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text:
How dangerous is it to ask the government for psychological help? Atheist see the government as a place that is presently over run with religious dogma and having lack of real evidence based thinkers. At least if there is any they seem to be in the minority. The debate over guns in America begs the question, "What will Americas position be on help for the people who are in need for psychological help"? Will there be enough knowledge about psychology to trickle out of the corners of…Continue
Added by Earther on January 13, 2013 at 11:37am — No Comments
NBC and David Gregory debate what will reduce the carnage in America and violates a D.C. law prohibiting the possession of a high capacity magazine. The athorities decided it was not in the best interest of the public to prosecute NBC or David Gregory on this violation. The public is left with the baggage of psychological questions on social freedoms.
While the media debate the popular topic, public schools are not more protected nor advised on how to protect themselves. …Continue
Added by Earther on January 12, 2013 at 11:15am — No Comments
Are you in support of legal marijuana in the state of Washington. It sounds like Washington D.C. will challenge the legitimacy of the new state law to legalize it. Do you think the new state law will prevail or will the prudish religion of the right wing smash it?
Added by Earther on December 7, 2012 at 4:19pm — 3 Comments
In your oppinion what was your best experience in meeting new atheist?
I know everyone is different and have skills that could be compared and associated as equal importance but I have a question, "Should there be more atheist farmers?" My question has a lot to do with how we all are connected to the earth and should have a frequent experience to how we nutrient our bodies for life. Im not saying we should quit our day jobs for becoming full time farmers. Somehow I believe there is some relevance to our social and personal psychological health to create…Continue
I know news reporters forfill an important role in investigating issues into matters that we don't always have access too but sometimes it goes too far. This morning Ashleigh Banfield showed the story about Jesse Jackson's health issues on CNN Early Start :…Continue
Added by Earther on July 12, 2012 at 5:19am — No Comments
I know I am not the only one who has thought of this, in fact I have pondered it before but with no real revelation. This morning is a little different though. Let me be clear, tho I am against teaching any religion period the hypocrit in me gives me thrills to think of it. On the other hand, the psychological...science/social part of me can see real intelligence of the affect of my thought. So here it is, in order to create more atheist thinkers teach that God is a woman. Please laugh…Continue
Today Romney made the arguement that classroom size does not matter. I am very interested in the average class size his children have sustained during their education. I believe this is another attack on education by the republicans to dismantle public school education in America.
Added by Earther on May 24, 2012 at 7:51pm — 2 Comments
Added by Earther on May 10, 2012 at 10:42pm — 6 Comments
If you have been listening to the news there is more stirring about the wife of the alleged child abuser Sandusky. People are questioning her innocents to knowledge of abuse by her husband. Of course there is a lot to discover and questions should be asked. If she had knowledge and did not report it or try to help, was it because of her gross neglegence or was it because she felt powerless? If she did not know, how could she not know or was she already separate from his life? Is…Continue
Added by Earther on December 27, 2011 at 3:50pm — No Comments
I have seen nothing on the news about the psychological history of the latest VT shooter. It makes me wonder if we ever will. I understand there is a lot of suffering going on and I do respect the privacy of the people who are victims of this horrific tragedy. I am just wondering what motivated this killing. My motivation to learn more is to see how this campus is targeted once again. My suspicion is that the shooter was bullied or felt some kind of injustice. Was there a violence…Continue
Added by Earther on December 19, 2011 at 9:18pm — No Comments
Yep, that's right, I am against contact sports. The basic question is, what is sports for? Is sports about teams, friendly competition, health or is it to beat the living crap out of the next person or team? I prefer the healthier version of teams, and being healthy and friendly. Ask yourself, what does a parent of a child who plays football in highschool do if they receive a concussion from a head blow while playing a game that intends to be hit hard? Do they say oh what a tragedy I…Continue
Added by Earther on December 9, 2011 at 8:11pm — 6 Comments
Write your Congress today to support ending corporal punishment in public schools. Read the full text at this web address: http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h112-3027
19 states continue to allow corporal punishment in public schools.
Added by Earther on November 22, 2011 at 6:11am — No Comments
Added by Earther on November 7, 2011 at 2:07am — 4 Comments
There seems to be more news about spanking. I recently saw a story about a judge in Texas spanking his daughter and that character Dog the Bounty Hunter's son was caught spanking his son. This sparked me to look up how many schools still allow corporal punishment today. It seems to be 19 states still allow corporal punishment. I say petition Barack Obama to lead an effort to outlaw it nationwide.
Added by Earther on November 7, 2011 at 2:01am — 10 Comments
Added by Earther on October 13, 2011 at 6:22pm — 2 Comments
I am sitting at an inservice at my job and breakfast was prepared for us. As we were all about to get up to eat one of the employees stands up and asks if we could have Mr. ________ say a prayer before we eat. She also "excused her feeling of necessaty for the prayer because some people don't like it but she just had to." So, Mr. __________ asked everybody to bow there heads in prayer. Everybody did that I could see except for me looking around the room at all the followers and thinking…Continue
Added by Earther on August 13, 2011 at 8:24pm — 5 Comments
Added by Earther on July 25, 2011 at 9:19pm — 2 Comments
Added by Earther on July 24, 2011 at 2:23pm — 3 Comments
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subset: commoncrawl


text: I am currently a Mobius 2002 owner and have a friend that has been looking for a boat for some time. I have been describing the moomba as the best boat for you buck in regards to the water sports he engages in. He recently went to a boat show and made a deal with a local dealer who has later backed out of the arangement and left him VERY disatisfied (FYI...I have had nothing but great service from the dealer he worked with) and not really wanting to deal with purchasing a boat now. He has a older Bayliner (17ft I think) he was trying to trade in and that was the hanging point in the arrangement. He is looking to get into a 2004 LSV and would like options like depth finder and such installed. We are located in Northwest Arkansas and willing to travel. Please help me make this guy a believer. He is willing to work to get something done in time for the beginning of the season.


text:
I am pleased to announce that we have worked up a Grails plugin for Hudson. Hudson is a really slick continuous integration server. Check out their site for more info on the engine itself.
It has always been possible to build Grails apps from Hudson but in the past this has involved writing shell scripts that are triggered by Hudson. This works but is not the slickest solution. What you really want is for the CI server to have knowledge of the fact that the project you are building is a Grails app and that knowledge will allow the tool to be more efficient about carrying out the build and also allow the CI server to provide Grails specific options for the build. This is where the new Grails plugin is heading.
Right now the plugin is very basic. In the system configuration screen you may configure as many Grails installations as you like. This is useful for situations where the same CI server may be building multiple projects with different version of Grails or maybe even building multiple copies of the same project with multiple versions of Grails. Below is a screenshot of the system configuration screen:
Notice that there is built in validation to make sure you have entered a valid path to your Grails installation.
When configuring a project in Hudson you have a lot of options for what should happen at build time. The Grails plugin adds a "Build With Grails" option and if that option is selected you can select from a list of common build targets to execute as well as type in any arbitrary targets you may want to execute. This is useful for executing Grails commands that are not in the list of checkboxes and for executing your own custom Grail scripts that may be part of your project. Below is a screenshot of the project configuration screen:
The first version of the plugin has not been released yet but will be soon. In the meantime, I would be happy to hear what kinds of capabilities you would like to see the plugin provide. Even in its current very basic state, the plugin is very useful as it makes configuring a Grails project in Hudson drop dead simple.
Grails Plugin For Hudson Thursday, June 19, 2008
I am pleased to announce that we have worked up a Grails plugin for Hudson. Hudson is a really slick continuous integration server. Check out their site for more info on the engine itself.
Posted by Jeff Brown at 9:32 PM 11 comments
St. Louis Dynamic Language Interest Group Saturday, June 07, 2008
I have created the St. Louis Dynamic Language Interest Group at LinkedIn. If you have a special interest in dynamic languages and are in the St. Louis area or are close enough to the St. Louis area that you would like to be involved with the group, please take a minute to visit the group at LinkedIn and join us.
More information is coming regarding the goals of the group and what sorts of activities we may engage in. I want to give the group some time to populate before moving forward with those details.
If you have any questions about the group in the meantime, please don't hesitate to let me know.
Jeff Brown
Director - North American Operations
Posted by Jeff Brown at 10:01 AM 0 comments
New Grails Mail Plugin Wednesday, June 04, 2008
The new Grails Mail Plugin is really slick stuff. Very little effort has gone in to the thing so far and there is more to come but even in its current state this is really nice. More details are available at http://grails.org/Mail+Plugin but basically you get a method called 'sendMail' added to your controllers (or you could use an autowired mailService) that accepts a closure and the contents of the closure express the details of the message being sent. A simple example looks like this...
sendMail {
to 'firstname.lastname@example.com'
subject 'Hello Fred'
body 'How are you?'
Take a look at the docs for more information. This is good stuff already. I think the simplicity of sending a message like this is pretty impressive but more impressive is how easy it is to build support for something like that in a dynamic language like Groovy. More and more folks are taking advantage of the Grails Plugin System to easily add capabilities like this to their web apps.
Posted by Jeff Brown at 1:34 PM 4 comments


