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You may not be able to prevent ear infections entirely, but there are things you can do in your daily life and in caring for your children that may reduce the risk.
To reduce your children's risk of ear infections:
- Avoid exposure to cigarette smoke or smoke from wood-burning stoves.
- Consider breastfeeding your infant for at least the first 6 months.
- If you bottlefeed your baby, keep your baby's head upright as much as possible.
- Reduce exposure to environmental factors that might trigger allergic reactions.
- If your child has a history of ear infections, talk to the doctor about long-term antibiotic use.
- If your child has a history of ear infections, talk to the doctor about surgery.
- Try to avoid using a pacifier or use one only when your child goes to sleep.
- Make sure that your child receives all recommended immunizations.
- Use good hand washing techniques and other practices to avoid spreading germs.
- If your child snores, ask the doctor to check for enlarged adenoids.
- What should you do about daycare?
Cigarette smoke and smoke from wood-burning stoves irritate the mucous membranes and can make it easier for respiratory infections to travel to the middle ear. Try to quit smoking, but if you are unsuccessful, be sure that your children are not in the same room or car as a smoking adult. Try to avoid using a wood stove to heat your home. If you must use this form of heat, try to keep children away from the smoke.
Breast milk contains substances that are beneficial for your baby's immune system and may help your child resist ear infections. In addition, breast milk is less likely than formula to trigger an allergic reaction that could increase the risk of ear infection.
Never lay your baby down flat in bed with a bottle. In this position, fluid is more likely to fill the eustachian tubes. Try to hold your baby in an upright position or use one of the newer angled bottles.
The mucous membranes of children with allergies or asthma are more likely to become swollen, which reduces fluid drainage from the eustachian tubes. In some children, allergies are associated with prolonged or recurrent ear infections. In these children, exposure to environmental allergens, such as pet dander, increases mucus production and may lead to ear infections. If your child is allergic to a pet, try to find the animal a new home. If other environmental allergies are confirmed by your child's doctor, use foam pillows instead of feather or down, and try to wash bedding frequently in hot water. Avoid carpets in the bedroom if possible, and get rid of stuffed animals or keep them in a closet.
If your child has recurrent problems with fluid and infection in the ears, the doctor may recommend long-term antibiotics to prevent an infection. Long-term antibiotics are usually prescribed for a period longer than 6 weeks.
If your child has a history of ear infections, talk to the doctor about a surgical procedure called a myringotomy . During a myringotomy, tympanostomy tubes can be inserted into the middle ear to help prevent the accumulation of fluid.
Children who use pacifiers continuously are more likely to develop ear infections than those who use them only when going to sleep. Avoid using a pacifier or try to wean your child from the pacifier by the time they are 1 year old. If you are unsuccessful, set rules for when the pacifier can be used. Wash the pacifier and/or replace it frequently, especially after a cold , sore throat , or other respiratory infection.
Keeping your child up-to-date on immunizations can reduce the risk of illness. For example, the pneumococcal vaccine is effective in preventing some types of middle ear infections caused by pneumococcal infection. Evidence is still unclear about whether it can reduce the overall number of middle ear infections.
Your child should also receive a yearly flu shot , especially if they have asthma or other chronic health conditions or if they attend daycare.
Wash your hands frequently, and teach your children to do the same, especially after blowing their noses. If your child chews on toys, keep those toys separate and wash them thoroughly before they are played with again. Teach your children to cover their mouths with a disposable tissue when they cough or sneeze and to throw the tissue away immediately.
The adenoids are tonsil-like structures located in the back of the nose, invisible to normal methods of examination of either the nose or throat. When adenoids are large, children tend to mouth-breathe, and they may snore at night. Many children with enlarged adenoids have a nasal sounding voice because of obstruction. The eustachian tubes open into the nose close to the adenoids, and their opening may be blocked when adenoids are enlarged. Blocked eustachian tubes are among the causes of chronic middle ear infection. In some cases, the doctor may recommend that your child have their adenoids removed . While this surgery has not been shown to stop middle ear infections from occurring, it can help to get rid of fluid build-up in the ear.
For most families today, there are not many alternatives to group care. Daycare has some health risks, but it may also have significant and lasting health benefits. Children who go to daycare in the first year or 2 of life are more likely to develop ear infections because they catch more frequent viral infections from others. However, daycare may have health benefits, as well. Children in daycare may be less likely to eventually develop asthma and other allergic conditions—especially if their mothers do not have asthma.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Marcie L. Sidman, MD
- Review Date: 09/2018 -
- Update Date: 09/17/2014 -


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My NY Mets sketchbook. I create an entry after each Mets game or commentary on the crazy stuff going on around the team.
Love it. Thanks
See, I know a good Idea when I hear it! LOLThanks. Hope you like it.
Thanks to both of you for this one!This came out great - and pretty much sums up the plight of this season's struggle.

