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Monday May 19, 2008
Iconic series "American Gladiators" is back for season two -- better then ever -- with a heart-pounding, action-packed, two-hour premiere. Helmed by hosts Hulk Hogan ("Hogan Knows Best") and Laila Ali ("Dancing with the Stars"), this season features new gladiators, forty new contenders, new events in a new state-of-the-art "Gladiator Arena". Each episode features two male and two female contenders competing against each other for points �- while battle hardened gladiators stand between them and their goal. In this episode of duelling colleagues, Chicago cops and partners David Moore and Melvin Davis go head to head, while Denver cops and best friends Vicki Ferrari and Abbe Dorn battle it out against each other.


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Here's to the passionate ones! Those of you like Jackie and Dante Harmony who gladly live out of a van and occasional hotel room for half the year so you can challenge yourself and chase your dreams of World Cup glory. Whether you are a surfer chasing good swells around the world, a snowboarder living on ramen noodles and caffeine as you chase your dream of making the US Team, a climber living down by the river in your Subaru wagon so you can wake up and scale a tougher wall or a parent (also a lawyer/ and volunteer soccer coach) who still sleeps in a tent on non-soccer weekends so you can ride one more day in Moab you are a friend of mine.
As I agonize over which house to buy in Tempe (the really cool little zen like house that is going to stretch my budget or the nice but boring house that is a great deal) I have to laugh at all the energy, time and stress I am spending worrying about something that really doesn't matter! My house doesn't bring me joy nor does it define me, it is simply a place to rest, recover, store my stuff (that is a whole 'nother rant) and prepare for my next adventure in. I grew up in a 1,200 square foot house with only 1.5 baths! While four people using the same shower every morning was a struggle we managed to get by just fine. Of the thousands of great memories I have from growing up none of them were limited by that house and none could have been enhanced if we had grown up in a 7,000 square foot custom home (although skateboarding through a 7,000 sqf home at 12 would have been fun!).
Life is so much better with passion and challenge than simply trying to get by. We (mountain bikers) are fortunate to have found something that we love so much that we will give up the "necessities" that so many people can't do without to chase our passion. Next to spending quality time with my family and loved ones the happiest, most rewarding and most fun times of my life have been spent out there, often on the edge, not in front of a TV set.
A big thank you to all the dirt bag* mountain bikers, skiers, snowboarders, surfers, river rats, skaters and climbers that I have met along the way! It is easy to get caught up in our culture of more, bigger, better, NOW when it is constantly in your face. Thankfully, when my priorities get a little askew, it seems like there is always a soul brother or sister there to remind me that life isn't about "things". For those I have met along the way thanks for living the dream and helping me keep perspective.
In short, go for a ride, or hike, or climb, get out and enjoy yourself. Spend less time worrying and more time living!
*"Dirt Bag" is an affectionate term used by my friends

subset: commoncrawl


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Make a piece with the chord progression Gm, Bb Augmented, Am, Cm for only one hand
Make a piece with the chord progression Gm, Bb Augmented, Am, Cm for only one hand
Do not spam
10m or less
Due Feb 1st
Winner will get anything they want
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Make a piece with the chord progression Gm, Bb Augmented, Am, Cm for only one hand
Do not spam
10m or less
Due Feb 1st
Winner will get anything they want
Mine is Alkan.
Hello, i am new here. I just uploaded my first score. You can check it out and feel free to give suggestions if you want since i am a newbie.
I thought I'd try to make this group more active by adding this discussion: WHAT IS YOUR FAVOURITE CAPRICE? When you reply be sure to have a link to it as well in case we do not know what you're talking about!
My personal favourite is Paganini Caprice 24 ---> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpnIrE7_1YA
My friends sometimes ask me to translate his or her name into a musical composition. I must confess that I love these activities as it forces you to make a melodic line out of it. So my challenge is:
Make a piece of music out of a name (can be anyone's)
Pieces should be longer than one minute and less than 3 minutes.
If those who are confused in how to use cryptograms then here is one way you could do this (French method):
I would judge your pieces based on originality, how beautiful it is and bonus if difficult names are used.
Please in your titles that you need to state the name of the person
The winner will have their piece upvoted and will be followed by me.
Here is an example where the piece uses a musical cryptogram:
Your submission will be due at 15th February
Hey guys! I'm new to this group and I figured I might as well put my music out there now! I am a percussionist and am most prominent in writing for mallet percussion, but I also love to write for band, choir, and musical theater! Feel free to check them all out and give me feedback.
("The Ticking Clock"; mallet percussion quartet)
("The End"; mallet percussion quintet)
("Change on the Horizon; concert band/wind ensemble)
("Speak to Me; SATB+Piano)
("Sunset"; musical theater; 2 mezzo sopranos, 2 violins, electric guitar, piano, and drumset)
Make a 4 minute or less Haydn style rondo.
Due Feb 1st
Winner gets piece promoted
Freedom of expression is permitted :)
I really really like Disney music in general. (don't judge even tho I'm a teen) XD. I also like Imagine Dragons and Twenty One Pilots. I don't really have a favorite song tho....... Also, help. I've been bored lately and do y'all have any cheesy/corny jokes? LOL. Follow me on ROBLOX: smartypants0926. I haven't been active lately cause my dad blocked Roblox sooo. But my friend is helping me earn money on certain games while I am gone. CYAAAAA LATer!!!
The Rules:
Can be for any instrument/instruments
No spam
Award: follow, favorite & comment
Due-date: Due by January 13th January
Do not put more than 3 as I cannot Handel them.
Roud of applause for RKrauth!!
The Rules: The rules are:
It must be for solo Piano.
1 - 3 minutes
No spam
Award: follow, favorite, comment, & piece promoted
Due-date: Due by January 6th
It is about the time of the anniversary of the death of my beloved grandfather. As I think I have not done enough deeds for him before he passed away, I would honour him with a contest. I would like you to make a variation on this theme by Schumann. I gave you historical background on the piece in the description of the work.
Edit: Link closed due to the end of the contest
This must only be for piano solo
The variation must be under 4 minutes and longer than 30 seconds.
You may use any form in your composition: sonata, rondo, theme or variations
Have fun!
Winners will have a follow from me and maybe have their piece placed in my upcoming Carnaval suite for solo piano.
The contest will end on 6 January (Happy birthday Scriabin!)
Extended to 10th January
Good job to MadDuck for winning this contest!
so it turns out it was not obvious that you cannot enter pieces into a different contest. You cannot enter a piece into more than one contest. I hade 2 people enter pieces from RSA contests.
Happy new year everyone!
Did you know, on this day, the German composer Johannes Brahms premiered his Violin Concerto in D major with Hungarian violinist, Joseph Joachim in 1897? This concerto which has been claimed by Polish violinist, Henryk Wieniawski as an "unplayable" work while Spanish violinist, Pablo Sarasate refused to play the work. Now it is one of the greatest violin concertos ever written and it is very famous today.
Here is a link to my favourite recording of this concerto played by Itzhak Perlman:
What is your favourite violin concerto? Tell me below.
All admins can manage the group. You can do as many things as you please as long as it benefits the group. If it doesn't make sense, I can always change it. Feel free to do anything to benefit the group.
CMC. Owner, IGitzDiz.
Rules: The rules are:
Must be for string quartet( 2 violins, 1 viola, 1 cello )
Must be a minute or longer
Can be any style
Deadline is 1/6/2020
Award: 3 Winners will get a favorite, a follow, and have their piece promoted.


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Report: Cavaliers trying to trade for Nuggets center Timofey Mozgov
ESPN's Brian Windhorst joined the network's radio station in Cleveland on Monday and said the Cavaliers are trying to trade for Nuggets center Timofey Mozgov, and have been for the last six or eight weeks.
"(Mozgov) played with (Cavaliers coach) David Blatt on the Russian national team," Windhorst said. "A starter-quality guy who can defend a little bit, makes about $3 million. Then these non-guaranteed contracts — (F) Erik Murphy, (G) John Lucas, and (F Malcolm) Thomas — that's who they got these guys to trade for, but Denver's not giving (Mozgov) up. That's the guy (the Cavs) want to get their hands on. That would be a nice addition, but they haven't been able to do that deal so far.
"You're not going to hold a parade if you got him like you are with Love," Windhorst added, "but that's the guy they're looking at. They haven't been able to do the deal yet. They've been trying to trade for him for the last six to eight weeks and they just haven't been able to get it done."
Read more…


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Leroy Leutscher, an 86-year-old man from Arizona, was out on his yard when he dropped his pruning shears. As he reached down to grab them, he slipped and fell, landing face down on the handle. The handle went through his eye socket and down into his neck. Amazingly, he's OK.
That X-ray above was taken right after the horrifying accident, and it pretty much speaks for itself. Still, even in such ridiculous circumstances, the surgeons managed to remove the shears from his face, rebuild Leutscher's orbital floor with metal mesh AND save his freaking eyeball. Leutscher still has some slight swelling on his face and a little bit of double vision but Jesus H. Christ doctors are amazing. [Telegraph UK via BoingBoing]