text:
Country-wide quick charging network
The purpose of the charging infrastructure project is to create an all-Estonian network of quick chargers. Quick chargers of electric cars are everywhere all over Estonia to ensure sufficient freedom of movement for all users of electric cars.
Legend:Operational quick charger Currently charging Quick charger under technical maintenance
Charging points are distributed as follows:
- All roads with dense traffic are covered
- The distance between quick charging points is 40-60 km Suitable and frequently visited places are considered as locations for quick charging stations, e.g. petrol stations, cafes, shops, etc.
- Ports servicing international private transport and local travel ports
- All settlements with over 5000 inhabitants
- In towns, charging points are built in locations where people move anyway – for example, next to shopping centres, petrol stations, post offices, bank buildings, parking lots, etc.
There is 167 quick chargers in Estonia. 102 quick chargers are in towns and 65 by roads. Out of larger towns, 38 quick chargers will be in Tallinn, 11 in Tartu, 5 in Pärnu, 3 in Viljandi and 2 in Narva.


text:
Arvest Bank is pleased to announce it has hired Carolyn Kennedy as executive director of its Treasury Management division.
Kennedy has more than 20 years of treasury management experience and is a Certified Treasury Professional®. Most recently, Kennedy served as the leader of Specialized Sales Consulting in Treasury and Payment Solutions for SunTrust Banks Inc. in Atlanta. Her responsibilities included leading a highly successful Treasury Management sales team. She held several other roles during her tenure at SunTrust, including solution line manager for Treasury Management products. Prior to that, Kennedy worked for Wachovia Bank in a number of treasury roles.
In her new role at Arvest, Kennedy will manage all aspects of Arvest's Treasury Management division, including sales, product management and client support. She will be based in Rogers, but will work with local teams throughout Arvest's four-state footprint.
"After an extensive nationwide search for an executive director for our treasury management division, we are thrilled to add Carolyn to the Arvest team," Arvest regional executive Lisa Ray said. "Her expansive experience will provide Arvest with a TM leader with comprehensive knowledge in all aspects of treasury management technology, product delivery, customer service and sales."
Arvest's Treasury Management division offers a variety of solutions to assist a business in effectively managing its cash flow. From receivables and payables to funds management and fraud deterrents, Arvest's Treasury Management team can help customize solutions for a company's unique business needs. Solutions include Arvest Remote Deposit Capture, direct deposit of payroll, Lockbox, online banking and more.
Kennedy earned a bachelor's degree in economics from Sweet Briar College, and minored in math and political science. She has served on the Georgia ACH Association Board of Directors, and was named Top Treasury & Payment Solutions Premier Performance winner for product management in 2007. Kennedy also has a proven track record as a leader, earning high scores in associate satisfaction surveys in her roles at SunTrust.
Kennedy and her husband, Burke, have three children.
Submitted questions will be answered by an Arvest banker and may appear on the Arvest Blog.
All Arvest banks are Equal Housing Lenders and Member FDIC.
Investment products and services are provided by Arvest Investments, Inc., doing business as Arvest Asset Management, member FINRA/SIPC, an SEC registered investment adviser and a subsidiary of Arvest Bank. Trust services are provided by Arvest Bank. Insurance products are made available through Arvest Insurance, Inc., which is registered as an insurance agency. Insurance products are marketed through Arvest Insurance, Inc., but are underwritten by insurance companies.
Securities and Insurance Products: Not Insured by FDIC or any Federal Government Agency, May Lose Value, Not a Deposit of or Guaranteed by a Bank or any Bank Affiliate.


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text:
In the early 1900s, The Denver Post used illustrations and cartoons to attract the reader's eye to the classifieds. The Adventures of the Little Post Wantad ran on Sundays at the top of the want ad section. Tad showed up (complete with rhyming verse) in the first four-panel advertising cartoon in 1908.
Stylistically, multiple panels with rhyming captions underneath were common. Humor magazines used this style and was the norm. Newspapers picked it up.
Later, rhyming was dropped and word balloons became the standard for cartoons. But even today, some single panels use captions beneath the cartoon. The Family Circus, Dennis The Menace, Marmaduke and Pluggers are a few examples from our weekday comics.
This six-part adventure starring Tad appeared in 1914. The rhyming verse is lame, but the drawings are a delight and well worth looking at.


text: Does this "Courtney Henley" by Australian brand Lorna Jane look familiar to you? Let's see. The sleeves and bodice are dark red, with three wide stripes in pale pink, bright pink, and cream. The color-blocking theme continues with the use of constrasting blue trim around the neck and a blue V-shaped inset of fabric in the front. Hmm. Oh, wait, I know what this reminds me of! It reminds me of the exact same top, which was made by the designer Isabel Marant and shown in Paris this March. What a funny coincidence!


text:
Note: passwords are case-sensitive
Grab your customers' attention and influence their purchasing decisions right at the point of purchase. Digital signage opens the door to new design possibilities in retail spaces, creating a digital display that perfectly complements your products and store architecture. With their eye-catching visuals and dynamic messages, retail digital signage displays can transform an unremarkable store visit into an inviting and innovative shopping experience.
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Accounting Research BULLETINS • Issued by the Committee on Accounting Procedure, American Institute of Accountants, 13 East 41st Street, New York, N. Y. Copyright 1942 by American Institute of Accountants January, 1942 No. 13 Accounting (or Special Reserves Arising Out of the War RESERVES CONSIDERED IN THIS BULLETIN THE RESERVES considered in this bulletin are limited to those which arc provided as a result of the present war and which would not otherwise be required. While other accounting problems arising out of the war are referred to, the bulletin is primarily concerned with the treatment of such reserves in the financial statements of organizations which are substantially engaged, directly or indirectly, in production for war purposes, or are materially affected by conditions growing out of the war. SUMMARY STATEMENT (1) The committee has previously stated in effect1 that it is plainly desirable to provide, by charges in the current income statement, properly classified, for all foreseeable costs and losses applicable against current revenues, to the extent that they can be measured and allocated to fiscal periods with reasonable approximation. In applying this principle to special reserves for war costs and losses, experience during and following the first world war and recent well-defined social trends should be taken into account. The charges for which the reserves have previously been created should be applied against the appropriate reserves, and any unused portion thereof should be dealt with in accordance with general practice relating to corrections of estimates made in prior years.1 (2) Where reserves are created for possible war costs and losses the amount of which is not presently determinable and which do not come within paragraph (1), the committee suggests that the pro-vision be shown in the income statement as a deduction from the income for the period computed on the usual basis. The purpose and amount of such reserves should be shown as clearly as possible in the financial statements. When the costs and losses of this nature are later determined they should be brought into the income statement, but it is desirable that 1 Accounting Research Bulletin No. 8.


