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Physics of Semiconductor Devices
- 1 Physics of Semiconductors Project
- 2 Group 1
- 3 Group 2: Zach Small and Chris Luetjen
- 4 Group 3: Derek Hallman, John McGonigle, Alex Schachtner
- 4.1 Measuring Depletion Region with a Laser
- 4.2 Two Photon Upconversion - Derek Hallman
- 4.3 Two Photon Absorption - Derek Hallman & Evan Graham
- 4.4 DLTS Circuit Modifications and Overall Improvements
- 5 Alex Cook and Nick Wogan Research Project
Physics of Semiconductors Project
Physics of Semiconductors Web Page
The goal of this project is to characterize different semiconductors using various techniques. Currently, PIN diodes and Schottky diodes have been tested using various methods. The existing methods can be improved, new methods can be implemented, and new diodes could be tested to further expand this project.
Group 1
One goal of the Physics of Semiconductor Devices project is to measure captured carriers within the band-gap of a semiconductor. If a carrier (a hole or electron) is captured and then released in the band, the capture center is called a trap. These traps arise from defects or impurities in the material. One technique for measuring these traps is through Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy, or DLTS. This technique essentially measures the change in capacitance of the semiconductor.
We are using a high‐frequency capacitance transient thermal scanning method to observe traps in the depletion region of our diode. The capacitance transients can give us information about trap concentration, activation energy and electron‐ and hole‐capture cross sections for each trap. These properties are of interest to industry.
Our circuit is built on a copper plating encased in a steel container. This is to reduce stray capacitance and noise from the high frequency signal (our signal is 30 MHz.) The plating provides a large common ground that will reduce these effects. In the future copper tape soldered near the input and output ports will further reduce these unwanted effects. Our diode is a schottky diode, which is used for it's fast switching properties.
The premise behind DLTS is to use a short pulse to momentarily forward bias a diode that is in a steady state of reverse bias. This short pulse will inject carriers (in our case electrons) into the depletion zone of our semiconductor (putting the diode in forward bias will shrink the depletion zone and allow electrons to enter). This will change the capacitance of the diode. Semiconductors are characterized by their unique conductive behavior. A semiconductor has a fermi energy that lies inside a band gap in electron energy levels. This band gap is small in a semiconductor however, allowing electrons to cross the band gap at relatively low temperatures (as compared to an insulator.) The rate at witch electrons are emitted from a trap is what will characterize the capacitance transient. The emission rate is proportional to a boltzman factor and depends exponentially on the energy difference between the trap level and the conduction band. In essence we will inject the depletion zone with electrons, thus raising the capacitance of the diode. Some electrons will become trapped. Thermal energy will eventually kick these electrons out of the traps and back into the charged portion of the semiconductor. The capacitance will spike when the electrons are introduced and slowly return to normal as the electrons are kicked out the traps. If the traps were not present we would expect a linear return to steady state capacitance.
Our circuit will mix a known voltage signal with another voltage signal passing through the diode. We have created a circuit that will split the incoming signal. On one leg of our circuit the voltage signal will run through the diode. The other leg consists of a 180 degree phase shifter that will recombine with the signal coming out of the diode, thus canceling the signal and outputting a signal of 0 amplitude. In reality we cannot exactly cancel out the signal coming out of the diode, so after the phase shifter we have a variable capacitor. This capacitor allows us to very minutely shift the phase of the signal. This will allow us to fine tune the phase of the signal we are using to cancel the signal coming out of the diode. At the end of the circuit both legs are attached to a variable resistor. There are voltage drops across both legs of the circuit and the variable resistor allows us to change the amplitude of the signals to find the ideal for cancellation. By adjusting the variable resistor and capacitor an input signal measured at 248 mV resulted in a 1.6 mV output.
The original signal will input into a mixer with the signal coming out of the circuit. The signals are multiplied in the mixer and the resulting signal will be output on an oscilloscope. During steady state the output coming out of he circuit should be close to 0 so no signal will be measured. When we introduce the pulse the signal on the bottom leg of our circuit will no longer cancel the signal coming through the top wave and a signal of interest will be measured. This will result in a spike of voltage that will gradually return to zero as the electrons are kicked out of the traps in the depletion zone of the diode. We will observe a voltage transient and from that we will be able to calculate the capacitance transient we are looking for.
As stated earlier, thermal energy is what releases electrons from the traps. Electrons are released faster as the temperature increases, thus the capacitance transient is "thinner" with respect to time for higher temperatures (it takes less time for the capacitance to return to zero). To make measurements we will
consider emission rates which are what define the capacitance transient. We can define emission rate "windows", a certain rate in the capacitance transient, to measure only emission rates that we define. For each window we can take measurements at many different temperatures and we will see peaks at temperatures (because emission rate is temperature dependent) that match the window we defined. If we change the window and repeat the measurement we will see peaks at different temperatures. If we plot the width of the peaks against 1/Temperature we will observe a straight line, the length of which will be the rate window we defined. By measuring several different windows at varying temperatures we will observe a long straight line. The slope of that line is the activation energy for the trap. We will use a cryostat with liquid nitrogen to measure the diode at different temperatures.
Group 2: Zach Small and Chris Luetjen
For a standard diode its characteristics depends on what material the diode is made out of and with what it has been doped with. For the 1N4004, we measured an I-V characteristic as shown in Figure 1.
This is exactly what we would expect, as Diode Incorporated; the manufacturer, gives us the characteristic graphs of these diodes 1N4004_spec_sheet. Note that in the graph, the first point after point (0, 0) is the next none zero point, meaning at the current remained at 0 until 5.2 volts across the diode.The standard diode will have a small amount of capacitance current flows across it. This capacitance is called the Junction Capacitance and is because charge is stored inside the diode and a small amount will build up. Figure 2 is C-V characteristic of the P6KE6.8A diode, of which this is the spec sheet: P6KE_spec_sheet. This data was taken using a voltage divider, shown in Figure 3
Carrier Dynamics
Carrier dynamics are the dynamics between the charge carriers in the semiconductor and how they interact with each other and external factors.
Depletion Region Width
The setup shown in Figure 4 was used to measure the carrier dynamics of a laser diode. For this experiment, the GH0781JA2C diode was used, the spec sheet can be found here, GH0781JA2C_spec_sheet. We used the two lenses to expand and collimate the lens. This is important, because the microscope objective, which is focusing our beam down to a point in order to shine on the semiconductor of laser diode, is designed to be fully filled of light in order to work properly. The chopper was used to chop the light into a frequency in which other parts of the room where not emitting radiation at. This frequency was then sent to the lock-in amplifier, which amplifies the signal at the reference frequency. This helps separate our data, the voltage over the laser diode, from the noise in the rest of the room. Before using the lock-in amplifier, we experienced trouble getting readings on the multimeter, which was measuring unchopped light. To fix this, we connected our diode with a coaxial cable instead of just plain wires. This was to protect the wires, which were acting as antennas and were picking up frequencies from other electrons in the room, so the lights, refrigerators, etc. This did fix the problem, but we still received significant noise, and thus used the lock-in amplifier. We used the 7280 whose instruction Manuel can be found here: 7280_spec_sheet_and_instruction_manuel The laser diode was also reverse biased. This is because there would be no voltage or current across the laser diode, and therefore the only voltage we would read would be that from focusing our IR diode laser (The New Focus 6224 was used) at 784 nm on the laser diode. The purpose was to measure the depletion zone of the diode, which we measured at -1 V, 0 V, and 1 V. The data is shown in Figures 5, 6, and 7 and is what we expected. The depletion region increases the more negative the bias across the diode. This is because the carries, electrons and holes, are evacuating the junction at negative bias, and thus the region with no carriers becomes larger.
Although our plots display the correct trend between bias voltage and depletion region width, the scale is off. We would expect the depletion region to be roughly 1 micron, and ours measures 30-50 times that. This discrepancy is most likely due to the beam size. Our data assumes a beam size of 1 micron, which is unachievable with our system. The best beam size possible for our set up would be 1.5 microns, assuming the beam incident on our microscope objective is perfectly Gaussian. Realistically our beam size is roughly 10 microns, but a measurement should be made verify this. This measurement could be made by using the knife-edge technique, or a high resolution beam profiler or CCD camera.
Band Edge
From quantum mechanics we know that atoms exist in discrete energy levels. When N atoms are brought together, such as in a crystal, the atomic energy levels interact. This interaction causes the energy levels to split into N distinct levels. However, in crystal that contains a large number of atoms, there are so many levels, that they are indistinguishable from one another, and what is known as an energy band is created. In this band, electrons can move freely since the neighboring bands are almost touching.
When working with semiconductors, the atoms are arranged in crystalline structures, so the aforementioned energy bands are present. However, practically only two of the bands are relevant, the conduction band and the valence band. Specifically, the distance between these bands, called the band gap. In order for a semiconductor to conduct electricity, there must be electrons in the conduction band, but no electrons can exist in between the valence and conduction band, so the electrons must be excited by one "burst" of energy, such as from a photon or heat. There is also a momentum component to this transition, however, it will be omitted since we are assuming it holds no bearing in our semiconductor, which is intended to have a direct band gap.
Since a minimum energy is required to drive an electron from the valence band to the conduction band, when a photon is absorbed by a semiconductor, it can only cause this transition if it has an energy greater than or equal to the band gap. And since a photon energy is related to the wavelength by the equation, E=hc/λ, certain wavelengths can cause an electron to by driven up into the conduction band. By varying the wavelength of light incident on a semiconductor, it is possible to determine the band gap. To measure how many electrons are excited into the conduction band, a small bias voltage is applied to the semiconductor. This causes any electron in the conduction band to flow out towards the bias, creating a current which we can then measure.
With the same setup that was used for measuring the depletion region we took band edge measurements. This was done by varying the wavelength of the tunable IR laser used in the carrier dynamics setup and directing the beam straight at the center of laser diode. The data found was conflicting and as seen in Figure 8, it varied a bit and flat lined at certain wavelengths. To fix this we added in a isolator and a wave plate that adjusted the polarity of our beam to that which the isolotor would allow to pass through. This was to remove any back reflection that may have been skewing our data. This did not fix the problem, so we took a spectrum of our laser at each wavelength, varying from 784 to 804 nm. As seen in Figure 9, the laser we were using does not tune past Figure 6 and at one point emits two wavelengths when it should be emitting one. For future band edge measurements, a different laser will have to be used.
Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy
The Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy was discussed in detail above by Group 1
In Figure 10 is a picture of the circuit that they constructed in Figures 11 and 12 is the schematics for the circuit. We utilized this circuit to make measurements on three different diodes, a standard diode; P6KE , a Schottky Barrier Rectifier; 1N5817_1.0A , and a Fast Response diode; 1N4148. The links are to the spec sheets of said diodes. The measurements are at 1 V and 2.3 V. You will notice that the decay curve changes from a negative decay to a positive decay and this is when the sum of the offset and the pulse is greater than the threshold voltage of the diode.
Current Data
The data above shows a decay rate for what we originally thought was the decay of carriers through the diode. It turns out that with no diode, a very similar decay is observed, although more slowly. It is possible to get almost the identical curve by varying the resister in the DLTS circuit. In Figure 13 a pulse is showed with no diode. It is shallower, but for it be to what we would expect it to be, it should rise and fall sharply with the pulse. It should look almost identical to the pulse sent in, however we do get a slight decay rate. Another indicator that the above data may be measuring something other than the decay rate of carriers is the decay across the pulse. We would expect it to remain flat with the pulse, as steady current passes through the diode at that point, meaning that carriers are flowing through the diode. To check if our circuit was working, we rebuilt the total circuit shown in Figure 11 with stand alone components and attached a standard diode. We then placed this same diode into our DLTS and measured the results of each, in which we observed the same result. The stand alone setup result is shown in Figure 14 and the DLTS is shown in Figure 15. In conclusion this data may be measuring the decay rate of carriers in the diode as it does change with the diodes, but we have inconclusive evidence until the pulse passing through the system is analysed.
As previously mentioned by group 1, a cryostat can be used to cool the diodes down to liquid nitrogen temperatures (77 K). By cooling the diodes, the thermal energy decreases significantly, so the ability for the charge carriers to escape the traps decreases, resulting in a slower voltage decay after the pulse.
To cool the diode we used a cryostat. A cryostat is essentially a liquid nitrogen Dewar with a chamber enclosed that has a plate in thermal contact with the liquid nitrogen. A picture of the cryostat is shown in figure 16. Everything in the chamber is cooled significantly, and anything in thermal contact with the plate, is also in thermal contact with the liquid nitrogen. We mounted the diodes in the cryostat by soldering them to a circuit board, and then affixing the circuit board to the thermal plate in the cryostat with the diodes all in contact with it. A schematic of this circuit board can be seen in figure 17. The diodes were then wired into a port so they could be connected to the rest of the circuit. The PIN layout of the port is shown in Figure 18.
The cryostat was never actually tested due to issues with the DLTS setup. And a new port should be made to connect the diodes in the cryostat to the external circuit, since the current port has brass pins on the outside, which solder does not stick to very well. That said, the current port will work fine if a hook or clip is attached to the each individual pin. The easiest method would be to use a BNC port.
Here is the Power Point Presentation of our final presentation. It includes a few pictures of our setup and the diodes and may prove useful if there are any questions in the actual physical setup of the experiment. File:Final Presentation.pdf
Group 3: Derek Hallman, John McGonigle, Alex Schachtner
We performed many of the above experiments as well, beginning with measuring the IV Curve of a diode, We used a PK6E30A diode, and used a current limiting circuit in order to limit the current through the diode. We varied the voltage in to measure the resulting current out and plotted the two. We performed this measurement for forward and reverse bias to begin understanding the pn junction and depletion region. We understand the mechanisms of charge carriers and how a diode works in forward and reverse bias.
We then performed similar measurements while using a photodiode while injecting a photocurrent by shining a red laser pointer on the diode. We saw a similar IV curve for forward and reverse bias, however we never saw the reverse breakdown. While we saw a current effectively "turn on" similarly as the diode at around .6 volts in forward bias, though we never saw a reverse breakdown, even when taking the voltage up to 90-100 volts in reverse.
Now we measured the capacitance of the diode as we understand that the depletion region will act effectively as a capacitator. Charges will migrate across the region until the resulting electric field will prevent further current. The smaller the depletion region, we found the higher the effective capacitance of the diode
Here our projects split where Alex pursued the DLTS experiments while John and Derek continued using laser diodes.
Measuring Depletion Region with a Laser
In this portion of the project we sought to utilize semiconductor properties to create light by stimulated emission of radiation by focusing a beam of near infrared signal onto a laser diode and then with piezo controls we scanned the beam across the active region in different directions and measured the depletion region.
