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Here are some warnings about portable air conditioners to help you to be aware of their low energy efficiency rating when purchasing a new air conditioner. If you already have a portable air conditioner or if a portable air conditioners your only option to get some cooling, these fair warnings may help you understand your air conditioner and make better use of it. We will look in details why portable air conditioners are taking more room, wasting more power, producing more noise, and costing more money.If you are in a hurry, just looked the colored text, bookmark this page, and come back later when you have time.
An major claim of portable air conditioners is that they do not need installation and they are portable. On the internet or in the showrooms, we see portable air conditioners neatly displayed without a hose most of the time. In reality all air conditioners need to pass heat to the outside. Central air conditioners and window air conditioners use Freon to carry the heat to the outdoor coils. Fans are used to drive air to cool the outdoor coils.
A portable A/C brings the outdoor coil inside the room but still need to cool the coil. The coil passes the heat to air then the hot air has to be sent out the house. These pictures show portable A/C in actual use. They are less prettier than the units themselves – everyone has at least one bulky hose connected to the outside. Tip: The longer the total hosing the more power will be wasted to drive air through the hose.
Portable air conditioners need venting kits installed almost the same way as window air conditioners. It is true that the venting kit is much smaller than a window unit. However, you may run into the same installation problems as installing window air conditioners. Do you like the installations in the pictures? Think what the installation will look like in your house when deciding the purchase.
Once installed like the above, "Portable" is questionable. To move the portable A/C to different rooms, we need the venting kit installed in every room or re-install the venting kit for every move. Small wheels may not move well on carpets. Will the move be practical for you? Will the move be easier than with a window air conditioner? Tip: A window air conditioner is more efficient and weigh less as you see below.
The cooling capacity of an A/C is defined by its BTU/h rating. The BTU/h number indicates the amount of heat the air conditioner can remove from a room each hour. A hot climate will need more heat to be removed from a room to feel cool. A cooler room will also need more heat to be removed for the deeper cooling.
Here are recommendations from HomeDepot.
We can see from these two tables, comparable portable units will cool less space than window units. Take the recommended 12,000 BTU units for example, a portable air conditioner is recommended for a 400 square feet roomwhere a window unit is recommended for a 550 square feet room. In other word, for the same sized room, we will need a higher BTU portable unit.
The power needed to run an A/C is tied to its EER (Energy Efficiency Rating). Also at HomeDepot, the highest EER of portable air conditioners is 9.5 like the Haier CPN14XH9. For this 14,000 BTU unit to work, 14,000 / 9.5 = 1,473 Watt of power will be consumed. All consumed power will become waste heat. 1,473 Watt will become 1,473 x 3.412 = 5,028 BTU (per hour) waste heat. Tip: For a 9.5 EER unit, the wasted heat is almost exactly 30% of the BTU number.
Here is a quote from ConsumerReports.org 2008 .
While portable A/Cs might be convenient, those we tested delivered only about half of their cooling capacity—that means they operated with an energy-efficiency ratio (EER) of about 5 or 6. Compare that with the minimum EER of just under 10 for the window air conditioners we've recently test (we tested window models with an EER as high as 12).
Central air units and window units have most of this power consumed outside the window and the waste heat is dissipated to the outside air. A portable A/C has all the power consumed inside the house. All consumed power turns to about 30% more heat that has to be removed from the room. This percentage will go higher for a lower EER unit or for a portable air conditioner whose EER has dropped because blocked air flow or dust on the coils.
Another hidden problem is inherent with single hose portable air conditioners. They suck air from the room and dump it outside. Besides cooling, a single hose portable A/C creates a vacuum for the room it is in. The vacuum may not be measurable if the room is not air-tight. The more air-tight the room is the higher the vacuum will be.
The vacuum enable air from elsewhere to leak into the room for the same amount as the exhausted air, as shown in this picture. If the air is leaked in from outside, it will be humid and hot. If the air is from other rooms of the house, outside hot air will leak into those rooms. So, we may get some cooling near the portable A/C but more heat and humidity will come to the house, as seen in this image.
The tricky thing is that it may take an hour or two to vacuum out the cool air from the surrounding rooms. In the first couple hours, we may feel pretty good about the A/C. We may never thought the other rooms are getting hotter because the use of a single hose air conditioner. That is why we put the word "Warnings" in the title of this article.
To be fair, due hose portable air conditioners do not have this problem. The trade-off is another hose. These hoses will be vibrating in use and could break easily. Any leak in these hoses or their connections will result in dumping room air outside in the same manner as a single hose portable A/C.
The more leaks, heat leaks or air leaks, to the room the more heat need to be removed from the room. Hence, the higher BTU rating is needed. To achieve the same amount of cooling, a single hose portable air conditioner needs a substantially higher BTU rating. The higher the BTU rating, the more power an air conditioner will consume. All the consumed power will turn into heat. That heat also needs to be exhausted through the hose for a portable air conditioner. More heat needs a bigger fan to drive more air out the hose. A bigger fan turns more power to waste heat inside the house.
As air is cooled, moisture in the air will condense to water. A portable air conditioner may fill its condensate tank quickly in a humid day. Watch out for condensate overflow or drips. Tip: When buying a portable A/C, check if it has the feature to evaporate the condensate with the exhaust air like shown in this image. In comparison, a window air conditioner is designed to have its condensate pan tilted down towards the outside. Any condensate will flow to the outside half of the air conditioner. The condensate evaporate into the hot outside air without being noticed most of the time.
The most noisy part of an A/C is the compressor. For central air unit, the compressor is in the outside unit. For window unit, the compressor is outside the window. For the portable air conditioner, the compressor is inside the room in the cooled area. The compressor is also bigger because of the higher BTU rating cited above. Any loose parts like the hoses could resonant and amplify the noise. Tip: A soft pad under the unit will reduce the noise.
A portable air conditioner need about 18 inches of space on each side for it to breath as shown in this image of an installation guide. Put your hand about that distance away from the unit, if you feel air flow though your hand, that place should be open for air flow. Any blockage of air flow to or from the unit will lower the EER and reduce the cooling. Do not put the unit too close to a wall, a sofa, or a bed. Make sure you have the space before you buy the unit.Tip: To achieve the full EER, a portable air conditioner need a lot more space than its physical dimensions.
BTU rating is the amount of heat an air conditioner can remove from a room. For a duel hose portable A/C, about 30% of that heat is the waste heat produced by the unit itself. For single hose portable air conditioner, about 50% of that heat is produced by the unit or sucked in by the unit from outside the house. In comparison, a window unit or a central air unit only has waste heat from the indoor fan for removal that could be less than 5%.
2008 Standard for Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning &a...
Cooling Load Calculations and-Principles
Views: 980794
Portable air conditioners are perfect in size if you have a small space. It is perfect for the people who live in a single bedroom apartment. It can be quickly installed and easy to set up. There are also several benefits of this portable air conditioners
Small unit for the small place which perfectly matches your cooling needs.
Alternative on the go cooling
Cools and dehumidifies at the same time
Cut costs and keeps you cool
As many apartments, building's and city ordinances do not allow to install windows air conditioner then it is the best option for the homeowners.
Along with the benefits there are several warnings associated with this portable air conditioners which are
Warnings on lower energy efficiency
Warnings on cool air out of the room
Will portable air-conditioners create a vacuum
However, if you are searching for other HVAC related articles or tips that help in the proper maintenance of our AC unit then, go through this blog.
We couldn't agree more about the problems caused by portable air conditioners. Here at Canada Furnace, and we've seem many ruined floors working out here in Calgary, AB. On top of what you've mentioned, we find that some manufacturers way overstate the power. A built in system or ductless mini-split can do twice the square footage with half the power quite often.
Hi Perry,
Great post, having worked in the HVAC industry for sometime I feel I need to justify portable aircon units as they are becoming a lot more energy efficient and a lot more eco friendly. As a pre note I will say I've just bought a unit from http://portable-airconditioner.co.za/ which inspired this post as I was thrilled with the puchase.
Power of Mobility
Portable air conditioners are different than traditional windows because they are portable, so they have the mobility to be moved from room to room. Traditional installed window air conditioners only cool so much square footage in an apartment, office or house. Most of these wall units are installed in one area of the entire square footage of a home, which makes it harder when you need a specific room cooled that doesn't fit this square footage, such as the baby's room or office. With the power of mobility, you have the option to move it from room to room. They are also great for office spaces where they set the air conditioners at one temperature that doesn't satisfy that one person who gets hotter than most.
A portable air conditioner is easier to install and cheaper. It doesn't require any piping; supporting straps, supply duct or any other adhesive materials. The only thing you have to do is install the exhaust vent for the air conditioner to bypass out of the room. A traditional air conditioner would require you to hire an HVAC contractor to install the equipment and also charge for the labor. You can also come to find problems with an installation that may require you to pay more, for example if your electrical system isn't equipped to handle the volts of the system, this may require you to hire an Electrical contractor. That's just one example of things that can rise from having a window or central system installed and the cost of doing so to rise up. With a portable air conditioner, you just need to plug it in a 120v outlet and follow instructions for the exhaust vent for the window, which you can do all by yourself.
