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Abortion in American Film since 2001
Fran Bigman
In American cinema from 1916 to 2000, two main archetypes emerge in portrayals of women seeking abortion: prima donnas and martyrs/victims. While the prima donna category faded over the course of the 20th century, study of abortion in American cinema from 2001 to 2016 shows that the victim archetype persists in many films. Women who have abortions are cast as victims in films across a variety of genres: Christian, thriller, horror, and historical. Some recent films, however, namely, Obvious Child (2014) and Grandma (2015), reject this hundred-year-old tendency to portray abortion as regrettable and tragic—especially for the women choosing it—and instead show it as a liberating experience that brings women together, breaking new ground for the depiction of abortion in American film.
A Critical Introduction to Arts Behind Bars
Aylwyn Walsh
This article proposes a focus on some of the arguments in the field—what is "arts behind bars"? What are some of the intentions, and why would people do it? It also signals the range of practices that are to be found—from the development of needlework in male prisons through to participatory arts projects with young people in prisons to collaborative stage shows. Artists working in criminal justice have a wide range of intentions. For a few, there might be a frisson of the danger and caged energy behind bars that is stimulating to creativity and could add something to their own creative process. The model of art for prisoners—professional artists staging a show or doing an unplugged music event in a prison—can raise the profile of prisons and punishment. However, there are a great number of projects that move towards forms of art created with and by prisoners, thereby aligning them with a long history of social and participatory arts. Theoretically, then, the arts behind bars are informed by critical pedagogies as much as the specific disciplinary approaches. This model seeks to build critical consciousness and confidence in mastery as well as induction into the discipline of learning any skill for the purposes of liberating through knowledge. In arts behind bars, the knowledge base might include literacy outcomes, but the learning is often communal, and about creative self-expression.
The practitioners of arts behind bars have two driving intentions. Either they seek to engage more people with their art form and are willing to work in a range of contexts, or they are committed to social justice and hope to use the art form towards additional aims of generating understanding and redressing some of the inequalities experienced by prisoners. It is necessary to consider what new perspectives are offered to the subject of arts in criminal justice by thinking about how wider resources, culture, and artistic paradigms affect perceptions of the value of interventions. This highlights the need for awareness of those artists who choose to work in prisons of the moral and ethical questions raised by bringing art to the system.
A Genre Study of Prosecutors and Criminal Defense Lawyers in American Movies and Television
Michael Asimow
The term genre refers to a set of thematically or stylistically similar popular cultural texts. Courtroom narratives form both movie and television genres, and criminal trials form subgenres. Each entry in the criminal subgenres contains a criminal trial and pits a prosecutor against a defense lawyer. This article discusses the genre conventions for these characters.
Where the defense lawyer is a protagonist, the client is a co-protagonist. The client is either innocent or is being unjustly prosecuted. The defense lawyer, often presented in heroic terms, struggles to get the client acquitted (or the punishment reduced). The defense lawyer must overcome obstacles that the antagonist prosecutor places in the lawyer's path. Defense lawyers are loners who are lacking in personal life or emotions. Perry Mason is the iconic genre defense lawyer.
Where the prosecutor is the protagonist, the crime victim (or survivors of a deceased victim) are the co-protagonists. Prosecutors are relentless, honorable, and often politically ambitious. They must struggle to overcome obstacles erected by defense lawyers. Like defense lawyers, prosecutors lack a personal life or emotions. Jack McCoy on Law & Order is the iconic genre prosecutor.
These generic conventions have become stale. Consequently, creators of pop culture products in the criminal courtroom subgenre employ genre-busting narratives that have refreshed the genre. Defense lawyers often work for clients they suspect are guilty and try to get them off through the use of technical defenses. Guilty clients deceive gullible lawyers into putting on cases with perjured testimony. If the client confesses guilt, the lawyer betrays the client to protect the public. Defense lawyers have personal lives, feelings, and emotions, and some are anti-heroes. Genre-busting prosecutors often have unpleasant personalities, and they don't hesitate to bend ethical rules. As in the case of defense lawyers, prosecutors have inner lives and personal relationships. These genre-busters have destabilized the generic conventions and may well have established new conventions.
Alternatives to Incarceration
Faye S. Taxman and Alex Breno
Alternatives to incarceration are more than options, they have evolved into sentences of their own accord. Originally, probation and prison were the two major sentences; however, the concept of intermediate or graduated sanctions emerged in the 1980s and evolved throughout the 1990s. While alternatives to incarceration were considered options, they are now recognized as intermediate sanctions, graduated sanctions, and just plain sentencing options. This emergence occurred during the time that probation-plus-conditions sentences spiked, so that the average probationer now has over 17 standard conditions. With Justice Reinvestment Initiatives as a national effort to reduce the impact of mass incarceration policies, the JRI policy effort the has served to legitimize sentences that used to be considered "alternatives" by incorporating risk/need assessments, legislation to reduce sentence lengths and incarceration sentences, and changes in practices to address noncompliant probationers and parolees. Here, a new conceptual model is proposed that integrates sentencing options with results from a risk and need assessment depending on various types of liberty restrictions. Given the need to reduce prison overcrowding, there is an even further need to examine how different sentencing options can be used for different type of individuals.
American Lawyer and Courtroom Comedies
David Ray Papke
A large amount of American law-related popular culture is comedic. Inexpensive literature, Hollywood movies, and prime-time series routinely include images of amusing lawyers and accounts of hilarious trials. These pop cultural works entertain readers and viewers and in some instances simultaneously speak to the public's resentment of powerful legal institutions.
American Trial Films and the Popular Culture of Law
Jessica Silbey
The American trial and American cinema share certain epistemological tendencies. Both stake claims to an authoritative form of knowledge based on the indubitable quality of observable phenomena. And both are preoccupied with sustaining the authority that underlies the knowledge produced by visual perception. The American trial and cinematic form also increasingly share cultural space. Although the trial film (otherwise known as the courtroom drama) is as old as the medium of film, the continuing popularity of the legal drama centered on a courtroom verdict suggests more than a trend. The inherent affinities between law and film not only produce enduring and memorable stories about law and justice but help constitute a popular legal consciousness that sustains the authority of the rule of law in the United States. This article describes these affinities in more detail, tracing the common themes in trial films, the special case of trial film based on true stories, and the future of the genre in American popular culture. It concludes by reviewing the disciplinary approach to the study of law and visual popular culture.
Anomie Theory
Jón Gunnar Bernburg
Originating in the tradition of classical sociology (Durkheim, Merton), anomie theory posits how broad social conditions influence deviant behavior and crime. The French sociologist Émile Durkheim was the first to discuss the concept of anomie as an analytical tool in his 1890s seminal works of sociological theory and method. In these works, anomie, which refers to a widespread lack of commitment to shared values, standards, and rules needed to regulate the behaviors and aspirations of individuals, is an intermediate condition by which social (dis)organization impacts individual distress and deviant behavior. An observant of the massive social changes of 19th-century Europe, Durkheim argued that anomie resulted from rapid social change and the weakening of traditional institutions, in particular the reduced authority of such institutions in the economic sphere, as well as changes in the principles underlying social inequality. A few decades later, the American sociologist Robert Merton re-formulated anomie theory, arguing how a particular malintegration of the culture-structure constitution of modern society produces high rates of crime. Echoing selected themes in Durkheim's work, and discussing the United States as a prime example, Merton argued how a shared overemphasis on monetary success goals undermines individual commitment to social rules, and generates a particularly acute strain on individuals in disadvantaged social positions. Thus having implications for research on crime rate differences between societies as well as between individuals and groups within the society, anomie theory has inspired a broad range of both macro- and micro-level applications and extensions. On the one hand, the theory has shaped studies of crime rates across large social units, such as countries and metropolitan areas. Such research, while often limited in terms of the types of crime that can reliably be compared across large social units, has linked crime with economic inequality, materialistic values, the institutional dominance of market-driven processes and values, and rapid social change. An important development in this tradition is the advent of multilevel research that links societal factors with individual normlessness, strain, and criminal behavior. On the other hand, micro-level implications of anomie theory, often referred to as classic strain theory, have shaped studies of individual and group differences in criminal behavior within societies. This type of work often studies youths, at times bringing in notions of gangs, subculture, and differential opportunities, focusing on the criminogenic effects of strain stemming from opportunity blockage and relative deprivation. Yet the work rarely examines individual normlessness as an intermediate process linking social structure and delinquency. Finally, anomie theory has been extended and applied to research on business/corporate and white-collar crime. While more research is needed in this area, the extant work suggests how anomie theory provides a particularly powerful explanation of national-level differences in business/corporate crime (e.g., bribery). The article concludes by noting that an increased emphasis on multilevel research may lead to an integration of the macro-level and micro-level extensions and applications of anomie theory in the future.
A Review of the Validity of Juvenile Risk Assessment Across Race/Ethnicity
Christina Campbell and William Miller
