text: Bath Cycling Club run a regular 'first Saturday morning of the month' "Lansdown Loops" off-road ride starting at 9am from Cadence Bike Shop Chelsea Road, Bath BA1 3PP www.cadencebikeshop.com Saturday: 7th January 4th February, 3rd March, 7th April, 5th May, 2nd June The rides are free and are open to non-members and will be led by an experienced qualified Trail Leader. They will follow various routes using the network of bridleway trails north of Bath around Lansdown visiting such nearby villages as Northstoke, Langridge, Tadwick, Hamswell, Beach and Upton Cheyney. The routes include parts of the Cotswold Way, old Roman Roads, sunken lanes and wooded single-track which pass the site of the famous English Civil War battle of Lansdown, a Roman Camp, secluded farms and ancient churches. The routes are hilly (with fantastic views guaranteed, including across the Severn into Wales) but suitable for reasonably fit beginners, as well as more experienced riders. The rides will last about 2 ½ to 3 hours and finish up with a well earned coffee and a chat back at the Chelsea café opposite Cadence bike shop www.thechelseacafe.co.uk If you are planning to bring your bike by car there is limited free on-road parking in Chelsea Road itself and more nearby in Locksbrook Road (BA1 3EL) Parts of the route will be muddy, especially in winter and after heavy rain. Riders will need an off-road capable mountain bike with knobbly tyres and are asked to wear a helmet and bring a full drinks bottle, some food and at least one spare inner tube. For more details contact Andy Stewart T: 01225 424905 or E: mtb-cx [at] bathcc.net.


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Beginner's guide to mountain biking, part 4
How to tackle common trail obstacles
After learning some basic skills at Afan Forest, it was time for our mountain bike rookie Ruth to step things up. She headed to DalbyForest, Yorkshire – home to a World Cup level cross-country course littered with challenging obstacles – to work on her technique with Steve Phipps of Chasing Trails.
Basic obstacle technique
Steve taught me that the same basic technique can be applied to pretty much any trail obstacle, such as a root, rock or step. There are two main parts to this: speed and position.
As you head towards the obstacle, make sure you're in an appropriate gear and that you're going fast enough that you won't stop before – or even on top of – whatever's blocking your way. On the other hand, don't overdo it and go so fast that you lose control. To start with it's better to err on the slow side.
Now stand up on your pedals with your knees and arms bent so that you're ready to absorb as much of the impact as possible. This is known as the 'ready' position as you're prepared to tackle almost anything in this stance. You can see this in action in the short video clip below:
The next thing to remember is to stay relaxed. Tensing up will make it much harder to absorb the impact (of hitting the obstacle, in the case of a rock or root, or landing from it, in the case of a drop) and could make you lose control of the bike. Staying relaxed with both knees and arms almost exaggeratedly bent will ensure you can control your balance and weight distribution.
Have your preferred foot forward on the pedals and keep both pedals flat as you roll off the obstacle. This will ensure you don't scrape them on the obstacle, throwing you off balance or off your bike.
Keep your head up and focused on the trail ahead. Search out your next move. This way you're not tempted to look down at your front wheel, again throwing you off balance. Just before you hit the obstacle, shift your weight backwards off the saddle. A top tip here was to practise this technique with your saddle lowered so you aren't tempted to stay seated and it's easier to shift your weight right back over the rear wheel.
As you roll over the obstacle with your eyes focused on the trail ahead and your arms and knees bent, your front wheel will drop away from you. Be ready to bend your arms again as your front wheel hits the floor as this will act like natural suspension and cushion the blow. Your back wheel will follow your front wheel and you'll have conquered your first obstacle. Now prepare for the next one, with arms and knees bent.
Small obstacles and uneven trail surfaces
With small obstacles, it's often simply a matter of adjusting your weight distribution as you roll over them. As you approach a small rock or uneven section of trail, shift your weight backwards, bend your arms and legs, roll over the obstacle and, as the front wheel reaches the other side, shift your weight back to the centre again. Standing up on your pedals will help you stay in control, and being in the ready position will mean you can cope if anything unexpected happens, like a rock or root shifting when you hit it.
Larger obstacles, rocks and drop-offs
Larger obstacles and drop-offs can be extremely daunting for beginners – especially if you can't see where the trail goes on the other side. However, the basic technique is the same. Learning to shift your weight and stay relaxed on the bike means you'll flow over the obstacle and feel in control.
When approaching large rocks for the first time, it's a good idea to get off the bike and have a closer look at the line you're going to follow. Walk along your chosen path, checking for uneven surfaces and looking at your exit route. This will help you to see where the bike will roll and when to shift your weight.
Once back on the bike, approach at a comfortable speed, standing up on the pedals with your arms and knees bent, and shift your weight backwards. How far back you'll need to shift your weight depends on whether the rock forms part of a drop-off (where there is no downslope) or whether you can simply roll over it.
On drop-offs, you'll need to shift your weight off the saddle and right over the back wheel to make sure you don't fly over the handlebars and your back wheel keeps as much grip as possible. When you roll off the edge, the front wheel will drop away from you and your arms, which were bent in the ready position, will reach out.
Once the front wheel reconnects with the ground, absorb the shock by bending your arms back into the 'ready' position and centralise your weight. If you find you're catching your outer chainring on large drop-offs, pedal slightly faster on approach so that your bike will clear the edge of the rock before it drops.
With tree roots and logs there is an additional factor to consider: they can be slippery, especially in the wet. Your best option is to ride over tree roots as squarely as possible. This will ensure your front wheel rolls over the root or log rather than skipping or sliding to the side and throwing you off.
Another technique for getting over large obstacles and tree roots, particularly when going uphill, is to lift the front wheel. This technique needs some practise but is very useful once you master it. The easiest way to lift the front wheel is to use your suspension fork.
Push down on your front suspension. As it rebounds (springs back), shift your weight backwards and straighten your legs, and your front wheel should lift off the ground. We practised this technique on flat ground, using a branch and a rock as obstacles.
What happens when it all goes wrong?
As a beginner you're going to make mistakes when practising technique so be prepared for some interesting falls – also known as 'offs'. Learning to position your weight and getting a feel for your bike and its capabilities will help to limit these. Just remember that even the pros fall off their bikes; it's all part of the biking experience, and shows you're pushing your riding boundaries.
A great way to build confidence and help avoid big offs is to learn how to use both brakes to control your bike. The rear brake is the one that's going to help you avoid going over the handlebars, but the front brake is actually more crucial when it comes to stopping you – most disc brake equipped bikes come with a larger rotor (disc) at the front than at the rear, and when you're heading downhill, there's much more weight over the front of your bike than over the back.
Getting a feel for both brakes on flat, level ground will help to give you confidence in the mechanics of your bike. Test the strength you can apply to each brake and how that affects the balance of the bike before you start your ride.
Ride in a straight line and then try to stop using only the rear brake. Brake too hard and you'll lock up your rear wheel, which will make it lose grip and skid. To prevent this, try braking less abruptly and shifting your weight backwards to push the tyre into the ground.
Ride in a straight line again and try to stop using only the front brake – be careful as this could cause the rear wheel to rise off the ground, sending you flying over the handlebars. To avoid this, again try braking less abruptly and shifting your weight backwards.
Ideally you should be using both brakes at the same time – although when you're starting out it's a good idea to apply the rear fractionally before the front to avoid an over-the-bars moment – and using subtle shifts of bodyweight to maintain traction.
About the author
The staff of BikeRadar, Mountain Biking UK and What Mountain Bike have vast amounts of knowledge on mountain biking and I'm always left wondering how these guys are so clued-up. Where did they start?
As a complete novice, I had very little idea of what I needed to start riding, or even where I could go to learn how to ride. So I decided it was time to get knowledgeable.
For this series I'll be riding and writing from a complete beginner's point of view. I'll visit a variety of locations and take part in skills courses, and then tell you honestly what I've learnt.
Follow me through the series and by the end I'll be aiming to take on the massive challenge of riding down Snowdon, the highest mountain in Wales. This will be the ultimate test of the skills and knowledge I've acquired, and it'll prove that mountain biking isn't just for the elites!

subset: commoncrawl


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EVENT DATE: Jul 01, 2014
Be sure to share your photos with us here!
What is Let 'Em Know?
It's a virtual run/walk to help raise awareness and funds for Fragile X from anywhere in the world! Ask anyone who's participated: This is one of the easiest ways to raise awareness for Fragile X, so why not give it a shot?
It isn't about how fast or slow you are. It's about what you can do to raise awareness and "Let 'Em Know!"
What does "virtual run/walk" mean?
It means you can complete it anywhere and at anytime during the month of July, which is Fragile X Awareness Month. You can run or walk the 3.1 miles (5k) all at once or over the course of a week or the entire month.
It's on the honor system—you do not have to report or verify your miles! But we'd love to hear about your run/walk through social media. (More info on that below.)
Registrants will receive a custom-designed, collectible athletic race shirt and NFXF Let 'Em Know 5K race bib.
Not interested in running, walking or strolling?
We've got you covered! You can create a fundraising page for no cost and still be entered in the prize drawings! (Sorry, though, only run/walk entrants receive the official race shirt and bib.)
Did we mention we have prizes?!
We have two Grand Prizes* this year. One for the most money raised and one for the greatest number of donations. Each winner will receive a $250 Amazon Gift Card!
Each individual personal fundraising page under the NFXF "Let 'Em Know" event on Crowdrise from now through July 31 will automatically be eligible to win.
Are you ready for a challenge?
Last year, we received a challenge from the Blount family, and this year the Blounts are generously doing it again!
But they believe, just like us, that we can do even better this year. So, they're challenging us to raise $60,000 for a $30,000 grant. That's $1 for every $2 we raise.
Let's get moving!
Here is what you need to do to get started today… the sooner, the better!
Register so you can receive your NFXF Let 'Em Know 5K race shirt and race bib by choosing "Join this Event" and "Register for the Event"
Participants must register by June 11 to guarantee their shirt will arrive in the mail by July 1. Prices increase after June 11. Race shirts ordered after June 11 will not be guaranteed by July 1.
- Set a goal! A $100 goal is as simple as ten $10 donations from friends! A $500 goal can be met with twenty-five $20 donations from friends!
- Think big and encourage your family and friends to support your efforts!! You may even win a grand prize!!
- Have a photo taken while you are out running or walking in your official NFXF Let 'Em Know 5K race shirt and race bib! Then...
- Share your photos on social media networks—photos show the world what you are doing for Fragile X. Be sure to include your fundraising updates!
- Remember to tag your photos and messages using the hashtag #NFXFLetEmKnow on Instagram and Twitter.
Complete your run or walk by July 31, 2014.
Please check with your doctor regarding your ability to physically participate if you have not regularly exercised in the last 12 months prior to the NFXF Let 'Em Know 5K. Your doctor will probably suggest there is no time like the present to start getting active!
But be smart, don't stress and stay healthy—we want you running or walking for Fragile X for a long time to come! All donations to your personal fundraising page benefiting the NFXF on the Crowdrise website are tax-deductible!