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To see what MHS might have that relates to your ancestral county just type keywords such as "Winona County" into the catalog search. On the State Archives page, click on recent acquisitions to see the monthly lists of acquisitions for the past year. These list are phenomenal.
A few exciting examples of acquistions, many of which are original records. In many cases, new acquisitions complement original records the state archives already has. Some acquisitions may not be immediately available as processing and cataloging occurs.
November 2007
Rural Credit Department. Contract for deed files (ca. 1920s-1995), county plat maps (ca. 1920s-1930s), and an index (1936) to the contract and deed files and the county plat maps. 4 boxes.
January 2008
- St. Louis County Marriage License Records 1871-1944, on microfilm
- Winona County Courts Records including plaintiff and defendant indexes 1854-1960, index to probate files 1856-1983, and civil case files
Adjutant General. World War I bonus records, including warrants paid registers (ca. 1920-1924) which serve as a name index to the World War I paid bonus files, registers (undated) of World War I bonus payments and of Spanish-American War Veterans Relief Payments, and World War I veterans relief record (1931-1941) of the State Auditor. These records were created by the State Auditor, then used by the Adjutant General's office to administer the World War I bonus program. World War I Bonus Disallowed/Rehearing Files (1921-1922) of the Soldier Bonus Board of Review. World War I Bonus Application Registers (1919-1924) of the Soldiers Bonus Board. 6 boxes, 4 oversize volumes, 1 oversize folder.


text:
- Did you mean
- wooster ag facilities consisted research farm
Search results
2020 Agronomy School: The Nuts & Bolts of Corn & Soybean Production
Extension 2019 On-farm Research Results February 24 - Ben Brown, OSU ... Extension, Advantage Ag & Equipment, B&B Farm Service, Central Ohio Farmers CO-OP, Channel, Clark ... February 10 through Monday March 9, from 6:30 –9:00 p.m. in the conference room of the Ag Services ...
2019 eFields Report Available
The 2019 eFields Research Report is now available online or in a hardcopy version. 2019 was ... grow. The 2019 report covers 88 on-farm, field scale trials conducted in 30 Ohio counties. and provides ... 38-39, 104-109 Cover Crops: pages 156-158 and 202 Forages: pages 154-185 Ag Tech: pages 186-197 Crop ...
OSU Extension Farm Business Analysis Program
Additional author: Haley Shoemaker How well do you know your farm? Sure, you could probably drive ... last; but what about your farm as a business? If this question made you stop and think, then it's time ... of your farming operation possible. The Ohio Farm Business Analysis Program is focused on working ...
OSU Extension and Ohio Soybean Council Energy Study: Understanding the Impact of Demand Charges & Power Factor in Agriculture
research-based data driven tools to help Ohio farmers assess and navigate various energy infrastructure ... investment options for their farm. Specifically, the project team is interested in learning more about your ... farm. Farmers with commercial rate structures that charge for peak demand and poor power factor can ...
Managing Stored Grain Through Winter
farm profitability. This winter we are already receiving reports of stored grain going out of ... condition, which can lower the value and be a hazard to those working around the grain facility. At ... follows a harrowing day in an American farm town. Disaster strikes when teenager Cody Rose is entrapped in ...
Central Ohio Agronomy School
Hawkins, Field Specialist, OSU Extension 2019 On-farm Research Results February 24 - Ben ... Research Center How Weather is Affecting our Farming Operations ... Ohio State University Extension, Advantage Ag & Equipment, B&B Farm Service, Central Ohio ...
Ohio Farm Custom Rate Survey 2020
A large number of Ohio farmers hire machinery operations and other farm related work to be ... a particular operation. Many farm business owners do not own equipment for every possible job that they may ... encounter in the course of operating a farm and may, instead of purchasing the equipment needed, seek out ...
2019 eFields Releasing on January 8th
experienced. The 2019 eFields Research Report highlights 88 on-farm, field scale trials conducted in 30 Ohio ... counties. Research topics include nutrient management, precision crop management, cover crops, and forages. ... Additional information about production budgets, planting progress, and the 2018 Farm Bill is also included. ...
Dr. Peter Thomison Retires
winter extension meetings and field days. Peter was at the forefront of corn production research ... corn. Peter's extension and research efforts to develop cropping systems that minimize production inputs ... and impact on environmental quality will have a lasting effect on extension, farmers, and the ag ...
2019 Organic Corn Performance Test Results Available
Apple Creek and Wooster (Fry and West Badger Farms) and intensively managed for nutrients and weed ... In January 2019, Ohio State University / Ohio Agriculture Research and Development Center was ... Wooster/Apple Creek areas were fortunate and missed most of the weather extremes experienced in other parts of ...


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This article or section needs expansion and/or modification. Please help the wiki by expanding it.
|Biographical Information
|Other names
|The River-daughter
|The Old Forest
|Tom Bombadil
|Physical Description
|Hair color
|Images of Goldberry
Goldberry, the "River-daughter", was the wife of Tom Bombadil.
[edit] History
Although her origins are uncertain, it has been speculated that she is a river-spirit of the river Withywindle. Otherwise, she and Bombadil are enigmas.[1]
According to the Bucklandish poem The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, Goldberry was in the Withywindle when she pulled Tom by his beard under the water-lilies out of mischief, but he ordered her to let him free. The next day he came to the River-woman and asked Goldberry to be his wife, and the creatures of the Old Forest (the badger-folk and other animals) attended their wedding.[2]
In T.A. 3018 Tom Bombadil travelled to the lower reaches of the Withywindle to gather white water-lilies for her, and it was while returning from a lily-gathering expedition that he discovered Frodo and his companions, and rescued them from Old Man Willow.[3] Goldberry seems to have used her lilies to recreate her original home in the river: when Tom brought the Hobbits back to his house, they found a seated Goldberry surrounded by water-lilies floating in pots of earthenware.[4]
Goldberry welcomed and tended the travellers to their home. The hobbits thought of her as a beautiful and calm being, with a beauty resembling an Elf but less exotic to their hearts. Her voice was described as "the song of a glad water ... coming down like silver". The hobbits would listen to her sing in a voice like rain, and they would imagine rivers and pools.
[edit] Inspiration
Tolkien wrote about Goldberry that she "represents the actual seasonal changes in [river-lands]."[5]
[edit] Portrayal in adaptations
|Goldberry in adaptations
1955: The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series):
- Because adaptor Terence Tiller thought the age difference between Bombadil and Goldberry was too big, he made them father and daughter.[6] Tolkien thought little of the change.[7] No actress is credited specifically for the part, though Nicolette Bernard is the only female in the episode's cast list, making it likely she voiced Goldberry.[8]
1992: Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series):
- Sorcha Cusack played Goldberry in the episode "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil".[9]
2001-2007: The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game:
- Although Goldberry does not appear in The Lord of the Rings film series, Decipher produced a card for the character. She was portrayed by Amanda Niel.
2002: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game):
- Goldberry appears at the house of Tom Bombadil. One of the tasks the player has to accomplish is bringing collecting water-lilies for Tom and Goldberry. She is voiced by Kath Soucie.[10]
2007-: The Lord of the Rings Online:
- Goldberry can be found at Goldberry's Spring in the Old Forest, and is involved in a quest. She has a corrupt sister, Naruhel (the Red Maid).[11]
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Goldberry - Servant or Master of Bombadil? by Andrea Mathwich
- What Kind of Creature is Goldberry? by Michael Martinez
- ↑ Steuard Jensen, "What is Tom Bombadil? Viable Theories: A Nature Spirit?", Tolkien FAQ (accessed 22 January 2020)
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, "The Old Forest"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, "In the House of Tom Bombadil"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 210, (undated, written June 1958)
- ↑ Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (2006), The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide: II. Reader's Guide, "Adaptations", pp. 8-23
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 175, (dated 30 November 1955)
- ↑ Radio Times, Volume 129, No. 1672, November 25, 1955
- ↑ Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series), CD Booklet
- ↑ The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game), "Withywindle Path"
- ↑ "Goldberry", Lotro.wiki.com (accessed 25 November 2013)


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Living in these original Spice Islands, Indonesian women have used spices for ages, not only to preserve food for the family before the invention of the fridge, but moreover, to serve a large variety of delectable dishes.
The artful mixing and fusion of the different spices have caused the taste of food to vary from island to island and from province to province.
Among the most well known and top of the list worldwide is Rendang , best known dish from Padang, West Sumatra, voted as "the World's Most Delectable Food" by CNNGo viewers in 2011. These are beef cubes slow-braised in a variety of spices over a small open fire until it is completely caramelized. Nowadays, there are more than 16 kinds of rendang made of chicken or duck, eel, tuna, eggs, and even potatoes and vegetables.
The other most popular dish is Satay, - barbequed beef, chicken or mutton skewered covered in peanut and soya sauce. Another favorite is Nasi Goreng, or fried rice, that is mixed with lots of seafood, eggs, or chicken slices.
For a soup, one of the best known is Soto Ayam, a kind of soup made from chicken broth or coconut milk, spiced with crushed galangal, cloves, and nutmeg, and filled with slices of chicken or shrimps, and glass noodles.
Jakarta's own culinary icons are Asinan Jakarta and Gado-gado Jakarta. Both are a mix of vegetables comprising spinach, watercress, beansprouts, long beans, cucumbers and others. While the Asinan consists of pickled vegetables drenched in sweet and sour sauce, gado-gado Jakarta consists of boiled vegetables covered in soya and peanut sauce. Both can be taken as appetizer or eaten as a snack.
Other Jakarta favorites are its desert known as Kue Lumpur Jakarta, or mudcake, and Bir Pletok, or pop beer. Containing zero alcohol, the concoction is mixed with ginger, cloves, cinnamon, lemon and nutmeg and poured into a bamboo tube complete with ice cubes. The tube is then shaken and stirred , making the popping sound of "pletok-pletok", hence known as bir pletok.
Indonesian Food can be enjoyed at Fine Dining Restaurants like the legendary Oasis Restaurant at Jalan Raden Saleh, where diners are served by a bevy of traditionally dressed waitresses, or in less formal but no less tasty Indonesian restaurants, or at Jakarta's many food streets such as at Jalan Sabang, or at the many hawker centers. Please click here for a list of Indonesian Restaurants.
As a modern cosmopolitan city, you will find entire floors of Jakarta's ubiquitous malls dedicated to some of the most delectable foods in the world, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Thai, to Western Food, all are available. For European fine dining, though, best are at the luxurious hotels like the Grand Hyatt, the Marriott, the Shangri-La, and a host more.
Restaurants offering best Chinese cuisine include the Duck King, at Grand Indonesia and at Senayan City and more. And for best Chinese street food stroll down Pecenongan and Petak Sembilan in China town.
As for fast foods, from hamburgers, fried chicken, to noodles and nasi goreng, Those meals are so very popular that you'll easily find them at around almost every corner of the city.
For a selection of where and what to dine around Jakarta, please check our Culinary in the following pages.


