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Ryan, B. & Cruickshank, P. (2016). Digital engagement workshop for community councils: Glasgow 2016 report
This report covers a workshop on digital engagement for Community Councils supported by the School of Computing's public engagement fund. It was held in Glasgow on 22 March ...
Ryan, B. & Cruickshank, P. (2016). Digital engagement workshops for Community Councils and Registered Tenant Organisations. Scotland: Scottish Government
In October and November 2015 Edinburgh Napier University (Napier) hosted a series of workshops on digital engagement for Community Councillors and representatives of Registere...
Ryan, B. & Cruickshank, P. (2015). digiCC workshop outcomes report. Edinburgh Napier University: Edinburgh Napier University
A workshop on digital engagement by Community Councils (CCs) was hosted by Edinburgh Napier University on 30 January 2015 to which members from 35 CCs came. Facilitated sessio...
Communities and Culture Network + (Hosted by University of Leeds)
A Community of Practice was found supporting the digital engagement practitioners in the neighbouring CCs, and that this is situated within a context of interested non-practitioners who share knowledg...
Scottish Funding Council
Based on a review of their existing information systems and plans, we worked with What's On Scotland to evaluate their information strategy with a focus on social media and other technologies which wo...
We carried out prototype development support by research to demonstrate the potential of use of social network data on customers, their interests and relationships to provide an enhanced service.
15 February 2018
Professor Hazel Hall, Peter Cruickshank, and Dr Bruce Ryan of the Centre for Social Informatics discuss the extent to which those who participated in an AHRC funded-network fo...
30 October 2017
Centre for Social Informatics PhD student Frances Ryan presented a poster at the 80th Annual Meeting of the Association for Information Science and Technology (ASIST2017) on 3...
20 September 2017
Dr Bruce Ryan presented a paper entitled 'Exploring information literacy through the lens of Activity Theory' at European Conference on Information Literacy (ECIL) in St Malo,...
04 March 2016
04 March 2016
Peter Cruickshank and Bruce Ryan will run a workshop on digital engagement for community councils in Glasgow this month. This workshop will bring together community council me...
27 January 2016
27 January 2016
Peter Cruickshank and Bruce Ryan today publish their report on workshops on digital engagement for Community Council and Registered Tenant Organisation members. Key find...
Ryan, B., & Cruickshank, P. (2014). Scottish Community Councils online: the 2014 survey. Community Councils Network
This document reports the results of a survey, carried out in late spring 2014, of the public web presences of potentially over 1300 Scottish Community Councils (CCs). It foll...
Cruickshank, P., Hall, H. & Taylor-Smith, E. (2011). Enhancing the impact of LIS research projects. Edinburgh: Research Information Network
This report covers extent to which funded research projects in the domain of library and information science (LIS) influence practice in the UK. It focuses particularly on ide...
Cruickshank, P. (2010). Customer journey mapping
Public services need to adapt to the needs of their customers, the citizens. Often new e-services are technology-initiated, but Smart Cities start with the user. This document...
Cruickshank, P. (2010). Mobile apps for bus users in Edinburgh
Edinburgh and its surrounding area are well served by an efficient bus network. The City of Edinburgh Council (CEC) have worked with the locally owned bus company (Lothian Bus...
Cruickshank, P. & Deakin, M. (2010). Co-design in Smart Cities
This report brings together the different experiences and perspectives of Smart Cities partners who have used different forms of co-design. These are then linked to the findin...
Cruickshank, P. (2010). Your library: supporting mobile users in Edinburgh
The Library and Information Services department of the City of Edinburgh Council has been extending its service provision for citizens and engaging with the wider community. T...
Hall, H., Cruickhsank, P. & Ryan, B. (2016). Information literacy for democratic engagement (IL-DEM). Scotland: Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals
Between October and December 2016 a team from the Centre for Social Informatics at Edinburgh Napier University investigated the information practices of community councillors ...
Hall, H., Cruickshank, P. & Irving, C. (2011). RiLIES2: Final report. United Kingdom: Library and Information Science Research Coalition
Research report of the RiLIES2 (Research in librarianship - Impact Evaluation Study) project commissioned by the Library and Information Science Research Coalition to support ...
Hall, H., Irving, C. & Cruickshank, P. (2012). Training provision for the library, information and knowledge sector. United Kingdom: Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals
Unpublished report.
Ryan, F., Hall, H., Cruickshank, P., & Lawson, A. (2019, June). Build, manage and evaluate: information practices and personal reputations on social media platforms. Paper presented at Conceptions of Library and Information Science 10 (CoLIS10), Ljubjana, Slovenia
Introduction. The broad theme of this paper is the use of information to build, manage and evaluate personal reputations. It reports the findings of a study that considered th...
Ryan, F., Cruickshank, P., Hall, H. & Lawson, A. (2017, June). Blurred reputations: Managing profession and private information online. Paper presented at i3: information: interactions and impact, Aberdeen, Scotland
See attached file.
Cruickshank, P., Ryan, B., & Hall, H. (2017, June). Practices of community representatives in exploiting information channels for citizen engagement. Paper presented at i3: Information: Interactions and impact
This extended abstract presents results of an investigation of the practices of community representatives (in this case: Community Councillors in Scotland) in exploiting infor...
This PhD is concerned with the role of online information in...
The Journal of Documentation has recently accepted a journal article by Centre for Social Informatics researchers that considers the long-term value and impact of AHRC network grant funding.
15 February 2018
The Centre for Social Informatics participated at the 80th Annual Meeting of the Association for Information Science and Technology (ASIST2017) in Washington DC on 30th October 2017.
30 October 2017
The Centre for Social Informatics made a contribution to the European Conference on Information Literacy (ECIL) in St Malo, France, in September 2017.
19 September 2017
Staff and research students from the Centre for Social Informatics presented nine papers at Information: interactions and impact (i3) in June 2017.
26 June 2017
Researchers in the Centre for Social Informatics have released findings of the Information Literacy for Democratic Engagement (IL-DEM) project.
19 March 2017
The work of a team from the Centre for Social Informatics on the evaluation and management of personal reputations using online information has just been published in Information Research (one of the ...
7 December 2016
The Centre for Social Informatics made a number of contributions to the Information Seeking in Context conference 2016 (#ISIC2016) in Zadar, Croatia between 20th and 23rd September 2016.
19 September 2016
Staff and research students from the Centre for Social Informatics made a number of contributions at iDocQ 2016 in Glasgow on 23rd June 2016.
22 June 2016
22 March at Banqueting Hall, Glasgow City Chambers, George St, Glasgow G2 1DU
4 March 2016
27 January 2016
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Top 2 Super Bowl favorites, Broncos and Seahawks, lose their left tackles
We'll find out how valuable the left tackle position truly is to a NFL team.
The AFC Broncos and NFC Seattle Seahawks are now the co-favorites to win the Super Bowl with 9-to-2 odds, according to the Las Vegas Hotel & Casino.
Both teams put their starting left tackles on the injured reserve list this week. The Broncos put two-time All Pro Ryan Clady on season-ending IR. The Seahawks placed Russell Okung on IR with the designated to return after eight weeks.
Every year in the draft, there is a run of left tackles taken within the top 10 picks. Even if they turn out to be right tackles as was the case this year with No. 1 overall pick Eric Fisher of Kansas City and No. 2 pick Luke Joeckel of Jacksonville.


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I have two lists, 'A' and 'B'. I need to display their joined data according to certain filters.
A and B are joined using Linked sources and I can filter data by column values from A thanks to this little trick: http://www.sharepointdev.net/sharepoint--design-customization/dataformwebpart-in-sharepoint-designer-linked-to-sql-not-being-able-to-filter-2821.shtml
Does anyone know of any workaround how to filter and sort the displayed form by items from A and B? For example, can I somehow trick SharePoint into making an SQL query on those two lists or this isn't a job for the SharePoint Designer?


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Leo Espinosa
No longer on the site it appears.....Leo Espinosa seems to have let their subscription at Drawger pass into the sun set.
That's okay...people come and go over time.
The fact that Leo Espinosa is no longer here, does not in any reflact badly in them.
Perhaps it reflects badly on the site itself, but never them.


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Create a Sponsored Post
Select NEW POST from the drop menu below your icon and follow the instructions on each pop-up.
- Click the green SPONSORED button on the first pop-up.
- TOPIC - Select the topic section that is most suitable for your post. This ensures your audience is interested in your subject matter.