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|Environment Fellowship of Rotarians - Bulletin Board
|Native Wildflowers are good for bees and biodiversity!
|Page 1 of 1
|kappenberger [ Sat 21. Apr 2012, 03:06 ]
|Post subject:
|Native Wildflowers are good for bees and biodiversity!
From: Hazel Sillver, The Ecologist, More from this Affiliate
Published March 21, 2012 07:00 AM
Native Wildflowers are good for bees and biodiversity!
Filling your garden with wildflowers helps honeybees and butterflies, and creates a relaxed mood. And, from the Easton Walled Garden to Sissinghurst, there's plenty of inspiration.
Many of the wildflower areas that provide food for pollinating insects (such as honeybees and butterflies) have shrunk over the past few decades. So far, we have lost 97 per cent of lowland semi-natural grassland, 20 per cent of chalk grassland and thousands of miles of hedgerow. This is the effect of intensive agriculture and, in urban areas, an obsession with neatness. The result is that some wildflower species and insects have become extinct.
"We need to fall in love with wild flowers, and those who have loved them in the past must rekindle their affections," says Sarah Raven in her beautiful new book Wild Flowers (£50, Bloomsbury). "It is not just about appreciating biodiversity and all that implies for a rich and healthy environment. It is also about us, and our connection to nature and the deepest possible delight that can be derived from feeling at home in a spectacularly flowery world."
So what can you do to halt the decline in native fauna? For a start we can help by buying locally grown, organic food.
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Holiday Inn Golden Mile Hong Kong
Holiday Inn Golden Mile Hong Kong
50 Nathan Road,Tsimshatsui, Kowloon
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Welcome to Holiday Inn Golden Mile Hong Kong
Nestled in the very heart of Kowloon's bustling city centre, the Holiday Inn Golden Mile Hong Kong offers business and leisure travellers a vibrant location, contemporary conveniences, and all the luxuries of home while away.
The hotel provides 621 invitingly comfortable twin, double or king size beds equipped guest rooms and suites, Executive Club floors, award-winning restaurants, bar, function rooms, a landscaped rooftop pool, a state-of-the-art health club and free Wi-Fi. To secure our guests' safety and their property, a key card is required to access the elevator to the guest room floors from 2/F-18/F. We welcome kids with open arms and help families save money with our Kids Stay & Eat Free guarantee. Kids aged 12 and under eat free at breakfast when dining with an adult. Plus to make your stay even more affordable, kids aged 12 and under stay for free when sharing their parents' room.
Holiday Inn Golden Mile Hong Kong hotel is located in Tsim Sha Tsui Hong Kong that adjacent to the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) which leads to Hong Kong's major commercial and tourist districts. The famous Star Ferry is within five minutes walking distance and Hong Kong International Airport is just a forty-minute drive away.
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Kids ages 12 and under stay for free when sharing their parents' room. Up to four kids ages 12 and under eat free any time of the day in any Holiday Inn® on-site restaurant.
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- Number of Floors: 19
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Explore what is changing the lives of tens of thousands of people in more than 170 countries around the world.
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Read news articles, watch videos, listen to pods and radio shows – you can find Access Consciousness in many media channels!
Explore some of the most frequently asked questions about Access Consciousness.
There are thousands of Access Consciousness events and classes offered weekly around the world. You can search for a class by topic, facilitator, language or location in our class calendar.
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The Access Bars are the very core and foundation of Access Consciousness. It can be the starting point of a great adventure and it can be something you add to your life that will assist you in creating a greater ease with everything.
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text: juzcallmesnake 1,514 Report post Posted January 16, 2018 well testing continues cans laid down in 2012 only less than 1% had issues it was obvious indent was weak or puffed up [ can ends] this was remotely stored stable temp in a root cellar. some items need to be dried / flaked like potatoes highly acidic fruits should be bought in jars like fruits pickles or peppers. My original thought was long term dehydrated or freeze dried got in 2000 and are unaffected . A can / soda rack oldest first shows the best method for rotation in 2 to 3 years everything shou;d be used and refreshed so there should never be any loss. to refresh the home made desiccant /O2 / oxygen absorbers patch of 100% cotton piece of 4 ought steel wool about a teaspoon worth {scant drop of water on it} top with 1/2 teaspoon canning salt wrapped in the cotton patch & tied with bread ties dropped into a quart to a gallon jar to store dried stuff like beans store in a cool dark place. Steel absorbs oxygen when it turns to rust salt also absorbs dampness all of these including cotton are edible / will not bother you in tiny amounts bot do remove the O2 or Oxygen from inside of containers the size of the absorber would be the internal size of your container and I would use more than just a BIG SINGLE as in a confined space depending on pack density one will not effect the whole area within the lets say a drum. * canning salt has no other elements like Iodine etc. it is also good for canning A good source of "PURE" salt is water treatment (softner) salt you can find it at China mart and harware stores for 5 bucks for 40 pounds get granular not pellets it is more useful in that medium as it is easier to measure /use. store in snap lid 5 gallon buckets with a seal in the lid this lasts as long as the buckets. I buy buckets or get them free from POOL companies these are bleach pucks or pellets I salvage all the dry bleach and place in a single bucket and in / on an area where the runoff will not kill grass or my plants or bleach stone or concrete, I wash out all the buckets and lids allow to completely dry and seal the lid and store until I need them. Grain or flour or meal needs to be frozen 10 days wrapped in a large towel and allowed to slowly come to room temperature so as not to absorb moisture from the air after 2 days place in a Mylar bag I get mine from www.beprepared.com Ffill the bag wipe dust from left over inner bag with dry paper towel remove all the air twist bend back to it self and tie very tight with a piece of cord fit into bucket and seal I have used flour after 10 years with no appreciable difference in taste freezing removes moisture kills insect larvae which is in ALL flours and grains or else you will open your bag and it will be filled with weevils in an emergency you can use a sifter to remove them but why have them at all. Dried bleach / powdered or in pucks CANNOT BE ALLOWED TO GET WET IN A BUCKET !!! THEY WILL BUILD UP HEAT AND GO BOOM ! so make sure if you want to safe it seal the lid well and store in a cool dry place until you need it. Survival is not ONE thing it is broad base of knowledge it is so vast that I would cut paste and use your office program to make documents print and make a preppers notebook in case you need a hard copy, as well as save files and videos on a flash drive. Keeping recipes for quick breads so you do not have to waste hours making old fashion recipes and using a lot of resources too cook, find the best method try and test for taste and how long it lasts. I had a devil of a time tracking down a good pilot rackers recipe because many use oil and oils get rancid and make the crackers taste very bad, This is why stored crackers after a few onths taste like crap crackers will also absorb scents or even pickup dusty odors so pilot crackers need to be stored in a air tight jar or I buy #10 canned pilot crackers. breads and cakes can be cooked in a Iron skillet under low to medium heat but you need oil / cooking grease or fat. One last bit is you can buy 5 gallon buckets of cooking lard you can repack in mason jars and can them in a bath canner make sure the edge of the jar is clean before placing the lid before you place them in the bath canner after they cool they will seal or PING those that don't you can reclean the jar edge and use a NEW lid and try again or just use it first --- keep open ones closed in a cool or refrigerated place until you need it. All of you thinking you don't use "LARD" or need it think again, manufactured "FOOD" like twink'les and other such items use all kinds of oils greases and saturated and non saturated oils and fats labeled in such a way you have no idea that they are actually FAT. some are very bad for your cholesterol count ! the best pie crust is made from flour pinch of salt and using a dough cutter cutting in "lard" there is also vegetable lard as it does not burn as easily as butter. it is flaky light and OH SO GOOD ! for cobblers pies and Quiche's although Quiche is not considered a Man's food (thats just silly) it is a good way to use up excess eggs before they go bad and make them into a good hearty meal you can add left over meat vegetables and greens in them. Frying was a way to add texture flavor and caloric value like gravy potatoes and breads in the old world people actually worked in all kinds of weather and needed the extra fat and calories to sustain them in hard labor over hours in the cold you body need fats and oils to make your skin elastic and build most every type of cell by converting it to collagen the basic building block for all cells. I have eaten "fried" biscuits over a coal fire cooked in an iron skillet because we were camping and had no oven made cake in a dutch oven I guess if i had to make an extended camp or old homestead I would have a griddle fry pan 2/ lid and a dutch oven in cast iron they are heavy but nothing cooks like cast iron after you wipe it out wipe on a bit of lard heat it and store it for the next use it does not need to be "washed" the seasoning "baked on oil" makes it fairly non stick a hot pan sticks less start from a cold pan will stick every time. Dutch ovens can be hung over the fore with a triple tree on a chain placed in or buried in the coals or next to them as tour heat recipes needs allow. accessories should be a stainless spatula regular spoon, slotted spoon, ladle and carving fork a measuring cup flour sifter flour bucket or can w/ lid chain hook on each end and three legged "dog" to hold your pot and kettle over the fire you need a bowl for making bread a cutting board and a rolling pin and your going to need a big mule to haul all of it including tents tarps and sheets I would carry stainless mess trays and coffee cups as well as a coffee pot with peculator "guts" at least 12 cups as you need hot water for cleaning scalding hot drinks and to tote water OH and a stainless bucket. just remember everything is HOT and needs a glove rag or mitt to handle we ain't talking prissy kitchen cooking of today ! 1 wally reacted to this Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Just So You Know
We do not match toys to the 3 month increment of a 7 year old's development, like we do for younger ages. For 7 Year Olds, we match appropriate gifts "to the year". We do this because development gets less predictable down to the 3 month increment. As you look through ebeanstalk's selection of great presents for Six Year Olds, try to keep these things in mind.
Psychiatric medication and young children: Is there too much pill popping?
By Andy Eig, PhD., Clinical Psychologist
Before the 1990's, it was rarity for young children under five to be prescribed psychiatric drugs. Now in the post-millenium age, while there are no actual hard numbers to look at, most psychiatrists will tell you that it is quite common. Recently, quite a few psychiatric experts have come forth and said that, in their opinion, doctors are over prescribing psychiatric drugs to young children.
Medications have developed since the 1990's. In many instances, they have been not only useful, but also necessary for many preschoolers and toddlers. Nonetheless, prescribing drugs without taking into account all the precautions has become too common. The brain of a young child is undergoing such rapid change and transformation that it is often very hard to accurately diagnose a psychiatric disorder let alone prescribe medication for it. We are not entirely sure of the effects of many of the psychiatric medications on our children's growth and development over the long term.
A number of factors have made over prescribing in toddlers and preschoolers more common these days. Psychiatrists are feeling pressure from pharmaceutical companies, demanding parents, and often times a demanding caseload that does not afford them time to use other techniques. For certain problems, there are psychological interventions that do not require pills but demand much time and work from parents to change their parenting skills. Parents often find these regimes too time consuming or emotionally arduous, that they opt for these medications. Doctors are aware of this and too easily comply with the parents' wishes. We live in an age of convenience and quick fixes. Unfortunately, it may be hurting our children.
What if my young child needs one of these medications?
Like I said before, these medications can be very useful and effective. They can save lives. If your doctor or educator recommends psychiatric medication. First, make sure to consult with a board certified child psychiatrist. These physicians specialize in young children and are aware of the effects of psychiatric psychological techniques could be used before or in conjunction with medication. Trying one of these non-medical approaches before prescribing medication can be very effective. Psychological interventions used along with medication often speed up the curative process and allow kids to get off the medication more quickly.
What if my child is currently on medication?
It is always a good idea to keep in contact with your doctor. Look out for signs that the medication may not be working properly. Let your doctor know if your child is behaving differently. Are they drowsy at school? Do they complain of headaches? Keep in contact with your doctor so that he or she can help adjust the dosages.
In the age of the quick fix, we often forget that other solutions may be out there besides taking pills. Psychological interventions like behavioral modification, parent training, and play therapy, may be more time consuming but worthwhile in the long run. They can help even biological disorders like Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). Medications have there place but it is up to us to make sure that they are being used judiciously.


