puts us squarely in the lead in this category, at twice the size of our nearest competitor," Zabusky said in an interview on the sidelines at the Goldman Sachs Technology and Internet Conference here.
Zabusky is scheduled to speak at the conference on Wednesday.
GrubHub, Seamless's main rival, hired banks late last year for a possible initial public offering in 2013. That company's revenue is roughly half that of Seamless, which posted about $60 million in sales in 2011..
Seamless will soon be processing $1 billion worth of food orders a year, Zabusky said. Seamless makes money by taking a small cut of the cash from these orders. The business has a high degree of operating leverage, which means each extra dollar of revenue boosts profitability, Zabusky explained.
While GrubHub may be heading for an IPO, Seamless is waiting.
"We are in a fortunate position to be profitable, with a strong balance sheet," Zabusky said. "We don't need to rely on fickle public markets to fund our growth."
Once known as mainly a New York service, Seamless saw rapid growth in other cities last year. The volume of transactions the company processed in Los Angeles more than quadrupled in 2012, while transactions in San Francisco more than tripled and more than doubled in Washington DC, according to Zabusky.
Customers are also ordering more frequently through tablets and smart phones, he added. Mobile devices account for more than 40 percent of order volume and over 30 percent of mobile order volume comes through Seamless's iPad application, he noted.
(This version of the story corrects the final paragraph to show Seamless iPad app volume is a subset of mobile orders.)
Reporting By Alistair Barr; Editing by Bob Burgdorfer


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Jan Eliasson appointed UN envoy on Darfur
Development Today is a subscription-based online journal. To subscribe click here.
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Would you like to know more about Development Today? Click here.
For all the political differences they may have on domestic issues, the governments in Sweden and Norway think alike in many key areas of international aid politics.Read more >>
In a recent speech at International IDEA in Stockholm, Swedish Development Minister Gunilla Carlsson argued for a tougher, more critical approach to development assistance, while ...Read more >>
As of 2007, Swedish NGOs will have to raise 10 per cent of their Sida grants for information work on development cooperation themselves. This is part of the new government's belt tightening in the NGO sector.Read more >>
Danish development NGOs MS and Ibis report that they have during the course of the year managed to fundraise for an amount equivalent to at least 5 per cent of their Danida grants for 2006. The organisations are optimistic that they will also be able to reach the 2007 fundraising target, which rises to 10 per cent next year.Read more >>
New NGO development cooperation guidelines published by the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs aim to ensure that planned steep increases in NGO funding are used effectively. Preparations are also to begin for the outsourcing of project administration.Read more >>
The third MOPAN study puts the spotlight on the dilemma of making UN agencies more effective by pooling their resources at country level. The survey shows that ILO receives much better marks from donors in countries where it has its own offices. The UN reform panel proposed that UN agencies operate from a common UN office in developing countries.Read more >>
The UN Central Emergency Response Fund (Cerf) is likely to near its USD 450 million funding target less than a year after its establishment.Read more >>
The Norwegian Development Minister Erik Solheim says he is critical of channelling funds trough tax havens and that aid-financed entities should have a normative role ...Read more >>
Following the recent attention on the tax haven issue in Norway, Development Today contacted Transparency International for a comment on the practice of aid institutions ...Read more >>
The Norwegian government has appointed a commission to investigate the combined effects of Norwegian policies in poor countries. The commission, which consists of a diverse ...Read more >>
The OECD disputes the Danish policy of tying mixed credits to least developed countries (LDCs), and will continue to raise the issue with the Danes. In 2001, OECD donors agreed to put such contracts up for international tender. Danish Development Minister Ulla Tørnæs claims that Denmark has done more to untie its aid than any other OECD country. She tells the OECD to take a look at whether other OECD countries are living up to their promises on aid untying.Read more >>


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Textile Bleaching & Dyeing Machine Operators & Tenders
Also called: Drug Room Operator, Dye Machine Operator, Dye Operator, Machine Operator
What they do:Operate or tend machines to bleach, shrink, wash, dye, or finish textiles or synthetic or glass fibers.
On the job, you would:
- Add dyes, water, detergents, or chemicals to tanks to dilute or strengthen solutions, according to established formulas and solution test results.