text:
The New York Times
The Guardian
Google News
Yahoo News
Fox News
BBC News
The Wall Street Journal
Washington Post
E! News
USA Today
The New Yorker
ABC News
Los Angeles Times
NBC News
The Economic Times
Houston Chronicle
New York Post
CBS News
National Geographic
Page Six
The Economist
World Net Daily
The Onion
Sky News
The Raw Story
The Star
STL Today
The Week
Business Standard
Meta Filter
Washington Times
Arizona Local News
Drudge Report
The Hill
The Daily Caller
The Mercury News
The Hindu
March 15, 2018
Saudi Arabia warns it will pursue nuclear weapons if Iran does
Saudi Arabia
will develop
nuclear weapons
does the same, Crown Prince
Mohammed bin Salman
, Saudi's defense chief and heir to the throne, said Thursday.
"Saudi Arabia does not want to acquire any nuclear bomb, but without a doubt if Iran developed a nuclear bomb, we will follow suit as soon as possible," he said in an interview with CBS News.
Your browser does not support the video tag.
The international community has long been concerned that Iran's development of nuclear weapons could spark a nuclear arms race in the Middle East, a key factor in the decision to reach a diplomatic settlement with Tehran over its nuclear program in 2015.
The Crown Prince also doubled down on his comparison of Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei to Adolf Hitler in the interview, saying the two both had dangerous expansionist goals.
"He (Khamenei) wants to create his own project in the Middle East very much like Hitler who wanted to expand at the time. Many countries around the world and in Europe did not realize how dangerous Hitler was until what happened, happened. I don't want to see the same events happening in the Middle East," Salman said.
In November, the Crown Prince called Iran's leader "the new Hitler of the Middle East."
Salman's comments are likely to renew concerns about what happens if US President Donald Trump follows through on his campaign promise to scrap the pact, which was negotiated by the Obama administration.
Trump decertified the Iran deal late last year, declaring it not in the interest of the United States, but has not pulled out of the agreement altogether. He has continued to extend a waiver that keeps sanctions against Tehran from kicking back in.
Trump and his nominee to be the next US Secretary of State, current CIA Director Mike Pompeo, are vocal critics of the Iran nuclear deal, which essentially gave Tehran sanctions relief if it agreed to international supervision of its nuclear program and ceased all efforts to develop nuclear weapons.
Pompeo's predecessor, Rex Tillerson, was believed to be more supportive of the deal than the President.
The US President and other critics believe the deal is flawed in part because it does nothing to address Tehran's support for terror groups throughout the Middle East.
The Obama administration argued that in order to secure the deal, it needed to be laser-focused on the nuclear issue.
When asked about the Crown Prince's comments, Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Bahram Qassemi said they didn't warrant a response.
"He is a delusional naive person, who never talks, but with lies and bitterness, and has no idea of politics, but to use untimely strong words due to lack of foresight," he said, according to Press TV, an Iranian state-run news outlet.
Shia Muslim majority-Iran and Sunni-majority Saudi Arabia have been adversaries for decades, but the proxy battle between the two has taken a new turn since the Crown Prince's rise.
He has overseen Riyadh's participation in Yemen's civil war, where Iranian-backed Houthi rebels, who are Shia Muslims, are fighting the Saudi-backed fledgling government.
"Iran is not a rival to Saudi Arabia. Its army is not among the top five armies in the Muslim world. The Saudi economy is larger than the Iranian economy. Iran is far from being equal to Saudi Arabia," the Crown Prince said.
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Mike Pence
Vice President of the United States
Boris Johnson
British Prime Minister
Angela Merkel
Chancellor of Germany
Emmanuel Macron
President of France
Justin Trudeau
Prime Minister of Canada
Nancy Pelosi
Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
Barack Obama
44th U.S. President
Theresa May
Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom
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Russian President
Shinzō Abe
Prime Minister of Japan
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Types of Cerebral PalsySkip to the navigation
Topic Overview
Cerebral palsy (CP) is classified according to the type of body movement and posture problem.
Spastic (pyramidal) cerebral palsy
Spastic cerebral palsy is the most common type.
A person with spastic CP develops tight muscles in some parts of the body that are unable to relax. Affected joints become stiff and hard to move. Usually, a person has problems controlling movements, poor coordination and balance, and difficulty talking and eating.
There are four types of spastic CP, grouped according to how many limbs are affected.
- Hemiplegia or diplegia: One arm and one leg on the same side of the body (hemiplegia) or both legs (diplegia or paraplegia) are affected. These are the most common types of spastic cerebral palsy.
- Monoplegia: Only one arm or leg is affected.
Quadriplegia: Both arms and both
legs are affected. Usually the trunk and muscles that control the mouth,
tongue, and windpipe are affected too. This makes eating and talking
difficult. Babies with spastic quadriplegia may:
- Have problems sucking and swallowing.
- Have a weak or shrill cry.
- Have a very relaxed and floppy body or a very stiff body. When held, they may arch their backs and extend their arms and legs.
- Be irritable and jittery when awake. For example, they may startle easily.
- Sleep a lot or show little interest in what is going on around them.
- Triplegia: Either both arms and one leg or both legs and one arm are affected.
Nonspastic (extrapyramidal) cerebral palsy
The nonspastic forms of cerebral palsy include dyskinetic cerebral palsy (subdivided into athetoid and dystonic forms) and ataxic cerebral palsy.
Dyskinetic cerebral
palsy is associated with muscle tone that fluctuates between being loose and
tight. In some cases, rapid and jerky or uncontrolled slow continuous movements
occur involuntarily. These movements most often affect the face and neck,
hands, feet, arms, legs, and sometimes the torso.
- Athetoid (hyperkinetic) CP characteristics include relaxed and limp muscles during sleep, with some involuntary jerking (chorea) or writhing (athetosis). If the face and mouth muscles are affected, problems may develop related to unusual facial expressions, drooling, speaking, and choking when sucking, drinking, and eating.
- With dystonic CP, the body and neck are held in a stiff position.
Ataxic cerebral palsy is
the rarest type of cerebral palsy and involves the entire body. Abnormal body
movements affect the trunk, hands, arms, and legs. Ataxic CP causes
problems with:
- Balance.
- Precise movements. For example, the person may reach too far or too close to touch objects and may also have poor hand control (intention tremor).
- Coordination. A person with ataxic CP may walk with the feet unusually far apart.
- Hand control. Often only one hand is able to reach for an object; the other hand may shake with attempts to move it (intention tremor). The person may not be able to button clothes, write, or use scissors.
Mixed cerebral palsy
Some children have symptoms of more than one type of cerebral palsy. For example, spastic legs (symptoms of spastic diplegic CP) and problems with facial muscle control (symptoms of dyskinetic CP) may both develop.
Total body cerebral palsy affects the entire body to some degree. Complications of cerebral palsy and other medical problems are more likely to develop when the entire body is involved rather than isolated parts. Total body cerebral palsy may include any of the following:
- Spastic quadriplegic CP
- Dyskinetic CP
- Ataxic CP
Related Information
ByHealthwise Staff
Primary Medical Reviewer Susan C. Kim, MD - Pediatrics
Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine
Specialist Medical Reviewer Louis Pellegrino, MD - Developmental Pediatrics
Current as ofMay 4, 2017
- Top of Page
Next Section:Related Information
Previous Section:Topic Overview
- Top of Page
Next Section:Credits
Previous Section:Related Information
- Top of Page
Current as of: May 4, 2017


