text:
Frequent Links
Amazon Kindle
|File:Amazon Kindle logo.svg
File:Amazon Kindle 3.JPG
Kindle Keyboard
|Product family
|E-book reader
|Release date
|November 19, 2007
|Introductory price
|Operating system
Linux 2.6.26 -> 3.0.35
Original: Marvell Xscale PXA255 400 MHz, ARMv5
Original: 64 MB
Internal flash memory (available total/user)
Electronic paper
|Selected models
|Controller input
D-pad and keyboard (selected models)
Touchscreen (selected models)
Original: 1,530 mAh, 3.7 V
|Related articles
|Amazon Kindle
|Amazon Kindle models
|E Ink devices
|Android devices
The Amazon Kindle is a series of e-book readers designed and marketed by Amazon.com. Amazon Kindle devices enable users to shop for, download, browse, and read e-books, newspapers, magazines and other digital media via wireless networking.[2] The hardware platform, developed by Amazon.com subsidiary Lab126, began as a single device and now comprises a range of devices, including e-readers with E Ink electronic paper displays, and Android-based tablets with color LCD screens. As of February 2015, there are over 3.2 million e-books available in the Kindle Store.[3]
- 1 Naming and evolution
- 2 Devices
- 2.1 E Ink versions
- 2.1.1 First generation
- 2.1.2 Second generation
- 2.1.3 Third generation
- 2.1.4 Fourth generation
- 2.1.5 Fifth generation
- 2.1.6 Sixth generation
- 2.1.7 Seventh generation
- 2.2 LCD versions
- 2.1 E Ink versions
- 3 Kindle applications
- 4 Kindle sales
- 5 Document availability
- 6 Features
- 7 Kindle Development Kit (KDK) and active content
- 8 Kindle Direct Publishing
- 9 Kindle Publishing for Blogs
- 10 Kindle Aftermarket
- 11 Criticism
- 12 See also
- 13 References
- 14 External links
Naming and evolution
The Kindle name was devised by branding consultants Michael Cronan and Karin Hibma. Lab 126 tasked them to name the product, so Cronan and Hibma suggested Kindle, meaning to light a fire.[4] They felt this was an apt metaphor for reading and intellectual excitement.[5]
Kindle hardware has evolved from the original Kindle introduced in 2007 and the Kindle DX (with its larger screen) introduced in 2009. The range includes devices with a keyboard (Kindle Keyboard), devices with touch-sensitive high contrast screens (Kindle Paperwhite), a tablet with a Kindle app (Kindle Fire), and a low-priced model with touch-sensitive screen (Kindle).
Amazon has also introduced Kindle software for use on various devices and platforms, including Microsoft Windows, iOS, BlackBerry, Mac OS X (10.5 or later, Intel processor only), Android, webOS and Windows Phone.[6] Amazon also has a "cloud" reader to allow users to read and purchase Kindle books from a web browser.
Content for the Kindle can be purchased online and downloaded wirelessly in some countries, using either standard Wi-Fi or Amazon's 3G "Whispernet" network.[7] Whispernet is accessible without any monthly fee or wireless subscription,[8] although fees can be incurred for the delivery of periodicals and other content when roaming internationally beyond the customer's home country. Through a service called "Whispersync," customers can synchronize reading progress, bookmarks, and other information across Kindle hardware and other mobile devices.[9][10]
In the last three months of 2010, Amazon announced that in the United States, their e-book sales had surpassed sales of paperback books for the first time.[11]
E Ink versions
First generation
Amazon released the Kindle, the first generation Kindle device[12] on November 19, 2007, for US$399. It sold out in five and a half hours.[13] The device remained out of stock for five months until late April 2008.[14]
It is the only Kindle with expandable storage, via an SD card slot.
The device features a 6 inches (diagonal) 4-level grayscale display, with 250 MB of internal storage, which can hold approximately 200 non-illustrated titles.[15] It also has a speaker and headphone jack that allows the user to access audio files on Kindle.[12]
The device's Whispernet feature was co-designed with Qualcomm, and Kindle was the first device to include free nationwide 3G access to download ebooks from Amazon's Kindle Store. Amazon did not sell the first-generation Kindle outside the United States.[15]
Second generation
Kindle 2
On February 10, 2009, Amazon announced the Kindle 2.[16] It became available for purchase on February 23, 2009. The Kindle 2 features a text-to-speech option to read the text aloud, and 2 GB of internal memory of which 1.4 GB is user-accessible. By Amazon's estimates, the Kindle 2 can hold about 1,500 non-illustrated books. Unlike the first-generation Kindle, Kindle 2 does not have a slot for SD memory cards.[17] It was slimmer than the original Kindle.[18][19][20]
To promote the new Kindle, author Stephen King made UR, his then-new novella, available exclusively through the Kindle Store.[21]
According to an early review by iFixIt, the Kindle 2 features a Freescale 532 MHz, ARM-11 90 nm processor, 32 MB main memory, 2 GB moviNAND flash memory and a 3.7 V 1,530 mAh lithium polymer battery.[22]
On July 8, 2009, Amazon reduced price of the Kindle 2 from the original $359 to $299. On October 7, 2009, Amazon further reduced the price of the Kindle 2 to $259.[23] The Kindle 2 had a manufacturing materials cost estimated at $185.49, in 2009 by iSuppli.[24]
On October 22, 2009, Amazon stopped selling the original Kindle 2 in favor of the international version it had introduced earlier in the month. On November 24, 2009, Amazon released a firmware update for the Kindle 2 that it said increased battery life by 85% and introduced native PDF support.[25]
Kindle 2 international version
On October 7, 2009, Amazon announced an international version of the Kindle 2 with the ability to download new titles in over 100 countries. It became available October 19, 2009. The international Kindle 2 is physically very similar to the U.S.-only model, although it uses a different mobile network standard.
The original Kindle 2 used CDMA2000 for use on the Sprint network. The international version used standard GSM and 3G GSM, enabling it to be used on AT&T's U.S. mobile network and internationally in 100 other countries.[26]
The international version of the Kindle 2 is believed to have a noticeably higher contrast screen, although Amazon does not advertise this.[27] Another review done by Gadget lab,[28] disputes this and actually states that the font appears to be fuzzier than that of the first generation kindle. The review goes on to say that changes to the Kindle 2 have made it tougher to read the smaller font sizes that most books use. Writers on another website[29] discuss how the font size is at times worse than that of the first-generation Kindle. It appears that whether the Kindle 2 is clearer or fuzzier than the prior model depends on the font size. These issues became moot when Amazon sourced a higher contrast E Ink technology it dubbed "E Ink Pearl" and which it used in all of its e-reader devices thereafter (until the introduction of "E Ink Carta").
On October 22, 2009, Amazon lowered the price on the international version from $279 to $259 and discontinued the U.S.-only model. On June 21, 2010, hours after Barnes & Noble lowered the price of its Nook, Amazon lowered the price of the Kindle 2 to $189.
Kindle DX
Amazon announced the Kindle DX on May 6, 2009. This device has a larger screen than the standard Kindle and supports PDF files. It has an accelerometer, which enables the user to seamlessly rotate pages between landscape and portrait orientations when the Kindle DX is turned on its side.[30] It is marketed as more suitable for displaying newspaper and textbook content.[31] The device can only connect to Whispernet in the United States. It can be distinguished from the later International version by a serial number starting with "B004".[32]
Kindle DX international version
Since January 19, 2010, the Kindle DX International has shipped in 100 countries.[33] The Kindle DX comes with a 9.7-inch E Ink screen instead of the 6-inch Kindle screen. It has support for international 3G wireless, and its serial number will start with "B005".[32]
Kindle DX Graphite
On July 1, 2010, Amazon released the Kindle DX Graphite, a revision of the DX. As well as dropping the price from $489 to $379, the new Kindle DX has an E Ink display with 50% better contrast ratio (due to new E Ink Pearl technology) and comes only in a "graphite" case color. It is speculated the case color change is to improve contrast ratio perception further, as some users found the prior white casing highlighted that the E Ink background is light gray and not white. Like the prior Kindle DX, it does not have a Wi-Fi connection.[34] Its serial numbers start with "B009".[32] The DX Graphite (DXG) is a mix of third-generation hardware and second-generation software. The CPU is of the same speed as Kindle 3 but is of a different revision. Even though DX Graphite has a larger case, it has only a half the system memory (128MB) of the Kindle 3 (256 MB). Due to these hardware differences, the DX Graphite runs the same firmware as Kindle 2. Therefore, DX Graphite cannot display international fonts (such as the Cyrillic font, Chinese, or any other non-Latin font), and PDF and the web browser are limited to Kindle 2 features. The Kindle DX was withdrawn from sale in October 2012, but in September 2013 was made available again in the US and internationally, with the 3G data free to access the Kindle Store and Wikipedia. Loading personal documents by USB is free, but sending them via 3G is about $1 per megabyte in Ireland. It has battery life of about one week with 3G and two to three weeks with wireless off. It does not have WiFi capabilities. Text to Speech and MP3 playback are supported.