- Notify supervisors or mechanics of equipment malfunctions.
- Adjust equipment controls to maintain specified heat, tension, and speed.
Manufactured or Agricultural Goods
Math and Science
Safety and Government
Basic Skills
People and Technology Systems
Hand and Finger Use
Controlled Movement
People interested in this work like activities that include practical, hands-on problems and solutions.
They do well at jobs that need:
See more details at O*NET OnLine about textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders.


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IRS: Bitcoin Is Not Currency
The IRS has determined that bitcoin will be treated as property for tax purposes, and not currency. What does that mean for a digital currency? Michael Casey joins MoneyBeat.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... been been been been ... IRS yesterday determine that bitcoin will be treated as property for tax purposes ... not currency what does that mean for eight digital currency ... Michael Casey is here to help sauce over the filth ... of like this was the worst acting IRS to commence easily and tax ... deadline April fifteen ... they did what is it me ... was that he refused but I think the people placing bids which way this was can ago was to go that way ... it wasn't as if the iris was totally fits money on the table perhaps with ... the people to experience these gangs has a chance to look Italy's capital crimes taxes on that ... so the case because there's a bit of that would ... be really does stop she clarified some of the ... updated ... some of the roles of the statistical County will plus ... one other concerns would be ... in it can actually function as a current spread ... tent canopy now used to buy things sell things to ... be part of the exchange crisis does what it's great promise is ... if ... you know those transactions get caught up with a taxable situation it seems from your own according to a lot lower than ... that ... today the IRS is going to give exemptions to to anybody who's not using it as an as investors on holding isn't going ... to be updated ... it buying things out of this talk talk all more than eighty ... minutes is that now accept bitcoins ... by the to do that you don't have to worry about walking so that that's come clean so the concern about the B quarters of a market killing the right now I think that's the that's really the key point is the IRS is ... doing here ... is looking at bitcoin ... as an investment what kind of an investment is it ... and that's where ... the threat is really all that it's not so much ... how you can use bitcoin in your dating life it's that you're holding this if you're a minor mining pulling back but how does that get to keep going right I mean there's other things that the goddess well so what is this June for the long term for trading strategies for casinos and snatches Capital bangs ... that there are certain roles as to what ... you ... have against SK Innovation or what time you call this is what's for does that affect the volatility for example could lead to wall is willing to undergo belong to ... these things will have to see how plays out it also may factor in things but the bankruptcy at Mt Gox in others because ... now there is a definition around which a bankruptcy court can determine how to value the claims of these credit is it's being treated as a certain asset wrote a currency that means this can affect the way that those claims get the right to the holiday additional things which you can stop the fall of the line is it just means that this one while blissfully lot but is being sued morphed into the border read poetry structure of the fund ... is up to a more respectable he ... may be keeping our my Casey Aksland stuff as always thank very much ...


text:
CA131G-FA MEDIA FOR SOCIAL CHANGE (4). An examination of all phases of mass communications. Print and electronic media, public relations, and advertising are examined in terms of their historical development, their effect on mass culture and gender bias issues and their relationship to a free society. Special emphasis is placed on media as a means of conveying information. Clips from classic and popular films, television programs, and radio shows are examined. Emphasis is placed on the use of media for social change. [Skill: T]
CA230 PHOTOGRAPHY I: DIGITAL AND DARKROOM BASICS (4). An introduction to photographic theory and practice with an emphasis on the photographic print as an artistic form of communication and an emphasis on the principles of composition.. Includes black and white film and print processing and the study of photographic equipment and techniques. Digital photography is introduced. Laboratory.
CA231 CONCEPT AND COMPOSITION (4). An introduction to creative thinking techniques such as brainstorming, free writing, process writing, and lateral thinking. Group dynamics, problem solving, interviewing and image composition are examined in various media situations. Production in still media and video are used to practice problem solving and group work. Media graphics, writing techniques and an introduction to script writing are studied. Laboratory.