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Unwanted thoughts can make
you feel anxious or depressed. They may keep you from enjoying your
A technique called thought-stopping can help you stop
unwanted thoughts.
Thought-stopping is a way
to get rid of unwanted thoughts. You may dwell or obsess on thoughts that make
you worry, feel sad, or feel bad about yourself. Research shows that
thought-stopping works. It can change the way you think. In thought-stopping,
you focus on the unwanted thought and then use a technique to stop it.
When you practice thought-stopping, the unwanted thought occurs less
often. Over time, the thought will be easier to ignore or may not occur at all.
In some cases, the thoughts may be worries. For example, you may worry a lot
about your health or the health of a family member. Or you may think over and
over about a bad grade in school or a comment by a supervisor at work.
Thought-stopping can help you deal with these thoughts.
You can
work on thought-stopping on your own or with a counselor or therapist.
Thought-stopping can help you to not worry so
Thought-stopping can help you to not worry so
much. You learn how to stop a thought that bothers you and then think about
something else.
You need to see a counselor or a therapist to practice
You don't need to see a counselor or a
therapist to practice thought-stopping. You can try it on your own or as part
of therapy.
You don't need to see a counselor or therapist
to practice thought-stopping. You can try it on your own or as part of
Continue to Why?
Studies show
that when you change what you think, you can change your mood. Thought-stopping
is easy to learn, and it can help you feel better. Negative, unwanted thoughts
can lead to
anxiety or
depression. They can keep you from sleeping well. And
they can make it hard for you to work and enjoy your life.
Thought-stopping also can help if you already have anxiety or depression.
It's one way to take an active role in your treatment. You can prevent some of
the thoughts that make you anxious or depressed.
You can learn to
do thought-stopping anywhere, so it can help you at work or at home. It's also
easy to learn. But it does take some practice.
In some cases, you
may need more help to stop thoughts that worry you or make you feel bad. Some
thoughts or behaviors can't be handled by thought-stopping alone. Seek the help
of your doctor or a licensed therapist or counselor if you can't stop unwanted
thoughts on your own.
Thought-stopping is an easy way to change how you
The technique to stop unwanted thoughts is easy
to learn. But it will take practice to make it work.
Continue to How?
To stop unwanted
thoughts, you focus on the thought and then learn to say "Stop" to end the
thought. At first, you will shout "Stop!" out loud. Then you will learn to say
it in your mind so that you can use this technique anywhere. Here's how to get
You can change how you
do thought-stopping:
This new image or idea is not the same thing as
replacing a negative thought with a helpful thought that is related to it. For
more information on that method, see the topic
Stop Negative Thoughts: Choosing a Healthier Way of Thinking.
Here's an example of
how thought-stopping might work:
You're worried about a
presentation you are giving at work later in the day. You're prepared. You know
you're ready. But you can't stop worrying about it. You imagine making a
When you start to think of yourself stumbling over
words, you say "Stop" quietly in your mind. You get up and move around, or you
snap your rubber band as you say "Stop." Then you think of something pleasant
to take your mind off the thought—such as a trip you are planning to take or a
movie you saw recently that made you laugh.
To stop unwanted thoughts, you need to concentrate on
To stop unwanted thoughts, you DO have to
concentrate on them. You practice focusing on the thought you want to stop, and
then you use cues such as saying "Stop" and snapping a rubber band on your
wrist to stop yourself from thinking about it.
At first, it's best to practice stopping the thought
that bothers you the most.
At first, it's best to practice stopping the
thought that bothers you the LEAST. This will help you learn how to do
thought-stopping. When you can stop the smaller worries, you will be more
likely to stop the thoughts that bother you the most.
Continue to Where?
Now that you have read this
information, you are ready to practice stopping unwanted thoughts.
Thought-stopping can be used with other
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques. You can
learn to notice negative thoughts and then replace them with helpful
For more information, see:
Return to topic:
Other Works ConsultedHart SL, Hart TA (2010). The future of cognitive behavioral interventions within behavioral medicine. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 24(4): 344–353.Layous K et al. (2011). Delivering happiness: Translating positive psychology intervention research for treating major and minor depressive disorders. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17(8): 675–683.Lightsey OR, et al. (2012). Can positive thinking reduce negative affect? A test of potential mediating mechanisms. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 26(1): 71–88.McKay M, et al. (2011). Changing patterns of limited thinking. In Thoughts and Feelings: Taking Control of Your Moods and Your Life, 4th ed., pp. 27–45. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.McKay M, et al. (2011). Coping with panic. In Thoughts and Feelings: Taking Control of Your Moods and Your Life, 4th ed., pp. 85–104. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.McKay M, et al. (2011). Uncovering automatic thoughts. In Thoughts and Feelings: Taking Control of Your Moods and Your Life, 4th ed., pp. 15–25. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.Newman CF, Beck AT (2009). Cognitive therapy. In BJ Sadock et al., eds., Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9th ed., vol 2., pp. 2857–2873. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Last Revised:
August 3, 2012
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
Catherine D. Serio, PhD - Behavioral Health & Sue Barton, PhD, PsyD - Behavioral Health
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


text:
The 2014 Nissan Murano CrossCabriolet
It's just not the Land Rover that has got the cheeks to pull off an SUV that's a convertible too. The automaker, Nissan with its 2014 Nissan Murano CrossCabriolet does just the same. Topless utility vehicles have a charm of their own. It's like owning the best of both worlds in a single vehicle. Of course, this is an unconventional pairing but hey! Who doesn't want to ride a convertible? A convertible SUV!
Nissan Murano has been a well known competitor in the midsized crossover niche and the Murano CrossCabriolet carries about the same size besides a little increment in its height. The standard all wheel drive, this topless crossover, is one fine ride and offers enough ruggedness to be driven in every sort of weather.
Under its hood, the Nissan Murano CrossCabriolet features a 3.5 liter six-cylinder engine that readily produces 256 ponies and 248 pound feet of twist. Both the numbers travel a notch up as compared to the Murano with a fixed roof. Along with the all wheel drive, that is standard, as told, the Murano CrossCabriolet's engine is mated to a continuously variable transmission. 2014 Nissan Murano CrossCabriolet is capable of reaching 60 mph from rest in a sprint time of 8.2 seconds, which is quite comparable to the regular version of the vehicle. Offering 17 mpg city and 22 mpg highway, the 2014 Nissan Murano CrossCabriolet gives an EPA rating of 19 mpg combined.
On the inside, the Murano CrossCabriolet carries interiors, just as indulging as the regular Nissan Murano. There is a prominent use of chic and plush materials like leather and wood to add to the richness of the whole look. The vehicle, to anyone's surprise, is also quite roomy. One can easily enjoy a laid back drive in this ragtop. Also, the user interface of Murano CrossCabriolet's navigation system is amazingly simple to use, grabbing a positive mark for the vehicle.
The 2014 Nissan Murano CrossCabriolet drives quite finely. The engine is just right to provide the needed power for the vehicle and it becomes fun driving a Murano convertible. The CVT is a good choice for this vehicle, enabling smooth shifts as well as sparing you from the awful noises that are usually accompanied with a continuously variable transmission. Handling doesn't impress as much when it comes to the 2014 Nissan Murano convertible. Also, while the convertible cruises comfortably, offering a relaxing ride, it does not give you the least bit of the pleasure of athletic turns and sporty driving. Foe the very reason that its roof is missing, the 2014 Nissan Murano CrossCabriolet has got a tad bit of rickety frame and henceforth, a shaky steering.
A utility vehicle that lets you take the roof off when you're cruising on an expressway, on one fine sunny day, is somewhat of a treat and the 2014 Nissan Murano CrossCabriolet is one such treating vehicle. Appropriate for easy leisurely cruising, the 2014 Murano Convertible looks simple and drives sensible, while offering all the space one could need from a vehicle this size.