Juvenile risk assessment instruments have provided juvenile courts with the opportunity to make standardized decisions concerning sentences and intervention needs. Risk assessments have replaced the reliance on professional decision-making practices in which court officials relied on their hunches or previous experience to determine what to do with youth once they became involved in corrections. A primary goal of juvenile risk assessment is to improve case management and help courts focus resources on juveniles who exhibit the greatest intervention needs. Further, juvenile risk assessments play a critical role in estimating which juveniles will likely reoffend by identifying factors that increase the propensity of future offending. Although some researchers believe that the implementation of standardized juvenile risk assessments is a good strategy for reducing biased decision-making for racial/ethnic minorities, other researchers have called into question the extent to which risk assessments overestimate risk for certain juveniles, especially those in minority groups who have a history of being marginalized due to their race, culture, or ethnicity. This article provides an overview of how well juvenile risk assessment instruments predict future delinquency across race and ethnicity. The review suggests that in general, risk assessments do a good job in predicting recidivism across racial/ethnic groups for diverse populations inside and outside the United States. However, there is still some room for improvement concerning the assessment of risk and needs for ethnic minorities. In addition, while there are some studies that do not report the predictive validity of risk assessment scores across race/ethnicity, risk assessments overall seem to be a promising effort to correctly classify and/or identify juveniles who are at greatest risk for future recidivism.
Bank Robbery in Popular Culture
Chad Posick
Bank robbery is an uncommon, but highly fascinating, type of crime. The media often focus on bank robberies, especially if an event was violent or involved weapons. However, data show that bank robberies are generally uneventful—rarely involving weapon fights or injured bystanders. Instead, perpetrators tend to use verbal or written commands to obtain their money. Movies and video games depict the unusual bank robberies, which are violent and deadly because they are exciting and action-filled, which appeals to the public. Although generally a misrepresentation of empirical reality, media depictions can highlight criminological theory in action and bring to light issues around impulsivity, thrill-seeking, brain development, group behavior, and the behavioral consequences of social strains.
Big Data and the Study of Communities and Crime
Daniel T. O'Brien
In recent years, a variety of novel digital data sources, colloquially referred to as "big data," have taken the popular imagination by storm. These data sources include, but are not limited to, digitized administrative records, activity on and contents of social media and internet platforms, and readings from sensors that track physical and environmental conditions. Some have argued that such data sets have the potential to transform our understanding of human behavior and society, constituting a meta-field known as computational social science. Criminology and criminal justice are no exception to this excitement. Although researchers in these areas have long used administrative records, in recent years they have increasingly looked to the most recent versions of these data, as well as other novel resources, to pursue new questions and tools.
Big Data and Visuality
Janet Chan
Internet and telecommunications, ubiquitous sensing devices, and advances in data storage and analytic capacities have heralded the age of Big Data, where the volume, velocity, and variety of data not only promise new opportunities for the harvesting of information, but also threaten to overload existing resources for making sense of this information. The use of Big Data technology for criminal justice and crime control is a relatively new development. Big Data technology has overlapped with criminology in two main areas: (a) Big Data is used as a type of data in criminological research, and (b) Big Data analytics is employed as a predictive tool to guide criminal justice decisions and strategies. Much of the debate about Big Data in criminology is concerned with legitimacy, including privacy, accountability, transparency, and fairness.
Big Data is often made accessible through data visualization. Big Data visualization is a performance that simultaneously masks the power of commercial and governmental surveillance and renders information political. The production of visuality operates in an economy of attention. In crime control enterprises, future uncertainties can be masked by affective triggers that create an atmosphere of risk and suspicion. There have also been efforts to mobilize data to expose harms and injustices and garner support for resistance. While Big Data and visuality can perform affective modulation in the race for attention, the impact of data visualization is not always predictable. By removing the visibility of real people or events and by aestheticizing representations of tragedies, data visualization may achieve further distancing and deadening of conscience in situations where graphic photographic images might at least garner initial emotional impact.
Biosocial Theories in Criminology
Jessica Wells and Anthony Walsh
While the roots of criminology largely lie in sociological explanations for crime and delinquency, a resurgence has begun wherein human behavior is explained as a product of both environmental and biological factors: biosocial criminology. Biosocial criminology encompasses many perspectives that seek to explain the relationships between human behavior and genes, evolution, neurobiology, and more. While biosocial criminology does not have a long history in the broader field of criminology, modern advances in technology have made access to data to explore biosocial criminological questions far more readily available. Advanced technology, coupled with studies suggesting that a large proportion of the variance in antisocial behavior is attributable to genetic factors has spurred many criminologists to explore how both nature and nurture influence behavior.
A wide variety of perspectives is apparent within biosocial criminology. These perspectives can be seen as tools to uncover different elements of the equation seeking to understand human behavior. Behavior genetic studies seek to explain what proportion of the variation in a trait or behavior is due to genetic factors. Molecular genetic studies seek to uncover which genes are related to that trait or behavior and how strongly they are associated. Evolutionary psychology seeks to explain why a trait or behavior emerged and remained through the process of natural selection. Neurobiological studies explain how the complex structure and function is related to traits and behavior. While these perspectives vary widely in their approach, one fact remains: neither environmental nor biological explanation for human behavior is sufficient on its own; rather, the complex interplay between environments and biology is critical to advance knowledge about the causes and correlates of criminal and delinquent behavior.
Biplanes, Satellites, and Drones: A High Resolution History of Eyes in the Sky
Arthur Holland Michel
As we find ourselves bearing witness—even in our own backyards—to what is increasingly being referred to as the "drone revolution," it might be a good time to turn our attention back in time and figure out how, exactly, we got here.
The large-scale use of drones for national defense and law enforcement is a relatively recent development, but unmanned aerial surveillance draws from a doctrine that is as old as flight itself. Though the fundamental logic of aerial surveillance has remained the same—to put an eye in the sky so that one may look down upon one's enemies—the technology has evolved dramatically over this period, driving shifts in aerial surveillance theory and practice. New technologies enable new techniques that, in turn, inspire new ways of thinking about how to spy from the sky, and produce new experiences for those being watched. Our present drone revolution, which has itself driven what is being called the "intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) revolution," is the result of this process played out over an entire century.
The unmanned aerial spying efforts of the United States military and intelligence community have a particularly long and influential history, beginning with the Union Army's manned observation balloon corps of the Civil War. Our story begins, in earnest, with fragile and failure-prone "aerial torpedos" in the First World War and an innovative and overlooked live video transmission system from the 1930s, through the CIA's little-known—and radically forward-thinking—Samos spy satellite program of the late 1950s and a series of extraordinarily ambitious Cold War drone programs, up to the adoption of drones over Bosnia in the 1990s. Together, these episodes show how we got the drones of today and realized the core principles that define aerial spycraft (that is, how to find and watch "the bad guys") in the 21st century: cover as much ground as possible; process and disseminate what you collect as quickly as possible, ideally, as close as you can get to real-time; and be as persistent as possible.
The drones and high-resolution aerial cameras that are finding their way into the tool-kits of police departments will bring these principles along with them. Even if the growing number of law enforcement officers now using this technology aren't fully aware of the long legacy of aerial surveillance that they are joining, the influence of this formative history of surveillance on their aerial crime-fighting operations is evident. Just as aerial surveillance transformed the battlefield, it will have a similarly profound effect on the experience and tactics of those operating the cameras, as well as, crucially, those individuals being watched by them. By grasping this history, we can better understand not only why and how drones are being used to fight crime, but also what to expect when every police department in the country owns an eye in the sky.
Body Cameras and Policing
Bryce Elling Peterson and Daniel S. Lawrence
Body-worn cameras (BWCs) are small devices that police officers can affix to their person—in a head-, shoulder-, or chest-mounted position—that can audio and video record their interactions with community members. BWCs have received strong support from the public and, in recent years, widespread buy-in from police leadership and officers because of their ability to improve accountability and transparency and enhance the collection of evidence. Implementation guidelines recommend that officers activate their BWCs during each officer–citizen interaction and inform the people they encounter that they are being recorded. Early research on this technology found that officers equipped with body cameras were significantly less likely to engage in force and receive citizen complaints. However, more recent studies with larger samples have had mixed findings about the impact of body cameras on use of force, citizen complaints, and other police activities and behaviors.
Numerous legal and ethical considerations are associated with BWCs, including their implications for privacy concerns and public disclosure. However, police officials, policymakers, civil rights groups, and the public must continue to weigh these privacy concerns against the potential for BWCs to enhance police accountability and transparency. Future scholarship should focus on the degree to which BWCs can improve police–community relations and yield valuable evidence for both criminal cases and internal investigations.