subset: commoncrawl


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how do you locate the writers and contributers to volume magazine? or do the people pitch at you as same old cousin way?
the article by neil denari made an interesting critque on current practice that architects tend to made decorative form through being hypersensitve to parametric influence rather than a monster box of resistant.
quite agitating!!
reading some of the posts here and reading inaba's forward to 'agitation' issue of volume, i see an attempt to call for agitators to ummm, institutionalize themselves? that is a last thing an agitator would do probably.
so, this might turn into get your agitator lapel bad boy? bunch of 18$ bad boys? ha. i see.
last mounth i asked a teaching job from a woodbury uni. director who asked me what i would teach and i directly said i would agitate a little and he turned around and left me without saying anything in the middle of the party and start to talk to a minor prof. about taking students to istanbul where i grew up. i am really broke as well.
orhan, is it the agitators institutionalizing themselves or known, recognized architecture institutions attempting to 'mix it up' within the general culture?
if the latter, it seems like more of a coopting/colonizing of an idea of a more broad/general culture - an attempt to make the institutions seem more grounded and relevant.
attempting to mix it up with general culture is not happening in effective ways.
i am compelled to comment here regarding to educational aspect because it has not been a week yet i was in that
architecture education summit 2007 in sci arc.
what i saw there was a close knit 'cushy' job guarding arch education cadre of people with little room for foreigners in their turf. geoff and mark wigley called these other discipline or less than typical agitators 'extra architecturals' in geoff,s now famous interview.
architecture loves the agitators from a distance. not in my backyard is a good word here.
institutionalizing nay sayers, bad boys and, let's say, agitators, seem to be a new marketing technic for attracting students for schools who are quickly running out of new ideas and methods and departing points.
i have not read volume magazine but looking at their contents of agitation issue, i have noticed a few names who were not agitators before but put forward now, as names associated with bad boyism.
what did neil denari agitated in his time at sci arc? what is he agitating now?
as far as the format goes, i see similar concept of marketing che tee shirts for hi fashion market.
i am little cryriptic here, i know i am. i do not have to be so elequent when i am giving sidewalk interviews. do i?
and yes steven, it is the latter.
the contributors, editors, and minds behind volume are holding court over a well-financed, clever, and articulate journal, as they should. i admire their intellect and dedication. strangely, the efforts to simultaneously subvert and reinvent are undermined by a certain coolness...a frigid deconstruction of architecture and culture that supports an even frostier view of the typically unusual. i'm hoping that with additional media, and without the precious cryo-packaging, the magazine will resemble something in which the dialoge can extend beyond the usual suspects who were unusually interred.
there seems to be great effort in the claims of de-territorialisation and displacement - that consists of people from both sides of the Atlantic. It is even a perceived automation that that will create a hybrid magazine. I must however question that claim when the individuals that make up this camp (from either side of the pond), by their works and customs bear stronger similarities than differences.
My question, to those that be, is what is the likelihood and or level input expected from what Stuart Hall refers to as the "other" voices, those from the Diaspora and/or Third World. Or are we to expect you to speak for and interpret.
I think what people are remarking on is the difficulty of trying to speak from the outside.
An institution can't simply deterritorialise and slip outside itself: the territoralising forces are too strong. Speaking from outside oneself is always going to be an odd game of mirrors and sleights of hand. One one side there is the risk of unproblematically assimilating the external voices into the institutional discourse, and on the other side there is the risk of caricaturing the other as entirely unthinkable by an institution. I think that trying to give Volume multiple centres is a valuable strategy for attempting to disrupt this institutional edge. Of course it can't simply erase it or pretend this disruption can occur unproblematically, but that doesn't mean it isn't work pursuing at all.
Of course. Revolutions always get appropriated. But I don't think Volume is trying to be revolutionary, just critical.
this is all simply a post modern critique. post modern in the lit/crit sense and not in the way it is interpreted by architects. and anyway these guys have a knowable future. its called tenure.
But does that mean they shouldn't bother trying to think outside the borders of their respective institutions?
how can you not think outside your respective institution? that is if you are a thinker of course. which not everybody is...
I'm not so sure it's that easy to think outside our institutions, idealisation of thinkers aside.
It seems to be a critical enterprise in the Kantian sense of 'criticism' - the examining of limits. I haven't seen the issue, so my comment is obviously fairly limited.
I'd like to respond to this: The price doesn't mean that it can't address issues politically, but it certainly limits its influence. How long do you want Volume to be around for? There is a grand history of gorgeous, expensive magazines being critically acclaimed but not financially viable, and folding quickly. The beauty and buzz of Brodovitch could only keep Portfolio around for three issues. Wallpaper is practically the undead by comparison, having made it for a whole six years!
Would Volume rather continue to be produced for decades, reaching a broad audience and influencing taste and education, or be one of these beautiful short-lived experiments?
in a post modern age meta narratives are supplanted by paralogy. read your lyotard man.
I don't believe the term 'post-modern' actually describes anything useful, myself. In my summary understanding paralogy amounts to polite, critical discussion.
so, the magazine is going to feature creativity under difficult cultural and economic circumstances... and then sell that feature in glossy pages at $20 per issue? isn't this glamorizing the poor? and i love glossy diagrams as much as any architect, but isn't there something basically strange about this? not that an article on economic duress should be published in cheap paper, but... i actually don't have an argument here. sorry, carry on. wait.
i have questions, for whoever cares to address them...
who does the magazine represent? what are the magazine's voices? is it columbia/amo/nai? how is that not the academic establishment?
how do you choose your writers? you speak of curatorial efforts over critical. but whose efforts are you curating? is it only columbia students/amo employees/nai students?
how do you avoid sinking into ornamental, uber hip coffee table adornment?
i guess i wouldn't be asking these questions if i could actually buy the magazine, but you see, i can't. maybe when you start selling it in third world countries instead of just featuring us, that'll change. i'm intrigued by those south american images, though, because i'm trying to find the logic and the year that that color combo would have worked, politically, but i can't so far.
i have not read the recent mags so my understanding is hindered by that big gap, but the approach as it is described in the vignettes above appears to be "agitation" for its own sake, without direction or intention other than to provoke a little bit of thought. It feels more novel (and mildly condescending and clique-ish) than creative in that sense and i wonder, why bother?
is agitation of the "15 minutes of fame" variety worth pursuing? The idea is simply to stir a bit and see if anything useful pops up? Magazine as performance art?
"...Look at me I'm doing something unexpected! No wait, look again, now I'm doing something else you didn't expect! Please, Please, look at me!"
I suppose I am wondering how all of this is relevant?
i would never pay 20 bucks for a magazine. i might shoplift it though as i see this as an agitated reaction to the double sawbuck pricetag.
I don't buy Volume because it's too cheap. If I'm not paying at least $100.00 for a magazine, then it's just not worth it.
I usually lurk on this website under a more well-known pseudonym ... but, reading Mark's, Ole's, and Jeffrey's dialogue reminds me of a term Jonathan Crary deployed in a class here at Yale only a couple of weeks ago: the attention economy. The term's curious genealogy aside (I believe it was coined by the political scientist Herbert Simon), what was remarkable about Crary's speech is that he reiterated the idea that the attention economy not only operates as a type of panacea, an anodyne that relieves the vicissitudes of boredom, but that such operation is the sina qua non of contemporariness. The attention economy, in all its guises and manifestations, was labor intensive and therefore burdensome. In other words, keeping people interested is hard work indeed.
Which brings me to Volume. I am thinking specifically of the introduction to this discussion, specifically where Mark references the Clip/Stamp/Fold exhibition at The Storefront for Art and Architecture. Although I understand the impulse to locate Volume as part of a trajectory that includes such magazines, I was wondering how it negotiates the issue of urgency. Long-gone publications like Ghost Dance Times, Arquitecturas Bis and others were responsive. It was the urgency of then-current predicaments that inspired the myriad responses that Clip/Stamp/fold beautifully evoked. Although Volume hints at the notion of crisis, or begs the question, What Crisis?, I wonder if its publication suffers from the burdens of an attention economy? Is the attention economy something that drives publications such as Volume today? Is Volume a symptomatic response? How would one characterize the smart "responses" that publications such as Volume, Monocle, and n+1 seem to deploy?
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In the over 20,000 file-sharing cases filed so far, the RIAA has relied on a simple procedure: scour P2P networks for shared music, file a John Doe lawsuit to learn the identity of the account-holder responsible for the IP address flagged by the RIAA's investigative arm, and, if the account-holder doesn't agree to the RIAA's settlement terms, file a lawsuit using a boilerplate complaint. A federal judge in California has now refused to grant the RIAA a judgment based on just such a complaint, forcing the RIAA to draw up a new complaint containing specifics.
Yolanda Rodriguez was sued by the record labels for copyright infringement in November of last year. Apparently, Rodriguez is of the "ignore the problem and hope it will go away" mindset, as she never filed an answer to the complaint, and a search of the case history shows no action on her part to fight the lawsuit.
Given Rodriguez's inaction, the clerk entered a notice of default this past April. In July, the record labels asked the court for a default judgment in the amount of $3,750 (five songs at $750 each) plus $420 in court costs. Judge Rudi M. Brewster declined to give the RIAA what it was asking for, ruling that the plaintiffs' boilerplate complaint "fails to sufficiently state a claim upon which relief may be granted."
Drawing on the recent Bell Atlantic v. Twombly case decided by the Supreme Court, Judge Brewster held that the RIAA's complaint wasn't sufficient to merit a default judgment. "[O]ther than the bare conclusory statement that on 'information and belief, Defendant has downloaded, distributed and/or made available for distribution to the public copyrighted works, Plaintiffs have presented no facts that would indicate that this allegation is anything more than speculation," wrote the judge. "The complaint is simply a boilerplate listing of the elements of copyright infringement without any facts pertaining specifically to the instant Defendant."
Bell Atlantic v. Twombly involved allegations that the Baby Bells engaged in an anticompetitive conspiracy to hinder local phone and broadband competition. The Supreme Court ruled that the mere fact that a conspiracy was conceivable and that the companies engaged in conduct that supported the conspiracy allegations wasn't enough for a lawsuit to proceed.
Judge Brewster vacated the entry of default but gave the RIAA 30 days to refile the complaint and serve Rodriguez with it. It took the RIAA little less than a week to file an amended complaint. In contrast to the original complaint, which was extremely short on specifics, the RIAA's latest filing offers more in the way of details. Those details include the date the RIAA spotted the PC it believes was used by Rodriguez on Gnutella, the IP address, and a list of recordings in the user's shared folder.
There's still a great deal of "information and belief," however. The RIAA is "informed and believe[s]" that Rodriguez "had continuously used and continued to use a P2P network to download and/or distribute to the public" the files contained in the shared folder as well as "additional sound recordings owned by or exclusively licensed to" the labels.
In fact, the only significant difference between the original and amended complaint are the dates, IP address, the name of the network, and screenshots showing each and every file seen in the shared folder allegedly residing on Rodriguez's PC. Of course, if Rodriguez once again fails to show up in court, that may be enough to grant a default judgment.
Judge Brewster's decision may have ramifications for two contested lawsuits, Elektra v. Barker and Warner v. Cassin. The judges in both cases have indicated their intention to rule on a central facet of the RIAA's complaints, that making a song available over a P2P network constitutes copyright infringement. Copyright attorney Ray Beckerman, who is defending both Barker and Cassin, points out that the judge's ruling in Interscope v. Rodriguez supports the arguments made in the other two cases.