- COUNTRY - Select a country to ensure your content is posted to the most relevant website. If you're in the USA you'll need to also select a state. If your subject is broad then choose your own city or country.
- WEBSITE - Next, choose the best website for the country or state you selected. City websites tend to rank higher in Google search results.
- SPONSOR DETAILS - If you're the one initiating the job, you must ensure your sponsor is registered with YAYWORLD and provide the email the sponsor used when they registered. This is so the platform can link payouts to your account.
- FEE & DEADLINE - On the same pop-up, enter your fee for creating a post and a deadline. The job details will be sent to the sponsor. You can then negotiate fees and deadlines with the sponsor via your dashboard in a safe and secure environment to ensure you're paid the moment the post is published. If the company is initiating a job, they must use the INVITE link that displays on your profile and your posts.
- READY TO PUBLISH - When you're ready to publish your post, click the green READY TO PUBLISH button on the PREVIEW page. The sponsor will be notified the post is ready for review. They can then either publish the post or request edits. Only the sponsor can publish a sponsored post.
- PAYMENT - The moment the sponsor clicks the PUBLISH button, the post is published and your payment is transferred to your Venmo or bank account. Funds will display in your Venmo or bank account within 48 hours. See the video below for more details.
We review every post published and will delete any post containing inappropriate content. Read CONTENT GUIDELINES for help with content and the FAQ page for more details.
Watch this video to know more about creating a sponsored post.
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High Temp Wire
by Kemper
Special high-temperature alloy wire (HTW 17 gauge, HTS 24 gauge) can be used for any project that requires wire support in high temperatures of ceramic kilns; bottle sagging, bead supports, special stilts, element pins, kiln furniture, cone holders. 10 ft. per pack. Can be fired up to cone 5.
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What is the difference between gauges 17 and 24?- Asked by Mara Odette on 29-Jul-13
When talking about gauge in this sense, the higher the number, the thinner it is. So, 17 gauge is thicker than 24 gauge.- Answered by MisterArt on 29-Jul-13
What's the secret to using this wire? Won't the clay shrink around the wire and crack?- Asked by Lorelei on 19-Mar-13
The High Temp Wire can be used for any project that requires wire support in high temperatures. It can be fired up to cone 5. The clay will not shrink or crack.- Answered by MisterArt on 22-Mar-13
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happy valentine day sms.com
Happy Valentine's day to all lovers & couples it is a day to celebrate the spirit of love. We share the best Happy Valentine images, valentine's day pictures, and valentine images with quotes printable and on-line valentine s day games, puzzles and contests for children. Bargain Balloons has over 11,000 designs of Valentine%27s+Day Balloons and Valentine%27s+Day Mylar Balloons at discount prices we thought we'd take a stab at re-creating those kitschy, over-the-top valentine's day heart-shaped gift boxes from days of yore. Personalize and print Valentine s Day cards from the comfort of your home from Americangreetings adorned with frilly ribbon. com free valentine's day stickers for your happy planner! can you feel the love? this is a digital product. Quick and easy to create valentines for loved ones! Kids will enjoy hours of fun with our Happy Valentine s Day Personalized Coloring Book & Crayon Set no physical items will be sent to you. Made especially for them with their name featured on the front happy valentines day 2017 quotes, wishes, images, cards, messages, status, sms, wallpapers, gifts for her and him. Annebella Pollen, a lecturer in art and design history at University of Brighton, U hd valentines day wallpapers. K get best valentine s day messages 2017 to share with your loved ones. , first discovered Vinegar Valentines when she was researching a project on love celebrate valentines day with these amazing valentines day messages 2017. On Valentine s Day, SpongeBob is giving out Valentine s Day hearts to everyone valentine s day in the united states. He even gives one to Plankton, which is delivered with the help of tweezers valentine s day is celebrated on february 14. A wonderful way to make "I love you" easy to say it is a festival of romantic love and many people give cards, letters, flowers or. Browse the best collection of romantic Valentine s Day Wishes, Love Quotes, Romantic Poems and Love Cards find daily deals, diy projects, frugal crafts, easy & frugal recipes, freebies, giveaways & more! happy valentines day 2017 quotes oh, if it be to choose and call thee mine, love, thou art every day my valentine! ~thomas hood love puts the fun in together, the sad. Happy Valentines Day Pictures, valentine day list, valentines day messages, valentines day ideas for her, valentines day quotes, valentines day images Boss s Day is the special day to thank your boss for his/ her inspiration and support at work and wish him/ her a great Boss s Day love messages. Choose from our collection of love messages for her. The tradition of Valentine s Day is believed to have originated from the pagan customs of the Third Century or Fourth Century B the amount of love and happiness you have filled up in my life cannot be measured. C love messages for him. , when the Parentalia and Feralia love me and never. Valentine's Day is the perfect occasion to express your love and devotion to your better half send the perfect valentine s day gift this year and every year by choosing one of our gourmet valentine s gift baskets filled with delicious hand decorated cookies. While there are some people who find it easy to come up with a the latest tips and news on valentine s day are on popsugar love & sex. Valentine s Day This is a festival to express romantic love through giving cards, letters, flowers on popsugar sex & culture you will find everything you need on love, culture and valentine s day. It is a day to celebrate the spirit of love


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A signed paperback personally autographed by hand by the author. Can also be personalized if you like! This edition of the book is 5.25 x 8 and printed in the USA. Comes with a free signed bookmark (randomly chosen).
If you'd like the book personalized with a quote or phrase, please specify what quote or phrase, or if you'd like C.M. to choose for you (you can also select to simply have it signed with your name or even just signed).
Pack Ivory Emerald


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"There is now a move in business towards using data more intelligently and I have personally embraced it completely, thanks to MarketingSherpa's generous share of exclusive case studies, surveys, and results data analysis (freely available, if I might add)."
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What correlation does ping latency have with high server activity?
Our network administration expert explains which metrics provide visibility into what's going on at peak activity levels in order to optimize network performance in this expert response.
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Mia Love is one of "The Power Line Pick Six" that you see featured on the right side of our home page. Love is a deeply conservative candidate with a great life story. Born in Brooklyn to parents who immigrated to the U.S. from Haiti, she became a Mormon, moved to Utah, and eventually was elected mayor of Saratoga Springs, a town of about 18,000. She now bids for election to Congress from Utah's Fourth District. If successful, she will be the first African-American female member of Congress to be a Republican. Earlier this year, she trounced her Republican opponents for the seat at the Utah Republican Party Convention, winning more than 70 percent of the vote.
Recently, MSNBC featured a five minute story about Mia Love, calling her a potential rising star in the Republican Party. It is surprisingly fair-minded, I think. The respect MSNBC showed her is a good sign. This is someone who must be taken seriously.
MSNBC assessed Love's chances of unseating the Democratic incumbent, Jim Matheson, as 50-50 or maybe a little better, given Mitt Romney's popularity in Utah. We see it as a toss-up, and a very important one.
Paul Ryan has already hosted a fund-raiser for Mia Love, and Ann Romney is strongly backing her candidacy. The Party will feature her at the Convention in Tampa.
You can contribute to the effort to elect Mia Love here.
And here is the MSNBC story.


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A Chrome Finish - Playing In the Sandbox
A Chrome Finish - Playing In the Sandbox
It was perhaps inevitable that Google, a Web 2.0 company with a massive user base for its famous search engine and web applications, would join the competitive web browsing scene that's currently dominated by Microsoft's Internet Explorer while the remainder of the market is split among by Mozilla's Firefox (whose market share is steadily increasing), Apple's Safari and the Opera browser.
But that's not surprising of Google, given its history of offering users innovative free and open source products and alternatives. Take for example, their take on email with their record bursting (at that time) Gmail with its 1GB of storage space, or Google Docs, which would allow you to both store and edit documents online for easy access anywhere. Given such a pedigree of products, it was definitely logical to assume that it was just a matter of time before Google would start on their own browser to access both the World Wide Web and for better and smoother access and integration to their products/services.
Of course, to be fair, as much as we would like to act nonchalant about new products from Google, the announcement about their new browser did catch us by surprise, seeing as how we were waiting for them to debut an Android-based mobile phone . Instead, we decided to head down to their offices to catch a live demonstration by Google and found that compared to the current crop of web browsers however, Google's new Google Chrome, was an altogether different slice of the cake (and no, this cake isn't a lie).