Third generation
Kindle Keyboard
Amazon announced the third generation of the Kindle, later called the Kindle Keyboard, on July 28, 2010.[35] While Amazon does not officially add numbers to the end of each Kindle denoting its generation, reviewers, customers and press companies often refer to this updated Kindle as the "K3" or the "Kindle 3".[36][37][38] The third generation Kindle had a Script error: No such module "convert". screen with a resolution of 600x800 (167 PPI).[39]
The Kindle Keyboard is available in two versions. One of these, the Kindle Wi-Fi, was initially priced at $139 / GB£111 and connects to the Internet exclusively via Wi-Fi networks.[35] The other version, considered a replacement to the Kindle 2, was priced at $189 / £152 and includes both 3G and Wi-Fi connectivity.[35] (currently unavailable in UK [40]) The built-in free 3G connectivity uses the same wireless signals that cell phones use, allowing it to download and purchase content from any location with cell service.[35] The Kindle Keyboard with 3G is available in two colors: classic white and graphite. Both models use the newer E Ink "Pearl" display, which has a higher contrast than prior displays and a faster refresh rate. However, it remains slower than traditional LCDs.[41]
The Kindle Keyboard uses a Freescale i. MX353 applications processor, Freescale MC13892 power management chip, Epson E INK controller, and Samsung DRAM and flash. Other hardware changes include a larger 1,750 mAh lithium-ion polymer battery, AnyDATA DTP-600W 3G GSM modem, and Atheros AR6102G 802.11bg Wi-Fi chip.
The third-generation Kindle is 0.5 in shorter and 0.5 in narrower than the Kindle 2. It supports additional fonts and international Unicode characters and has a Voice Guide feature with spoken menu navigation. Experimental features include a browser based on the popular WebKit rendering engine (but browser may be limited to 50MB of 3G per month to web sites other than Amazon and Wikipedia in territories outside the United States),[42] Text-to-Speech that can read aloud the text from books and other content, and an MP3 player. Internal memory is expanded to 4 GB, with approximately 3 GB available for user content. Battery life is advertised at up to two months of reading half an hour a day on a single charge with the wireless turned off, which amounts to roughly 30 hours.[35]
Amazon began accepting pre-orders for the new Kindle as soon as it was announced and began shipping the devices on August 27, 2010, in the United States and United Kingdom. With the announcement of the Kindle Keyboard, Amazon also launched an Amazon.co.uk version of the Kindle store. On August 25, 2010, Amazon announced that the Kindle 3 was the fastest-selling Kindle ever.[43]
In late January 2011, Amazon announced that digital books were outselling their traditional print counterparts for the first time ever on its site, with an average of 115 Kindle editions being sold for every 100 paperback editions.[44]
An ad-supported version, the "Kindle with Special Offers" was introduced on May 3, 2011, with a price reduction of $25 less at $114. On July 13, 2011, Amazon announced that due to a sponsorship agreement with AT&T, the price of the Kindle 3G with Special Offers would be lowered to $139, $50 less than the Kindle 3G.[45] With the 2011 Kindle announcement, the price of the "Kindle Keyboard with Special Offers" was reduced to $99.
The Kindle Keyboard generally received good reviews after launch. In their Kindle Keyboard Review, Review Horizon[46] describes it as offering "the best reading experience in its class" while Engadget[47] states, "In the standalone category, the Kindle is probably the one to beat".
After the introduction of the low priced Kindle version, and Kindle Touch and Kindle Fire readers in September 2011 Amazon began describing the older Kindle version as the 'Kindle Keyboard' instead of the Kindle 3. At the time, 3G is not available for all countries.
Fourth generation
Kindle 4
Amazon announced the fourth-generation Kindle on September 28, 2011 ($79 ad-supported, $109 no ads). Retaining the 6 inch e-ink display of the previous Kindle model as well as Amazon's experimental web-browsing capability with Wi-Fi, the fourth-generation Kindle features a slight reduction in weight and size[48] in a silver-grey bezel, as well as nine hard keys, a cursor pad, an on-screen rather than physical keyboard, a flash storage capacity of 2 GB, and an estimated one month battery life.[49][50]
Kindle Touch
Amazon announced a touchscreen Kindle, called the Kindle Touch, on September 28, 2011, available with Wi-Fi ($99 ad-supported, $139 no ads) or Wi-Fi/3G connectivity ($149 ad-supported, $189 no ads). Via 3G the device is able to connect to the Kindle Store, download books and periodicals, and access Wikipedia. Experimental web browsing (outside Wikipedia) on Kindle Touch 3G is only available over Wi-Fi.[51] (Kindle Keyboard continues without this restriction). The usage of the 3G data is limited to 50MB per month.[52] The device uses the same 6 inch E-ink screen of the previous Kindle model, with the addition of an infrared touch-screen control.[48] Like its predecessor, the Kindle Touch has a capacity of 4 GB and battery life of two months.[53] The Kindle Touch began to ship on November 15, 2011 (U.S. only).[54] Amazon announced in March 2012 that the device would be available in the UK, Germany, France, Spain and Italy on April 27, 2012.[55] The Touch was the first Kindle to support X-Ray, which lists the commonly used character names, locations, themes, or ideas in a book.[56] In January 2013, Amazon released the 5.2.0 firmware that updated the operating system to match the Paperwhite's interface with the Touch's MP3/audiobook capabilities remaining.
Fifth generation
Kindle 5
Amazon announced a new version of the regular Kindle and the Kindle Paperwhite on September 6, 2012. The Kindle 5 was released on September 6 ($69 ad-supported, $89 no ads). The Kindle has a black bezel (compared to the Kindle 4, which was available in silver-grey), better contrast, and hand-tuned fonts. It is claimed to have 15% faster page loads. It has a 167 PPI display and is the lightest Kindle at 5.98 oz (170 g).
Kindle Paperwhite (1st generation)
The Kindle Paperwhite (1st generation) was released on October 1, 2012 in the United States. It has a 6 in, 212 PPI display (an almost-XGA resolution of 758×1024) with built-in LEDs to illuminate the screen, and has 2GB of storage (1.25GB usable). It was available in Wi-Fi ($119 ad-supported, $139 no ads) and Wi-Fi + 3G ($179 ad-supported, $199 no ads) models,[57] with the ad-supported options only available in the United States.[58] The light is one of the main features of the Paperwhite, but the light level must be adjusted manually. The 3G access restrictions are the same as the Kindle Touch, and usage of the 3G data is limited to 50 MB per month. Additional data can be purchased.[52] Battery life is advertised as up to eight weeks of reading with half an hour per day with wireless off and constant light usage; this usage equals 28 hours.[59] It includes the experimental web browser with the same 3G data restrictions as the Kindle Touch. The official leather cover for the Paperwhite uses the hall effect sensor in the device that detects when the cover is closed/opened to turn the screen off/on respectively. This device was the first Kindle to track one's reading speed to estimate when one will finish a chapter or book; this feature was later included with updates to the other Kindles and Kindle Fire tablets. The Kindle Paperwhite lacks physical buttons for page turning and does not do auto-hyphenation. Except for the lock-screen/power button at its bottom, it relies solely on the touchscreen interface.[60] In November 2012, Amazon released the 5.3.0 update that allowed users to turn off recommended content on the home screen in Grid View (allowing two rows of user content) and included general bug fixes. In March 2014, the Paperwhite 5.4.4 update was released that added Goodreads integration, Kindle FreeTime to restrict usage for children, Cloud Collections for organization and Page Flip for scanning content without losing your place, which closely matches the Paperwhite 2's software features.[61]
The Kindle Paperwhite was released in most major international markets in early 2013, with Japan's version including 4GB of storage, and in China on June 7, 2013.[62]
Engadget praised the Paperwhite, giving it a 92 out of 100. The reviewer liked the front-lit display, high contrast, and useful software features, but did not like that it is less comfortable to hold than the Nook, the starting price includes ads, and it has no expandable storage.[63]
Shortly after release, some users complained about the lighting implementation on the Kindle Paperwhite.[64] While not widespread, some users found the lighting to be inconsistent, causing the bottom edge to cast irregular shadows. Also, some users complained that the light can only be dimmed, not turned off completely.[65]
Sixth generation
Kindle Paperwhite (2nd generation)
Amazon announced the Kindle Paperwhite (2nd generation), marketed as the "All-New Kindle Paperwhite" and colloquially referred to as the Paperwhite 2, on September 3, 2013; the Wi-Fi version was released in the US on September 30, 2013 ($119 ad-supported, $139 no ads), and the 3G/Wi-Fi version was released in the US on November 5, 2013 ($189 ad-supported, $209 no ads).
The Paperwhite 2 features a higher contrast E Ink Carta display technology,[66] improved LED illumination, 25% faster processor (1 GHz) that allows for faster page turns, and better response to touch input compared to the original Paperwhite. It has the same 6" screen with 212 PPI and bezel as the original Paperwhite. The software features dictionary/Wikipedia/X-Ray look-up, Page Flip that allows the user to skip ahead or back in the text in a pop-up window and go back to the previous page, and Goodreads social integration.[67]
The Paperwhite 2 uses the same experimental web browser with the same 3G data usage restrictions as previous Kindles; there are no usage restrictions when using Wi-Fi. The official leather cover for the Paperwhite 2 is the same item as was used for the original Paperwhite. It turns the screen on or off when it is opened or closed.
The Kindle Paperwhite 2 was released in most major international markets by the middle of 2014 and this released model includes 4GB of storage. As of September 2014, the US version of the Paperwhite 2 includes 4GB of storage.