Lower Cost to Purchase
Portable air conditioners cost less compared to central or wall air conditioning systems. They come in several sizes and shapes to fit your needs at an affordable price. You can replace it if it goes bad, if you decide you want a new model that just came out, or if you would like another for another room. Portable air conditioners won't require any work being done to your house that an installation might require such as ; making holes in your drywall, adjusting your power outlets and other factors that may come up when you install a central or wall unit in your home. Installing a central and wall air conditioner system in your home would require the cost of the unit, the cost of labor, and some companies add extra charges on top of that.
In conclusion, there are units of all kinds to fit your needs. If you need a an affordable unit with the portable mobility that a portable air conditioner unit has, then these are a great choice for you.
I recently purchased a single hose portable 5000 btu a.c. for a small enclosed 100 sq ft room inside my garage. I am having a heck of a time controlling the humidity in both "a.c." and "dry" mode. The temperarture drops nicely but according to my hygrometer, I will start out at approx 42% humidity and as the a.c runs, the humidity shoots up to 65-70%. after I experienced the high humidity I have sealed up the room so well that due to the vacuum it is difficult to open the door into the room. I have a fan circulating air inside also but without running a separate dehumidifier in the room, the humidity is still high. I am getting virtually nothing from the external hose when in "dry" mode but the dehumidifier will need to be emptied every 8 hours. I don't have a window in the room so I drilled a hole in the side of the house to exhaust the warm air, but did use the window kit that came with the unit. There are no leaks in the hose or the connection with the hose to the wall mount. I thought that the room was not getting enough air so I have cracked the door a tad with the garage door closed and after several hours the humidity is still high. I am not sure what to do at this point as I am trying to avoid running the dehumidifier and a.c. at the same time to reduce humidity. I will say that the pan in the bottom of the unit does gather plenty of water but is recycled and shouldn't need to be emptied. I am hoping someone could offer some advice. Thank you.
The information provided is really helpful to understand the concept whereas people mostly miss out simple things like cleaning air ducts which helps to inhale the fresh air.
Portable air conditioners are one off the most usable home appliances. Such type of ac's usually takes a small amount of money to consumed. Noise is the most common problem portable ac's have. But there are several of the excellent brands too who have noise free units as the size increase the chances of noise also increase.
I agree with you here, but wanted to add the fact that a portable air conditioner can be utilized very effectively such as cooling your bedroom at night or home office during the day while keeping the rest of the windows in the house open. You would be amazed how much energy this can save over the course of the month.
- David from Coolaer.com
Ever notice that Portable AC's are exempt for posting EER on the box?
Hi Adam, Thank you for the comment. Have a nice summer! Perry
Hi Perry
Very factual and informative post on portable AC!!
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Construction Begins in Lakewood and Cleveland
Officials broke ground on September 13, 2013 for the $20 million Clifton Boulevard Transportation Enhancement Project. Construction on both the Lakewood and Cleveland sides of the Clifton Boulevard corridor has begun with an anticipated completion date of December 2014.
The improvements planned for Lakewood include new concrete bus pads and bus shelters, which are slated for completion by July 2014.
The Cleveland portion of the project will unfold over a few phases: Cleveland Westbound Lanes Phase 1, Cleveland Eastbound Lanes Phase 2, and Cleveland Median Lanes Phase 3. The first two of these phases include new concrete bus pads, roadway and crosswalk enhancements, and the installation of new bus shelters. Beginning in September 2014, the third phase will include the installation of landscape medians in Cleveland, as well as final roadway markings and additional landscaping.
For a full description of the range of enhancements planned for both cities, please visit the About page.
A detailed schedule of the project, including the Design Phase begun in early 2010, is available on the Enhance Clifton website here.
Project Groundbreaking Scheduled for September 2013
The design phase of the Clifton Boulevard Transportation Enhancement Project is complete, with an anticipated groundbreaking in September 2013. This fully funded project of the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority (RTA), in partnership with the cities of Lakewood and Cleveland, will upgrade the roadway and amenities on Clifton Boulevard, from West Clifton Boulevard in Lakewood to Lake Avenue in Cleveland. For more information on the project's updated scope, visit the About page here.
When the project is complete, the popular 55 bus route will be known as the "West Shore Express." It will be faster, safer, more reliable, and more first-class. The West Shore Express will begin at the Westgate Transit Center in Fairview Park, and continue through Rocky River to Clifton Boulevard in Lakewood and Cleveland. It passes through downtown and ends at the Stephanie Tubbs Jones Transit Center at Cleveland State University.
Timetable, as of June 28, 2013
- Design: 100 percent complete
- Advertise for bids: July 1, 2013 | download full RFP
- Contract award: August 20, 2013 at RTA Board Meeting
- Anticipated groundbreaking: September 2013
- Construction: From September 9, 2013 to November 30, 2014
- Construction cost estimate: $8 million
- Total project cost: $9.46 million
RTA is looking for sponsors that appreciate the high visibility this project offers. A naming rights sponsor can have:
- Recognition at 31 stops, including;
- A more comprehensive presence at 19 station locations.
- Graphic displays on the 15 custom articulated vehicles that will server the Corridor, from the Westgate Transit Center in Fairview Park, to Rocky River, Lakewood and Cleveland, through Public Square and on the Stephanie Tubbs Jones Transit Center at CSU.
For more information on the project, please visit RTA's project page at http://www.riderta.com/majorprojects/cliftonblvd.
Final Public Meetings in Cleveland & Lakewood
The final public meetings for Enhance Clifton were recently held at the Louisa May Alcott School in Cleveland and the Women's Club Pavilion in Lakewood. The design team would like to thank all of the design professionals and officials who attended, as well as the public for providing great input! Over 130 residents were in attendance between the two meetings, and gave the design team useful feedback before the next step of finalizing construction documents.
The meetings covered the final details of the Enhance Clifton project spanning Clifton Boulevard between Lake Avenue on the eastern boundary and W. Clifton Boulevard on the west. Some important points discussed were the design and location of the new bus shelters, including bus pads and driveway aprons, peak hour bus lanes, and new signage along the entire corridor. The presentations shown at the two meetings and further details on the scope of the project can be found by clicking on the following links:
Cleveland Final Public Meeting
Once comments from the public meetings have been processed and adjustments are made to the design plan, construction documents will be completed with a current deadline of February 4, 2012. Following a review of the construction documents by RTA, the project will be advertised and open to bidders on March 25, 2013. The date for construction is still to be determined, but construction will not begin until RTA Board approval of the successful bid contract scheduled for April 16, 2013. A full schedule for the project can be viewed on the website here: Project Schedule.
Enhance Clifton Moves Forward in 2012
Two public meetings have been scheduled to inform residents in Cleveland and Lakewood of the updated project scope and to receive feedback before final construction documents are created.
Final Cleveland Public Meeting
Thursday, November 8, 2012
Louisa May Alcott School
W. 104th and Baltic
Cleveland, OH 44102
Final Lakewood Public Meeting
Wednesday, November 14, 2012
Lakewood Women's Club Pavilion
Lakewood, OH 44107
A summary of the current scope of the project is as follows:
- The roadway will be widened by one-foot in both directions.
- The driveway aprons along the Boulevard will be re-built, due to the widening.
- The new permanent bus stations will be constructed at the previously determined locations.
- The entire roadway will be repaved.
- The medians will be constructed with trees and landscaping.
- The area around W. 115th and W. 117th will have some additional streetscape enhancements, including masonry planters, sidewalk pavers and pedestrian lighting.
- The span-wire traffic signals from W. 115th to Baltic will be replaced with mast arms.
- The new permanent stations will still be constructed at the previously determined locations.
- Each new station will also have a new concrete bus pad within the curb lane.
- The curb lane will recieve new signage and pavement markings to designate when the lanes are bus-only.
- No other construction work within the City of Lakewood will occur.
For any questions regarding the upcoming meetings or the project in general, please see the Contact page. Thank you for your continued interest in the project and we look forward to seeing you at the final public meetings.
Lakewood's Public Work Session 8/11
The presentation given at the Lakewood public work session and notes from the four break-out groups are available by clicking on the image below. Please continue to provide feedback on the design process by submitting your comments on the EnhanceClifton website here.
Cleveland's Public Work Session on 8/5
Thanks to everyone that made it out to Kirby Manor for the second public meeting covering the Cleveland side of the Clifton Boulevard Transportation Enhancement Program. The second round of public meetings were split with one meeting in Cleveland and one in Lakewood in order to maximize the amount of time available for public input. The presentation given at the Cleveland meeting and notes from the break-out sessions are available by clicking on the image below.