What's most interesting about the new Google Chrome is its take on the web browsing experience. The whole product is written from ground up, and designed to work with the today's applications instead of the other way around. Stability here is an important issue for Chrome, and Google's placing an emphasis on Chrome's ability to run multiple tabs without the problems found in today's browsers. We're talking of course, about the issue where if one tab encounters a problem, your only recourse would be to shut down the entire browser and all its tabs, and lose whatever information that you may have been working on.
Of course, some browsers like Firefox allow you to recover your previous session in the event that it crashes, but this isn't as reliable as most would like it and if you've been a victim of a crash before, we can sympathize. To counter this problem, Google Chrome's multi-tab browsing works differently by isolating each single tab in its own sandbox environment.
While this does take up more memory overhead initially, it protects your browser from crashing by preventing a "rogue" tab from crashing the entire browser and also allows you to kill the individual process/tab. Memory fragmentation issues are also minimized as a result. Web page compatibility issues too will be something of a moot point with Chrome, as Google aggressively tests each new build via its own internal servers on over tens of thousands of pages sorted by their page rank system.
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Since the birth of my blog, Sunshine and Moonlight, and even more-so since I used my weekly television segment, and two newspaper stories about my situation - to tell the world (or my microcosm of it) about my MS diagnosis, I've received some feedback from individuals. The comments have come from people close to me and from complete strangers. Some thoughts were solicited, while others were not. I felt as I begin my journey writing for HealthTalk to share with the loyal readers here why I choose (and it's truly a personal choice) to tell my story.
Out of concern for me, some have questioned whether it was really wise to go public with my diagnosis, my symptoms, and my prognosis. I jumped on several message boards and chat rooms to observe other MS patients and their concerns with telling people about their diseases. It's true that many MS patients fear being too open about their situations. Much like the concerns shared directly with me about my decision, other MS patients are often worried that others will pity them. They ponder whether their employers will continue to believe in their abilities in the face of possible cognitive difficulties, or the need to utilize more sick days than pre-diagnosis. Others worry that they will be judged harshly because they have MS. Still others are worried that they may lose out on future job opportunities if potential employers find out about their ailments - all valid concerns.
On the opposite end of the spectrum, I've received comments literally from across the world, encouraging me to spare no one and to continue to share my story. I had a complete stranger approach me at a local restaurant recently, to thank me for sharing my story on television. She said it was courageous and that she and her family were praying for me. I knew right then that I had made the correct choice when I was weighing whether to be silent or to speak.
I choose to tell my story for two main reasons. First, I think it is important for others with MS, whether newly diagnosed or those who have faced their own battles with the MonSter for years, to see that it's possible to still be active in life. I want the general public to know that even though someone has MS, they can still be a viable member of a senior team of leaders in their business or organization. A multiple sclerosis patient can balance both a full-time job and a part-time passion. An MS patient can still be an active step-mother, wife, friend, colleague, blog writer, doctoral candidate and community activist. An MS patient can live a full life, filled with as many (if not more) rewarding opportunities than before her diagnosis.
But even more importantly, I choose to tell my story because I can. There is a man, from my home town in Erie, Pennsylvania, and his name is John Kanzius. John is the former owner of an ABC affiliate station, he's an engineer, and now he's a cancer research scientist. John has leukemia and when he was diagnosed he could have just come home to his wife, wrung his hands in worry and complained about his devastating chemo treatments. Instead, John decided to do something. That decision may just have found a cure for cancer (oh, and possibly also solved the country's fuel problems at the same time). John may never be able to personally reap the benefits of the work that he has done. But he chose to do something that will someday possibly save the lives of millions. (For more on John's story, see the links below).
I'm not an engineer, a medical researcher or a scientist - I never will be. But, I am a media personality, an educator, a writer and a community activist. I've chosen to use those skills, connections and experiences to spread awareness about multiple sclerosis. I've chosen to use my story to hopefully provide support to other newly diagnosed patients. My hope is that my story will help the caregivers, coworkers and friends of those with MS better understand the disease and how they can play an important role in their special person's battle with the beast. My words, my own personal experiences, and the resources I can gather for others, are all I have to give. And this is why I choose to tell my story.
I look forward to engaging with the loyal readers of HealthTalk as we journey together.
You can learn more about John Kanzius and his research by clicking the links below:
Fascinating Possible Cancer Treatment
Fire from Salt Water
Non-Invasive RF Cancer Treatment


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Virginia taxpayers' share of legal bills for Gov. Bob McDonnell's representation in a case involving theft charges against the former chef at Virginia's Executive Mansion and other allegations grew by $90,036 in June.
The June bills represent a total of 396 hours worked by former state Attorney General Anthony Troy of the Eckert Seamans law firm and 12 other lawyers. They bring the total to $143,566, counting the firm's previous bill for $53,530.
Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli appointed Troy, a Democrat, to represent the Republican governor in an official capacity as warranted by a criminal case against former chef Todd Schneider and "other related matters.'' Troy took on the case in April. Cuccinelli is the Republican nominee for governor.
A report that Troy issued in June concluded McDonnell broke no law by not disclosing thousands of dollars in gifts and loans to the governor and his family from Jonnie R. Williams, the chief executive of Virginia-based Star Scientific. Federal and state criminal investigators are looking into whether Williams or his company benefited as a result of more than $124,000 worth of gifts and loans to the first family.
The governor defended not reporting the gifts, noting that Virginia's public ethics laws require the disclosure only of gifts given directly to public officials, not their family members. In July, however, he publicly apologized for his actions and those of his family and announced that the gifts and loans are being returned or repaid to Williams.
McDonnell and First Lady Maureen McDonnell have not been charged. They have privately retained separate attorneys to represent them personally in that investigation, and friends have established a defense fund to help the McDonnells pay their mounting private attorneys' fees.
Schneider faces four felony counts of embezzlement alleging he took items from the mansion's kitchen during his two-year tenure there starting in 2010. Schneider, in documents that his defense team filed in Richmond Circuit Court, alleges that he was told to take the items as cashless compensation for private services for the McDonnell family. He alleges that family members also helped themselves to kitchen items for private and personal use.
Cuccinelli's office had been prosecuting the embezzlement case against Schneider. In May, Cuccinelli persuaded a Richmond judge to recuse his office from the case, arguing that it could force him to interrogate in court state officials whom his office is obliged to defend. Greg Underwood, Norfolk's commonwealth's attorney, was appointed to replace Cuccinelli's office in prosecuting Schneider.
Cuccinelli, however, also accepted more than $18,000 worth of gifts from Williams and Star Scientific, and once owned more than $10,000 in company stock. Some of the gratuities, including a $3,000 summer family vacation and a catered $1,500 Thanksgiving dinner at Williams' palatial waterside getaway at Smith Mountain Lake near the Blue Ridge Mountains, were not disclosed until April, when Cuccinelli amended four years' of economic disclosure forms to include items he said he had earlier forgotten.
In July, Richmond's Democratic commonwealth's attorney, Mike Herring, said in a report that Cuccinelli broke no state law with his tardy disclosures of Williams' gifts.
More bills are on the way. The two August 27 invoices from the law firm do not include work done in July or August.
Rates by a total of 14 attorneys and other professionals in the June billing range from $110 per hour to $250 per hour for Troy and five other senior attorneys on the team.
The average rate for 622 hours reflected in all bills received so far from the state-paid legal team comes to slightly more than $230 an hour, a modest rate for attorneys from high-powered national firms.
Virginia Gets More Legal Bills for Gov.'s Defense
Virginia taxpayers' share of legal bills for Gov. Bob McDonnell's representation in a case involving theft charges against the former chef at Virginia's Executive Mansion and other allegations grew by $90,036 in June.


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|Application-specific conflict resolution for weakly consistent replicated databases
|Demers et al.
|Replication facility
|Neeman et al.
|Methodology for managing weakly consistent replicated databases
|Terry et al.
|Method for providing session consistency guarantees
|Terry et al.
|Identification of stable writes in weakly consistent replicated databases while providing access to all writes in such a database
|Demers et al.
|Multi-tiered indexing method for partitioned data
|Choy et al.
|Dynamic, finite versioning for concurrent transaction and query processing
|Chen et al.
|Multiple version database concurrency control system
|Lorie et al.
|Method and apparatus for concurrency control of shared data updates and queries
embedding at least one dependency query in each of said write operations, together with a corresponding description of any results which are expected to be produced when said query is run against said database, where said dependency query is an arbitrary query on the database that is provided by the application as required to satisfy requirements of the application;
running each of the embedded dependency queries for any given write operation against said database whenever said given write operation is presented for updating said database until a conflict is detected or all of said queries have been applied;
collecting all results produced when any given dependency query for said given write operation is run against said database;
comparing the results produced by running said given dependency query against said database with the expected results of so doing; and
identifying a given write operation as being in conflict with the state of said database whenever the results produced by running any given one of the dependency queries for the given write fail to match the expected results.