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Pioneer feminist Henrietta Augusta Dugdale holds an important place in Australian history. Her fearless campaigning resulted in breakthroughs in womens' rights in Australia throughout the nineteenth century. This biography of a thrice-married woman, who was born in St Pancras, London and died 91 years later at Point Lonsdale, Victoria, seeks to understand why and how she came to Australia, became a vegetarian, a secularist, initiated the first femal suffrage society in Australasia and, in her late middle age, published a futuristic allegory titled A Few Hours in a Far Off Age.
This meticulously researched book offers an illuminating insight into the formation of the Australian women's movement. The author, Susan Priestley, is a past president of the Royal Historical Society of Victoria.
Launched this week at the Athenaeum Library, the book is now available at the RHSV for $35 plus post and handling.
Update: Now that the invoice has been located, it appears that the RRP is $30, plus p&h - even more of a bargain!
Update: Now that the invoice has been located, it appears that the RRP is $30, plus p&h - even more of a bargain!


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A.L.S. January 15, 1882. �Sister� [Roxana Chapin Gerdine] to �Dear Sister� [Emily McKinstry Chapin]. 4pp. Note: Part of the last page continues onto the front of the first page.)
about those risings under your arms are they going away do they give you any trouble at all? I think Dr. Dale & Mrs. Doleful with their big doses of Calomel have got you all right. if you had taken it a year sooner you might never have had them. I am glad you like your teeth next year get a wig and you will look fine. I think I shall have to get one. Love to all Sister"
Jan 15th/ 82"
Dear Sister"
The years are fast flying- I have not had time to write you this year before Christmas vacation which I had looked forward to with expectation of quiet and rest passed and left me about as it found me. we have had a terribly rainy, dreary winter warm enough to be sure, as I wrote you before the flowers are blooming in the yard violets and hyacinths, the latter always make me feel sad as they remind me of Lucy. The verbenas are also in bloom but as far as eye can reach nearly the county is one sheet of water. Chapin & Lynne have just recovered from the measles but I am keeping them close for fear they will take cold.
I bought a pack of early [illegible word] Potatoes for planting last week not nearly as nice as yours for 60 cts pr. pack and sighed as I thought of the nice ones stored away in your cellar. I am glad that you enjoy your fellowship meetings so much & sorry that we have no one to fellowship with. I am sorry that Edward can see no way through his affairs. but do not quite understand


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For non-Biology and non-Pre-Professional majors:
In addition to completing the requirements of the liberal arts core and completion of the requirements for a major in another area, the following courses must be taken to qualify as a Chemistry Minor. There can be no duplication of course work in this minor. If any of the following courses are required by one's major, a total of 26 hours of credit for the minor in Chemistry. A grade of "C-" or higher in each course is required.
SC 220, 221 (Chemistry I & II) 8 hrs.
SC 320, 321 (Organic Chemistry I & II) 8 hrs.
SC 351 (Intro to Research) 2 hrs.
SC 420, 421 (Biochemistry I & II) 8 hrs.
Total 26 hrs.


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A contract dispute in Canada centers on what's being called a million-dollar comma. Canada's telecommunications regulator has decided that a misplaced comma in a contract concerning telephone poles will allow a company to save an estimated 2 million dollars (Canadian).
The contract between cable company Rogers Communications and telephone company Bell Aliant allowed Rogers to use Bell Aliant's telephone polls. Bell Aliant sought to get out of the deal.
Canada's telecommunications regulator said the case hinged on the placement of the second comma in this clause:
"This agreement shall be effective from the date it is made and shall continue in force for a period of five (5) years from the date it is made, and thereafter for successive five (5) year terms, unless and until terminated by one year prior notice in writing by either party."
Rogers had insisted the contract was good for at least five years; Aliant said the comma denotes that the deal can be terminated at five years -- or before, as long as one year's notice is given.
The devil is always in the details.
Many thanks to Nicole for sending me the link.


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imagineinternet needed a new web page design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 32 designs submitted by 21 freelance designers.
Local Doctor that needs a re-design of his site
Accepted File Formats:
Original PSD and any non-standard fonts used
Here is the project brief: http://dev.imagineinternet.net/db/P…tBrief.pdf
I have also assembled several image comps that can be used for the design. We will pay for licensing: http://dev.imagineinternet.net/db/stuff.zip
Thanks for looking!


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Directory listings for Workplace Choirs in Woking
Available in: Woking
Services: Workplace Choirs, Choral Arrangements, Ukulele Workshops
Description: Ruby runs a number of community choirs across the area and has recently taken on a project at large banks. Her mostly classical repertoire is ideal for an older audience.MAKE ENQUIRY
Available in: Woking
Services: Workplace Choirs, Team Building, Conferences
Description: Music @ Work are the UK's leading provider of workplace choirs. We offer a 12 week performance program as well as ongoing weekly or monthly sessionsMAKE ENQUIRY VISIT WEBSITE
Available in: Woking
Services: Workplace Choirs, School Lessons, Workplace Tuition
Description: Neil has been running workplace choirs for over 10 years. He arranges all of the music himself and likes to add a jazzing twist to well-known songs.MAKE ENQUIRY


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Kashmiri Pulao
Kashmiri pulao is one of the rich, aromatic rice dishes. It can be served at any festivities or celebrations. Saffron or Zafran gives kashmiri pulao pretty golden yellow color and makes it looks appetizing. Here I'm sharing with you my version of Kashmiri Pulao.
For Kashmiri Pulao [5 servings]
Rice (Basmati) – 2 cups
Sweet Onion – 1/2 Medium size, Sliced
Cashews [kaju] – ½ cup (halved)
Golden Raisins [kishmish] – ½ cup
Almond slices [badam] – ½ cup
Walnuts [akharot]-1/4 cup
Saffron [kesar] – ½ tsp
Green Cardamom [Eliachi] – 5 whole
Cinnamon [dalchini] – 1 stick
Bay leaf [tej patta] – 2-3 whole
Cloves [laung] – 4
Milk – 2.5 cups
Ghee [Clarified butter] -1 tbsp
Cooking oil – 1tbsp
Salt to taste
1. Soak the rice in water for 1 hour.
2. Take 2 tbsp of warm milk and add saffron strands. Keep it aside till milk gets rich golden yellow color.
3. Cook the rice with 1 cup of water and 2.5 cup milk. Let the rice cool completely or let it sit in the refrigerator for couple of hours after cooking.
4. Heat a pan and add oil and ghee. Briefly sauté cashews, raisins, almond slices and walnuts and keep aside. Sauté sliced onions till golden brown and keep aside.
5. Now in the same pan with oil and ghee, add cloves, cardamom, cinnamon and bay leaf.
6. Add cooked rice carefully and mix well. Add fried onions and nuts to it.
7. Stir in saffron milk and cook for few more seconds.
8. Kashmiri Pulao is ready to serve.
Garnish Kashmiri pulao with fried nuts. Enjoy pulao at any meal time with raita and pickles.