UPDATE: Next Public Work Sessions Scheduled
Mark your calendars for the next public meetings for the Clifton Boulevard Transportation Enhancement Program. The upcoming meetings will be organized as work sessions, providing residents with an opportunity to join break-out groups focused on specific sections of the plan. At the end of the work sessions, break-out groups will report back to the entire audience.
In order to maximize the time available for public comments, the public work sessions will be split between two evenings - one for Cleveland and one for Lakewood. The Cleveland work session will cover the Cleveland side of the project (between the Shoreway and W. 117th) and the Lakewood work session will cover the Lakewood side of the project (between W. 117th and Rocky River).
Cleveland Public Work Session
Thursday, August 5th
6:00 - 8:00pm
Kirby Manor
11500 Detroit Avenue map
Lakewood Public Work Session
Wednesday, August 11th
6:00 - 8:00pm
Garfield Elementary School
13114 Detroit Avenue map
Public Comments Now Available for Viewing
Interested in reading the questions and comments from the first Public Meeting? Then visit the Public Meeting #1 page to view the notes taken during the Q+A session and transcripts of the comment cards.
If you weren't able to make it to the first public meeting, you can still submit your questions and comments through the website here. As more feedback comes in through the web, we'll add it to the Public Input page and the most common questions will be answered on the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) page.
Public Meeting #1
Thank you to everyone that attended the first public meeting for the Clifton Boulevard Transportation Enhancement Program. The powerpoint presentation delivered at the meeting will be available on the website tomorrow. All the comment cards will be recorded and the most common questions will be added to the Frequently Asked Question (FAQ) section of the website within the next several days.
Check back to the site often for project updates and the finalized dates for the next public work sessions, which are currently scheduled for early July 2010. Please continue providing your comments and input through the Comments/Questions form on this website.


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It is remarkable, in the accounts of the earliest European visitors to the North American continent, how little interest some of these explorers seemed to take in the land they had just found. They hardly went ashore. As seamen—and seekers of clear passage to the Orient—they were more interested in the currents, tides, soundings, and shoals. The land, rich as it was, was at first not much more than an impediment. Of course, all that changed soon enough.
In early September, 1609, Henry Hudson and his crew sailed their jacht, the Half Moon, through the Narrows at the head of New York's lower bay, the point beyond which, it is generally believed, Giovanni da Verrazzano had not progressed, eighty-five years before. This likely made the eighteen or so Englishmen and Dutchmen aboard the Half Moon the first Europeans to venture up the Hudson River and therefore the first to get a good look at the island known to the natives as Mannahatta. The only surviving account of this journey is the diary of one of Hudson's crew, Robert Juet (who, on another voyage, a year later, helped lead a mutiny, stranding Hudson, his young son, and seven others in a small boat near the Arctic Circle). Juet's records of wind directions and river depths are precise, but from his descriptions it's often impossible to decipher where exactly Hudson was on the river. Conjecture abounds, as do chauvinistic claims; various modern interpreters place a September 13th oyster feast at Spuyten Duyvil or Yonkers. At any rate, the crew sailed upriver as far as Albany, where shallow waters forced them to turn back: this wasn't the way to Cathay. On the trip downriver, a crew member shot and killed a native who had sneaked into Juet's quarters and stolen his pillow; in the ensuing melee another native tried to tip over their boat, "but," Juet wrote, "our Cooke tooke a Sword, and cut off one of his hands, and he was drowned." The next day, seven leagues south, the "Sauages" ambushed them. The sailors shot about ten of them, then took refuge in a bay that sounds as though it may have abutted Washington Heights: "Hard by it there was a Cliffe, that looked of the colour of a white greene, as though it were either Copper, or Siluer Myne: and I thinke it to be one of them, by the Trees that grow vpon it. For they be all burned, and the other places are greene as grasse, it is on that side of the Riuer that is called Manna-hata."
This is Juet's sole explicit mention of the island. We can only speculate now about what impression it made. Whoever drew the night watch may have observed an ill wind shifting from northwest to east, carrying the smell of early-autumn rot, or the faltering racket of crickets and katydids. (New York has always been noisy; Peter Kalm, a Swedish botanist, visiting in 1748, noted, "Tree frogs . . . are so loud it is difficult for a man to make himself heard." Poor Kalm: he was also so disfigured by mosquito bites while here that he couldn't appear in public.) It may have seemed a menacing place; Hudson and his crew fled from it. Two days later, the Half Moon was beating back to England, and then eventually on to Holland, which had originally sent Hudson forth. In the coming years, the Dutch dispatched more ships and, in 1614, established the colony of New Netherland, with New Amsterdam, at Manhattan's southern tip, soon to be its teeming gateway and hub. The island began its accelerated transformation into a manipulated forest of asphalt and steel. Never again would it be so wild and raw, or so under-chronicled. The new inhabitants, once they got rid of the old ones, spilled far more ink than blood.
To Eric Sanderson, a landscape ecologist with the Wildlife Conservation Society, the proliferation of documentation has been of great but not limitless use. The more people there were to do the observing, the less of the natural landscape there was to observe. Sanderson is in charge of a W.C.S. project called the Human Footprint, which seeks to assess and map the human race's impact on the surface of the earth. New York, perhaps, is the ultimate case. "It's hard to think of any place in the world with as heavy a footprint, in so short a time, as New York," he said recently. "It's probably the fastest, biggest land-coverage swing in history." For nearly a decade, he has been trying to determine exactly how Manhattan would have appeared to Hudson and his men in 1609 had they disembarked and explored the place—to summon and depict the island as it was, just before it came under the shadow of that foot. He has christened this effort the Mannahatta Project. Sanderson intends to complete it in time for the quadricentennial, two years hence, of Hudson's landfall. It will include a lavish book; a Web site; an exhibit, he hopes, at the American Museum of Natural History; and, niftiest of all, a virtual re-creation—a three-dimensional computer map—in which you will be able to fly, as it were, above the island, land wherever you want, and have a look around. In place of your local cell-phone shop or O.T.B. parlor, you may see a trout stream, or a black bear browsing amid blueberry patches.
The Mannahatta Project aspires to minute verisimilitude, down to the varieties of moss, and will facilitate a kind of naturalist's version of George-Washington-slept-here. Eventually, Sanderson would like to put up plaques around town calling attention to this or that bygone pond or dune, or even to post re-creations of 1609 vistas on the city's next generation of bus shelters. A visitor to Times Square, standing alongside the Naked Cowboy on the traffic island at Forty-fifth Street and Broadway, might be encouraged to see a convergence, under what is now the Marriott Marquis, of two freshwater creeks, one flowing out of a marsh beneath the headquarters of the New York Post, and the other from under the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School. The creeks were dammed by beavers to create a red-maple swamp, frequented by wood ducks and elk. The idea of all this, of course, is to get us to appreciate the remnants of the natural world, even in this degraded place, and then to work harder to preserve them, here and everywhere else. Still, although Sanderson might not admit it, such visions also have a way of helping us to savor our particular range of degradations. We've made a fine mess.
The citizen's urge to know his city is a strong one, and perhaps nowhere more so than in New York, where cosmopolitanism refracts into a kind of a superheated parochial self-regard. New Yorkers can hardly fathom how you could come into New York Harbor and not immediately see that this island, to borrow the writer Russell Shorto's phrase, would soon be at the center of the world. Hudson's men didn't even seem to recognize that it was an island, much less a special one. It would have been harder, certainly, for them to imagine the place's future than it is for us to summon its past.
They must have noticed, though, that the harbor was as deep and fair as they come, and that the river at its head was a significant one. Even though the Hudson didn't lead to the Orient, it did reach deep into the heart of beaver-pelt country, and, eventually, it provided access to the Great Lakes and the territory west of the Appalachians, by way, first, of the Mohawk River, and, later, of the Erie Canal. Geography determined the city's destiny, to a certain degree. But what of its ecology? Manhattan was at the center of a web of tidal estuaries—a ripe marine environment, a major stop on the eastern flyway for migrating birds. Its temperate seasons, dense hardwood forests, ample freshwater, great diversity of habitats—fifty-four "ecological communities" in all, according to Sanderson, from pitch-pine barrens to peatlands to eelgrass meadows—made it an unusually abundant corner of the continent. Without the city astride it, the island might still be one of the hemisphere's marvels. Manhattan was a superstar, even before its settlers made it one.
"You could do the same thing for downtown Cleveland, but it wouldn't have the same impact," Sanderson said of his project. "New York is the archetypal city, so in some ways the nature that underlies it is also archetypal."
The attempt to strip one layer from the other, and to see where they match up, seems to stimulate some as yet undiscovered cerebral nodes devoted to before-and-after visualization. The fantasy of depopulation, whether retroactive or futuristic, appeals to our sense of vanity and self-loathing. It may help explain the success of the book "The World Without Us," in which the author, Alan Weisman, describes what would happen to the earth if humans were no longer around. (In short, it would both bounce back and go to hell, in interesting ways.) It's Mannahatta in reverse. Weisman devotes a few pages to Sanderson's project, surmising that its findings will give us a clue as to what Manhattan would become in our absence. But, of course, the Manhattan of 1609 is lost. The city is far more than a flesh wound.