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The third week in January means wealthy car collectors from around the world flock to Arizona for a week of car auctions, the most notable of which is Barrett-Jackson's massive 6 day auction in Scottsdale. Chances are if you're reading this the closest you are getting to the 1000+ car event is watching it on television (or on the free live-stream here) but that doesn't mean we can't drool over the amazing lineup of cars from the comfort of home.
Whether you look forward to Barrett-Jackson every year or detest the high dollar spectacle of the event it's impossible not to appreciate the lineup of amazing cars assembled in one place. That's what we're concerned with this weekend—say you made the trip to Scottsdale and had unlimited funds to bring home whichever vehicle your heart desired. What would it be? What is the coolest vehicle crossing the block at Barrett-Jackson Scottsdale?
Overlooking the 3 1987 Buick GNXs, 2 Goggomobils, 1966 International Scout, custom 1954 Nash, and a gorgeous hot rod Porsche, I would have to pick the 1957 Desoto Adventurer Convertible scheduled to sell today as the coolest vehicle at Barrett-Jackson. Beyond it's beautiful design, the 345ci/345 horsepower Hemi V8, pushbutton automatic transmission and independent torsion bar front suspension give this ultra rare Desoto all of the Forwardlook appeal that I love. Although it's worth about 50 times more than either of them, I think the Desoto would look perfect sharing garage space with my Scout and significantly less rare '57 Plymouth.
What is the coolest vehicle crossing the auction block at Barrett-Jackson Scottsdale?
See all the auction vehicles here


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It looks like you're new here. If you want to get involved, click one of these buttons!
Guest pass - play for free until level 13 or until the end of chapter one, you can only group with other guest pass users.
I'll be giving mine away to the first person who comments below
(In one month from tomorrow you can get a free guest pass by having a BattleNet account.)
I could use one
If anyone else has one and wouldn't mind parting with it, i'd like to get it.
Thanks to anyone in advance.
Shadow's Hand Guild
Open recruitment for
The Secret World - Dragons
Planetside 2 - Terran Republic
Tera - Dragonfall Server
If you have a spare one, I would like one. I have preordered, but Amazon say it won't arrive until tomorrow.
I find it unjust to not give the people who got a digital copy a quest pass. Considering that we pay the same price either way, and considering Blizzard makes more money off a digital copy because they do not have to pay for that retail spot.
So long story short, I'd love to give my guest pass away but gaming companies be trippin.
<Sights, Clouded, In, False, Illusions>
Originally posted by dubyahite
I read that only people with box copies get one. Digital download is excluded.
Can confirm that only box copies get it, as i have the digital download version and don't have any guest passes attached to my account.
Would like to point out, that though the guest pass is needed to get in now, they will later activate the starter edition and the game will be available to everyone as a unlimited demo upto the Skelly King like it was in the open beta.
Also, they had initially said the starter edition would be active 1 month after the games release but they have now changed it to "until further notice"
Question about the guest pass. Did only people who bought a boxed copy get this?
Yes only the ones with a boxed copy gets a guess pass key - I think.
That said I wouldn't mind a guess pass key!
Ya digital copy here and no guest pass to give out.
<Sights, Clouded, In, False, Illusions>


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Tendering process for the statutory audit
Ericsson is currently conducting a tendering process for appointment of the Group's auditor for the financial year 2020.
For further information and to receive the tender documents prepared by Ericsson, please contact Angela Gough, Category Manager Professional Services.
Current auditor
PricewaterhouseCoopers AB was elected auditor at the Annual General Meeting (AGM) 2019 for a period of one year, i.e. until the close of the AGM 2020.
PricewaterhouseCoopers AB has appointed Bo Hjalmarsson, Authorized Public Accountant, to serve as auditor in charge.


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Andersen will represent Team USA at the Pan American Championships (Gil Talbot).
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – Incoming freshman Yoshi Andersen has been named to the USA Water Polo Junior National Team and will compete for Team USA at the 2012 UANA Pan American Championships in Montreal, Quebec. The tournament is scheduled to run August 10-18.
"We are all very proud and excited for Yoshi," head coach Ted Minnis commented. "She has worked very hard over the years both in the pool and in the classroom. This is a great honor and reward for all of that hard work."
Andersen led Laguna Beach High School to four straight league championships and the 2009 CIF Division 2 championship. She was a three-time all-league and all-CIF selection, and was voted league MVP as a senior after leading her team in goals (106), assists (45) and steals (53). Anderson was also a member of the Junior and Youth National Teams that placed second at the Junior Pan-American Games in 2008-09 and 2010-12, while her club team won titles at the California Cup 16U in 2010 and the Junior Olympics 18U in 2011.
For more information on the 2012 UANA Pan American Championships, click here.


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Matt Calderwood, Variable Form (phenolic)
Matt Calderwood's studio is in a building beside Regents Canal in East London. From the first floor his studio overlooks the water, in the winter when the canal ices over Calderwood can look down and see a passageway broken into the ice revealing the void of water below. Calderwood has likened Variable Form (phenolic) to this same void space. Made in his studio he has re-used faces of a sculptural form as monoprint plates, applying and removing gloss paint on bristol board, to reveal a central black mass. The board is mounted on phenolic plywood an industrial high grade plywood usually employed in the construction of platforms and stages and used by Calderwood in his sculptural works.
Matt Calderwood (b. 1975 Northern Ireland) studied Fine Art at University of Sunderland (1994-97). He currently lives and works in London and County Antrim, N.Ireland. Recent solo exhibitions include: Farbvision, Berlin (2016); Precarious Balance, CoCA, Christchurch, NZ (2016); Interrupted Projections, Sommer & Kohl, Berlin (2014); Exposure, De La Warr Pavillion, Bexhill on Sea (2014); Paper Over the Cracks, Baltic 39, Newcastle (2013); Concrete, David Risley Gallery, Copenhagen (2012); Full-Scale, Wilkinson Gallery, London (2011) and Stamp, Galerija Simulaker, Novo Mesto, Slovenia (2011).


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Thanks to Peter Murray from Apple for hosting the session at Mt Lawley Senior High School in Perth, Western Australia today. It is great to see so many educators interested in the learning that can occur through the communicative and creative potential of Macs.
Here are links to the tools I did a show n' tell on today - I'd just like to remind you that some of them are still in beta
Pixelmator, the beautifully designed, easy-to-use, fast and powerful image editor for Mac OS X has everything you need to create, edit and enhance your images. (Update: this software is in locked beta - thanks Brett and Steve)
Pixen is an innovative graphics editor for the Mac. Pixen is like a very powerful MSPaint or a simpler, more agile Photoshop. And best of all, it's Free!
Kahootz is an eduational Software application that allows students aged 5-18 to create their own 3d content. Share designs with schools around the world.
PhotoPresenter offers many gorgeous styles to create animated slideshows with amazing effects.
Jing: the concept of Jing is the always-ready program that instantly captures and shares images and video…from your computer to anywhere.
Virtue Desktops allows you to achieve similar to what Apple Spaces will do when Leopard arrives in October.
Skitch is the Internet age's Camera and it Rocks! The best screenshot tool in the world from the team that brought you ComicLife.
Pixadex is to icons, what Apple's iPhoto is to images. Pixadex lets you import, organize and search huge numbers of icons quickly and easily.
MacSaber uses your Mac's sudden motion sensor to detect movements, fast and slow. As you move your laptop, MacSaber plays varying levels of Light Saber sound effects, from a waving sound to exciting saber crashes.
If you'd like a beta invite to test Skitch contact me here:


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valentine's day 2015 ideas sydney
Valentine s Day is one of the international holidays in our country enjoy a five-course dinner with. Many people make a declaration of love and propose marriage on that day 2000–2017 sandbox networks, inc. Lovers make surprises , publishing as fact monster™ entertain the kids this valentine s day with this sweet valentine s day i spy printable. This may be one of my favorite packs so far! I just love the little clipart! I hope you enjoy it too! Included in this Pre-K Pack is: Prewriting Practice Sheets it comes with an answer sheet and answer key too! dev returns from abroad to his childhood friend and lover, pari. Valentine s Day Games and Activities Coloring pages, Crafts, Puzzles, Party Games, Interactive Games, Poetry, Printables, and Stories for Kids Find the best things do on Valentine Day 2017 but destiny has other plans. Inspiration for Valentine s Day ideas, including romantic restaurants, romantic hotels, alternative romantic things to due to some misunderstandings and dev s arrogance, the young. Shop our handpicked collection of gifts for Valentine's Day and get your loved one something special from Apple hello tatertots & jello readers! it's kristin from yellow bliss road back again with an adorable free printable for valentine's day! it just doesn't seem. Buy now with fast free shipping history of valentine s day, valentine s traditions, candy hearts, mushy stories, and love poems on the web a wonderful way to make "i love you" easy to say. Intertwining couples and singles in Los Angeles break-up and make-up based on the pressures and expectations of Valentine s Day browse the best collection of romantic valentine s day wishes, love quotes, romantic poems and love cards. Valentine's Day has become sweeter than Halloween – and yes, I mean by the candy plan a fun crafternoon of making valentines with these 25+ easy diy valentine s day cards. My kids come home from school with a boatload of candy find the best value on valentine s day flowers this season. Valentine s Day History Pagan festivals, Christian saints, Chaucer s love birds, and the Greeting Card Association of America by Borgna Brunner The perfect pairing for all runners and walkers is set for February 11th…Run for the Chocolate! This fun 5K run/walk returns to the the historic streets of St from valentine s roses to lily bouquets, send the best valentine s day flower delivery. Valentine s Day in the United States valentine s day. Valentine s Day is celebrated on February 14 every year on february 14th, many people exchange gifts to signify their love towards family, friends and significant others. It is a festival of romantic love and many people give cards, letters, flowers or this year melt someone. With Valentine's Day less than two weeks away, I had to share a Valentine's Day Mason Jar! This gift in a jar is full of pampering spa items and sweet treats valentine s day is celebrated on 14th february every year across the world. Say Happy Valentine s Day with the perfect gift - every time largely a western tradition, the day is now celebrated in a major way in the eastern part. Shop Gifts like i mentioned before, i never thought i'd take the time to decorate a mantel for valentine's day, but here we are. com now! Valentine s Day Lunch Jokes, free printables the kids will love, your husband, too! Celebrate Valentine's Day weekend with a delectable dinner with a sweetheart or special someone overlooking beautiful Meadow Lake honestly? i think it's pretty and little c. Enjoy a five-course dinner with