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Voters in Tuesday's Michigan Republican primary were looking for a candidate who they thought could beat Barack Obama in November and they found him in Mitt Romney. The former Massachusetts governor won 61 percent voters who said the candidate quality that mattered most was the ability to defeat Obama.
Overall, 52 percent of Michigan voters said Romney was the Republican candidate most likely to defeat Obama in November; only 26 percent thought former Pennsylvania senator Rick Santorum was most likely to beat Obama.
An overwhelming majority of voters in Michigan — 54 percent — said the economy was the issue that most mattered in deciding how they voted, and 45 percent of them voted for Romney, compared to 29 percent who voted for Santorum.Romney romps among nearly all voter groups in Arizona primary
Other political news of note
Animated Boehner: 'There's nothing complex about the Keystone Pipeline!'
House Speaker John Boehner became animated Tuesday over the proposed Keystone Pipeline, castigating the Obama administration for not having approved the project yet.
- Budget deficits shrinking but set to grow after 2015
- Senate readies another volley on unemployment aid
- Obama faces Syria standstill
- Fluke files to run in California
- Animated Boehner: 'There's nothing complex about the Keystone Pipeline!'
Although Santorum has a long record of opposition to abortion, that issue was the deciding one for only 14 percent of voters. Nearly four out of five anti-abortion voters backed Santorum.
Thirty-one percent of Tuesday's voters in Michigan said someone in their household had lost their job or been laid off in the past three years: 42 percent of these voters favored Romney compared to 35 percent for Santorum.
These exit poll numbers may change slightly later Tuesday evening as more data becomes available.
Rick Santorum falls short in the Michigan and Arizona primaries but says his stances on the deficit, energy production and health care make him the best candidate to challenge Barack Obama.
Despite the fact that Michigan is home to the traditional Big Three automakers, 51 percent of Tuesday's voters said they disapproved of the federal government's 2009 bailout of General Motors and Chrysler. And among that group, Romney and Santorum were essentially tied.
Santorum had drawn some pundit criticism in the few days by accusing Obama of being snobbish because the president, in Santorum's words, "wants everybody in America to go to college." Santorum's remark was interpreted as an attempt to appeal to non-college educated Michiganders.NBC: Romney wins Michigan and Arizona
Those without a college degree accounted for nearly half of the Michigan electorate Tuesday, and they slightly preferred Santorum to Romney.
Santorum also did better among voters who said they had an annual family income of $50,000 or less, winning 40 percent to Romney's 35 percent.
As he has in other states, Romney ran well among more affluent voters, winning nearly half of those earning more than $100,000 a year.
The electorate in Tuesday's primary had relatively few people from labor union households: only 23 percent came from union households and those voters favored Santorum 45 percent to 27 percent for Romney.Crossover Democrats overwhelmingly back Santorum
Romney had accused Santorum of trying to "kidnap" the GOP primary by making robo-calls appealing to Democrats to vote for him, but Santorum's attempt appeared to fall short of success.
Only 9 percent of voters said they were Democrats and Santorum had the most appeal to them, winning 53 percent of self-identified Democrats. Romney and Rep. Ron Paul of Texas, who did not actively compete in Michigan, each won 17 percent of them.
Conservative voters were split with 43 percent saying they'd voted for Romney, 40 percent for Santorum, and 8 percent for Paul.
There was a slight gender gap in Tuesday's electorate with 42 percent of women favoring Romney while 37 percent said they backed Santorum. As he had in previous contests Romney did very well among voters age 65 and over, winning 48 percent of Santorum's 31 percent.
Santorum ran strongly among self-identified born-again Christians who accounted for 42 percent of the electorate in Michigan, winning half of them. But Romney, a Mormon, edged Santorum, a Catholic, among Catholic voters, getting 43 percent to Santorum's 37 percent.
© 2012 CNBC, Inc. All Rights Reserved


