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A common problem with email searches is that they can return too many results. For example, entering someone's name may return matches where the name appears in parts of the message's body even though you meant to look for messages from that person. It can be also hard to enter other criteria to help narrow your search, such as whether it has an attachment or that it has a particular category applied. Wouldn't it be great if you could specify these parameters easily and get a better set of results – finding what you want even faster? Outlook 2010 makes it easy!
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Search Contextual Tab
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· Sender's name
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· … and many more!
You can use this tab to help you find messages quickly and easily. For example, suppose you are searching for a message with the phrase "Food Blog", but more than 100 items return matching that query. Let's suppose you also remember that this message has an attachment. Now you can instantly narrow down the results to a much smaller set to find what you are looking for by clicking the Has Attachments button in the Search Contextual Tab:
And that's just one of the many filters available in the Search Contextual Tab!
Search Suggestion List
The vast majority of searches contain a combination of keywords, along with the names of the sender or a known phrase in the subject line. Restricting results to a specific sender is a powerful filter that often helps narrow down results quickly.
In Outlook 2010, you will see a list beneath the search box when you begin a query. You can just type and then arrorw down to limit your search to mail from someone or with a specific subject. The results returned will be only those that show a match in the name (or subject) fields against your query!
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Nelson Siu
Outlook Program Manager
More info on Outlook search:
Can't find that email message? These three tips can help
Find a message or item with Instant Search


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The shocking season three finale of Bachelor Pad turned out to be rather controversial as winner Nick Peterson pulled a surprise move and kept the $250,000 for himself instead of sharing with his partner Rachel Truehart. This is the first time a player of the game boldly took home all the winnings and Okmagazine.com exclusively chatted with Nick about his risky decision.
What was your strategy for winning?
The plan at the beginning was to lay fairly low and stay out of all the little drama. I also didn't want to sleep around or get sloppy drunk either. I wanted to play the game straight forward and really turn it up when I needed to! I made my move last… and it was no different than everyone else's moves during the season. Everybody lied, cheated, backstabbed etc and it was OK because that was "playing the game." Well, so was my move! They were just shocked it came from me.
We're you hoping to meet "the one" or was it all about winning for you?
I went into the show looking for the money. That was my main focus. Was I open to finding someone? Sure. But if I thought it might stand in the way of the money, then I wanted no part of it. That's what this game is for… the money. The Bachelor is for finding love.
How do you feel about being the only contestant to keep all the money?
The thought of being the first and making history is pretty awesome! I didn't plan it that way though as my original plan was to share until I saw the episodes of her saying she didn't want to be my partner and all that.
Do you feel bad for not sharing?
Not really… if I said I did then I'd be going against what I said. I saw the things she said about me behind my back and I believe that justified me keeping the money.
How do you think people perceive you now?
Haha well theres those who think it was the greatest ending ever, and those that think I'm the worst human alive. Doesn't bother me if they want to hate, but I appreciate all the supporters!
What was the other contestants reaction to you that we didn't see after they realized you got to keep all the winnings?
Just about all of them told me either at the after party or later via text that they loved what I did and was glad I did it. I know some of them probably wouldn't admit to it publicly in fear of hurting their image, but I know most all of them agreed. Actually, a lot of the Bachelor family, and some of the biggest names, sent me private messages saying they loved it. Seeing Chris Harrison back me up too in his blog was good to hear.
What are you going to do with the money?
It's a good chunk of change but it's not enough to retire haha. I'll probably get myself a new Jeep Wrangler and invest a large portion of it!
What do you think about Nick keeping all the money for himself?
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subset: commoncrawl


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by Tom Utescher
While some lower-ranked teams from PIAA District 1 cruised through their opening-round games in the Class AAAA state tournament last Friday, the top-seeded Mount St. Joseph Academy Magic encountered a stubborn squad from Harrisburg High School.
The Cougars (17-9) were a lowly seventh seed out of District 3 in central Pennsylvania, but with four minutes to go in the state tourney opener at Wissahickon High School, they were still just seven points behind the Mount. Down the stretch, the Magic went 10-for-14 at the free throw line to come away with a 55-44 victory, upping their overall record to 27-3.
While the Mount entered the tournament as the District 1 champion, Harrisburg squeaked in by obtaining the last of the seven bids issued to teams from District 3. In a playoff game for that final spot, the Cougars defeated Manheim Township High School on a put-back at the final buzzer.
With last Friday's win, the Magic advanced to play nearby Cheltenham High School, which also won its first-round contest over a District 3 school, third-seeded Governor Mifflin from outside of Reading.
While the Panthers pounded Mifflin, 74-46, the Magic's meeting with Harrisburg didn't go as smoothly.
"They were really fast," commented Maddie Kohler, a junior starter at guard for Mount St. Joe. "We were told to contain them on defense, but they were very quick and definitely played better than a seventh seed. It's good that we got this out of our system now, and that we know what to expect in the tournament."
Fouls proved to be the Cougars' downfall, and the Mount exacted quite a penalty for those infractions by the mid-state ballclub. The Magic didn't shoot a free throw for almost 10 minutes at the start of the game, but after that they went 30-for-36 from the liberty line.
Senior guard Mary Jo Horgan had half of the Mount's 12 field goals in the game, including one three-pointer, and she made eight of 12 foul shots for a game-high 21 points. Her classmate, forward Steph Smith, put up 19 points and gathered a dozen rebounds.
Smith was deadly from the foul line; after scoring two field goals in the first quarter, she missed her first free throw with about five-and-a-half minutes left in the second round. She didn't err again from the stripe, going 15-for-16 for the evening.
Kohler made one of two free throws, and fellow juniors Cailin Schmeer and Bridget Higgins had eight and six points, respectively. Duquesne University recruit Stasia King, an agile six-foot forward, paced Harrisburg with 16 points, and Ty Porter and Briana Sye stuck eight points apiece on the board for the Cougars.
Mount St. Joseph led 13-10 going into the last minute of the opening period, but a jumper from the lane by Taqiyya Burns (four points total) and two free throws by King moved Harrisburg ahead, 14-13. The Cougars were unable to extend their lead at the start of the second quarter, turning the ball over twice on travelling calls in the first 90 seconds.
Then the MSJ parade to the foul line began with Higgins hooping two tosses. Horgan made one of two free throws, then Smith sank four of five to put the Magic up 21-14 midway through the period.
Harrisburg never regained the lead, but neither did the Cougars simply fade away. King singlehandedly powered an 8-2 burst that got her club back within one point of the Mounties, but a jumper by Schmeer and two more Smith free throws made it 27-22 at the half.
At district and state tournament games, cheering sections from various schools are often assigned to certain sections of the bleachers, but the administrators for Friday's game couldn't seem to decide where to station the vociferous purple-clad cadre of MSJ students.
Starting out on the north side of the arena, the Mounties were moved over to one end of the south stands, and then down to the other end on the same side. Like swarming starlings, they flowed en masse from one spot to another, swirling, expanding and contracting as if guided by some innate choreography.
At the team's halftime talk, Kohler related, "Coach Miller said just to keep up with the defense, because that was going to win the game, and that's what happened."
The Magic cut King's scoring from a dozen points before the interlude to just four the rest of the way. With two-and-a-half minutes remaining in the third quarter, Mount St. Joe was still up by five points, 35-30. Then, the Mount appeared to take total control with an 8-0 run. It ended with the Cougars' King committing her fourth personal foul with 48 seconds left in the period, and Schmeer converting the resulting free throws to make it 43-30.
Harrisburg rallied, bridging the third and fourth quarters with an 8-2 surge. The last four points came on a baseline jumper and a drive by Porter, who scored all of her eight points in the second half. The tally was now 45-38 with 4:26 to go, but while the Magic didn't score a field goal in the fourth quarter, they kept getting to the foul line.
Horgan and Smith each deposited a pair of free throws to widen the gap to double digits once more at 49-38, and Harrisburg never got closer than eight points the rest of the way.


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Liberty Ross Gossip
Liberty Ross gossip, latest news, photos, and video.
Way to waste my time, Liberty Ross
When the new Vanity Fair cover was revealed earlier this week, Lainey commented, "Vanity Fair is out for blood all over the place." We're all waiting for the big expose on Goop, they're reportedly pressuring Nigella Lawson to participate in a feature story, and the topline of the new cover boasts, The Wife Who Outfoxed Kristen Stewart. Full Story
The stomping heels of a woman scorned
Deano/Splash, PCN
Liberty Ross, the betrayed wife of Rupert Sanders, who was caught cheating with Kristen Stewart, has been seen this week in LA on several occasions, stomping around in very high heels, and not wearing a ring. Why not? Why would the loving mother of two children with a philandering pig of a husband have to hide or walk around all mopey in sweat pants feeling bloated and sorry for herself? Oh look, Liberty Ross knows about narratives too. Full Story


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Well, it's no secret that the image you see before you now is that of an internet meme. Today I will be filling some requests on memes. To start we will learn "how to draw the look of disapproval", step by step. This is a simple gesture that can be drawn in a very easy manner. The eyes are regular circle shapes capped with lids and ended with a mouth. The look of disapproval is known as a reaction emoticon instead of a straight character face. If you are in to memes you will love this lesson on drawing the look of disapproval. I will be back soon so stick around people.