Sanderson caught his first glimpse of prelapsarian Manhattan in a map that had been prepared by the British during the Revolutionary War. It is called the British Headquarters Map, and it depicts, in meticulous detail, at a scale of six and a half inches to a mile, the island's contours and topographical features, its streams and swamps, so as to aid the British in defending it against General Washington's Continental Army. The map emphasizes marchability. In 1782, when the map was likely completed, most of the island's pre-Hudson topography and hydrology, if not its ecology (the Dutch and English had already introduced dozens of species, and chased away a few, too), was largely intact—although the map does not show, for example, that the British, cut off from the rest of the continent during the war, had chopped down all the trees. ("The island is totally stripped," George Washington observed in 1781.) After the Revolution, and especially after the adoption of the grid system, in 1811, the island's surface, and even its innards, were irrevocably altered.
The grid ran roughshod over the landscape. In 1808, John Randel was dispatched to survey the entire island, for the purpose of laying out the grid. A decade later, he began a series of ninety-two maps, called the Farm Maps—meticulous closeups, with an elevation reading for the northwest corner of every intersection on the new grid. Sanderson pieced these together and also found Randel's notebooks at the New-York Historical Society, which contained even more detail. Then Sanderson, along with some colleagues, went out into the field with an altimeter and a G.P.S. locator and squared Randel's findings with their own and with the British Headquarters Map. Finally, they created a new contour map, drawn by hand—a template for the restoration of 1609.
Sanderson's map depicts a more slender and sundered Manhattan than the one we know. The coast is notched with coves, streams, and tidal marshes. There are stretches of sandy beach, including a four-mile strand from the Battery to West Thirty-third Street. Over the centuries, the island has fattened up. The Dutch started it by dumping their refuse into the coves and wetlands and bays. By 1782, the shoreline had already expanded two blocks east (Pearl Street to Water, Water to Front), thanks to a steady diet of excavated earth, garbage, and sewage. Since then, the shoreline has been straightened and filled, and girdled by highways; it seems weird even to use the word "shore." The old coast would have cut Ground Zero in half. (The terrestrial half would have consisted of thirty-foot hills, rising quickly from the shore, dense with oak and chestnut trees—so cry not for Radio Row.) Many of the city's hills, especially those on the southern half of the island, have been levelled, and its dells and creeks have been filled. Murray Hill, for example, used to be a prominent ridge, running from present-day Forty-sixth Street and Sixth Avenue southeast to its high point on East Thirty-seventh. Approaching it from the north, you would have seen a steep hemlock forest. Now you hardly notice any incline at all, heading downtown on Fifth Avenue, unless you are on Rollerblades, skating into the wind.
One day, I went to visit Sanderson in the W.C.S. offices, which occupy a cluster of trailers in a parking lot at the Bronx Zoo. He greeted me in bare feet: a morning of torrential rain had caught him mid-commute, from his home on City Island, and soaked him to the knees. His trailer was a paradise of field guides and cool maps. Sanderson is forty, with a gentle manner and a soft voice but the intense eyes of a functional obsessive. He grew up in (and on) Walnut Creek, California—the East Bay. He recalls that his driveway was always full of frogs. In the early seventies, Sanderson remembers, the Army Corps of Engineers converted the creek into a concrete ditch. The frogs disappeared. Once, when he was a Boy Scout, a counsellor told him to sit next to the Stanislaus River for three hours without moving. "I thought I was done after fifteen minutes," he said. "After thirty minutes, I was totally bored. And then things got interesting. I began to notice things."
Nine years ago, he moved to New York, to work for the W.C.S.—a hard-luck deployment for a nature boy. The city has, somewhat ironically, long been a major nexus for naturalists, both amateur and professional, who, congregating here out of institutional or commercial necessity, sought an outlet for their Linnaean inclinations. The ratio of field notes to actual field may be higher in New York than anywhere else. Sanderson, anyway, began to notice things.
Sanderson has devised a systematic way of recording and representing an ecosystem. He calls it the Muir web, after John Muir, the pioneering American naturalist. In the Muir web, each species of plant or animal, and each characteristic of habitat, has a full set of needs and associations, which, taken together, form a tangle of connection and dependency. If you have a particular bird, it means that you'll have a particular tree bark, or nut, or bug, and so on. To evoke 1609 Manhattan, he throws out the non-native species—such as the cardinal, which didn't expand its range this far north until the twentieth century—and adds those he can fairly presume were here. He must catalogue the conditions under which, say, white pines exist—shallow, sandy, sterile soil—and make an educated guess as to where they may have been. He said, "I may be going out on a limb, but at least I'm trying to document whose limb I'm out on." By the time he's done, he expects to have four thousand elements in his Muir web. He then plugs them all into his customized modelling software, which places them on the map, as nature, or a creator, might have. The software mimics that of social-networking sites. His son, who is six years old, once asked him to explain it, and he said, "This program writes programs that tell the mapping program to make the maps that predict where all the species were."
Eighty per cent of the work is building the data sets. The glory part is turning that data into 3-D pictures. This is the bailiwick of Markley Boyer, adigital-photography entrepreneur who heard about the Mannahatta Project while working with the W.C.S. in Gabon, and volunteered to help. For example, using line drawings from books, and photographs of bark, seeds, and leaves, Boyer creates computer images of trees—several varieties of each species. "Then the software will start placing trees semi-intelligently," Sanderson said. He is predicting accuracy down to one block.
For every element of the Mannahatta project, Sanderson has consulted dozens of sources: "Catalogue of Plants Growing Spontaneously within Thirty Miles of the City of New York" (1817); "The Moss Flora of New York City and Vicinity" (1916); various soil guides, which describe much of the city's soil as "coarse anthropogenic material," also known as garbage. As far as phantom water is concerned, a favorite is James Reuel Smith's "Springs and Wells of Manhattan and the Bronx, New York City," which Smith researched, beginning in 1897, by riding a bicycle around town and taking photographs of springs and wells (an approach unavailable to him in the preparation of his "Springs and Wells in Greek and Roman Literature"). So far, the only funding Sanderson has received is thirty-five thousand dollars from the Hudson River Estuary Program, which is underwritten by New York's Department of Environmental Conservation, plus the book deal, which is from Harry N. Abrams. The president of the W.C.S., Steven Sanderson (no relation), has allowed him to devote a great portion of his time to Mannahatta. Steven Sanderson told me recently, with a note of admiration, if not quite impatience, "It will be wonderful, finally, to get all of this squeezed out of Eric's head into some available format."
"Show him your ephemeral creeks," Sanderson said to Amanda Huron, a City University graduate student, who was busy modelling tidal levels on a computer. As Sanderson and Boyer looked on, she pulled up a representation of the Collect Pond, the site of a Lenape settlement, and later of Five Points, an infamous slum, and now of Foley Square, home to several government buildings. The pond supplied the city with drinking water into the nineteenth century, until it was polluted by tanneries and slaughterhouses; it was then filled with dirt and garbage that settled and moldered and stank—which is one reason that the neighborhood built over it was a slum. Huron's diagram showed that a pair of streams pouring out of the Collect Pond, one heading east and the other west, joined tidal creeks that meandered, in turn, into the East and Hudson Rivers. At high tide, Sanderson thinks, the Lenape could paddle a canoe from one side of the island to the other. "It's like the L train," Boyer said.
According to the 1782 map, Manhattan had more than seventy miles of streams and at least twenty-one ponds. The longest stream was the Saw Kill; it flowed from present-day Central Park to what is now the Seventy-first Street exit off the F.D.R. Drive. The Great Kill went from Times Square to the Hudson, near the entrance to the Lincoln Tunnel. The soggy ground of the Lispenard Meadows, under what is now SoHo and the northern part of Tribeca, is responsible for the dearth of skyscrapers in that part of the city and the dip in the skyline between downtown and midtown. (It's no obstacle to today's engineers, who can reach the bedrock deep below the muck. Witness, if you must, the forty-six-story Trump SoHo hotel rising above Spring Street.) There was a pebbly brook on Maiden Lane, where the Dutch girls would do their washing. There are still stories of streams running through the kitchens of fancy restaurants or the basements of schools. Best known, perhaps, is Minetta Brook, a creek whose burbling waters supposedly surface, after storms, in the lobby of an apartment building on lower Fifth Avenue, into a bonglike contraption of clear tubing.