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Alicia Kopf
Alicia Kopf is a writer and artist based in Barcelona. Brother in Ice is the culmination of an artistic cycle of exhibitions entitled Àrticantàrtic. The original Catalan manuscript of Brother in Ice won the 2015 Premi Documenta, a prestigious prize for an unpublished Catalan-language work of literature, and upon publication was awarded the 2016 Premi Llibreter by Catalan booksellers. The Spanish edition received further prizes, including the Premio El Ojo Crítico, awarded by Spanish National Radio.


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Most people think that if they are looking to buy custom drapes online they are going to have to give-up service. After all most online drapery retailers are just huge call-centers that churn and burn sales people every couple of weeks. You may have a catalog in front of you from one of these retailers and call their call-center to find that the person on the other end of the phone doesn't know much more about custom drapes than you do.
At DrapeStyle, things are different. We've had the same Team of Sales Designers for over 7 years. They are not commission based and they aren't trying to sell you anything that you don't need. In fact, our Designers are more concerned with having a happy Customer than making a sale.
Our Designers are also "real" Designers who have gone to school to learn there trade. After School they have worked in Design Firms where they have actually met with Clients, prepared drawings and specified custom drapes for extra long windows, wide window and really every kind of window you can imagine. We have to pay our People more than what a "call-center" would have to pay their People but we think it's worth it. As a matter of fact, we know that it's worth it. Our Designers are true "consultants" and they are very capable of making sure that when you order your custom drapes you are getting the right size, pleat style and lining option, including blackout lining, that your will work in your living room, bedroom or where ever.


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Intellectual Property Lawyers
The success of a company springs from its ideas. By obtaining, defending and licencing various property rights ranging from trademarks to designs, patents, protection certificates and utility models, this potential is transformed into financially measurable company values. A cohesive IP strategy, including both commercialisation and enforcement, will ensure you get maximum value from your portfolio.
With 150 IP-lawyers in 39 countries, we understand your business needs. CMS has worked with some of the best-known brands and we specialize in representing companies from the lifesciences, pharmaceutical, medical products, media, telecommunications, clothing, computer and consumer goods industries. We advise and represent clients during trademark registrations and similarity examinations, handle their trademark portfolios and potential breaches of their trademark, design, patent and protection certificate rights, and prosecute product piracy for our clients at customs authorities and courts across Europe. Our expertise extends to parallel and grey imports, sales rights and associated legal fields such as pharmaceutical products, media, telecommunications and broadcast law.
The right brands will win the hearts and minds of your customers. The right patents will prevent others exploiting your ideas or provide a substantial barrier to market access. Copyright, know-how and designs also play a vital role. In the event of a breach of property rights, we support our clients in asserting their rights before courts and criminal courts. Our range of services includes warnings, injunctions, lawsuits and border confiscations as well as the increasingly important international assertion of intellectual property rights.
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Shrugging off the past two days of windless calm, day three in Korea saw Jinha Beach awake to show its true colours. Serving up wall to wall blue sky accompanied by strengthening side shore wind, the sailors took their positions to start proceedings.
The women's fleet were first to christen the race course, with Sarah Hebert (Starboard / Naish) setting the early pace: "The first race was really light, but I got a good start so I was leading from the beginning. After that I managed to stay in front and make some good gybes; I was pumping a lot to make sure I was going fast. I'm really happy with the win, it's the first time I've won competing against Valerie (Ghibaudo) and Karin (Jaggi). Now I know I can win!"
The second women's clash saw Valerie Ghibaudo (Tabou / The Loft) muscle her way to the front of the pack to claim her first race win: "I got a really nice start, but it was hard conditions. Sometimes it was really light and then there were really strong gusts. Luckily I managed to hold on and win, but I think I made a lot of mistakes today. Tomorrow I'm going to try and sail better and hope I have good luck!"
However, stealing the show was Karin Jaggi (Severne), who displayed composure to win the remaining two races and in turn take the event lead at competition's midway point. Also looking threatening in the building wind was Turkey's Lena Erdil (Starboard / Loft Sails), who currently sits in third overall thanks to a string of consistent results that included a second and a third place finish.
The first men's race was dominated by Bjorn Dunkerbeck (Starboard / Severne), who took charge of the final, holding off Jimmy Diaz (Starboard / North Sails) in second and flying Dutchman Ben Van Der Steen (Exocet / Simmer) in third. Surprisingly, previous event winner, Ross Williams (Gaastra / Tabou), was absent from the race final after false starting in his semi final.
The saying 'business as usual' springs to mind when describing the remaining two race eliminations. Dialled into the conditions and looking rock solid at the front of the pack, Antoine Albeau (JP / NeilPryde) showed true class to sail to victory in both showdowns. More impressively, the Frenchman completed this feat without the use of one of his index fingers, after a deep cut on the palm of his hand recently got infected and required surgery.
Antoine Albeau: "It's quite hard sailing here, as we're in the bay, and the wind is coming off the hills, so it's really, really gusty. Today it was blowing 7-22 knots, it's really up and down. It makes the starts hard as well. Sometimes there are a lot of gusts, and others it's super light. You really have to concentrate to get a good start."
"In race two Micah (Buzianis) was leading. It was quite tight between us, especially at the second reach and the second gybe. We were right together, so close we almost crashed, and after that I came on the inside and overtook him to win."
"In race three, Finian (Maynard) took the first gybe, he was leading and I was second, but I managed to have a really nice gybe on that first mark. On the second reach I found a nice gust and overtook him…so two wins out of three, I'm really happy."
Inroads were also made into the fourth men's elimination, which saw the controversial exit of Bjorn Dunkerbeck (Starboard / Severne) after Finian Maynard (RRD / NeilPryde) took him out the race with an unexpected collision. Maynard also failed to qualify for the final. Race four was stopped short at the second semi final after the wind backed off too much to continue.
Day four's skippers meeting is scheduled for 9.30am, with a first possible start to racing at 10.00am.