We used an external cavity diode laser such that we could tune the wavelength of the laser and ensure that the diode was not mode hopping, such that the photons introduced into the laser diode were of constant energy. We wanted to select the most dominant mode for the greatest emission intensity. We used a wavemeter which measured the interference fringes of the HeNe beam and the beam from our laser diode. By steering a system of mirrors we were to align the beams at two points, ensuring that they were aligned as a line along the beam path. We used a bandpass filter with Near Infrared specs to allow the beam of our laser diode to pass and interfere with the HeNe beam, while disallowing the HeNe beam to reflect back into the laser diode which would alter the dynamics of emission and skew our beam.
Our set-up was as follows: Laser Diode -> Chopper -> Up/Down mirror -> Half-Wave plate -> Isolator -> Diverging lens -> Collimating Lens -> Microscope Objective -> Laser diode. [picture]
Our chopper singled out our beam's signal and in combination with the lock in amplifier we then began introducing our beam to the laser diode such that we could then scan the beam across the PN junction and the active region of the diode. The system of lenses were installed to adjust the spot diameter of the beam to the required length in order to fill the microscope objective properly which then projected the the signal onto the laser diode. Our goal here was to focus the beam down to .5um using Gaussian beam dynamics so we could scan the beam across the active region of the laser diode which was around 1um thick and 3-5 um across. We were also able to make more precise measurements when we used piezo controls in combination with the lock in amplifier to make our measurements.
Our data is as follows:
Two Photon Upconversion - Derek Hallman
This leg of the experiment was Introducing a laser to the laser diode detector of wavelength one half of the wavelength that would normally cause single photon absorption. One photon promotes an electron to an imaginary state, second photon promotes energy to excited state, where each photon is roughly equal to half the energy of a photon that would excite an electron via one photon absorption. This is a Non-linear process (weak compared to OPA at low intensity, dominates at high intensity)
My experimental set-up is as follows:
I used an Erbium Doped Fiber Laser as a gain medium, pumped by a 980 nm laser to emit 1550 nm radiation. This radiation is roughly twice the wavelength of the photons that we used to stimulate single photon absorption, which made it suitable for two photon absorption. We used beam expansion similarly to single photon absorption, however we needed different lenses as the beam width from the free-space coupled EDFL was smaller than the External Cavity Diode Laser, and we wished to ensure the back aperture of the microscope objective was filled such that our calculations on beam waist would hold. We used a chopper for lock-in amplification to chop the beam so the Lock-In Amplifier could use the reference to eliminate noise, and we could really hone in on our signal.
My procedure is as follows:
I found that operating the pump laser at .500 amps that I could get an optical power of 17.92 mW, significantly greater than using an ECDL. Aligned two beams (1550, and ~640) using a flip mirror, and several irises so that I may roughly alight the focused beam from the microscope objective with the active region on the detector diode. Using the coarse controls on the translation stage, and finer adjustments using the piezoelectric displacement, I attempted to maximize photocurrent using single photon absorption, in order to roughly align the detector diode with microscope lens. It should be noted that the working distance with the visible light, and the IR light will be different, so further alignment with the IR beam is necessary. Thus I then reconfigured beam expansion for IR light, and worked to confirm that the 1550 beam was stimulating electrons via two photon absorption; I then worked to maximize the read-out on the lock-in amplifier. Confirming that two photon absorption is taking place, I begin scanning beam across diode surface.
Thus I began scanning beam across the surface of the laser diode detector, to understand two photon absorption as a function of displacement across the diode face I found that it was very difficult to find the active region of the diode using both two photon absorption and lock-in detection, and at the intensity I was working at only generated a signal in the order of magnitude of MicroVolts. To analyze the signal generated by scanning the beam across the diode, I took a 10x10 matrix, taking data in Microvolts at points that were a stepsize of about a micron (uM) apart. I then entered these matrices into MATLAB and wrote a function which both would interpolate these points and create various contour and surface plots of the matrices. This allows us a visual representation of voltage generated by Two-Photon Absorption of 1550nm IR radiation.
After collecting such poor data even while the lock-in amp seemed to be showing such clear gaussian trends upon displacement from what I believed was the active region, I resorted to reconfigure the translation stage, and used the coarse knobs to "hunt around" for the signal from introducing the beam to the active region. This was a very sensitive process as two-photon absorption requires high intensity. In doing so I found much higher voltages through the Lock-in amp than I had seen before - i.e. 10uV to about 30uV. I then collected the best data and what seems to be a clear indication of scanning the beam across the active region.
The best data is subject for further study, and possible publication. It is as follows:
The data I have collected could have a variety of implications, and could provide the basis of future publications: - Temperature dependence - Increased penetration of IR photons into semiconductor sample - Different behavior across the PN junction from OPA
Two Photon Absorption - Derek Hallman & Evan Graham
We wished to improve upon measurements made and to make strides to better understand the nature of Laserdiodes and the physics of the semiconductors that comprise them. We saw in previous measurements how temperature could effect the behavior of charges in the laser diode. Our first goal was to introduce some temperature control to the design, so we replaced the diode that we have reverse biased for use as the detector. We introduced the LDM21 as a more advanced diode mount with integrated temperature control, we also replaced the diode in the mount from whichever we were using before (no exact specs, but we knew it had a bandgap ~785nm) with the thorlabs L785P6 diode which we then had the exact specifications for. We needed to correctly arrange the diode in the mount, and solder a D9 Connector so that we may monitor the signal out of the diode. We opted to use 2 BNC Coaxial cables as we used one of the tips of the cable as a ground, which grounded the diode, and the Cathode of the diode as we were operating in reverse bias / Cathode grounding, and the other BNC went to the anode so we could measure the signal. We monitored our signal using a LockIn-Amplifier and used Math Functions to monitor our signal as a potential difference (Anode - Ground / Cathode). Attempting to re-establish our signal we could not find evidence of two photon absorption using the 1550nm ~20mW laser we had used before while searching over the diode, and using OPA (~634nm ~2mw) to roughly align the pn junction with the microscope objective.
We then made some customizations to the Erbium Doped Fiber Laser that we had been using. We opted to use the pump of the EDFL to excite electrons as it both had a higher wavelength, and a much greater intensity. We created fiber connection terminals inside of the fiber laser so that we could still use the pump laser to excite the Erbium gain medium for using the fiber laser at 1550nm, or to an exterior port where we used the 980nm laser directly out. We noticed that when using the 980 wavelength, at the same laser current settings that we had a ~23dB gain from the 1550nm. We maxed out the powermeter at very low laser currents, and didn't continue to compare the emission from the 980 and the 1550 as the difference was substantial enough to clearly witness two photon absorption. Once roughly aligning the diode (OPA ~634nm) we could easily establish a signal from the 980nm laser where we were operating the laser at around .45 Amps that had a related power of over 300mw. We used the familiar piezo controls described in previous phases of the experiment to orient the diode in the 980 beam and maximized our signal at over 1mV, significantly higher than the peak potential we had seen using the 1550nm wavelength and the older (mystery) diode which had a maximum around 30uV.
Thus we took data and tried to refine ideas of how charge carriers operated within the junction and what we knew of two-photon absorption and band structure. We saw in our data that we had a much more defined PN junction that previous measurements suggest and we had definitely increased our resolution of the junction and the mapping of two-photon absorption within the junction.
Here is our first data:
We see this strange double peak where we may have expected the laser to provide us with a signal that would indicate a gaussian distribution of absorption across the junction. Next we turn down the intensity of the laser and repeat the same measurements with more attention to the behavior across the junction.
Here is our final data from the term:
Interestingly we see this double peak while scanning the laser across the PN junction, namely the active region of the intrinsically doped region of the laser diode. We understand that in a PIN diode configuration, also described as a heterojunction - we see that the intrinsic region has the lowest bandgap energy which corresponds to the refractive index. In this way the active region of the laser diode acts as a waveguide, and this is the face of the laser that emits radiation. We consider our double peak somewhat as a result of the intensity of the laser. We know that as a non-linear optical phenomena, two photon absorption is very difficult to witness at low intensity but dominates at high intensity. We understand that perhaps when the beam is strictly on the active region, we are depleting the entire region of charge carriers and when we scan in nearby areas (such as overlapping a junction) there are more nearby available charge carriers to conduct. Thus this is the next phase of the experiment is to document the electric potential difference signal of the heterojunction by varying the intensity of the laser and documenting the behavior of this double peak. Our future measurements include continuing two-photon absorption, band edge measurements, exciton structure, etc...
DLTS Circuit Modifications and Overall Improvements
What we are seeking to measure in this experiment is the current output resulting from the loaded traps (lattice impurities) in the depletion region of a diode being emptied of charges as the loading pulse is shut off. Building on the work of the previous group, my goal was to see this current and report results based on varying both temperature as well as the semiconducting material being tested.
DLTS Circuit Modifications
The first major task was to ensure the DLTS circuit was functioning properly after recognizing the difficulties of the previous group. I isolated the DLTS circuit and tuned the variable resistor and capacitor such that there was no phase difference in the two legs of the original DLTS circuit pictured above. Once this was complete, I set about investigating the previous group's results and attempting to acquire a DLTS signal. Inital tests were done on the same 3 diodes used by the previous group, and results can be seen below for the P6KE30A diode:
and under the same conditions for the first 3 diodes:
Test program conditions: Function generator has a 30 MHz signal, +20 mV peak-to-peak amplitude, and a +1 V DC offset. The loading pulse (on the old pulse generator) has a +2.0V amplitude and 1ms length.
The suspected recombination current outputs from each respective diode appeared to be on the order of 0.02 - 2 mA. The above data was convincing enough to move onto the next major modification - attempting to amplify the output signal and investigate the nature of the traps in the depletion region of the P6KE30A diode.
Before that was done, a path length modification was installed. This amounted to mounting the diode on an elongated stretch of wire (approximately 240mm total increase) and balancing that path length on the other side of the circuit with an equal length of wire. This was done so that a very rudimentary temperature test could be done - dunking the entire diode in liquid nitrogen.
External Improvements
A new pulse generator, TTL switch, and 10db RF amplifier were tested and installed after the DLTS circuit to achieve two goals. Firstly, the new pulse generator would send two pulses: one to load charge traps in the diode by momentarily putting the diode into forward bias (as the previous setup was designed to do). Secondly, another pulse would be sent to the TTL switch and amplifier. This delayed pulse would be triggered to turn the amplifier on immediately after the diode-loading pulse was shut off. This would effectively amplify the output signal from the diode in the region of interest and allow the experimenter to see the output recombination current in greater detail. A schematic of the improvements can be seen below:
and a few images the updated setup:
A tunable phase shifter and 1 MHz high-pass filter will need to be installed in the future. At the end of my time on the project a working phase shifter could not be located, but a 1 MHz high pass filter has been created and can be found on the optics table near the experiment for later installation. The goal of the filter is simple noise reduction. The goal of the phase shifter is to ensure we are amplifying the output of the "decaying capacitor" that is the depletion region.
DLTS Data 2.0
After all the external improvements were implemented and determined to be working as designed, I resumed looking for the recombination current. Initial tests on the P6KE30A diode showed this output signal:
Experimental conditions: 30 MHz RF signal, +20 mV peak-to-peak amplitude, +1 V DC offset. Loading pulse: +1.5 V for 20 us. NOTE: The pulse generator output amplitude should be approximately +3.70 V. The signal is split many ways, so this will yield approximately +1.5 V (which is setup to be read directly from the oscilloscope and is yellow in the above image).
It was at about this point that progress on the DLTS investigation ceased. Several anomalous signals were observed, including this example below, where green is the DLTS output, yellow is the loading pulse, and purple is the amplification pulse:
The zero-crossing behavior and amplitude of the above signal couldn't be readily explained. It was determined that a resistor in the DLTS circuit had become disconnected and reconnecting this seemed to remedy the problem, but no further investigations could be carried out due to time constraints.
Future Directions
The first order of future business should be be to calculate an estimate of the observable recombination current in a silicon depletion region of similar volume to that of the P6KE30A diode. References on ideas for how to execute that calculation can be seen at the end of my final presentation, located here: File:Schachtner APL Final.pdf
Any future investigation should be predicated on a solid theoretical prediction for observable values. Most of my investment in the project was towards improving the initial circuitry setup and making sure it functioned properly. However, it is still unknown if the desired output was/is achievable given the current experimental setup.
The circuit could be improved right away and action could be immediately taken to install the high pass filter and phase shifter as mentioned previously.
Lastly, an intelligent and working implementation of the Cryostat designed by the previous group should be carried out so the temperature dependence of the recombination current can be accurately characterized.
Alex Cook and Nick Wogan Research Project
IV and CV Curve Measurements
Like other groups, we began by exploring the 'activation voltage' of a 365-1085-ND photodiode- that is, the voltage required in order for the p-n junction to conduct.
In order to do so, we applied varying bias voltages across the photodiode and calculated the current across a resistor in the following manner:
The results came out quite good.
The following is a graph displaying the IV Curve of the Diode between 0-.8 V. Notice that we tested the IV Curve in three different lighting environments, in the dark with the lab lights off, in the ambient light of the lab, and underneath and intense flashlight.
The following is a graph displaying the IV Curve of the Diode between -40- 1 V. Notice the considerable difference between the flashlight and ambient light caused.
The measurements regarding the capacitance of a photodiode requires a slightly higher degree of sophistication. The following is a diagram of our methodology:
Notice that we treat the photodiode in this case as part of a voltage divider. We treat is as an impedance producing device. Thus, the calculation to solve for the capacitance is as follows:
The following is a graph of our results:
The measurements did not turn out very well. Notice that between 0 and .3V, we found a negative capacitance, which is physically impossible. That said, the waveform of the results is quite good- capacitance increases quite quickly as a positive voltage is applied. We suspect there was an underlying problem in our methodology, but were unable to determine the root cause and, in order to complete our term goals, decided to move on rather than troubleshoot further.
Band Edge Measurement
We then began work on the principle focus of our research- the band edge measurement. A distinct type of semiconductor device is the laser diode. By applying a laser of sufficient wavelength to the p-n junction of the laser diode, we are able to produce a non-trivial voltage. This is, in essence, the photovoltaic effect. We sought to measure the wavelength (and therefore energy) necessary to stimulate this affect.
The following is a diagram of the experimental setup:
The following is a graph of our preliminary results. Notice the high amount of noise, relative to the received signal. Also notice that the noise floated between each measurement.
The following is a graph of the signal with the noise subtracted. The measurement is okay. The band gap energy is seemingly delivered at a wavelength between 1554 and 1550nm.
Future Direction
We will be refining the band edge measurement in coming weeks and months. There are numerous improvements we can make to the experimental design, which should improve fidelity.
First, we will polish our fiber optic connections. We lose quite a lot of laser power in the 50/50 splitter and 95/5 splitter. We will also be applying a lens which should focus the laser beam on the active region of the PN junction. Increasing power delivered to the photodiode should make the band edge more apparent among the noise.
Secondly, we wish to reduce noise itself through the addition of lock-in amplification.
These additions should allow us to produce a far better measurement of the band-edge measurement.
With a good measurement achieved, we wish to study the excitonic conduction which occurs just below band-edge energy.