Campus Policing
Kenneth J. Peak
Since 9/11 and the burgeoning number of mass shootings across the United States (one of the more recent such tragedies, at a Parkland, Florida high school in February 2018, resulted in 17 people being murdered, 17 wounded, and worldwide student protests for gun control), police at all levels and of all jurisdictions have had to train and prepare for security threats and attacks of all types. Certainly, policing on postsecondary campuses is no exception. Recognizing that campuses are no longer wholly safe, violence-free enclaves, higher education administrators have necessarily sought highly trained and equipped campus police agencies to provide a safer environment for their academic communities.
Policing on college and university (postsecondary) campuses has a unique history, philosophy, role, and functions. Specifically, from their humble beginnings in the early 1900s through the social and campus unrest of the 1960s and 1970s, and until today, their administration, jurisdiction, authority, methods, legal mandates, technologies, and personnel have had to evolve with the times and with new challenges. In addition, like their local and state counterparts, they have come to embrace community policing and problem solving as well as develop plans for all types of critical incidents, both acts of nature and acts of terrorism. In short, history has shown that these organizations must be prepared for the entire gamut of human and natural disorder.
Capital Punishment
Paul Kaplan
The death penalty, also referred to as capital punishment, is the process whereby a state government orders a sentence of death for a person found guilty of a particular set of criminal offenses. In the United States, the primary capital crime is first-degree murder with an additional aggravating factor, usually called a "special circumstance" (e.g., murder of a law enforcement officer). Capital punishment is a complex process that includes a criminal charge, an involved legal process, sentencing, special "death row" prison housing, post-conviction appeals, and the ultimate execution of the defendant. Persons sentenced to death are called condemned. Execution refers specifically to the process in which the defendant is killed.
Capital punishment has been practiced throughout human history, with considerable variation across eras and regions. In the last 50 years, the use of capital punishment has declined across the globe, and there are relatively few countries that use it regularly as a form of punishment, most notably China. Some countries have abolished the death penalty completely, such as all member states of the European Union. Most other countries have seen a decline in its use. For instance, only 31 out of 50 states in the United States currently have death penalty statutes (there are also federal death penalty statutes, which are rarely used). The other 19 U.S. states are referred to as "abolitionist."
The "modern era" of capital punishment in the United States was spurred by two important Supreme Court cases. The Furman v. Georgia (1972) decision ruled that arbitrariness in the application of the death penalty deemed its use unconstitutional. The reversal of that ruling four years later in Gregg v. Georgia (1976) reestablished the death penalty in America, and experts refer to the modern era as 1976 to the present.
Capital Punishment, Closure, and Media
Jody Madeira
In contemporary society, "closure" refers to "end to a traumatic event or an emotional process" (Berns, 2011, pp. 18–19)—and, in the more specific context of capital punishment, controversy over what, if anything, is needed for murder victims' families to attain healing and finality or move forward with their lives, including the execution of their loved one's killer. The term is highly politicized, and is used by both death penalty advocates and its opponents to build arguments in favor of their respective positions. Closure has been indelibly linked to both capital punishment and media institutions since the late 1990s and early 2000s. The media's penchant for covering emotional events and its role in informing the American public and recording newsworthy events make it perfectly suited to construct, publicize, and reinforce capital punishment's alleged therapeutic consequences. Legal and political officials also reinforce the supposed link between closure and capital punishment, asking jurors to sentence offenders to death or upholding death sentences to provide victims' families with a chance to heal. Such assertions are also closely related to beliefs that a particular offender is defiant or lacks remorse. Surprisingly, however, the association between closure and capital punishment has only recently been subjected to empirical scrutiny. Researchers have found that victims' families deem closure a myth and often find executions themselves unsatisfying, provided that a perpetrator does not enjoy high media visibility so that the execution has a silencing effect, as did Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh's execution by lethal injection in 2001. Recent empirical examinations of the link between capital punishment and closure prompt a redefinition of closure through which victims' family members learn to cope with, work through, and tell the story of a murder and its impact. This redefinition is less sensational and thus perhaps less newsworthy, which may have the salubrious effect of discouraging extensive media emphasis on executions' closure potential. Another way to decouple closure from capital punishment is for media organizations to change their practices of covering perpetrators, such as by not continually showing images of the perpetrator and by incorporating a more extensive focus on the victims and their families. While government officials have called for the media to exercise restraint in the wake of such events as the Oklahoma City bombing and 9/11, victims' groups are now beginning to advocate for this same goal, with much success.
Car Crimes and the Cultural Imagination
Thalia Anthony and Kieran Tranter
The car and crime become entrenched in the cultural imagination with the widely circulated images of the bullet-hole-ravaged Ford V8 that Bonnie (Parker) and Clyde (Barrow) were in when they were killed by Texan and Louisianan police in 1934. This couple of outlaws (and their gang) had kept newspaper readers enthralled and appalled as they robbed, murdered, and kidnapped throughout the Midwest since 1932. The scope of their activities and their success in evading authorities, along with their crimes, which included many vehicle thefts, were facilitated by the mobility of the car. Before Bonnie and Clyde, car crime in the public consciousness comprised images of the foolish and antisocial behavior of the well-to-do car-owning elite. After Bonnie and Clyde, the famous image of their death car and the celebrity-making image of Bonnie as the archetypical gangster moll with cigar and revolver leaning over a stolen car, linked in the cultural imagination crime and cars as everyday through a visceral mix of bodies, sex, and violence.
In particular, the visceral imaginings of car crime after Bonnie and Clyde separated into four locations. All involved, to certain degree, bodies, sex, and violence, but distinct contexts and meanings can be identified. The first location is the imaging of car crime itself; of risky use of the car—speeding, dangerous driving, racing, drink driving—actions evidenced by carnage on the roads. There have emerged two frames for this location. The first is the serious and deadly context of the usually male driver fueled by "combustion masculinity" taking irresponsible risks with bloody consequences. The second is the humorous, over-the-top risky, subversive, and illegal car-based activities, a frame tapped into by television shows like Top Gear (Klein, 2002–2015) and Bush Mechanics (Batty, 2001) and manifest in the car chase trope. The second location is the car as a crime scene. From JFK's assassination in a Lincoln convertible, to the car as site of sexual assault, to the illicit imaginings of the goings-on in a VW microbus, the car is a place in which crimes happen. The car is seen as constructing an internal geography in which crimes occur. The third location has the car as a facilitator of criminal activity. In the road buddy narrative from On the Road (Kerouac, 1957) to Thelma & Louise (Scott, 1991) the car becomes the outlaw's mechanical horse facilitating a crime spree and evading arrest. At the fourth location, the car became imaged as property, the car as a crime object. From Gone in 60 Seconds (Sena, 2000) to the advertisements of the vehicle insurance industry, the car became conceived as vulnerable property, the target of theft. While distinguishable, each location is not segmented in the cultural imagination, but, as role-played by gamers in the Grand Theft Auto computer game series, cross and coexist. Now well into its second century, the car, notwithstanding contemporary transformations, nurtures a vivid imagining of its culture gone wrong.
The Characteristics of Illegal Markets
Matías Dewey
The phenomenon of illegal markets is pervasive. The circulation of illegal goods and services reaches all social segments, crosses national boundaries, and produces enormous revenues. Scholarship has typically addressed issues of illegal exchanges by focusing on criminal organizations, their members' activities, internal structures, and businesses while leaving the very notion of illegal markets conceptually underdeveloped. Different from organized crime, the notion of "illegal market" compels us to consider the demand side and to investigate the varied ways it relates to the supply side. Following the path opened up by economic sociology scholarship, this article brings illegal markets to the center of the scene in order to develop them conceptually, observe them in a differentiated way, and investigate their relationships with legal structures. From this perspective, the social organization of markets comes to the fore, highlighting such aspects as the formal and informal institutions sustaining illegal markets; the modes of internal coordination that deal with problems such as value, competition, or trust; moral attitudes toward the production, exchange, or consumption of certain products or services; the cultural elements or cognitive dispositions that promote illegal exchanges; the role of state power in defining what is and is not illegal, and thus how it controls certain exchanges; and the role of the enforcement of the law in the emergence, expansion, or extinction of these markets.
Clergy Sexual Abuse and the Media
Karen J. Terry
Media attention on child sexual abuse within the Catholic Church led to awareness of a serious social problem and increased the levels of disclosure of abuse. The three "emergencies of clerical sexual abuse in the media" occurred in 1985, 1993, and 2002 (Maniscalco, 2005). The catalyst for the media coverage was high-profile clergy offenders with multiple victims and in 2002 also included the claims of cover-ups by high-ranking cardinals in the United States.
Most victims of clergy sexual abuse disclosed their abuse decades after the abuse occurred, and the increased rates of disclosure coincided with the three periods of increased reporting in the media. Though the constant reporting in the media led to some misconceptions about CSA generally and CSA within the Catholic Church, it also led to policy changes in how the church responded to allegations of abuse and aimed to prevent future acts of abuse.