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This Week's Feature
Preventive Cardiology: Beta-blockers
Beta-blockers are used for many heart-related conditions. Learn how they work, what their side effects are, and how they interact with other medications.
Also Inside
Visit our library of articles on the following topics:
Therapeutic and Wellness Centers
Natural and Alternative Treatments
Some people may consider turning to alternative medicine to manage their disease. But what has been proven to work and what hasn't? Search here for detailed information on almost 200 conditions, nearly 350 herbs and supplements, plus drug-herb and drug-supplement interactions.


text:
Check out the latest RPG news | Podcasts | Twitch Streams
Aqua's voice was always a point of contention when the English version was released. I found her voice really stiff and pretty bad in the beginning, but got better as the game progressed, and I really appreciated that she actually sounded her age, rather than like a 13 year old.Roxas sounds pretty terrible in that dub movie, though. I don't remember his voice being like that in KH2. Maybe it's just the quality since he basically ripped the voices from another movie and put it onto the trailer?
omg....fucking love Sora, DOnald, and Goofy on a rollercoaster-choo-choo. And yaaaay I guess that means they're officially part of the posse.
I will need to be replaced, as I am currently dead and in a million tiny keyblade-shaped pieces.
Quote from: Taelus on October 15, 2013, 02:25:04 AMI will need to be replaced, as I am currently dead and in a million tiny keyblade-shaped pieces.HEY THAT WAS MY LINEit was still an accurate description of you in any case


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Last Week's Fed Minutes Didn't Actually Offer Anything New
Financial markets continue to suffer from a hangover after last week's FOMC minutes appeared to suggest the Federal Reserve was closer to taking the punch bowl away from the party sooner than many had expected.
But was there anything actually new in the minutes? Bob Eisenbeis, chief monetary economist at Cumberland Advisors say "no."
For starters, says Mr. Eisenbeis it's not news that there have been significant differences in opinion among Fed officials about how they communicate the potential for future policy moves and the efficacy of quantitative easing.
In addition, says Mr. Eisenbeis, it shouldn't be a surprise that there were differences of opinion on the economic outlook, as well as the triggers that would prompt changes in policy. That's especially the case, he says, for anyone who took the time to closely read the details of the FOMC's announcement back in December, when it extended its U.S. Treasury bond buying program


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Sculpted in snow.
5-week-long winter sales begin in Paris
34th Winterlude festival to start in Canada
Sculpted in snow
Spring Festival travel peak 2012
2011 Year in Review - Entertainment
SINA English is the English-language destination for news and information about China. Find general information on life, culture and travel in China through our news and special reports or find business partners through our online Business Directory. For investment opportunities with SINA, please click the link "Investor" below.
| About SINA | Investor | Media Kit | Comments or Question? |
Copyright © 1996-2012 SINA Corporation, All Rights Reserved


text:
"Facing" is a unique design, drawn with the sewing machine straight onto the black cotton fabric without any prior sketching.
48 x 58 cm
Creating an entirely new medium in free hand embroidery, I make art that is fit for any home.
All works are my own design, usually based on drawings in my sketchbook, and are handmade from start to finish. All pieces are therefor unique and impossible to replicate. I use recycled fabrics whenever I can and don't limit myself to any style, shape or size.
All pieces are delivered ready to hang and are easy to store and move since they can be washed and ironed.
[powr-form-builder id="5dfee6a8_1568870744"]
I am a storyteller and an artist. A photographer and a textile artist. This is where I share my textile art (view my photography over at www.julialillqvist.com).
All works on here are my own design, based on drawings in my sketchbook and are handmade from start to finish. All pieces are therefor unique and impossible to replicate.
If you want to receive updates and discounts right into your inbox, become my pen pal by signign up over at http://julialillqvist.com/email-list/.
This is an ongoing process that I don't wish to control so motives, styles, shapes and sizes may vary because artistic expression is more important than brand. This my way of being, I hope you enjoy it.


text:
The Google URL Shortener at goo.gl is a service that takes long URLs and squeezes them into fewer characters to make a link that is easier to share, tweet, or email to friends. Users can create these short links through the web interface at goo.gl, or they can programatically create them through the URL Shortener API. With the URL Shortener API you can write applications that use simple HTTP methods to create, inspect, and manage goo.gl short links from desktop, mobile, or web.
Links that users create through the URL Shortener can also open directly in your mobile applications that can handle those links. This automatic behavior provides the best possible experience to your app users who open goo.gl links, no matter what platform or device they are on.
Get app deep links with the URL Shortener
The URL Shortener also offers the capability of having short links deep link to content in your mobile apps. In order for this to be enabled, you must integrate with App Indexing for Android and iOS. After integrating, any short link which redirects to a web link that you have provided to Google through App Indexing will open automatically in your native app for your users.
Once you've integrated with App Indexing and your deep links are enabled with goo.gl, you can integrate the URL Shortener API into your app or website's share flow to allow your users to share links that provide the best possible experience on every platform.