At Astor Place, a series of sand hills—zandbergen—supported pitch-pine and scrub-oak barrens, like those you see in southern New Jersey or eastern Long Island. The Upper West Side was a plateau of upland forest and meadow, abloom with asters (not Astors), cardinal flowers, monkey flowers, red columbine, and black snakeroot. For this reason, the Dutch called it Bloemendael, which became Bloomingdale, a name that stuck until the mid-nineteenth century. Broadway, parts of which were formerly Bloomingdale Road, had followed the course of an old Lenape trail up the spine of the island. The Lenape had likely followed the game; Broadway belonged to cougar and deer.
One day this summer, I met Sanderson and Boyer at the entrance to Inwood Hill Park, on Isham and Seaman Streets, near the northern tip of Manhattan, where the woods are as near as anything in town to an original state. (The term "original" is tricky, since twenty thousand years ago the island lay under a thirty-stories-deep sheet of ice.) Boyer said, "This is one of the few parts of Manhattan where you can get around successfully with a 1782 map." The idea was to start our field trip as far back in time as possible. The further uptown you go, the more traces you'll find of 1609, as if a multigenerational campaign to obliterate them lost steam as it advanced north. For this reason, Inwood is Sanderson's favorite part of Manhattan.
We walked along a glass-strewn stretch of uncut grass between some handball courts and a row of tenements trawling denim-strewn laundry lines. Well-trod paths cut through an adjoining thicket. Boyer said, "One thing we've found is that the places we like to go are places where gay cruisers like to go." Sanderson was wearing a panama hat and navy-colored bushwhacking clothes. Boyer, lean and bright-eyed, had on black jeans and a white shirt. They had a G.P.S. and an enlarged printout of a portion of the British Headquarters Map, on which they'd superimposed the street grid—an oddly thrilling document, as endlessly scrutinizable as the cover of "Led Zeppelin IV."
Sanderson's hybrid map indicated that there had been a creek a few blocks south. We hopped down off the grass onto a sidewalk, and then over an old stone wall and into the woods. There were wild raspberries, and empty Bacardi bottles, and a sign saying, "Do Not Feed Pigeons." We came into a slight clearing and an almost imperceptible depression in the earth, which Boyer and Sanderson thought could be a sign of the stream. From the phantom creek bed, we headed north along a path of crumbling asphalt, which seemed to follow the course of an old road on the map. Up here, there were giant, healthy oaks. "We think that this is more or less what it looked like," Boyer said. A parks-department employee sped by in a golf cart; we passed a leopard-skin umbrella and a guy (my guess was Senegalese) in a Che Guevara T-shirt talking on his cell phone. From a promontory, we followed the path down into a gulch and the oaks gave way to immense tulip poplars, many of them as old as the British Headquarters Map. "There were Lenape living in here," Sanderson said. He pointed to some caves on a talus slope, which were largely sealed off about seventy years ago. "The ridge gave them protection against the prevailing winter winds," he said. We came out of the woods at the spot where, as a plaque explained, Peter Minuit supposedly bought Manhattan from the Lenape for trinkets worth sixty guilders. Acres of landfill now separated it from the waters of Spuyten Duyvil. A pair of tourists were standing there, trying to make sense of their map. They looked at ours and said, "You guys have a good map."
"Ours is a little old," Boyer said.
We made our way back to where Boyer had parked his Subaru, which had a Segway in the back. We took Dyckman Street to the Harlem River Drive and drove down to East 106th Street, where another F.D.R. exit follows the course of a vanished tidal creek. This one, called Pension's Creek, ran west from the East River all the way past Fifth Avenue to the current shore of the Harlem Meer, in Central Park, before turning north. The island had been nearly bisected here by water. Harlem was, first and foremost, defined by this creek. (It is odd, in this sense, that Ninety-sixth Street, and not 106th, became the de-facto boundary between East Harlem and the Upper East Side.) The Dutch called the south bank Otterspoor, owing to a preponderance of river otters. On the British Headquarters Map, a thin strip of dry land between Pension's Creek and a rocky hill, in what is now the Park, was called McGowan's Pass, in honor of the family that owned a nearby tavern. It's the Karbala Gap of the Upper East Side. Washington shot through the pass prior to the Battle of Harlem, and during the War of 1812 the locals built a fort there as a defense against the British, who had attacked Connecticut.
Nowadays, McGowan's Pass is defended by Knish Nosh, a snack bar next to the Conservatory Garden. On the day we visited, it was manned by a young Russian who claimed to have pumpkin bagels (he meant muffins). The patrons, that morning, consisted of a group of summer campers engaged in a scavenger hunt, and a fleet of hospital patients in wheelchairs, attended by a few nurses. A man drifted by on a bicycle, with "Brick House" playing from a boom box. As tempting as it was to rue the absence of otters, egrets, and acres upon acres of spartina grass waving in the breeze, there was something beguiling about this assemblage in the Park on a summer weekday morning.
We climbed up onto the hill over the pass, and looked north and east out over the barrio. In place of the brownstones and bodegas, there would have been a vast grassy plain. There would have been heath hen, now extinct. The ground was flatter than in most of Manhattan, because the rock there is marble (called Inwood marble), rather than the schist that undergirds, and occasionally juts out of, the soil in most of Manhattan; it is softer, and so it had been ground down by the ice during the last ice age. The Lenape had probably burned the plain every ten years or so, to keep it clear, for better farming and hunting.
As for the Harlem Meer, directly below us, it is, like most of the waterways of Central Park, man-made. "I was talking to a palynologist," Sanderson said. "I was thinking that maybe we could get some salt-marsh core samples from beneath the Meer. But it turns out it's lined with cement."
Later, we drove down Fifth Avenue, along the edge of what used to be hilly, boggy wilderness, the intransigence of which helped preserve it long enough for it to be viable as a park (although it gave the Park's landscapers fits). Likewise, the other parks, to the north—such as Morningside, Fort Tryon, and Mount Morris—are on land too steep and rocky to be easily developed. We emerged into the blinding mayhem of midtown, parked in a garage on West Forty-eighth Street, and walked down a block to the Diamond District, into what was once a pond-pocked hemlock forest. Five blocks to our south, on the ridge of Murray Hill, there had been stands of white pine, ten to fifteen stories tall—which, ideal for ships' masts, were doomed, well before any Coliseum Books could sprout up, and then close, in their place. Looking down Sixth Avenue, Sanderson gestured toward the herds of pedestrians stretching away from us and said, "You see all those heads, and you think that the six hundred Lenape who used to live on Manhattan could have fit on that one block."
We stood on the north side of Forty-seventh, looking across the street at the row of jewelry shops—the Futurama Diamond Exchange—and tried to picture a cool, shady forest. The citizens of the world streamed past, intent on making deals. A Chinese-restaurant deliveryman asked us to move so that he could unlock his bike. Boyer had his G.P.S. out. We were searching for the site of an ancient pond, which they had seen on the 1782 map. Gradually, we closed in on it. "Right here," Boyer said. The pond's shore stretched from David S. Diamonds to the National Jewelry Exchange. It occurred to me that the stall where I'd purchased an engagement ring ten years earlier was right on top of it. We decided to stop by. The dealer, recognizing me, said, "What are you doing here?" We tried to explain. He said that he knew nothing about any pond and then gave us a look suggesting we'd better just move along. ♦


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I suggest, that every member of AN, who is single and looking, should indicate this in the profile and encourage others to initiate contact.
Lonely people, who hide their search, have not much chance to be contacted.
Views: 408
Eh, I'm not really here to meet women. Not that I don't want to, but I have other aliases fer that
Heh heh heh. Why no, your phrasing doesn't sound at all sketchy, Orson.
I have no picture, because I refuse to be either selected or rejected by a picture. I am here on AN hoping to find a mindmate who is attracted to between other things my being an atheist. I dislike men, who drool over women's bodies and women's pictures. I send a picture, when I perceive myself as respected as a person.
How's that working for you?
ROTFLMFAO unless your being sincere instead of sarcastic then just ignore the rotflmfao
I feel the same way because we are a shallow species so we choose with our eyes instead of getting to know someone.
Kelly, that's not fair. Not everyone is photogenic - I know I'm not. And I've found that putting a picture on your profile pretty much guarantees that 90% of the populace will never read it.
Kelly, pictures can be exchanged without posting them here.
Thanks for the advice. It just didn't occur to me to state I was single and looking. Not being sarcastic here.
To be even somewhat effective as a dating site this site would have to have some searchable fields e.g. Likes/Dislikes, Has kids/Wants kids, geographic region. Hmmmm, what else??? Oh, yeah Male/Female looking for Male/Female (that one would be seem important). I'm guessing the Atheist population isn't big enough to justify an Atheist Mingle site like the ChristianMingle site, which occasionally advertises in header banner at the top of the page for some inexplicable reason.
I strongly disagree. If there is an additional field for being either partnered or single and looking, and if the member search allows this to be searchable and the age group, this would be sufficient.
It is the single and searching person's job to indicate as much of what is important in their profile. Single and looking is the one principally significant information. I do not suggest to convert AN into an imitation of a dating site, only to facilitate matchmaking as a side effect.