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K-State Research and Extension - Technology
This website contains helpful resources and information from the KSRE Technology website migration that is beneficial to both KSRE and KSU faculty and staff.
KSRE Seminars/Videos
Transferred from KSRE, many of the KSU College of Agriculture, KSRE and associated departments held hundreds of special seminars, programs and event videos. Over time these videos will be housed within specific department and colleges. See the KSRE Seminars page.
KSRE Agent Video Training
A resource page devoted to faculty and staff to create and develop better instructional and educational videos. There are several how-to videos and handouts with tips and information for planning, shooting, editing and posting your videos online. See the KSRE Agent Video Training page.
KSRE Tech Tips
A technology series that provides help and information with new and emerging technology. The 20 minute programs include iPad Productivity Apps, Making YouTube Video Tips, Adobe Photoshop Tips for Better Digital Photos and many more. See the KSRE Tech Tips page.
KSU Zoom Webconferencing
Replacing the KSRE Adobe Connect system, Zoom contains many of the great features to make this a simple to use yet powerful online communication tool. Try Zoom on your laptop or even a mobile device like a tablet or smartphone. See the Zoom page.

subset: commoncrawl


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|General Discussion
|« Previous MessageNext Message »
|Karen Langford
|January 11 2012 5:13pm
|MySQL Community Server 5.1.61 has been released
|View as plain text
Dear MySQL users, MySQL Server 5.1.61, a new version of the popular Open Source Database Management System, has been released. MySQL 5.1.61 is recommended for use on production systems. For an overview of what's new in MySQL 5.1, please see http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/mysql-nutshell.html For information on installing MySQL 5.1.61 on new servers or upgrading to MySQL 5.1.61 from previous MySQL releases, please see http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/installing.html MySQL Server is available in source and binary form for a number of platforms from our download pages at http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/ Not all mirror sites may be up to date at this point in time, so if you can't find this version on some mirror, please try again later or choose another download site. We welcome and appreciate your feedback, bug reports, bug fixes, patches, etc: http://forge.mysql.com/wiki/Contributing For information on open issues in MySQL 5.1, please see the errata list at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/open-bugs.html The following section lists the changes in the MySQL source code since the previous released version of MySQL 5.1. It may also be viewed online at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/news-5-1-61.html Enjoy! ======================================================================= D.1.1. Changes in MySQL 5.1.61 (10 January, 2012) Bugs Fixed * InnoDB Storage Engine: Issuing INSERT...ON DUPLICATE KEY statements for InnoDB tables from concurrent threads could cause a deadlock (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/glossary.html#glos_dea dlock), particularly with the INSERT...ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE form. The fix avoids deadlocks caused by the same row being accessed by more than one transaction. Deadlocks could still occur when multiple rows are inserted and updated simultaneously by different transactions in inconsistent order; those types of deadlocks require the standard error handling on the application side, of re-trying the transaction. (Bug #11759688, Bug #52020) * An incorrect InnoDB assertion could cause the server to halt. This issue only affected debug builds. The assertion referenced the source file btr0pcur.ic and the variable cursor->pos_state. (Bug #13358468) * The handle_segfault() signal-handler code in mysqld could itself crash due to calling unsafe functions. (Bug #54082, Bug #11761576) * ARCHIVE tables with NULL columns could cause server crashes or become corrupt under concurrent load. (Bug #51252, Bug #11758979) * Enabling myisam_use_mmap could cause the server to crash. (Bug #48726, Bug #11756764) * Concurrent access to ARCHIVE tables could cause corruption. (Bug #42784, Bug #11751793) Thanks, MySQL RE Team Database Group, Oracle.
|• MySQL Community Server 5.1.61 has been released
|Karen Langford
|11 Jan


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Chansdad needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 15 designs submitted by 10 freelance designers.
We need a logo for our new initiative - Techssentials.com
Please visit the site http://www.techssentials.com. We would like the colors of the logo to be green and blue as seen on the site. So we can just plug the logo in the site. The main image that is displayed is temporary and will be done in the correct blue color
Techssentials will offer instructor and web based courses for novice to experienced technology professions on various topics of interest.Consulting services are also offered.
- Logo that matches the exisiting color scheme on site http://www.techssentials.com
- Logo that stands out and gives the image of a professional and trusted organization
- Logo that builds our brand
- Web2.0 style
- Not an ordinary design
- Cliparts which do not project a successful company
- Not too gaudy ..
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WordPress Plugin: Simple Blog Stats
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WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The White House, while advancing an aggressive public relations campaign to highlight the damaging effects of $85 billion in automatic spending cuts, is largely resigned to the fact that they will go into effect on Friday.
With no deal expected in the few days remaining until the cuts kick in, President Barack Obama is pursuing a strategy aimed at generating outrage among Americans that he hopes will force Republicans to come to the negotiating table and agree to his demand for higher taxes after the cuts go into place.
The White House is well aware that Republicans need a victory for their conservative supporters after they reluctantly agreed to income tax increases for the wealthy at the end of last year.
Officials reason that standing up to the president now and ushering in across-the-board spending cuts, no matter how onerous, would allow Republicans to show the conservative Tea Party movement and other right-leaning supporters that they were not steamrolled into raising tax revenues again.
Once that "victory" is achieved and the cuts go into effect on March 1, officials hope real talks can begin in earnest to turn them off and agree on a wider deal.
"I think it's put Republicans on notice that if they don't act, they're going to own this, pure and simple," said Democratic strategist Bud Jackson.
It is the latest step in yet another Washington budget showdown as Obama seeks to use the political clout he feels he earned by winning re-election in November to push forward proposals aimed at improving the plight of the middle class.
The president has an aggressive agenda that includes tighter gun control measures and an immigration overhaul, but he must deal first with a budget morass that was partly of his own making.
The White House and Republicans in 2011 came up with the idea for the automatic spending cuts, known as the "sequester," designing them to be so draconian that no one would ever let them take place.
Now that they are about to become a reality, top government officials have warned of dire results such as long security lines at airports and insufficiently guarded borders as a way of preparing Americans for what to expect and, more strategically, to encourage them to complain to their lawmakers in Congress.
The White House says it has little flexibility in determining where the cuts will take place, rejecting claims from Republicans that the president could make trims that would be less economically damaging. "You can't change the fact that the impact will be heavy," said White House spokesman Jay Carney.
The risk of this strategy, experts say, is that the public may not perceive the cuts to be as bad as advertised and fails to get outraged.
"It's a legitimate tactic," said David Yepsen, director of the Paul Simon Public Policy Institute at Southern Illinois University. "The danger is if the sequester goes into effect and the sky doesn't fall, people will say we're getting along fine."
Republicans are not budging on Obama's insistence that tax revenues be included in a short- or long-term deal, and Democrats are unwilling to accept the view of many Republicans that spending cuts alone can be used to tackle the budget deficit.
So a standstill has devolved into a game of waiting out the other side, and both sides seem to have accepted that means the cuts are inevitable.
There has been no substantive contact between Obama and Republican leaders of Congress since the last fiscal crisis at the end of 2012, when Republicans accepted higher taxes on the wealthy.
"Reaching a deadline and passing a deadline sometimes then produces increased pressure on the parties to come to a deal," said one Democratic strategist.
"There's time after the clock runs out, and I just think both sides are keenly aware of that, too," he said.
Obama himself has indicated he is hopeful a deal can be reached before March 1.
"Hope springs eternal," he said during a meeting with the prime minister of Japan last Friday, when asked in the Oval Office about the possibility of averting the cuts.
But the reality is that the cuts are almost certain to take effect, at least for a few weeks, until serious negotiations get started.
Editing by Fred Barbash, Martin Howell, Doina Chiacu