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Saturday, January 1, 2011
Ringing In The New Year In The Texas Hill Country
Ringing in the new year in the Texas Hill Country at the relaxing Inn Above Onion Creek bed and breakfast is a great way for Mr. and Mrs. Claus to celebrate another successful holiday season. While most guests at the Inn won't be using the pool anytime soon, Santa and his bride find the cool waters refreshing compared to the frigid waters of the North Pole. January is a big month for vacation planning so be sure and make your reservations soon for your next visit to the Texas Hill Country. Try something exciting in 2011 like a trip to Wimberley Zipline Adventures. You don't have to go to Costa Rica to enjoy flying high above a canopy of trees. Wimberley Zipline offers 8 separate ziplines with almost a mile of zipline flying. A educational walking tour and gorgeous 15 mile views highlight the 2 hour adventure. Visit www.wimberleyziplineadventures.com to book your flight.
-Bootsie the Cat
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Art and business
WHILE GROWING UP in Senegal, says Issa Diop '08, his parents wanted him to be an engineer like his brothers. Diop had other plans. "In Senegal," he says, "music is huge." He started writing songs, and eventually won a green card lottery that allowed him to come to the United States in 2003 and study marketing at PSU.
"That was a turning point in my life," says Diop, who prefers to go by Issa (pronounced E-suh). Now he's making it as a singer and a partner in his own label, Just 4 the Records. "It opened the door for musical emancipation and discovering the talents that I have."
"I value education a lot," he says, "because then you know how to manage your career. I like to find the balance between art and business." Issa, whose music draws from R&B, pop, and African influences, points to hip-hop moguls like P. Diddy, Jay-Z, and Akon (a Senegalese-American) as models. He started his own label, he says, because, "I didn't want to wait for a big label to approve me. I don't have to wait."
He's right. His song "Warm Me Up" was featured in the Internet series Who... and in July 2009 he opened for Billboard chart-topping artist Jay Sean. Issa's songs are available on iTunes, and his new album, Rules of Attraction, is due out in mid-2010. "It's a mix of pop, R&B, and dance," he says. "Very upbeat. It's gonna be really fun."
[caption] The music of Issa Diop '08 is influenced by hip hop, R&B, pop, and the music of his original home in West Africa.
Working in song
THE HOPES and aspirations of working Americans—waitresses, millworkers, corporate executives, and many others—are reflected in the songs and monologues of the musical, Working, playing at Artists Repertory Theatre, 1515 SW Morrison Street, March 5 through 13.
The Theater Arts Department is taking on the stage adaptation of Working, a Studs Terkel best-selling oral history. The late Terkel, a longtime writer and Chicago radio personality, wrote the book in 1974 from his interviews with regular working men and women. The musical sets their everyday lives to song, including some original scores by singer songwriter James Taylor.
Performances are Tuesday through Saturday at 7:30 p.m. and Sunday, March 7, at 2 p.m. Tickets may be purchased at the PSU Box office, 503-725-3307, or through TicketMaster.
Teeing up for Hollywood
AT 4 A.M., most of us are sound asleep. But for the past four years, Steve Lundin '87 has been wide awake and writing until it's time to go to work at the engineering business he owns with his in-laws.
His early morning efforts have paid off. His first novel, Shooting an Albatross, is a psychological thriller set in 1943, a year in which the PGA cancelled professional golf, leaving a perfect opportunity for the Army, which was occupying El Rancho Golf Course, to play the Navy. The book follows Private Evan Wilkins through a tale of love, rivalry, murder, and golf.
Lundin's wake-up call, so to speak, came in the form of a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in 1995. "This illness made me see that I didn't want to be some 90-year-old guy saying that I want to write, but never having done it." So he took up his longtime goal of becoming a writer.
Shooting an Albatross reeled in producer Jon Fitzgerald, a veteran of studio and independent films as well as a golfer. Fitzgerald bought the option to make a film based on Lundin's novel and commissioned the writer to adapt it into a screenplay.
Lundin says it's too soon to tell when, or if, his words will make it to the screen, but adds, "Listen to these cool words: he's sending it out to talent and financiers!"
New Works
Presocratic blues
Hastur Lord: A novel of Darkover
Weird words: A Lovecraftian lexicon
Hillary Clinton's race for the White House: Gender politics and the media on the campaign trail
Oaks Park Pentimento: Portland's lost and found carousel
Dot-to-dot, Oregon
Crafted over time
Far from the edge
ABOUT FANFARE: We want to hear about your books and recordings and your future exhibits, performances, and directing ventures. Contact the magazine by e-mailing firstname.lastname@example.com, sending a fax to 503-725-4465, or mailing Portland State Magazine, Office of University Communications, PO Box 751, Portland OR 97207-0751.


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Miami plans to use new tax to limit number of animals euthanized
MIAMI -- Rather than euthanize unwanted cats and dogs, politicians in Florida's Miami-Dade County are proposing a special property tax that would pay for saving the animals for possible adoption.
Lawmakers gave initial approval this week to a plan that would raise $20 million annually for the pet fund, amounting to about $20 per homeowner per year.
The money would be used to fund a variety of programs to make the county a "no kill" zone, where at least 90 percent of abandoned animals would be protected until new homes are found. Last year the county euthanized almost 12,000 animals.
Each year, about 8 million stray and unwanted animals are taken in by shelters across the United States, with almost half being euthanized when homes can't be found for them, according to the American Humane Association.
The Miami-Dade County plan would include expanding free and low-cost spay and neutering services to reduce the homeless population on the streets, adding veterinarians and nurses to the county's Animal Services Department and hosting more adoption events to find homes for stray dogs and cats.
The proposal could be finalized later this summer when the county commission sets its budget for the coming fiscal year.
Creating or expanding taxes to bolster animal services is uncommon, according to Nathan Winograd, director of the California-based No Kill Advocacy Center.
"There are communities that found a way to do it through the existing budget," he said. Most cities' animal services departments are funded through a combination of private fundraising, general fund taxes and pet license fees.
In 2006 Washoe County, Nevada, which includes Reno, opened an animal shelter after voters approved a $10.7 million bond issue, along with a three-cent property tax increase to operate it.
Miami-Dade's plan doesn't include new shelters, but it could use some of the added money to provide grants to non-profit organizations that work with stray pets and potential owners.
Sixty-five percent of Miami-Dade voters - about 500,000 - supported increasing property taxes in a November 2012 non-binding vote.
Miami's overcrowded shelters take in nearly 40,000 animals annually while the total pet population is estimated at more than 400,000. The county is Florida's largest, home to 2.6 million human residents, including the city of Miami.
In 2012, some 33,000 animals were received at Miami area shelters with 11,900 euthanized and 7,300 adopted, said Luis Salgado, spokesman for the county's Animal Services Department.
"Our goal is to save as many animals as we can, sometimes we have two in a cage," Salgado said. "If in one month we receive 600 animals, obviously we don't have room. The reality is some are going to have to be euthanized for space."
A top official with animal-rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals said she wished more communities would try the approach Miami-Dade is considering.
"This is probably one of the first times I've seen a jurisdiction, especially one the size of Miami, tackle what's really a nationwide crisis," said Daphna Nachminovitch, a senior vice president at Norfolk, Virginia-based PETA.
Despite the broad support, some county commissioners have raised concerns about whether the money should be dedicated to other needy groups such as the elderly or homeless.
Commissioner Jose "Pepe" Diaz, the plan's sponsor, defended the pet adoption proposal at a public meeting this week. "This is a separate issue from children and the elderly (where) every year there is a crisis," he said.


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Friday, May 20, 2011
Happy Birthday Cupcake
I stamped the swirls from Lawn Fawn's Sew Lovely in Sweet Blush and Hibiscus Burst, like the swirls on the cakes.
I was alos inspired to use a doily and cake die cut from the Happy Day collection by S.E.I.
Lastly, I stamped a banner from Bannerific (Lawn Fawn), cut it out and stamped my sentiment from Sophie's Sentiments (Lawn Fawn).
That's it for me today! I have a list of fun challenges to play along with and hope to get to them done sometime before the deadlines! We shall see how that goes. Have a great day!
Paper: Spring Rain Papertrey Ink
Stamps: Bannerific, Sophie's Sentiments, Sew Lovely
Ink: Hibiscus Burst, Sweet Blush Papertrey Ink, Rich Cocoa Tsukineko
Embellishment: Cupcake and candle die cut Happy Day Collection S.E.I., Cake Doily Wilton
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I think it is a fun card, Lindsay! It's always good to try new things. I have a list of challenges that I'd love to play in too, so much to do so little time! My mom is in town, though, so I don't think I'll be getting ANYTHING done!ReplyDelete
I'm so happy that you posted it even though you're not feeling it. I'm never brave enough to do that, although I definitely end up with my fair share of not-feeling-its from time to time. :) No matter! It's still a fabulous card! Those stamped swirls are perfect for the trigger, and I love how the doily evokes the fanciness of the photo, too. Hope you find some fun crafty time this weekend!ReplyDelete
such a fun take on the trigger...great colors!!!!!ReplyDelete
I understand. I have done that before myself. I think it is cute! AND a fab Bday card. :)ReplyDelete
Hey Lindsay! What a fun approach to this week's Tuesday Trigger in the Moxie Fab World! Thanks so much for playing along! :)ReplyDelete
- ChunyuanMay 24, 2011 at 12:13 PM
Great take on the challenge. Lovely card.ReplyDelete
Cute card, Lindsey! Congratulations!ReplyDelete
So cute... makes me want a cupcake. mmmmmmmmm.ReplyDelete
Super fun and sweet card! Congrats!ReplyDelete
Congratulations on the TT! I'm so impressed that you posted a card even when you weren't really "feeling" it. (I *never* "feel it" with mine - which is why I never post what I make! lol) I like your card quite well and am glad Cathy chose it!ReplyDelete
Congrats you Trigger-ific gal! :)ReplyDelete