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Artist description:
I haven't done a landscape in a long time so i just wanted to try it out. theres nothing realistic about it xP
Java Draw Created Feb 14, 2009 470 x 338px Unless noted Copyright 2009 Mr. Artist.
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OMG this is sooooooo GORGEOUS!!! 5h Faves collection! I am SOOO going to enjoy going thru the rest of your gallery!
fascinatinggggggggg wowwwwwwwwwwwwwwww.50/5.
This is so beautiful. *o* 5/5+fav
thats amazeing....
5/5 and into my collection. :) I looked up "talented" in the dictionary and saw a picture of you next to it.
wowwwwwwwwww 5x
i like the way you blend the colours
wonderfull drawing!!!nice colours u used i really like it... 5/5 favs :)
It's absolutely beautiful,scenaries are my favourite,5♥+fav
woah!!that's amaizing!the colors are really great:)fantastic work!5 hearts from me


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Praying in a Jungle »
I want to relate an event which happened nearly 10 years ago. I was 9 at that time, still…Read More »
Miracle at the Parking Lot »
I never thought I would be writing about a trip to the convenient store, but this trip was like…Read More »
A Bouquet for Mother »
A man stopped at a flower shop to order some flowers to be wired to his mother who lived…Read More »
A Mother's Bargain with "The Death" »
A mother sat there with her little child. She was so downcast, so afraid that it should die! It…Read More »
The Lark and Its Young Ones (A Hindu Fable) »
A CHILD went up to a lark and said: "Good lark, have you any young ones?" "Yes, child, I…Read More »
Gudo and the Emperor »
The emperor Goyozei was studying Zen under Gudo. He inquired: "In Zen this very mind is Buddha. Is this…Read More »
Nobunaga's Destiny »
A great Japanese warrior named Nobunaga decided to attack the enemy although he had only one-tenth the number of…Read More »