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CrossRoads RV has added the new Cruiser Aire to its current product offering. The Cruiser Aire comes in five travel trailer and four fifth wheel models designed for easy towing.
Models range from 24 to 32 feet in length, have full depth slide-outs and weigh 4,500 -7,000 lbs. According to CrossRoads RV, pricing for the Cruiser Aire starts around $23,900. CrossRoads RV says these aluminum-framed units are equipped with many standard features that other RV manufacturers offer only as options:
• 60" x 80" Deluxe Memory Foam Mattress
• LED Lights Throughout Interior
• Enormous Pass Through Storage
• Cathedral Ceiling Throughout
• ALL Double Slide Floor Plans


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Every time I come back from some kind of crisis, I feel I left another piece of me behind somewhere — on the ground, in the bed, in the bathroom, or maybe in the street.
A week of missed exercise feels more like a month. I think there's real data on that. Muscles deteriorate faster than they are built. What's that all about? Gravity, justice, or just plain orneriness.
Why is it that diseased muscles, joints, and soft tissues are so anxious to hit the floor? Does gravity get stronger the older and weaker you grow? Yes.
The only way I have found to defy gravity is to work at being stronger each day. Strength makes us less vulnerable. Nothing actually defies gravity, but we can, at least, work at fighting its attraction.
I know it sounds paranoid, but I do think my body is out to get me; and I'm often in a battle for my life. The question is how does one outsmart one's self?
Lying down and giving up is not ever an option. I know, tempting, but no thanks…at least not without a bunch of lilies.
I recently have lost a great deal of weight due to a change in medication forced on me by my insurance company. I'm resentful and angry, but they don't care. Life goes on, and after getting the problem solved, I realize it's going to cost me both financially and in terms of my health. I don't have the time, energy, or desire to be angry and must move on. All of my emotions must go into standing up, staying up, and growing stronger.
When we don't eat correctly, we hurt ourselves. Sometimes we do it without knowing. It's a slick slide into both obesity and severe weight loss — both are propelled by inertia. We have to care, we have to think, and we have to plan — all while balancing on a ball the size of a peanut.
I used to wait for life to become healthy, simple, and easy. Well, that pony was impossible to housebreak. Now I, like you, just do the best I can each day.
Eventually, you gain, or perhaps regain, a sense of empowerment over your life.
I've discovered we often feel run over, tramped upon and deeply disillusioned. Just because we're in a world of hurt doesn't mean it always has to be that way. We don't have to be permanently down and out.
Strangely enough, we find strength in movement. That's a tall order, quite often but I know we must push through. Pain must often become secondary to staying strong.
In a weakened condition, many dangers lie in wait for us. Not only do we have to worry about weakness, gravity, and deterioration, but we must constantly walk around the deep hole of self-centeredness.
If you're on the phone with a friend and you are only talking about yourself the whole time, well, think about it. Then thank God for having such a good friend.
There is strength, courage, and encouragement in sharing our lives with others. Honest sharing from the heart and soul is life-giving.
It's good to be reminded we are not alone.
Try to find the difference between happiness with its fleeting aspects and deep, abiding joy.
Well, dear friends, got to go. I have to move around, eat, read about good eating, move something else, like a foot or a leg, clean something, let the dog out, eat some more. Basically, life will drag me along. I just have to point the way.


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**12x12 BOOKS ONLY**
Use this listing to add 2nd Day Air UPS shipping to your order. This is the cost difference due to upgrade from standard shipping.
The listing will say $0.20 as the price, but the balance of the $35.50 cost difference is in the "shipping" tab of this listing, so will total correctly upon checkout.
1-2 weeks
I'll do my best to meet these shipping estimates, but can't guarantee them. Actual delivery time will depend on the shipping method you choose.
Buyers are responsible for any customs and import taxes that may apply. I'm not responsible for delays due to customs.
Just contact me within: 3 days of delivery
Ship items back to me within: 7 days of delivery
Request a cancellation within: 1 hours of purchase
But please contact me if you have any problems with your order.
Because of the nature of these items, unless they arrive damaged or defective, I can't accept returns for:
Buyers are responsible for return shipping costs. If the item is not returned in its original condition, the buyer is responsible for any loss in value.
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This Privacy Policy does not apply to the practices of third parties that we do not own or control, including Etsy or any third party services you access through Etsy. You can reference the Etsy Privacy Policy to learn more about its privacy practices.
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To fulfill your order, you must provide us with certain information (which you authorized Etsy to provide to us), such as your name, email address, postal address, payment information, and the details of the product that you're ordering. You may also choose to provide us with additional personal information (for a custom order, for example), if you contact us directly.
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• Complain. If you reside in the EU and wish to raise a concern about our use of your information (and without prejudice to any other rights you may have), you have the right to do so with your local data protection authority.
How to Contact Us
For purposes of EU data protection law, we, Starboard Press LLC, are the data controller of your personal information. If you have any questions or concerns, you may contact us at email@example.com.
𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗼𝗳𝘀 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗱 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗳𝗼𝗿:
✜ Guest Books
✜ Wedding Journals
✜ Stamps
✜ Invitations/Save the Dates/Wedding Announcements
𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗼𝗳𝘀 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗼𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗳𝗼𝗿:
✜ Vow Books
✜ Wedding Planners
Proofs, if applicable, are sent to your email on file in 1-2 business days. You'll want to use a valid email address that you check regularly for ordering and be prepared to approve on time. We'll hold the proof for 72 hours (with reminders) before sending to print as is. Generally, 1 initial proof and 2 rounds of minor revisions are included in your purchase price. Additional edits or requests may incur additional costs.
Yes. The listed price reflects the design shown. For customizations to designs shown that are more than just changing names, dates, etc., please email us ahead of time to be sure we can accommodate your request, especially if your request includes adding more text than what is shown on the sample, like adding/removing/changing graphics. We'll advise you at that time if we can accommodate your request and if extra design fees will apply.
FONT CHANGES: All of our items are sold with the fonts shown for the base price. For guest books or stamps, customization to fonts is $5. Font changes are not offered on other items.
Yes! We love our international customers and ship worldwide. Please be sure to check both the processing and transit times on your chosen item to be fully aware of how long your item may take to ship if it's non-personalized, to make first once approved and then ship if it's personalized, and then also how long your chosen transit time will take. Especially if you are ordering for your wedding, you'll want to make sure your item will arrive on time. We offer a few different types of international shipping; full information is in our shop policies under our shipping policy for all options. Note that international customers are responsible for any customs/duty tax or related fees for importing items.
All of our listings include details on the processing times (the amount of time it takes to make your item once it's sent to print or your proof is approved) for those items. You'll also get an estimate of the ship date displayed when checking out through the Etsy system, and this assigned date will also be on your order receipt. Orders that need to be approved before making will move fastest if you are able to approve your proof on time; client response time does factor in to how long it takes to receive your item. If proof approval is delayed, we may not be able to ship by the date assigned. We do offer expedited shipping options. These expedited transit times take effect *after* your item has been made to order and shipped.
The window for cancellation is one hour post purchase. We cannot cancel your order once we've started production or once you've approved a proof of the order. We also cannot cancel an order once we've sent a proof to you.
Personalized and/or custom items are not eligible for return/refund. We are not able to take returns due to misspellings or grammatical errors in your approved proof regardless of where they originate. Your signed proof approval indicates that you have reviewed and are accepting the wording and layout shown to be used for the final print.
In the rare event that a personalized or custom order arrives damaged, we will replace it, but we MUST receive photos of the damaged item and its packaging first.
• RUSH: If yours is a rush order we always appreciate a heads up first to be sure we can accommodate your request. We will advise you of our typical turnaround times on the item you wish to purchase and what type of shipping will be necessary for it to reach you by your desired date. Please note, there may be times we can NOT accommodate a rush order due to our workload.
• CUSTOM: Occasionally we can take on custom design for personalized items. Please contact us ahead of time to be sure we can accommodate your request and discuss your options so we can set up a custom order just for you. During the height of wedding season, we may be overbooked or unable to take custom orders due to time constraints.
Please double and triple-check your shipping address *prior* to checking out to be sure it is accurate and correct and where you wish your order to be sent. For custom orders especially, we cannot change your address once it has gone to production. This is the case even if the order has not yet shipped out. We encourage you to review your address during the checkout process and update it at that stage before your payment is complete. You can update your address under You-->Account or do it during the checkout process as well.
We are not responsible for an order shipping to an outdated address because it was not updated during purchase. If an order is returned to us due to an outdated address, the buyer will be responsible for new postage.
Our designs and our written content are copyrighted by Starboard Press®. Duplicating our designs or written content constitutes copyright infringement and is prohibited. All designs are for personal use only and reproduction or resale is strictly prohibited.
Due to differences in manufacturers for monitor screens and mobile devices, we are unable to guarantee a color you see on your screen. There may be some variation in color from screen to print or screen to physical item within normal tolerance. Although we make every effort to represent items accurately, we cannot guarantee your computer monitor will accurately depict with 100% accuracy the actual color of the items. We do not accept returns or offer refunds based on color.
No. As a US-based business, we are not legally allowed or registered to collect and remit VAT, GST, or other import taxes for other countries. Etsy currently has some wording relating to this underneath the listing price that may display based on your location if you're an international customer. Please note that VAT or GST, etc. is **NOT included** in the price listed, and is not collected or remitted by us. Buyers are responsible for any and all import taxes that may be due on the items they purchase from us and thus import from the US. This includes VAT or GST which are taxes assessed by your local government at the time of delivery.
Please see this Etsy Help article on customs/import taxes: https://www.etsy.com/help/article/5023
✜ Proofing turnaround, if included: 1-2 business days
✜ Book Production Period, Casebound: 6-7 business days
✜ Book Production Period, Wirebound: 6-7 business days
✜ Stationery Production Period: 7-10 business days
✜ Stamp Production Period: 1-3 business days
✜ Foil printed cards ship in 1-3 business days
Shipping transit time occurs *after* production time. Shipping carrier & transit options are shown during checkout. Please choose a shipping transit option that takes into account the time it takes the item to be made before shipping, and then the shipping days to get to you.
Please note that production and transit times are **estimates only.** Our process is custom and some variation may occur.