Hello, yes the cards are stacked against you if you an Atheist? Even if you put you are an Atheist on say Match.com you will still get emails of persons who are your match even though they are Christian or Catholic. Crazy.......
So- Any single MI males who are Atheist and over 42+ who love not only science, books, art, music, museums, & geek stuff, but also outdoors, animals, sports, summer and the water and have a truck that can pull a boat?
I have the boat, need the friend with the hitch and love of summer time fun......... :0
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text:
Finance & Development, December, 1998
- Fund-Supported Adjustment Programs and the Poor: The poor can and should be protected
- Stabilization Policies and Income Distribution in the Philippines: The incidence of adjustment over 1980–86
- The IMF's Compensatory and Contingency Financing Facility: Helping adjusting countries weather adverse external shocks
- World Bank Experience with Rural Development: A long-term evaluation highlights strengths and weaknesses
- Issues in Coordination of Fiscal Policies: On the road to effective global demand management
- Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship in Africa: A liberal economic climate will help promote small businesses
- Special Section on: IFC Promoting Private Sector Development
- Financial Reform in Indonesia: Improving the effectiveness of the monetary control system
- Reform and Growth in China: New challenges for policymakers in the wake of earlier successes
- Agricultural Trade and Protection in Asia: Identifying hurdles to intra-regional trade
- Export Credit and Insurance for Export Promotion: Do they really work?
- BOOKS in brief
Agricultural Trade and Protection in Asia: Identifying hurdles to intra-regional trade
- International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
- Published Date:
- December 1988
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Now is the time to think about all those new garden beds you want to add. Here is a step-by-step primer on how to construct a raised bed the right way — from the ground up.
The simple, cruel fact of ornamental gardening is that even when we do every other facet right, failure is all too common if our soil is bad. Improving our soil from the very start is an absolute must — especially when starting a new bed.
Fortunately, if you follow the basics, creating a well-made raised bed is fairly easy. A one-time tilling will break up compacted soil and the incorporation of organic matter into your soil at the same time will provide an important component of long-term good soil structure: beneficial microbial life.
Your choice of amendments (based on the type of soil you have) is very important. For topsoil, choose soil similar to your own. Got clay? Buy a clay-based soil. Despite oft-repeated bad advice, do not add sand or gravel to "improve" drainage in clay soils! Some suppliers will make a custom mix of amendments. My default mix is three parts ordinary shredded topsoil, one part mushroom compost and one part pine fines. If the soil is particularly devoid of nutrients or for heavy feeding plants, I'll sometimes go with more compost. For plants that need lean conditions, I'll use less. Soil tests are a good idea and can address specific needs. You can also ask your county extension agents specific questions pertaining to soil test results.
The ideal is for your finished garden soil to mimic a good natural soil. From the subsoil to the surface, there should be a gradual increase in organic matter. You do not want a really great soil lying on top of a poor one. This creates an interface, which adversely affects the movement of water through the soil. There must be a seamless transition.
By creating above-grade beds of rich soil, you develop a site that accepts and holds moisture, drains nicely and is nutrient rich — that proverbial "rich, moist, well-drained soil" all the gardening books love so much.
Step 1
After marking a rough border for your new bed with paint or chalk, spray the existing turf or vegetation with a glyphosate-based, non-selective weed killer. Wait a week or more for the vegetation to die.
Step 2
Once the vegetation is dead or dying, till the bed as deeply as possible. Be sure to till only when the soil is dry enough to crumble into small, powdery fragments. Never till if the soil is sticky or clumping.
Step 3
Spread 2 to 3 inches of topsoil mixed with your amendments of choice over the bed. For this first round, you can be a bit stingy with the organic matter.
Step 4
If possible, avoid walking on the bed as you fully incorporate your soil mix with the existing soil by tilling. A good thorough tilling of old soil with new will prevent the creation of an interface, which can interfere with water movement in the soil.
Step 5
Repeat steps three and four until you reach the desired depth. As you add materials and your bed becomes deeper, you can gradually increase the ratio of amendments to soil. Ideally, the soil of a general purpose ornamental garden bed consists of about 7 percent organic matter. If you have more than 10 percent organic matter, you can start to have issues.
Step 6
After giving your bed a nice clean edge, give it a final grading.
Step 7
You're ready to plant! Use boards to distribute your weight across a wider area while planting so you don't compact your newly created loose, friable soil.
Step 8
Mulch with 2 to 3 inches of hardwood mulch, pine bark or pine straw.
Step 9
Water the entire bed thoroughly. The soil will settle some, but you will find that your raised bed of rich soil will hold moisture nicely, drain well, retain good soil structure and successfully host a wide variety of plants for many years to come.
(Photos courtesy of Scott Beuerlein.)


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BALTIMORE – UMBC volleyball seniors Hallie Carter (Huntington Beach, Calif./Edison), Robbin Lee (Olney, Md./Sherwood), andMallory McIntyre (Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada/St. Mary's Academy) have been selected as the team's captain for the 2013 season, head coach Ian Blanchard announced on Wednesday afternoon.
During their first three years in Baltimore, Carter, Lee, and McIntyre have helped the Retrievers earn a 21-15 record (.583) in America East play while earning a trip to the conference championships each season.
"Each one of these athletes brings a set of unique strengths and characteristics to the leadership role," said head coach Ian Blanchard. "The main role of the captain is to provide the coaches honest and open feedback regarding the pulse of the team and its chemistry, and I don't know if I could find three more capable people."
"Hallie, Robbin, and Mal are a special trio who helped build tremendous team chemistry during the spring and I think they'll fill the leadership void very well."
Carter, a versatile all-court player from Southern California, will lead the Retrievers as a captain for the second straight season. Last year, alongside two seniors, Carter helped UMBC achieve its best record in conference play (8-4) since joining the America East in 2003. Despite a decrease in offensive swings, Carter was a steadying influence for the Black and Gold, playing in all 115 sets and topping the 250-dig mark for the third consecutive season. This year she will look to become just the 11th Retriever in program history to top the 1,000 career dig mark, needing just 62 to do so.
"Hallie is an extremely thorough thinker who takes time with her responses," Blanchard said. "She is considerate and will become a great coach one day."
After a breakout season in 2012 as the Retrievers' top setter, McIntyre will be called upon as a captain as a senior. Despite missing time during non-conference play, the Winnipeg, Manitoba native finished the season with 724 assists and led the league with a 9.78 assists per set average. For her performance she was named the America East Co-Setter of the Year while also garnering a spot on the All-Conference First Team.
"Mal and I have shared some intense conversations in the past few years and she has always confronted the issues head on and never backed down," Blanchard said of his setter. "There is no one for whom I have more respect and admiration than Mallory and her work ethic."
A three-year letter-winner for the Retrievers, Lee assumes a leadership role entering her senior season after a career-breaking junior campaign. The defensive specialist from Olney, Md. played in 18 of UMBC's 30 contests in 2012, leading the squad with a 0.25 service acres per set average and setting career highs in service aces and digs.
"Robbin has the ability to connect with both the coaches and all of her teammates, but is willing to forsake friendship in the light of leadership and do what is beneficial for the team," Blanchard stated.
UMBC opens its 2013 season on Friday, Aug. 30 at the GW/Nike Invitational against SEC foe Ole Miss. The Retrievers then play tournament host George Washington on Saturday morning and finish the weekend against in-state rival Maryland. UMBC's home opening tilt at the RAC Arena is set for Wednesday, Sept. 4 versus George Mason.


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See the GIS Certification Institute website to learn more about the GIS Professional certification.
The New England Chapter of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (NEURISA) is the professional association of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) practitioners in New England. NEURISA is a nonprofit 501(c)6 organization whose mission is to advance the effective and appropriate use of GIS and related information technologies to solve challenges throughout the region.


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The third issue of Evolution: Education and Outreach -- the new journal aspiring to promote accurate understanding and comprehensive teaching of evolutionary theory for a wide audience -- is now available on-line. Featured are original scientific articles on such topics as co-option, evolutionary trends, and speciation and bursts of evolution; curriculum/education articles considering linguistic evolution and the importance of understanding the nature of science for accepting evolution, reports on evolution education in Greece and Chile; Gordy Slack's discussion of Answers in Genesis's "museum" on the anniversary of its opening -- "Anyone hoping to understand the majority of Americans who reject evolution for a Biblical view should take a hard look at this place," he comments -- and reviews of a number of books, including Donald Prothero's Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why it Matters.
Also included is the third installment of NCSE's regular column for Evolution: Education and Outreach, Overcoming Obstacles to Evolution Education. In "'Theory' in Theory and Practice," NCSE's Glenn Branch and Louise S. Mead write, "A central obstacle to accepting evolution, both among students and the general public, is the idea that evolution is 'just a theory,' where 'theory' is understood in a pejorative sense as something conjectural or speculative. Although scientists and textbooks constantly explain that the scientific use of 'theory' is quite different, the pejorative use continues to cause confusion, in part because of its deep roots in a popular, Baconian, understanding of science. A constructivist approach, whereby students are helped to examine the adequacy of their preconceptions about 'theory' for themselves and to revise or replace them appropriately, is recommended."