Engadget gave the Paperwhite 2 a 93 out of 100, saying while the "all-new" Paperwhite does not offer many new features compared to the original model, but "an improved frontlight and some software tweaks have made an already great reading experience even better."[68]
Seventh generation
Kindle 7
Amazon announced an upgraded basic Kindle and the Kindle Voyage on September 18, 2014.[69] The Kindle 7 was released on October 2, 2014 ($79 ad-supported, $99 no ads). It is the first basic Kindle to use a touchscreen for navigating books,[70] resulting in all of the current Kindles using a touchscreen. It is the first basic Kindle available in international markets such as Japan and China.
Kindle Voyage
The Kindle Voyage was released on October 21, 2014 in the United States. It has a 6-inch, 300 PPI display (the highest resolution and contrast available in e-readers as of 2014[71]) with adaptive LEDs that can illuminate the screen depending on the environment and it has 4 GB of storage with 3 GB usable. It is available in Wi-Fi ($199 ad-supported, $219 no ads) and Wi-Fi + 3G ($269 ad-supported, $289 no ads) models.[72] Its design features a flush glass screen on the front and the rear has angular, raised plastic edges that house the power button, similar to the Fire HDX. The Voyage uses "PagePress", a navigation system whereby sensors on either side of the screen turn the page when pressed.[73] PagePress may be disabled, but touchscreen must remain active to use the UI. Amazon claims it has 6 weeks of life if used for 30 minutes per day with wireless disabled and brightness set to 10, which means about 21 hours of use.
The Verge gave the Voyage a 9.1 out of 10, saying that "this is the best E Ink e-reader I've used, and it's unquestionably the best that Amazon has ever made. The thing is, it's only marginally better than the fantastic Paperwhite in several ways, and significantly better in none" and with those differences in mind, disliked how it cost $80 more than the Paperwhite 2.[74]
LCD versions
Kindle Fire
Amazon announced Kindle Fire, an Android-based tablet that uses a fork of Android on September 28, 2011. It was released for $199 and has a 7 in IPS color touchscreen display. This was the first Kindle without an E Ink display. However, unlike previously released Kindles, it has no 3G option, but only Wi-Fi. It has 8 GB of storage and a projected battery life of up to eight hours.[75] In September 2012, the Kindle Fire was refreshed to have more RAM, a faster processor, an updated OS, and price reduced to $159.[76]
Kindle Fire HD
The Kindle Fire HD, announced on September 6, 2012, is the second generation of Amazon's color touchscreen Kindle Fire tablet line. It is available in two form factors, 7 in and 8.9 in screen sizes. Introductory pricing was at $199 and $299, respectively for the 16 GB versions; both Fire HD were sold at cost.[77] The 7 in version was released on September 14, while the 8.9 in model (with either Wi-Fi or 4G model) was released on November 20, 2012. In October 2013, the Fire HD 7 in was refreshed using the Fire HDX unibody and had its price reduced to $139.[76] In October 2014, Amazon released a refreshed Fire HD in 6-inch and 7-inch sizes.
Kindle Fire HDX
The Kindle Fire HDX, announced on September 25, 2013, is the third generation of Amazon's Kindle Fire tablet line that uses Fire OS 3. It is available in 7 inch and 8.9 inch screen sizes, with introductory prices of $229 and $379, respectively, for the 16 GB version with special offers. Both tablets are also available in 32 and 64 GB versions.[76] In the 2014 refresh of the tablet, it was renamed Fire HDX removing the name Kindle; this name change was included in all 2014 Fire tablets and the OS was updated to Fire OS 4.
Kindle applications
Amazon released the Kindle for PC application in late 2009, available for Microsoft Windows 8, 7, Vista, and XP systems.[78] This application allows thousands of books to be read on a personal computer in color, with no Kindle unit required, for e-books purchased from Amazon's store.[79] Amazon later released a version for Apple's Macintosh and OS X, in early 2010.[80] In June 2010, Amazon released the Amazon Kindle for Android. After the Android app release, versions for the Apple iOS (iPhone and iPad), and BlackBerry OS phones are also available.[81] In January 2011, Amazon released Kindle for Windows Phone 7.[82] In July 2011, Kindle for HP TouchPad (running webOS) was released in the US as a beta version.[83] In August 2011, Amazon released an HTML5 based webapp supporting the Chrome, Firefox and Safari webbrowsers called Kindle Cloud Reader.[84] As of 2013, Amazon has expressed no interest in releasing a separate application for Linux operating systems; however, the Cloud Reader can be used in Linux using its browser.[85]
On April 17, 2014, Samsung announced it would discontinue its own e-book store effective July 1, 2014 and it partnered with Amazon to create the Kindle for Samsung app, which allows Samsung Galaxy users with Android 4.0+ to use Amazon's e-book catalog, and added a free e-book service, Samsung Book Deals, that allows users to choose one ebook monthly out of four.[86]
Kindle sales
Specific Kindle sales numbers are not released by the company; however, Jeff Bezos, founder and CEO of Amazon.com, stated in a shareholders' meeting in January 2010 that "millions of people now own Kindles".[87] According to anonymous inside sources, over three million Kindles had been sold as of December 2009,[88] while external estimates, as of Q4-2009, place the number at about 1.5 million.[89] According to James McQuivey of Forrester Research, estimates are ranging around four million, as of mid-2010.[90] On March 6, 2011, AT&T stores officially started sales of the Amazon Kindle.[91]
In 2010, Amazon remained the undisputed leader in the e-reader category, accounting for 59% of e-readers shipped, and it gained 14 percentage points in share.[92] According to an International Data Corporation (IDC) study from March 2011, sales for all e-book readers worldwide reached 12.8 million in 2010; 48% of them were Kindles.[93]
In December 2011, Amazon announced that customers had purchased "well over" one million Kindles per week since the end of November 2011; this includes all available Kindle models and also the Kindle Fire tablet.[94] IDC estimated that the Kindle Fire sold about 4.7 million units during the fourth quarter of 2011.[95] Pacific Crest estimated that the Kindle Fire models sold six million units during Q4 2012.[96]
Morgan Stanley estimates that Amazon sold $3.57 billion worth of Kindle e-readers and tablets in 2012, $4.5 billion in Kindle device sales in 2013 and $5 billion in Kindle device sales in 2014.[97]
Document availability
Content from Amazon and some other content providers is primarily encoded in Amazon's proprietary Kindle format (AZW, KF8). It is also possible to load content in various formats from a computer by transferring it to the Kindle via a USB cable or by emailing it to a registered email address provided by Amazon (for a fee via 3G, or free via Wi-Fi); the email service can convert a number of document formats to Amazon's AZW format and then transmit the result to the associated Kindle over Whispernet. Amazon also has an application and browser extension called "Send to Kindle," which users can use to convert a web page to a format that can be read on Kindle. In addition to published content, Kindle users can also access the Internet using the experimental web browser, which uses NetFront.[98][99]
The Kindle's terms of use forbid transferring Amazon e-books to another user or a different type of device.[100] However, Amazon now allows limited lending of certain titles.[101] Users can select reading material using the Kindle itself or through a computer at the Amazon Kindle store and can download content through the Kindle Store, which upon the initial launch of the Kindle had more than 88,000 digital titles available for download. This number continued steadily increasing to more than 275,000 by late 2008, and exceeded 500,000 in the spring of 2010. As of July 4, 2011, there were more than 765,000 books available for download,[102] about 36,000 of them in German.[103] As of July 2014, there are over 2.7 million titles available for at the Kindle Store.[104]
In late 2007, new releases and New York Times best sellers were being offered for approximately $11, with first chapters of many books offered as free samples. Many titles, including some classics, are offered free of charge or at a low price, which has been stated to relate to the cost of adapting the book to the Kindle format. Magazines, newspapers and blogs via RSS are provided by Amazon per a monthly subscription fee or a free trial period. Newspaper subscriptions cost from $1.99 to $27.99 per month; magazines charge between $1.25 and $10.99 per month, and blogs charge from $0.99 to $1.99 per month.[105] Amazon e-book sales overtook print for one day for the first time on Christmas Day of 2009.[106]
International users of Kindle pay different prices for books depending on their registered countries. For U.S. customers traveling abroad, Amazon originally charged a $1.99 fee to download books over 3G while overseas. That charge was quietly dropped in May 2010.[citation needed] Fees remain for wireless delivery of periodical subscriptions and personal documents.
In addition to the Kindle store, paid content for the Kindle can be purchased from various independent sources such as Fictionwise, Mobipocket, and Baen Ebooks. Public domain titles are also obtainable for the Kindle via content providers such as Project Gutenberg, The Internet Archive, Retroread, and World Public Library. In 2011, the Kindle store had more than twice as much paid content as its nearest competitor, Barnes and Noble.[107]
Public libraries that offer books via OverDrive, Inc. also loan titles for the Kindle and Kindle reading apps. Books are checked out from the library's own site, which forwards to Amazon for the completion of the checkout process. Amazon then delivers the title to the Kindle for the duration of the loan, though some titles may require transfer via a USB connection to a computer. If the book is later checked out again or purchased, annotations and bookmarks are preserved.[108]
The device is sold with electronic editions of its owner's manual; the U.S. version also includes the New Oxford American Dictionary and the UK version, the Oxford Dictionary of English (not to be confused with the Oxford English Dictionary). Users can purchase different dictionaries from the Kindle store as specified in the included manual.[109][110]
Lending Library and Kindle Unlimited
As a member of Amazon Prime, access to the "Kindle Owners' Lending Library" is given that allows Kindle-owning members to borrow one free ebook, from over 600,000 titles, per calendar month.[111] In July 2014, Amazon added a Kindle Unlimited subscription, which allows unlimited access to over 638,000 titles and 7,000 audiobooks for a monthly fee.[112][113]
Operating system updates are designed to be received wirelessly and installed automatically during a period in sleep mode in which Wi-Fi is turned on.[114] Kindles are charged using either a computer's USB port or an AC adapter. The Kindle also contains experimental features such a basic web browser.[115] Users can also play MP3 music in the background, if the device supports MP3 playback.