This invention relates to replicated, weakly consistent data storage systems and, more particularly, to a technique for identifying and detecting application specific conflicts in the proposed updates to such systems.
Related, commonly assigned patent application have been concurrently filed by (1) Demers et al., under Ser. No. 08/352,014 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,603,026 on "Application-Specific Conflict Resolution for Weakly Consistent Replicated Databases"; (2) Demers et al., under Ser. No. 08/352,013 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,577,240 on "Identification of Stable Writes in Weakly Consistent Replicated Databases While Providing Access to All Writes in Such Databases" ; and (3) Terry et al., under Ser. No. 08/352,012 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,581,754 on "Methodology for Managing Weakly Consistent Replicated Databases". Furthermore, still another related application was filed by Terry et al. on Sep. 28, 1994 under Ser. No. 08/314,971 on a "Method for Providing Session Consistency Guarantees", now U.S. Pat. No. 5,581,753.
Replicated, weakly consistent databases are well suited for applications involving the sharing of data among multiple users with low speed or intermittent communication links. As an example, these applications can run in a mobile computing environment that includes portable machines with less than ideal network connectivity. A user's computer may have a wireless communication device, such as a cell modem or packet radio transceiver relying on a network infrastructure that may suffer from not being universally available and/or from being very expensive. Such a computer may use short-range line-of-sight communication, such as the infrared "beaming" ports available on some commercial personal digital assistants (PDAs). Alternatively, the computer may have a conventional modem requiring it to be physically connected to a phone line when sending and receiving data, or it may only be able to communicate with the rest of the system when inserted in a docking station. Indeed, the computer's only communication device may be a diskette that is transported between machines by humans. Accordingly, it will be apparent that a mobile computer may experience extended and sometimes involuntary disconnection from many or all of the other devices with which it wants to share data.
In practice, mobile users may want to share their appointment calendars, bibliographic databases, meeting notes, evolving design documents, news bulletin boards, and other types of data in spite of their intermittent network connectivity. Thus, there is a need for systems that enable mobile clients to actively read and write shared data. Even though such a system most probably will have to cope with both voluntary and involuntary communication outages, it should behave from the user's viewpoint, to the extent possible, like a centralized, highly-available database service.
To that end, in accordance with this invention, write operations for weakly consistent replicated database systems have application-specific embedded dependency queries and related descriptions of the results that are expected to be returned when the respective dependency queries are run against the database. The dependency queries are arbitrary queries that are provided by the application to satisfy the requirements of the application. Write operations that conflict with the current state of any given instance of such a database are detected by comparing (a) the results that are returned when the dependency queries for those writes are run against the given instance of the database with (b) the results that are expected to be returned.
Additional features and advantages of this invention will become apparent when the following detailed description is read in conjunction with the attached drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a client/server architecture that may be used to carry out the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows how the architecture of FIG. 1 can be extended to include session managers for enforcing selected session guarantees on behalf of the clients;
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram for a write execution process;
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram for an application specific conflict detection process;
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram for an application specific conflict resolution process;
FIG. 6 is a schematic of a write log that discriminates between committed writes and tentative writes to identify a database so stable data ("committed database") and an extended database that includes potentially unstable data ("full database");
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of a process for handling writes received from client applications;
FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of a process for handling writes received from another server via anti-entropy;
FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of a process for handling writes received from client applications by a primary server;
FIG. 10 expands on FIG. 8 to illustrate a process for handling writes received at a secondary server via anti-entropy from other servers;
FIG. 11 expands on FIG. 10 to illustrate a process for committing writes at secondary servers;
FIG. 12 illustrates a database roll/back process;
FIG. 13 illustrates a scenario of the type that cause write re-ordering; and
FIG. 14 tracks the scenario shown in FIG. 13.
While the invention is described in some detail hereinbelow with reference to a particular embodiment, it is to be understood that there is no intent to limit it to that embodiment. On the contrary, the intent is to cover all modifications, alternatives and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
A. A Typical Environment
Some computational tools, such as PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), have insufficient storage for holding copies of all, or perhaps any, of the data that their users want to access. For this reason, this invention conveniently is implemented by systems that are architected, as shown in FIG. 1, to divide functionality between servers, as at 11-13, which store data, and clients, as at 15 and 16, which read and write data that is managed by servers. A server is any machine that holds a complete copy of one or more databases. The term "database" is used loosely herein to denote a collection of data items, regardless of whether such data is managed as a relational database, is simply stored in a conventional file system, or conforms to any other data model. Clients are able to access data residing on any server to which they can communicate, and conversely, any machine holding a copy of a database, including personal laptops, are expected to be willing to service read and write requests from other clients.
Portable computers may be servers for some databases and clients for others. For instance, a client may be a server to satisfy the needs of several users who are disconnected from the rest of the system while actively collaborating, such as a group of colleagues taking a business trip together. Rather than merely giving a member of this disconnected working group access to only the data that he had the foresight to copy to his personal machine, the server/client model of FIG. 1 provides sufficient flexibility to let any group member have access to any data that is available in the group.
As will be appreciated, the notion of permitting servers to reside on portable machines is similar to the approach taken to support mobility in existing systems, such as Lotus Notes and Ficus.
Database replication is needed to enable non-connected users to access a common database. Unfortunately, many algorithms for managing replicated data, such as those based on maintaining strong data consistency by atomically updating all available copies, do not work well in a partitioned network such as is contemplated for the illustrated embodiment, particularly if site failures cannot be reliably detected. Quorum based schemes, which can accommodate some types of network partitions, do not work well for disconnected individuals or small groups. Moreover, algorithms based on pessimistic locking are also unattractive because they severely limit availability and perform poorly when message costs are high, as is generally the case in mobile environments.
Therefore, to maximize a client's ability to read and write data, even while completely disconnected from the rest of the computing environment, a read- any/write-any replication scheme, is preferred. This enables, a user to read from, as at 21-23, and write to, as at 25, any copy of the database. The timeliness with which writes will propagate to all other replicas of the database, as at 26 and 27, cannot be guaranteed because communication with certain of these replicas may be currently infeasible. Thus, the replicated databases are only weakly consistent. Techniques for managing weakly consistent replicated data, which have gained favor not only for their high availability but also for their scalability and simplicity, have been employed in a variety of prior systems.
As shown in some additional detail in FIG. 2, servers, such as 11 and 12, propagate writes, as at 26, among copies of a typical database 30 using an "anti-entropy" protocol. Anti-entropy ensures that all copies of a database 30 are converging towards the same state and will eventually converge to identical states if there are no new updates. To achieve this, the servers 11 and 12, as well as all other servers, must not only receive all writes but must also order them consistently.
Peer-to-peer anti-entropy is employed to ensure that any two servers that are able to communicate will be able to propagate updates between themselves. Under this approach, even machines that never directly communicate can exchange updates via intermediaries. Each server periodically selects another server with which to perform a pair-wise exchange of writes, as at 26; with the server selected depending on its availability as well as on the expected costs and benefits. At the end of this process, both servers 11 and 12 have identical copies of the database 30,--viz., at the end of the process, the servers 11 and 12 have the same writes effectively performed in the same order. Anti-entropy can be structured as an incremental process so that even servers with very intermittent or asymmetrical connections can eventually bring their databases into a mutually consistent state.
B. Session Guarantees
As pointed out in a copending and commonly assigned Douglas B. Terry et al. United States patent application, which was filed Sep. 28, 1994 under Ser. No. 08/314,971 on "Method for Providing Session Consistency Guarantees" now U.S. Pat. No. 5,581,753, a potential disadvantage of using read-any/write-any replication is that inconsistencies can appear within different instances of a given database 30, even when only a single user or application is making data modifications. For example, a mobile client might issue a write at one server, such as the server 12, and later issue a read at a different server 11. The client would see inconsistent results, unless these two servers 11 and 12 had performed anti-entropy, with one another or through a common chain of intermediaries, sometime between the execution of those two operations.
To alleviate these problems, session guarantees are provided. A "session" is an abstraction for the sequence of read and write operations performed on a database, such as the database 30, by one or more participants in the session during the execution of an application. One or more of the following four guarantees can be requested of a session manager 32 or 33 on a per-session basis:
Read Your Writes--during the course of a session, read operations by the participants reflect all previous writes by the participants.