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Music Since 1945: Issues, Materials, and Literature
Schirmer Books, Jan 1, 1993 - Music - 537 pages
A survey of the music of the postwar period, exploring a diversity of music from an international perspective. Integrating music theory and music history, this book concentrates on: pitch logic; process; texture; sound colour; time; performance ritual; parody/historicity; notation; and technology.
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Precedents Influences and Carly Portwar Trends
NonWestern Musical
The Loudspeaker
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Common terms and phrases
acoustic aesthetic approach artists audience Babbitt Berio Boulez Cage's Chapter chord clarinet collage complex composer's composers composition concerns Copyright create David Tudor developed dissonant duration electronic music elements ensemble example explore flute fragments gamelan gestures harmonic hexachord ILLUS improvisation instruments jazz John Cage Karlheinz Stockhausen keyboard listeners live performance material Mauricio Kagel melodic ments Messiaen MIDI modulation movement multimedia musicians non-Western notation opera orchestra ostinato Pauline Oliveros percussion performance ritual Philip Glass piano piece Pierre Boulez pitch class pitch logic played players postwar recording Reich relationships rhythm rhythmic Schoenberg score serial solo soloist Sonata sonic sonorities sound color sound masses Steve Reich Stockhausen Stravinsky strings studio style stylistic synthesizer tape techniques tempo Terry Riley texture theater theatrical timbral timbre tions tonal tone tone row traditional twelve-tone Universal Edition London violin visual vocal voice Webern Western


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(PHOENIX) Thursday, 12, 2012 -- Attorney General Tom Horne today announced the filing of a lawsuit in Maricopa County Superior Court against 26 defendants for allegedly violating the Consumer Fraud Act, the Telephone Solicitations Statute and Civil Racketeering statute related to telemarketing/work from home scams.
The complaint alleges that the defendants sold websites claiming that consumers could sell credit card merchant services, debt consolidation services and/or mortgage refinancing services with the promise of substantial commissions from sales generated from the consumers' web sites. Consumers are then subjected to high-pressure sales tactics to sell marketing packages to website owners. Consumers spent thousands of dollars on these packages after again being promised substantial commissions.
"My office is committed to shutting down work from home scams that take advantage of vulnerable consumers, especially seniors," Horne said. "Preventing this type of consumer fraud and educating consumers about possible scams is one of my top priorities."
Named in the complaint are: Maurice J. Chelliah ("Butch" Chelliah), Kyle A. Evans, Vanessa Fitzgerald, Chalonne M. Foerster, Colleen G. Foerster, Robert John Miller, Melissa Sue (Anderson) Odle, Brian Scott Odle, Patrick V. Passarelli, Blain E. Scribner, Teresa Jean Scribner, Scott D. Walters, BES Enterprises, LLC, ChoiceAdz, LLC, CGF Enterprises, LLC, F Marketing Limited LLC, Fast Website Marketing, LLC, MS Enterprises, LLC, Sagamore Marketing Solutions, LLC, Scribner Marketing, and Suki Enterprises
The defendants used many other business names when telephoning consumers, including The Economic Freedom Corporation, True Success Solutions, Franklin Financial Solutions, My Choice Business Services, Innovative Marketing Strategies, DBB Marketing, CGF Enterprises and East Street Merchants.
The Attorney General's Office obtained an temporary restraining order that prohibits the defendants from telemarketing and from selling business opportunities. The defendants also are prevented from accessing bank accounts which potentially contain monies that were obtained through fraud.
In addition to civil penalties and restitution for victims, the lawsuit seeks permanent injunctions preventing defendants from:
- Violating the Consumer Fraud Act, the Telephone Solicitation Statute and the Arizona Organized Crime, Fraud and Terrorism Act in the future;
- Having any involvement in a business entity that is engaged in the advertisement and/or sale of any business opportunity in the state of Arizona;
- Making any and all outbound telemarketing calls to any consumer residing in the state of Arizona; and
- Providing their customers' names, addresses, telephone numbers, and e-mail addresses, fax numbers and/or credit card or bank account numbers to any other business.
Consumers who believe they were defrauded by a business opportunity seller or are contacted by a company that has not complied with the new law should file a complaint with the Attorney General's Office. To file a consumer complaint, please contact the Arizona Attorney General's Office Consumer Information & Complaints Unit at (602) 542-5763 / (520)628-6504


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Turkey. Stuffing. Cranberries. Baseball? Of Course There's a Parallel!
Cooking is magic, holiday cooking especially so. You start out with piles of basic ingredients, many of which frankly don't seem like they will play well together. You chop, mix, sauté, caramelize, roast, bake and so on…
…and eventually something truly amazing and greater than the sum of its parts emerges. Kind of like a baseball team, no? Or, at least, every season we certainly hope that this will be the case.
So, as I was doing my fair share of the chopping, sautéing and so forth…
…it occurred to me that there is another baseball/Thanksgiving parallel. Yes, there is a baseball parallel for everything. Sometimes several. It's baseball. It's magic like that. Why do you ask? Anyway, as I was saying, there are a lot of folks whose efforts go into putting that delicious Thanksgiving meal on the table, each with their own talents and assigned tasks.
But, unless you're one of them, you have little to no idea what steps go into the process, how long it's going to take and what tasty goodness is going to emerge from the kitchen until it's placed on the table in front of you. All you know is that they're in there working at that hot stove, so to speak, and eventually something has to emerge from the kitchen…or from your local pizza parlor, I suppose, if all of those kitchen efforts end in disaster. All you can do is wait, hope and salivate…and can I just say that on the baseball side of this parallel, salivating for some news, any news, especially for weeks on end is really undignified…um…yes, I'm speaking metaphorically…of course I am…*nods*
At any rate, Happy Thanksgiving to all of you out there in the blogosphere…coming at the end of the day for the Americans and a month late for the Canadians, of course but, hey, it's the thought that counts. 😉


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Leopard Creek
Limpopo, South Africa
Leopard Creek has grown out of the vision of a banker and skills and expertise of one of the world's great golfers.
It is founded on the values of friendship, a common love of the game of golf and a shared reverence for nature. Drawing from the intricate wealth of nature, Leopard Creek is an unobtrusive part of that environment – blending, complementing and enhancing.


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find us on facebook.
Pull your motor with the Happy Hooker, the easiest and most popular way to dislodge your powerplant from the engine compartment.
The Air Pump Delete Kit. The best selling kit to rid your C4 Vette of its air pump.
Welcome to TPiS. We offer a full range of products for GM cars with EFI. Specializing in high performance, we manufacture throttle bodies, intakes, exhaust products, cams, and many other parts that can offer increased horsepower. We also offer a number of products from other manufacturers at a competitive price, and modify parts for specific applications for additional power. Our fully equipped machine shop can also custom build any engine to suite your specific needs. Street, drag, road race, or custom rod, we can build your dream powerplant.


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It's the financial equivalent of being stuck between a rock and a hard place: How can you build your family's savings when you're barely making ends meet as it is? Or when you're struggling to get out of debt?
Theoretically I should have two college funds going right now, one for each of my kids ... but I figure it's probably more important that they're fed and clothed in the meantime.
(The electric bill is a priority too, as I can't imagine doing homework by candlelight would do much for their academic future, either.)
If you're like me and getting your family's finances under control feels like an overwhelming, if not impossible, task -- take heart. And take one step at a time.
Here are a few easy ways to get started ...
1. Get in the habit of tracking your household spending. Most of us think we know how much we spend every day/week/month ... but take a look at your bank and credit card statements and you might be surprised. For a real eye-opener, try jotting down every dollar you spend for a week (and what you spent it on). Unnecessary spending patterns will be super-obvious! Don't beat yourself up -- make small changes based on your observations and you'll be amazed at the difference.
2. Scout out secret savings. Pull out all those monthly bills -- Internet, phone, auto insurance -- and call that customer service number. You might not know this (I didn't until recently), but simply asking for a better rate can actually GET you a better rate. It's true! (Sneaky tip: If the service rep doesn't offer to extend any new customer deals or promotions, mention that you're thinking of switching to a different company. It really works!)
3. Update your 401(k) contribution rate. Again, if you're like me, you probably did the auto-enroll thing when you started working with your company. Problem is, your rate is probably too low to get the maximum match. Ask someone in HR to help you switch to the qualifying rate.
See, none of those tips are too terrifying, right?
Do you have a savings account for your family? Any advice to share?
Image via Ken Teegardin/Flickr


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In this Tutorial we will show you how to root your Samsung Galaxy Trend i699. We will use the Kingo Toolkit which provides a quick and easy solution for windows users. For the Toolkit to work you will need to activate USB-Debugging on your device. To find out how to do this, take a look at our "Enable Developer Options in Android 4.2+ Tutorial"
Backup Tutorials
Google automatically saves your contacts but doesn't sync other files on your device. Check the following tutorials to completely backup your device.
- Backup Apps, Pictures and Ringtones from your Android Device
- Android SMS Backup & Restore Tutorial
- Backup Android Call Logs with Call Logs Backup & Restore
Samsung Galaxy Trend i699 Root
Things we will need
Important Informations
- Always use a USB-Port from the backside of your PC
- Always use the original USB cable
- Always use a fully charged device
- Always Backup your Device first
Supported Operating Systems
- Windows XP
- Windows Vista
- Windows 7
- Windows 8
Samsung Galaxy Trend i699 Root Tutorial
- Download and Install the USB Drivers for your Samsung Galaxy Trend i699 and the Kingo Root Toolkit
- Activate USB-Debugging on your Samsung Galaxy Trend i699
- Start the Kingo Root Toolkit and connect your Samsung Galaxy Trend i699 with your pc via the usb cable
- The Kingo Root Toolkit should now display the name of your device
- To Root your device you simply need to click the orange "ROOT" Button
- After you pressed "ROOT" your device will reboot
- As soon as rooting is done you will get the "Root Succeeded!" Screen in the Kingo Toolkit
- Your Samsung Galaxy Trend i699 is now rooted if you want to remove the root you can also use this toolkit.