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864 search results
- Resource ID: PM1L1
- Grade Range: 9–12
- Subject: Science
Types of Motion
Students will distinguish between and/or interpret the types of motion.
- Resource ID: SM0L3d
- Grade Range: 9–12
- Subject: Science
Experimental Design
Given investigation scenarios and lab procedures, students will identify independent variables, dependent variables, constants, and control groups.
- Resource ID: SM0L3b
- Grade Range: 9–12
- Subject: Science
Types of Science Investigations
Students will distinguish between descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations.
- Resource ID: R4SCI0001
- Grade Range: 6–12
- Subject: Science
Potential and Kinetic Energy
This resource provides Tier I instruction ideas for Grade 6+ science teachers in the area of potential and kinetic energy.
- Resource ID: TEA001
- Grade Range: K–8
- Subject: Math
TXRCFP: Texas Response to Curriculum Focal Points for K-8 Mathematics Revised 2013
The Texas Response to Curriculum Focal Points Revised 2013 was created from the 2012 revision of the TEKS as a guide for implementation of effective mathematics instruction by identifying critical areas of content at each grade level.
- Resource ID: R4SCI0007
- Grade Range: 9–12
- Subject: Science
Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses
Learners calculate the probability of genotypic inheritance and phenotypic expression using mono- and dihybrid crosses.
- Resource ID: R4SCI0008
- Grade Range: 9–12
- Subject: Science
Mechanisms of Evolution Beyond Natural Selection
Learners analyze and evaluate the effects of other evolutionary mechanisms.
- Resource ID: R4SCI0010
- Grade Range: 4
- Subject: Science
What's Happening with the Weather?
This resource shows how to observe and describe weather changes from day to day and over seasons.
- Resource ID: R4SCI0011
- Grade Range: 6–12
- Subject: Science
Introduction to Plate Tectonics
This resource is intended to use for Tier I classroom instruction.
- Resource ID: R4SCI0012
- Grade Range: 7–12
- Subject: Science
Human Impact
This resource can be used, in conjunction with best practices, for Tier I classroom instruction.
- Resource ID: R4SCI0013
- Grade Range: 9–12
- Subject: Science
Energy and Matter in Cells
Learners compare changes in matter that take place during energy conversion processes such as photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
- Resource ID: R4SCI0014
- Grade Range: 9–12
- Subject: Science
Energy and Matter in Ecosystems
Learners analyze food chains, webs, and pyramids to determine how energy flows and matter cycles through ecosystems.
- Resource ID: R4SCI0016
- Grade Range: 8–12
- Subject: Science
Introducing the Atom
A resource to be used for Tier I instruction for the introduction of the structure of atoms.
- Resource ID: TEKS12_MATH_04_001
- Grade Range: 4
- Subject: Math
Parallel and Intersecting Lines
This activity provides an opportunity for students to build an understanding of parallel and intersecting lines.
- Resource ID: R4SCI0017
- Grade Range: 10–12
- Subject: Science
How Do We Quantify the Building Blocks of Matter?
This resource provides flexible alternate or additional learning opportunities for students learning about the mole concept, Chemistry TEKS (8)(A).
- Resource ID: R4SCI0018
- Grade Range: 9–12
- Subject: Science
Ecological Succession
Learners explore and describe how succession affects biodiversity by creating an island ecosystem in an interactive game.
- Resource ID: K2KB007
- Grade Range: 9–12
- Subject: Science
Predict Monohybrid Crosses
Biology Kid2Kid videos present biology concepts taught to a student by a student. This resource contains videos that explain monohybrid crosses in both English and Spanish.
- Resource ID: GT001
- Grade Range: K–12
- Subject:
Texas Performance Standards Project
These videos introduce the Texas Performance Standards Project (TPSP), a resource for providing differentiated instruction to gifted/talented (G/T) students.
- Resource ID: R4SCI0021
- Grade Range: 9–12
- Subject: Science
Cell Homeostasis: Osmosis
The focus of this resource is cell homeostasis and, more specifically, osmosis. Students investigate the concept through a virtual lab, recording and analyzing data, creating sketches to represent vocabulary, and discovering the role of aquaporins in water transport through the cell membrane.
- Resource ID: R4SCI0023
- Grade Range: 9–12
- Subject: Science
Objects in Motion
This resource provides flexible alternate or additional learning activities for students learning about the concepts of distance, speed, and acceleration. IPC TEKS (4)(A)


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Committee Opinion Number 650, December 2015
(Replaces Committee Opinion Number 267, January 2002) (Reaffirmed 2019)
ABSTRACT: Physical activity in all stages of life maintains and improves cardiorespiratory fitness, reduces the risk of obesity and associated comorbidities, and results in greater longevity. Physical activity in pregnancy has minimal risks and has been shown to benefit most women, although some modification to exercise routines may be necessary because of normal anatomic and physiologic changes and fetal requirements. Women with uncomplicated pregnancies should be encouraged to engage in aerobic and strength-conditioning exercises before, during, and after pregnancy. Obstetrician–gynecologis...
Committee Opinion Number 533, August 2012
(Reaffirmed 2018)
Abstract: Prenatal lead exposure has known adverse effects on maternal health and infant outcomes across a wide range of maternal blood lead levels. Adverse effects of lead exposure are being identified at lower levels of exposure than previously recognized in both children and adults. In 2010, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued the first guidelines regarding the screening and management of pregnant and lactating women who have been exposed to lead.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
409 12th Street SW, Washington, DC 20024-2188
Mailing Address: PO Box 96920, Washington, DC 20024-9998