DragoArt members upload artwork and drawing tutorials! They are also allowed to leave comments on tutorials, profiles, etc. Many more features, as well; it's way better than just being a boring guest! Register Now!


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I am currently reading some of Mackey's work on unitary representation.
Given a locally compact group $G$ and a unitary representation $\pi : G\rightarrow U(H)$. As far as I understood it, the representation $\pi$ is primary, if the von Neumann algebra generated by $\pi(g)$ for all $g \in G$ is a factor, see http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PrimaryRepresentation.html. The representation $\pi$ is irreducible, if there does not exist a nontrivial $G$ invariant closed subspace $H' \subset H$, i.e. $\pi(g) h \in H'$ for all $g \in G$ and $h \in H'$.
See the comments: The countable sum of the same irreducible representation is primary.
When is a primary representations quasi equivalent to an irreducible one? Are they the same if the group is of type 1? Does the decomposition of the group von Neumann algbera $L(G)$ into factors correspond to the decomposition (as a direct integral) in isotypic components? Are the some nice examples, which illustrate that this is to much to hope for.
Motivating example is the Peter Weyl theorem, which states that every irreducible is finite dimensional and $$L(G) = \bigoplus_{\pi \; \in irr(G)} M_{dim(\pi)}( \mathbb{C}),$$ where the components $M_{dim(\pi)}( \mathbb{C})$ are the factors. Hence here the factors are quasi equivalent to an irreducible one.
Aside to the original question: Do all unitary representation appear in $L(G)$?


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Recap from day 154 during my cancer fight.
January 9, 2020 by Sadie Bjornsen
Well, after a long hiatus from blogging, my brain has finally filled back up with lots of fun and funny feelings to share! For those of you following cross country skiing, you are likely just as exhausted from watching all the races in the past two weeks as we are from racing them. I just […] > READ MORE
November 26, 2019 by Scott Patterson
I jumped in the first races for my season last weekend and let's just say there are still quite a few cobwebs hanging around. I had a period of sickness in the fall the hindered getting on snow time trials in while in Alaska, so my body wasn't quite used to the race efforts. Saturday […] > READ MORE
November 22, 2019 by David Norris
I left Anchorage on November 15th with Beitostølen, Norway as my first destination. I will be here for a little over a week training and competing in two distance races over the weekend before traveling to Finland for the first World Cup weekend. I stopped in Seattle for a night, which broke up the travel […] > READ MORE


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The Manhattan Project
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Sunday, 7 August 2011
Avnø Fjord Marathon
1. I have a husband who was willing to watch a 2 week old baby and a 3 year old while I ran a marathon.
2. I had not run this far in 12 weeks and I had really missed it.
3. Morten and Susanne celebrated running their 100th marathon today. Susanne had the stipulation that she needed to run all 100 on different courses. That is how we ended up running in long, wet grass around an old airport on the Avnø Fjord!
Just a little summary of my own training. I had run 17.9 miles on Wednesday in 3 hours, so I figured this meant I could handle running a marathon in 4½ hours fairly comfortably. I thus started with the group who would be running a marathon in 4½ hours.
Granted 4½ sounds like an ok time to run a marathon, but I wish I were back where I used to be. I have to admit, I am not close to being "back" yet. This is in stark contrast to swimming and biking, where I have been beating time & distance records right and left since I gave birth. I have to figure the difference lies in the weight-bearing nature of running and the changes my body has gone through.
Back to today. When we arrived, we could barely open the car doors agains the wind and pelting rain. There is no place in the world where wind can whip up like an open fjord next to the ocean.
As you can see from the running route, there was only a very brief section (6) in the woods and the rest of the time we were battling swamp-like long grass and a wind that could take any anorexic down. On the other hand, there were no hills. And the rain stopped after around 6km. I should add that it's a good thing incontinence issues are behind me since there was really nowhere to hide!
I ran most of the first half marathon with Henriette and we were on pace to come in in about 10 minutes ahead of time. But, as I had feared, I hit that point where I simply got very tired, hungry and thirsty all at once (I remember this from my frist post-partum experience). I don't think it was a reflection of my pre-race fueling or my race fueling as I had eaten a lot leading up to the marathon and had drunk 1-2 cups of water/coke every 3km. My hips also started feeling tight. I get this almost immediately when I run on asphalt since I gave birth. Luckily there was very little asphalt today (I would not have run it otherwise). I told myself that as soon as a started feeling any pain, I would stop. The goal of the day was to build my endurance again - and avoid injury at all costs!
After 30km, SR, The Lorax and El Guapo (Mattias) arrived.
Photo: Tor Rønnow
Things were still going well and I was on pace to finish right around 4h30min as planned. About an hour earlier, I had gone into the Nature Center to get my backpack with my sports drink, Buff and iPod, which had helped pep me up. Right around 35km, however, my right hip started to hurt. I stopped and walked. I wanted to make it back to watch El Guapo while SR ran the children's race with The Lorax, but it wouldn't be. My hip would not cooperate. Here I am hobbling in after 36km (my Garmin said 22.9 miles).
not a good day to forget sunscreen
No point in battling through the last loop. It had been a good day - I was determined to go home uninjured.
The Lorax, ready to race.
And bringing it on.
Challenging, beautiful, humbling experience, with tons of awesome volunteers who made it happen. I sat down in the long grass and breastfed Mattias. Life is good.
Running Songs of the Day:
Maniac by Clap Your Hands Say Yeah (free download here)
Fight Test by The Flaming Lips
18 comments:
- SteveQ said...
18 10-minute miles on Wednesday and then a 4:30 marathon only two weeks after having a baby??? You're going to make a lot of people either jealous or bewildered (um, I guess you can put me in both groups).
It's a bit slow for running, but I love Iron and Wine's "Tree By the River."
- 7 August 2011 at 19:25
- SteveQ said...
"Maniac" is okay. Reminds me a lot of Plastic Bertrand's "C'est Plane Pour Moi."
- 7 August 2011 at 20:36
- Jessie Thomas said...
Wow, you look great! Very exciting and sweet pictures of The Lorax.
- 8 August 2011 at 00:20
- Olga said...
Second kid and so much wisdom:) Great day!
- 8 August 2011 at 00:33
- Stefanie Schocke said...
OH MY WORD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Seriously?! How did you do that? It completely blows my mind. GO YOU!
- 8 August 2011 at 05:14
- heather said...
The thing that really bewilders me is the 18-mile test run on Wednesday :) You look wonderful, and it looks like a beautiful and fun day, though I don't envy you the unshaded trails. More Mattias photos...?
- 8 August 2011 at 13:48
- Danni said...
31 miles or k? I am confused. Either way glad you've bounced back!
- 8 August 2011 at 15:51
- sea legs girl said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- 8 August 2011 at 19:29
- sea legs girl said...
Steve, interesting song comparison. I guess I hear it a little. Same sort of rhythm.
- 8 August 2011 at 19:35
- sea legs girl said...
Ooops! Danni, I totally messed that one up. It was supposed to say 22.nine )the nine key and parentheses key is not working on this computer). Thanks for pointing that out!!
- 8 August 2011 at 19:41
- cherelli said...
Way too awesome, you're only 2weeks after birth and worried about not being where you want to be? Ha! You set such high standards for yourself :) Nice to hear the biking and swimming are great though; congrats on a smart run, The Lorax sure is a cute li'l guy!
- 9 August 2011 at 01:08
- Katie said...
I can't believe you're running and so much so soon after the baby! I felt like I might lose some organs through my "parts" if I ran during the first few weeks. My kids also seemed to want/need to nurse like every hour for the first 2 months.
Sounds like you're doing awesome...congrats on the new addition to your family (and to running 22 miles)!
- 9 August 2011 at 13:48
- sea legs girl said...
Yeah, Mattias does breast feed every 1-2 hours (or more!), but SR had three bottles lined up and used two.
Oh, and as far as I know, all of my organs are still in the right place! Wouldn't THAT be a fun surprise for the runner behind me? "Watch out for the - uh- uterus??!!"
- 9 August 2011 at 14:57
- Diana said...
Um, I still cannot believe how well you're running. I'm a little envious. Glad it was a good day even with the less than ideal conditions.
The Lorax looks so adorable in those pictures. I hope that he had a fabulous time during his run.
- 9 August 2011 at 16:29
You rock! :D
Best Regards,
Daniel, Sorø Triathlon Klub
- 10 August 2011 at 14:27
- Tor Rønnow said...
Nice meeting you again, Tracy, you were really running well ! I hope you like the pictures I shot, the one you grabbed is one of the best of the day. Great *ss you got there, lol ;)
- 13 August 2011 at 18:29
- Lisa said...