CA234 PUBLIC SPEAKING (2). Engages students in the practice of oral and written communication by expanding their knowledge and understanding of different speech types and speech preparations. Students demonstrate effective communication skills by developing organizational strategies for a variety of speaking styles according to audience and purpose; clarify personal thinking skills through oral communication; demonstrate a knowledge of grammar, usage and syntax while speaking; and enrich speaking with writing, listening, viewing, and reading experiences. Develops an awareness of the importance of oral communication in today's global society. Demonstrative, informative, and persuasive forms of speaking are studied and practiced. [Skill: O]
CA330 COPYWRITING AND COPY EDITING (4). This course examines the fundamental skills of copywriting and copy editing for diverse audiences in the contemporary media environment. Emphasis is placed on preparing news media, from collecting research and interviewing to developing copy and editing for print. Students will also be introduced to basic layout and design techniques. [Skill: W] Prerequisites: EN101 and EN131.
CA331 PHOTOGRAPHY II: ADVANCED DIGITAL (4). This course is a study of digital photography and advanced digital cameras. Emphasis on theory of digital photography, composition of the digital image and the use of advanced digital cameras and color theory. Also includes the study and use of studio lighting, scanners and printers. Development of the commercial photo studio will be studied. Other topics of study may include photojournalism, documentary, environmental and landscape, nature, sports, fashion, portraiture, food and still life photography. Laboratory. Prerequisite: CA230.
CA334 PRODUCTION I: VIDEO AND SCRIPT (4). This course combines the practical application of video techniques and script writing in the production of video programs. Group dynamics are studied and practiced. Studio broadcasting is introduced. Prerequisites: CA231 and junior or senior standing.
CA335 PRODUCTION II: STUDIO AND SOUND (4). This course examines the skills and techniques needed for single camera, multimedia camera and electronic studio environments for video production. This includes techniques in as-live and post-production situations. Post-production non-linear editing and the design of still and animated computer graphics are emphasized. Prerequisite: CA334.
CA340 DESIGN FOR COMMUNICATIONS I: ILLUSTRATION AND PHOTO DOCUMENTATION (4). This is a study of electronic design intended for a variety of communication-centered disciplines. Includes practice in electronic illustration, photo manipulation and editing, and layout techniques using a variety of contemporary software applications. This course combines application with the discussion of design theory, problem-solving approaches, idea generation, and project execution and logistics. Prerequisite: CA231.
CA341 DESIGN FOR COMMUNICATIONS II: LAYOUT AND TYPOGRAPHY (4). Students will study electronic design, layout and typography intended for a variety of communication-centered disciplines. Included will be practice in electronic design, and layout techniques using a variety of contemporary software applications. This course combines application with the discussion of design theory, problem-solving approaches, idea generation, and project execution and logistics. Prerequisite: CA231.
CA350 TOPICS IN COMMUNICATION ARTS (4). The course provides an opportunity for advanced study of various areas of communication. Possible topics for specific courses include advertising, organizational communication, photography, documentary production, and sound recording and production. The particular topic for a given term will be announced in the course schedule. May be repeated when topics vary.
CA361 EVENT COORDINATION AND LOGISTICS (4). Students will receive hands-on training in event coordination, from the initial phases of brainstorming and idea generation to implementation and logistics. Event planning involves message design, display design, promotion, research and networking. A variety of event types will be discussed, including events, meetings, conventions, informal celebrations, and educational seminars. Prerequisite: CA231.
CA364 SOCIAL MEDIA MANGEMENT (4). This course examines the changing landscape of communications, as influenced by social media. Students will explore transformations within the public relations and journalism fields directly and indirectly caused by social media. A significant portion of the course will focus on message design, message dissemination, message reception, evaluation, market research and theory, all related to participatory media. [Skill: I] Prerequisite: CA231.
CA470 INTERNSHIP (1-4). An opportunity to work in a professional capacity. On-the job work experiences are integrated with educational objectives to give students an opportunity to broaden their learning experiences. Taught Pass/No Pass.
CA495 SENIOR STUDIO (2). This is an advanced study in the theory and practice of all areas of Communication Arts. Students enrolled in this course will examine contemporary technologies, concepts and issues in the various fields of communications and will engage in the production and management of a final thesis project. Students will present their final projects to the campus community. Taught Pass/No Pass. Prerequisites: Communication Arts major and senior standing.