text:
Method and apparatus for solid prototyping
An improved extrusion-based manufacturing system includes one or more extruders, with each extruder containing at least two stages of increasing pressurization. In a preferred embodiment, a first stage of pressurization is created by the motion of a solid wafer of thermoplastic through an orifice into a heater chamber. In another preferred embodiment, the wafers are stored in removable, electronically tagged, cassettes and are removed therefrom by a stapler mechanism which feeds the wafers from the cassette to a tractor feed mechanism on demand. In each embodiment, a second stage of pressurization is provided by a pump, with the first stage pressurization maintaining a flow of thermoplastic to the pump under all expected pump rates.
Latest Stratasys Inc. Patents:
This invention relates to a layered prototyping method and apparatus and, more particularly, to a solid prototyping system wherein plural pressurization stages enable improved production of solid models.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Layered manufacturing existed more than ten thousand years ago, embodied by artisans sequentially adding rolls of clay to build up complex objects such as pots and vases. More recent improvements include depositing metals as described in W. W. McCarroll, U.S. Pat. No. 556,472, and R. Baker, U.S. Pat. No. 1,553,300; depositing UV curable polymers as in A. J.Herbert, "Solid Object Generation", J .Appl. Phot. Eng., 1982, and C. W. Hull, U.S. Pat. No. 4,575,330; jetting of droplets of material as in W. E. Masters, U.S. Pat. No. 4,665,492; sintering of particulates as in V. Pratt et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,038,014; applying continuous ribbons as described in P. L. DiMatteo, U.S. Pat. No. 3,932 923; and applying shaped layers of paper as in C. W. Hull et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,559.
Cumulatively such procedures are termed layered manufacturing. In the more recent computerized embodiments, a mathematical description of a physical part to be created is split into (usually) planar layers, and those layers are individually shaped and applied to produce the final part.
The dominant application of layered manufacturing in recent years has been for rapid prototyping; rapidly producing physical equivalents of Computer Aided Design (CAD) models for design verification; interference testing; customer acceptance; and functional testing. Computer controlled deposition of solidifiable material is described in V. Valavaara, U.S. Pat. No. 4,749,347. The Valavaara technique is modified with a vertically oriented nozzle in J. S. Batchelder et al., IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Oct. 1, 1990 .An improvement, using a filament or rod solid material feed, is described in S. S. Crump, U.S. Pat. No. 5,121 329. Additional improvements are described in S. S. Crump, 5,340,433, and J. S. Batchelder et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,402,351.
An object of this invention is to resolve conflicting requirements in improved performance extrusion based layered manufacturing. The core focus of the invention is to simultaneously increase the rate that material is extruded from a nozzle so that parts can be built more quickly, to enable an increase in the viscosity of the extrudate so as to produce physical parts with more desirable mechanical properties, and to decrease the cross-sectional area of the extrudate to achieve better feature resolution. The combination of high required pressure, high rates of material flow, and high rates of change of pressure are not adequately served by the existing art.
A second object of the invention is to better utilize the innate capability of extrusion-based layered manufacturing in locally varying the composition of the material being deposited. This includes multiple extruders, an ability to automatically feed an extruder from one of several material sources, and an ability to track the availability and deposition characteristics of these several sources.
A third object of the invention is to provide a system that performs layered manufacturing which functions without significant operator assistance in typical engineering environments. This includes the ability to monitor and modify processing characteristics, simple and automatic handling of the generated parts, an environmental vibration-insensitive design and low vibration generation.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An improved extrusion-based manufacturing system includes one or more extruders, with each extruder containing at least two stages of increasing pressurization. In a preferred embodiment, a first stage of pressurization is created by the motion of a solid wafer of thermoplastic through an orifice into a heater chamber. In another preferred embodiment, the wafers are stored in removable, electronically tagged, cassettes and are removed therefrom by a stapler mechanism which feeds the wafers from the cassette to a tractor feed mechanism on demand. In each embodiment, a second stage of pressurization is provided by a pump, with the first stage pressurization maintaining a flow of thermoplastic to the pump under all expected pump rates.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a schematic of an extrusion-based, layered manufacturing system.
FIG. 2 shows a schematic of a filament drive for an extrusion-based, layered manufacturing system.
FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of the invention including a two stage pressurization system.
FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b) show configurations of wafers of thermoplastic material.
FIG. 5a shows a cassette with an electronic tag for carrying and dispensing wafers.
FIG. 5b shows a perspective view of the front and top (partial) of a cassette.
FIG. 6 shows a nozzle gage sensor in a platen employed in the invention.DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Process flow in extrusion-based layered manufacturing generally is shown in FIG. 1. A computer aided design (CAD) program is resident in processor 102 and generates a file describing the geometry of a part 104 to be manufactured. This file is transferred over a communication link 106 a further processor 108 which includes a program which algorithmically sub-divides the file into volume elements corresponding to shapes 110 that can be extruded from a nozzle. Additional volume elements 112 are added to provide mechanical support to a part during its construction. The volume elements are sequentially ordered so that deposited material is supported appropriately and so that previously deposited material does not interfere with subsequent deposition.
Instantaneous velocities and deposition rates are associated with the trajectories to be used by an extrusion head which forms a sequence of volume elements 112. An electronic controller 116, in response to signals received over line 114, causes a robot/gantry 118 to sequentially position an extruder head 120 and nozzle 122 with respect to a supporting substrate 124 in accordance with the determined trajectories and a time base. The extruder synchronously impels thermoplastic material out of nozzle 122 at the predetermined extrusion rate to produce a final part 126. Part 126 is adhered to substrate 124 by a layer of a low melting point thermoplastic adhesive 128 (whose function will be considered in further detail below).Two Stage Pressurization
The design of an extruder for high speed layered manufacturing is prescribed by peak pressure capability, pressure agility, pressure uniformity, evolved gas, temperature compatibility, reliability, and cost.
Peak Pressure: Viscosities (v) of interesting extrusion materials vary from a few centipoise for waxes and liquid metals to about 10,000 poise for engineering plastics. Nozzle orifice inner diameters (d) of interest range from 0.003 inches to 0.03 inches. The maximum linear velocity (V) for the nozzle while it is depositing extrudate, with a cross-section approximately equal to the nozzle orifice, varies from 0.2 inches per second to about 20 inches per second. Assuming that the length of the orifice is typically twice the orifice's inner diameter, Poisseuille's formula for pressure drop in a pipe can be rewritten to estimate the pressure drop associated with impelling an extrudate through a nozzle orifice:
At the limit of low speed, low viscosity, and large orifice size, the required operating pressure is about 0.00006 psi above ambient; at the limit of high speed, high viscosity, and small orifice size, the required operating pressure is 60,000 psi above ambient, or a billion times larger than the low pressure limit.
Pressure Agility: Mechanical constraints require that a gantry slow its velocity along straight line trajectories as it approaches non co-linear intersections of straight line trajectories. The time constraint that parts should be built as quickly as possible requires that the gantry speed up as it leaves such an intersection. As a result, the magnitude of the instantaneous vector velocity of the nozzle with respect to the supporting base changes rapidly. For example, a gantry with 0.3 g's of acceleration moving at 20 inches per second will come to a complete stop in 50 milliseconds. This dictates the maximum response time for the extruder to either come from zero to full pressure, or to come from full pressure back to zero.
Pressure Uniformity: Variations in the extrusion rate, apart from those required to build the part, cause observable fluctuations in the surface of a final part. Variability of 1 percent or less is typically required to make the extrusion appear uniform.
Evolved Gas: Many extrusion materials release gas when transported through an extruder. Thermoplastic polymers that are somewhat hygroscopic will release water vapor or steam as they are heated to their melt temperature. Other types of gasses that can be released are plasticizers, monomers, and oxidation products. Gas in the pressurized portion of the extruder acts as a surge tank or regulator and reduces the extruder's pressure agility. Thus, in the preferred embodiment, the volume of extrusion material that is brought to full pressure is kept as small as possible.
In order to satisfy these conflicting requirements, as well as to make a low mass extruder that is inexpensive to manufacture and is reliable in use, the pressurization process performed by the extruder is split into two or more stages. Each stage is obliged to optimize for only some of the criteria. A stage of pressurization is a mechanical sub-unit through which the extrusion material flows which generates a pressure at its output that can be higher than the pressure at its input.
In all preferred embodiments, the first stage of pressurization increases the absolute pressure experienced by the extrusion material from an initial pressure to an intermediate pressure. The initial pressure is usually ambient atmospheric pressure. The intermediate pressure is a level between the initial pressure and the peak pressure required to impel the extrusion material out of the nozzle. The intermediate pressure is that required to impel the extrusion material into the inlet of a second stage of pressurization at a maximum required volumetric deposition rate. More specifically, the intermediate pressure assures an adequate flow of the extrusion material to the second stage of pressurization under all expected volumetric deposition rates and assures a non-interrupted flow of the extrusion material.
In all preferred embodiments, the second stage of pressurization includes a pump which increases the absolute pressure experienced by the extrusion material from the intermediate pressure to whatever instantaneous pressure is required to impel the extrusion material out of the nozzle at a predetermined rate, up to the maximum required volumetric deposition rate.
FIG. 2 shows a filament drive in which a 0.07 inch diameter filament of thermoplastic 202 is impelled, by a motor 204 driving rubber cushioned rollers 206, to slide through an orifice 208 into a heated tube 210 and out of a nozzle 212. This mechanism is one embodiment of a first stage of pressurization.
FIG. 3 shows a preferred embodiment of the invention which employs a tractor drive 302, comprising toothed belts 304, pulleys 306, pressure plates 308, drive motor 310 and encoder 312. Motor 310 and drive belts 304 act to force feed a cuboid or wafer of extrusion material 314 through a pre-heater entrance 316 into a heated channel (pre-heater) 318 which includes heating elements (not shown). The extrusion material exits pre-heater 318 in a fluid, flowable form via region 320.
The tractor mechanism is a preferred embodiment of a first stage of pressurization. Other first stage pressurization mechanisms may include hypodermic syringes, rod drives, gear pumps and pneumatic or hydraulic pressurization devices.
In addition to providing sufficient pressure to feed the second stage of the extruder, the first stage fulfills several other functions. If the extrusion material is not stored and transported in flowable form, the first stage causes the extrusion material to be flowable. In the preferred embodiment, the first stage is a liquefier that heats thermoplastics. Gas evolved in the first stage of the extruder is separated while at the relatively low pressure of the output of the first stage.
In FIG. 3, gas that evolves from fluid extrusion material in pre-heater 318 separates from the extrusion material in a communication channel 322 and escapes out of the extruder through a rotary seal 324 at the entrance to the second stage of pressurization.
The feed rate of the extrusion material through the first stage of pressurization can be regulated by back pressure from the second stage, by feedback from the output pressure of the first stage, or a combination of feedback mechanisms. In FIG. 3, a pressure sensor 326 is coupled to communication channel 322 and provides signals indicative of the pressure therein to a controller which, in turn, regulates the feed rate of tractor drive 302.
The second stage of pressurization includes a conical viscosity pump 330, as described by J. S.Batchelder et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,224. Fluid extrusion material 320 from communication channel 322 feeds into a rotary impeller 332 which a variable speed motor 336 rotates in a female collet 334 to drive the fluid extrusion material towards and out of a removable nozzle 338 and orifice 340.
The design shown in FIG. 3 addresses the need for high pressures, quick pressure agility, and pressure uniformity. The first stage prevents the pump from starving or cavitating at its input when used with high viscosity extrusion materials. Other second stages include gear pumps, oscillating piston pumps, vane pumps, single and dual worm pumps, etc..
Extrusion Material Packaging: By the nature of layered manufacturing, a substantial amount of extrusion material is dispensed in the process of creating a part; typical deposition rates are between 0.1 and 10 cubic inches per hour. If the extrusion material is constrained to be of a single type within the system, a number of material handling techniques are effective. These include filament from spools, fluid feed from a remote reservoir, pellet feed from a hopper, and slug feed from a magazine.
In the preferred embodiments, solid wafers of source extrusion material are used. The dimensions of the wafers are determined as follows. Pre-heater entrance 316 has a rectangular opening of height H and width W, and pre-heater 318 has a straight passage of length L. At the maximum extrusion rate Q of the system, the dwell time .tau..sub.dwell of the extrusion material in this straight section (assuming plug flow) is
.tau..sub.dwell =L.multidot.H.multidot.W/Q
The melt time required for sufficient heat to diffuse from the inner surfaces of pre-heater 318 through the extrusion material is characterized by an exponential decay time constant of
.tau..sub.dwell =H.sup.2 .multidot..rho..multidot.C/K.multidot..pi..sup.2
where K, C, and .rho. are the thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and density of the extrusion material, respectively. Since the dwell time must be at least as large as about three exponential melt times, a requirement is that the thickness H of the entrance, and therefore the thickness of the wafers, satisfy the constraint:
H.ltoreq.L.multidot.W.multidot.K.multidot..pi..sup.2 /3.multidot.Q.multidot..rho..multidot.C
In the preferred embodiment, the need to keep the extruder small in size and mass plus mechanical interference restrictions constrain L and W to be at most about 1 inch and 0.75 inches, respectively. K for the thermoplastic polymers is about 0.2 watts per (meter degree Centigrade), .rho. is about 1.2 gram per cubic centimeter, and C is about 1.3 joules per (gram degree Centigrade). Therefore for a maximum extrusion rate of 10 cubic inches per hour, the thickness of the wafers should be less than 0.18 inches. A wafer should not be substantially thinner than this limit in order that it not buckle or bend as tractor 302 drives the wafer into the pre-heater 318.
FIG. 4a shows an example of a wafer 402. Typical dimensions are H=0.15 inches, W=0.75 inches, and length of 2 inches. Since tractor 302 impels a sequence of wafers 402 into the pre-heater entrance 316, it is preferable to shape the leading end of each wafer so that it mates with the trailing end of a wafer and resists shear. A preferred embodiment of wafer 402 includes a leading edge 404 which is shaped to mate in a grooved trailing edge 406. This design has the advantage that leading edge 404 guides wafer 402 through the entrance of pre-heater 318.