I love those kids races! The Lorax is the cutest! Cadence just ran her first a few weeks ago. Now she talks about going running all the time.
I've been blogging a little more and making time to read your blog since I've been off for the summer. It's good to be back.
- 13 August 2011 at 20:59
- sea legs girl said...
Thanks for the support, Diana and Daniel!
Tor, ass comments are always appreciated here! (and thanks for the awesome pictures)
Lisa, great to hear from you again!! I think about you often. So cool about Cadence - and she had better be a runner with that name (although I'm sure her daddy thinks it means she'll be a musician :)). Perhaps both?!
- 14 August 2011 at 16:07


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Sunday, May 12, 2013
WSC Vintage: Butch Henline
Walter John Henline, better known by his nickname "Butch", broke through the majors with the New York Giants in 1921. On April 13, 1921, Butch made his debut at the Baker Bowl in Philadelphia, against the Phillies, pinch hitting for pitcher Phil Douglas in the fifth inning. Henline struck out in his only appearance in a Giants uniform. He was replaced by pitcher Jesse Barnes in the bottom of the inning.
Butch was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies on July 25, 1921, along with Curt Walker and $30,000 for Irish Muesel. It was with the Phillies that Henline would enjoy the most success. He hit over .300 four different times before being involved in a three team trade, where he ended up on the Brooklyn Robins. Primarily a catcher, Butch did see a little time in the outfield while with the Phillies. In Brooklyn, he was down to being a part-time catcher and no longer moonlighted in the outfield.
Henline wound up with the Chicago White Sox during the 1930 and 1931 seasons. By this time, Butch was a shell of his former self. He only played in three games in 1930 and eleven games in 1931. Only seven of those were in the field. Henline hit a dismal .087 during his two season in Chicago.
Butch retired after the 1934 season, in the minors. He ran a motel in Florida before pursuing a career as an umpire. Working his way through the Southeastern League and International League, he became a National League umpire in 1944. Henline even worked the 1947 All-Star Game. In 1949, Butch took a job as supervisor of umpires in the Florida International League, until it folded in 1954.
Posted by Steve Gierman at 2:45 PM
Labels: WSC Vintage
2 comments:
- Play at the Plate said...
Your WSC Vintage cards are always nice, but this one is a cut above! Nicely done and dig that mitt!
- May 12, 2013 at 11:07 PM
- Steve Gierman said...
Thanks! :-)
- May 13, 2013 at 12:48 AM
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[Page 32]
|When life is getting harder,
Slumber will be heavy,
For my compensation
Heavens I must levy.
The sound of bygone prayers
Now the temple's empty,
By Sándor Lőwenstein, Tel-Aviv
The small community, founded in 1749, had a prayer-house in one of the side streets of Bástya Utca (utca = street). As a temple they used a certain part of the complex that was later known as the Ungár mansion. The spacious complex had an apartment for the rabbi, and another one for the shochet or the melamed. The community was steadily growing, and the believers thought it was time to build a new temple, leaving the modest prayer-house in Salétrom Utca. A huge plot was purchased in Iskola Utca (today Petőfi Utca). The Protestant Church District had its High School and theological seminary located in the same street.
Count Pál Eszterházy, the patron of Pápa, contributed 100,000 bricks to the project of building a new temple. The temple was built in the neoclassical style, with some Florentine influence. The so-called synagogue chamber was simple, without any ornaments or steeple-like structures. It had entrances on three sides, with the main entrance opening from the temple courtyard. The door in the middle led to the men's section. Above the entrance there was a Biblical quotation:
They shall make a Sanctuary for me so that I may live among them. (Exodus 25:8)
Doors on the the left and on the right lead to the ezrat nashim, the women's section. Going up the marble staircase, you can get to the women's gallery on the first and second floors. If you enter from Petőfi Utca steps lead to the left-wing of the men's section, with gilded letters above the monumental door-leaf proclaiming:
This is the gate of Heaven, the righteous shall enter it.
In addition, there was a third door on the left, but it was kept closed most of the time: the marble stairs leading there served as a cosy place for children's games. (We could not wish for a better place to play our holiday games with walnuts and carob seeds.)
The large synagogue had two galleries and main hall could seat 800 men. It was constructed according to the plans of progressive-minded officials, with the bimah in front of the ark and a recess for an organ to be set up later on the second floor. (That point was never reached.) The bimah in front of the ark became a bone of contention: it was the only orthodox temple in the country with the bimah not in the center, as prescribed by the Shulchan Aruch. There were rabbis who refused to occupy the position of the chief rabbi at Pápa for this reason. R. Shimon Sofer, an outstanding member of the Pozsony rabbinical dynasty, who became later the chief rabbi of Kraków, wrote a letter to the community of Pápa in 1856, saying: I cannot accept the offered rabbinical seat because of your failure to fulfil my request to place the bimah in the center.
Above the ark, glittering letters proclaim:
Be aware in front of whom you stand. I always keep God in sight.
There were 40-45 Torah scrolls in the ark. To the left and to the right there were niches for the rabbis and the dayanim. There were three-four seats on both sides of the ark. The silver bowl and jug for the kohanim to wash their hands before blessing the congregation were set on a separate table. The pulpit was placed in front of the ark, and it was covered with white silk for the mazkir, instead of the usual wine-red silk. Only the elected rabbi was entitled to speak from here; visiting rabbis could preach only from the gallery next to the ark.
The temple was made up of three sections. From the main entrance we got into the vestibule with the memorial tablet of local Jewish heroes from the First World War. Memorial candles were lit here on their yahrzeit.
A Schuldiner was in charge of silence in the synagogue, his official hat bearing the inscription Pápai aut. Orth. Izr. Hitközség, the Autonomous Orthodox Israelite Community of Pápa.
Later on a group of the faithful started a campaign, to change the originally neolog arrangement, despite the fact that for seven decades the most pious believers had been happy to pray here, together with their rabbis and dayanim. Out of the old guard, only Spitzer Reb. Leml, the later Szepesváralja rabbi at the time serving at Pápa was notedly avoiding this temple. Finally, in 1919, they resolved the dispute by placing a bench in front of the ark and adding a curtain to the bars of the women's gallery; in this way lending the temple an orthodox character.
The temple's attic became the home of bats and owls. Our renowned temple was reduced to a storehouse for textile factories in Pápa
With painful tears, we cry out with the beginning words of Psalm 79:
O God! The nations have entered into Your inheritance, they have defiled the Sanctuary of Your holiness.
Words of lamentation pour forth from us:
For these things do I weep; my eyes flow with tears. (Lamentations 1:16)
Like a rainbow, the unforgettable memory of our beloved sanctuary shines through a cloud of tears.
[Page 35]
There is a story about Yochanan ben Zakkai, whose memory is cherished by ancient tradition. In 70 A. D. he did not beg the Roman general besieging Jerusalem to spare the sacred city, he only asked to be granted the town of Yavne so that he could teach there. Ever since then, Jews living in the Diaspora have considered it their duty of prime importance to set up schools and to teach their children.
There is no record of any public schools that could be found for the first years of the Pápa community. Several decades had to pass for the number of believers to become large enough and their cultural needs to develop. Up to that point, schools were cheders, set up by the private initiative and sacrifices of the families concerned. R. Wolf Rapaport, the chief rabbi elected in 1781, already founded a yeshiva, which turned out many famous rabbis.
The first Jewish public school under community supervision was started in 1826. (In Szeged the first Jewish public school was opened on December 22, 1844. The history of the Szentes community boasts of the fact that their school was already functioning in 1841.)
In 1839 members of the community urgently petitioned their officials, stressing the inefficiency of employing only teachers paid by the hour to teach the Hungarian language at the school run by the community. As a result, the officials decided to employ a qualified teacher for teaching the Hungarian language: this is how Mór Ballagi got to Pápa. Ballagi, who became later a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the editor of the Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language, and whose Hungarian-German and German-Hungarian dictionaries appeared in numerous editions, was at the time still called Móric Bloch and as a youngster, had attended the Pápa yeshiva. He continued his studies at the University of Paris. His pamphlet: About the Jews, which he wrote there, attracted the attention of the minister Baron József Eötvös, who asked him to come back home, urging him to continue encouraging Jews to get fully Magyarized alongside fostering and developing a religious literature in Hungarian. For this reason, he was assigned the task of Magyarizing the Jewish school in Pápa. His Hungarian prayer book entitled The Supplications of Israel for the Whole Year (Izrael könyörgései egész évre) and his Hungarian translation of the Book of Joshua, together with the commentraries, were both written here.
In addition to Ballagi, the nationally famous teacher Béla Vályi was also entrusted with teaching the Hungarian language. In 1840, the community was planning to enlarge the school and Lipót Lőw (the rabbi of Nagykanizsa at the time) was commissioned to set up the school's rules and curriculum. However, the planned project was never realized. In 1846, when Lipót Lőw was chosen to be the chief rabbi of Pápa, he also became the school principal and was striving to invite the best teachers to Pápa. This teaching staff had excellent members: Ignác Baner, Manó Singer. According to contemporary records, he also joined the National Guard. Dr. Samu Zsengeri, the outstanding author on education, who was later commemorated by the memorial tablet on the school wall, was the son of this freedom fighter teacher.