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Barbie Valentine Blancmange
Barbie loves cooking. She is an expert in cooking, very creative and very much famous in the city.Desserts Games
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|How to play :
Barbie loves cooking. She is an expert in cooking, very creative and very much famous in the city. As a request from her fans. She will be sharing her great recipe with one lucky person which is you and todays recipe is Valentine Blancmange. Come and join Barbie Cooking classes and learn how to cook a very tasty and easy Valentine Blancmange.Follow Barbies instructions and learn to cook one of the delicious dish ever.
Use the mouse to play this game. Enjoy!
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|Barbie, Barbie cooking
Barbie loves cooking. She is an expert in cooking, very creative and very much famous in the city.Desserts Games
A doughnut or donut is a popular dessert and breakfast food in North America and around the world and prepared in various forms.The two most common types are the toroidal ring donuts and the filled donuts.Desserts Games
Love chocolate? Of course you do! Who wouldn't? Design each box of chocolate exactly how you like it or how the person you'll give the chocolate to! Nothing says I love you like a personalized, customized box of chocolate! Put your own personal spin on each box, so they know you love them as much as you love chocolate!.Desserts Games
Peach Cobbler is an authentic taste offered to your table by fantastic chef. Check this out unique recipe with the chefs tutorials and impress your friends and family! .Desserts Games
This is the perfect dessert for summer time. Make the cookie crust, then make the filling by mixing apricots and honey, and layer it all with ice cream to make a perfect delicious treat.Desserts Games
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Allergic reactions in children can be manifested in many different ways. In their mildest form, they can cause a runny nose or a dry itchy patch on the skin. In their most severe form, they can cause catastrophic swelling of the airways and/or shock, which can be fatal. Here is an overview of childhood allergies.
What are allergies?
Allergies arise from an abnormal immune response to an allergen, which could be a food, an environmental material or a drug. Normal immune responses are beneficial because they are directed against disease-causing targets such as bacteria and viruses. The immune response in allergy is not beneficial to the child. Instead of providing protection, it actually causes illness and problems. The normal immune globulins that are produced in response to infection are Immune Globulins IgG (also known as gamma globulin) and IgA. Each globulin is directed against specific targets. For example, anti-measles IgG protects against measles.
For some reason, some people are abnormally sensitive and they produce an unwanted Immune globulin, called IgE when exposed to certain allergenic substances. These unwanted globulins cause reactions. For example, anti egg white IgE causes a reaction when egg whites are eaten or touched. If only small amounts of IgE are produced, the reactions are likely to be mild. If very large amounts of IgE are produced, the reactions can be very severe, even life-threatening.
What problems can allergies cause?
Here is a list of conditions that can be caused by allergies.
Hives—also known as urticaria. This is an itchy, blotchy skin reaction. The bumps are irregular in shape and are pink and white. About 25% of hives are caused by an allergy. The rest are caused by viruses and other conditions.
Eczema—This itchy, irritated skin rash is often caused by food allergy.
Allergic Rhinitis—Sneezing, itchy, watery, runny nose, nasal congestion, are common symptoms of allergic rhinitis. This problem is usually caused by allergens in the air, such as pollens, mold, and dust. What time of year is the worst? Outdoor allergies are seasonal. The spring allergy season (mistakenly called Rose Fever) is caused by molds, tree and grass pollens. The late summer and fall allergy season (mistakenly called Hay Fever) is caused by ragweed pollen and mold. The indoor allergies to dust and dust mites, cockroach, and mold occur year-round (these are correctly called Perennial Rhinitis).
Allergic conjunctivitis—The allergen causes red, itchy, watery eyes with swollen eyelids.
Allergic cough—This cough originates from an irritated throat during allergy exposure.
Asthma or hyperreactive airway disease—In this condition, the allergen causes congestion excess mucus production, and swelling of the lining of the bronchial tubes, while also causing spasm of the muscles around the bronchi. This combination of reactions results in cough and difficulty breathing. Asthma, which can be mild or severe, requires long term medical management to prevent complications.
Otitis Media—Ear infections—Some children with chronic ear problems are allergic to foods in their diet which cause dysfunction of the Eustachian tubes, leading to ear fluid and infections.
Seasonal irritability—Some young children will be abnormally irritable during allergy seasons, even before the other symptoms develop. This is usually noted in highly allergic families. Treatment with antihistamines can restore the child to his usual happy temperament.
Anaphylaxis—This is a systemic reaction to an allergen which can be life-threatening. See below for a detailed discussion of this condition.
What is an allergic reaction?
When an allergen (an allergy-inducing substance) is encountered by a sensitized person, two types of inflammatory cells are activated, mast cell and basophils. These cells release a cascade of substances including histamine. Histamine causes trouble in many different areas of the body. In the skin, it causes hives, itching, and dryness, as well as weeping open blisters such as poison ivy rashes. In the nose, it causes watery discharge, sneezing, and congestion. In the mouth, it can cause swelling of the lips, tongue, and throat. In the airway, it can cause swelling and spasm of the bronchial tree, known as asthma. In the gastrointestinal tract, it can cause vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, or obstruction. In the cardiovascular system, it can cause severe loss of blood pressure known as shock.
Why are some people allergic while others are not allergic at all?
There is probably a genetic predisposition to developing allergies since some families are more allergic than others. There are also environmental factors that make people become allergic more easily. If an allergen is in the environment, the specific allergy can be more common. For example, farm children are more likely to be allergic to chicken feathers.
Which foods and drugs are the most allergenic?
In children, the most commonly eaten protein-containing foods are the most common allergens. These are milk, soy, egg, fish, peanuts, tree nuts, and wheat. Obviously, these nourishing foods cannot be avoided. When a food allergy is acute, like hives, the foods that were eaten right before the reaction are the ones to suspect. When the reaction is chronic, like runny nose, cough, chronic ear problems or eczema, the everyday foods, like milk and soy in formula-fed babies, are the ones to investigate. A doctor should be consulted to help find out what food is causing the problem.
The drugs that most commonly cause reactions are penicillin products (including Amoxil), sulfa medications and cephalosporins (particularly Ceclor), aspirin and ibuprofen. When drug allergy is suspected, the drug should be discontinued immediately.
Are allergies lifelong?
No. Most food allergies are outgrown within a few months of stopping the exposure. Even severe allergies can disappear over time. If the reactions are not severe or life-threatening, we usually try the food again in about six months and see if it is tolerated. Severe allergies should be managed by an allergist and food "challenges" should be done under controlled circumstances, in a hospital or doctor's office that is specially equipped. Some allergies, such as peanut, can be persistent, but not in every case.
How are allergic reactions prevented?
The issue of when to allow a baby to start eating allergenic foods is controversial. In Israel, where Bamba, a peanut-flavored treat, is often given to babies, peanut allergies are very rare. In America, where most children do not eat peanut butter before 9 months of age, peanut allergy is common. The allergists are working on a reasonable plan. It may be rational to start eggs and milk products at an earlier age than was traditionally thought. Probiotics, such as Culturelle and acidophilus, have been shown to prevent the development of food allergies when given regularly.
The most effective prevention for a food allergy reaction is the avoidance of the offending food once it has been identified. This allows the IgE level for this food to decrease. Since even small exposures can stimulate IgE response, it is best to completely avoid the allergy food for a few months. For environmental allergens, such as pollens, the preventive approach is geared to minimizing exposure by having the child sleep in a dust-free room with an air purifier. During allergy seasons, it is a good idea to have the child take a shower, wash his hair and change clothes when he comes inside on a bad allergy day. This eliminates the pollen he has brought home with him.
Sometimes, the medication must be administered continuously during allergy seasons, to prevent symptoms or keep them under control.
For persistent and severe environmental allergies, including severe bee sting allergy, desensitizing allergy shots, which can be given over a period of months and years, can ameliorate the problem.
What is allergy testing?
RAST testing, which measures specific IgE levels for each suspected allergen, is done by simply drawing blood and sending it to a reliable lab. This is not very accurate if it does not show positive results in young children since it takes until at least one year of age to get the IgE level high enough to measure. It is very helpful if the levels are high.
Skin testing can be done by scratch testing or intradermal testing. It is done in a physician's office.
Elimination diets are useful in young children. The foods that are suspected are eliminated until the symptoms subside and then reintroduced gradually to determine which one was the cause of the symptoms.
Kinesiology and another alternative medicine testing. These procedures are not known to be based on any scientific principle. The testing is probably a sham. Their providers usually advise the elimination of foods that are commonly known to be allergens.