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- Zoom feature (works only if you have Internet Explorer 8)
- Outbox & Flagged folders are hidden if empty
- 'Contacts' icon moved from the left folders list to top toolbar
- Undo & Redo in New Message (Text Editing buttons and 'Edit' menu)
- The 'Zoom' feature works inside your Message Body area, and will only work if you have Internet Explorer 8 installed - you can update your Internet Explorer by clicking here.
There are several ways of accessing the feature:
1) To use the feature, simply press the 'Ctrl' key on your keyboard. At the same time, roll up or down with the mouse wheel button (located in between the right and left click mouse buttons).
2) Or you can press the 'Ctrl' key on your keyboard, and then press the '+' or '-' key repeatedly until reaching your desired size.
- In order to increase space for your Personal Folders, IncrediMail has made a change to the Outbox and Flagged folders. Since these folders are generally empty, they will only appear if there is a message inside them.
The Outbox stores messages right before they are sent. If there is a problem with your connection, or if your Internet is turned off, you will see the Outbox, and can then open it and remove any messages stuck there.
When the Outbox is empty, you will not see it.
The Flagged folder acts as a sorting feature to show only Flagged messages anywhere inside IncrediMail. If you do not have any Flagged messages, you will not see the Flagged folder.
- The 'Contacts' (Address Book) shortcut icon was removed from the left panel's Folder list and placed in the top menu area. Clicking the 'Contacts' icon will open your Address Book.
- When working in a New Message, users have the option of 'Undo' and 'Redo'.
Clicking the 'Undo' icon in the Text Editing area, or by clicking 'Edit' and then 'Undo' will allow you to undo your last action.
Clicking the 'Redo' icon in the Text Editing area, or by clicking 'Edit' and then 'Redo' will allow you to "redo" the last action before you clicked 'Undo'.


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Curious Kids
Monday, February 10, 2020 | 4:30-6:30pm | Learning Center Kids
Who says learning stops after school? Dare to be challenged and let your curiosity get the best of you. Join us for the fun! Every day is different, but we'll always have activities to spark your imagination. On Wednesdays play with the Kansas Children's Discovery Center in some STEAM based experiences.
Audience: 5 - 12 years


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Power Steering Systems - Steer Me Right
Proper Setup And Maintenance Of Power Steering Systems Can Improve Feel At The Wheel And Keep You Off The Wall
Ask any experienced driver and he's likely to tell you he depends on "feel" as much as his eyes to know what the race car is doing on the track. The mystical quality of feel is best described as input transmitted to the driver's body from the car. From his seat, the driver certainly cannot tell if the right-front spring is bottoming out or the rear tires are spinning on exit of the turns, but there's no doubt he can feel it. The driver can feel what the car is doing with his foot on the brake pedal, his rear end in the seat, and most importantly, his hands on the steering wheel. Elementary, right? Of course, but how concerned are you about how well your power steering box transmits information back to your, or your driver's, hands?
Properly setting up and maintaining your power steering system (both the pump and the gearbox) is critical in terms of fielding a car that's easy to drive, and also to eliminate the possibility of a critical failure on the track. A standard gearbox for a race car setup for a drag link steering system may seem like a pretty beefy piece of equipment, and it is. But the pitman arm, idler arm, and tie rods are designed to produce plenty of leverage to help the gearbox steer the wheels. That also means that if the front wheels make contact with the wall or another car, that same leverage is transmitted-often with damaging force-right back to the gearbox.
To get a better idea of how you can use your power steering system to improve the feel at the steering wheel as well, we traveled to Winston-Salem, North Carolina, to the shop of CJR Products. Owned by Ronnie Grayson, who started the business building boxes for Dale Earnhardt in 1988, CJR builds custom gearboxes and power steering pumps for several Nextel Cup teams, including Roush Racing, Hendrick Motorsports, and Richard Childress Racing. The shop also builds more economical units for the Saturday night racer at any level. It turns out that everyone in this four-man shop is a racer, and they understand the real-world economics of local, short-track racing.