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CINCINNATI (AP) -- The decision to temporarily halt Cincinnati's streetcar project amid a fight over its future could further raise the costs because a subcontractor providing steel took another job during the work stoppage, potentially delaying completion of a maintenance facility.
Project executive John Deatrick called the potential ripple effect "a big problem" but told The Cincinnati Enquirer (http://cin.ci/1hNY7Pj ) he didn't want to discuss specific possible cost increases.
Mayor John Cranley says he won't support more spending, so project leaders must find a solution within the current $133 million budget. Work has resumed, and they'll have to decide whether to wait for the subcontractor or hire another steel fabricator.
Delay costs are expected to come out of the $9.4 million contingency budget for the project, which is more than two years from completion.
Information from: The Cincinnati Enquirer, http://www.enquirer.com


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A version of this article appears in the November/December 2007 issue of Home Energy Magazine.
November 01, 2007
When Zero Really Isn't I've just read the letter to the editor from Larry Spielvogel and Mike Lubliner's response ("Approaching Zero Energy," Sept/Oct '07, p.3). The "Zero Energy" name really doesn't work well. It communicates a false sense of clarity about a concept that's very hard to pin down. So here's a suggestion. How about comparing homes using Btu/ft2/year? And how about calling those Btu "imported energy" or "fossil energy"? This is not just heating and cooling energy we're talking about, but total energy use, so building energy needs along with residents' energy needs get counted. This approach avoids us trying to measure solar input, which seems to involve guesswork that using utility bills avoids. Solar energy doesn't come with the environmental costs that fossil energy comes with. If one wants to cover his or her roof with photovoltaics to lower the Btu/ft2/year number, fine. It just raises the dollars per square foot number to build the home. There are other things to discuss, but ...
To read complete online articles, you need to sign up for an Online Subscription.
Once an order has been placed there is an automatic $10 processing fee that will be deducted with any cancellation.
The Home Energy Online articles are for personal use only and may not be printed for distribution. For permission to reprint, please send an e-mail to email@example.com.


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The moment a company chooses to update their exams, TestKing know what the updates are, and updates its braindumps accordingly. With these daily updates, you may rest confident knowing that you have exactly what you need to prepare for your certification exams.


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Northpoint Commercial Finance LLC, a diversified non-auto inventory finance company, announced its re-entry into the recreational vehicle industry.
According to a press release, Northpoint "presents manufacturers and dealers with an additional financing option." The Company's primary goal is to provide credit lines supported by competitive programs, a state of the art on-line management system and an "easy to do business with" approach.
Dan Radley, president of Alpharetta, Ga.-based Northpoint, noted, "We are very excited about re-entering the industries that we have enjoyed working with for over 20 years. In addition, we appreciate the opportunity to partner with well respected financial institutions to provide our potential customers an alternative source of financing."


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Please select a country
Contact United States
This can be specific information about signing up to the newsletter.
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We are aware of a number of suspicious emails about recruitment in circulation purporting to be from PharmaLex. These emails are being sent from @pharmalexcompanies.com and are not from us. Emails sent by PharmaLex will originate from @pharmalex.com. Should you receive an email and are unsure as to its validity, please report it to email@example.com.
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I haven't even set up my website on my dedicated server so I'm the only one using it at the moment. And yet this is what I see in my sys info:
I just got a bunch of security softwares installed today so I'm wondering if that could be the reason. Programs like Dos deflate, CSF firewall, Mod_security, SIM, Log watch, etc.
My server's details:
CentOS Processor Intel Xeon CPU X3220 CPU Speed 2.39 GHz Cache Size 4.00 MB RAM 2GB DDR2


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Availability: In stock
This cashew cocktail hat is hand made in Melbourne and we can make it large variety of colours. We make this hat strictly to order, so allow up to a week for creation of yours.
This French navy cocktail hat will be a perfect complement for Melbourne Cup, Ascot or Kentucky Derby outfit.
Buy cocktail hats online and SAVE!
We can make this hat in any color -- please enquire
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February 5, 2018
ACORN business development workshops are an opportunity to open up new outlets for products to be sold locally or regionally. Next up is February 13th, a workshop on learning to work with distributors for new market opportunities.
This informative meeting is suitable for fruit, vegetable and value added producers seeking a better understanding of distribution variables in reaching new markets. This workshop is designed to clarify the roles of distributors and help emerging businesses to decide if they are ready to move away from self-distribution. Producers will learn first hand from two locally owned distributors, Vermont Roots and Upper Valley Produce, the steps to help make products more widely available to sell in Vermont or regionally. Learn some of the ins and outs of distribution to make Vermont products accessible the state and the region. Sign up for workshops at acornvt.org Join ACORN for engaging conversations through the topical meet-ups and workshops. The entire series includes ample time for peer to peer sharing. Find the full list of workshops and sign up for the February series acornvt.org. All gatherings are working to meet Vermont�s Farm to Plate goals and are #RootedinVermont. Space is limited; Register at acornvt.org Questions: Contact Annie Harlow 802-922-7060 Date: Wednesday February 13, 2018 Time: 9:00-noon Location: UVM Extension Office, 23 Pond Lane (corner of Exchange St & Mainelli Road, Middlebury) Cost: $10 All payments are a donation to ACORN�s mission and tickets are non-refundable. Please pre-register at http://www.acornvt.org ### ACORN (Addison County Relocalization Network) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit community organization based in Middlebury, VT whose mission is to promote the growth and health of local food and agriculture in Vermont�s Southern Champlain Valley. We are working with growers, schools, businesses and community and statewide partners to double the consumption of locally-grown food by 2020. For more information, acornvt.org