Contact sensitivity testing. This type of test is usually done with a patch. It is used to determine which substance, such as latex, causes local symptoms when it comes in contact with skin. This is done in a physician's office.
How are allergic reactions treated?
Here is a list of types of medications that are useful in treating allergy symptoms.
Antihistamines. These are drugs that block the effects of histamine. The older antihistamines, such as Benedryl, Atarax, and Chlortrimaton, are stronger but they have several drawbacks. They only last about 6 hours. They can cause drowsiness, poor school performance and dizziness. The newer antihistamines, like Claritin, Zyrtec, Allegra, and their generics, are long-acting and less likely to have drowsy side effects. These medications are not as powerful as the older ones. There is one antihistamine which is used in eye drops and nasal spray and has little absorption. This drug, Astelin, leaves a funny taste in the mouth after use, but it is very effective in controlling nasal symptoms. There are several antihistamine eye drops which control the symptoms of eye allergy.
Steroids. The strongest anti-allergy drug is actually cortisone. Since oral cortisone, if used for a long time, has serious systemic side effects, its use must be limited. Very high doses can be given over short periods of time to treat serious allergic problems, such as acute asthma, without serious side effects. Lately, newer forms of cortisone, such as Budesimide and Fluticasone (Flonase), have been invented. These are sprayed into the nose or inhaled into the airway and they have a beneficial, long-lasting local effect on these areas with very little chance of systemic effects. Cortisone creams in varying strength are used for all types of allergic skin rashes except hives.
Leukotriene inhibitors. Singulair, the only leukotriene inhibitor approved for babies and children, is a new type of drug that is effective in allergy. It works through a different mechanism than antihistamines. Instead of blocking histamine, it prevents the release of histamine. This medication has almost no side effects. It tastes delicious and is only given once a day. It does not work during an allergy episode. Singulair works by preventing. It must be taken over the entire allergy season to be effective. It is recommended for long-term use in children with recurrent wheezing, and also for seasonal nasal allergies.
What is Anaphylaxis?
Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can develop very suddenly and affect every system in the body. Anaphylaxis is life-threatening. It can be caused by foods, drugs, and some insect stings. Itching all over the body, hives, swelling of the tongue and throat, wheezing, feeling faint, and feeling a sense of impending doom, are all symptoms. Whenever the reaction seems to be inside the body and not just on the skin, anaphylaxis is suspected.
Anaphylaxis can cause death if it is not treated immediately. If a person of any age is having an anaphylactic reaction, he should be given three medications immediately: 1) an Epipen injection followed by oral doses of 2) Benedryl and 3) cortisone, as quickly as possible and rushed to the emergency room. There is no time to wait and see how bad it will get. It is only safe to do everything immediately, while you get him to an emergency room, in case there is a threat to his life.
Epipens are auto-injectors of epinephrine that are preloaded and easily used. Epinephrine works almost instantly when it is injected into the skin anywhere on the body. Since no needle is visible, it is not scary to administer. If a child has experienced an anaphylactic reaction, the home, the car, and the school should all be supplied with Epipen juniors. Someone in each place should be trained in giving the EpiPen. It is not very painful at all—just a little prick. Older children and adults can easily learn to administer the EpiPen to themselves. There is no reason to worry about giving it by mistake. The effect is not dangerous and it can be lifesaving. Epipens should be replaced every year since they expire.
One of the hardest things to comprehend about anaphylaxis is just how sensitive a child can be to the allergen. A highly sensitive child can anaphylaxis from just smelling the food. As a camp doctor, I treated a fish allergic child who anaphylaxis while passing the plate of fish at the table. I have treated an egg-allergic child who collapsed seconds after a drop of cake batter from the mixer splattered on his neck. I have treated a peanut-allergic child who collapsed from picking up an empty wrapper from a peanut chew.
Peanut allergies can be among the most severe in children. Since the highly allergic child is really in danger from even traces of peanut in the environment, it is advised that his school be peanut-free. If there is no tree nut allergy accompanying the peanut allergy, almond butter or cashew butter or pea butter are safe substitutes for peanut butter. Snacks and foods brought in from home should be carefully screened.
Although food allergies are quite common, there are many children who are thought to be allergic who really are not. This mistaken perception by some parents has led to the elimination of valuable nutrients from the child's diet. If your child has a suspected food allergy, talk to his physician about it. It may be permissible to continue giving the suspected food. Milk, eggs, nuts, and fish are all nutritious components of the child's diet.
The extreme anxiety experienced by parents of severely allergic parents cannot be underestimated. They need a lot of support from family and friends to cope with the tensions created by the fear of anaphylactic reactions. Support groups have been created to network families with severely allergic children.
Allergies are mostly just inconveniences, and even in their most severe form, the reactions can be managed so that the child can lead a normal life. A health "para" in school is often needed to ensure that the severely allergic, anaphylactic toddler does not come into contact with the allergenic foods. The para is also trained to administer the EpiPen, Benedryl, and cortisone should a reaction occur. Fortunately, most infantile and childhood allergies lessen with time. If everyone does their share in protecting the severely allergic children in their neighborhood or society, both the children and the community will benefit from the consideration.
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Bull: Will the real Thomas More please stand up
I usually ignore Mr. Liddick's column. But, when an incorrect assertion of history (my passion) is used as a metaphor in polemic regarding civil unions incorporated with a personal attack, it bothers me. Mr. Liddick refers to Sir Thomas Moore (sic). The person Mr. Liddick is referencing was knighted Sir Thomas More. Mr. Thomas "Moore" was an Irish poet born 250 years later. Sir Thomas More was hardly a saint in his own time – it took 500 years to figure his sainthood out by Pope Pius XI in the 1935 but this small fact was left out of Mr. Liddick's rant. As Chancellor of England, More had a legal and moral duty to dispense justice. It is written that he participated passively, if not actively, in causing the burning of Protestants at the stake; the burning and banning of Lutheran holy books; and in directing vulgar and potty mouth-written insults at Martin Luther, personally and at his doctrines. He vigorously opposed the Protestant Reformation, he opposed King Henry VIII his king, he insulted Queen Anne Boleyn, he cajoled the then Roman Catholic Pope against the English king his employer, stood four-square for the one-and-only church, the Roman Catholic Church and against the right to practice other religious faiths of the day. I do agree he does appear to be a good metaphor for Mr. Liddick's world view wherein the civil union discussion may be the synonym of the Protestant Reformation and Mr. Liddick's written insults seem to be out of the potty mouth of Sir Thomas More. More, by the way, lost his head physically. Luckily Mr. Liddick's loss is only a figurative loss. Better homework for your next polemic, Mr. Liddick.
Jim Bull, Frisco
Start a dialogue, stay on topic and be civil.
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Feel free to add to the list and let's see what it looks like.
Some I recall are;
Rin Tin Tin
Sky King
Sea Hunt
The Beverly Hillbillies, and Green Acres
Have Gun Will Travel
Wild Wild West
Hart To Hart
Andy Griffith... especially the episode where Aunt Bee was mad that she had to pay $4 to have a fuse changed.
Bonanza......and the first time in COLOR,The Little Rascals and the episode when they built the fire engine and cut the wall out to get it out....and the final ride down that hill!
"when in doubt...jump it out" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1qEZHhJubY
Combat is back on cable on Goodlife network. Vic Morrow and his Thompson submachine gun. How about the Rat Patrol?
eventu rerum stolidi didicere magistro
Dukes of Hazard
Beverly Hillbillies
Bradey Bunch
Hire Me....
I'm going to show my age here...lol
Amos and Andy
The Life Of Riley
Superman (black & white)
Sky King
Roy Rogers & Dale Evans
Lash Larue <sp>
A funny story I must tell...My brother in law, a GI in germany took me to an american movie house on base, I couldnt understand english at all, and about drove him crazy asking him what was going on..
Sometime in the early sixties I was sitting watching a movie on television. I kept thinking there was something very odd, like a feeling of dejavu. I suddenly realized that it was the very same movie I watched in germany. It was the weirdest feeling to see a rerun of a movie, but for the first time understanding the words and the blot.
The movie was, The House On The Hounted Hill, with Vincent Price.
Bonanza especially episodes with Hoss as the comedic foil.
Combat now on DVD Wanted Dead or Alive also on DVD.
Here come the Brides, kolchax the Night Stalker, Hot L Baltimore, It Takes A Theif (Fred Astaire and Robert Wagner) and there was a show like Combat called something Guerrilas. Does anyone remember Red Ball Express or the one with the little fat mayor of a small southern town had Victor French in it.
Speed Racer
The mod squad
Hawaii 5-0
Room 222
Wild Wild West
Love American Style
Petticoat Junction
Plus many more,
Dragnet TheFigative TwilightZone Outer Limits
Be safe not fast. body parts don't grow back
Happy Days
Mr. Ed
Romper Room
Originally posted by selfemployed
Dragnet The Figative Twilight Zone Amos and Andy
The fugutive, great show forgot about that one.
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