Monotonic Reads--successive reads by the participants reflect a non-decreasing set of writes throughout a session.
Writes Follow Reads--during a session, the writes by the participants are propagated after reads on which they depend.
Monotonic Writes--during a session, the writes by the participants are propagated after writes that logically precede them.
These guarantees can be invoked to give individual applications a view of the database 30 that is consistent with their own actions, even if these applications read and write from various, potentially inconsistent servers. Different applications have different consistency requirements and different tolerances for inconsistent data. For this reason, provision advantageously is made for enabling applications to choose just the session guarantees that they require. The main cost of requesting session guarantees is a potential reduction in availability because the set of servers that are sufficiently up-to-date to meet the guarantees may be smaller than all the available servers. Those who want more information on these session guarantees can consult the aforementioned earlier filed Terry et al. application or may refer to a paper of Douglas B. Terry et al., "Session Guarantees for Weakly Consistent Replicated Data," Proceedings International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Information Systems (PDIS), Austin, Tex. Sept. 1994, pp. 140-149.
C. Application Specific Detection of Update Conflicts
Because several clients may make concurrent writes to different servers or may attempt to update some data based on reading an out-of-date copy, update conflicts are unavoidable in a read-any/write-any replication scheme. These conflicts have two basic forms: write-write conflicts which occur when a plurality of clients update the same data item (or sets of data items) in incompatible ways, and read-write conflicts which occur when one client updates some data that is based on reading the value of another data item that is being concurrently updated by a second client (or, potentially, when the read is directed at a data item that was previously updated on a different server than the one being read).
Version vectors or simple timestamps are popularly used to detect write-write conflicts. Read-write conflicts, on the other hand, can be detected by recording and later checking an application's read-set. However, all these techniques ignore the applications' semantics. For example, consider a calendar manager in which users interactively schedule meetings by selecting blocks of time. A conflict, as viewed by the application, does not occur merely because two users concurrently edit the file containing the calendar data. Rather, conflicts arise if two users schedule meetings at the same time involving the same attendees.
Accordingly, it is more useful to detect update conflicts in an application-specific manner. A write conflict occurs when the state of the database differs in an application-relevant way from the state that is expected by a write operation. Therefore, a write operation advantageously includes not only the data being written or updated (i.e., the update set), but also a dependency set. The dependency set is a collection of application-supplied queries and their expected results. A conflict is detected if the queries, when run at a server against its current copy of a database, do not return the expected results.
These actions, as well as the resolution of any conflict that happens to be detected and the application of any appropriate updates to the database copy on the server that is processing the write operation, are carried out atomically from the viewpoint of all other reads and writes the server performs on that particular database. For the purpose of this embodiment it is assumed the database to be relational.
In keeping with more or less standard practices, an update set is composed of a sequence of update records. An update record, in turn, (a) specifies an update operation (i.e., an insert, delete, or modify), (b) names the database relation to which the specified update operation is to be applied, and (c) includes a tuple set that should be applied to the named database relation according to the named operation. Execution of an insert operation causes the related tuple set to be added to the name relation. On the other hand, the delete and modify operations examine the tuples currently in the named relation of the database to delete or replace, respectively, any of those tuples that match on the primary key of any of the tuples in the specified tuple set.
A dependency set is a sequence of zero or more dependency records; each of which contains a query to run against the database, together with a tuple set that specifies the "expected" result of running that query against the database in the absence of a conflict. As previously pointed out, a conflict is detected if any of the queries, when run at a server against its current copy of the database, fail to return the expected result.
As shown in FIG. 3, a write operation is applied to a database, as at 41, only after it has been confirmed at 42 that no conflict has been detected by a conflict detection process 43. If a conflict is found to exist, its existence is reported or steps are taken to resolve it, as at 44.
Referring to FIG. 4, the application-specific conflict detection process 43 runs one after another all dependency queries for a particular write operation against the current version of the database at the server executing the write. To this end, an index K is initialized at 45 to a value that is equal to the number of dependency queries that are specified by the dependency set for the given write operation. If K initializes to a "0" value, it is concluded at 46 that there are no dependency checks and, therefore, a "no conflict" finding is forthcoming, as at 47. If, however, it is determined at 46 that there are one or more dependency checks embedded in the given write operation, the query for the first of these checks is run against the database, as at 48, and the results it returns are compared against the expected results of running that particular query, as at 49. If the actual and expected results match, the dependency check is satisfied, so the index K is re-evaluated at 51 to determine whether there are any additional dependency checks to be performed. If so, the index K is decremented at 52, and the next dependency check is performed at 48 and 49.
If it is found at 49 that the actual results returned by the database in response to any of the dependency queries fail to match the expected results, the conflict detection process 43 is brought to a conclusion at 53 in a "conflict" state. 0n the other hand, if all of the dependency checks for a given write operation are satisfied, the conflict detection process is brought to a conclusion at 54 in a "no conflict" state.
As will be evident, dependency sets can provide traditional optimistic concurrency control by having the dependency queries check the version stamps of any data that was read and on which the proposed update depends. However, the dependency checking mechanism is more general. For example, dependency checking permits "blind" writes where a client does not have access to any copy of the database yet wishes to inject a database update assuming that some condition holds. For instance, a client may wish to use a laptop computer to schedule a meeting in a particular room, assuming that the room is free at the desired time, even though the client does not currently have access to a copy of the room's calendar. In this case the write operation that tries to update the meeting room calendar to reserve the room, would include a dependency query that would be run prior to the execution of the write operation by a server to determine if the room is free during the time slot specified for the meeting.
D. Application Specific Resolution of Update Conflicts
Advantageously, the system not only detects update conflicts, but also resolves any detected conflicts. One approach to conflict resolution that is often taken in database systems with optimistic concurrency control is to simply abort each conflicting transaction. Other systems rely on humans for resolving conflicts as they are detected. Human resolution, however, is disadvantaged in a mobile computing environment because a user may submit an update to some server and then disconnect while the write is propagating in the background via anti-entropy. Consequently, at the time a write conflict is detected (i.e. when a dependency check fails) the user may be inaccessible.
In the illustrated embodiment, provision is made to allow writes to specify how to resolve conflicts automatically based on the premise that there are a significant number of applications for which the order of concurrently issued write operations is either not a problem or can be suitably dealt with in an application-specific manner at each server maintaining a copy of a database. To carry out this conflict resolution process, as shown in FIG. 5, each write operation includes an application-specific procedure, called a "mergeproc" (merge procedure), that is invoked, as shown in FIG. 5, when a write conflict is detected, as at 53 (see FIG. 4). This procedure reads the database copy residing at the executing server and resolves the conflict by producing, as at 56, an alternate set of updates that are appropriate for the current database contents, as at 57.
The revised update set produced by the execution of a mergeproc may consist of a new set of tuples to be applied to the database, a null set of tuples (i.e., nothing should be applied), a set of one or more tuples to be applied to a special error log relation in the database, or a combination of the above.
Mergeprocs resemble mobile agents in that they originate at clients, are passed to servers, and are executed in a protected environment, as at 58, so that they cannot adversely impact the server's operation. However, unlike more general agents, they can only read and write a server's database. A mergeproc's execution must be a deterministic function of the database contents and mergeproc's static data.
Typically, to provide a "protected environment" for executing these mergeprocs, each of the mergeprocs is a function that is written in a suitable language, such as Tcl, to run in a new created interpreter in the address space of the server executing the mergeproc. The interpreter exits after it has run the mergeproc.
Mergeproc functions take no input parameters, but they produce a new update set as their output. More particularly, mergeprocs can invoke and receive the results of read-only database queries against the current state of the database. Other than this, however, they cannot obtain information about their surroundings and cannot affect their surroundings (other than by returning the update set they produce). In particular, they cannot inquire about non-deterministic variables, such as the current time or the states of various other resources of the server or the host it runs on because such inquiries could produce non-deterministic results. Suitably, these restrictions are enforced by modifying the Tcl interpreter that is used to disallow prohibited operations. Such "safe" interpreters are well-known to practitioners of the art.
It is noted that automatic resolution of concurrent updates to file directories has been proposed for some time and is now being employed in systems like Ficus and Coda. These systems have recently added support for application-specific resolution procedures, similar to mergeprocs, that are registered with servers and are invoked automatically when conflicts arise. However, in these existing systems the appropriate resolution procedure to invoke is chosen based on file properties such as the type of the file being updated. Mergeprocs are more flexible because they may be customized for each write operation based on the semantics of the application and on the intended effect of the specific write. For example, in the aforementioned calendar application, a mergeproc may include a list of alternate meeting times to be tried if the first choice is already taken.