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Spotted Alex enjoying the Tennis at Wimbeldon. Great final !
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The 2012 AMSOIL STREET RODDER Road Tour Leg 4
The Ford Racing Week on Woodward Avenue—combining the fourth leg of the tour and a dream.
The Ford Racing "Week on Woodward" Tour was planned to be something very different from our normal Road Tours. For the first time in Road Tour history we would spend an entire week in one city. The logical choice was the Motor City and the logical time was August as Detroit gears up for the largest participant automotive event in the world: the Woodward Dream Cruise. It was also the first tour where another magazine would join in the fun of a Road Tour. Muscle Car Review Editor Drew Hardin joined us, and readers were also invited to join in the fun.
Our plans for Saturday included The Henry Ford, which is the official new name for the Henry Ford Museum and adjacent Greenfield Village complex. Most of the Road Tourians chose the Henry Ford Museum and the Ford River Rouge truck assembly plant as their destinations for the day. The new auto display area of the museum, Driving America, is now open and proved to be a big hit.
Sunday started with the daily drivers' meeting at 9 a.m. and then we headed down Michigan Avenue to the World Headquarters of Ford Motor Company. The Sunday before Woodward has for a number of years been the date of the Mustang Memories car show that is organized by the Mustang Owners Club of Southeastern Michigan. The show has grown to be the largest one-day gathering of Mustangs in the United States.
At 2 p.m. we headed to Milford and the famous Baker's Cruise that is, and has been, a fixture in Detroit for many years. Chris Baker and the Baker family have continued the Sunday night tradition started by Chris' father years ago.
Our first visit on Monday was to the new Pratt and Miller Restoration Shop. Pratt and Miller's expansion into the restoration and hot rod areas began just a few years ago. Like everything that the Pratt and Miller organization undertakes the restoration facilities are state of the art. Next was a stop at the headquarters of Lingenfelter Motorsports. Ken Lingenfelter has amassed one of the most amazing collections of high-performance and special-interest vehicles on the planet. Collection manager Mike Copeland introduced Ken who explained the history of his collection and interesting details about the vehicles on display. The Lingenfelter Collection focuses mainly on high-performance Chevrolet vehicles from the muscle car era but has plenty of other marques on display.
After lunch we traveled to the Roush Industries plant in Plymouth, Michigan. Manager Kevin McLaughlin provided an up-close look at what goes into a '13 Roush Mustang. The entire conversion takes place inside the plant and the Roush folks are proud of the fact that almost all of the components are manufactured in the United States and in many plants around the Detroit area.
Our afternoon of sensory overload concluded with a visit to the Roush Collection of race cars and special-interest vehicles. Cars that were driven by some of the most famous names in NASCAR were lined up inside the building.
Tuesday was history day on the Ford Racing Week on Woodward Tour. Our morning stop was at the Piquette Model T plant near downtown Detroit on Piquette Avenue. This was the first building where Henry Ford "mass produced" automobiles until 1911. It predates the assembly line concept.
After lunch we gathered in Grosse Point north of Detroit on the shores of Lake St. Clair. For over two hours we were all fascinated as we toured the mansion and grounds of the Edsel and Eleanor Ford Estate. Completed in 1927 this was the family home of Henry Ford's only child Edsel and his wife. The house and grounds are maintained as they were when the Ford family occupied them for so many years. It was a look back in time at the life and style of one of the most important families in the history of the automobile in America.
Wednesday after our morning drivers' meeting we headed west toward our first stop of the day at Michigan International Speedway in Brooklyn. The weather was great and the drive through the rolling Irish Hills was the perfect way to start the day. After a quick look at the speedway facilities it was time to move on.
Our afternoon destination was the Gilmore Car Museum in Hickory Corners, Michigan. The Gilmore setting is unlike any other auto museum in the nation. It is located on a site that is more like a horse farm than an auto museum. Large restored barns hold some amazing vehicles from all eras. The Gilmore Museum should be on everyone's bucket list.
Thursday the Road Tour took a trip north to the city of Flint. For the last few years Flint's Back to the Bricks celebration has coincided with the Woodward Dream Cruise. It has grown to a city-wide car show that brings 100,000 people to downtown Flint on Friday and Saturday. We had been invited to join in the kickoff festivities on Thursday afternoon.
On our way to Flint we decided to visit the Walter Chrysler Museum in Auburn Hills. The Chrysler Museum tells the story of Walter Chrysler and how he built a company and brand that survived many changes and highs and lows to remain one of the Big Three automakers. The Mopar name has been synonymous with high performance for many years and has a well-deserved and very loyal following.
We met at the Hot Dog Shop in Gland Blanc and at 4 p.m. and were given a police escort to downtown Flint where there were reserved parking spaces. We were special guests at a kickoff party and were treated to a great meal. It looked like Flint was ready for a big weekend and we appreciated being invited to take part in the kickoff. Thanks to event director Al Hatch and his team of volunteers who make this happen every year.
After our Friday morning drivers' meeting it was a short drive to Dynotech Engineering, the official driveshaft sponsor of the Road Tour. They are well known in the hobby for their high-performance driveshafts that help get the power to the pavement for street rods, muscle cars, and drag racers nationwide. We were greeted with coffee and doughnuts and given a behind-the-scenes look at their production facilities.
After a stop in Ferndale for a look at Ford's Mustang Alley it was time to make our way to our own special spot on Woodward where we had arranged for a parking area in Memorial Park in Royal Oak for Friday and Saturday. We found ourselves located at the center of the weekend's activities. Bob Millard, Steve Novecel, and a team of folks coordinated the set up at the park for the city of Royal Oak.
The fun went into the evening on Friday and started back up again early Saturday morning. By Saturday afternoon Woodward Avenue was packed. It was the reason we were there and none of our group was disappointed. It was a great week in Detroit. It was a special Road Tour and Editor Drew Hardin and the Muscle Car Review participants added to the fun. Many thanks to my wife, Mary Ann, for helping with the logistics of getting 70 vehicles and 130 people on the same page all week.
We are already looking at next season and a possible return to the Woodward Dream Cruise. Stay tuned. We will keep you posted with the details. Go to our website www.streetrodder.com for in-depth coverage of our Week on Woodward Tour, and details of next year's schedule.


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Lyrics:First verseOh, ma honey, Oh, ma honey, Better hurry and let's me ander, Ain't you goin', Ain't you goin' To the leader man, ragged meter man? Oh, ma honey, Oh, ma honey, Let me take you to Alexander's grand stand, brass band, Ain't you comin' along?ChorusCome on and hear, Come on and hear Alexander's ragtime band, Come on and hear, Come on and hear, It's the best band in the land, they can play a bugle call like you never heard before, So natural that you want to go to war; That's just the bestest band what am, honey lamb, Come on along, Come on along, Let me take you by tha hand, Up to the man, Up to the man who's the leader of the band, And if you care to hear the Swanee River played in ragtime, Come on and hear, Come on and hear Alexander's ragtime band. Come on and, band.Second verseOh, ma honey, Oh, ma honey, There's a fiddle with notes that screeches, Like a chicken, like a chicken, And the clarinet is a colored pet, Come and listen, Come and listen, To a classical band what's peaches, come now, somehow, Better hurry along.
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We've featured some of NASA's images of Earth from space before, in all their "mad painter" glory. But now the "Earth As Art" galleries, which have appeared in museums all over the place, have been culled into a truly extraordinary 75-page book. And you can download it as a free PDF. Get to know our planet a whole new way.
Top images: Bombetoka Bay, Madagascar and the Byrd Glacier.


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Summit Up 2-23-12: The Allure of Abraham Lincoln
Good morning and welcome to Summit Up, the world's only daily column that has U.S. presidents on its mind – specifically, the 16th.
Raise your hand if you knew right away that we meant Abraham Lincoln. Come on, be honest!
It seems to us that ol' Honest Abe has been in the public mind a lot lately, and we're not exactly sure why. Yes, he was a pretty great president – some would say the greatest – but we're curious about his current hold on pop culture.
Most obvious is the movie, "Lincoln," which is currently up for no fewer than 12 Oscar awards, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Actor. With Hollywood powerhouses director Steven Spielberg and actor Daniel Day-Lewis behind the production, this is no surprise.
However, Lincoln was recently a part of another film, one that wasn't nominated for any awards, called "Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter." In this piece of cinematic (brilliance? originality? idiocy?) Lincoln is not only president, but has a secret identity in which he is a vampire hunter. Sort of like what might happen if you were watching "Buffy" while doing your history homework and fell asleep.
So what is it about the 16th president that has so captured the entertainment industry's imagination? Is it the cool stovepipe hat? The fact that he abolished slavery? The tragedy of a man assassinated while simply trying to relax and enjoy himself after holding the Union together?
While there's no doubt that Lincoln is a historical celebrity, let's not forget that there are other presidents with interesting and tragic histories, which we feel might do well to be brought back to memory by pairing up with supernatural forces. Here's a few pitches for any would-be directors among our readers:
George Washington: Zombie Slayer. He had wooden teeth as well as mad axe chopping skills.
Teddy Roosevelt and the Beast Bigfoot. Watch America's best big-game hunter match wits with the legendary creature.
Woodrow Wilson: Werewolf. He's the president of the United States, until it's the night of a full moon.
See? These practically write themselves. Next stop: the Oscars. We out.
Start a dialogue, stay on topic and be civil.
If you don't follow the rules, your comment may be deleted.