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While fighting between extremist Sunni militants and government forces continues in several pockets of Iraq, the ISIS advance on Baghdad slowed Thursday, Iraq analysts told NBC News.
"ISIS did not make further territorial gains," the Washington, D.C., based Institute for the Study of War said in its daily report Thursday.
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Fighting was heaviest Thursday in Baiji, north of Baghdad, where militants have been battling government forces for about a week over control of an oil refinery, analysts said.
Iraqi officials said Thursday that government forces repelled the militants and retained control there, but analysts and one private contractor with ties to the Iraqi oil industry told NBC News it is not clear who controls the Baiji refinery.
Obama to Send Troops Back to IraqJune 19, 201404:51
According to Iraq analysts, the following cities are under the complete or partial control of ISIS and other militant groups: Mosul (the north's biggest city), Tikrit, Rawa, Tal Afar and Fallujah.
Some of the cities under government control have also witnessed fighting, including Ramadi, Saadiyah and Jalawla.
President Barack Obama said Thursday that the United States is prepared to take "targeted and precise" military action against Islamist militants in Iraq, but he pledged that American forces "will not be returning to combat."


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Anglia Live is the online ordering service from Anglia, the UK's leading independent authorised distributor of semiconductors, optoelectronics, interconnect, passive and electromechanical components.
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* UK & Eire only. Orders of £30 and below excluding VAT will be levied a handling charge of £4.95 + VAT. Customers will be contacted prior to despatch if exceptional circumstances affect the cost of delivery.


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A new video by non-governmental organisation Equal Education is causing waves on social media, as it succinctly summarises the crisis facing schools in South Africa, and their plans to take Basic Education Minister Angie Motshekga to court.
In March this year Equal Education took Motshekga to court in an attempt to force her to set standards for school infrastructure for South Africa's more than 24 000 schools.
Their case will be heard on November 20 in the Bhisho High Court.
The minimum norms and standards the organisation is fighting for will put the power into the hands of communities, it says, by giving them a definition and binding standards for school infrastructure by which to hold government to account.
With these standards, communities can demand the toilets, classrooms, running water, and electricity at schools pupils deserve.
The organisation's research shows that more than 3 500 of South African schools do not have electricity supply, 11 450 use pit latrine toilets and 2 402 lack a water supply.
More than 22 000 schools do not have adequate computer facilities, an even greater number (23 552) lack stocked science laboratories and more than 90% do not have functional libraries, Equal Education said.
The video is the latest salvo from an organisation that has made a name for itself with its innovative activism to draw attention to its cause.
Previous protest actions included marching wearing a mask of Motshekga's face, and getting children to create mud drawing of the mud huts they must learn in.
The department of basic education was unavailable for comment at the time of publishing.