A third teacher, Lipót Ehrenfeld, was also a brave fighter for the idea of Hungarian liberty: he was dispatched to the river Drava to help crush the rebellious minority nationalities.
The innovative ideas of Lipót Lőw failed to succeed, so most parents chose not to enroll their children at the public school, opting for a private school instead, until government commissioner, Antal Hunkár, closed down the private schools. After the defeat of the Hungarian War of Independence, the Bach-era set new directions for the school as well. The Governor's Council in Sopron ordered the school to be reorganized. Specialization was introduced. Teachers were usually employed for only one semester. The language of instruction could have been German, with the syllabus basically supplied by the Austrian curriculum. School fees depended on the parents' financial situation and ranged from 12 kreuzers to 2 forints, determined by the community officials.
A new period in the life of the school began with the 1859/60 school year. From this point on, the practice of employing teachers for only one term stopped. Instead, teachers were employed for three years and after a period of probation, they received tenure.
|Dayan and religious education
teacher Hermann Eckstein
From 1875 to 1880, there were two Jewish public schools in Pápa belonging to the two Jewish communities. When the two communities united, the orthodox school took over the teachers from the other school. This is how Ármin Schor, Mór Öszterreicher, and Franciska Reiner née Rosenthal got to the schools of the főhitközség, the head community, as it was called then.
Apart from the elementary school, the need for a secondary school had long been felt by the Pápa community. This was shown by the first attempt in 1878, at the initiative of chief rabbi Dr. Breuer, to create a Jewish reáliskola, a secondary school for modern languages and sciences. In the school year 1878/79 they opened first grade, which had 47 pupils, of which one was Roman Catholic. Antal Csemegi, Kálmán Vikár, and Ármin Schor were the teachers. The community could not support the costs of the secondary school so after a year of the experiment the school closed down.
On August 15, 1899, the school board discussed the initiative by Lipót Buxbaum, who came up with the idea of founding a denominational higher elementary school in the local Jewish community (polgári iskola). Chairman of the school board, József Steiner, made a fine speech supporting the realization of the idea. On August 20, 1899, the board of Pápa Autonomous
|Henrick Blau, school principal
|Lipót Buxbaum,
primary school principal
Orthodox Israelite Community representatives accepted the proposal to set up a denominational higher elementary school for boys, which would accept pupils of other denominations as well, in accordance with the laws of the country. The first teaching staff was: principal Ármin Schor, Henrick Blau, Lipót Buxbaum, József Nussbaum, Mór Pfeiffer, Adolf Shisha (for secular subjects), art teacher David Hercz, dayan and religious education teacher Hermann Eckstein, and parish priest Jenő Kriszt, who taught religious education to Roman Catholic pupils. In the first school year, the school had 39 pupils in one class. At this time, that is, in the 1899/1900 school year, there were 169 girls and 206 boys at the elementary school, in separate classes, headed by the following teachers: in the boys' school, Adolf Schischa, first grade, Mór Pfeiffer, second grade, József Nussbaum, third grade, Lipót Buxbaum, fourth grade, while in the girls's school, Mór Öszterreicher, first grade, Róza Seelenfreund née Marton, second grade, Ármin Schor, third grade, and Franciska Rosenthal née Reiner, fourth grade. The children called their male teachers Tanító úr, meaning Sir, while addressing women teachers as Ténsasszony, meaning Madame.
For the purpose of the higher elementary classes, another floor was added to the elementary school building. The school acquired such a good reputation that 40 % of the pupils came from other denominations and in 1913, it had 134 pupils. After the death of Ármin Schor in 1912, Henrick Blau became the principal of the higher elementary school and filled the post until the school closed down. In the school year 1923/24 they had 163 pupils.
The places of teachers paid by the hour were filled by new teachers, who worked as regular teachers from the year in brackets marked after each name: Adolf Faragó (1914), Károly Láng (1918), Lajos Pollák (1921), Izsó Várhelyi (1911), and Andor Bihari (1924). High School teacher Elek Molnár worked here from 1907 until his conscription. In 1926 a one-year special commercial class for boys was added.
Every morning the pupils of the Jewish higher elementary attended the services held in the school's assembly hall turned into a temple, where the parochet in front of the ark had a Hungarian text embroidered in Hebrew letters proclaiming that it was a present from the Jewish pupils of the secondary school.
|Károly Láng,
school teacher
Religious education was taught intensively in the higher elementary school as well. They had the following subjects: Bible, with German translation, Psalms, with the classical German translation of Samson Rafael Hirsch, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch, Hebrew Grammar, Biblical story in Hungarian, Talmud: Masechet Beitzah and Bava Metzia. Pupils of the higher elementary school met on Shabbat afternoons in the autumn and winter months, led by their teacher Károly Láng, to read poems on Jewish subjects.
After 30 years, the renowned higher elementary school started to decline. In the school year 1928/29, they had only 103 pupils left. Some of the parents sent their children to High School, others to yeshiva. As a result, the number of local Jewish pupils barely reached 30 %, so the community deemed the great sacrifice of maintaining the school pointless and decided to close it down. The death knell tolled; around this time teacher Károly Láng wrote to his brother living in the provinces, paraphrasing with resignation the well-known line from Heine: Keine Messe wird man halten, keinen Kadisch wird man sagen(Gedächtnisfeier by Heine). No mass will be held, and no Kaddish will be said. It was finished. Some of the teaching staff went to the town's vocational school; others went over to the Catholic Higher Elementary School.
However, the elementary school continued until the Shoah swept away the last members of teaching staff, together with their pupils.
The teachers's words teaching love and goodness were silenced; the madness of fascism murdered the children as well. The school building was left abandoned; the prayer after daily studies cannot be heard anymore:
We gratefully thank you, our good God
Homewards bound when our feet trod
Because we did our job so well
Our heart and soul tending as well
The things we learnt well, grant us,
God, that at home will be noticed on us,
So our good parents will be happy and gay,
And for the glory of your Sacred Name
[Page 39]
Rabbis considered it their sacred duty to educate young people, preparing them in the yeshivas for a strictly religious way of living, teaching them to be pious and well-versed also in the devotional studies. R. Wolf Rapaport, elected in 1781, organized a large yeshiva in Pápa, which turned out outstanding rabbis. Even Lipót Lőw, the great reform-age rabbi had a yeshiva during his short time in Pápa. The father of Henrik Marcali, the great master of Hungarian historiography, was one of his students, and later became the rabbi of Marcali. Mór Ballagi, at the time Móric Bloch, also attended the Pápa yeshiva, later becoming a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
This blessed teaching job of religious education was continued by subsequent leading rabbis Salamon Breuer and M. A. Róth. When the latter made a stand supporting Zionism, the Ortodox rabbis of the periodfrightened his students away from him, so during his lifetime the yeshiva of Pápa stopped functioning. There was a long interval when the rabbinical seat remained unoccupied and for decades there was no yeshiva in Pápa. Yeshiva life in Pápa was restarted only after the First World War. The yeshiva was reorganized by Ezriel Gestettner, the son-in law of Vilmos Steiner, a respectable community chairman at the time. He was helped by Reb. Avraham Dirnfeld. Both led the yeshiva with great zeal. When the former Tolcsva rabbi Samuel Gottlieb zl became the chief rabbi of Pápa in 1927, organizing a yeshiva was one of the first things he did. Unfortunately, this Ashkenazi yeshiva ceased to exist after a period of barely two years, when Rabbi Gottlieb died.
When Yechezkel Grünwald zl, the former Bánfihunyad rabbi moved to Pápa in 1929, he immediately organized a chassidic yeshiva. In a short time, his yeshiva became so famous that the number of students grew to about 300. Strictly chassidic behaviour was required by the superiors, in addition to serious and profound learning. Many of the students continued their studies in Belz, and when they returned to their hometown, they wore chassidic attire. The long coats and beaver hats of the Pápa youngsters attracted great attention in the strictly Ashkenazi community. It is worth recording that when yeshiva students were drafted for forced labour service, Mihály Singer, a clothes dealer in Fő Utca (Main Street) provided for the needs of the destitute free of charge, despite the fact that he himself did not belong to the rabbi's followers. The Holocaust destroyed the Pápa yeshiva as well. Only a handful of the pious students survived, most of who live in Brooklyn with their offspring, devotedly attending the so-called 'Papa yeshiva'.
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It was very wander full just as a joke when i apply i never believed it was reality my life has change to better gory be to God and the initiator of this program for been sincere on the course of their assignment. medical and Health at State ministry of Health Makurdi
Ukpo Ernest Orshoja


text:
Tubular prosthesis having improved expansion and imaging characteristics
A radially expansible lumenal prosthesis comprises one or more body segments which include struts and hinge regions between the struts. Certain of the hinge regions are weakened relative to others so that the expansion characteristics of the prosthesis may be programmed. In particular, by distributing the weakened hinge regions circumferentially about the body segment, uniform expansion of the prosthesis can be improved, even when the prosthesis is only partially deployed.