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Sean Federline Gossip
Sean Federline gossip, latest news, photos, and video.
Britney: the road to rehab
As I mentioned earlier, everyone is talking now, sharing insider information on how out of control she was before finally going to Promises. There are reports that her breakdown was not only rootedin her disappointment over the breakdown of her marriage to that loser f&ck but also her struggle through years of family turmoil exacerbated by her aunt's death a few weeks ago. Full Story
Kevtwan is a Jayden
TMZ has obtained the birth certificate Source - it is indeed a boy but what was once Sutton Pierce is now officially Jayden James, little brother to Sean Pierce, 2nd child to Britney, another million dollar ka-ching to Kevin Federline. You will note however that the paperwork was filed only today, coincidentally just one week before KFed drops his musical atrocity, on the heels of 2 WWE appearances that have brought in killer ratings. Full Story
The Gossip Future
US Weekly made, like, the funnest game today - a projected look into Hollywood Future, with "forensic imaging" predictors for several high profile celebrity spawn. Not surprisingly Lourdes Ciccone Leon comes out the biggest winner while Apple ends up looking properly constipated which, I suppose, isn"t that far off the mark, considering my Gwyneth is refreshingly the biggest snot in the business. Full Story
Britney, Kevin, and BooBoo play happy family
Us Weekly apparently stole these "private" photos of the Family Federline as we"ve never seen them. You will note that Britney looks curiously attractive here with no discernable foundation melting off her face or eyelashes that are threatening to take on a life of their own. Kevin is also remarkably "father" like, managing to keep his middle finger and his thug pout firmly at bay, which is why little Sean Preston probably looks so stunned in that one photo of him in the stroller. Full Story
Britney Spears: the booboos are back!
She's a disaster…and I cannot get enough! Still intent on changing public perception about her marriage, Britney sat down for an interview and a photoshop/photosession with OK Magazine to dish on booboos and marriage and even how she "keeps fit" during pregnancy. Say whaaaa? Now I am by no means a fan of anorexia but come on…when was the last time you'd describe Britney has "fit"??? Seriously, y'all…are we sure she hasn't been lobotomized? See for yourself. Full Story
Kfed toes the line
What a miracle, non? All of a sudden, the divorce talk is dashed, we"re assured that they are indeed still "together", and ta da! Kevin and Britney show up with Sean in his arms, the picture of unhappiness and white trashiness - don"t you just love it??? Sadly…no. I don"t love it. I don"t love it at all. Full Story


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Maisie. 16×16 oil on board. Emma Brunton 2017. ON HOLD
- This is a 16×16 inch original oil painting on a wood panel and is unframed.
- My photos are clear and show the painting as true-to-life as possible. There might be slight variations in color/brightness because of different computer monitors.
- All of the artwork sold here will be packed carefully and shipped promptly, you can purchase with confidence.


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I'm stuck at lvl 33. Can anyone give me a code of the next following level where a note can be found? Would be very nice, thx.
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text: Mobile Video Calling Mobile Video Calling "Boss! This is phenomenal! You have to see it to believe it. If only you were here." "I need this message to be crystal clear to everyone, including our remote workforce. I worry that my meaning and the gravity of the announcement won't come through in email." "I've been supporting the field engineers for over sixteen months. I don't even know what most of them look like." Every single one of these situations can be resolved with Lifesize mobile video calling solutions. Employees who spend most of their time away from the corporate office have an insatiable desire to feel connected and to be seen. Managers and colleagues in the office need to be certain that employees in the field get time-sensitive news live and data critical to their work firsthand—as if they were there in person. Lifesize mobile video calls deliver that experience in a robust solution for smartphones, tablets and laptops. Lifesize is packed with powerful tools such as: Multiparty call support*—that's more than two sites in a call Presence—shows when people in your directory are online and available Text chat Content sharing—documents, spreadsheets, schematics, pictures, videos A cool invite-a-guest feature—make video calls with friends and family for free, forever *through Lifesize UVC Multipoint Book a Demo


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A "Holocaust survivor" approves of a beating administered in a library to a heretical German who dared to ask a question of the saint
By Noah Klieger
Noah Klieger recounts unexpected event during Holocaust lecture in Germany
Ynet News Dec. 27, 2010
I returned from a lecture tour in Germany; 20 lectures in 11 days in nine different cities. In recent years the frequency of the invitations I receive grows, and during my lectures I dedicate much time to the despicable, sadistic behavior of most Germans during the Holocaust – the hundreds of thousands of murders of European Jewry and the tens of millions who were overjoyed by the mass extermination of the hated Jews.
I usually speak before audiences whose grandparents were those Germans. In the case of school children it may even be the great grandparents. Through my personal story I detail the crimes and basic inhumanity, and the audiences arrive in large numbers and always applaud me at length.
My last meeting in Berlin, on the eve of my return to Israel, was organized by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation at the German capital's public library. It was a cold evening, -16 degrees Celsius, with snow piling up in the streets and the few cars outside having trouble making their way through it. The organizers expected a small audience, if at all, and I too didn't expect much.
Yet reality was different. The 90-seat venue filled up within minutes, and dozens of chairs had to be brought in. Here too, the audience sat and attentively listened to my words, and again it applauded at length. As always, I proceeded to take questions. I responded to two women, and then a man stood up, in his 40s or 50s.
"You claim," he said, and I immediately stopped him: "I'm not claiming. I'm telling facts." The man continued to ask whether I saw gas chambers with my own eyes, yet before I had time to tell him about the reality I saw in Auschwitz and Birkenau, with the gas chambers and crematoria, several of those in attendance stood up and started yelling "raus, raus. "Out" in German. The man did not comply of course, and then several men charged at him and forcefully dragged him out while beating him up.
Readers at the library who wondered what the commotion was all about were told the man was a Holocaust denier, and everyone was happy to see him thrown out.
This is the first time I've seen something like this happen in the dozens or hundreds of times I appeared in Germany thus far. The response of the audience to the provocation taught me that there are indeed "other Germans."
It is true that even today quite a few Germans are latent anti-Semites. Many are not willing to believe that their fathers or grandfathers indeed murdered Jews, and they cannot speak out only because of the law that bans Holocaust denial and religious incitement.
At the same time, more and more people in Germany are starting to understand in recent years what the Germans of yore did to the Jewish people, and to the whole world. (End quote)
Afterword by Hoffman
Notice the author's megalomania: ""You claim," he said, and I immediately stopped him: "I'm not claiming. I'm telling facts."
This is the first law when approaching the "Holy People," everything they say is truth, not "claims."
This is why the book 'The Great Holocaust Trial,' reprinted this month, is important: when these "infallible survivors" were on a witness stand in the Toronto trial of Ernst Zundel, subject to cross-examination by Zundel's defense attorney Doug Christie, their "facts" dissolved into thin air. The butcher's bill for that revisionist victory came years later, when Zundel suffered seven years' imprisonment in Canadian and German dungeons.
Klieger writes, "...during my lectures I dedicate much time to the despicable, sadistic behavior of most Germans during the Holocaust..."
Here we see how the religion of Holocaustianity has as its most perverse component the racist defamation of the "despicable, sadistic" German people. It is illegal in Germany to refer to the Judaic nation in these terms but vile anti-German hatred is licensed as a form of human rights education under the rubric of "Holocaustianity."
Klieger further states that, "tens of millions (of Germans)...were overjoyed by the mass extermination of the hated Jews."
How did you ascertain this figure, Mr. Klieger? What proof do you have that the German people were aware of alleged gas chamber extermination, much less were 'overjoyed' by it? Of course I realize that merely posing these questions to your Royal Highness could result in this writer receiving a (justifiable) beating, but I will run that risk.
The rest of the 'report' by Mr. Klieger is run-of-the-mill Talmudic arrogance, violence and terrorism: a German heretic asks a skeptical question at a speech in a library given by a Judaic 'Holocaust" saint. The heretic is beaten and thrown out of the library. The loving, tolerant, humanist Noah Klieger comments, "and everyone was happy to see him thrown out."
As we approach the complete triumph of Judaic supremacy in the West, the Talmudic mentality will no longer need to cloak itself and we will be treated to more of this open gloating over the violent suppression of opponents, which is so at variance with the cinematic and academic mythos concerning Judiasm's relationship with heretics and heresy, i.e. as the forever hunted ones. But when Judaics themselves unleash the dogs and become the hunters there is no Steven Spielberg or New York Times to record it for posterity. It is up to us to do so.
Michael Hoffman is the author of "The Great Holocaust Trial: The Landmark Battle for the Right to Doubt the West's Most Sacred Relic" (Independent History and Research, 2010)