FIG. 4b shows an alternative embodiment where wafer 408 has a keyed tongue 410 that mates with a keyed groove 412 and allows tensile as well as compressive force to be transmitted through a junction of two wafers.
Wafers require an additional level of packaging. They need to be kept free from particulate contamination during storage and handling. They also often need to be isolated from water vapor. They need to be clustered in a package that is easy to handle, which can be loaded and unloaded into a system by an unskilled operator, and which can be unloaded when the wafers in the package have been partially or fully consumed. When an extruder must change from one type of extrusion material to another during fabrication of a part, both types of material must be accessible to the extruder. If the system is expected to build sequential parts out of different extrusion materials without operator intervention, each material must be stored in the system. If several extruders are capable of depositing different materials within the system, then those different materials must be accessible to each extruder.
FIG. 5a shows a preferred embodiment of a cassette 504 which stores plural wafers 502. A spring loaded slider 505, via pressure plate 506, keeps wafers 502 pressed towards the front of the cassette 504 as wafers 502 are removed from the cassette. Cassette 504 encloses the wafers on at least four sides; during storage a removable tape (not shown) traps the front wafer. Cassette 504 will typically be shipped in shrink wrap.
In use cassette 504 is manually inserted into a cassette holder 508 which orients cassette 504 under a stapling mechanism 510 and applies force to pressure plate 506 through a constant force spring 512 and arm 514 which extends through a slot 532 in the top of cassette 504 (see FIG. 5b) to advance the wafers as they are consumed.
Stapler 510 contains a drive motor 512, a gear drive 514, a lead screw 516, and a combination nut and stapler tooth 518. On demand, tractor 302 is oriented under the cassette 502, and stapler tooth 518 passes through a slot 530 (FIG. 5b) in the front of cassette 504 and presses a frontmost wafer 502 through exit slot 522 in the cassette and seats it in tractor 302.
An electronically readable and writable device 524, such as an electrically erasable read only memory, is attached to the cassette 504 so that electrical contact is made to the control system through a connector 526 when the cassette is manually inserted. Device 524 performs as an electronic tag with a variety of functions. It inform the control system of the type of extrusion material that is in the cassette and of the proper extrusion parameters for dispensing the material. It can record the current number of wafers in the cassette and provide a cassette serial number.
Operator Free Functioning: Many functions of layered manufacturing are performed by the people that operate the extrusion machines. Such functions include system mechanical alignment, part initialization and removal, and deposition process improvement. FIG. 6 shows a sensor which relieves the operator of many alignment functions. One or more magnetic sensors 602 are embedded in a build platen 604 and provide information to the control system before the start of part building on the relative orientation of the extruder and the substrate. The conical outer surface of nozzle 606 is at least partially formed from a ferromagnetic material. Sensor 602 is a toroid of high magnetic permeability material 608, with one face removed to form a cavity 610 corresponding to the shape of nozzle 606. A winding 612 through the center of the toroid creates an inductor whose inductance varies with the position of nozzle 606. The nozzle position with respect to the sensor can be detected with three displacement degrees of freedom.
The illustrated sensing technique is preferred as it is insensitive to the temperature of nozzle 606 and possible coatings of extrusion material on nozzle 606 of indeterminate thickness. Alternative sensor techniques include thermocouples, pressure switches, strain gages, capacitance sensors, infrared detectors, optical transmitters and receivers, and acoustic ranging.
It is preferred that parts deposited on a removable substrate 614 be strongly adhered thereto to overcome two effects. Strains generated within the extruded material tend to warp the deposited structures unless the structures are supported in their correct orientation. In addition there are forces from the deposition process itself, such as pull from the nozzle and centripetal acceleration on parts that are not stationary, that tend to distort the deposited structures. It is also necessary for the parts deposited on substrate 614 to be weakly adhered thereto in order that the parts might be removed from the extrusion apparatus without damage.
These contradictory requirements are resolved in the preferred embodiment by pre-coating substrate 614 with a thermoplastic adhesive 616 that melts at a lower temperature than the extrusion material. Heater elements in build platen 604 (not shown) allow the part to be released from the substrate after the completion of the part.
Since removable substrate 614 becomes a defining surface for the parts being built, it must be held in a well defined configuration; in the preferred embodiments it approximates a plane. To reduce the weight and cost of consumable substrates 614, they are made thin enough that they are flexible, and their planarity is ensured by the flatness of build platen 604.
In the preferred embodiments, build platen 604 is formed by first casting a frame and attaching three precision parallel rails. The frame is suspended by these rails over a precision surface plate and the gap between the surface plate and the frame is filled with a settable composite such as a combination of epoxy and aluminum particles. The resulting platen is globally flat, light, and inexpensive to manufacture.
The number of process variables required to characterize and control typical layered manufacturing systems is usually in the hundreds. Tuning these variables for optimal part quality is typically performed by skilled operators. The most critical of these variables need automatic adjustment in a simple stand alone system. The key variable in the preferred embodiment that requires continual small adjustments is the calibration of the viscosity pump used in the second stage of pressurization. This calibration is performed by noting the wafer consumption entering the pre-heater and comparing it over time with the pre-determined wafer consumption. In the preferred embodiment the wafer consumption is measured by an optical encoder 312 (see FIG. 3) that is attached to the idle or non-driving belt of tractor 302.
An important element of operator-free functioning is for a layered manufacturing system to blend smoothly into the environment where it will be used. Typically this requires that the system exist on a local area network (LAN) and behave in a manner similar to a laser printer or other printer, accepting spooled files from a server, handling queues of requests, and responding to queries with status information. To minimize the intrusion of the system into its environment, the preferred embodiment is internally compensated so as to not transmit lateral vibration to its support. A preferred embodiment isolates mechanical noise and vibration produced by the system's environment from the deposition system by attaching all deposition functions to an inertial ground plane and attaching the inertial ground plane to a chassis by vibration isolators. The inertial ground plane is a vertically oriented cast rectangular frame.
To minimize the number of mechanical linkages between moving components and the inertial ground plane, the extruder attaches directly to a linear bearing on the inertial ground plane. The motion of the extruder (taken to be in the X direction) is compensated by a counterweight that is attached to the same drive belt as the extruder and is attached to linear bearings on the opposite side of the inertial ground plane. The horizontal motion of the platen (taken to be in the Y direction) is similarly compensated by a counterweight that rides on a linear bearing directly underneath the platen and moves in the opposite direction as the platen. The vertical motion of the platen and its counterweight is performed by a pair of belts and has no counterweights.
Volatiles from the extrusion process are removed from the air returned to the ambient environment in the preferred embodiment by exhausting air back into the room through activated charcoal filters.
It should be understood that the foregoing description is only illustrative of the invention. Various alternatives and modifications can be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. For instance, while the materials referred to above have been, in general, themoplastics, those skilled in the art will realize that other materials can be used with the invention, such as liquid metals, ceramic slurries, composites, etc. Accordingly, the present invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variances which fall within the scope of the appended claims.
1. Apparatus for making a three-dimensional physical object by sequentially depositing, in a pattern, multiple layers of a solidifiable material on a support member, said apparatus comprising:
- nozzle means for providing an extruded material;
- pump means having an input and an output, said output in fluid communication with said nozzle means and providing a pressurized flow of said solidifiable material in a fluid state to said nozzle means;
- motive means coupled to said pump means for enabling said pump means to provide a variable level of pressurization and rate of flow of said solidifiable material to said nozzle means; and
- a pressurization stage having an outlet coupled to said inlet of said pump means, for providing to said inlet said solidifiable material in a fluid state and at a determined pressure which assures, for all operational levels of pressurization and rates of flow in said pump means, that a continuous quantity of said solidifiable material is available at said inlet for continuous operation of said pump means, assuring an uninterrupted flow of said solidifiable material to and through said nozzle means, said solidifiable material supplied to said pressurization stage as a solid, said pressurization stage including:
- a conduit for receiving said solid and for applying heat thereto to convert said solid to a fluid state of said solidifiable material; and
- drive means for physically impelling said solid into said conduit so as to pressurize said fluid state of said solidifiable material to said determined pressure.
2. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein said solid solidifiable material is supplied to said drive means in said pressurization stage as a series of solid wafers.
3. The apparatus as recited in claim 2, wherein each said wafer is provided with a formed nonplanar leading surface and a formed nonplanar following surface, said leading surface of a wafer formed to nest with a following surface of a next wafer.
4. The apparatus as recited in claim 2, wherein said drive means comprises:
- first and second belt drives disposed in opposition about a feed path, for receiving said wafers between belts of said belt drives and imparting a driving motion thereto.
5. The apparatus a recited in claim 2, further comprising:
- removable cassette means for holding a plurality of said wafers;
- a holder juxtaposed to said drive means for receiving a cassette means; and
- means for removing individual wafers from said cassette means and for causing said wafers to enter said drive means.
6. The apparatus as recited in claim 5, wherein each said cassette means includes an electronically readable data store, said holder including connector means for coupling to said data store upon an insertion of a cassette into said holder, whereby data in said data store is made available to an exterior controller.
7. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein said pump means is a viscosity pump comprising a rotary impeller connected to said motive means, and a mating collet surrounding said impeller, said mating collet coupled to said nozzle means.
8. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, further comprising:
- a removable substrate for receiving said solidifiable material from said nozzle means;
- a platen for supporting said removable substrate;
- means for causing relative movement between said platen and said nozzle means to enable controlled deposition of said solidifiable material on said substrate; and
- means for adhering said substrate to said platen.
9. The apparatus as recited in claim 8, wherein said removable substrate comprises a support and an adhesive coating for receiving said solidifiable material, said adhesive coating having a melting point temperature that is lower than a melting point temperature of said solidifiable material, whereby deposition of fluid state solidifiable material causes a melting of an underlying area of said adhesive coating and a hardening thereof occurs as said solidifiable material solidifies.
10. The apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein said support is a sheet of a magnetic material and said platen includes magnetic means for attracting said magnetic material.
11. The apparatus as recited in claim 8, wherein said platen includes at least one magnetic sensor and said nozzle means is comprised of a magnetic material, said magnetic sensor providing a signal to a controller for enabling control of said means for causing relative movement.
12. An apparatus for providing wafers of solidifiable material to an extruder, comprising:
- removable cassette means for holding a plurality of said wafers;
- a holder for receiving a cassette means; and
- means for removing individual wafers from said cassette means and for causing said wafers to pass to said extruder.
13. The apparatus as recited in claim 12, wherein each said cassette means includes an electronically readable data store, said holder including connector means for coupling to said data store upon an insertion of a cassette into said holder, whereby data in said data store is made available to an exterior controller of said extruder.
14. The apparatus as recited in claim 12, wherein each said wafer is provided with a formed nonplanar leading surface and a formed nonplanar following surface, said leading surface of a wafer formed to nest with a following surface of a next wafer.
15. The apparatus as recited in claim 12, wherein said extruder includes a pressurizing drive means for receiving said wafers from said cassette and comprises:
- first and second belt drives disposed in opposition about a feed path, for receiving said wafers between belts of said belt drives and imparting a driving motion thereto which forces said wafers into a fluidizing conduit of said extruder.
16. A method for making a three-dimensional physical object by sequentially depositing, in a pattern, multiple layers of a solidifiable material on a support member, said method employing apparatus which includes a nozzle means for providing an extruded material, pump means having an input and an output, said output in fluid communication with said nozzle means and providing a pressurized flow of said solidifiable material in a fluid state to said nozzle means, motive means for enabling said pump means to provide a variable level of pressurization and rate of flow of said solidifiable material to said nozzle means and a pressurization stage having an outlet coupled to said inlet of said pump means, for providing to said inlet said solidifiable material in a fluid state, said method comprising the steps of:
- controlling said motive means to cause said pump means to provide a continuous flow of said solidifiable material to said nozzle means; and
- feeding a solid form of said solidifiable material to said pressurization stage at a rate and with an amount of force which assures that a determined pressure is created in said pressurization means which further assures, for all operational levels of pressurization and rates of flow created by operation of said pump means, that a continuous quantity of said solidifiable material is available at said inlet for continuous operation of said pump means, thereby assuring an uninterrupted flow of said solidifiable material to and through said nozzle means.
|March 1896
|April 1925
|January 20, 1976
|March 13, 1984
|Jackson et al.
|May 12, 1987
|June 7, 1988
|August 6, 1991
|Pratt et al.
|October 22, 1991
|Yamane et al.
|June 9, 1992
|July 28, 1992
|March 9, 1993
|Hull et al.
|April 12, 1994
|Batchelder et al.
|May 17, 1994
|Batchelder et al.
|August 23, 1994
|March 28, 1995
|Batchelder et al.
|May 21, 1996
|October 22, 1996
|Ando et al.
|November 19, 1996
|February 4, 1997
|December 1989
Type: Grant
Filed: Nov 13, 1995
Date of Patent: Jun 9, 1998
Assignee: Stratasys Inc. (Eden Prairie, MN)
Inventors: John Samuel Batchelder (Somers, NY), Robert R. Jackson (Millbrook, NY)
Primary Examiner: Emanuel T. Voeltz
Assistant Examiner: Than Q. Dam
Law Firm: Ohlandt, Greeley, Ruggiero & Perle
Application Number: 8/556,583
International Classification: G06F 1900; B29C 4738;