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the structure of radially expansible lumenal prostheses, including stents and grafts. More particularly, the present invention relates to the structure of prostheses having controlled expansion characteristics and controlled radiopacity.
Lumenal prostheses are provided for a variety of medical purposes. For example, lumenal stents can be placed in various body lumens, such as blood vessels, the ureter, the urethra, the biliary tract, and the gastrointestinal tract, for maintaining patency. Such stents are particularly useful for placement in pre-dilated atherosclerotic sites in blood vessels. Lumenal grafts can be placed in blood vessels to provide support in diseased regions, such as abdominal and other aneurysms.
Lumenal stents and other prostheses are available in a wide variety of configurations, including helical coils, rolled tubular sleeves, serpentine rings, zig-zag rings, expansible box constructions, and the like. Each of these configurations may also be provided as either a self-expanding prothesis, typically being formed from an alloy displaying superelastic and/or shape memory properties, such as nickel titanium, or as a malleable prosthesis which is deployed by internal expansion of a balloon to radially expand the prosthesis structure.
Of particular interest to the present invention, are serpentine, zig-zag, and box stents which comprise a plurality of strut elements joined by malleable or plastically deformable hinge regions. Such prostheses are expanded by applying a radially outward internal force within a lumen of the prosthesis, typically by expanding a balloon catheter therein. As a result of such radially expansive forces, the hinge regions yield and the struts open away from each other to increase the diameter and peripheral dimension of the prostheses. While stents and other prostheses having such structures have been quite successful, they can suffer from non-uniform opening characteristics, as described in more detail below.
An exemplary prosthesis construction is shown in FIG. 1, where a serpentine stent 10 comprises struts 12 joined by hinge regions 14. The particular stent 12 illustrated includes a total of twelve struts 12 joined by twelve hinge regions 14, with six hinge regions being disposed at each end of the stent. Ideally, as the stent 12 is expanded by a balloon, each of the hinge regions 12 will open simultaneously at an equal rate so that the angles between adjacent struts 12 remain equal at all times during expansion. Unfortunately, even very small differences in the mechanical characteristics of the different hinge regions 12 can result in significantly different opening rates, as discussed below. Additionally, when a stent is deployed by a pre-folded balloon, certain internal surfaces of the stent may experience greater tangential forces than experienced by other surfaces, causing an uneven expansion.
FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate stent 10 in a "rolled-out" view. FIG. 2 shows the stent in its non-expanded configuration prior to deployment. FIG. 3 shows the stent in a typical configuration after partial opening as a result of internal balloon expansion. The uneven pattern of FIG. 3 will result when hinge regions 14a are mechanically stronger than hinge regions 14b, resulting in hinge regions 14b opening more readily than hinge regions 14a. A similarly uneven expansion pattern may also result from non-uniform tangential forces between the balloon and the interior surfaces of the stent, or from a combination of these forces and differences in the strengths of the hinge regions. It will be appreciated that such non-uniformity results in a very poor distribution of support about the periphery of the body lumen being treated. As illustrated in FIG. 3, approximately one-half of the periphery of the body lumen would be supported by the four struts 12b, while the remaining one-half of the periphery would be supported by eight struts 12a. While the poor distribution of stent opening may be at least partially reduced as the stent 10 is further expanded, in many cases the stent 10 will only be partially opened after the deployment is complete. In such cases, the non-uniform strut distribution pattern will be a significant problem.
A separate problem in stent construction and deployment relates to the ability to detect the stent fluoroscopically during the deployment procedure. Stents composed of nickel titanium alloys and other radiopaque materials can be readily observed fluoroscopically if the cross-sections of their components are sufficiently large. If the stent is highly radiopaque, however, the stent itself, even in its expanded condition, can interfere with subsequent fluoroscopic examination of the treated area to confirm that the body lumen remains patent. In contrast, stainless steel and other common stent materials are generally radiolucent, i.e. they permit fluoroscopic examination therethrough. Such stents are advantageous since they do not prevent subsequent fluoroscopic examination of the treated region of the body lumen. They are, however, much more difficult to position accurately and usually require attachment of a separate radiopaque marker(s).
For these reasons, it would be desirable to provide improved stents and other lumenal protheses. In particular, it would be desirable to provide radially expansible stents and prostheses comprising strut and hinge regions, where the opening characteristics of the struts may be "programmed" to assure uniformity. Additionally, it would be desirable to provide improved stents and other prostheses having radiopacity characteristics which permit both tracking during deployment and subsequent visualization of the treated lumen after deployment. The present invention will provide at least some of the desired improvements.
2. Description of the Background Art
EP 662 307 describes an expansible stent having serpentine elements having regions with varying degrees of curvature to provide controlled expansion characteristics. EP 679 372 describes an expansible stent which is plated with a radiopaque material at each end to enhance fluoroscopic visibility.
Copending application Ser. No. 08/463,166, filed on Jun. 5, 1996, describes a radially expansible stent which could employ the weakened hinge regions of the present invention to control deployment. The full disclosure of this application is incorporated herein by reference.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides improved radially expansible tubular prostheses and methods for their endolumenal placement within body lumens, particularly blood vessels. The prostheses may be in the form of stents, intended for maintaining lumenal patency, or may be in the form of grafts, intended for protecting or enhancing the strength of the lumenal wall. The prostheses of the present invention will be plastically deformable or malleable and radially expansible by the application of a radially outward internal force, typically applied by a balloon catheter expanded within a lumen of the prosthesis.
In a first aspect of the present invention, the radially expansible tubular prosthesis comprises at least one serpentine, zig-zag, or box element having struts joined together by hinge regions which yieldably open in response to a radially outwardly directed internal force. Selected ones of the hinge regions are weakened relative to others so that the weakened hinge regions open before the other (non-weakened or strengthened) hinge regions. Usually, it will sufficient to provide only two "groups" of hinge regions, (i.e., one group which is weakened relative to the other) but it will also be possible to provide three, four, or more different groups of hinge regions, each group programmed to open in response to successively greater expansion forces. By properly distributing the weakened and non-weakened hinge regions about the tubular prosthesis, usually but not necessarily distributing the weakened regions evenly about the periphery, the stent can be "programmed" to open in a generally uniform manner. That is, opening of the stent will not be confined to a limited region in one portion or on one side of the stent.
Exemplary serpentine (or zig-zag) elements will usually comprise a plurality of struts having substantially equal lengths joined together in a reversing pattern. The reversing pattern will typically comprise repeating S-shaped hinge regions or repeating Z-shaped hinge regions. The latter pattern is commonly referred to a zig-zag stent.
Box elements will typically comprise a plurality of struts and hinge regions joined in a rectangular pattern, where the rectangle opens to a diamond or lozenge pattern as the prosthesis is expanded. Preferably, the box elements each include four struts joined by four hinges. The struts are arranged in two colinear pairs, each with one hinge region therebetween. The two pairs of struts are then joined together in parallel, with a single hinge at each end. Box elements are attached to each other at or near the hinge regions between the colinear struts, with the expansion force being applied through these hinge regions. In this way, the box elements open into the diamond or lozenge pattern as the prosthesis is radially expanded.
In further preferred aspects of the present invention, the weakened hinge regions are disposed between the ends of adjacent pairs of parallel struts. In this way, the hinge region will act as the center of deflection (or in some cases centers as described in detail below) about which the two adjacent struts open as the prosthesis is expanded. In other cases, however, the weakened hinge regions may be disposed between adjacent ends of pairs of colinear struts. In such cases, the struts will usually be initially straight (axially aligned) and will deform about a hinge region between the struts as the prosthesis is opened. The serpentine or zig-zag structures will typically comprise a plurality of parallel, adjacent struts which are joined by hinge regions between pairs of struts on alternating sides of the prosthesis element. By peripherally disposing weakened hinge regions evenly about the tubular prosthesis (as described in much greater detail below), a generally uniform pattern of opening of the prosthesis can be assured. Box elements will generally comprise at least four struts, with the inner ends of the struts being joined in a colinear manner and the outside ends of the struts being joined in a parallel manner. Such a hinge pattern will provide opening of the original rectangular structure into a diamond pattern. The tubular prosthesis structures will generally include a plurality of circumferentially spaced-apart box elements joined near the center hinge regions. By appropriately locating weakened hinge regions in particular ones of the box elements, a generally uniform pattern of opening can be provided.
The phrase "weakened hinge region" refers to the relative stiffness or pending resistance of one hinge region to another. Typically, all hinge regions will be "weak" relative to the struts. That is, as a prosthesis is expanded, the struts will resist deformation and remain essentially straight while deflecting relative to each other about the hinge regions. The present invention further provides that the "weakened hinge regions," i.e., those that are more bendable than others of the hinge regions, will deflect first so that initial expansion occurs in selected regions of the prosthesis where the weakened hinge regions are present. In particular, the pattern of weakened hinge regions will usually be selected so that a plurality of circumferentially spaced-apart regions (which are preferably uniformly distributed about the periphery) are provided about the stent, which regions initially opened to provide for more uniform opening characteristics as the prosthesis is deployed.