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Perhaps you are familiar with the PUR line of pitcher filters, refrigerator filters and faucet water filters. Here in the U.S. we are fortunate enough to have had access to clean water for quite some time, along with the tools to filter out chemicals, such as chlorine, which make it that way. But those in the developing world have only recently been introduced to the technology that makes our water clean. It is part of the PUR line of products and it comes in the form of a powder, contained in a small four-ounce packet.
Each packet of powdered mixture is able to clean up to 10 liters of dirty water, removing 99.9 percent of intestinal bacteria, intestinal viruses and protozoa. The PUR packet has been proven to reduce diarrheal disease incidence – one of the leading causes of death in the developing world – by up to 90 percent.
The PUR packet was developed by Proctor & Gamble (P&G) in collaboration with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Dr. Allgood of P&G started the Children's Safe Drinking Water Program after a touching visit with a woman in Kenya seven years ago, turning the distribution of the PUR packet into a nonprofit effort. To date, they have been able to produce more than one billion liters of clean water for children and families in over 40 developing countries. The packets are smaller and easier to ship than plastic water bottles, for faster distribution.
The packet is easy to use: Simply pour its powdered contents into ten liters of water and stir for five minutes. Wait five more minutes for the large dirt particles to settle, and pour the water over a clean cloth into another container. The cloth will filter out large particles of dirt, leaving you with crystal clear water. Wait another 20 minutes before drinking to ensure that all of the microorganisms are killed.View Dr. Allgood's demonstration of this, here..


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A Maryland man on a cross-country bike trip to raise money for hearing loss has put the last leg of his more than 10,000-mile ride on hold after he was hit by a semi-trailer truck, police said.
Jacob Landis, 24, of Annapolis, Md., was biking on a highway from Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Fla., to Miami -- the home stretch of the nearly six-month-long trek -- with his cousin when he was clipped by the mirror of a blue truck at approximately 9:40 p.m. Saturday, according to Polk County Sheriff spokeswoman Donna Wood. He fell from his bike onto the shoulder of the roadway.
When emergency responders arrived, Landis, who is deaf, was disoriented and unable to communicate because his hearing apparatus had been knocked off, Wood said.
He was transported to Florida Hospital Heartland Medical Center in Sebring, Fla., Wood said. He was found to have sustained a concussion, a broken nose, a fractured left cheek bone, road rash and bruising from his fall.
Landis has since been released, but the accident set him back on his ride to raise money for the hearing impaired, according to a news release.
Landis was born with normal hearing, but went deaf between the ages of two and 10, his dad, Randy Landis, told ABCNews.com. Following cochlear implant surgery, he was able to fully participate in the hearing world.
Last fall, Landis decided to mesh his love for baseball, bike riding and helping others in hopes of raising money to help those who could benefit from a cochlear implant but cannot afford one, Randy Landis said.
In April, the Baltimore Orioles fan set out on a bike trip to Major League Baseball stadiums across the country to raise money and awareness for cochlear implants.
"He's a real humble kid because of what he went through during some of those young teen years. He didn't have the moxie and the social skills that a lot of kids had," Randy Landis said. "He has a real passion to give back and help out.
"He's met with tens of thousands of people this summer, and has had a direct impact on kids that need encouragement," the father said.
Landis has raised more than $140,000 so far and had less than 200 miles to go before he was scheduled to reach the finish line in Miami on Tuesday, Randy Landis said. But Landis' doctor said he has to stay off his bike for at least two weeks.
'I don't remember anything that happened until I woke up at the hospital," Landis said in a news release. "I just want to thank everyone for their kind words through my Facebook account and special thanks to all of my supporters who made this ride possible."
Still, the setback won't keep his Landis down, his father said.
"His attitude is wonderful," Randy Landis said. "He's committed to going back to Florida in a couple of weeks and finishing the last 180 miles."
The Polk County Sheriff's Office is investigating the incident, Wood said.


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Hi everybody,
maybe someone of you set this already up, so here is my question:
How would an AOS4 installation have to be set up so that it can benefit from an PCI SATA controller as good as possible?
Since the Peg2 cannot boot from drives connected to these controllers initial loading of kickstart modules needs to be done from an internal IDE drive.
So how can the system be split up so that only the initial loading of kickstart modules will happen from internal IDE?
Does anybody has this setup running successfully? If so please give me some hint!
Many thanks in advance!