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New insights on cell competition
Scientists from the Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) describe how natural selection also occurs at the cellular level, and how our body's tissues and organs strive to retain the best cells in their ranks in order to fend off disease processes. These results appear this week in the new issue of Cell Reports. The research, carried out in the CNIO, is led by Eduardo Moreno, who is currently working at the University of Bern in Switzerland.
Recent studies suggest that natural selection described by Charles Darwin also occurs at the cellular level, as our body's tissues and organs strive to retain the best cells in their ranks in order to fend off disease processes.
Pancreatic cells perform very different functions from skin cells – insulin secretion and barrier protection respectively – even though their genetic material is exactly identical; and this is true of the 200 different cell types that form a human being.
Despite burgeoning interest in the mechanisms of cell competition, which keep all such functions running smoothly in each body compartment, the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for maintaining this homeostasis have yet to be established.
Through their studies on fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), among the most widely used animal models in research, the authors of the paper have been able to show that cell competition proceeds in various stages.
First, the cells picked as winners for their superior ability to perform cell functions eliminate the loser cells via programmed cell death or apoptosis. Then the dead cells' remains are ingested by the haemocytes, the fly equivalent of our macrophages.
"The paper's main contribution is that we provide first-time evidence of the role of the haemocytes, cells circulating in the fly haemolymph, in eliminating cell residues during competition", explains first author Fidel Lolo.
Co-author Sergio Casas-Tintó adds that the study's results indicate that the genes necessary for the haemocytes to eliminate these residues – in a process known as phagocytosis – are not required for the apoptosis of loser cells.
"We suggest that phagocytosis is not a cause but a consequence of cell death", affirms Eduardo Moreno, "and more work will need doing to determine the forces governing the selection and subsequent destruction of losers".
Cell competition is closely linked to pathogenic processes such as cancer. "There is growing evidence for the importance of these processes at tumour borders, where biological markers suggest an accumulation of dead cells, as if we were contemplating a line of battle", Lolo continues.
Understanding the mechanisms of cell competition may provide crucial insights into the earliest stages of a tumour's formation, favouring early detection, even without macroscopic evidence, and the design of new drugs able to block tumour growth from the very first development stages.
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Preparing Proposals
Unless specified in an NSF program solicitation, proposals to NSF must be submitted electronically via either the NSF FastLane System or Grants.gov.
Proposals submitted via FastLane should be prepared and submitted in accordance with the general guidelines contained in the NSF Proposal & Award Policies Procedures Guide (PAPPG). The complete text of the PAPPG is available electronically at: https://www.nsf.gov/publications/pub_summ.jsp?ods_key=papp.Proposers are reminded to identify the program solicitation number in the program solicitation block on the NSF Cover Sheet For Proposal to the National Science Foundation. Compliance with this requirement is critical to determining the relevant proposal processing guidelines. Failure to submit this information may delay processing.
Proposals submitted via Grants.gov should be prepared and submitted in accordance with the NSF Grants.gov Application Guide: A Guide for the Preparation and Submission of NSF Applications via Grants.gov. The complete text of the NSF Grants.gov Application Guide is available on the Grants.gov website and on the NSF website at: https://www.nsf.gov/publications/pub_summ.jsp?ods_key=grantsgovguide.
The Policy Office, in the Division of Institution and Award Support, provides general policy guidance for proposers. The Policy Office page includes NSF regulations, other Federal regulations, notices of important policies and other information for proposers and awardees.
NSF conducts outreach on proposal preparation and award administration, through NSF Grant Conferences, and FastLane outreach activities.


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Lyle & Scott Plain T-Shirt
Item No. TS400VD24
Select Styles for Availability
Quality material. Quality T-Shirt. You can't go wrong. Looks great with everything. A proper staple. One is not enough…
- Rib Neckline
- Branded Eagle At Chest
100% Cotton
A little care and attention is required to keep your T-Shirt looking its best. Follow these simple instructions to make sure the quality lasts: - Machine wash at 30 degrees - Wash inside out with similar colours - Wash with colour care detergent - Do not tumble dry - Do not dry clean - Iron inside out on medium setting, do not iron logo - Do not bleach


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Artemis Fountain
Lady Feodora Gleichen (1861-1922)
1906. Figure cast 1899 (Bradley and Pevsner)
Hyde Park, London
Photograph 2002 by George P. Landow.
[You may use this image without prior permission for any scholarly or educational purpose as long as you (1) credit the photographer and (2) link your document to this URL in a web document or cite the Victorian Web in a print one. ]
Lady Feodora Gleichen was the daughter of Lady Laura Wilhelmina Seymour (1833-1912) and Viktor Prinz zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1833-91), who created the statue of Queen Victoria at Royal Holloway College. [GPL]
Other views


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howard male wrote:...don't you think, in some instances, we learn to be offended by certain words?
Words are fashion victims. Words are victims of persecution. And words have their meaning altered overnight (or over decades) as they are 'reclaimed' or stigmatised by different pressure groups.
Reminds me of the brief discourse I had with The Mad Professor over his defending the use of the term "Batty Man" to describe homosexual men (see http://www.ariwa.com/news.htm ). His point was that he isn't homophobic, this is just the phrase he learnt to use growing up in Guyana and he doesn't see why he should change how he speaks to be politically correct. My point was that this phrase had been altered by its use to imply bigotry and violence (especially in the Jamaican dominated reggae world) and so he was risking causing offence even if he didn't intend it, offence being in the eye of the offended! We amicably agreed to disagree.


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PAWLING, NEW YORK A-Pawling Studio, owned by top engineer/mixer Peter Moshay (www.PeterMoshay.com), engineering confidant for Hall and Oates and producer of numerous top Asian acts, recently installed a Solid State Logic AWS 900+ SE to replace a digital console. The AWS 900+ SE offers full control of the resident Pro Tools HD® system, while delivering the signature SuperAnalogue sound and mixing capabilities for superstar Daryl Halls Live from Daryls House monthly Internet program.
I have always craved the sound of an SSL console and the AWS 900+ SE brings that world-class sound to my control room in a footprint that fits my space confines, says Moshay. The AWS is a real tool for the real world as I am no longer deciding on sample rates for tracks or worrying about bus headroom running out. The AWS always works, even for complex mixes. The sound is great, the headroom is always available and the console truly opens up more creative possibilities with the Pro Tools system. I love this console.
Heading into the 20th episode, Live From Daryls House involves capturing both audio and video performances of superstar Daryl Hall performing with guest artists in Daryls living room. Artists like Parachute, KT Tunstall, Travis McCoy of The Gym Class Heroes, Matt Nathanson and, of course, John Oates, and many others have shared the spotlight on this Internet available program.
This program was conceived by Daryl to get music out to a broader audience based on the premise of sitting down and making live music, explains Moshay. Every month we are essentially producing a new record where a wide variety of artists will perform a Hall & Oates or a Daryl song, and a few of the guest groups songs or just a song everyone likes. The relaxed atmosphere of the production is completely capturing a new audience on the web. The AWS provides the high quality sonic foundation necessary to keep this wide-ranging variety of music together. With the AWS, my mixes have more dimension and depth. When I run audio through the console, I know everything will sound good.
As the creative community continually searches for career changing methods of reaching modern audiences, the AWS 900+ SE provides a cost effective platform to deliver superstar-level audio, as witness the Live from Daryls House production. All shows are available on the net 24/7 free of charge at http://www.livefromdarylshouse.com. Negotiations are in place to bring this successful series to television and thanks to the AWS 900+ SE, the audio quality will be up to the challenge.


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I'm moving up into another division, perhaps Advanced Master's, to give Ron my $$$...
I think he means play the course the tourney will be at before the event so that you have a good idea how to play it.
Invite all your lady friends, we need more women!


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If you were watching the Spike livestream of E3, you may have noticed that Kotaku had some spiffy little videos to promote our coverage of the show. For those who missed out, here they are!
The videos, titled simply "Gaming in 20 Years", explore the possibilities of the medium. We went around and asked different people what they see games being like in the future. We interviewed Jenn De La Vega of Blip Festival, Frank Lantz of the NYU Game Center and our very own Evan Narcisse to see what they think the future holds for video games.