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- 1 Armies
- 2 Weapons
- 3 Armor
- 4 War Horses & Transportation
- 5 Siege Weapons
- 6 Tactics
- 7 Forging Techniques
- 8 See Also
- 9 Notes
- 10 References
While Westeros is a continent wholly created from the imagination of George R. R. Martin, the nature of the armies is firmly based on historical precedent. Those of the Northmen for example are apparently based on northern English medieval armies (with an eastern European influence regarding knights), while those below the Neck appear to be rooted in English, German, and French practice, though the Westerosi culture is sufficiently too different to make any single comparison solid.
The weapons carried generally reflect those of the prototype armies and by far the most common is the sword. This is to a very real extent the mark of a soldier and so carried by all, although it may not necessarily be the soldier's primary weapon.
Castle-forged weapons are of high quality, generally better than those produced by smiths in the cities. However, usually only knights and nobles can afford them. The rarest and most desired swords are those forged in Old Valyria, of Valyrian steel. These swords are stronger, lighter, and sharper than all others (except perhaps for Dawn), and the steel is typically dark, almost black. The secrets of forging them have been lost and there are perhaps only a couple of hundred of them left in Westeros, mostly as prized heirlooms by noble houses.
Other weapons are also common. Almost everyone carries a knife or dagger, as they are useful and practical in many circumstances. Effective spears and mauls are relatively cheap to make and are, thus, popular weapons for men-at-arms. A cheap spear can still be a good weapon; the same cannot be said of a cheap sword.
Known Weapon Types
- Halberd: The halberd has a heavy, cleaver-like blade at the top of a long shaft. It usually has a spike at the top of the shaft and a thorn or a hook opposite to the blade.
- Poleaxe: A Poleaxe has an axehead opposite to a hammer or a spike, mounted on a shaft. The shaft usually has a spike on both ends.
Axes & Hammers
- Battle-axe: A wicked, broad-headed axe, used to cleave through armor and shields. It can be wielded in one hand, and some battle-axes are double-bladed.[1]
- Hand Axe: A warrior's version of a hatchet, smaller than a battle-axe and balanced to be thrown. These short-hafted axes are used by the ironmen to dance the finger dance.
- Longaxe: A long-hafted version of the battle-axe. The longaxe is light enough to be wielded by one hand.[2] A longaxe may have a double-bladed axe head or it may have a spike on one side.[3] It is likely that some longaxes are large enough to require two hands, such as the one wielded by Areo Hotah.
- Woodsman's Axe: A woodsman's tool for chopping and splitting wood, this axe can easily turn into a deadly weapon. Normally used by smallfolk and brigands, it is single-bladed and smaller than its martial cousin, the battle-axe.
- Club/Cudgel: A short club fashioned of hard wood or sometimes metal. The City Watch of King's Landing is armed with iron cudgels.
- Mace: A blunt crushing weapon designed to smash armor, a mace consists of a heavy head of stone or metal set upon a wooden or metal shaft. The head is often flanged or knobbed to better penetrate armor.[4]
- Warhammer: Usually about the same length as a mace (though they can be much longer), the head is made of hardened steel that has a long spike to one side and a small mace-like counterweight on the other. Warhammers are good for piercing armor, or hooking the enemies' reins or shields.
- Arakh: Dothraki warriors favor this long curved sword.[5] It is a type of sword with no guard and a curved blade resembling a scythe.
- Shortsword: Shorter than a longsword but longer and heavier than a dagger, the shortsword is a one-handed blade generally meant for thrusting.
- Falchion: A short, cleaver-like sword used for hacking.
- Braavosi Blade: Slender swords, edged and balanced for the thrust.[6] The Water Dancers of Braavos have made these narrow swords famous, though they can be found throughout the Free Cities.
- Longsword: A common weapon of knights throughout Westeros, these one-handed blades are also known as broadswords or simply "swords." The blades are about three feet in length, double-edged, and mounted on a hilt with a heavy pommel and a sizable crossguard.
- Bastard Sword: Neither a longsword nor a greatsword, the bastard sword is named for its lack of family. It has a longer blade and a more elongated grip than a longsword. However, the longer hilt is not as large as that of a greatsword and it is meant for the off-hand to provide a bit more leverage. Thus, the bastard sword is more of a hand-and-a-half weapon than a two-handed sword.[7]
- Greatsword: The greatsword requires two hands to use. It is the largest type of sword.
Projectile Weapons
- Bow: Bows in the Seven Kingdoms are made from wood, though bows from more exotic lands may be made from laminated horn or bone.[8] Bows are difficult to use while mounted and cannot normally be used with any accuracy if the mount is moving.
- Longbow: The longbow is cut from a single piece of wood approximately six feet long, and when drawn back to the chin or ear will have a draw-weight of upwards of 100lb, sufficient to carry a shaft 250 yards or so, even to drive one through plate armor at very close range. Longbows will be used by most of the armies (and indeed unless someone is specifically mentioned as carrying a crossbow it can be safely assumed that all archers are longbowmen).
- Bow, Double-Curved or Recurved: This small bow is double-curved and made from laminated horn, wood, or bone (hence it is also called a "Composite Bow" sometimes). Double-curved bows are mostly favoured in Dorne, but they can be found in many places throughout the world. The Dothraki especially favor them, alongside the Dornishmen. Double-curved bows can be fired from horseback (primarily to lay an arrow storm, rather than pick individuals), and can achieve draw-weights comparable to longbows.
- Crossbow: Crossbows are shorter bows that shoot bolts or quarrels. There is a stock attached to the bow with a mechanical assist to draw the bowstring. Due to its shorter draw, the crossbow requires a higher draw weight to give the same amount of energy as a conventional bow. The drawing mechanism can be a stirrup with a winch or a crank. The Myrish produce ungainly crossbows capable of firing three quarrels at a time.[9]
- Spear: A simple weapon used for hunting and combat, comprising a wooden shaft up to 10 feet long tipped with a relatively small head of iron or steel. It can be used for individual combat.
- Pike: A pike is a longer spear, normally 10-15 feet long. This weapon is characteristic of the Northern armies in particular and is used by large bodies of infantry operating together either to push through or over opposing infantry or hold off cavalry.[10]
- Spear, Boar: A short version of the spear, the boar spear features a large blade and has a cross-piece just behind the head to prevent it from penetrating too deeply. Sometimes favoured by infantry officers it is as the name indicates primarily a hunting weapon
- Spear, Frog: A weapon used by the Crannogmen, these small spears end in three prongs and are primarily used for hunting frogs and other small prey in the Neck, but they can just as easily be adapted to fight men. Frog spears can also be thrown.
- Flail: A military cousin to the farmer's tool, a warrior's flail is a length of chain attached to a rod. At the end of the chain is a heavy metal head, either blunt like a mace or spiked like a morning star.
- Morningstar: Cousin to the flail and ball and chain, a morningstar is a length of chain connected to a rod at one end and bears a spiked ball at the other.
- Dagger: A long knife used to stab and pierce, often carried as a tool as much as a weapon.
- Dirk: A dagger designed for combat with a straight, narrow blade, often used in the off-hand to complement a primary weapon.[11]
- Net: Made of strong rope, a net is typically a tool to catch fish or birds. Some people have adapted them for fighting, such as the crannogmen from the Neck, who use them to ensnare opponents or entangle weapons.[12]
- Peasant Tool: Peasants rarely could afford traditional weapons and generally fought with what was at hand: sticks, clubs, tools or their bare hands, those weapons are of poor quality.
- Lance, War: A weapon of knights and heavy cavalry, lances are normally 8-10 feet long, made of turned ash, and banded to prevent splitting. The lance is tipped with a sharpened steel point and is normally used for a single charge before becoming too unwieldy in close combat.
- Lance, Tourney: Tourney lances are longer and more fragile than their battlefield cousins. Their tips are blunted to better unhorse an opponent without causing serious harm, and they are unbanded, meaning that they will often break upon impact. A tourney lance is normally 12-14 feet long[13] and may be made from a prettier wood, such as golden wood from the Summer Isles.[14][15]
- Khukuri Knife: A weapon of Nepalese origin used in the Middle to Far East. It is made of varying grades of steel. It is most recognizable for its inward bending cutting edge. This aggressive design helps the combatant in close quarters combat (CQC). A Khukuri style knife is seen in the Blackwater episode of season 2 of GoT. It is carried by Bronn at his lower back during the bar scene with the Hound.
Special Items
- Bronze Armor: A relic of the Age of Heroes. Not as good as modern armor.
- Dragonglass: Volcanic material that can be fractured to create sharp knife blades or arrowheads, one of the few known weaknesses of the Others.
- Dragonbone: Dragonbone bows are highly sought after as they can fire arrows over a much farther range than normal wooden bows and especially prized by the Dothraki.
- Valyrian Steel: Although extremely rare, thousands of Valyrian steel weapons survived the Doom of Valyria, perhaps two hundred or more being in the Seven Kingdoms. Most Valyrian steel weapons are storied and highly prized, considered priceless by even impoverished houses, a minor lord is far more willing to sell off a daughter than a family weapon.
See also List of known Valyrian and famous Swords
Armor in Seven Kingdoms is commonly forged from iron and steel. Occasionally one may find an ancient piece of armor forged from bronze, but that is a great rarity today. Advanced full plate and scale armor, made of relatively light weight steel, is also available to those with the proper funds.
Additional ornamentation can be quite elaborate. Common methods involve paints, enamels, or bluing the steel. A truly skilled blacksmith, however, can work colour into the metal itself to ensure that it does not chip or flake off. Such work is expensive and can be afforded only by the nobility. In the real world, the technological level is comparable to the late medieval and early renaissance, which is quite advanced "for the time" in Westeros.
The most effective, and expensive, armor is plate armor, which consists of a number of shaped plates of steel fitted to the body. Plate is normally worn over chainmail and an undercoat padded leather. Those who cannot afford plate may wear chainmail and leather, and this coverage still provides good protection. It is also common to wear only partial plate; a plate helm, for example, is common, as are breastplates and gorgets. Scale armor is also known but considerably less common. Armor made of boiled leather is sometimes worn by itself, particularly by scouts and levied men-at-arms. While better than nothing, it cannot stop an on-target sword blow, whereas plate armor can.
Plate armor is more common in the Reach, while mail is more the rule in the North, and the wildlings beyond the Wall are much more primitively armored. [16] The Dornish use a lot of copper armor, but mainly for ornamental purposes. It's very pretty flashing in the sun - as pretty as gold - but cheaper. [17]
Known Armor Types
- Padded armor: Made of leather or canvas, which has been stuffed with cloth. This can be worn by itself, often called a gambeson, but is essential when wearing mail in order to absorb blows more readily.[18]
- Boiled leather armor: Used by GRRM to denote thick leather, boiled in water, and usually worn under mail. In reality such leather would be dressed with oil to retain its flexibility. Boiled leather will set very hard and was moulded into rounded pieces to protect shoulders, elbows and knees before the ready advent of plate armor.[19]
- Brigandine: Also known as Jack, is a cloth garment, generally canvas or leather, lined with small oblong steel plates riveted to the fabric. Commonly worn by: freeriders, mounted bowmen, and men-at-arms.(III: 841. IV: 133)
- Hauberk: A chainmail shirt, the hauberk includes sleeves and can extend as low as the knees. The hauberk is typically constructed of interlocking whoops of metal sewn into a shirt or a tunic. The sleeves of a hauberk often reach the elbow, though the sleeve length varies. The hauberk tends to be made of iron rings, and is generally worn over a padded undercoat, or boiled leather.[20]
- Byrnie: Made of chainmail. Byrnies are generally distinguished from hauberks by their sleeve length (a byrnie has only short sleeves). There are doubts about the exact definition (and length) of a historical byrnie, but both in Westeros and in history byrnies are some variety of armor jacket or a shirt. Oberyn Martell's is specifically described as chainmail.[21]
- Scale armor: A garment with hundreds of small plates stitched and riveted onto it.[20]
- Heavy plate armor: Worn over mail and a padded surcoat. Large rondels protect the juncture of arm and breast.[22] The vulnerable points are at the less protected joints, places at elbows, knees, and beneath the arms.[21]
Specific Parts
- Greathelm: simple cylinder with a flat top and sometimes rounded top to better deflect blows.[4][13] It has small slits for eyes and breathing/ventilation[23], that impedes sight and breathing, mostly used by knight's during the "clash of lances".
- Halfhelm: A round helm covering the top of the head, often incorporating a nasal guard.[22]
- Kettle helm: A helm made of steel in the shape of a brimmed hat.[24]
- Gorget: A Steel collar that protects the neck.[22]
- Rondels: A Circular piece of metal used for protection of vulnerable points, typically used to cover the juncture of arm and breast.[22]
- Gloves: Protective covering for hands.[25] Made of leather, or mail to offer additional protection.[26]
- Gauntlets: Large metal gloves that cover the hand from fingers to forearm, generally made of steel plate.
- Skirts: A metal skirt designed to protect the upper legs and lower torso. Generally covers the body from waist to midthigh.[22]
- Greaves: Greaves cover the lower legs.[25]
- Schynbalds: Plate that covers only the shins, not the whole lower leg.[22]
- Boots: Boots are generally made of leather, but the ones worn by knights are made of metal to provide protection.[27]
- Spurs: Tools worn on the heel of the boots, used to direct a horse.
- Vambraces: Tubular protection for the forearm.
- Cuirass: A piece of solid plate armor worn over the chest and back, tightened at the sides. It is forged from steel, iron or bronze. It is a vital piece of defensive equipment worn by most knights and highborn combatants. Notably, Queen Cersei Lannister is seen wearing a cuirass during the battle of Blackwater episode of Game of Thrones Season 2. Hers appears to be gilded and more ceremonial in nature, as fits a woman of her status.
Westeros has a varied collection of Shields, from simple Wooden Shields, which are light, easy to use but don't provide much protection, to heavy triangular shields, almost four feet tall, made of heavy oak and studded with iron.[22] Stretching layers of hardened leather over the shields[18] and adding metal thin strips for reinforcements[27] improve durability and protection, without adding much weight. In Dorne and probably in Braavos small light weight round metal shields called bucklers are used. This is about the size of a plate and held in the left hand to parry sword blows in fencing.
Kite shields, considered old-fashioned since the Conquest, carried by the Warrior's Sons.[28]
- A new hauberk of mail, gorget, greaves, and greathelm made by a good smith can cost 800 silver stags.[13]
War Horses & Transportation
- Destrier: Destriers are tall, strong, splendid animals and are often high spirited. Destriers give knights a majestic air at tournaments. They are normally the most valuable type of horse, being well bred and highly trained. Some even consider them too valuable to risk in war thus the courser is the preferred mount for fighting.
- Courser: Lighter than a destrier and less costly, coursers are still beautiful animals. Coursers are also strong and fast.
- Garron: North of the Wall, Garrons are the only reasonable choice of horse (although other, rarer horselike animals might perhaps exist). Both the Night Watch and its enemies use them in considerable numbers, both for riding and carrying cargo. Among horses, garrons are notable for their capability to deal with irregular terrain and cold temperatures.
- Rounsey: Lowest of all is the rounsey, a strong and capable steed of no particular breeding. Although rounseys are perfectly capable war horses, they are relegated to hedge knights, squires, and non-knightly men-at-arms. Rounsey are common riding horses and may also be used as pack animals.
- Sand Steed: Smaller than normal warhorses and cannot bear the weight of the armor a warhorse usually wears. They are able to run for a day and a half before tiring
Mounts and Pack Animals
- Mule: A hardy pack animal, used for light transport. Remarkable capability for dealing with irregular terrain.
- Oxen: A hardy pack animal, used for heavy transport.
Siege Weapons
Besieging armies use a wide variety of siege engines such as: scaling ladders, battering rams on wheels, wheeled siege towers covered in rawhide and various types of catapults, trebuchets, mangonels, spitfires, and scorpions. Some are mounted on warships.[2]
Scorpions and spitfires are used in the defense of a city.[29] Steel caltrops are used in warfare and the defense of encampments, and can be flung with trebuchets at enemies (II: 375. III: 721) Scorpions shoot out yard-long iron-headed shafts[30] and can be prepared with fire, making fire spears[31], Additionally Iron spikes may be set underwater to hamper crossings.[32]
- Battering rams, Wooden turtles on wheels, often covered with hide to protect them from fire, can be used for sieges to protect men assaulting a gate.[33][34]
- Trebuchets such as the Three Whores
- Skilled archers can shoot a small target accurately at 100 paces.[14] In battle however they normally tried to create what was called an arrow storm, shooting as many arrows as possible into the air as quickly as possible to drop them on to large bodies of enemy troops rather than shoot at individuals.
- Dothraki bows supposedly outrange those of the Seven Kingdoms, but this remains to be tested.[35]
- Arrowheads are normally available both as broadheads with a sharp cutting edge and barbs at the rear for "soft" targets[36] and bodkins which will penetrate mail.[37]. Except at very close range arrows will not normally penetrate plate armor, but crossbow bolts will do so easily.
- The double-curved goldenheart bows used by Summer Islanders are said to be able send a shaft four hundred yards.[38]
- Archers might smear their arrows with night soil to try and ensure that they poison those they wound, but many arrow wounds will become infected simply because when shooting quickly to create an arrow storm archers would stick their shafts in the ground rather than drawing them from their belt.[39]
Cavalry figure prominently in the story and a good mediaeval model for Westerosi troops raised between the Neck and the Dornish Marches is provided by a 1364 muster of the troops belonging to the Duchy of Burgundy (the original French one before it expanded):
The troops comprised one chevalier banneret - in Westerosi terms a sworn bannerman
134 chevaliers/knights
105 ecuyers/squires
19 mounted archers
1 trumpeter
1 farrier
The only infantry were those 19 archers who rode horses to keep up with the rest on the march but dismounted to shoot.
Light Cavalry
Light cavalry consisted usually of lighter armed and armored men, who could have lances, javelins or missile weapons, such as bows. they tend to be in leather and mail.[40] Light cavalry was used as scouts, outriders, skirmishers or outflankers. Many countries developed their own styles of light cavalry, such as Dothraki and Dornishmen.
Knights and Heavily Armed Cavalry
Knights are usually the best outfitted and trained soldier in the field, who could afford plate armor and a varied assortment of hand weapons. They are usually deployed as Heavily armed cavalry armed with lances. It Consisted of wealthy knights and noblemen who could afford the equipment and non-noble squires employed by noblemen.
"Common Outfitting"
- Common warriors may use short swords, double-bladed axes, bows, and other weapons.[11]
- Plate armor is more common in the Reach, while mail is more the rule in the North, and the wildlings beyond the Wall are much more primitively armored (SSM: 1)
- Jacks, a sort of armor such as freeriders, mounted bowmen, and men-at-arms might wear.[41][42]
- Most freeriders have poor armor, usually made of boiled leather.[19]
- The City Watch of King's Landing, use iron cudgels and spears topped by black iron heads.[43] Wear cloaks, usually made of heavy wool, dyed gold.[43]
- The Crannogmen of the Neck, use frog spears, bronze knives, woven nets, and round leather shields.[12]
- The Dornishmen prefer round metal shields, spears, short throwing spears or the double-curved bows, they wear lighter armor than in the rest of the Seven Kingdoms made of metal disks, sewn in the manner of scales on the leather and turbaned helmets.
- The Dothraki have only a light cavalry armed with arakh, and short bows suitable for shooting mounted. They do not use any protection, either in the form of shields, helmets and armor.
- The Unsullied, are light infantry, equipped with short spears, swords, round shields, and distinctive spiked caps.
- The Ibbenese are fond of axes[44] and carry shaggy brown shields.[37]
Of Old
- The children of the forest used knives, leaf-shaped spear heads, and arrows made of obsidian (which is also known to smallfolk as dragonglass).[45][46][47]
- It is not part of the Old Way to lay siege to castles. Glory can only be gotten by fighting man to man, not by flinging rocks.[48]
Forging Techniques
- Oilstones are used to sharpen blades [50]
- Some to claim to still know the spells that must be used to rework Valyrian steel, and some master armorers have revealed their ability to properly reforge it [51][52] [53]
See Also
Weapon/Armor types references refer to where these type where mentioned in the book, while some of their desription are based on real-life equivalents.
- ↑ A Clash of Kings, Chapter 23, Jon III.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 A Clash of Kings, Chapter 22, Catelyn II.
- ↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 51, Catelyn VII.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 61, Daenerys VII.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 11, Daenerys II.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 10, Jon II.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 60, Jon VIII.
- ↑ A Clash of Kings, Chapter 68, Jon VIII.
- ↑ A Clash of Kings, Chapter 25, Tyrion VI.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 53, Bran VI.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 A Game of Thrones, Prologue.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 A Clash of Kings, Chapter 21, Bran III.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 The Hedge Knight.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 30, Eddard VII.
- ↑ A Feast for Crows, Prologue, 6.
- ↑ So Spake Martin: Yet More Questions (July 22, 2001)
- ↑ So Spake Martin: [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Entry/1226 Ibben and Armor (November 09, 2002)
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 26, Jon IV.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 A Clash of Kings, Chapter 31, Catelyn III.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 15, Sansa I.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 A Storm of Swords, Chapter 70, Tyrion X.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 40, Catelyn VII.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 31, Tyrion IV.
- ↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 73, Jon X.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 35, Eddard IX.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 63, Catelyn X.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 62, Tyrion VIII.
- ↑ A Feast for Crows, Chapter 36, Cersei VIII.
- ↑ A Clash of Kings, Chapter 17, Tyrion IV.
- ↑ A Clash of Kings, Chapter 57, Sansa V.
- ↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 64, Jon VIII.
- ↑ A Clash of Kings, Chapter 39, Catelyn V.
- ↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 57, Daenerys V.
- ↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 69, Jon IX.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 36, Daenerys IV.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 37, Bran V.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 A Storm of Swords, Chapter 39, Arya VII.
- ↑ A Feast for Crows, Chapter 35, Samwell IV.
- ↑ A Feast for Crows, Chapter 38, Jaime VI.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 59, Catelyn IX.
- ↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 73, Jon X, page 841.
- ↑ A Feast for Crows, Chapter 9, Brienne II.
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 65, Arya V.
- ↑ A Clash of Kings, Chapter 29, Tyrion VII.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 66, Bran VII.
- ↑ A Clash of Kings, Chapter 34, Jon IV.
- ↑ A Feast for Crows, Prologue.
- ↑ A Clash of Kings, Chapter 37, Theon III.
- ↑ A Clash of Kings, Chapter 56, Theon V.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 42, Tyrion VI.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 27, Eddard VI.
- ↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 32, Tyrion IV.
- ↑ So Spake Martin: Producing Valyrian Steel (March 11, 2001)