File formats
Kindle devices do not support the EPUB file format used by many other e-book readers. Instead, they are designed to use Amazon's own e-book formats: AZW, and, in fourth generation and later Kindles, AZW3, also called KF8.[116] Like EPUB, these formats are intended for reflowable, richly formatted e-book content and support DRM restrictions, but unlike EPUB, they are proprietary formats. Free software such as the free and open source calibre, Amazon's KindleGen,[117] and the email based Send-to-Kindle service are available to convert e-books into these formats. Kindle devices can also display some generic document formats such as plain text (TXT) and Portable Document Format (PDF) files; however, reflowing is not supported for these file types.
Proprietary formats (AZW, KF8)
The first Kindle devices used the AZW e-book format, which is identical to the Mobipocket (MOBI) format for files that are not DRM-restricted.
The Kindle Fire introduced the "Kindle Format 8" (KF8), better known as AZW3.[118] AZW3 supports a subset of HTML5 and CSS3 features,[119] while also acting as a container for a backwards-compatible MOBI content document.[120][121]
Format support by device
The first-generation Kindle can read only unprotected Mobipocket files (MOBI, PRC), plain text files (TXT), Topaz format books (TPZ) and Amazon's AZW format.
The Kindle 2 added native PDF capability with the version 2.3 firmware upgrade.[25] The Kindle 1 could not read PDF files, but Amazon provides experimental conversion to the native AZW format,[122] with the caveat that not all PDFs may format correctly.[123] The Kindle 2 added the ability to play the Audible Enhanced (AAX) format, but dropped the ability to read Audible versions 1-3. The Kindle 2 can also display HTML files.
The fourth/fifth/seventh generation Kindles, Kindle Touch, Kindle Paperwhite (1st and 2nd generation) and Voyage can display AZW, AZW3, TXT, PDF, unprotected MOBI, and PRC files natively. HTML, DOC, DOCX, JPEG, GIF, PNG, and BMP are usable through conversion. The Touch and Touch 3G can also play Audible Enhanced (AA, AAX) and MP3 files.[124]
Email conversion
Amazon offers an email-based service that will convert GIF, PNG, and BMP graphics to AZW.[125] Amazon will also convert HTML pages and Microsoft Word (DOC or DOCX) documents through the same email-based mechanism, which will send a Kindle-formatted file to the device via 3G for $0.15 per MB or via Wi-Fi for free. In addition, this service can send unprotected MOBI files to a user's Kindle. These services can be accessed by Kindle devices, iOS devices running Kindle app version 2.9 or greater, and Android devices running Kindle app version 3.5 or greater.[126]
Multiple device abilities and organization
A book may be downloaded from Amazon to several devices at the same time. The devices sharing the book must be registered to the same Amazon account. A sharing limit typically ranges from one to six devices, depending on an undisclosed number of licenses set by the book publisher. When a limit is reached, the user must remove the book from some device[127] or unregister a device containing the book[128] in order to add a book to another device.
The original Kindle and Kindle 2 did not allow the user to organize books into folders. The user could only select what type of content to display on the home screen and whether to organize by author, title, or download date. Kindle software version 2.5 (released July 2010) allowed for the organization of books into "Collections" which behave like non-structured tags/labels: a collection can not include other collections, and one book may be added to multiple collections. These collections are normally set and organized on the Kindle itself, one book at a time. The set of all collections of a first Kindle device can be imported to a second Kindle device that is connected to the cloud and is registered to the same user; as the result of this operation, the documents that are on the second device now become organized according to the first device's collections. calibre had a plugin that made it possible to organize these collections on a computer, but this plugin no longer functions on newer models such as the Kindle Touch and Kindle Fire. There remains no option to organize by series or series order, as the AZW format does not possess the necessary metadata fields.
User-created annotations
Users can bookmark, highlight, and search through content. Pages can be bookmarked for reference, and notes can be added to relevant content. While a book is open on the display, menu options allow users to search for synonyms and definitions from the built-in dictionary. The device also remembers the last page read for each book. Pages can be saved as a "clipping", or a text file containing the text of the currently displayed page. All clippings are appended to a single file, which can be downloaded over a USB cable.[129] Due to the TXT format of the clippings file, all formatting (such as bold, italics, bigger fonts for headlines, etc.) is stripped off the original text.
Textbook rentals
On July 18, 2011, Amazon began a program that allows college students to rent Kindle textbooks from three different publishers for a fixed period of time.[130]
Collection of user reading data
Kindle devices may report information about their users' reading data such as last page read, annotations, bookmarks, notes, highlights, or similar markings to Amazon.[131] The Kindle stores this information on all Amazon e-books but it is unclear if this data is stored for non-Amazon e-books.[132] There is a lack of e-reader data privacy — Amazon knows who the user's identity, what the user is reading, whether the user has finished the book, what page the user is on, how long the user has spent on each page, and which passages the user may have highlighted.[133]
Kindle Development Kit (KDK) and active content
On January 21, 2010, Amazon announced the forthcoming release of its Kindle Development Kit.[134] It aims to allow developers to build 'active content' for the Kindle, and a beta version was announced with a February 2010 release date. A number of companies have already experimented with delivering active content through the Kindle's bundled browser, and the KDK promises 'sample code, documentation and the Kindle Simulator' together with a new revenue sharing model for developers.[135]
The KDK is based on the Java programming language, specifically, the Personal Basis Profile 1.1.2 (JSR 217) flavor of packaged Java APIs.
As of March 2012[update] Kindle store offers over 200 items labeled as active content.[136] These items include simple applications and games, including a free set provided by Amazon Digital Services.[137] As of 2012, the active content is only available in the US (or users with a US billing address).
Kindle Direct Publishing
Concurrently with the Kindle device, Amazon launched Kindle Direct Publishing, used by authors and publishers to independently publish their books directly to Kindle and Kindle Apps worldwide. In open beta testing as of late 2007, the platform was promoted to established authors by an e-mail[138] and by advertisements at Amazon.com. Authors can upload documents in several formats for delivery via Whispernet and charge between $0.99 and $200.00 per download.[138] These documents may be written in 34 languages.[139]
In a December 5, 2009 interview with The New York Times, Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos revealed that Amazon.com keeps 65% of the revenue from all ebook sales for the Kindle.[140] The remaining 35% is split between the book author and publisher. After numerous commentators observed that Apple's popular App Store offers 70% of royalties to the publisher, Amazon began a program that offers 70% royalties to Kindle publishers who agree to certain conditions.[141] Some of these conditions, such as the inability to opt out of the lendability feature, have caused some controversy.[142]
Other criticisms involve the business model behind Amazon's implementation and distribution of e-books.[143][144] Amazon introduced a software application allowing Kindle books to be read on an iPhone or iPod Touch,[145] and soon followed with an application called "Kindle for PCs" that can be run on a Windows PC. Due to the book publishers' DRM policies, Amazon claims there is no right of first sale with e-books and states that, since ebooks are licensed, not purchased (unlike paper books), buyers do not actually own their e-books. This has, however, never been tested in court, and the outcome of any action by Amazon is uncertain. The law on these matters is in a state of flux in jurisdictions around the world.[146][147]
Amazon has reported the Kindle version of Fifty Shades of Grey sold more than double that of Amazon's print sales of the book, and, in June 2012, the Kindle edition became the first to sell more than one million copies.[148]
Kindle Publishing for Blogs
Blogs published by popular media outlets such as TechCrunch and Ars Technica have been available on Kindle as early as 2008. In May 2009, the program was opened to everyone.[149]
Amazon, not the publisher, sets the monthly subscription rate for each blog between $0.99 - $1.99. Since the blogs may contain pictures, and wireless 3G access requires no monthly subscription fee, Amazon retains 70% of the revenue from blog sales, remitting 30% to the content publisher.[citation needed]
As of July 2014, the program status is listed as beta.[150]
Kindle Aftermarket
Working Kindles in good condition can be sold, traded, donated or recycled in the aftermarket.
Due to the Kindle's primary function as a reading device and the relatively small amount Kindles can be resold for, many choose to instead donate their Kindle to schools, hospitals, developing countries, literacy organizations and charities.
"The Kindle Classroom Project". promotes reading by distributing Kindles to schools in need. "E-Books for Troops". ships donated Kindles to the Army, Navy, Marines and the Air Force. "Develop Africa". and Worldreader send used Kindles (and other E-Book readers) to schools in the developing world for educational use.
Whether in good condition or not, Kindles should not be disposed of due to the device's e-ink and batteries. Instead Kindles at the end of their life should be recycled. Amazon runs their own "Take Back". program which allows owners to print out a prepaid shipping label, which can be used to return the device via UPS for disposal.