The relative weakness and strength of the various hinge regions can be provided in a variety of ways. For example, it may be possible to selectively treat individual hinge regions with heat, radiation, mechanical working, or combinations thereof, so that the mechanical characteristics of the hinge region are altered, i.e., so that selected hinge regions will bend or deflect with a greater or lesser expansion force than others of the hinge regions. Preferably, however, the strength of the hinge regions will be programmed by controlling the relative cross-sectional dimensions of the different hinge regions. Usually, the weakened hinge regions will have cross-sectional dimensions which are selected so that the force required to "open" the hinge is less than that required for other non-weakened hinge regions. Usually, the hinge will have a section in which the height in the radial direction remains constant (i.e. it will be the same as the remainder of the hinge, struts, and other portions of the tubular prosthesis) while the width in the circumferential direction will be reduced by up to 30% relative to the non-weakened hinge regions. It will be appreciated, of course, that "weakened" and "non-weakened" are relative terms, and it would be possible to augment or increase the width of the non-weakened regions relative to the weakened regions. It will also be possible to provide two or more discrete narrowings within a single hinge region, or to provide one or more narrowings in the regions of the struts immediately adjacent to the hinge regions. Specific designs for such weakened hinge regions will be presented in detail below.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the hinge regions will have a rectangular cross-sectional geometry where the width is the broadest dimension and is aligned circumferentially within the tubular prosthesis. Typically, the width of the weakened hinge region will be reduced by from about 20% to 30% relative to the widths of the other, non-weakened hinge regions. Since bending will occur about a radial axis which is normal to the width dimension, the moment of inertia about the bending axis will be directly proportional to the third power of the width. Thus, even very small differences in width will provide a significant difference in bending strength. Moreover, the width of the hinge regions may be readily controlled during fabrication by adjusting the width. This will be a particularly convenient method when the prosthesis is formed by laser, EDM, or photolithographic etching of a tubular material.
In a specific aspect of the present invention, the hinge regions may be defined by cutting notches or voids into structural material of the hinge region. For example, V-shaped notches may be cut into the hinge region on the side which undergoes compression during opening of the hinge. Alternatively, a C-shaped void may be cut into the same side of the hinge region. In both cases, the hinge region will include opposed stops which will engage each other as the hinge region is opened to a predefined angle, typically from 20.degree. to 40.degree.. Once the opposed stops engage each other, the hinge region will be substantially strengthened so that further opening of the hinge is inhibited. By properly selecting the bending strengths of the other hinge regions, the prosthesis can be programmed so that the other group(s) of hinge regions will then start or continue to open after opening of the first group of hinge regions has been inhibited by the opposed stops.
In a second aspect of the present invention, the prostheses described above may be delivered to a body lumen by applying a radially outward force within a lumen of the prosthesis to radially expand the prosthesis. In particular, the weakened hinge regions will yield before the other hinge regions, as described above, to enhance uniformity of opening.
In a third aspect of the present invention, a radially expansible tubular prosthesis comprises an expansible tubular shell, wherein substantially the entire inner and/or outer surface of the shell is plated with a layer of radiopaque material. Typically, the tubular prosthesis will be composed of stainless steel and the radiopaque material will be selected from the group consisting of gold, platinum, platinum/iridium, tungsten, tantalum, or the like. Preferably, the radiopaque material will be plated to a thickness selected to enhance fluoroscopic visibility of the entire length of the prosthesis while permitting sufficient fluoroscopic translucence so that the lumen inside the prosthesis may be inspected fluoroscopically. In the case of gold, the layer will preferably be applied in a thickness in a range from 0.01 mm to 0.03 mm.
In a fourth aspect of the present invention, the radially expansible tubular prostheses having the plated radiopaque layers as described above may be delivered while fluoroscopically viewing a target region within a body lumen. In prosthesis is positioned in the body lumen while observing the fluoroscopic image of the entire prosthesis. The prosthesis is then deployed at the target site. Typically, such prosthesis will be malleable and composed of stainless steel, but the method may also apply to superelastic, shape memory alloy, and other self-deploying prostheses.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a prior art serpentine stent.
FIG. 2 illustrates the serpentine stent of FIG. 1 prior to expansion in a "rolled-out" view.
FIG. 3 illustrates the serpentine stent of FIG. 1 after partial expansion in a "rolled-out" view.
FIG. 4 is a "rolled-out" view of a serpentine stent similar to that illustrated in FIGS. 1-3, modified according to the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a "rolled-out" view of the stent of FIG. 4 after partial deployment.
FIG. 6 is a detailed "rolled-out" view of a portion of the stent of FIGS. 4 and 5, after full deployment.
FIGS. 7 and 7A illustrates an alternative embodiment of a stent constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention which employs hinge regions having opposed stop surfaces.
FIG. 8 illustrates the stent of FIG. 7 after partial deployment.
FIG. 9 illustrates the stent of FIGS. 7 and 8 after full deployment.
FIGS. 10 and 10A illustrates another embodiment of a stent constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 11 illustrates the stent of FIG. 10, after partial deployment.
FIG. 12 illustrates yet another embodiment of a stent constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 13 illustrates the stent of FIG. 12 after partial deployment.
FIG. 14 is a graph illustrating the opening characteristics of the stent of FIGS. 12 and 13.
FIGS. 15A and 15B illustrate the opening characteristics of a hinge region having a substantially uniform width.
FIGS. 16A and 16B illustrate the opening characteristics of a hinge region having a narrowed width.
FIGS. 17A and 17B illustrate the opening characteristics of a first embodiment of a hinge region having a pair of opposed narrowed sections.
FIGS. 18A and 18B illustrate the opening characteristics of a second embodiment of a hinge region having a pair of opposed narrowed sections.DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENT
The present invention provides devices and methods for the endolumenal placement of prostheses, particularly within the vascular system for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, such as vascular stenoses, dissections, aneurysms, and the like. The apparatus and methods, however, are also useful for placement in other body lumens, such as the ureter, urethra, biliary tract, gastrointestinal tract and the like, for the treatment of other conditions which may benefit from the introduction of a reinforcing or protective structure within the body lumen.
The prostheses will be placed endolumenally. As used herein, "endolumenally" will mean placement by percutaneous or cutdown procedures, wherein the prosthesis is translumenally advanced through the body lumen from a remote location to a target site in the lumen. In vascular procedures, the prostheses will typically be introduced "endovascularly" using a catheter over a guidewire under fluoroscopic guidance. The catheters and guidewires may be introduced through conventional access sites to the vascular system, such as through the femoral artery, or brachial and subclavian arteries, for access to the coronary arteries.
A lumenal prosthesis according to the present invention will comprise at least one radially expansible, usually tubular body segment. By "radially expansible," it is meant that the body segment can be converted from a small diameter configuration (used for endolumenal placement) to a radially expanded, usually cylindrical, configuration which is achieved when the prosthesis is implanted at the desired target site. The prosthesis will be non-resilient, e.g., malleable, thus requiring the application of an internal force to expand it at the target site. Typically, the expansive force can be provided by a balloon catheter, such as an angioplasty balloon for vascular procedures.
The dimensions of the lumenal prosthesis will depend on its intended use. Typically, the prosthesis will have a length in the range from 0.5 cm to 10 cm, usually being from about 1 cm to 5 cm, for vascular applications. The small (radially collapsed) diameter of cylindrical prostheses will usually be in the range from about 1 mm to 10 mm, more usually being in the range from 1.5 mm to 6 mm for vascular applications. The expanded diameter will usually be in the range from about 2 mm to 30 mm, preferably being in the range from about 2.5 mm to 15 mm for vascular applications. The body segments may be formed from conventional malleable materials used for body lumen stents and grafts, typically being formed from metals, such as 300 series stainless steel.
The body segments of the tubular prostheses will comprise a plurality of struts joined together by hinge regions. Usually, the struts and hinge regions will be formed into conventional patterns of the type previously employed in stents and grafts. For example, the struts and hinge regions may be formed into serpentine patterns, including both S-shaped serpentine rings, such as those illustrated in EP 679,372, as well as Z-shaped or zig-zag stents, such as those illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,331. The body segments may also comprise box elements, such as those utilized in the Palmaz stent, which is presently being manufactured by Johnson and Johnson Interventional Systems, and which is generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,776,337.
The present invention provides improvements over such conventional prosthesis structures by controlling the order of expansion of different circumferentially spaced-part regions of the prostheses. In particular, radial expansion of any circumferential portion of the prosthesis is controlled by adjusting the strength or weakness of at least some of the hinge region(s) located in that region of the prosthesis. A plurality of circumferentially spaced-apart regions of the prosthesis will have hinge regions which are weakened relative to the hinge regions in other portions of the prosthesis. By distributing these weakened hinge regions equally about the circumference of the prosthesis, the uniform pattern of expansion can be provided. Such uniformity is particularly desirable when a stent may become implanted after only partial expansion. If expansion of the stent is not uniformly distributed, as illustrated in FIG. 3 discussed above, support to a portion of the surrounding lumenal wall may be significantly compromised. The present invention ensures against such poor distribution of the supporting struts of the prosthesis after expansion.