Steering gearboxes are manufactured by Delphi. Racing gearbox builders like CJR purchase these boxes from Delphi and then rebuild them to its specifications. Much of the time and attention required is simply to make sure all the parts meet specs, but CJR does other upgrades to make the gearbox a more precise piece of equipment. One major option available to drivers is the "valving" in the box. This is a bit of a misnomer because the valve doesn't change, but the torsion bar on which the valve is attached does. This adjusts how hard the driver has to work to turn the steering wheel before the steering assist kicks in.
The torsion bar actually slides inside the input shaft. One end is pinned to the shaft while the other is pinned to the spool cap. As the driver turns the wheel, he actually twists the torsion bar, moving the valve. Once the bar has twisted a certain amount, the valve is opened completely and the steering assist is activated. You can use different size torsion bars to adjust the amount of effort required to turn the steering wheel. Smaller bars twist more easily, requiring less effort from the driver, while thicker bars do the opposite. According to Jeff McBride of CJR, most short-track drivers prefer a 235 or 250 valve. The numbers represent the thickness of the torsion bar in thousandths of an inch (a 235 valve would mean a torsion bar that is 0.235 inch thick).
"The thicker bars mean the driver has to put more effort into the steering wheel," McBride explains, "but he also gets more feel for what the front end is doing. The lighter it is, the less the driver can actually tell what is going on-where the front wheels are. It seems the younger guys usually want the bigger torsion bars because they really want to feel with their hands what the car is doing. Older guys seem to want less because they have a more developed feel for what the car is doing, and they want to work less.
"It is also interesting that the Cup guys generally want a bigger valve," he adds. "That's because they are usually running the bigger, higher-speed tracks and want all the feel they can get. They want to be able to tell whenever they dive off into the corner where the front end of the car is. But because they've got so much caster split in them now, the car will basically turn itself. That kind of gives them a false sense of feel, so you put a stiffer valve in it, and that way when they go into a corner, they can still feel where the car is."
The second variable in a gearbox is the ratio. The standard Saginaw gearbox produced by Delphi is available with several different ratios. They are 12:1, 14:1, 16:1, 17.5:1, and 20:1. The ratios are for the input shaft versus the output shaft. For example, a 12:1 gearbox would require 12 turns of the steering wheel to make the output shaft, or pitman shaft, make one complete revolution. Of course, you are never going to turn the steering wheel 12 times or want the pitman shaft to make a complete revolution, but this gives you a good idea of the steering rates. Generally, faster rates are used on tighter tracks while the slower rates are used at bigger tracks where less steering input is necessary. The 17.5:1 and 20:1 ratios are normally only used at monster tracks like Daytona and Talladega.
Still, even if you are racing each week on a tiny bullring, you may not want to depend entirely on a 12:1 ratio because it is the fastest. "We are noticing a trend of weekend racers on the shorter tracks going from a 12:1 to a 14:1 ratio," McBride says. "They don't race as much as the Nextel Cup drivers do, and they sometimes get a case of happy hands, or jerky in their reactions. The 14:1 ratio slows down the car for them. It keeps them from jerking the car around too much and makes it more driveable for them."
Your steering linkages need to be set up so that the gearbox is centered when the wheels are pointed straight ahead. That sounds like common sense, but it is easy to miss. There are a few ways to determine the center in the steering box. First, there is a hard spot that the driver can feel when he turns the wheel. This can actually be distracting to a lot of drivers, and if this is the case with you, tell your box builder you want the hard spot reduced. The second way is to notice the large flat on the input shaft. When the box is properly mounted, that spot should be facing upward.
Finally, you can check it manually. With the box connected to the steering shaft, turn the steering wheel fully to the left. Now, turn the wheel back to the right. The second time the flat spot on the input shaft comes up (you should be able to see it behind the coupler), that's the center. This is true for every ratio except 17.5:1 and 20:1, in which case it is the third time around.