On July 17, 2009, Amazon.com withdrew certain Kindle titles, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, from sale, refunded the cost to those who had purchased them, and remotely deleted these titles from purchasers' devices after discovering that the publisher lacked rights to publish the titles in question.[151] Notes and annotations for the books made by users on their devices were left in a separate file, but "rendered useless" without the content to which they were directly linked.[152][153] The move prompted outcry and comparisons to Nineteen Eighty-Four itself. In the novel, books, magazines and newspapers in public archives that contradict the ruling party are either edited long after being published or destroyed outright; the removed materials go "down the memory hole", the nickname for an incinerator chute.[154] Customers and commentators noted the resemblance to the censorship in the novel, and described Amazon's action in Orwellian terms. Some critics[who?] also argued that the deletion violated the Kindle's Terms of Service, which states in part:[155]
Upon your payment of the applicable fees set by Amazon, Amazon grants you the non-exclusive right to keep a permanent copy of the applicable Digital Content and to view, use and display such Digital Content an unlimited number of times, solely on the Device or as authorized by Amazon as part of the Service and solely for your personal, non-commercial use.
Amazon spokesman Drew Herdener stated that the company is "... changing our systems so that in the future we will not remove books from customers' devices in these circumstances."[156] On July 23, 2009, Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos posted an apology about the company's handling of the matter on Amazon's official Kindle forum. Bezos said the action was "stupid", and that the executives at Amazon "deserve the criticism received."[157]
On July 30, 2009, Justin Gawronski, a Michigan high school senior, and Antoine Bruguier, a California engineer, filed suit against Amazon in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington. Gawronski argued that Amazon had violated its terms of service by remotely deleting the copy of Nineteen Eighty-Four he had purchased, in the process preventing him from accessing annotations he had written. Bruguier also had his copy deleted without his consent, and found Amazon practiced "deceit" in an email exchange. The complaint, which requested class-action status, asked for both monetary and injunctive relief.[153][158] The case was settled on September 25, 2009, with Amazon agreeing to pay $150,000 divided between the two plaintiffs, on the understanding that the law firm representing them, Kamber Edelson LLC, "...will donate its portion of that fee to a charitable organization...".[159] The settlement also saw Amazon guaranteeing wider rights to Kindle owners over its e-books:
For copies of Works purchased pursuant to TOS granting "the non-exclusive right to keep a permanent copy" of each purchased Work and to "view, use and display [such Works] an unlimited number of times, solely on the [Devices]... and solely for [the purchasers'] personal, non-commercial use", Amazon will not remotely delete or modify such Works from Devices purchased and being used in the United States unless (a) the user consents to such deletion or modification; (b) the user requests a refund for the Work or otherwise fails to pay for the Work (e.g., if a credit or debit card issuer declines to remit payment); (c) a judicial or regulatory order requires such deletion or modification; or (d) deletion or modification is reasonably necessary to protect the consumer or the operation of a Device or network through which the Device communicates (e.g., to remove harmful code embedded within a copy of a Work downloaded to a Device).[160]
On September 4, 2009, Amazon offered affected users a restoration of the deleted e-books, an Amazon gift certificate, or a check for the amount of $30.[161]
In December 2010, three e-books by author Selena Kitt were removed due to violations of Amazon's publishing guidelines. For what Amazon describes as "a brief period of time," the books were unavailable for redownload by users who had already purchased them. This ability was restored after it was brought to Amazon's attention; however, no remote deletion took place.[162]
In October 2012, Amazon suspended the account of Linn Nygaard, a user in Norway who had purchased her Kindle in the UK, and deleted every book she had purchased.[163] Amazon claimed that she had violated their terms of service, but was not specific as to what she had done wrong.[164] After Nygaard contacted the media, Amazon restored her account and purchased books.[165][166] The event serves to remind Kindle users that even when a user clicks buy, the user only holds a license to view ebooks that can be revoked by Amazon any time for violating the terms of service.[167]
See also
- Comparison of e-book readers
- Comparison of tablet computers
- Barnes & Noble Nook
- Kobo eReader
- Sony Reader
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- ↑ "Kindle 2's Fuzzy Fonts Have Users Seeing Red" - By Priya Ganapati – Gadget Lab April 13, 2009 - Wired.com © 2011 Condé Nast Digital. All rights reserved.
- ↑ "Kindle-1 vs. Kindle-2" - K Design Works
- ↑ Amazon.com: Kindle DX Wireless Reading Device (9.7" Display, U.S. Wireless): Kindle Store
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- ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 "Kindle 3G Wireless Reading Device, Free 3G + Wi-Fi, 6" Display, 3G Works Globally – Latest Generation". Amazon.com. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
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- ↑ "Kindle Keyboard 3G". Retrieved 27 November 2013.
- ↑ Kindle Keyboard on amazon.co.uk - currently unavailable[dead link]
- ↑ Pogue, David (August 25, 2010). "New Kindle Leaves Rivals Farther Back". New York Times. Retrieved December 28, 2010.
- ↑ "Using Wireless Outside the United States". Retrieved August 10, 2012.
- ↑ "New Generation Kindles Are the Fastest-Selling Kindles Ever and Already the Best-Selling Products on Amazon".
- ↑ "Amazon Kindle Book Sales Soar".
- ↑ "AT&T to Sponsor Kindle 3G".
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- Paul Sawers (September 28, 2011), "Amazon's Kindle event: Here's everything you need to know", thenextweb.com
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- ↑ "Kindle Paperwhite e-reader announced, $119 Wi-Fi and $179 3G models ship October 1st". The Verge. 2012-09-06. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
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There should not just be buttons for page-turning, but great buttons. [...] require fonts that were chosen or designed with the limitations of e-ink in mind.[...] a dedicated e-reader in 2012 has no excuse for not including a good auto-hyphenation algorithm.
- ↑ "Amazon adds Goodreads integration and more to first-gen Kindle Paperwhite — Tech News and Analysis". Gigaom.com. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
- ↑ Cooper, Daniel (2013-06-07). "Amazon's Kindle comes to China: Paperwhite for $138, Fire HD for $244 (16GB) or $293 (32GB)". Engadget. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
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- ↑ Engadget. "The year in reviews: 2013's best and worst gadgets scored and scrutinized". Engadget.com. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
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- ↑ "Amazon.com Announces Fourth Quarter Sales up 42% to $9.5 Billion". Business Wire. January 28, 2010. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
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- ↑ Radcliffe, Mitch (December 26, 2009). "Updating Kindles sold estimate: 1.49 million". ZDNet. Archived from the original on January 1, 2010. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
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- ↑ Nearly 18 Million Media Tablets Shipped in 2010 with Apple Capturing 83% Share; eReader Shipments Quadrupled to More Than 12 Million. Press release by IDC, 10. March 2011.
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- ↑ Thomas Claburn (April 7, 2012). "iPad Mini: 6 Reasons Apple Must Do It". InformationWeek. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
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- ↑ Hastings, Rob (January 1, 2011). "Amazon allows customers to lend e-books to just one friend". The Independent. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
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- ↑ "Kindle Books: Kindle Store : Nonfiction, Fiction, History, Advice & How-to, Business & Investing & More". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
- ↑ Ricker, Thomas (November 19, 2007). "Amazon Kindle available now on Amazon". Engadget.com. Archived from the original on November 22, 2007. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
- ↑ Allen, Katie (December 28, 2009). "Amazon e-book sales overtake print for first time". The Guardian (London). Archived from the original on December 31, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
- ↑ King, Sammy. "Survey of Kindle, Nook, iPad, Sony and OverDrive eBook Store Collection Size". eBookReaderGuide.com. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
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- ↑ "Dictionaries & Thesauruses: Kindle Store : Thesauruses, Kindle Default Dictionaries & More". Amazon.com. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ↑ "Help: Customize Your Reading". Amazon.com. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ↑ http://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html?docId=1000739811
- ↑ Amazon is testing "Kindle Unlimited," an ebook subscription service for $9.99/month. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
- ↑ About Kindle Unlimited.
- ↑ "Kindle Software Updates". Amazon.com. Retrieved November 27, 2009.
- ↑ "Accessing Basic Web". Amazon.com. Archived from the original on November 22, 2007. Retrieved November 22, 2007.
- ↑ AZW3 file
- ↑ "Kindle Publishing Programs". Amazon.com. July 12, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ↑ Kindle Format 8, Amazon.com, October 2011.
- ↑ "List of supported HTML tags and CSS elements". Amazon. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
- ↑ "The New Kindle Format KF8". Musings and Marvels:Learning the ins and outs of the publishing industry. March 6, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
- ↑ "Amazon Throws A Minor Curveball With HTML5-Powered Kindle Format 8", TechCrunch, October 20, 2011.
- ↑ "Reading Personal Documents on Your Kindle". Amazon.com. 2007. pp. "How to Use Your Kindle" section. Archived from the original on November 22, 2007. Retrieved November 23, 2007.
- ↑ Amazon (2009). "Amazon.com: Kindle 2: Amazon's New Wireless Reading Device (Latest Generation): Kindle Store". Amazon. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved March 7, 2009.
- ↑ "Kindle Touch: Touchscreen e-Reader with Wi-Fi and E Ink Display". Amazon.com. September 30, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
- ↑ "Reading Personal Documents on your Kindle". Amazon.com. Archived from the original on November 21, 2007. Retrieved November 22, 2007.