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The Music Department offers the Bachelor of Arts degree in
The Bachelor of Music Education degree is offered in conjunction with the School of Education.
A student may also minor in Music.
Goals and Outcomes
The goals of all music degrees are to guide students into the pursuit of academic and artistic excellence within the framework of the Emmanuel College Philosophy, Mission, and Institutional Aims. Furthermore, the Music Department will seek to develop students who will make significant contributions to their world through the sharing of these artistic achievements.
The Music Department shares Emmanuel College's commitment to a Christian liberal arts education and functions as an integral part of that commitment: to enrich the cultural experiences of the general student body, and to prepare music students for the professional practice of music in conjunction with other fields. We are committed to develop musicians who possess knowledge, skills, and competence in the field.
Music program graduates should know the following:
- Elements of the language of music: notation and analysis of pitch, rhythm, harmony, timbre, texture, form, and terminology applicable to instruments and voices.
- Characteristics of artistic tone production, expressiveness, precise articulation, and correct
- performance practices of one's major instrument or vocal concentration, and competence in one's minor instrument
- Fundamentals of music theory and practice of the tonal musical periods and basic concepts of contemporary styles: harmony, texture, voice-leading, transposition, and modulation.
- History of Western musical styles and forms from the medieval to contemporary periods, including secular and sacred masterworks for solo voices, instruments, chamber, and large ensembles.
- History of non-Western musical styles, elements, performance media, and forms.
- Elements and principles of leading others to an understanding of music as an art form, as a means of communication, and as a part of intellectual and cultural heritage.
- Influence of the Christian church on the history and practice of music.
- Principles and assessment of ideas, methods and policies, in the arts and in music education for impact on the musical and cultural development of students.


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R8 Pipeline Engineering and Safety Division
R8 Pipeline Engineering and Safety Division
Department of Public Utilities
One South Station
Boston, MA 02110
Tel: 617-305-3537
Fax: 617-478-2589
E-mail: email@example.com
Excavators, utility companies, municipalities and homeowners must conform to a notification program, "The Dig Safe Law", designed to prevent damage to underground utility systems on public and private property. The department will take complaints for noncompliance, hold hearings, and impose fines where appropriate. The division enforces state and federal regulations for natural gas distribution companies within the commonwealth.
R9 Dig Safe Call Center
Dig Safe System Inc.
11 Upton Drive
Wilmington, MA 01887
Tel: 811
Toll Free (New England States): 1-888-DIG-SAFE (344-7233)
Emergency Monday through Friday 5:00 am to 6:30 pm: 978-752-1795, 1796
Emergency Monday through Friday 6:30 pm to 5:00 am: 502-753-0922
Emergency All Day Saturday, Sunday, and Holidays: 502-753-0922
The gas, electric, telephone, and cable television companies which have underground cables have established a Public Utility Underground Plant Damage Prevention System called `Dig Safe'. To locate underground facilities in a potential work area and to notify all utilities prior to the start of digging, contact the Dig Safe Center at least 72 hours (holidays not included) before digging.


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Lyrics:First verseI listen to the shouthwinds gently sighing, They speak of you ma lady Lu, To read the loving meessage I've been trying, And it tells me that ma babe is true. The shadows of the night are softly falling Ma honey Lu so fond and true. The mockingbirds, and whippoorwills are calling To their mates, as I call you.ChorusCome to me ma Lady Lu come, be ma own sweet babe oh! do, oh! do. You know I love you so, oh honey don't say no! I'd die for you, ma lady Lu. 'Seems when I look in your eyes, My heart it jumps with joy and glad surprise, If I could only dare to read your answer there, Then I'd know that you's ma lady Lu.Second verseIt just seems natural as the flowers to blossom, Ma love for you that's how it grew, And now to me you's sweeter than the possum, Don't say no, 'twould break my heart in two. You 'member when I met you in the springtime A little Zu now lady Lu. The orange blushes red, when kiss'd by sunshine, So you blushed when I kissed you.
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Hi there! We're Lavi and Shan - two mums who got tired of constantly running out to get diapers and milk for our babies.


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Review this guide online or download a PDF version of the guide.
Thinking About Organizing a Debate?
Debates are an effective way to inform and involve voters in the political process. The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) compiled the following guidelines for sponsoring debates of any kind, including those in political races, issue forums, and student debates.
This guide was prepared to answer the questions most commonly asked by the educational, civic and media organizations that host debates. It will introduce you to the steps necessary to organize such an event and serve as a checklist for planning. Remember there's no single right way to proceed; this guide will simply outline some options.
This guide uses the following checklist to help you prepare for your debate. Each item is addressed in detail farther down the page and can be jumped to by clicking on the topic.
How much will a debate cost? The answer depends on the size of the production, promotion, security, rental of a debate hall, and dozens of other things. Think ahead about the budget and how to finance the event. You may wish to identify sponsors who can help underwrite the costs and acknowledge their assistance in printed materials and on your website.
Debate Hall
Can you use a facility that will be provided free of charge, or will it have to be rented? There are many locations that you might be able to use without incurring major expenses. These sites may include school auditoriums and civic centers. You should consider the size of the audience, as well as lighting and acoustics in order to select the best setting for the event. If it will be broadcast on television or radio, one option is to hold it in a production studio. Although such a site may solve some logistical problems, it limits the size of the audience and the opportunity for broad community participation. Finally, pick a debate site that is as neutral as possible.
Do you need to provide a raised platform and lecterns for the speakers, desks and tables for the moderator/panelists, carpeting for better acoustics, or chairs for the audience?
Will you need to obtain microphones, additional lights, or extra power sources? If your event is to be broadcast, decide what equipment you will provide and what media representatives will bring.
Printed Materials
Will you print programs, posters, media credentials, or audience tickets? These items will not only be helpful in promoting the debate, but credentials and tickets help with security and logistics. They will also serve as souvenirs and as a means to give credit to those organizations that have supported the event.
Will you require professional help to handle equipment, particularly specialized broadcasting or electrical items? For most tasks, volunteers can provide invaluable help at no cost. Remember to identify plenty of workers to help before, during, and after the debate. Think about involving students, particularly those who are studying government, media, or political communications. Consider soliciting volunteers through your website.
You may need to provide security if you are using a facility after its normal business hours or if the event is highly publicized. Make sure that areas where debate-related equipment and materials are stored can be locked.
If you plan to offer videotapes, audiocassettes, or written transcripts of the debate, figure in these expenses ahead of time. If necessary, you can charge for tapes or transcripts to cover the cost of producing them. To make these items most useful, they should be available as quickly as possible after the debate. You may wish to post a written transcript of the debate on your website.
Think about the Internet when planning the debate. A website can be used to promote the date and location of your debate, solicit volunteers and donors, handle ticket requests, acknowledge sponsors, and receive post-debate feedback. You may save money by inviting a local university, business, or civic group to post your information on its website. You might consider webcasting the debate or hosting an Internet debate.
Debate Site
Where will you hold the debate? If it will be broadcast on television or radio, one option is to hold it in a production studio. That takes care of several logistical problems, but limits the size of the audience. The alternative is suitable space in a civic auditorium, theater, school, or hotel. Here are some factors to consider when selecting a site:
If you're going to televise the debate, find a site that is well suited to the necessary technical equipment. Depending on how complex the production will be, you can solicit advice from a freelance producer or someone from a local television or radio station. Obtaining advice in advance from an expert will save you headaches and expenses later.
Audience Size
When deciding on a site, remember that a stage for the candidates, broadcasting equipment, and room for journalists will take up significant space. For instance, usable seating was reduced by more than 50 percent during the 1996 town hall meeting debate between President Clinton and Senator Bob Dole, because staging, risers, cameras, and media platforms occupied so much space in the room.
Media Center
Depending on the size of your debate, you may consider selecting a debate hall that offers space nearby for a separate media center. This center provides a location for journalists to work before and after the debate. For those journalists who are unable to be in the debate hall, the media center can serve as a viewing area. It also provides room for post-debate interviews and commentary. In the past, debates sponsored by the CPD have attracted well over 2,000 journalists, making a media center essential.
If possible, choose a site that can handle increased traffic without making all travel grind to a halt. The local police department can be helpful in this matter. Consider providing bus transportation to the debate site from alternate parking areas. You also need to make sure that the site is easily accessible to the participants, the public, and the media.
Pick a debate hall that is neutral. Make sure that it is easily accessible to the candidates, public, and the press.
For more information on debates, contact the CPD at (202) 872-1020.
Candidate Negotiation
The debate sponsor and the participants must agree on the details and terms of the debate. If you are sponsoring a political debate, ask each candidate to name a representative who has the power to speak for him or her. Find out how to contact those representatives quickly, including when they are on the road. In handling negotiations, you need to be a firm and fair facilitator. Candidates will be particularly interested in the format issues which follow.
Each point is discussed in greater detail in the format section.
Different formats have been used in presidential debates over the years. These styles include the town hall meeting (when the audience asks the questions), the panel approach (when the debate participants answer questions from a number of people), and the single moderator (when one person asks questions). A single moderator tends to focus the audience's attention more on the candidates and less on panel participants. Regardless of which format you select, you will have to consider the following issues.
Selection of Questioners
Pick a person/persons who are familiar with the issues and candidates in the election being debated. Journalists are likely to be more experienced and comfortable with handling the technical requirements of a broadcast setting. Above all, choose a moderator or panelists whom you and the debate participants trust to be professional and fair.
If you decide to organize the debate as a town meeting, select an unbiased audience. Consider asking a neutral, independent organization, such as a polling or research group, to identify impartial individuals to serve as members of the audience.
Debate Topics
What will the debate be about? It can be wide-ranging or confined to just a few issues. If you are sponsoring a series of debates, you might consider organizing each debate around a particular theme or topic.
Debate Length
How long should the debate be? The answer to this question will depend on a variety of factors, including whether it will be broadcast, the number of participants, and how many debates there will be. The presidential debates, organized by the CPD, have each lasted 90 minutes.
Opening and Closing Statements
Will the candidates have opening and closing statements? Prepared statements reduce the amount of time for questions, so consider limiting them to two or three minutes. The presidential debates have included two-minute closing statements.
Questions and Answers
Consider setting time limits for both questions and answers. Questions in the 1996 presidential debates were limited to 20 seconds in length. Citizen questioners in the 1992 and 1996 town hall debates were asked to keep their questions short and limited to one topic. Candidates in the presidential debates were given two minutes for answers and one minute for rebuttals. Remember that the length of the questions and answers will determine how many topics can be addressed during the debate.
Timing the Debate
Properly timing the opening/closing statements, answers, and rebuttals is important, especially in a broadcast debate. It is not a job to give to the moderator, who will be occupied with many other responsibilities. Select a responsible person to keep time and establish an easy system to let the moderator and the participants know when their time is up. The presidential debates use a series of traffic lights within clear view of the candidates to inform them of how much time they have left. Remember that mistakes in timing can lead to claims of unfairness – the last thing a sponsor needs after the debate.
Order of Speakers
Who speaks first and who finishes up? Sporting events offer a good way to decide – flip a coin. If you have more than two participants, draw straws or use another easy selection process.
For more information on debates, contact the CPD at (202) 872-1020.
If you're going to have a live audience for your debate, deciding who attends the debate is important. Establish a ticket policy early and enforce rules of audience conduct during the debate. Remember that time taken up with audience reaction is time taken away from the debate participants and their views.
The nature of your debate hall can greatly affect how noisy things might get. Uncarpeted cement floors, for instance, will magnify every audience move from applause to sneezes. The larger the audience, the greater the potential for noise. Consider adequate security if you anticipate heckling or other disruptive behavior.
Community Interest
As soon as a debate is announced, many people will want tickets. Decide on audience size and ticket distribution early, and stick to those guidelines. One way to increase community/student involvement is to have volunteers serve as ushers or ticket-takers. If the debate is televised, you can also host a community-wide debate viewing at a separate location. See the information about DebateWatch for further ideas.
In advance, make it clear to ticket-holders whether they can bring cameras or other electronic equipment. Flash devices can be distracting to candidates and to TV camera crews.
Make sure the size of the audience and the seating plan are consistent with safe use of the hall, and that all relevant fire and building codes are met.
Political debates are news events, and you must consider the media in your planning. Will you need to credential the journalists who want to cover the debate? This allows you to identify and control the number of journalists who have access to the debate hall and other areas, and to fairly allocate space.
Consider the needs of different types of media. Is the debate going to be televised? Consider getting help from a TV producer who can assist with issues such as camera placement, lighting, and power sources.
Will still photographers be in the hall? If so, designate where they should be, and make sure their equipment is not distracting either because of noise or flashes. Are you providing closed-captioning or sign language interpreting of the debate? If so, make arrangements ahead of time.
After the debate, many journalists will want to question the debate participants. The media center described earlier can become the area where this exchange takes place. Post-debate commentary can be lengthy, so it is important to find a location where it does not interfere with the process of cleaning up the hall.
Post-Debate Activities
Once the debate is over, make sure the hall is restored to its normal configuration and that borrowed or rented equipment is returned. If you decide to make transcripts or tapes of the debate available, establish a method of distribution. Consider soliciting feedback about the strengths and weaknesses of the debate. Finally, thank the supporters and volunteers who helped.
For more information on debates, contact the CPD at (202) 872-1020.