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Most Americans who made it past the fourth grade have a pretty good idea who Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, and Martin Luther King, Jr., were. Not many Americans have even heard of Alice Paul, Howard W. Smith, and Martha Griffiths. But they played almost as big a role in the history of women's rights as Marshall and King played in the history of civil rights for African-Americans. They gave women the handle to the door to economic opportunity, and nearly all the gains women have made in that sphere since the nineteen-sixties were made because of what they did.
What's peculiar about their achievement—and this may have something to do with why fourth graders don't learn about them, and why streets and schools all across the land are not named after them—is that it was accomplished in the face of the unequivocal opposition of the liberal establishment. Their story is a classic case of what Hegel called "the cunning of reason": the way apparently random or anomalous events later turn out to be pieces in a larger historical design.
Among those who opposed the efforts of Paul, Smith, and Griffiths were the leaders of the civil-rights movement themselves. They thought that women's-rights advocates were trying to piggyback on the movement for rights for African-Americans, and that the load would kill the piggy. They turned out to be wrong about the second thing, but they were completely right about the first.
The crusade for civil rights for African-Americans dates back well into the nineteenth century, but from the failure of Reconstruction until 1954 it was mostly a crusade in futility. Then, suddenly, it enjoyed two unexpected and spectacular successes: the unanimous Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, striking down the doctrine of "separate but equal," and, a year later, the Montgomery bus boycott, triggered by Parks's arrest and ending, almost thirteen months later, with the court-ordered integration of city buses.
These triumphs eventually brought together most, if not quite all, of the disparate advocates for rights for African-Americans. The movement expanded to include an extraordinary range of people: veteran organizers like Roy Wilkins and Bayard Rustin; young activists like James Bevel, Diane Nash, and Bob Moses; religious groups like the National Council of Churches, headed by the millionaire industrialist J. Irwin Miller; and cautious but increasingly committed Justice Department officials like Burke Marshall, John Doar, Nicholas Katzenbach, and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy.
All these people believed that they were playing with fire. White opposition to civil rights in the seventeen states that had de-jure segregation had the unapologetic support of Southern judges and elected officials, and was backed by official and officially condoned vigilante violence. Some whites elsewhere were sympathetic to the marches, boycotts, and sit-ins run by King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and by groups like the Student Non-Violent Coördinating Committee (SNCC). But many thought that, although old customs die hard, they die eventually, and blamed the protesters for inciting the violence. Politically, the movement lived in perpetual fear of a white backlash.
People in the movement also knew that broad-based coalitions of the kind they were part of are rare in politics, and that its unity depended on maintaining publicly the appearance of forward momentum, along with the willingness privately to suppress disagreements in the interest of the common goal. The last thing any of these people wanted was a group with a different agenda crashing the party.
The story of how the movement's signature piece of legislation, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, was written and passed has been told many times, in books like Hugh Davis Graham's "The Civil Rights Era" and Taylor Branch's great trilogy, "America in the King Years." In recognition of the fiftieth anniversary of the day the bill was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson—July 2, 1964—two new books about the legislative process have appeared: Clay Risen's "The Bill of the Century" (Bloomsbury) and Todd Purdum's "An Idea Whose Time Has Come" (Holt).
They are worthy books, timely and intelligent. Risen's is a little more rooted in the archives; Purdum's is a bit lighter on its feet. By good luck or bad, they are also substantively pretty much the same book and make pretty much the same points.
One is that Johnson's part in the story has been overblown. Almost a century after the Emancipation Proclamation, Robert Caro writes in the most recent volume of his Johnson biography, black men and women "still did not enjoy many of the rights which America supposedly guaranteed its citizens. . . . It was Lyndon Johnson who gave them those rights." Risen doesn't quote this, but it's the kind of thing he has in mind when he complains that Johnson's role "has grown to mythic proportions."
Purdum largely agrees, although he thinks that, in getting the bill through Congress, Johnson was "the shotgun behind the door." Politicians were wary of crossing him. Purdum and Risen believe that it was really thanks to the efforts of the unsung and under-sung that the bill came relatively unscathed through a Congress thick with Southern trolls and procedural booby traps. For Risen, the grassroots work of the National Council of Churches was crucial. Purdum thinks that the hero of the hour was a now forgotten Republican congressman from Ohio named William McCulloch.
It's a little bit of a which-part-of-the-elephant problem. Johnson was obsessed with the bill; he made it a priority from almost the day Kennedy was assassinated. If you tell the story from his point of view, his moves look crucial to the outcome. But there were a lot of moving pieces because there was a lot that could go wrong. If you enjoy legislative chess, you will enjoy these books.
The books do make two things clear. The first is how deliberately the 1964 Civil Rights Act was conceived of as the accomplishment of white men. The second is that it really wasn't Johnson's or King's act. It was the Kennedys' act. The Kennedy Administration wrote the bill, and, after John Kennedy died, Robert, who despised Lyndon Johnson and knew he would take the credit, dedicated himself to seeing it through. "He didn't even have the satisfaction of being killed for civil rights. It had to be some silly little Communist," Jackie Kennedy is supposed to have said after her husband's assassination. John Kennedy was not a martyr for civil rights, but his death aided the cause.
"The child of a storm," King called the act. He meant that by 1964 the movement for civil rights was in the streets. The N.A.A.C.P.'s legal strategy of using the equal-protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to chip away at segregation laws—Marshall and the N.A.A.C.P. spent eight years clearing a jurisprudential path to Brown—had been eclipsed by a movement based largely on Scripture that involved putting bodies in the way of billy clubs, fire hoses, and, occasionally, bullets. As King knew, it was the images of the bodies, not the constitutional logic of the case, that got Kennedy's attention.
The rap on Kennedy is that he was a reluctant advocate for civil rights, and the rap is true as far as it goes. Those were the days when the Republican Party was proud to call itself "the Party of Lincoln" and really mean it. In the 1956 Presidential election, in which Dwight Eisenhower clobbered Adlai Stevenson, Eisenhower's African-American support was broad. Stevenson carried just seven states, every one of them with laws mandating racial segregation.
When Kennedy ran for President, four years later, his campaign managers avoided even mentioning the words "civil rights." The most admired African-American in the country, Jackie Robinson, was campaigning for his opponent, Richard Nixon. And Nixon was running to the left of Kennedy on the issue of racial equality: when Nixon's running mate, Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., suggested that, if he and Nixon were elected, an African-American would be appointed to the Cabinet, Kennedy was quick to call the promise "racism at its worst."
Still, King was in touch with the Kennedy campaign through two Kennedy aides, Louis Martin and Harris Wofford, who were friendly to civil rights. And when King was sentenced, in Atlanta, to four months of hard labor on a state road gang—the original charge was driving with an out-of-state license—Wofford arranged for Kennedy to place a two-minute sympathy call to King's wife, Coretta.
When Robert Kennedy, who was his brother's chief campaign manager, heard about the call, he was livid. "You bomb-throwers have lost the whole campaign," he complained. But he secretly called the judge in Georgia and got King released, thereby transforming a courtesy call into an act of statesmanship. The campaign distributed to black voters the news of Kennedy's call as surreptitiously as possible, and, in one of the closest Presidential elections in American history, Kennedy got about seventy per cent of the African-American vote, much more than Stevenson had got.
Civil-rights leaders naturally felt that Kennedy owed them. Kennedy didn't see it that way. The only allusion to civil rights in his inaugural address—the only mention of domestic issues at all in a speech otherwise entirely devoted to Cold War exhortation—was the phrase "at home" in a sentence about America's commitment to human rights. The words were inserted at the last minute in response to pleas from Martin and Wofford.
But civil rights was not on the minds of the electorate in 1960. In opinion polls, voters named relations with the Soviet Union as their No. 1 concern. Branch says that in the Kennedy White House civil-rights violations were considered human-interest stories, minor distractions from the business of protecting the Free World.
Alabama changed all that. King's movement had been losing traction during Kennedy's first two years in office. Demonstrations in Albany, Georgia, had led to minor rioting and no concessions from city officials. This was in part because local officials, displaying a degree of wisdom virtually Solomonic by Southern standards in that period, had responded with restraint, and let the protesters wear themselves out.
Officials in Alabama did not get the message. "Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever!" the state's new governor, George Wallace, vowed in his inaugural address, on January 14, 1963. Demonstrations in Birmingham began on April 3rd. On May 3rd, Birmingham police, under the direction of the public-safety commissioner, Eugene (Bull) Connor, trained fire hoses and sicked dogs on young protesters.
The pictures were seen around the world, and Kennedy began to understand that racial oppression might not be so incidental to international politics. The Administration stopped treating civil-rights violations as back-page stories. On June 11th in Tuscaloosa, Wallace, in a face-to-face standoff with Katzenbach, representing the Justice Department, barred the entrance of two black students, Vivian Malone and James Hood, to the University of Alabama.
In fact, the confrontation—Wallace's famous "stand in the schoolhouse door"—was staged. By prior agreement, the students were quietly admitted to the university through another building. This was consistent with the Administration's policy of defusing tensions by making back-channel deals with Southern judges and officials. This time, Kennedy seems to have realized that allowing men like Wallace to be seen resisting an order of the federal government was no way to win a war. He decided it was time to take ownership of the issue, and that evening he delivered a television address on civil rights.
The Administration had little time to produce a speech, and Kennedy was obliged to ad-lib the last four minutes:
We have a right to expect that the Negro community will be responsible, will uphold the law, but they have a right to expect that the law will be fair, that the Constitution will be color blind, as Justice Harlan said at the turn of the century. This is what we are talking about and this is a matter which concerns this country and what it stands for, and in meeting it I ask the support of all our citizens.
Purdum says that, with his speech, "Kennedy had done what no other American president, not even Abraham Lincoln, had ever done: he had committed his country to assuring full equality for black Americans in the eyes of the law, and had declared that doing so was a moral imperative."
This is not quite true. Harry Truman had said much the same thing in a speech to the N.A.A.C.P. in 1947. But Truman was whistling in the wind. He was able to end racial segregation in the armed forces by executive order, which he did, in 1948, but there was no chance that his Congress would pass anti-lynching or anti-segregation laws.
Kennedy's televised address put civil rights in the public eye. And events kept it there. In Jackson that night, the N.A.A.C.P. field secretary for Mississippi, Medgar Evers, was shot and killed by a Klansman named Byron De La Beckwith. Evers's wife and his three little children, who had stayed up to watch Kennedy's speech, saw him die. A week later, on June 19th, Evers was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. The same day, the White House sent a civil-rights bill to Congress.
The bill faced three problems: Democrats, Republicans, and African-Americans. The "we" in Kennedy's television address clearly referred to white Americans. That use of the collective pronoun was characteristic of Johnson's civil-rights rhetoric, too. It was a way of casting the issue as a commitment by the American government to come to the aid of an oppressed people, in much the way that the United States might intervene in a foreign war of aggression. It was important to Kennedy that he not be perceived as dancing to a tune played by King and other movement figures. Kennedy was not part of the movement. He was the leader of the Free World.
Kennedy was initially opposed to the March on Washington, on August 28th, although, after assurances, he relented. He worried that a demonstration would hurt the bill's chances in Congress, whose members might resent the display of public pressure, and he didn't want to be associated with whatever extreme views might be expressed. Some of the remarks that John Lewis, of SNCC, had prepared were censored as inflammatory, and Risen says that a Justice Department official stood by with a 78-r.p.m. record of Mahalia Jackson singing "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands" hooked up to the sound system, to be switched on if any of the speakers strayed from their approved scripts.
The Kennedys were impressed by King's famous speech. But they continued to keep their relations with King, as much as possible, off camera. As did Johnson when he was President. After the bill passed, King was one of two hundred guests at the Presidential signing, on July 2nd. Two days later, when Johnson heard that his press secretary, George Reedy, had informed reporters that the President was "in touch with Martin Luther King continuously," he demanded to know why Reedy had said such a thing. Reedy pointed out that the press had, after all, seen King at the signing. "I'm sorry he was there," Johnson said. "It was very unfortunate he was there." The Civil Rights Act was an act for, not by, African-Americans.
Republicans presented a different peril. The Republicans calculated that, if the bill passed and African-Americans became a force at the ballot box, their party stood to benefit. In their wildest dreams, they imagined white Southerners waking up to the thought that a pro-business, budget-cutting party like the Republican Party was their kind of party, and envisioned Republicans stealing the South away from the Democrats forever.
Some Republicans in Congress therefore decided to outflank the Administration by proposing maximalist civil-rights legislation of their own. They were playing with house money: they didn't need their bills to pass; they only needed African-Americans to see that it was Democrats who diluted or killed the bills. As a result, by the middle of June, 1963, there were more than a hundred civil-rights bills before the House of Representatives, many of them sponsored by Republicans.
Two Republicans were key players in keeping the Administration's bill from being butchered in the legislative process. One was McCulloch, the ranking minority member of the House Judiciary Committee and a conservative lawmaker. Purdum points out that he "supported school prayer and gun rights, opposed foreign aid and federal involvement in education." African-Americans constituted less than three per cent of the electorate in his district. But he had been a consistent supporter of civil rights.
The liberal approach to civil-rights legislation was to have the House pass a bill overloaded with strong provisions, on the theory that those could then be traded away for support in the Senate. But the bills always either died or emerged toothless. That is what had happened to the 1957 Civil Rights Act, pruned to the point of ineffectuality by Johnson himself, then the Senate majority leader. McCulloch had no respect for this stratagem, and he offered the Justice Department a deal. If the Democrats presented the strongest bill they could hope to see pass, and resisted attempts to load it up with trade bait, he would support the legislation and keep Republicans who followed his lead in line.
The other Republican principal was Everett Dirksen, of Illinois, the Senate minority leader, a word machine for whom the word "oleaginous" might have been coined. Risen recounts a political joke of the era in which a reporter says to Dirksen, "In a thousand words or less, are you verbose?"
The Administration figured that, if the bill passed, Dirksen would want a large share of the credit. Dirksen had reservations about Title II, which outlawed segregation in public accommodations (hotels, restaurants, theatres, and so on), and he was clearly planning to use those reservations as a bargaining chip. The White House and the Justice Department decided that Dirksen should be kept in the loop, in the expectation that if the train looked like it was leaving the station he would jump on board. They did, and so did he.
Last, but not least annoying, there were the Democrats. As they had in every Congress since 1932 but two (1947-49 and 1953-55), Democrats had a majority in both houses. But many were from the South, and virtually every legislative accomplishment since 1932, including New Deal legislation under Franklin Roosevelt, had required a compromise with the South's insistence on maintaining Jim Crow and the regime of white supremacy.