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Opinion: Russia Invades Ukraine. Now What?
Global View Columnist Bret Stephens on news that Russia artillery units are inside Ukraine, firing on Ukrainian forces. Photo: Associated Press
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
you just and ... NATO says that Russian artillery forces are firing on Ukrainian forces inside ... Ukraine meanwhile ... the Pentagon is calling for Russia to remove its convoys from Ukraine global view calmness Bret Stephens joins me now Brett ... this is a significant escalation as ... he I would even call it a significant escalation because that suggests ... that there hasn't been some fundamental shift in I think this really ... is that is the difference not just a degree but in time ... do you remember mad when ... the Russians seized ... Crimea they did is a special forces operation ... to were there were those little green men in uniforms that and have insignia as ... there was the ... patina of a referendum suggesting that somehow this was homegrown ... similarly with what's happened in eastern Ukraine you've had ... and be due west Russian warfare really support for local militias ... many of them infiltrated by Russian intelligence officers but now what you have ... our Russian forces the Russian military inside Ukraine firing on Ukrainian position so this is an invasion of the old fashioned kind ... think ... of Poland nineteen thirty nine and why now Brett what is Putin's strategic calculation why think that what happened is that the Ukrainian military of probably two whose own surprise ... proves surprisingly resilient incapable of taking out ... those Russian separatists ... Russian militias ... in eastern Ukraine and they were really I think on the verge of victory ... so ... who faced the choice of a humiliating defeat for his proxies ... for his allies with an iPad ... political consequences for him at home as well as Rep occassions ... internationally ... I'm looking at the choice I think he felt that he had to go where the ... question now Mary is where does he stop to see stopped at Donetsk in the comments these Russian ... cities or are the Russian cities in eastern Ukraine ... or is he given all the way to Kiev in a lot of Russians believe that the ad ... is an intrinsic part of Mother Russia and is there another angle here too that prudent doesn't perceive ... any kind of pushback from the last one that's exactly yet because the Obama administration keeps talking about getting him off ramps ... the president gave an interview not so long ago ... in which we leave them only thing he said as well as on a new cold war but if Clinton does invade well you know ... we wouldn't be able to get back to our old relationship well ... code must be delighted you know gee I'm not gonna have to hang out with that guy again console is an invitation for him to Democrat what should we be doing right now we should be sending C5 and C seventeen transport plane supporting the Russian than either the exceeded the Ukrainian military ... every way we can just as we did in nineteen seventy three when he is really ... terrible ... our award you pour war ... of strong show of military determination and support for embattled Democratic ally ... facing an autocratic ... aggressive expansionist Russian enemy ... of view calmness Bret Stephens last word thank you so much for joining us ...