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This Is Fuse's Box Art
Insomniac Games released the final North American box art for Fuse. Hope you like the color orange. The co-op shooter still doesn't have an exact release date just yet. EA says it's schedule to ship this coming spring for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. Underneath you'll find the original cover for the game when it was called Overstrike.
What do you think of the cover? Sound off in the comments below.


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Translation Disclaimer
The City recently adopted new regulations related to development on or near creeks in Berkeley. The regulations were adopted by the City Council after the Creeks Task Force studied the issues for nearly two years, received public input, and made recommendations regarding open and culverted creeks. In particular, the proximity of development to creeks is regulated.
The revised regulations provide property owners adjacent to creeks with greater flexibility than the previous ordinance. One of the goals of the amended ordinance is to protect open creeks and nearby habitat, while providing more options for expansion of existing nearby homes. For culverted creeks, which are below ground and within a pipe or box-shaped conduit in a creek bed, the ordinance protects structures built over creek culverts, protects the culvert itself, and preserves access to the culvert to allow the responsible party to maintain it.
The regulations are briefly summarized below and links to more detailed information follow. Links to the maps of creeks in Berkeley are also provided. The City maps show the approximate location of the creek and therefore the area mapped exceeds the setbacks described in the Ordinance.
Open Creeks
Construction within 30 feet of the centerline of an open creek is regulated to protect water quality and riparian habitat. An open creek may carry water either intermittently or continuously. See the definition for more information.
An existing structure can be expanded vertically (up or down) within the existing footprint of the building within the 30 foot setback with an administrative Creek Permit from the City Engineer.
Existing buildings can be expanded within 25 to 30 feet of an open creek with authorization of an Administrative Use Permit from the Zoning Office.
Construction of new buildings within 30 feet of a creek continues to be prohibited without the issuance of a Variance.
Property owners must use permeable paving (meaning water can penetrate through the material) within 30 feet of an open creek, and only for footpaths within 10 feet of an open creek.
Other new restrictions apply to the location, expansion and replacement of decks and bridges.
Construction within 15 feet of the centerline of a culverted creek is regulated to ensure that the project and the culvert will not have a negative impact on each other and to ensure appropriate setbacks that promote safety and allow access for maintenance and repair.
Obstruction of open creeks continues to be prohibited. Culverts, riprap, debris, walls and drains in the creek channel or on the banks, are banned without the issuance of a Creek Permit by the Department of Public Works.
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Culverted Creeks
For building expansions and proposed new buildings within 25 feet of the centerline of a culverted creek, the applicant/property owner must provide verification of the culverted creek location.
If proposed development is within 15 feet of a culverted creek, an administrative Culverted Creek Permit, issued by the Department of Public Works, is required.
As part of the permit review, the applicant must submit a report from a structural engineer identifying:
County Recycling Hotline (www.stopwaste.org) - (1-800-STOPWASTE) Household Hazardous Waste Hotline - 1-800-606-6606State and National Organizations California Department of Fish and Game (bank stabilization permits) - (707) 944-5500Regional Water Quality Control Board (Bay Area water quality regulator) - (510) 622-2346 U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service - (916) 414-6600 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers - (415) 977-8464
Regional Agencies
Nonprofit and Community Organizations
Creeks Ordinance: Berkeley Municipal Code 17.08, Preservation and Restoration of Natural Watercourses
Creek List:
Creek Maps:
• Parcel Conditions interactive map – search by address, then click "Creek Status" • Citywide Creeks Map (Accessible through the Maproom)
Explanation of Ordinance:
Information on Permits
The following document provides more information about the Creeks Ordinance, as well as guidelines and submittal requirements for Creek Permits and Administrative Use Permits.
Land Use Guideline III.C.5: Conformance with Creeks Ordinance
Council Approved Ordinances
The staff report to the City Council related to the approved Creeks Ordinance revisions can be viewed through the November 14, 2006 Council agenda - click here. Accompanying Zoning Ordinance changes can be viewed through the November 28, 2006 Council agenda - click here.
Creeks Task Force
The Creeks Task Force concluded its work in December 2006. The CTF web page and all related reports, agendas and minutes are available.
Staff Contacts:
Other Resources:


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Diversely illustrated with 275 photographs and illustrations, The Making of Life of Pi tells the inside story of how renowned Academy Award-winning director Ang Lee brought Yann Martel's international bestseller to life as a 3-D film.
With a rich, entertaining text and a wide variety of facts, anecdotes, visual portfolios, and sidebars sure to delight readers of all ages, The Making of Life of Pi follows the making of the film from pre-production through final cut. Of course, you'll meet Suraj Sharma, the sixteen-year-old unknown Indian high-school student who won the part of Pi although he had no acting experience and didn't even know how to swimyet in the end performed all of his own stunts. You'll learn about the massive wave tank, custom-built for the film that replicated a vast, stormy ocean in all its moods, thanks to a complex and specially devised menu of wave and wind combinations, some really powerful machinery, and tons of water. You'll get to look inside the fifty-page fully illustrated "survival guide" that shipwreck survivor Steven Callahan created for Pi to consult on his raft. And you'll read about King, Themis, Minh, and Jonas, the four Bengal tigers used in the filmand discover how visual effects were able to create a seamless 3-D image of the tiger Richard Parker.
A foreword by Yann Martel, an introduction by Ang Lee, and an incredible range of visual materialsfine art, vintage archival imagery, and commissioned portfolios by photographer Mary Ellen Mark and artist Alexis Rockmansupplement the film's storyboards, sketches, and stills, rounding out this highly experiential book for lovers of the novel and film viewers alike.