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Vampirella #1 (Warren, 1969) Condition: GD....Click the image to load the highest resolution version.
DescriptionVampirella #1 (Warren, 1969) Condition: GD. Origin and first appearance of Vampirella. Frank Frazetta cover and frontispiece. Neal Adams and Reed Crandall art. Forrest J. Ackerman story. Overstreet 2017 GD 2.0 value = $46.
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The Leadership Challenge continues to extend its global quest to develop exemplary leaders in every corner of the world. And for those of us who are fortunate to be working closely with this powerful set of tools and The Five Practices of Exemplary Leadership® framework, we know the value of the LPI®: The Leadership Practices Inventory® delivers in helping leaders transform their behaviors to become the best leaders they can be. In fact, the evidence is clear that positive results are achieved when the LPI is used as the key element of a coaching program: leaders who more frequently engage in the 30 leadership behaviors of the LPI are more effective. That's why there has been a real focus in the U.S. over the past several years to provide targeted training and support for coaches in the form of the LPI® Coach Certificate Program. And now, for the first time, we have brought this program to the Middle East.
The first International LPI® Coach Certificate Program opened to the public in Dubai, UAE earlier this year and by many measures was a huge success. The decision to present this as an Open Program, in this very diverse region where The Leadership Challenge has been gaining traction in recent years, was not only an exciting opportunity but one which was approached with some trepidation: would we be successful in getting the coaches of Dubai to attend a full day of training to learn how they could integrate this great tool into their coaching?
As the program was promoted in the weeks leading up to the event, Dubai displayed its reputation as a 'global hub'. The early uptake was not only positive but reflected the diversity of the region with participants from as far away as Nigeria—almost on the other side of the African continent—and the Philippines— half a world away—registering. In the end, we welcomed 10 leadership development and coaching professionals representing seven different countries. Most exciting for us was the fact that eight of our participants saw such value in this LPI Coach Certificate Program that they flew in to Dubai from the countries where they're based for the sole purpose of attending our one-day workshop.
Cultural diversity is at the heart of business—indeed, of society—in the Middle East. We are all well-accustomed to working and living among people from many different cultural backgrounds, with different practices and beliefs. As a result, coaches working in this region often face a myriad of challenges in bringing teams and organizations together in successful collaboration. But as we stressed during our coaching program that day, the one constant that every coaching professional can be sure of is that no matter where they are based and whatever diverse challenges they may confront, The Five Practices of Exemplary Leadership applies universally—whoever the leader is and wherever that leader is who is being coached.
All of our program attendees saw great potential for incorporating the LPI into their coaching approach as they work to develop exemplary leaders. As Mohammed Elyas of SGM Talent Management & Leadership Development in Saudi Arabia remarked, "My level of confidence is very high that I can coach anyone using the LPI 360. That the assessment can be completed in both Arabic and English has made my life very easy, and also has given me a professional edge."
So right now, leaders in such countries as Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Philippines, and Dubai are being coached with the LPI forming the basis of their leadership development. And they are being guided by certified LPI® coaches intimately familiar with the LPI reports, the rigorous research behind the LPI, and with a thorough understanding of how to effectively help leaders make sense of their feedback in both group settings and one-on-one coaching. And that's exciting!
For more information on the LPI Coach Certificate Program, visit: http://www.leadershipchallenge.com/professionals-section-lpi-certificate-program.aspx
Graham Moore is the first Certified Master for The Leadership Challenge in the Middle East. Originally from Australia and now based in Dubai, UAE, Graham has 20+ years of experience as a facilitator and has been working internationally for the last 12 years, delivering The Leadership Challenge program in 10 countries. Among his many contributions to the TLC community, he helped capture the powerful story of the Ministry of Tourism of Ajman (one of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates) into a video case study available on YouTube Graham can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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The turbine will have a 2.3MW capacity and is for locations with IIA wind conditions. The machine is an extension of the E-82, which was launched last year.
Enercon said it redesigned the rotor blades for the E-92 to improve yield and reduce weight. Comparing it to the E-82, the company said the new turbine could produce up to 15% more energy.
It is designed to fit in between the E-82 and the E-101.
Speaking about the turbine, Enercon managing director Hans-Dieter Kettwig said: "The efficient E-92 is yet another attractive option for customers planning projects much further inland. Furthermore, the new turbine is another prime example of the excellent price-performance ratio for generating power with onshore wind energy."
The turbine will be launched at this month's Hanover Fair, which will be covered by Windpower Monthly technical correpondent Eize de Vries.


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Lauren Rosenbaum
Lauren Rosenbaum joined the AAVSO in summer 2011 as the part-time Administrative Assistant. She makes sure the organization keeps up with its mailings, emails, and phone calls, and helps to maintain the membership database, online forums, social media, and AAVSO store. She tries to know a little bit about every project, large and small, going on at the AAVSO so she can answer as many questions as possible. She has always wanted to hold an administrative position, because she finds joy in easing the lives of her co-workers, and she loves to perfect small details. Lauren particularly enjoys working at the AAVSO because of their dedication to bringing together amateur and professional astronomy. She loves that everybody with an interest in science can contribute, and that amateurs are so valuable to the study of variable stars.
Lauren came to the AAVSO after working with children most of her life. She studied psychology and childhood education at New York University, while working with children in a myriad of school, camp, and home environments. She enjoys finding ways of making science more accessible to children--at her previous job at an afterschool program, she taught a club about space for a group of students ages 5-8!
Lauren is currently a full-time graduate student at Tufts University. She earned her master's degree in school psychology in 2012, and is now working toward her educational specialist degree, in preparation to become a fully certified school psychologist. She also interns with two school psychologists in the greater Boston area. Lauren enjoys reading novels and news/opinion articles, biking around Cambridge and nearby Somerville, having picnics with her friends, and Zumba dance.


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Cambridge ,Mass. – For the fourth time this season, UMBC freshman guard Rodney Elliott (Baltimore, Md./John Carroll) has been named America East Conference Men's Basketball Rookie-of-the-Week.
Elliott nearly recorded UMBC's first triple-double in 19 years, with a 14-point, 11-rebound, 8-assist effort in the 73-61 victory over Binghamton on Jan. 29. The 11 rebounds and eight helpers were both team season highs for the Retrievers. He then converted a team season-best 12 free throws as part of a 21-point effort in the narrow 83-80 setback at Maine on Feb. 1. Elliott amassed seven rebounds, three assists and a pair of steals versus the Black Bears.
The first-year guard has scored in double figures in 18 of 22 games this season and his 21-point effort versus Maine was his fourth of 20 or more points. He is sixth in America East in scoring (14.2 ppg), fourth in assists (3.6), seventh in assist-to-turnover ratio (1.0), eighth in steals (1.2) and tenth in field goal percentage (44.7%).
Elliott has already passed the 300-point plateau in his freshman campaign. His four weekly honors ties a UMBC mark set by Chauncey Gilliam, who captured four during the 2009-10 season.
UMBC opens a three-game homestand when they host New Hampshire in an America East Conference match-up on Wednesday, Feb. 5.


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Fri, 13 March 2015
When the Philadelphia Eagles season ended, there were few doubts as to what the Eagles organization had to do to move into the 2015 season a better team. Backup quarterback Mark Sanchez would be relegated to backup duties, if another QB wasn't signed in the off-season, and plug several holes on the Defense, namely cornerback and safety.
But entering January, coach Chip Kelly became General Manager Chip Kelly, and Howie Roseman became the numbers guy for the organization, with all player personnel final decisions falling to Chip. Then, March happened. In a matter of days leading up to free agency, which officially kicked off the afternoon of March 10th, the Eagles team is practically unrecognizable from a player perspective.
At the end of February, the Eagles released TE James Casey and somewhat surprisingly, guard Todd Herremens, and the next week signed linebacker Brad Jones. Rather standard so far. The next day, fan favorite Trent Cole was cut, another salary cap release, along with cornerback Cary Williams.
Then things get, um, weird.
It is then reported that the Eagles will trade star running back LeSean (Shady) McCoy to the Buffalo Bills for ILB Kiko Alonso, who is coming off a serious injury. This is a week before free agency officially starts, mind you.
Two days before free agency, quarterback Mark Sanchez is re-signed, to a two-year deal. Now, free agent starting wide receiver Jeremy Maclin still has not been paid, and fans are wondering what is going on. We find out quickly as the Chiefs announce they agree to terms with Maclin, and he will be reunited with former Eagles head coach Andy Reid. But on the somewhat positive side, Frank Gore has reportedly agreed to sign with the Eagles. So the running game has been more solidified with the loss of McCoy.
The day before free agency, the Eagles re-sign Brandon Graham, and things are good. Then Gore backs out, and instead signs with the Colts. Now Eagles fans question EVERYTHING about what is going on, many panic, and many break ankles jumping off the Chipwagon.
Finally the day comes, free agency, March 10th. Some things will be answered. But wait! The Eagles trade starting quarterback Nick Foles to the Rams for injured QB Sam Bradford!! Many a "WTF" was seen on Twitter. Rumors fly rampant in many directions, and no one seems to know what is going on.
Then the Eagles add CB Walter Thurmond, CB Byron Maxwell, and RB Ryan Matthews is coming to town with the intention of signing. Busy as hell, and all good additions!
Then comes March 12th, today, and things still aren't done! The Eagles not only sign Thurmond, but also Dallas Cowboys running back, the 2014 yards league-leading DeMarco Murray, comes to town and signs a lucrative contract!! As Murray's car is tailed by media helicopters from the Philly airport to Eagles HQ, it gets reported that the Eagles are shopping around standout guard Evan Mathis!
Mayhem, absolute mayhem as an Eagles fan. We don't feel this is over yet, and we cover some of this on this episode of EaglesFanCast!
Direct download: 179_EFC-Mar_12_2015.mp3
Category:podcasts -- posted at: 12:10am EST


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Charlie had some great ideas about how to teach the Krebs Cycle. He explained it all to his friend Steve who agreed they were very innovative. Charlie meant to write his ideas down but kept on forgetting. Later that semester, Steve submitted a paper to a leading educational journal, using Charlie's ideas. The paper was accepted for publication. Who owns the copyright?
Steve owns the copyright because he created it in a fixed form.
Ideas cannot be copyrighted.
Charlie owns the copyright because it was his idea.
Charlie had the original idea but he did not write it down or in some way 'fix' it in a 'fixed form'. Steve actually created in a fixed form.
Photo: "Faces" by Greg Peverill-Conti CC BY-NC-SA 2.0