In summary, in the instant system a write operation consists of a proposed update, a dependency set, and a mergeproc. The dependency set and mergeproc are both dictated by an application's semantics and may vary for each write operation issued by the application. The verification of the dependency check, the execution of the mergeproc, and the application of the update set is done atomically with respect to other database accesses on the server.
E. Stabilizing Writes
The weak consistency of the replicated databases that this system envisions means that a write operation may produce the desired update at one server but be detected as a conflict at another server, thereby producing a completely different update as the result of executing its mergeproc. Also, a write's mergeproc may produce different results at different servers because the execution of the mergeproc may depend on the current database state. Specifically, varying results can be produced if the servers have seen different sets of previous writes or if they process writes in different orders.
To achieve eventual consistency, servers must not only receive all writes, but must also agree on the order in which they apply these writes to their databases. As will be seen, some writes obtained via anti-entropy may need to be ordered before other writes that were previously obtained, and may therefore cause previous writes to be undone and reapplied to the server's database copy. Notice that, reapplying a write may cause it to update the database in a way that differs from the update produced by its previous execution.
A write is deemed to be "stabilized" when its effects on the database are permanent, that is, when it will never be undone and re-executed in the future. One way to detect stability of a given write is to gather enough information about each server to determine that no other writes exist that no other write will be accepted in the future that might be ordered prior to the given write. Unfortunately, the rate at which writes stabilize in this fashion would depend on the rate at which anti-entropy propagates information among all servers. For example, a server that is disconnected for extended periods of time could significantly delay stabilization and might cause a large number of writes to be rolled back later.
As indicated by the schematic of the write log 60 in FIG. 6, the illustrated embodiment includes the notion of explicitly "committing" a write. Once a write is committed, its order with respect to all other committed writes is fixed and no un-committed writes will be ordered before it, and thus its outcome will be stable. A write that has not yet been committed is called "tentative".
A client can inquire as to whether a given write is committed or tentative. The illustrated system allows clients to read tentative data, if they want to do so. However, those applications that are unprepared to deal with tentative data and its inherent instability may limit their requests to only return committed data. This choice is similar to the strict and loose read operations that have been implemented by others. Essentially, each server maintains two views of the database: a copy that only reflects committed data, and another "full" copy that also reflects the tentative writes currently known to the server. The full copy is an estimation of what the database will contain when the tentative writes reach the primary server.
One way to commit a write would be to run some sort of consensus protocol among a majority of servers. However, such protocols do not work well for the types of network partitions that occur among mobile computers.
Instead, in the instant system, each database has one distinguished server, the "primary", which is responsible for committing writes to that database. The other, "secondary" servers tentatively accept writes and propagate them toward the primary using anti-entropy. After secondary servers communicate with the primary, and propagate their tentative writes to it, the primary, converts these writes to committed writes, and a stable commit order is chosen for those writes by the primary server. Knowledge of committed writes and their ordering propagates from the primary back to the secondaries, again via anti-entropy. The existence of a primary server enables writes to commit even if other secondary servers remain disconnected. In many cases, the primary may be placed near the locus of update activity for a database,thereby allowing writes to commit as soon as possible.
More particularly, for stabilizing writes through the use of an explicit commit process of the foregoing type, write operations that a server accepts from a client application are handled differently than those that are received from another server. As shown in FIG. 7, writes received from a client are first assigned a unique ID, as at 61. Unique IDs are chosen by each server in such a way that a new write always gets ordered at the end of the server's write log. Thereafter, the write is appended, as at 62, to the tail or "young" end of the write log 60 (FIG. 6) within the server for the database to which the write is directed. Further, the write is executed, as at 63, to update the current state of the database.
On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 8, when a new write (i.e., a write not already in the write log 60 as determined at 64) is received from another server via anti-entropy, the write is not necessarily appended to the young end of the write log 60. Instead, a sort key is employed to insert the write into the write log in a sorted order, as at 65. A commit sequence number (CSN) is used as the sort key for ordering committed writes, while the write ID is used as the sort key for ordering tentative writes. These sort keys and the way they are assigned to the writes are described in more detail hereinbelow. At this point, however, it should be understood that both the tentative writes and the committed writes are consistently ordered within those two different classifications at all servers that have the writes or any subset of them. However, the reclassification of a write that occurs when a server learns that one of its tentative writes has been committed can cause that write to be reordered relative to one or more of the other tentative writes because a different sort key is used for the write once it is committed. As will be seen, steps preferably are taken to reduce the frequency and magnitude of the re-ordering that is required because of the computational cost of performing the re-ordering, but some re-ordering still should be anticipated.
Whenever a server inserts a write that was received from another server into its write log at 65, the server determines at 66 whether the write is being inserted at the young end of the log 60 or at some other position therein. If it is found that the write simply is being appended to the young end of the log, the write is executed at 63 to update the current state of the database (see FIG. 3). Conversely, if the write sorts into any other position in the write log 60, a rollback procedure is invoked, as at 68, for "rolling back" the database to a state corresponding to the position at which the new write is inserted in the write log 60 and for then sequentially re-executing, in sorted order, all writes that are located in the write log between the insert position for the new write and the young end of that 60.
As previously mentioned, a write is stable only after it is committed. Moreover, once a write is committed, it never again has to be executed. Thus, a server need only have provision for identifying which writes have been committed, and need not fully store the write operation that it knows to be committed. Accordingly, some storage capacity savings may be realized. It was already pointed out that each database relies on just one server at a time (the "primary server") for committing writes to ensure that there is a consistent ordering of all the committed writes for any given database. This primary server commits each of these writes when it first receives it (i.e., whether the write is received from a client application or another server), and the committed state of the write then is propagated to all other servers by anti-entropy. FIG. 9 adequately illustrates the behavior of a primary server when it receives a write from a client. Each write that the primary server receives from a client is assigned a unique write ID, as at 61, plus the next available CSN in standard counting order, as at 669. Thereafter, the write is appended to the tail of the write - log (the log contains only committed writes), as at 70, and the write is executed, as at 63.
As shown in FIG. 10, writes a secondary server receives from other servers via anti-entropy are examined at 90 to determine whether they are in the appropriate location in the write log 60 for that server. If so, the write is ignored, as at 91. Otherwise, however, the write is further processed at 92 in accordance with FIG. 8 to determine whether it is a new write and, if so, to insert it into the appropriate tentative location in the server's write log 60 and to apply it to the full database. Moreover, the write also is examined at 93 to determine whether it has been committed by the primary server. If it is found at 93 that the write has an apparently valid CSN, a process is invoked at 94 for committing the write at the secondary server and for re-executing it and all tentative writes if the committing of the write causes it to be re-ordered.
Referring to FIG. 11, while committing a write received from another server, a secondary server removes any prior record that it has of the write from its tentative writes, as at 71, and appends the write to the young end of the committed write portion of its write log, as at 72. If it is determined at 73 that the ordering of the write in the write log 60 is unaffected by this reclassification process, no further action is required. If, however, the reclassification alters the ordering of the write, the database is rolled back as at 74 to a state corresponding to the new position of the write in the write log 60, and all writes between that position and the young end of the tentative portion of the write log 60 are re-executed as at 63.
Database "roll back" and "roll forward" procedures are well known tools to database system architects. Nevertheless, in the interest of completeness, a suitable roll back procedure is shown in FIG. 12. As shown, the procedure is initialized (1) by setting a position index, p, to the positional location in the write log of the write record to which it is desired to roll back, as at 75, and (2) by setting a pointer k and a threshold count n to the total number of write records in the write log, as at 76. An iterative undo process is then run on the database, as at 77, to undo the effects on the database of one after another of the most recent writes while decrementing the pointer index k at 78 after the effect of each of those writes is undone and checking to determine at 79 whether there are any additional writes that still need to be undone. (The undo of a write that has not been applied to the database does nothing and writes can be undone in an order different than they were applied to the database.) This process 77-79 continues until it is determined at 79 that the pointer index k is pointing to the same position in the write log as the position index p. When that occurs, the write at which the pointer k is then pointing is executed as at 63 (FIG. 3). If it is determined at 81 that the pointer k is pointing at any write record, other than one at the young end of the write log 60, the pointer k is incremented at 82 to cause the next write in order toward the young end of the log to be re-executed at 63. Further iterations of this write re-execution procedure 80-82 the next following write instructions are carried out, until it is determined at 81 that the pointer k is pointing at the young end of the write log 60 (FIG. 6).