It wasn't just that the Southerners could be counted on to oppose the bill in its entirety, which they did. It was also that key committees were chaired by Southerners, providing them with many opportunities to delay or sabotage the legislation. The chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee was James Eastland, of Mississippi, a man who called the bill a "complete blueprint for a totalitarian state." In the House, the major player was the Democratic chairman of the Rules Committee, Howard Smith, of Virginia, a legendary wizard of procedure. "The House substitute for the Dixie filibuster," said the Times, "is Howard Smith."
Smith was eighty. His name was attached to two notoriously illiberal Acts of Congress: the Alien Registration Act of 1940 (known as the Smith Act), used to prosecute resident aliens suspected of subversiveness; and the War Labor Disputes Act of 1943 (the Smith-Connally Act), which curbed the power of labor unions.
The Southerners' plan was to delay a vote, in the hope that violent protests would lead to a white backlash. Smith promised to drag out hearings on the bill. But in January, 1964, he was threatened with a discharge petition—a measure, rarely used, to bring legislation out of committee against the wishes of the chairman—into releasing it for debate. It was during that debate that he introduced, on February 8, 1964, the sex amendment.
The amendment was a one-word addition, "sex," to Title VII of the bill, which prohibited employers from discriminating on the basis of "race, color, religion, or national origin." Opponents of Smith's amendment, led by Emanuel Celler, of Brooklyn, the seventy-five-year-old chairman of the House Judiciary Committee and the bill's floor leader, regarded it as either a prank intended to expose the limits of liberal egalitarianism or a poison pill that would make the bill more difficult to pass in the House, which had twelve female members, and impossible to pass in the Senate, which had two.
Opponents of civil-rights legislation had offered the sex amendment before. In 1950, Congress debated the resurrection of the Fair Employment Practices Committee, which had been created by Roosevelt to ban discrimination by government contractors, but which, after the war, under the leadership of Smith and Richard Russell, of Georgia, Congress had shut down. A Florida congressman, Dwight Rogers, proposed adding "sex" to the list of categories to be protected from discrimination. The House adopted the amendment, and the bill died in the Senate.
If Smith's amendment was a prank, it backfired. The House accepted it by a "teller" vote (that is, a head count) of 168 to 133. Most of the yeas were reported to have been Republicans and Southern Democrats. Johnson and Robert Kennedy were firm about minimizing changes to the bill after it reached the Senate, and although there were some alterations, the ban on discrimination by gender stayed in. On July 2nd, it became law.
For twenty years, the belief that the sex provision was a monkey wrench that unintentionally became part of the machine was the conventional wisdom about Title VII. But when scholars—including Michael Gold, Carl Brauer, Cynthia Deitch, Jo Freeman, and Robert Bird—dug into the archives they not only learned that the real story of the sex amendment was quite different; they essentially uncovered an alternative history of women's rights.
The person behind the sex amendment was the seventy-nine-year-old leader of a tiny fringe organization called the National Woman's Party. Alice Paul was a major figure in the American suffragist movement, back at the time of the First World War. Paul was a Quaker. She attended Swarthmore and then the University of Pennsylvania, where she earned the first of many advanced degrees. In 1907, she went to study in Britain and got caught up in the suffragist movement, led by Emmeline Pankhurst. It changed her life.
Pankhurst ranks with Gandhi and King as one of the great practitioners of what King and others called "direct action." She had suffragists break windows, chain themselves to the gates of Buckingham Palace, disrupt meetings. Demonstrators were jailed and went on hunger strikes. Paul herself was arrested several times, and when she returned to the United States she energized the American suffragist movement. She shifted its focus to securing a constitutional amendment, and protesters started chaining themselves to the fence in front of the White House and burning President Wilson's speeches at public rallies. Paul was described as the Lenin of suffragism.
By 1918, Wilson had had enough. He proclaimed that giving women the right to vote was "vital to the winning of the war," and Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment. Ratification was completed in 1920. A new, carefully researched biography by J. D. Zahniser and Amelia R. Fry, "Alice Paul: Claiming Power" (Oxford), ends her story there. But Paul lived for another fifty-seven years, and not in vain.
The women's-suffrage movement had been led by an organization called the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Paul thought that its approach was insufficiently militant (NAWSA thought that Paul was a maniac), and in 1916 she formed the much smaller National Woman's Party (N.W.P.). After the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, Paul embarked on a new crusade: to pass an Equal Rights Amendment.
The N.W.P. became a lobby. It sent out letters promoting the election and appointment of sympathetic candidates and judges, and wrote annually to members of Congress to ask them to introduce an E.R.A. bill. Every year, starting in 1923, an equal-rights bill was brought before Congress.
The E.R.A. was opposed by virtually every other women's organization; they believed that it was reactionary. One of the great achievements of the Progressive Era had been the passage of laws that protected women in the workplace. In 1908, Louis Brandeis's brief on behalf of the state of Oregon had helped persuade the Supreme Court to abandon the constitutionally dubious theory of "liberty of contract," and uphold a law limiting the number of hours that women could work. An Equal Rights Amendment would make such laws unconstitutionally discriminatory.
Who might be in favor of such an amendment? Businessmen might be. So the N.W.P.'s best customers on Capitol Hill tended to be anti-union conservatives—for example, Howard Smith. Virginia textile mills employed large numbers of women, and Smith was interested in any legislation that might benefit mill owners. Smith and Paul were also friends, and Smith had been a supporter of the E.R.A. since 1945.
African-American groups were onto the N.W.P.'s game. When civil-rights legislation was before Congress in 1956, for example, Paul persuaded a California congressman named Gordon McDonough to introduce a sex amendment. The N.A.A.C.P. got wind of it, and its chief Washington lobbyist, Clarence Mitchell, called McDonough's wife to warn her. She took him to mean that if the Congressman didn't withdraw his amendment the N.A.A.C.P would see that he did not win reëlection. McDonough stuck with the amendment.
Tension between advocates of women's rights and advocates of rights for African-Americans goes back to the days of the abolitionists, and it continued after the Civil War. The view of the African-Americans in these disputes was that blacks came first. They argued that the privileges of being white, minus the disadvantages of being a woman, left white women far better off than black Americans. The view of the women was that a law protecting all African-Americans from discrimination as a class would leave one group legally unprotected: white women.
There was no love lost between the groups. In 1869, after listening to advocates for women's suffrage speak at the annual meeting of the American Equal Rights Association, Frederick Douglass rose to object. "I must say that I do not see how any one can pretend that there is the same urgency in giving the ballot to woman as to the negro," he said.
When women, because they are women, are hunted down through the cities of New York and New Orleans; when they are dragged from their houses and hung upon lamp-posts; when their children are torn from their arms, and their brains dashed out upon the pavement; when they are objects of insult and outrage at every turn; when they are in danger of having their homes burnt down over their heads; when their children are not allowed to enter schools; then they will have an urgency to obtain the ballot equal to our own.
The great reformer Susan B. Anthony saw fit to reply as follows:
If you will not give the whole loaf of suffrage to the entire people, give it to the most intelligent first. If intelligence, justice, and morality are to have precedence in the Government, let the question of woman be brought up first and that of the negro last.
The long-standing practice of keeping women's rights distinct from racial issues may have been one reason that there were almost no women on the three-hour program at the March on Washington.
By 1963, the N.W.P. was an organization of mostly wealthy white women, many of them elderly veterans of the suffrage movement. The chair, Emma Guffey Miller, was eighty-nine. The Civil Rights Bill presented it with a huge target of opportunity. Paul called on two N.W.P. members from Virginia, Nina Avery and Butler Franklin, to begin lobbying. Both wrote to Smith in December, 1963, asking him to add "sex" to the bill.
In January, Avery wrote to another Virginia congressman, J. Vaughan Gary. She explained that she disliked the bill itself, though, and hoped it would not pass anytime soon:
Thank God for the Members of Congress who are from the South and for those Members from the East, North and West who will use their brains and energies to prevent a mongrel race in the United States and who will fight for the rights of white citizens in order that discriminations against them may be stopped.
The N.W.P.'s lobbying was no secret. Katzenbach called the Oregon congresswoman Edith Green and told her that if a sex amendment was proposed she needed to speak against it. She did, but she was too late. For Martha Griffiths, a congresswoman from Michigan, had raised the stakes.
Smith made his motion in a jocular spirit. He read a letter from a constituent who asked him to offer an additional amendment addressing the demographic imbalance between men and women—a "grave injustice" that abrogated the right of every woman to have a husband of her own. Emanuel Celler replied that he knew all about equality for women. He had been married for forty-nine years, he said, and he usually had the last two words: "Yes, dear." The jokes continued until Griffiths got the floor. "If there had been any necessity to have pointed out that women were a second-class sex," she said, "the laughter would have proved it."
Griffiths had anticipated this moment, and she was prepared. She had been in Congress since 1955; she had also been a member of the N.W.P. She answered Celler with the N.W.P. line. If you pass this bill, she said, "you are going to have white men in one bracket, you are going to try to take colored men and colored women and give them equal employment rights, and down at the bottom of the list is going to be a white woman with no rights at all." The law would protect a black woman from employment discrimination on account of race, but not a white woman. Other congresswomen rose to join Griffiths.
Liberals counterattacked. New York's John Lindsay spoke against the amendment. James Roosevelt said that his mother, Eleanor, would have been opposed to it. (Eleanor Roosevelt had indeed been a lifelong opponent of the E.R.A.) Letters were read from the Department of Labor and the American Association of University Women opposing the amendment. But the House accepted it. When the vote was announced, two women in the visitors' gallery shouted, "We've won!" and "We've made it!" They were removed by guards.
Before the bill reached the Senate, Emma Miller wrote to a Mississippi member of the N.W.P., explaining that "you and I as white Christian women could be discriminated against," and asking her to write to Senator Eastland on behalf of the sex provision. But the provision provoked little substantive debate in the Senate; Dirksen eventually dropped his opposition to it, in order, he explained, "to avoid the wrath of the women." Three months later, after surviving the longest debate in Senate history, capped by a fourteen-hour speech by West Virginia Senator Robert Byrd, the Civil Rights Bill became law.
On the day the bill went to the President, July 2nd, Smith pronounced his valediction in the House. "You have sowed the wind," he told his colleagues. "Now an oppressed people are to reap the whirlwind."
Already the second invasion of carpetbaggers of the Southland has begun. Hordes of beatniks, misfits, and agitators from the North, with the admitted aid of the Communists, are streaming into the Southland on mischief bent, backed and defended by other hordes of Federal marshals, Federal agents, and Federal power.
In the event, compliance with Title II was relatively painless. In Georgia, Lester Maddox chased African-Americans out of his fried-chicken restaurant, waving a pistol. But on December 14, 1964, in Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S., a suit filed within hours of Johnson's signing, the Supreme Court unanimously rejected a challenge to Title II's constitutionality. After that, there were efforts to evade the law (by turning restaurants into private clubs, which were exempt, for example), but it was rarely defied.
Title VII was more complicated. To oversee it, the act created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (E.E.O.C.), but gave it no enforcement powers. The commission was supposed to induce compliance by persuasion and mediation. It came into existence on July 2, 1965, after employers had had a year to adapt to the new law. As chair, Johnson appointed Franklin Roosevelt, Jr. "What about sex?" Roosevelt was asked at his first press conference. "Don't get me started," he said. "I'm all for it."
Roosevelt maintained that the ban on sex discrimination was an inadvertent add-on, not to be interpreted as strictly as the ban on racial discrimination. The commission's second executive director, Herman Edelsberg, who took office that fall, referred to the sex provision as a "fluke" that was "conceived out of wedlock." It became known in Washington as the Bunny Law, after a hypothetical case in which a man is turned down for a job as a bunny in a Playboy Club. But, of 8,854 complaints filed in the E.E.O.C.'s first year, almost a third charged gender discrimination. To process them, the commission hired the lawyer wife of a staff member. She was a temp.
Two cases in particular tied the commissioners in knots. One was newspapers' practice of listing classified help-wanted ads by gender; the other was airlines' practice of laying off female flight attendants—stewardesses—after they married or reached a certain age. The commission wondered whether, in the case of flight attendants, gender might qualify as a "bona fide occupational qualification"—known as a B.F.O.Q.
In June, 1966, during a conference of state Commissions on the Status of Women, Administration officials made it clear that the E.E.O.C. would maintain a soft approach to gender discrimination. That month, Griffiths delivered a scathing address in the House. "The whole attitude of the E.E.O.C. toward discrimination based on sex is specious, negative, and arrogant," she said. No one would think that the law permitted a newspaper to list help-wanted ads under "white" and "colored." Why was it O.K. to list them under "male" and "female"?
As for B.F.O.Q.s, "Can any Equal Employment Opportunity Commissioner seriously believe that the business of the airlines would suffer if all of them hired flight attendants on the basis of their individual qualifications and ability?" Griffiths asked. "Do they really think for one moment that men or women make plane trips for the sole purpose of having a female—or male—flight attendant serve them lunch or give them an aspirin?" In an earlier congressional hearing, she had made the point with less nuance. "If you are trying to run a whorehouse in the sky," she said, "get a license."
Copies of Griffiths's speech were circulated among participants at the conference. For many of them, the moment called for an organization that would do for women what the N.A.A.C.P. did for African-Americans. And that summer the National Organization for Women was born, with Betty Friedan as its first president. The first thing NOW did was to seek a writ of mandamus against the E.E.O.C., compelling it to perform its legal function. For Title VII was the only statutory weapon the women's movement had.
Changes were swift. In February, 1968, the E.E.O.C. denied flight attendants B.F.O.Q. status. (The real reason airlines laid off the attendants was that the practice prevented the women from gaining seniority, and kept wages low.) In August, it determined that listing help-wanted ads by gender was unlawful. In November, a federal district court ruled that Title VII made state women's labor-protection laws unconstitutional. Labor-protection laws did not disappear, as many liberals had feared; they were now written to cover both sexes.
Title VII enabled a limited rapprochement between feminists and civil-rights organizations. The first Title VII gender-discrimination case to reach the Supreme Court was Phillips v. Martin Marietta, in 1971. In a unanimous decision, the Court held that Martin Marietta's policy of not hiring women with children of preschool age violated Title VII. The case was brought by a white woman, Ida Phillips, who was represented by the Legal Defense and Education Fund of the N.A.A.C.P.
And in 1970, at the urging of, among others, Emma Miller, now ninety-four, Martha Griffiths used a discharge petition to extract Equal Rights Amendment legislation from Celler's Judiciary Committee. Celler complained that "neither the National Woman's Party nor the delightful, delectable, and dedicated gentlelady from Michigan can change nature," but the amendment passed both houses by the required two-thirds majorities and went to the states for ratification in 1972. The E.R.A. had the enthusiastic support of liberal politicians and rights groups. No one mentioned Alice Paul, but she was still alive.
Howard Smith lost in the 1966 midterm elections, but Russell and Eastland were both reëlected. The same year, Lester Maddox was elected governor of Georgia. In 1968, after Johnson withdrew from the race and King and Robert Kennedy were killed, George Wallace ran for President on the American Independent Party ticket and carried five states. In 1972, Emanuel Celler lost the Democratic primary to Elizabeth Holtzman, who became one of seven new women, including three African-Americans, to join the House. Everett Dirksen died in 1969. In 2005, his seat was taken by Barack Obama. ♦