In some cases, drivers that don't like to feel the hard spot in the center of the steering box will have the toe on both front tires moved slightly to the right by a degree (the left-front will have less toe-out and the right-front will have slightly more than normal). Now when the steering wheel is straightened up, the gearbox is set so that the driver will not feel the hard spot unless he or she turns to the right. This doesn't cause a problem, except the valve is now cracked open a small amount. When this happens, fluid pressure is trying to push it closed while the driver is holding it open, and this causes the power steering pump to work harder. This translates to a small amount of horsepower. Again, the best solution if your driver dislikes the hard spot that marks the center of the gearbox is to ask the builder to reduce it.
Unless you are familiar with the critical tolerances of a steering gearbox, it's probably not a good idea to break one open yourself for regular maintenance. CJR recommends you send your gearbox in for a thorough check every 1,000 miles. For a Nextel Cup team, that's a single race weekend, but for a Saturday night racer, that's probably an entire season of racing. You can note that 1,000-mile mark if you haven't banged up the car. The biggest cause of problems is front-end damage to the car. Anytime you have banged wheels hard or been in a wreck that caused the front end to get tweaked, it's probably a good idea to send your box in for a checkup.
There is a visual inspection you can do yourself. Look for cracks in the housing or bent splines on the input or pitman shafts. To get a good look, you'll probably need to take off the pitman arm. While it's off, check it for damage, too. Besides cracks, the most common sign of damage on pitman arms is in the main coupling to the pitman shaft, which will be stretched into an egg shape. The arm itself can be twisted, so lay it on a flat surface to check for a torsional twist. You will want to have a professional check the rest of the system. CJR recommends magnafluxing everything to find cracks before those cracks become dangerous. The last thing you want is a failure that leaves you without steering.
One final note: The latest trend in race car setups is the soft front spring/big sway bar package. When done correctly, the setup works, but a lot of racers don't realize how many things can be affected when you cut your front spring weights in half. The car rides a lot lower, and parts that normally have plenty of clearance are now scrubbing the track. On the front of the car, the pitman arm is often the first thing to hit the track. Be very careful if the bottom of the pitman arm looks like it has met up with a grinder; it's rubbing the track, which can cause serious damage pretty quickly. If this is the case, you may need to make some modifications to your front clip to raise the gearbox up a bit.
The mistake most often made with power steering pumps is over-spinning them. Jason Fletcher, who builds all the pumps for CJR, says you can save some serious power by not working your power steering pump any harder than you have to.
"Pumps usually have enough flow by 1,500 rpm," he says. "If you exceed 4,000 rpm, you are just wasting your power because, after that, they go into bypass mode. We've had some racers who think that if they spin the pump faster they will get more pressure, which will help driver feel. That's just not true. Divide the diameter of the main pulley by the diameter of the pulley on the pump, and then multiply that number by your racing rpm. If you are in that zone between 1,500 and 4,000 rpm, then great. If not, you need to adjust the size of the pulley on the pump."
Also remember that, like engine oil, power steering fluid breaks down with extended use and heat. At a minimum, you should flush the power steering system once a year and replace it with fresh fluid. CJR recommends using a DEX 3 transmission fluid for its exceptional properties.


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Why Do Political And Economic Leaders Deny Peak Oil And Climate Change?
By Alice Friedemann
21 February 2012
Since there's nothing that can be done about climate change, because there's no scalable alternative to fossil fuels, I've always wondered why politicians and other leaders, who clearly know better, feel compelled to deny it. I think it's for exactly the same reasons you don't hear them talking about preparing for Peak Oil.
1) our leaders have known since the last energy crisis that there's no comparable alternative energy ready to replace fossil fuels. To extend the oil age as long as possible, the USA went the military path rather than a "Manhattan Project" of research and building up grid infrastructure, railroads, sustainable agriculture, increasing car fuel efficiency, and other obvious actions. Instead, we've spent trillions of dollars on defense and the military to keep the oil flowing, the Straits of Hormuz open, and invade oil-producing countries. Being so much further than Europe, China, and Russia from the Middle East, where there's not only the most remaining oil, but the easiest oil to get out at the lowest cost ($20-22 OPEC vs $60-80 rest-of-world per barrel), is a huge disadvantage. I think the military route was chosen in the '70s to maintain our access to Middle East oil and prevent challenges from other nations. Plus everyone benefits by our policing the world and keeping the lid on a world war over energy resources; perhaps that's why central banks keep lending us money.