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Full Demo
May 14, 2012
Wav:300x 24-bit WAV Loops.286 MB (unzipped)
Because of the enormous success, K-Size continue this winning NoKick edition.
This time it´s not one big package but 3 smaller ones. Each package includes 300 selected loops. No matter which package you choose, there is the same basic principle for all of them: groove, auditory spaciousness and phatness.
Each package contains minimal background loops, percussive techhouse grooves or tough peaktimeloops. The loops invite for playfulness since they are perfectly designed to improve existing tracks by giving them the needed groove for the dancefloor.
Especially top-notch producers know that a good track is not just about groovy and powerful kicks. It´s also about the non-recognizable events in the track that make it special. Cut and trim the best parts of the K-Size NoKick loops and create your own ones. There are no boundaries for your creativity.
Through simple layering of the loops your beats get more auditory spaciousness and a more powerful sound.


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ZENICA, Bosnia-Herzegovina – Exhausted, dusty but happy to be alive, 29 miners were pulled out one by one Friday from a trouble-plagued coal mine that collapsed a day earlier in central Bosnia. They left behind five men, presumed dead under rubble deep underground and beyond the reach of rescuers.
Emergency workers had dug through more than 100 metres (330 feet) of collapsed mine tunnels 500 metres below the surface to reach the trapped men.
Families of those who were left behind broke down in tears as authorities closed the pit entrance.
"We could not reach that group of people," said rescue worker Amir Arnaut. "We could only reach the first group."
Officials said that an investigation will be launched to determine the cause of the accident, but they suggested it was linked to a 3.5 magnitude earthquake which hit the town of Zenica on Thursday afternoon, according to Bosnia's seismologists. The tremor caused a pressure burst and a gas blast which collapsed the mine, officials said.
It was the third incident at the Zenica pits this year, underscoring the vulnerability of the mines in Bosnia and elsewhere in the Balkans, which are generally poorly secured and where miners work with outdated equipment and little protection.
Once communist Yugoslavia's pride, mines likes the ones in Zenica have been badly maintained, and have seen almost no investment and modernization as the region was engulfed in an ethnic conflict in 1990s.
The rescued men, blinking as they faced daylight, emerged from the mine to cries of joy from their families.
"He is alive!" cried Admira Durakovic, whose husband Amir was among the miners. She then broke down, sobbing and shaking.
Twenty-six miners were taken to a hospital, six of them badly hurt, but none suffered life-threatening injuries, doctors said.
Alija Celebic, a retired miner, waited for his son Bego, one of the survivors. Celebic said his son was hurt in the same pit only few weeks ago, but recently returned to work.
"All is good as long as he is alive!" he exclaimed.
The families and union leaders accused the management of responding poorly to the latest collapse, particularly in first claiming that only eight workers were trapped. Union leaders said it was seven hours after the blast before authorities brought in rescue machinery.
Sixteen miners — a total of 430 work in the pit — were hurt in two previous gas explosions, the most recent less than four weeks ago. The mine was the site of one of the greatest mining tragedies in Bosnia's history, when 39 miners died in a gas explosion in 1982.
Mine manager Esad Civic conceded that the Zenica mine — once among the most modern in Europe — is now far from the world standard, following Bosnia's 1992-95 war that impoverished the country. But he insisted that accidents are unavoidable when mining deep underground.
Nuraga Duranovic, a mining inspector, said the deaths cannot be officially confirmed until the bodies are found. Officials said efforts to recover the bodies will continue on Saturday.
He said 22 other miners managed to get out of the pit Thursday, two of whom were injured.
Muris Tutnjic, one of those who got out Thursday, returned to the site Friday to show his support. He said the underground blast "just blew us away."
"I was alone. … Thank God I managed to pull myself out," Tutnjic told The Associated Press. "My colleagues … they were some 200, 300, maybe 400 metres (yards) away from me, they got covered."
Jovana Gec contributed from Belgrade, Serbia.


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Hi Spud & Chloë Friends,
I have the perfect quick holiday knit for you today. My new Double Garter Cowl is über-fast and fun. The stitch pattern is a double garter stitch, obviously, and if you haven't done this one before you should really give it a whirl. The stitch is found on p.134 of Barbara Walker's A Second Treasury of Knitting Patterns. The way I learned how to do this stitch is through a video and if you'd like to make the cowl I highly suggest you go watch this clear demonstration of the double garter stitch.
Click here for the video tutorial on double garter stitch.
After the preparation row, it is a one row repeat. The pattern is so easy that I am just going to tell you about it right here.
Finished measurements after blocking: 10-inches wide and about 50-inches in circumference (measurements will vary depending on how much or little the cowl is blocked and stretched because this is a very stretchy stitch pattern)
Yarn: 2 hanks of Spud & Chloë Outer , the sample is in Hedge #7210, (65% superwash wool, 35% organic cotton, 100 grams/60 yards)
Needles: US size 15
Gauge: 2 stitches per inch in stockinette stitch
Using a provisional cast on (I did a video tutorial for this right here!), cast on 24 stitches.
Work in double garter stitch until your yarn nearly runs out, leaving a 15-inch end.
Double garter stitch:
Row 1: knit 1 stitch, then knit each stitch wrapping the yarn twice for every stitch
Row 2: k1 leaving the second loop on the needle, *knit the loop along with the first loop of the next stitch and wrapping twice, repeat from * across the row.
Repeat row 2.
When the yarn runs out or you have reached the desired length, kitchener stitch the ends together. Weave in the ends and block as desired. I gave my cowl a good steam and that's it!
If the double garter stitch seems confusing when written out, please go watch the video. It will become crystal clear and it is not difficult. I promise.
Also, I know this is garter stitch but I used the regular old kitchener stitch to graft the ends and it looks fine.
I love this cowl. It can be worn wrapped once or twice around your neck. It has an interesting stitch pattern that looks the same on both sides. Best of all, it is fast, fast, fast which makes it the perfect gift knitting project.
Have fun!
Click here to download the PDF version of the Double Garter Cowl free pattern.
Click here for the Ravelry project page for the Double Garter Cowl.
Next up, that incredible sweater pattern and kit I told you about last time…..


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Talyst is celebrating its 10th year in business with $10 million in new funding. ORIX Ventures today announced that it has pumped $10 million into the company, which automates the way drugs are dispenses at hospital pharmacies. The money will help expand the technology, which ensures greater inventory control and efficiency, into the long-term care and correctional markets.
"We believe this funding from ORIX Ventures validates the market leadership and growth potential of Talyst," said CEO Carla Corkern. "Having a strong partner, such as ORIX Ventures, which can support the financial needs of Talyst throughout our expansion gives us a competitive edge by enabling us to respond quickly to marketplace opportunities."
The Talyst technology is now installed in more than 600 hospitals and health care facilities. The company, which has raised more than $50 million to date, is backed by OVP Venture Partners, Ignition Partners and others.


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Andromeda2003 needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 38 designs submitted by 16 freelance designers.
DIAL MY RIDE provides concierge transportation services for independent seniors and those who are wheelchair-bound or have reduced level of mobility. Our drivers are professionally attired in concierge-style suit & cap and are courteous, respectful & safe drivers as extension of the upscale, luxury services we provide. We use modern, wheelchair-accessible vans equipped with lift/ramp for transporting individuals in wheelchairs. Additionally, our services are available for independent seniors for non-emergency purposes, such as grocery shopping, doctor's appointment, hair salon, post office, concerts, visiting families, field trips, etc. These pre-arranged concierge services allow seniors to live an independent, satisfying lifestyle without having to depend on families or relatives.
We cater to independent seniors and the elderly with limited mobility or wheelchair-bound.
1. We need a wrap design to be printed on our van that includes the brand name DIAL MY RIDE and 1-877-5PICKME.
2. Include an illustration of our transport business emphasizing the upscale, concierge-style transportation concept for seniors. This could be a concierge in uniform/cap with the senior client in the van, etc. This is merely a suggestion. You can play around... be more imaginative.
3. Communicate wheelchair accessibility without using the handicap logo or icon.
4. Please do not use the handicap logo/icon.
5. Please do not develop a logo. All we need is a straightforward company name, the phone number and the illustration.
6. Use HUGE, BOLD typeface for the brand name DIAL MY RIDE and the number 1-877-5PICKME.
7. Communicate the upscale, luxury feel of the brand.
Thank you so much! Hope we could work out more projects in the future!
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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ICD-10-PCS code 0KXF4Z9 for Transfer Right Trunk Muscle, Gluteal Artery Perforator Flap, Percutaneous Endoscopic Approach is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range -Muscles.
Medicare patients are receiving calls from telephone solicitors who are phishing for private identification information for nefarious purposes. The ruse is facilitated by the issuance of new Medica... [ Read More ]
Quite a few code changes and revisions were made to the Radiology section of CPT® for 2020. Less confusing language and expanded code categories will make life easier for medical coders. Here's ... [ Read More ]
New patient evaluation and management (E/M) claims are being denied when the patient was previously seen by a specialty physician assistant or specialty nurse practitioner on staff. This is happeni... [ Read More ]
I am a doctor, and my medical practice focuses on primary care and preventive medicine, in addition to inpatient management. To keep up with the constant changes in the healthcare industry, governm... [ Read More ]
Step #1 – Hold an officers' meeting right away: Get acquainted with one another. The most successful chapters have leaders who work as a team and communicate openly. Together, review th... [ Read More ]