text: Mercy: The Heart of Peace, An Interfaith Meeting of Prayer for Peace Event Date: Tuesday, September 6th 2016, 5:45pmHosted by the Archdiocese of Oakland, Mercy: the Heart of Peace will embody the message that peace lies at the heart of religion, and that believers are called to be peacemakers and instruments of mercy. GTU President Riess Potterveld will be among those offering public prayers at the event, which features participants representing multiple faith traditions. Program 5:45 pm: Prayer for Peace: Five spaces provided for Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism. 6:30 pm: Panel Dialogue on "Mercy: the Heart of Peace,"... Riess PotterveldPeaceInterfaithDiocese of Oakland


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Yeah I know, I couldn't help it though. I received way to many requests on "how to draw a chibi green Angry bird", so here it is. The red chibi Angry bird was just practice for me. I wanted to see if it was possible to make the Angry bird look like a chibi. In my personal opinion, they came out looking like a combination of the two. They have both characteristics of a chibi, and regular shaped Angry bird. The green colored bird is an eagle or a hawk I think. Now since I don't know squat about the species type for these birds, I think I deserve a little leeway on knowing what their breed bird species is. Anyways, this angry guy was fun to draw. My sister was yelling earlier so I kind of thought of her when I was drawing this chibi green Angry bird. I do hope you enjoy this lesson. If you want more drawing fun, stick around because there is still more coming your way.
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