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In scientific prognostication we have a condition analogous to a fact of archery—the farther back you draw your longbow, the farther ahead you can shoot.
– Buckminster Fuller
The following remarks are rather speculative in nature, as many of my remarks tend to be. I'm sketching large conclusions on the basis of only a few anecdotes. But those conclusions aren't really conclusions at all, not in the sense that they are based on arguments presented prior to them. I've been thinking about cultural evolution for years, and about the need to apply sophisticated statistical techniques to large bodies of text—really, all the texts we can get, in all languages—by way of investigating cultural evolution.
So it is no surprise that this post arrives at cultural evolution and concludes with remarks on how the human sciences will have to change their institutional ways to support that kind of research. Conceptually, I was there years ago. But now we have a younger generation of scholars who are going down this path, and it is by no means obvious that the profession is ready to support them. Sure, funding is there for "digital humanities" and so deans and department chairs can get funding and score points for successful hires. But you can't build a profound and a new intellectual enterprise on financially-driven institutional gamesmanship alone.
You need a vision, and though I'd like to be proved wrong, I don't see that vision, certainly not on the web. That's why I'm writing this post. Consider it sequel to an article I published back in 1976 with my teacher and mentor, David Hays: Computational Linguistics and the Humanist. This post presupposes the conceptual framework of that vision, but does not restate nor endorse its specific recommendations (given in the form of a hypothetical program for simulating the "reading" of texts).
The world has changed since then and in ways neither Hays nor I anticipated. This post reflects those changes and takes as its starting point a recent web discussion about recovering the history of literary studies by using the largely statistical techniques of corpus linguistics in a kind of digital archaeology. But like Tristram Shandy, I approach that starting point indirectly, by way of a digression.
Who's Kemp Malone?
Back in the ancient days when I was still an undergraduate, and we tied an onion in our belts as was the style at the time, I was at an English Department function at Johns Hopkins and someone pointed to an old man and said, in hushed tones, "that's Kemp Malone." Who is Kemp Malone, I thought? From his Wikipedia bio:
Born in an academic family, Kemp Malone graduated from Emory College as it then was in 1907, with the ambition of mastering all the languages that impinged upon the development of Middle English. He spent several years in Germany, Denmark and Iceland. When World War I broke out he served two years in the United States Army and was discharged with the rank of Captain.
Malone served as President of the Modern Language Association, and other philological associations … and was etymology editor of the American College Dictionary, 1947.
Who'd have thought the Modern Language Association was a philological association?
And just what is philology? Does anyone do it anymore? Again from the Wikipedia:
Philology is the study of language in written historical sources; it is a combination of literary studies, history and linguistics. It is also more commonly defined as the study of literary texts and written records, the establishment of their authenticity and their original form, and the determination of their meaning.
Michael Bérubé, the current president of the MLA, tells me that the discipline adopted philology in the early days "because teachers and scholars in the modern languages were concerned that their subjects were too 'soft' compared to Latin and Greek, and Anglo-Saxon philology was the hardest, most obscure thing they could offer" (private email).
Kemp Malone was a superb philologist who had achieved a legend-sized reputation before World War II. He remained active after retiring from Hopkins in 1956 and was in charge of etymology for the Random House Dictionary of the English Language, which was first published in 1966, the year the French landed in Baltimore and rocked the house in the famous structuralist conference: The Languages of Criticism and the Sciences of Man. But who among the current crop of literary luminaries would be caught dead doing anything so pedestrian as riding herd on etymology for a dictionary?
There's a brief biographical sketch accompanying his papers at The Johns Hopkins Library. It's worth a quick read.
They did things differently back in days of old, which were pretty much gone by the time I entered Hopkins in the 60s. By that time language study, aka linguistics, and literary studies had pretty much parted ways, with linguistic study increasingly taking up residence in autonomous departments rather than existing as an aspect of anthropology or of philology. There was a brief flirtation with linguistics during the early structuralist phase of the linguistic turn—remember that?— but it didn't last. The linguistic turn had little use for linguistics as a discipline and certainly not with Chomskian and post-Chomskian linguistics. No as capital-Tee Theory rounded the turn and headed toward the finish line linguistics was completely forgotten.
But it's creeping back in a strange form. I'm not thinking of cognitive rhetoric—which is very like traditional rhetoric in conceptual mode, only with a different set of figures. I'm thinking of so-called digital humanities, which utilize a variety of computational techniques, corpus linguistics among them.
Corpus Linguistics,
like everything, has a history. And while it has roots in computational work done in the 1950s and 60s it didn't really flourish until somewhat later, but I'm not clear about the chronology (which could be checked easily enough, but it really doesn't matter for my argument). It relies on two things: 1) large bodies of digital texts (the corpus) and 2) the ready availability of significant computing power. Those two things began emerging in linguistics in the 1970s and migrated to the humanities somewhat later, though the humanities does have it's own computational tradition that does extend back into the 1960s.
There are lots of things one can do with a big pile of words and lots of computing power. We're interested in techniques for content analysis. So, we've got a million, two million words of text: what're people talking about in those texts? Let's start with the observation that words that consistently occur together in the same textual environment probably have some stable semantic relationship. This does not, however, necessarily imply that they have the same or even similar meanings.
Such pairs as (1) bat and ball, (2) horse and track, (3) star and galaxy, do not mean the same or even similar things; nor do such pairs as (4) bat and cave, (5) horse and buggy, (6) star and Hollywood. But if they occur together consistently in a given body of texts, that may be an indicator of a topic under discussion in those texts. In my (completely made-up) examples, those topics might be (1) baseball, (2) racing, (3) astronomy, (4) exploration, (5) 19th Century life, and (6) entertainment.
And so we have a technique called topic analysis. I'm not at all expert in its operational details, nor have I played around with it. Pretty much all I know is that, like most corpus work, you need a large body of texts and some powerful computing power, power that, during my undergraduate and graduate years, existed only in large systems housed in air-conditioned rooms with raised floors and controlled access. Comparable, if not more, computing power is now common in desktop and laptop computers.
I also know that, like most such techniques, you've got to set certain parameters when you run the analysis and that the results you get will depend on those parameters. The process isn't one where you press the ON button, let 'er rip, and you get your results in a few minutes or hours, whatever. You play around with your materials, set various parameters and see what kind of results you get. Do they make some kind of sense? If not, change the parameters and try again.
The interpretive process is critical. The software, in effect, proposes topics. They may or may not make sense. If they do, the sense they make may be illusory. If they don't, there may be something deep there anyhow, but you haven't yet figured out how to think about it. The topics thus identified may not correspond to what we think of as typical topics. That doesn't mean they don't exist as coherent verbal/conceptual entities.
In topic analysis the software's likely to identify each topic by a number. Along with that number you'll have a list of the words that belong to that topic. It's up to you to figure out why those words seem to occur together in a given corpus.
Thus we're back to our old friend interpretation. But not in the sense of hermeneutics and its familiar circle. You aren't interpreting a single text, or related group of texts, against some sense of authorial intention. You are interpreting an artifact computed over a large collection to texts which, more likely than not, were written by many people over a possibly long period of time. Physicists have to interpret dots and lines on a photographic plate; digital humanists have to interpret topic lists. In both cases they're trying to figure out what's going on out there in the world that produces such traces when examined by this procedure.