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The Accounting Historians Journal Vol. 10, No. 2 Fall 1983 Vahé Baladouni UNIVERSITY OF NEW ORLEANS ACCOUNTING IN THE EARLY YEARS OF THE EAST INDIA COMPANY Abstract: Although the account-books of the East India Company for the period 1600-1657 are lost, an almost complete series of minutes and other documents make the exploration of accounting in this great mercantile company possible. The present study provides a brief historical note on the rise of the English joint-stock company and then proceeds to examine (1) the general state of accounting affairs; (2) the functional organization of the accounting activity; and (3) the order and method of accounting in the East India Company. The original charter of the East India Company was granted by Queen Elizabeth on December 31, 1600. It gave some two hundred and twenty adventurers the legal right to be "one body corporate" under the name of the Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies. It also gave them the right to corporate succession with power to admit and expel members, to receive, hold and grant property, to sue and be sued in the corpo-rate name and use a common seal.1 This select, corporately organ-ized group of merchants was given monopoly rights to trade in the seas east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the straits of Magellan. At the same time that it served as the British govern-ment's long arm in colonial activity, this great mercantile company carried on a highly profitable trade for its shareholders for over two and a half centuries. Although the corporate enterprise—namely, the joint-stock com-pany—emerged in England in the second half of the sixteenth century, it was not until the foundation of the East India Company that this type of organization assumed a definitive form and nomen-clature. From its inception to the present—a period of nearly four centures—the corporation has, through its many developmental changes, constituted a most challenging environment for the field of accounting. This article is limited to the exploration of account- The study was made possible by a grant from the American Philosophical Society. I acknowledge with thanks the assistance of Lydia Guydan, graduate assistant.