- ↑ "Help: Kindle Personal Documents Service". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
- ↑ "Help: Organizing Your Kindle Content on". Amazon.com. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ↑ "Help: Managing Your Kindle on". Amazon.com. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ↑ "Kindle User Guide" (PDF). Amazon.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 6, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
- ↑ Larry Dignan, ZDNet. "Amazon launches Kindle textbook rentals." July 18, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
- ↑ "Information Received". Amazon.com. 2012-09-06. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
- ↑ Cohn, Cindy (2012-11-29). "2010: E-Book Buyer's Guide to E-Book Privacy". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Stores last page read and may store annotations, highlights, markings, etc.
- ↑ The Fifty Shades of Grey Paradox. Slate. Feb 13, 2015.
- ↑ "Amazon Announces Kindle Development Kit--Software Developers Can Now Build Active Content for Kindle". Amazon.com. January 21, 2010. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
- ↑ Johnson, Alex (January 26, 2010). "Amazon to launch app store for Kindle e-reader". International Business Times. Retrieved December 28, 2010.
- ↑ "Products tagged with kindle active content". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2014-04-15.
- ↑ Games by Amazon Digital Services
- ↑ 138.0 138.1 Munarriz, Rick Aristotle (November 27, 2007). "Why Kindle Will Change the World". Motley Fool. Retrieved November 27, 2007.
- ↑ "Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing: Get help with self-publishing your book to Amazon's Kindle Store". Kdp.amazon.com. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
- ↑ Solomon, Deborah (December 6, 2009). "Questions for Jeffrey P. Bezos: Book Learning". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 14, 2009. Retrieved December 22, 2009.
- ↑ Henry Blodget (January 20, 2010). "Amazon Fires Missile At Book Industry, Launches 70% Kindle Royalty Option". Businessinsider.com. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ↑ Blue, Violet (2012). "Piracy witch hunt downs legit e-book lending Web site". Cnet. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
- ↑ Perlow, Jason. "Kindle Economics". ZDNet.com. pp. "Tech Broiler" blog. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
- ↑ Frommer, Dan. "Bad News for the Kindle: iPhone 3G + Apps (AAPL, AMZN)". BusinessInsider.com. pp. "Silicon Alley Insider" section. Archived from the original on March 9, 2009. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
- ↑ Jason Perlow. "Kindlenomics Zero: When e-Texts Have No Entry Cost". ZDNet.com. pp. "Tech Broiler" blog. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
- ↑ "Gizmodo – Amazon Kindle and Sony Reader Locked Up: Why Your Books Are No Longer Yours – Amazon:". Gizmodo. Gawker Media. March 21, 2008. Archived from the original on May 24, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2009.
- ↑ "Kindle owners find out about DRM's ever-present threat – Ars Technica:". Gear & Gadgets. Ars Technica. April 16, 2009. Archived from the original on June 22, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2009.
- ↑ "Fifty Shades Of Grey first to sell a million copies on Kindle". June 27, 2012.
- ↑ "Kindle Publishing Now Open To All Blogs". TechCrunch. 2009-05-13. Retrieved 2014-04-15.
- ↑ "Kindle Publishing for Blogs". Kindlepublishing.amazon.com. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
- ↑ Pogue, David (July 17, 2009). "Some E-Books Are More Equal Than Others". The NY Times (blog). Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ↑ Stone, Brad (July 18, 2009). "Amazon Erases Orwell Books From Kindle". The New York Times. p. B1.
- ↑ 153.0 153.1 "Plaintiff's Complaint in Justin GAWRONSKI and A. BRUGUIER v. Amazon.com, Inc" (PDF). PR News Channel. July 30, 2009.
- ↑ Orwell, George, "Part One, Chapter 4", 1984
- ↑ "Why Amazon went Big Brother on some Kindle e-books". Ars Technica. July 17, 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2009.
- ↑ Fried, Ina (July 17, 2009). "Amazon says it won't repeat Kindle book recall – CNet News". News.cnet.com. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ↑ "Amazon Chief Says Erasing Orwell Books Was 'Stupid'", The New York Times, July 23, 2009
- ↑ Fowler, Geoffrey A (July 30, 2009). "Lawsuit: Amazon Ate My Homework". The Wall Street Journal.
- ↑ "Amazon settles lawsuit over deleted Kindle copy of '1984'". Tech flash. September 30, 2009. Archived from the original on April 24, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
- ↑ "KindleCase1" (PDF), The Business Journals (American City Business Journals)
- ↑ "Amazon.com Offers to Replace Copies of Orwell Book", The New York Times, September 4, 2009
- ↑ "Amazon's latest Kindle deletion", Ars Technica, December 15, 2010
- ↑ "Why Did Amazon Close a Woman's Account and Delete All Her Kindle Books?", The Blaze, October 23, 2012
- ↑ "Remote Wipe of Customer's Kindle Highlights Perils of DRM", Wired, October 22, 2012
- ↑ "How Amazon Can Make Your Kindle Content Vanish – And Not Give You A Reason Why", Forbes, October 22, 2012
- ↑ "Amazon wipes customer's Kindle and deletes account with no explanation", The Guardian (UK), October 22, 2012
- ↑ "You don't own your Kindle books, Amazon reminds customer", News (NBC)
External links
|Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Directing Technology/Kindle
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amazon Kindle.
- Kindle Store (official), Amazon.
- Kindle Store (UK) (official), Amazon.
- "The Revolution Will Be Digitalized", City Journal, June 13, 2008.
- Rose, Charlie (November 19, 2007), CEO Jeff Bezos about the Kindle (VIDEO) (interview).
- Teardown of the Amazon Kindle (YOU TUBE) (video), Google.
‹The template Digital distribution platforms is being considered for deletion.›


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We've built a strong reputation as being the most reliable movers in Virginia Beach.
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Moving to a new house can be an exciting and stressful time for anyone, we understand that. We will make the transition from one house to another as smooth as possible. Reduce the stress of your move and hire Bos, the professional Virginia Beach Movers.
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As well as tents, we rent tables and chairs with different styles and sizes. We offer rectangle and circle shaped tables, as well as lightweight foldable chairs and wooden chairs. We are the go to source for all event rental needs.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Select your travel dates and vehicle type below to view rates, availability & make secure online reservations in Charleston. Most of the car rental companies offer compact, mid-size, full-size, luxury, convertible, suvs and many other types of vehicles. The car rental reservation systems are very user friendly and offer great savings. Thank you for visiting.


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Premium Notice: Watch this Season's "LIVE" UEFA CHAMPIONS LEAGUE MATCHES "ALL FOR FREE" on your Mobile Phone.
Latest news from Other top soccer sites reveals – "Messi To Miss Out On High Profile Friendly".
Read the full football news at Source.
Related Posts
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- Arteta Willing To Sanction £90,000-a-week Sale At Arsenal
- Solskjaer Gives Marcus Rashford's Injury Update Ahead Of Crunch Liverpool Meeting
- Exclusive Report Of The 5 Players That Would Leave Manchester United This January
- Good News! Bruno Fernandes To Miss Benfica Clash For This Reason


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Puppy Kindergarten is a class designed to get your new puppy off to a good start. Life skills and exposures learned in a positive environment and with controlled outcomes are easiest learned in the first months of life. Puppies will interact with others in this class. Families will learn about feeding, health concerns (vaccinations, spay/neuter and others), developmental periods as their puppy grows into adulthood, new exposures (sounds, textures, motion), potty training and more.
This class is limited to 6 puppies sign up early to reserve your spot! Prepayment is required.
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Your puppy must be 8-16 weeks old


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Posted: Mar 12, 2013
BIRMINGHAM, Ala. – Birmingham-Southern Junior Moya Moore has been named the Southern Athletic Association Women's Tennis Player of the Week announced by league office on Tuesday.
The Baker, Fla., native collected three singles wins at the No. 1 position and won two doubles matches at No. 1 doubles last week.
BSC defeated nationally ranked Campbellsville and followed with wins over LeTourneau and Huntingdon College to improve its record to 4-1.


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Since its founding in 2007 by Belgian designer, Vincent Cantaert, MAMAGREEN has made it their goal to create high-end outdoor furniture that is exquisitely beautiful, luxuriously comfortable, highly durable, and all around eco-friendly.
As the name, MAMAGREEN, invokes the idea of Mother Earth, the company stands by its ecological and social responsibilities of utilizing environmentally safe and socially conscientious processes while manufacturing their beautiful outdoor furniture.- Less
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With MAMAGREEN, sustainable practices do not compromise the quality and design of the furniture. Durable construction, chic designs, and responsible practices make MAMAGREENs mantra "Eat. Play. Love. Outdoors." come to life.


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Spring's here in full force, and the freshest look is pattern mixing.
Pattern mixing can be subtle, daring, or just plain fun. Here are some celebrities doing the complicated work of mixology.
Of course, it helps to have personal stylists. Here are some stylists and bloggers who work their patterns perfectly.
Give you any ideas? We hope so. We're mixing it up for Spring at http://www.pendleton-usa.com; tweed with polka dots, plaids with our very-Pendleton Native-inspired patterns.


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Daisuke Matsuzaka, Carl Crawford Make 2011 Red Sox Spring Training Debuts
FORT MYERS, Fla. (AP) -- Not much to remember from Carl Crawford's spring training debut for the Boston Red Sox.
The $142 million man was 0 for 3 in Monday's 7-6 win over the Minnesota Twins. David Ortiz hit a three-run homer, and Josh Reddick hit a two-run drive.
"First time I've ever seen Carl in a Boston uniform, so that was good," Red Sox manager Terry Francona said. "It's just two games into spring training."