2) if the public were convinced climate change were real and demanded alternative energy, it would become clear pretty quickly that we didn't have any alternatives. Already Californians are seeing public television shows and newspaper articles about why it's so difficult to build enough wind, solar, and so on to meet the mandated 33% renewable energy sources by 2020.
For example, I saw a PBS program recently on the obstacles to wind power in Marin County, on the other side of the Golden Gate bridge. Difficulties cited were lack of storage for electricity, NIMBYism, opposition from the Audubon Society over bird kills, wind blows at night when least needed, the grid needs expansion, and most wind is not near enough to the grid to be connected to it. But there was no mention of Energy Returned on Energy Invested (EROEI) or the scale of how many windmills you'd need to have. So you could be left with the impression that these problems could be overcome.
I don't see any signs of the general public's losing optimism yet. I gave my "Peak Soil" talk to a critical thinking group, very bright, sparkling, interesting, well-read, thoughtful people, and to my great surprise realized they weren't worried until my talk, partly because so few people understand the Hirsch 2005 "liquid fuels" crisis concept, nor the scale of what fossil fuels do for us. I felt really badly; I've never spoken to a group before that wasn't aware of the problem, so I wished I were a counselor as well. The only thing I could think of to console them was to say that running out of fossil fuels was a good thing — we might not be driven extinct by global warming, which most past mass extinctions were caused by.
3) as the German military peak oil study stated, when investors realize Peak Oil is upon us, stock markets world-wide will crash (if they haven't already from financial corruption), as it will be obvious that growth is no longer possible and investors will never get their money back.
4) as Richard Heinberg has pointed out, there's a national survival interest in being the "Last Man (nation) Standing." So leaders want to keep things going smoothly as long as possible. And everyone is hoping the crash is "not on my watch" — who wants to take the blame?
5) there's no solution to this problem, and too many problems are already getting out of hand on a daily basis at local, state, and national levels, plus all that matters is the next election — who's got time to work on a future problem with no solution? Jimmy Carter is perceived as having lost partly due to asking Americans to sacrifice for the future (i.e., put on a sweater).
I first became aware of this at the 2005 ASPO Denver conference. Denver Mayor Hickenlooper pointed out that one of his predecessors lost the mayoral election because he didn't keep the snow plows running after a heavy snow storm. He worried about how he'd keep snow plows, garbage collection, and a host of other city services running as energy declined.
A Boulder City Council member at this conference told us he had hundreds of issues and constituents to deal with on a daily basis, so no way did he have time to spend on an issue beyond the next election.
Finally, Congressman Roscoe Bartlett told us that there was no solution, and he was angry that we'd blown 25 years even though the government knew peak was coming. His plan was to relentlessly reduce our energy demand by 5% per year. Not efficiency; that doesn't work due to Jevons paradox.
There is no solution — leaders can't even propose everyone become a farmer or rancher, because there simply isn't enough land and water (rainfall, aquifer, snow melt) to do that in the United States.
The only solution that would mitigate suffering is to mandate that women bear only one child. Fat chance of that ever happening when even birth control is controversial, and Catholics are outraged that all health care plans are now required to cover the cost of birth control pills. Congressman Bartlett, in a small group discussion after his talk, told us that population was the main problem, but that he and other politicians didn't dare mention it. He said that exponential growth would undo any reduction in demand we could make, and gave this example: if we have 250 years left of reserves in coal, and we turn to coal to replace oil, increasing our use by 2% a year — a very modest rate of growth considering what a huge amount is needed to replace oil — then the reserve would only last 85 years. If we liquefy it, then it would only last 50 years, because it takes a lot of energy to do that.
6) Political (and religious) leaders gain votes, wealth, and power by telling people what they want to hear. Several politicians have told me privately that people like to hear good news and that politicians who bring bad news don't get re-elected. "Don't worry, be happy" is a vote getter. Carrying capacity, exponential growth, die-off, extinction, population control — these are not ideas that get leaders elected.