FIG. 13 illustrates a scenario of the type that causes write re-ordering, and FIG. 14 tracks the scenario of FIG. 13 to show when the servers receive the writes and the current logs containing writes (1) in a tentative state (italicized characters) and (2) in a committed state (boldface characters). To simplify the presentation, the scenario assumes that each of the servers S1-Sn initially holds a single committed write, WO. Server Sn has been designated as being the primary server, so it is solely responsible for committing the writes W1 and W2.
As will be recalled, committed writes are ordered in accordance with their commit sequence numbers (CSNs). Tentative writes, on the other hand, are ordered; first by timestamps that indicate when they were initially received and secondly by the IDs of the servers by which they were initially received. Both the timestamps and server IDs are included in ID. Server IDs are used as a secondary sort key for disambiguating the ordering of tentative writes that have identical timestamp values.
F. Reading of Tentative Data by Clients and Disconnected Groups
Clients that issue writes generally want to see these updates reflected in their subsequent read requests to the database. Further, some of these clients may even issue writes that depend on reading their previous writes. This is likely to be true, even if the client is disconnected from the primary server such that the updates cannot be immediately committed. At any rate, to the extent possible, clients should be unaware that their updates are tentative and should see no change when the updates later commit; that is, the tentative results should equal the committed results whenever possible.
When two secondary servers exchange tentative writes using anti-entropy, they agree on a "tentative" ordering for these writes. As will be recalled, order is based in the first instance on timestamps assigned to each write by the server that first accepted it so that any two servers with identical sets of writes with different timestamps will order them identically. Thus, a group of servers that are disconnected from the primary will reach agreement among themselves on how to order writes and resolve internal conflicts. This write ordering is only tentative in that it may differ from the order that the primary server uses to commit the writes. However, in the case where no clients outside the disconnected group perform conflicting updates, the writes can and will eventually be committed by the primary server in the tentative order and produce the same effect on the committed database as they had on the tentative one.
As will be appreciated, the architecture that has been provided supports shared databases that can be read and updated by users who may be disconnected from other users, either individually or as a group. Certain of the features of this architecture can be used in other systems that may have similar or different requirements. For example, the application specific conflict detection that is described herein might be used in systems that rely upon manual resolution of the detected conflicts. Similarly, the application specific conflict resolution methodology might be employed in systems that utilize version vectors for conflict detection.
Briefly, the steps in processing a write operation can be summarized in somewhat simplified terms as follows:
0. Receive write operation from user or from another server.
1. If from user, then assign unique identifier (ID) to write of form <server ID, timestamp> and assign commit sequence number (CSN)=INFINITY. A CSN value of infinity indicates that the write is tentative.
2. If primary server, then assign commit sequence number=last assigned CSN+1.
3. Insert write into server's write log such that all writes in the log are ordered first by CSN, then by timestamp, and finally be server ID.
4. If write was previously in log at time it is entered into commit portion of log, then delete the prior instance to produce new write log.
5. If write not at the end of the write log, then rollback the server's database to the point just before the new write.
6. For each write in the log from the new write to the tail of the log, do
6.1 Run the dependency query over the database and get the results.
6.2 If the results do not equal the expected results then go to step 6.5.
6.3 Perform the expected update on the database.
6.4 Skip the next steps and go back to step 6.
6.5 Execute the mergeproc and get the revised update.
6.6 Perform the revised update on the database.
To utilize just the application-specific detection of conflicting writes portion of the process as summarized above,
Eliminate step 2 of the process as summarized above, and
Replace steps 6.5 and 6.6 with a new step "6.5 Abort write operation and/or report conflict to user".
Or, to employ the application-specific resolution of detected write conflicts by itself or in some other process,
Eliminate step 2, and
Replace steps 6.1 and 6.2 with a new step "6.1 If conflict detected by comparing version vectors or some method then go to step 6.5.".
Lastly, to use just the notion of maintaining two classes of data, committed and tentative.
Eliminate steps 6.1 and 6.2, and
Eliminate steps 6.4, 6.5 and 6.6.


text:
Latin food + latin music = hot spring night
An idea for a steamy spring evening date: Dinner at the Samba Room followed by a smashing Latin-flavored musical at the Buelle theater.
Here's the deal: 120 bucks gets you a three-course dinner for two at Larimer Square's Samba Room plus two tickets to the Tony Award-winning musical "In the Heights".
On the menu at the Samba Room:
1st course: Arepas and Mariquitas
2nd course: Soba Noodles, Argentinean Style Skirt Steak or Chicken & Mussel Paella
3rd course: Tres Leches and Pastel Caliente
On the menu at the Buell:
Great music, killer talent, and heartbreaking romance set in New York City's Washington Heights neighborhood. I loved this show.
Show time is 8pm, so book your table at the Samba Room at 6:30. The Buell is a short 3-block walk. Click here for more information. (Use the promotional code SAMBA when purchasing tickets.)


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Explore Our Hotel
Lakes Region Hotel's Guests Enjoy Ideal Location
Welcome to our Holiday Inn Express® Hotel, one of the most modern hotels in Tilton, New Hampshire. Located in the heart of the Lakes Region, our hotel's convenient to I-93 and the top attractions and businesses in lovely Tilton, NH.Lodging here gives you access to our business center with fax, copy and print services, and there is free high-speed, wired and wireless Internet access available throughout the hotel.
Lodging with us also puts you close to tons of great things to do, from skiing at Gun Stock Ski Resort to relaxing at Weirs Beach. Proximity to great deals at the Tanger Outlets, the beautiful foliage of nearby White Mountain Forest and the gorgeous waters of Winnisquam and Winnipesaukee Lakes are just a few of the perks of our hotel's location in Tilton. New Hampshire Motor Speedway is also a short drive away.During your stay in the Lakes Region, our hotel's staff takes care of your needs. You can relax in the heated, indoor pool or hot tub, workout in the well-equipped fitness center and enjoy a complimentary, Express Start hot breakfast every morning. For your vacation or business trip to Tilton, NH, consider lodging at our top-quality hotel.
- Black-out Shades
- Crib Available
- Iron/Ironing Board
- In-Room Heating and A/C Controls
Bathroom/Personal Care
- Private Bathroom
- Bathroom Amenities Available
- Hair Dryer
- Bathtub
- Separate/Walk-in Shower
In-Room Features
- Mini Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Coffee Maker
- Flat-screen TV
- Work Desk with Lamp
- Desk-level Electrical Outlet
- Cable/Satellite
- Premium Channels
- Direct-dial Phone
- Two-line Phone
- Phone with Voicemail
- Complimentary Morning Newspaper
- Windows Open by Guest
Added Value
- Connecting Rooms Available
- Complimentary Coffee/Tea Supplies
- Full Breakfast Included
- Breakfast Buffet Included
- Continental Breakfast Included
- Complimentary Coffee in Lobby
- Off-site Restaurant Delivery Available
Business Services
- On-Site Business Center
- Printer
- Copier
- Office supplies available
Internet Access
- Free High-Speed Internet in all Rooms
- Wireless Internet service is free for all IHG® Rewards Club members
Entertainment & Recreation
- Indoor Pool
- Heated Indoor Pool
- Indoor Pool Hours of Operation: 7:00 AM - 10:00 PM
Health & Fitness
Complimentary Fitness Center
Includes 1 Treadmill , 1 Elliptical, 1 Bike, Dumbells with bench, Water Cooler and Scale.