Referring now to FIGS. 4-6, a first exemplary embodiment of a stent 20 constructed in accordance with the present invention will be described. The stent 20 is similar to prior art stent 10 and includes a plurality of struts 22 joined at the respective ends by hinge regions 24. The stent 20, however, is modified so that ten of the hinge regions 24 are weakened relative to a pair of the hinge regions 24a. The hinge regions 24a are shaded and may have an increased width or other structural modification, as discussed generally above, so that a substantially greater radial expansion force is required to open the immediately adjacent struts 22a than the non-adjacent struts 22. It must be understood that the nature of the structural differences between the relatively weak hinge regions 22 and the relatively strong hinge regions 22a is not critical. It is necessary only that the hinge regions be modified in some way so that the adjacent struts 22 and 22a open in the desired order, i.e. with the struts 22a adjacent the stronger hinge regions 24a opening after the struts 22 adjacent the weakened hinge regions 22.
As a result of the pattern of strong hinge regions 24a and weakened hinge regions 24, partial expansion of the stent 20 results in the pattern shown in FIG. 5. There, it can be seen that by providing only two hinge regions which are strengthened relative to the remaining hinge regions, four of the twelve struts 22 are inhibited from opening while an additional four of the struts are permitted to open only partially. Thus, at a point where the stent is approximately one-half open, the entire stent 20 will have a relatively uniform pattern of opening. Compare FIG. 5 with FIG. 3. As the stent 20 is further expanded, struts 24a adjacent the relatively strengthened hinge regions 24a will open, as shown in FIG. 6.
The stent 20 may be fabricated from any small diameter tubing comprised of a desired material, e.g. stainless steel hypotube. The pattern of struts and hinges may be formed in the hypotube by conventional patterning techniques including laser cutting, sinker EDM, photolithography and the like. Suitable laser cutting techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,073,694, and suitable photolithographic fabrication techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,421,955, the full disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Using such fabrication techniques, the relative widths of the hinge regions 24 (as well as the widths and shapes of the hinge regions in subsequent embodiments) may be precisely controlled.
Referring now to FIGS. 7-9, a stent 30 employing an alternative pattern of struts 32 and hinges 34 and 36 is illustrated. Stent 30 comprises a pair of serpentine body segments 31a and 31b joined by beams 38, as illustrated. The hinge regions 36 are weakened relative to hinge regions 34 by formation of one or a pair of C-shaped cut-outs 40, as best illustrated in 57A. The cut-outs 40 reduce the width of the section 42 of hinge region 36 which joins the adjacent struts 32. The cut-outs 40 further define a pair of opposed stop surfaces 44 which are spaced-apart by a distance selected to permit the adjacent struts 32 to open by desired angle, typically in the range from 20.degree. to 40.degree.. After the stop surfaces 44 engage each other, further opening of the adjacent struts 32 will be inhibited, as illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9.
The use of hinge regions 40 with opposed stop surfaces can be advantageous in several respects. First, it allows the weakened hinge regions to be quite weak during the initial expansion, but thereafter strengthened when a desired deployment configuration (i.e. strut deployment angle .alpha. as shown in FIG. 8) has been achieved. Thereafter, the hinge regions 36 may actually become strengthened relative to the other hinge regions 34. Thus, the remaining hinge regions 34 will open upon further radial internal expansion of the stent 30. In this way, a very uniform pattern of expansion of all hinge regions, both weakened and non-weakened may ultimately be achieved.
As illustrated in FIG. 8, the weakened hinge regions 36 will fully deploy prior to any significant opening of any of the non-weakened hinge regions 34. After the stop surfaces 44 have been engaged, however, the remaining hinge regions 34 will then open, providing a full deployment pattern as illustrated in FIG. 9.
Yet another embodiment of a stent 50 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 10, 10A, and 11. The stent 50 is a zig-zag stent comprising struts 52 joined by hinge regions 54 and 56. The hinge regions 56 are weakened relative to hinge regions 54 by provision of a generally V-shaped notch 58, as illustrated in FIG. 10A. The notch 58 includes a pair of opposed stop surfaces 60 which act to prevent deflection of struts 52 beyond predetermined angular limit, as described generally above in connection with the embodiments of FIGS. 7-9. Partial deployment of the stent 50 is illustrated in FIG. 11 where a pair of evenly expanded regions 66 are uniformly arranged about a pair of non-expanded regions 68.
Referring now to FIGS. 12 and 13, yet another stent 80 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention will be described. The stent 80 includes a total of six box elements or structures, each including four struts 82 joined by four hinge regions. Certain of the box structures will be joined by weakened hinge regions 84 and 88, while others of the box structures will be joined by non-weakened hinge regions 86 and 90. Circumferentially adjacent box structures are joined by tabs 94 which exert a radially expansive force on the hinge regions 88 and 90 as the stent 80 is expanded. As best seen in FIG. 13, such a construction provides for initial yielding of the three of box structures having weakened hinge regions while the remaining box structures do not significantly expand at the onset.
As shown in FIG. 13, the stent 80 is partially deployed, with the three box structures having weakened hinge regions being fully opened (i.e. opened to the extent that the opposed surfaces of the hinge regions 84 and 88 have closed) but with the other box structures remaining substantially unopened. As a radially expansive force continues to be applied to the stent 80, the remaining box structures will begin to deploy, but will require a greater radially expansive force than was required for opening the box structures having weakened hinge regions. The relationship between the opening force and the expansion of the stent 80 is illustrated in FIG. 14. FIG. 14 is an idealized graph showing the relationship between the opening force applied to a rolled-out stent structure, as shown in FIG. 12, and the overall deflection or degree of opening. In an initial phase of opening, shown as portion A of the figure, the box structures having weakened hinge regions will begin to open in an elastic manner. That is, over the initial opening or deflection, the opening will be elastic and the stent will return to its original configuration if the opening force is removed. After the opening force exceeds a certain level (shown as region B on the graph), expansion becomes plastic and non-reversible. The slope of the force (vs. deflection) required to yield the stent becomes smaller until the hinges 84 and 88 close, as shown in FIG. 13. At the point of closing, shown as region C on the graph, the slope of the force required to further open the stent 80 increases, as shown in region D of the graph. Such a greater force gradient is required to open the non-weakened box structures of the stent 80. It will be appreciated that the opening characteristics shown in FIG. 14 are idealized. For a real stent, slight differences in the opening characteristics of all of the hinge region 84, 86, 88, and 90, might result in a number of different stages showing as multiple near linear regions within the graph of FIG. 14.
Referring now to FIGS. 15A-18B, a variety of hinge regions which may be employed in the stents and prostheses of the present invention will be described. In FIGS. 15A and 15B, a hinge region 100 joining a pair of adjacent struts 102 is illustrated. The hinge region 100 is shown as having a width and cross-sectional area which is the same as that for the adjacent struts 102. As an opening force is applied to the struts, the hinge region 100 will yield because of the stress concentration which occurs within the hinge region. It will be appreciated that the hinge region 100 may be considered either "weakened" or "non-weakened" within the definitions of the present invention depending on the nature of the other hinge region(s) within any particular stent or prosthesis structure. That is, the terms "weakened" and "non-weakened" are relative only and meant to assign the order of opening, with the weakened hinge regions opening before the non-weakened hinge regions.
FIGS. 16A and 16B illustrate a hinge region 110 having a reduced width compared to the width of the adjacent struts 112. In an exemplary stent construction according to the present invention, the hinge regions 110 will be weakened hinge regions and the hinge regions 100 will be non-weakened hinge regions. It will be appreciated, however, that hinge regions 110 may be provided with different degrees of narrowing, resulting in a hierarchy of weakened and non-weakened hinge regions within any particular stent structure. Opening of the hinge region 110 will occur about a central point defined by the hinge region 110.
Another hinge region 120 is illustrated in FIGS. 17A and 17B. The hinge region 120 itself has a width which is generally the same as adjacent struts 122. The opening characteristics of the hinge region are defined by a pair of narrowed regions 124 which are located at the transition between the U-shaped apex of the hinge and the beams of the adjacent struts 122. As the struts 122 are opened, bending will occur preferentially in the narrowed regions 124, as shown in FIG. 17B. Some opening and bending may occur within the U-shaped portion of the hinge 120, although it will generally account for only a small portion of the opening of struts 122.
Yet another hinge region 130 is illustrated in FIGS. 18A and 18B. Hinge region 130 is similar to hinge region 120, except that the width of the U-shaped portion of the hinge is increased relative to the widths of the adjacent struts 132. Thus, substantially all bending will occur in the narrow regions 134, as shown in FIG. 18B.