Daisuke Matsuzaka allowed one run in two innings -- on a Jason Kubel homer in the first. He struck out one and walked one, throwing 14 of 25 pitches for strikes.
"Very good velocity. That was exciting to see that, especially early on," Francona said. "Very aggressive with his fastball. Had some good life to it. I was excited about that."
Matsuzaka, who has battled control issues, was satisfied with his appearance.
"As it's the first outing of the spring season, the fastball is running pretty well," he said through interpreter Kenta Yamada. "That's something I'm very confident with. Overall, I think I did a very good job as a first outing."
Twins starter Nick Blackburn gave up two hits in two scoreless innings, throwing 18 of 28 pitches for strikes.
"He went right at the hitters," Twins manager Ron Gardenhire said. "Good velocity and good movement."
Blackburn is adding a slider back to his repertoire following a 10-12 record last year.
"Last year, I didn't have a great season," he said. "But I learned how to pitch without my slider, which is something that I haven't been able to do for my entire career. Hopefully adding that slider will make it a little easier, won't have to rely on the sinker as much, kind of mix it up, give me an extra pitch."
Loser James Hoey gave up Reddick's seventh-inning homer.
"Good arm, great arm," Gardenhire said. "The ball really came out of his hand. I mean the ball was flying out there today. But even the pitch the guy went deep on was not a bad pitch. It was down, with an angle and good velocity. I like to see that velocity."
Luke Hughes hit a two-run homer in the third against knuckleballer Tim Wakefield.
Ortiz's homer to right field came with Jacoby Ellsbury and Dustin Pedroia on base. Ortiz has gotten off to slow starts the past two years.
Although, it's spring training, Francona was happy with the swing Ortiz took.
"I think it counts," Francona said. "I'd much rather see guys swing good than not good. The way they go through spring training, there's no way, you don't see it very often where guys get hot, because they don't play every day. They're not supposed to. If we played David a week in a row, he would probably find his swing, but he'd find it in February. We need guys to grow into it or build into it. I was excited because he kept that ball fair. He kept his hands in and didn't hook it foul. It was a pretty swing."


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by Paula M. Riley
When Wyndmoor second-grader Natalie Bauder, 7, puts her mind to something, nothing stops her!
She recently learned about Chestnut Hill Meals on Wheels (MOW) through her mother, Laura, who joined the group as a volunteer this summer. Laura told her daughter all about the organization's mission and how important it is for the homebound to receive meals.
That was all the incentive Natalie needed.
"These are people who can't get out of their houses to buy food," Natalie said emphatically. "They need food to survive. Without Meals on Wheels, they won't survive."
Natalie decided to organize a baked goods sale to raise money for MOW. She had experience in this arena. Last year, when she heard about the devastating earthquake in Haiti, she wanted to take action. Just 6 years old at the time, she organized a baked goods sale at her church, Trinity Episcopal in Ambler.
With the help of her parents, her sale was a huge success! Natalie made a generous donation to Save the Children and Doctors Without Borders.
This year, however, Natalie wanted to bring the sale to her church as well as her school. She began with her church community, and two weeks before the sale, Natalie stood up in front of the congregation to announce the sale and explain that proceeds would benefit Yvonne Chamberlain, and other MOW clients, who were unable to pay for their meals.
As Natalie and her mother planned their baking, news about the sale spread throughout the church community.
"Some told their friends, who told their friends," said Natalie with a smile, "You know how all that talking works."
Most of the items sold at the church sale were baked at home by Natalie and her mother, but many church members donated food as well.
"We had a whole table completely filled!" Natalie exclaimed.
As she did at church, the second grader organized the entire sale. With the exception of her mother contacting Erdenheim Elementary principal Christine Bradley for permission, Natalie managed everything. She planned all the baking, created a one-page flyer (complete with graphics) to distribute to the second grade and stood before her second-grade peers to announce the sale and explain its purpose.
Preparation is one of Natalie's favorite steps.
"I make great cake pops!" she said.
With exceptional detail, Natalie explains the process of creating cake pops – the most popular item at the school sale. Cake crumbs are rolled in a ball, put on a stick and dipped in melted white or milk chocolate.
"The trick is you use the icing like glue," she revealed. "It keeps the cake on the stick – do you believe it? The magic is the icing!"
Laura helped her daughter on sale day but credits the staff and administration at Erdenheim Elementary.
"They were so eager to support Natalie," said Laura who explained that the second-graders participate in monthly service projects throughout the year.
Principal Bradley was thrilled to support Natalie.
"Service projects are a part of what we do and who we are," she said. "When the children come up with their own idea, if we can accommodate it, we certainly will. It reinforces the idea that all of us can work together to give back to our community."
Natalie considers her sale a big success. She is excited that she raised $528.19 but also recognizes that it was important to tell her classmates about Meals on Wheels.
"I made sure to wear my Meals on Wheels shirt during the day so they knew what I was doing it for," she said.
She has yet to meet Yvonne Chamberlain, but this introduction is scheduled for the near future. When asked what she thinks Chamberlain will do when she meets her, Natalie replies humbly, "Well I guess she will say 'thank you.'"
For adults who want to follow Natalie's spirit of giving, there are other opportunities to donate to Meals on Wheels. The MOW Annual Appeal began in late November and extends through the end of the year. MOW is accepting donations from community members and organizations. Consider giving the gift of a meal. Donations can be made in a friend's name and given as a gift this holiday season.
Other community events benefitting Meals on Wheels involve collaboration with local retailers and restaurants. On Thursday, Dec. 9, Big Blue Marble Bookstore in Mt. Airy will donate a portion of all proceeds from sales 4-8 p.m., and on Sunday, Dec. 26, the Chestnut Hill Business Association is sponsoring, "Souper Sunday." Participating Chestnut Hill restaurants will feature a special soup of the day and a portion of soup sales will be donated to MOW.
For more information, to volunteer or to donate visit www.chestnuthillmow.com


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Marcel Jensen hauls in play of the day at Broncos minicamp
The play of the day at Broncos' minicamp practice Wednesday came from an unlikely source — tight end Marcel Jensen.
During team drills, Jensen hauled in a pass on a fade route in the left corner of the end zone while being draped by two defenders. The play drew an array of "oohs" and "aahs" from the players surrounding the drill and earned Jensen a few helmet smacks on the way back to the line.
The Broncos picked up the second-year undrafted free agent out of Fresno State off waivers from the Jaguars last month.


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Pioneer rebuffs reported rush to end plasma TV production
Will continue making sets until the end of the year
Exclusive Pioneer has denied reports that it will wrap up worldwide plasma TV production with a final run of sets next month.
The firm announced last month plans to exit the plasma TV business by March 2010. But a release on its Japanese website today prompted numerous online news sources to wrongly report that the 2500 50in and 500 60in Kuros set to go into production next month will be its last.
The 3000 TVs will be the last plasmas manufactured for sale in the firm's native market, a Pioneer spokeswoman told Register Hardware. But production for US, European and other markets will continue, she added.
Global plasma production will probably come to an end by the close of 2009, she added.
Ending plasma production globally before January 2010 will ensure Pioneer meets its self-imposed March 2010 deadline. But why the firm's chosen to close down plasma production for Japan but continue making plasmas to sell to the rest of the world remains a closely guarded secret. ®
Sponsored: Detecting cyber attacks as a small to medium business


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Automation Keeps Fab Shop Humming After Hours
|Automated material load and unload equipment on three of its six CNC turret presses allow American Metal Fab to run lights out over an unmanned second shift to
provide enough parts for downstream operations.
Exponential Growth Spanning Four Decades
At one time, the contract manufacturer—with an equipment list that includes seven stamping presses, six CNC turret presses, four laser-cutting machines, 10 CNC press brakes and four robotic arc-welding cells—employed 115 working three shifts. Today, its 65 employees work one shift to manage projects from prototype development through production for customers in markets including commercial refrigeration (its largest customer base, at around 25 percent of its business), office furniture and RVs.
Crowell also has been successful at getting his foot in the door of new markets, including medical-appliance and military-vehicle fabrication. "Doors opened to allow our successful entry into these markets that are somewhat limited today but offer great potential in the near future," he says, "thanks to our ability to work upfront with customers during the product-design stage."
Capital Investments to Anticipate Rather than React
Before enduring the downturn that began late in 2008 for his company, Crowell managed his business through year after year of growth—some years 5 percent, other years 20 percent—all the while focused on anticipating the need for new equipment to keep up with the needs of its customers. Along that line—anticipate rather than react—two years ago he purchased a new Murata servo-electric CNC turret punch press to replace an aging hydraulic model. Its capabilities, combined with existing turret presses—three with automation that allows the firm to run lights out over an unmanned second shift—provide enough parts for downstream operations to alleviate any production bottlenecks.
We have more capacity in our press-brake area than in any other area of the shop," Crowell says, "so we needed to run some of our turret presses more than just 8 hr. a day to smooth out our process and minimize lead times to our customers."
Als on the Prowl for Efficiency Gains
For four of its larger customers, the company monitors MRPs online two to three times a week. It might build 50 of one part, and as many as 500 of another.
For the commercial refrigeration industry, the firm fabricates refrigerator wrappers that require turret-press fabrication and then press-brake forming of primarily two basic blank sizes, one blank slightly smaller than the other.
"We schedule the two different sizes of wrappers back to back," says Jason Crowell, John's son and the firm's vice president. "We developed a common turret setup for both jobs. Optimizing the tooling setup to handle both jobs eliminated a setup."