Hours of Operation: 7:00 AM to 10:00 PM
Fitness Center Type: LIMITED
Fitness Center Equipment:
- Treadmill
- Elliptical Machines
- Free Weights
- Stationary Bicycle
Last Renovation of Fitness Center Equipment: 2015
Housekeeping & Laundry
- Daily Housekeeping
- On-site Guest Self-Laundry Facilities
- Hours of Operation: 7:00 AM - 10:00 PM
Added Value
- Wake Up Calls
- Storage Space Available
- Ice Machine
Hotel Details
75 Tilton Road (Nh Route 140)
Tilton, New Hampshire 03276
United States
Check In: 3:00 PM
Check Out: 11:00 AM
Check-in Age: 21
Parking + -
- Complimentary Self Parking Available
Accessibility + -
- Public Entrance
- Guest Rooms
- Elevators
- Public Restrooms
- Registration Desk
- Exercise Facility
- Business Center
- Pool
- Number of Accessible Meeting Rooms: 0
Accessible Hotel Areas
- Registration Area
- Accessible Guest Rooms
- Business Center
- Exercise Facility
- Pool
Hotel Areas with Accessible Routes from Accessible Public Entrance
- Accessible Self Parking
- Van Accessible Self Parking
- Ramp Access
- Portable Bathtub Seats
- Closed Caption TVs
- Telephone with TDD
- Visual Alarm/Alert in Guest Rooms
- Visual Alarm/Alert in Public Spaces
- Communication Kits with Visual Alarms
Provided by Hotel
Pet Policy + -
- Service Animals Allowed
- Pets Not Allowed
Facility + -
- Smoke-Free Facility
- Number of Floors: 3
- Total Number of Rooms: 68
- Number of Suites: 29
- Number of Non-Smoking Rooms: 68
- Number of Accessible Rooms: 5
- Connecting Rooms Available
- Current Renovation: 01-November-2019 To 31-May-2020
- Holiday Inn Express Tilton NH will go under major renovation from Nov 1/2019 to May 31/2020.
- Public Spaces Renovated in: 2008
- Guest Rooms Renovated in: 2008
Credit Cards + -
- American Express
- Visa
- MasterCard
- Diners Club
- Carte Blanche
- Discover


text:
Palestinian Territories
major macro economic indicators
|GDP growth (%)
|Inflation (yearly average, %)
|Budget balance (% GDP) *
|Current account balance (% GDP) **
|Public debt (%)
(e): Estimate. (f): Forecast. *Excluding grants. **Including grants.
- Observer state status at the UN since late 2012
- Very young population
- Substantial remittances from the diaspora
- Lack of geographic, political, and economic unity
- Very high unemployment rate
- Restrictions on movement in the West Bank imposed by Israel; blockade of the Gaza Strip by Egypt and Israel
- Stalemate in the peace process with Israel
- Reductions in international aid
Weak growth in the West Bank and a worrying recession in the Gaza Strip
The Palestinian economy is expected to remain split into two zones with contrasting dynamics. While growth, although weak, will be real in 2019, the overall result will conceal substantial differences, with the West Bank recording estimated growth of 2.2%, while the Gaza Strip is expected to continue its recession, largely caused by the economic blockade imposed on the region. West Bank growth has been on average higher than that of Gaza since 1995 (5.5% and 3.1% respectively) and less volatile. The structure of these economies, which was essentially similar until the early 2000s, will continue to move in different directions in 2019. Private consumption (90% of GDP) is expected to be the main economic driver in both cases. In Gaza, consumption will be hurt by the high unemployment rate, particularly because of the Israeli blockade, which prevents Gazans from working in or exporting to Israel. West Bank consumption is expected to be less affected, with Israel being the workplace of 17% of the working population and the primary destination for exports. In general, Palestinian exports are expected to be affected by the relative strength and stability of the shekel, which will undermine the export competitiveness of companies while at the same time providing some monetary stability. Palestine does not have its own currency, so it is dependent on Israeli monetary policy. The Gaza Strip will continue to rely heavily on public spending, which is equivalent to more than 40% of GDP, or twice as much as in the West Bank, and the projected decline in foreign aid in 2019 will be detrimental to the Palestinian Authority's (PA) economy. Productive investment, which is scarce in both areas, notably because of the unfavourable business environment (114th in the Doing Business ranking) and unstable situation, will stabilise at 0.5% of GDP in Gaza and 6% in the West Bank (or 4% and 26% of GDP respectively if construction investment is added).
Large twin deficits resulting from the conflict situation
The PA's government deficit is expected to continue to widen in 2019. Income will continue to decline as a proportion of GDP, partly due to the cuts to international aid. Conversely, public spending is set to remain at a similar level to 2018. Civil servant salaries, which account for 50% of current expenditure, are expected to play a major role in maintaining a high level of expenditure (90% of which is current). In addition, Palestinian imports and exports are subject to taxes collected by Israel on behalf of the PA. These are then transferred to Palestine and represent the PA's main source of income. The transfer of these revenues depends on the relationship between the two countries, with Israel able to block them if Palestine does not pay for its electricity. If this revenue is blocked, the PA would see its debt, which is largely domestic, explode to as much as two thirds of GDP by 2023 to finance its government deficit.
The huge deficit in goods and services (around 38% of GDP in 2017) is expected to continue in 2019, with an uptick in exports offsetting a slight increase in imports, mainly of capital goods. Amounts received by expatriates and earned by cross-border workers (25% of GDP) are expected to decline in 2019. This will cause a deterioration in the current account deficit, a downturn further amplified by the decline in external aid, which is expected to continue in 2019. One third of the current account deficit will be financed by government and private donations, with the remainder made up of non-resident investments.
An unbearable internal situation and a difficult relationship with the United States
Re-elected in November 2016, 83-year-old Mahmoud Abbas, President of the PA and the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO), controls the West Bank, while Hamas, led by Ismail Haniyeh, has controlled the Gaza Strip since being democratically elected in 2007. Relations between the two territories are strained, and in 2017 the PA stopped paying for electricity for Gaza, causing a humanitarian crisis. The situation in the Gaza Strip raises humanitarian and social concerns. Gazans, who have almost no access to electricity, also have to deal with Israeli and Egyptian blockades, which prevent them from obtaining basic necessities and leaving the country. In response to this situation, young Palestinians organised a "Great March of Return" whose aim was to force a way through Israeli barriers and return to the other side of the border. The campaign resulted in the deaths of 166 Palestinians and one Israeli soldier. The international situation will continue to evolve in 2019, after a turbulent year in 2018. The United States established its embassy in Jerusalem in May 2018 to mark Israel's 70th anniversary, de facto recognising the city as the capital of Israel. The consulate, the main point of contact with the PA, will be moved there, and US President Donald Trump has cancelled USD 200 million in aid to Palestine. However in 2019, President Trump is expected to unveil plans to resolve the conflict. In addition, that same year, the PA will chair the "G77 + China" Group at the UN.
Last update: February 2019


text:
- IT Products and Systems
- Product Support Services
- Software
- Electronic Devices
|HomeGroup: Easily share media, files, printers, and devices across multiple PCs.
|Action Center: Fix problems yourself, on your own schedule, with powerful diagnostics and troubleshooting tools.
|Remote Media Streaming: Send video and audio output from one PC to a network-enabled media player, home stereo, and even other PCs on the network.
|Bluetooth Support: Wirelessly synchronize files and folders between your Bluetooth-enabled phone and your computer.
|Live Taskbar Thumbnails: Mouse over the taskbar or an application icon, and see a visual list of recently used items.
|Fast User Switching: Switch between users without having to log in, log out, or close any programs.
|Computer-to-Computer Networking: Connect to nearby PCs without a network access device via ad hoc wireless networking.
|Location and Other Sensors: Enables PCs and applications to adapt to their current environment.
|Windows Mobility Center* (with Presentation Mode): Put your most frequently used mobile PC settings in a single, easy-to-find location.
|Aero® Glass: See behind application windows with translucent glass-like menu bars.
|Aero Background: View the contents of the windows that are currently open with taskbar thumbnails.
|Windows Touch: Control a touch-enabled computer by touching the screen, with visual feedback for tap and doubletap gestures.
|Windows XP Mode**: Run many older productivity and business programs for Windows XP on Windows 7.
|Domain Join and Group Policy: Connect to company networks easily and more securely. Group Policy controls allow businesses to better manage the security and costs of multiple PCs.
|Backup and Restore: Schedule a periodic backup to save your data or entire system image to a network location or a local drive.
|Location-Aware Printing: Send your documents to the right printer, whether you are at work or at home.
|Remote Desktop Host: Access documents and programs on a computer remotely from another computer.
|Advanced Backup and Restore (Network and Group Policy): Back up your data to a network location, and have the ability to recover and restore your documents.
|Encrypting File System: Provides user-level file and folder encryption, ensuring strong data protection and control.
|Offline Folders: Work offline with the ability to automatically synchronize between your PC and the network content.
|BitLocker™ and BitLocker To Go™ drive encryption: Help protect confidential information and stay compliant with business and regulatory policies.
|AppLocker™: Specify which applications are available to which end users, reducing the need to modify settings.
|DirectAccess: Seamlessly connect mobile workers more securely to their network without a virtual private network.
|BranchCache™: Replicate and synchronize files between a central store and branch locations, enabling more productivity for workers in remote offices.
|Multilingual User Interface Packs: Switch the user interface from one language to another via a language pack add-on to the English version.
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