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Single Taken? Depends on who is Asking 4-Pack Can Coolers
Single Taken? Depends on who is Asking 4-Pack Can Coolers
Tired of your Beer getting warmed? or your hands getting wet? suffer no more. Get this 4 Pack of Koozies and is enough for you and your friends
- Perfect for BBQs, Camp outs and Sporting Events.
- Keep your Beer Cold, Hands Dry and happy smiles
- Printed Proudly in the USA
We want you to LOVE your Sarcastic Teacher Products! They will ship out within 4-10 days from your order.
If you're not 100% satisfied within the first 60 days of receiving your product, let us know and we'll make it right.
- Hassle free return/exchange policy!
- Please contact us at email@example.com with any questions.


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Care and maintenance:
Temperature – Air plants are tropical and thus generally prefer 60 degrees F or higher
Light – In nature they can be found under tree canopies and thus an ideal location is one that gets at least a few hours of bright, indirect sunlight (e.g., within 10 feet of an east or west-facing window). Avoid dimly lit locations.
Water – Plants with fuzzy leaves with feathery, white, silvery, and dusty coatings indicate xeric types that come from sunny, dry climates, where rainfall is less frequent. Their pronounced trichomes collect maximum water when it falls and hold it for use during dry periods. These require only once or twice a week watering and can tolerate more sun.
Smooth, glossy leaves are most common on mesic types that come from shaded, moist rain and cloud forests, where water is plentiful. They have less pronounced trichomes and less protection from drying out and hot sun. These you will likely want to water more than twice a week and a location that gets more indirect sunlight would be best.
The amount of water and frequency of watering depends on several things including the type of plant, its location (e.g., amount of sunlight, the dryness of your home), and the season. Use room temperature tap or rainwater, but never softened water because the salt in it can damage your plants. Choose the most convenient watering method for you and your plants:
- Misting is perfect for plants inside globes or displays, and for people who like daily interaction with their plants. Mist three to seven times a week, depending on the type of plant/climate/season and try to wet all surfaces.
- Dunking is good for plants that are attached to wood or freestanding, as well as those with dense or very curly leaves that are hard to mist thoroughly. Dip the whole plant briefly into a pan of water or a freshwater fish tank, or put under a running faucet. Use this method two to four times per week for mesic types and once a week for xeric types.
- Soaking helps revive dry plants. Submerge the whole plant for 1 to 3 hours. Use this method once a month or after a period of neglect.
After watering, shake out the excess water so that no standing water remains in the center. Let plants dry in a well-ventilated place so they don't remain wet. Water more frequently in air conditioning, hot weather and desert climates, and less frequently in cool, cloudy weather.
Tip: When "planting" avoid tucking them into moss that stays damp, which may cause air plants to rot.
Fertilizer – Fertilize air plants once or twice a month, or as needed, with a water-soluble orchid or tillandsia fertilizer, following package instructions for dilution. Use the misting or dunking method. These special fertilizers do not contain urea nitrogen, which air plants cannot use.
Tip: If your plant is very dry, soak it first, then fertilize it the next day.


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Wish you had a farmers market that had free bicycle valet and a cookbook full of recipes crafted to make locavoring easy and delicious? Santa Monica, Calif., has already got one — and it's turning 30 years old this year. To celebrate, it's bringing together eco-foodies from across the country for a five-day party: Good Food Festival and Conference.
Happening Sept. 14-18, this festival will bring together all the foodie heroes you've seen on screens big and small — as well as local heroes growing and making some of the most delicious food in Southern California. Laurie David, founder of StopGlobalWarming and author of "Family Dinner," Suzanne Goin of Lucques, and Will Allen of Growing Power (featured in "Fresh") are just a few of the foodie celebs who'll be taking part in this celebration. Among the highlights:
- Localicious. Described as the "Grand Tasting Gala of the Year," this event will pair 30 local farmers with 30 of L.A.'s top chefs, who'll create in-season dishes for attendees to enjoy while tasting local wines and beers and the beautiful sunset at the Annenberg Community Beach House. Cost: From $125.
- Chefs at Play. This all-day tasting event is another farmer-meets-chef event that sounds a lot like Localicious — except with more watching and less eating. Each featured chef will have an hour to "play." Get there early to see how the creations from L.A.'s best restaurants — including Lucques, Campanile and Spago — get whipped up.
- Good Food Festival and Street Fair. It'll be like a farmers market that lasts all weekend when this fair takes over the city streets on Saturday and Sunday, featuring exhibits with family farmers and artisanal producers, street food sourced from farmers market fare, and more.
- Good Food Conference and Trade Show. Hear speakers and panelists talk about everything from changing public policy to improving public health — all through the lens of good food — at this all-day Friday conference.


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It has been so long since I posted an outfit post, particularly one that wasn't related to maternity! It was a lot of fun dressing up for those shots so I think I'm going to bust out the tripod more often. It can be hard as a parent (or, if I'm being honest, just as a regular adult) to work up the enthusiasm to wear something you really love on a daily basis. Going thrifting and finding simple touches that made me feel good and look forward to getting dressed have resulted in me feeling better about what I wear and how I look now then when I was childless and working at the library. I care more now and while comfort is still the most important thing to me, I take pains to make sure I feel cute while I feel comfortable.
I've posted an outfit wearing this dress before but I've styled it differently this time. It happened to be pretty windy the day I took these photos and the wind caught the baby sling I used on a daily basis, if you are wondering what that pink thing I'm holding onto is. Elias is so long now he doesn't fit comfortably in the slings anymore so he's in the Bjorn until he's old enough to be worn in the sling in another position. I used this bag as my diaper bag for awhile, too, because it's roomy and comfortable enough for both Anthony and myself. I've since found a fantastic leather bag for a buck fifty while thrifting that has taken over primary diaper bag duties. What happened to the adorable white vinyl one with the gold foil airplane, you ask? Oh, it's still around. I've stopped carrying it for the most part after Grandpa's dog Chuy lived up to his name and thoroughly chewed on it.
Due to pregnancy's changes on my ribcage and… other bits… I can't button the top of this dress and rely on it to stay buttoned anymore, so I pair it with a tank top, of which I have millions, and a thickly braided vintage belt to help give it some shape. As far as the bodytypes-as-fruit analogy goes, I'm an apple, without much waist definition, so I add some where I can.
I don't remember what I did that day; I probably went grocery shopping or something. But I was comfortable enough out and about or at home and I felt cute, too, which is what matters.
(Cat – also thrifted, in a manner of speaking.)


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9/11 and Five Major Coincidences
1. On September 11, 2001, it just so happens that the CIA was planning an exercise whereby it would crash a small jet into one of its own buildings. Don't believe me? Check this USA Today article.
2. On September 10, 2001, it just so happens that Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) deployed search and rescue teams to New York City. Don't believe me? Maybe you'll believe Rudolph Giuliani. (There is even a link there to listen to the Real Audio of Giuliani discussing FEMA.)
3. On September 11, 2001, it just so happens that George W. Bush's younger brother, Marvin Bush, was the principal in a company called Securacom that provided security for the World Trade Center, United Airlines, and Dulles International Airport. And it just so happens that, according to its present CEO, Barry McDaniel, the company had an ongoing contract to handle security at the World Trade Center "up to the day the buildings fell down." Dont believe me? Check this out
4. On September 11, 2001, building 7 of the World Trade Center complex was intentionally pulled down even though it only had moderate fire damage and was in no danger of collapsing. Don't believe me? Well, the building's owner, Larry Silverstein, admitted on PBS that the building was intentionally pulled down. Check this out. Oh yeah, it just so happens that building 7 included offices for the CIA, Department of Defense, the Office of the Mayor, the Securities and Exchange Commission, the IRS. Don't believe me? Check out this page which includes a New York Times article. Also check out this, 22 minute video. Warning, this video may make you sick to your stomach.
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5. It just so happens that 4 of the 19 alleged hijackers are still alive. Don't believe me, well maybe you'll believe the FBI, yes the FBI! Check out this BBC News article.
Yeah, I know, this is all just a crazy conspiracy theory, right? After all, its perfectly plausible that the common explanation for 9/11, which was presented to us within 48 hours of the attacks without ever being changed, modified, or altered thereafter, is exactly the way it happened. Its perfectly plausible that, at that time, under the stress of the attacks, and during the weeks of anthrax scare that followed, that we citizens were capable of adequately viewing the evidence presented to us and that we were capable of diligently questioning it all. Yeah, its perfectly rational to accept the story we have heretofor been given. Thus, you are probably better off dismissing this all as just 'insane' and forgetting all about it....