7) Everyone who understands the situation is hoping The Scientists Will Come up With Something. Including the scientists. They'd like to win a Nobel prize and need funding. But researchers in energy resources know what's at stake with climate change and peak oil and are as scared as the rest of us. U.C. Berkeley scientists are also aware of the negative environmental impacts of biofuels, and have chosen to concentrate on a politically feasible strategy of emphasizing lack of water to prevent large programs in this from being funded (Fingerman). They're also working hard to prevent coal fired power plants from supplying electricity to California by recommending natural gas replacement plants instead, as well as expanding the grid, taxing carbon, energy efficiency, nuclear power, geothermal, wind, and so on — see rael.berkeley.edu/projects for what else some of UCB's RAEL program is up to. Until a miracle happens, scientists and some enlightened policy makers are trying to extend the age of oil, reduce greenhouse gases, and so on. But with the downside of Hubbert's curve so close, and the financial system liable to crash again soon given the debt and lack of reforms, I don't know how long anyone can stretch things out.
The 1% can't justify their wealth or the current economic system once the pie stops expanding and starts to shrink. The financial crisis will be a handy way to explain why people are getting poorer on the down side of peak oil too, delaying panic perhaps.
Other evidence that politicians know how serious the situation is, but aren't saying anything, are Congressman Roscoe Bartlett's youtube videos (Urban Danger). He's the Chairman of the peak oil caucus in the House of Representatives, and he's saying "get out of dodge" to those in the know. He's educated all of the representatives in the House, but he says that peak oil "won't be on their front burner until there's an oil shock."
I think that those who deny climate change are thinking like chess players several moves ahead. They hope that by denying climate change an awareness of peak oil is less likely to occur, and I'm guessing their motivation is to keep our oil-based nation going as long as possible. What I'd like to know is if there are plans or strategies to let the air out of the tires of civilization as slowly as possible to prevent panic and sudden discontinuities.
Given history, I can't imagine the 1% giving up their wealth (especially land, 85% of which is concentrated among 3% of owners). I'm sure they're hoping the current system maintains its legitimacy as long as possible, even as the vast majority of us sink into 3rd world poverty beyond what we can imagine, and then are too poor and hungry to do anything but find our next meal.
I wish it were possible for scientists and other leaders to explain what's going on to the public, but I think scientists know it wouldn't do any good given only 5% scientific literacy, and leaders see the vast majority of the public as big blubbering spoiled babies, like the spaceship characters on floating chairs in Wall-E, who expect, no demand, happy Hollywood endings.
If you want an article to send to a denier you know, it would be hard to do better than Donald Prothero's How We Know Global Warming is Real and Human Caused.
Fingerman, Kevin. 2010. Accounting for the water impacts of ethanol production. Environmental Research Letters.
Americans, with 100 'energy servants' each, share blame for Gulf oil spill, by Sarah "Steve" Mosko, June 18, 2010
On peak oil acceptance (from many recent articles): Countercurrents.org
Urban Danger. Congressman Roscoe Bartlett youtube videos:
Part 1: youtube.com/watch?v=GGE1omIaRMI
Part 2: youtube.com/watch?v=eBiTrQuZuUQ&feature=related
Part 3: youtube.com/watch?v=BGJHwzsPdpY&feature=related
Alice Friedemann knew about the energy crisis for decades because her geologist grandfather, Francis Pettijohn, was a friend of M. King Hubbert. Alice has been part of the peak oil community since discussions began on EnergyResources and attended many ASPO conferences. She's spoken at U. C. Berkeley on biofuels and published at CultureChange, EnergyBulletin, EnergyPulse, TheOilDrum etc. She has a B.S. in Biology and Chemistry/Physics minor from the University of Illinois, and is a member of the Northern California Science Writers Association. She was a senior-level systems architect and engineer for 25 years in health care, banking, and transportation.
Comments are not moderated. Please be responsible and civil in your postings and stay within the topic discussed in the article too. If you find inappropriate comments, just Flag (Report) them and they will move into moderation que.


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Inspired by those who never stop going.
This edition contains: denim on the outside, crimson inside with a navy chiffon onion-skin layer, 48 grid pages on 70lb smooth white, and a red thread finish. Limited edition of seventy-five.
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