In another aspect of the present invention, the prosthesis described above may be plated with radiopaque materials in order to adjust the radiopacity of the stent. The stents will be uniformly plated over their entire lengths, either on the inside, outside, or both sides of the body segments of the stent. Such plating is particularly desirable with stainless steel and other materials which are not inherently radiopaque. The radiopaque material should be biocompatible, preferably being a metal which can be electroplated onto the stent, more preferably being gold, platinum, tantalum, tungsten, or alloys thereof. The material should be plated until sufficient radiopacity has been imparted so that the stents are observable under conventional fluoroscopy, but preferably permitting some fluoroscopic visibility through the stent. For gold, the optimum thicknesses are in the range from 0.01 mm to 0.03 mm.
Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example, for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.
1. A radially expansible tubular prosthesis comprising at least one serpentine element having struts or box element having struts, wherein said struts are joined together by hinge regions which yieldably open in a circumferential direction in response to a radially outwardly directed internal force, wherein selected ones of the hinge regions are weakened relative to others of the hinge regions so that said selected ones of the hinge regions will begin to open before said others of the hinge regions begin to open, wherein the prosthesis includes a plurality of said weakened hinge regions which are distributed evenly about a periphery of the prosthesis so that the prosthesis opens in a more uniform manner.
2. A prosthesis as in claim 1 wherein the tubular prosthesis comprises a serpentine element and the struts have substantially equal lengths and are arranged in a reversing pattern.
3. A prosthesis as in claim 2, wherein the reversing pattern is a repeating S-shaped pattern.
4. A prosthesis as in claim 2, wherein the reversing pattern is a repeating Z-shaped pattern.
5. A prosthesis as in claim 1, comprising box elements wherein each box element includes four struts joined by four hinges.
6. A prosthesis as in claim 5, wherein prior to expansion the struts are disposed in two colinear pairs with two hinge regions between each of the struts of the colinear pairs and two hinges between ends of each pair to form a box and subsequent to expansion the box transforms to a diamond pattern.
7. A prosthesis as in claim 1, wherein at least some of the hinge regions which are weakened are located between adjacent ends of a pair of struts.
8. A prosthesis as in claim 1, wherein at least some of the hinge regions which are weakened comprise pairs of narrowed sections adjacent pair of struts.
9. A prosthesis as in claim 1, wherein said selected ones of the hinge regions have a width that is reduced relative to widths of said others of the hinge regions.
10. A prosthesis as in claim 9, wherein selected ones of the hinge regions have widths which are reduced by from 20% to 30% relative to widths of the others of the hinge regions.
11. A prosthesis as in claim 1, wherein at least some of the hinge regions include opposed stops which engage each other as the hinge region is opened and which inhibit further opening after they engage each other.
12. A prosthesis as in claim 11, wherein the hinge regions have a C-shaped pattern.
13. A prosthesis as in claim 11, wherein the hinge regions have a generally V-shaped pattern.
14. A prosthesis as in claim 2, wherein the serpentine element extends about a full circumference of the tubular prosthesis and wherein the hinge regions which are weakened are distributed in a pattern that results in a plurality of equally circumferentially spaced-apart segments opening prior to segments therebetween.
15. A method for delivering a radially expansible tubular prosthesis to a body lumen, said method comprising:
- providing a prosthesis as in claim 1; and
- applying a radially outward force within a lumen of the prosthesis to radially expand said prosthesis, wherein said hinge regions which are weakened yield before other hinge regions.
|December 12, 1989
|May 28, 1991
|March 5, 1996
|May 7, 1996
|Lau et al.
|September 17, 1996
|October 8, 1996
|October 29, 1996
|January 7, 1997
|Orth et al.
|January 14, 1997
|March 4, 1997
|0 662 307
|July 1995
|0 679 372
|November 1995
|October 1995
Type: Grant
Filed: Aug 2, 1996
Date of Patent: Jul 13, 1999
Assignee: Localmed, Inc. (Palo Alto, CA)
Inventors: Enrique J. Klein (Los Altos, CA), Anthony P. Widdershoven (Citrus Heights, CA)
Primary Examiner: Mickey Yu
Assistant Examiner: Francis K. Cuddihy
Law Firm: Townsend and Townsend and Crew LLP
Application Number: 8/691,661
International Classification: A61F 206;


text:
Richard Girousse muses about what it means to be Head Chemist and R & D Director at MAKE UP FOR EVER.
Richard Girousse muses about what it means to be Head Chemist and R & D Director at MAKE UP FOR EVER.
When I think about my long history at MAKE UP FOR EVER and more than 18 years working hand in hand with Dany Sanz, (MAKE UP FOR EVER's Founder and Artistic Drector), I think about:
The unlikely yet complementary friendship between an artist and a scientist leading to makeup innovations. It is a partnership based on understanding, one that evolved thanks to osmosis.
The exigence of the artist inspiring extensive laboratory research and insisting upon performance, efficacy, and ground-breaking technicality from all product. We create makeup without compromise.
Searching for new raw materials, experimenting with new ingredient combinations, in order to satisfy the superior makeup quality required.
A close collaboration - between Dany's smoky eyes and the Chemist's white coat - spent studying highly accurate composition and application tests, followed by the adjustment of formulas, taking into consideration finely tuned feedback, changing percentages…all on the way to perfected product.
Internal test sessions organised by inviting volunteers and testers in order to refine and finetune color formulas live so that they perfectly match different skin tones.
Formulas that are never good enough, that can always be bettered. A new product that never comes to fruition with three stirs of the spatula. We study every avenue possible to amplify and best exploit each ingredient's properties.
As an example, 25 shades for a new range =
- 25 volunteers, each of whom has a different skin tone
- 1 makeup artist for application
- 1 chemist to mix the pigments
- 1 Dany who tests everything
- 1 Dany who refuses almost everything
- 1 Dany who approves as the sun comes up
This crazy mix of ingredients that pull together, turning around one another, agitating (in the good sense, usually), getting involved and all riled up around the beakers, formulas and brushes in Dany's lab.
And it works!


text:
Vancouver International Auto Show Picks Its Top 18 of 2018
See all of these vehicles, plus hundreds more, at the 2018 Vancouver International Auto Show, March 28 – April 1 at the Vancouver Convention Centre.
2018 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV (SUV EV)
The Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV is world's best-selling Plug-in Hybrid-Electric Vehicle (PHEV) and now it's on sale in Canada for the first time. Featuring a highly efficient 2.0-litre gas engine and two electric motors, along with Super All-Wheel Control (S-AWC) system, the all‐new 2018 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV threatens to be a game changer here. It is the world's first plug-in hybrid crossover SUV and the only model with all-wheel drive in its class. It is also the only PHEV with DC Fast Charging capability – providing an 80 per cent charge in less than 30 minutes.
2019 Ram 1500
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Nissan Rogue Dogue
2019 Porsche Cayenne
For more detailed information about the Vancouver Auto Show and its many features, visit: www.VancouverInternationalAutoShow.com
About the Vancouver International Auto Show


text:
LeBron James scored 23 points, Dwyane Wade added 21 and the Miami Heat blew out the Atlanta Hawks 107-87 on Sunday night after racing to a 22-point lead at halftime.
The Heat made a big statement in the Southeast Division against the second-place Hawks, leading by as many as 32 in what turned into nothing more than a showcase for Miami's Big Three.
By halftime, Wade already had 21 points, James was rolling along with 14 points and nine rebounds, and Chris Bosh put a double-double in the books with 10 points and 10 rebounds. The Heat went to the locker room with a commanding 63-41 advantage, the Hawks having surrendered their most points in a half this season.
via Miami's Big 3 leads Heat to 107-87 rout of Hawks – Miami Heat – MiamiHerald.com.


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Artist description:
Canvas Draw Created May 10, 2011 640 x 460px Unless noted Copyright 2011 ajishkpai.
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wow this drawing looks so amazing :) i really like it 5/5h C:
fantastico!!!very magical!!!
This is Amazing...so very beautiful and magical. 5♥s and fave
I can't even begin to describa how amazing and incredible this drawing is haha- it's absolutely gorgeous and magical! I wish I was there. The green looks especially beautiful and so do the light-colored flowers. I like everything in it! 5/5 and favs.
such beautiful details is like a fairytale landscape.... 5H
Truly awesome! Looks like something you'd see in a fantasy video game. Love it!
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Happy Holidays from Mellanox! Service impacts and limited support December 23, 2019 through January 6, 2020.
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Mellanox Technologies provides a one-year limited hardware warranty on all items. We provide international shipping to over 220 countries and multiple shipping options within the US. Contact a Mellanox specialist for help with products or purchasing.


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SKF Supergrip Bolts
Compared with traditional bolt systems, SKF Supergrip Bolts are much easier to install and remove. The bolts are inserted and removed by hand and with a clearance, eliminating the risk of seizure. The bolt is hydraulically expanded and tightened into the coupling bolthole, using a set of portable tools. The need for an overhead crane and time-consuming slugging of bolts is eliminated.
- Cut costs and the length of outages