Larger full-sheet parts such as the refrigerator-wrapper blanks prove ideal for producing lights-out on the Murata CNC turret presses, as do sheets with just two or three nested parts. "The more parts you nest into a sheet that runs unmanned," says Jason, "the more chance something might break loose from the sheet and cause the press to shut down." Blanks that run overnight get stacked by the automation equipment and operators separate parts from the blanks during the day.
The newest turret press in the American Metal Fab stable (a Motorum model 2548) can process sheets to 98.5 in. long and 49 in. wide, a significant upgrade from the other turret presses—all hydraulic models—in the stable. "Our other presses require repositioning for any work longer than 77 in.," says Jason. The ability to run larger blanks on the new press without repositioning eliminates the unclamp-reposition-clamp cycle as well as the need to run through the entire tool setup a second time to finish a sheet. Running the larger sheets without repositioning has decreased cycle times by as much as 30 percent."
Increased Laser Capacity, and a Commitment to Training
In addition to recent investments in new turret-press and automation technology, the Crowells purchased, in 2008, a new 5-kW laser-cutting machine. "We're looking to
"The new machine also can handle blanks to 6 by 12 ft.," John adds, "allowing us to run longer parts compared to our previous 5 by 10-ft. capacity on our older laser-cutting machines."
"We've also discovered that while nitrogen is required as the assist gas when cutting thicker sheet and plate," adds Jason, "heavier than 12 gauge, for thinner work we can cut with shop air. Shop air also does a great job when etching with the laser."
Our plant tour also led us past a lineup of CNC press brakes and robotic arc-welding cells, with operators moving from one area of the shop to another to tackle work wherever it needed doing. "I'm a big believer in cross training our people," says Jason.
Training has been a big success factor for the firm, in areas such as 5S, material flow and kanban. "We've changed the we purchase materials and performed our setups," Jason explains. "We videotaped our setup procedures and made spaghetti charts to trace our footsteps, and then found s to improve our efficiency."
Much of the training investment made by the Crowells was subsidized by grants acquired from the State of Michigan, thanks to diligence by the firm's human-resources department. "We've received as much as $14,000/yr.," says John, "which we apply to training programs primarily administered by the Michigan Works! Association."
Michigan Works! is a public-private partnership for workforce development that offers training, on-site technical assistance and other services. American Metal Fab provided more than 1000 hr. of training to 30 of its employees during a 10-week period in 2008, "quite a competitive advantage," adds John Crowell. MF
See also: Muratec Murata Machinery USA, Inc.
Related Enterprise Zones: Automation, Fabrication
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I'm not sure where to even begin this blog today. Since finding out I have HIV dementia, it seems my life has literally turned upside down. I've suffered through several losses of my independence. However there have truly been some really comical moments. Most have seemed funnier when I stepped away and looked back at myself not when I was right in the moment. However my friends and family members found them hysterical at the actual time they were occurring.
Part of my disease process affects how I see things spatially. I have real difficulty putting things together or manipulating objects. My career choice and educational background is that I am a registered nurse. I have my RN license (or had it). I have my BSN and I even have my MBA. So one would think that with all that education, even with my dementia complex I would still be able to do certain things. Things that would be considered routine and simple for a woman of my background. Well as it turns out not only can't I pretty much recall any of my nursing training or knowledge base but I can't put on a blood pressure cuff the right way to take my own blood pressure, nor could I figure out which size needle to use (large vs small) to give myself my own subcutaneous (under the skin) injections of Neupogen that I had to self-inject for several weeks. I've had issues manipulating batteries, kitchen objects, as a passenger in a car being able to judge distance of the other cars, manipulating the locks on the doors, folding laundry and loading/unloading the dishwasher. It is true I am a stellar housewife! (not)
Another part of my disease process affects how I move my large muscle groups. I particularly have issues with hand tremors and getting my legs to do what I need them to do at certain times. My hand tremors always seem to get in the way right when I need to sign my name. It generally only affects the Lynda part. I can't seem to coordinate the letters so that the "nda" part is legible. I start out strong and lose the momentum each and every time. It also affects me if I'm holding anything of a hot or cold temperature, the shakiness almost always guarantees that I'll be wearing what I'm drinking. So to compensate for that even as I love my Diet Coke drinks I have now almost exclusively switched to good old-fashioned water so that it's not visible when this happens :-). My legs and my brain seem to disconnect when I hit any type of movement that requires an extra effort such as walking down a set of stairs or a set of bleachers or even climbing over a baby gate. My legs just can't seem to get in sync with my brain to get the correct action and look natural doing it. I have been known to literally crawl in these situations just to get to my final destination since my brain doesn't want to cooperate. That in itself is a show to watch! I'm surprised my friends and kids haven't started selling tickets yet to those events!
The dementia complex affects almost every part of my brain and therefore it affects everyday actions that mostly I used to take for granted. My oldest son who is now 18 passed his driving test on the same day that I surrendered my driver's license and got my non-driver ID issued. As we added him to our insurance policy and removed me, once again the irony became crystal clear. HIV dementia is something I'll continue to deal with for the rest of my life.
Aside from the complex though, my hair is thinning and falling out at an uncomfortable rate for me! I've discussed this with my HIV specialist and she says it's very common in both men and women! I had a similar pattern many years ago when one of my drugs made that happen and my solution then was to cut my long hair and go short. Well now that I have short hair- I'm debating what to do. I've been coloring it to hide the grey but supposedly that can accelerate the hair falling out part so that's not a great idea. So as my grey starts to reemerge I'm afraid I'll look like a zebra which isn't gonna be my best look!
My friends and I have been considering the alternative: for me to go real short and while it grows back, hopefully healthier, use some scarves and head wraps. Now this would seem like a great plan but if I can't use a blood-pressure cuff correctly, pick the right size needle to self-inject, climb over a baby-gate, move up and down a flight of stairs, walk down a street without tripping over my own two feet, use a toaster correctly, change the batteries in a smoke detector or a remote without help etc etc ... I can only imagine the stupid, silly mistakes I would make with a head wrap or a scarf!
So maybe some of my readers out there have had this issue of thinning and falling out hair ... what did you do? Any suggestions? Any help if I do decide to go the scarf and head wrap avenue? I really don't want to look "sick" but I don't want to look like a zebra with very thin hair either. I've searched the internet specifically for answers regarding women and hair loss and HIV and haven't found any real data or studies that could help me so it seems that it's something people just accept or maybe don't talk about. I want to talk about it because I need answers and if I have the question then I'm sure someone else has the question too.
So the dementia complex comes with its own host of problems which can illicit some humorous moments even without talking about memory, judgment, impulses and decision-making ! Before I make that next decision about what to do with my ratty looking hair, I don't really want to set myself up for failure when I can forecast some very humorous moments wearing a wig or a wrap since either would require a steady hand and an eye for visual-spatial placement. Since it's something I may need to wear often, I actually would like to succeed.
Until next time.


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5 December 2011 at 10.31am | 2 Comments
The dashing young Alfredo has declared his love, the guests have left the party and Violetta is alone. But to her, love means nothing: she's a courtesan; she gets money by faking emotion. After a brief setback, she's back to her party girl antics in 'Sempre libera', one of Verdi's most dazzling showcases. But how long can she keep up the pretence?
Woodwind introduces her aria, the very picture of girlish glee. Its trilling tune and bouncing accompaniment stop abruptly and Violetta starts her carefree bright stream of vocal fireworks. In this clip from the opening run of the Royal Opera production in 1994, Angela Gheorghiu hits the consonants, creating bounce and bravura in the vocal line.
But however happy and energetic Violetta sounds, Verdi keeps a dark harmonic card in his back pocket. She cannot help but land on that shadowy diminished chord at the bottom of each phrase. So although the music is resolutely in a major key, Verdi mixes minor tones into the harmonic palate.
Other heart-stopping elements lurk in the background. As soon as Violetta climbs to a ringing top C, Alfredo's amorous voice is heard in the street. It stops Violetta abruptly. Snapping out of her reverie she launches straight back into the dizzying coloratura. These vocal leaps became a prominent feature of 18th and 19th century opera and were a staple of bel canto repertoire. Often these indicated jollity or madness. Here, Verdi blurs the boundaries between the two states.
In the second part of the aria (a modified repeat of the first), Violetta won't be deterred and she skips ever higher, even when Alfredo interrupts. Gheorghiu is particularly effortless in the way she throws away these rising phrases. This is a woman in her prime, but we know it won't last.
If on the surface 'Sempre libera' is a coloratura platform for the soprano, it similarly uncovers the central conflict in Violetta's life. Alfredo may be singing in the street, but it's as if his voice haunts her. Domesticity calls her away from high society. And although she commits to a life of pleasure in these jovial bars, three months later (at the start of Act II) she is living with Alfredo. This aria unlocks the tragedy that awaits them both.
Libretto translation
Free and aimless I frolic
From joy to joy,
Flowing along the surface
of life's path as I please.
As the day is born,
Or as the day dies,
Happily I turn to the new delights
That make my spirit soar.
Love is a heartbeat throughout the universe,
mysterious, altering,
the torment and delight of my heart.
Oh! Oh! Love!
Madness! Euphoria!
Gavin writes, lectures and broadcasts widely about music in the 19th and 20th centuries. www.entartetemusik.blogspot.com