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Downey quickly departs SAS job
The San Antonio Symphony on Wednesday said its president and CEO, Jack Downey, has left after less than three months on the job following a budget dispute with organization's board chairman.
David Green, chief operating officer at the symphony's future home, the Tobin Center for the Performing Arts, will be the symphony's interim CEO while a search is conducted for a permanent chief executive, according to the symphony.
Green served as the organization's president from 2005 to 2008.
Symphony board Chairman Dennert Ware made the announcement at a Wednesday symphony staff meeting, citing "philosophical differences with Downey." The 72 musicians are on summer break before the 2013-14 performing season starts the first week of October.
"I have a tremendous amount of respect for Jack, but we were unable to reach agreement on a budget strategy," Ware said in a prepared statement. "We've worked hard to build momentum in this community, and we can't afford now to lose that momentum as we prepare next year to move into the Tobin Center" in September 2014.
Reached by telephone, Ware declined to elaborate on the symphony's budget situation. Asked if the symphony finished its 2012-13 season with debt, Ware said the budget year doesn't end until Aug. 31.
"We are still raising funds," Ware said.
Ware said a search committee will be formed to find a new president and CEO. "I'm going to take my time and do a thorough job," he said.
Downey's departure and Green's interim role means the symphony's top administrative position has been held by four different people since late November when then-President and CEO Jack Fishman suddenly announced his departure without revealing a reason other than it was a personal decision.
David Filner served as interim CEO for five months before returning to his previous artistic administrative duties. Downey, a retired U.S. Air Force officer with previous nonprofit experience running the Christian Senior Services, the Children's Shelter and the Briscoe Western Art Museum, was named permanent CEO on May 1.
Ware said in May that Downey had "built the Children's Shelter here into a national model, and we expect he will be just as successful" at the symphony.
With Downey's department, Ware said he turned to J. Bruce Bugg Jr., who heads the Tobin Center's foundation board, for executive help "while we regroup."
Both Green and Mike Fresher, the Tobin Center's recently appointed president and CEO, will work with the symphony during the executive search, Bugg said.
"Denny Ware contacted me, and I said that of course we're happy to help the symphony in this situation," Bugg added.
Bugg also said the Tobin Center leadership already is working on a shared-services arrangement with the symphony and other planned resident arts organizations to save on costs.
"The symphony stands to gain the most" from such arrangements, Bugg said, adding that discussions are continuing.
The announcement about Downey caught musicians by surprise.
"We don't know more about the situation" than what has been announced, said violinist Craig Sorgi, who chairs the symphony's contract negotiating committee, which is inactive at the moment. The musicians will enter the second year of a three-year contract after Aug. 31.
"We're sorry to see (Downey) is leaving," Sorgi said. "We're glad we had him, but we're happy to work with David Green. We've worked with him before. Obviously, the board will be doing a search for a new president, and we look forward to participating in the procedure."


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Welcome to Facts & Fixes, where you can quickly find useful public policy research and recommendations on key issues for the State of Minnesota.
Growth & Justice has compiled helpful information and practical ideas about how to spur economic growth for Minnesota and expand economic prosperity for the state and its residents. This resource serves citizens, business leaders, policymakers, legislators, other government officials, candidates for office and other stakeholders in Minnesota's future.


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Robert Anton: Home
Welcome. Take some time to look around. Check out my new music and the videos. Oh! Don't forget to sign up on the email list for upcoming free downloads and promotions.
Now come on in, kick off your shoes (or maybe not, lol), check out some cool music, and let's get to know each other. OH!! Make sure to sign the guest book before you leave. Be Blessed.


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Have you checked the amount of detergent used? Have you used fabric softener?
■ Using more than adequate amount of detergent will generate excessive foam and rinsing may not work.
■ Liquid detergent or natural detergent forms a considerable amount of foam compared to normal detergent,
therefore rinsing may not work.
How to fix
■ If you are concerned for foam left on laundry, try using fabric softener.
■ Fabric softener helps to wash foam away.
<Detergent and fabric softeners>
<Only detergent is used>
<Detergent and fabric softener are used - Foam is washed away>