As Natalia Cecire recently remarked, it's one thing to use topic modeling as a tool for discovery, where you then read specific texts and draw your own conclusions, the old-fashioned way, if you will. However,
I feel like I'd want to understand topic modeling inside and out before I would ever attempt to use the topic model itself to make an argument, though. Not just the math, but a convincing theory of what the math has to do with the structure of (English) language, which I'm not altogether sure is something that has been nailed down by anyone. "It works" is not persuasive to me; I need to understand why; I need to understand what it is, exactly, that's "working. And that depth of understanding (that is, the understanding I would need to attempt justification) would involve an enormous learning curve for me…
I suspect she is right that the understanding she seeks has not quite "been nailed down by anyone" and I fear that really nailing it down will take us deep into the cognitive sciences. But I can't help but wonder whether or not Kemp Malone, with his deep philological learning, would have been in a better position to undertake such study than any students trained in the last half-century or so. The study of literature is ipso facto the study of language, but linguistics education was jettisoned from literary studies years ago.
Digital Archaeology: Topics in PMLA
Meanwhile, exciting work is being done. One bit of that work is the occasion for this essay.
Over at The Stone and the Shell Andrew Goldstone and Ted Underwood report preliminary results of investigation of PMLA (Publications of the Modern Language Association), the oldest journal of philology and, ahem, literary studies in the United States. The linguistics aspect of philology has had so few pages in the journal since the middle of the 20th century (if not before) that almost no one in the profession realizes that PMLA began as a philology journal nor do they realize that academic literary studies shares institutional roots with linguistics. These days scholars think of PMLA and the disciplines it serves as being about literature. Period.
Using slightly different computational tools, Goldstone and Underwood have undertaken topic analyses of articles in PMLA. Think of it as digital archaeology: what topics appeared when in the journal over its century and a quarter run? The post contains a number of results; a number of topics have been identified and tracked over time. Philology is only one of them. The others are interesting as well. But, for this that and the other reason, I want to focus on philology.
This graph depicts the behavior of Goldstone's topic 40 over time:
As the legend at the top of the graph indicates, topic 40 consists of the words: evidence found fact time note part early professor. As you can see, first of all, the occurrence of the topic is relatively continuous; we don't see any sharp breaks or discontinuities in the distribution. Second, the distribution is relatively higher from 1890 through 1940 and then tapers off from 1950 to 1980, where the topic almost disappears.
The topic doesn't identify itself as philology: in itself it is just that list of co-occurring words. Nor do Goldstone and Underwood talk about the topic as philology in their main discussion, where its significance appears as something of a mystery. But subsequent discussion reveals that Goldstone and Underwood had been thinking and talking about philology. The online discussion also included a number of other scholars: Jonathan (Goodwin), Scott Weingart, Matt Wilkens, and me.
I reported that, in a discussion about the profession with my undergraduate teacher and mentor from Hopkins, Richard Macksey, he'd pointed out that philology was a major concern in the early decades of the profession and that the interpretation of textual meaning didn't become a focal concern until the mid-20th Century. I also remarked, as I've indicated above, that it's only after World War II that linguistics became well-recognized as an independent discipline. Prior to that it had been coupled with anthropology or philology.
And I did one other thing. I ran a query on Google Ngram on the words "philology" and "linguistics." Why? Given that the institutionalization of linguistics as an academic discipline is relatively recent, I wanted to see if the world itself increased in use as the institutionalization proceeded.
But I had something else in mind. I wanted independent verification of Goldstone's result. Independent verification reduces the likelihood that a result is merely an artifact of the analytic technique.
So, on the one hand, a Google Ngram query is a much cruder indicator than topic analysis. It's only two words, not a constellation of co-occurring words. But it's also run over a different corpus. Goldstone and Underwood are looking at a corpus of consisting of articles in a single academic journal. The Google corpus consists of every book the digital behemoth could lay its digital hands and eyes on. That's a much bigger slice of the intellectual, and not-so-intellectual, world.
Here's what I got:
The philology curve (blue) looks pretty much like Goldstone's. And the linguistics curve rises sharply after 1950, which is pretty much what I expected. In fact, the rise of that linguistics curve looks a bit like the rise on a curve that Underwood got for his topic 109 (structure pattern form unity order structural whole central) which he and Goldstone characterized as "new Critical interest in formal unity" (quotes in the original). So we've got the appearance of the world "linguistics" tracking the institutionalization of the discipline running in parallel with the emergence of the New Criticism as a dominant methodology.
And then there's Scott Weingart's remark:
I was curious how 'philology' played out over the years in Literature studies in particular, using JSTOR's DfR Literature sub-category, which is available here: Philology ratio per year. Though it's quite a slow decline, it seems to fit your narrative.
Though I don't know quite what the "DfR Literature sub-category" is, here's Wingart's graph:
It starts back in 1821 and peaks in the 1880s, right after the MLA was founded and about the time MLN (Modern Language Notes) started publication out of the newly founded The Johns Hopkins University (yes, that initial "the" is part of the official name). It then shows a steady decline more or less down to the present.
Now we've got three 'snapshots' of what appears to be aspects of the same beast.
Let's return to Goldstone and Underwood. Here's a graph of Goldstone's topic 38: time experience reality work sense.
If you read their full post you'll see it tracks Underwood's topic 109. Moreover, the rise is pretty much at the same time as the rise in the ngram curve for linguistics.
Are these three curves, Goldstone 38, Underwood 109, and Ngram linguistics, tracking the SAME THING? If so, what could that be?
Let me take a wild-ass guess and suggest that they ARE tracking the same thing, namely that differentiation of philology into linguistics on the one hand, and literary interpretation on the other. Literary interpretation, in turn, became something called "Theory" within the profession. Furthermore, as linguistics developed in the 1960s it became part of the emergence of an interdisciplinary movement known as cognitive science. And I've got an old post in which I track the parallel development of cognitive science and (literary) Theory through some major publications.
What about them apples?
Stalking the Wild Meme: Cultural Evolution
Well, what about them? After all, the existence of philology as a genealogical predecessor of contemporary literary studies is pretty well known. Bérubé tells me that Gerald Graff's Professing Literature (which I've not read) discusses it. And the rise of contemporary linguistics is a well-known story. This clever computational sleuthing hasn't really recovered anything new, has it?
Nothing yet.
But let's not be so hasty to reject it. For one thing, despite the existence of Graff's book, it's not at all clear to me that the existence of the philological past means much to anyone these days. As Underwood remarked in the discussion
This is not actually something that lit people know about our history. We tend to imagine that the constitution of our discipline as "interpretive" rather than "evidentiary" is a time-honored "humanistic value."
Here "evidentiary" is an index of philology. So Underwood's suggesting that, in misconceiving its past, the profession is misconceiving its "nature" or "essence" (my words).
A number of the discussants brought up the point that literary scholars tend to think of the profession's history as a succession of more or less discontinuous schools but that the topic modeling shows evidence of more or less continuous change along side of or underlying that narrative. The standard narrative, of course, is based on the sort of anecdotal case-by-case evidence that is typical of humanistic scholarship about intellectual history. This is not to demean that work, after all, until recently that's all anyone could do: read a whole bunch of stuff and make the best case you can by presenting example after example after example.
Matt Wilkens offered this observation:
On the question of periodization, I don't disagree with the renewed emphasis on continuity. But I'd add that small and/or gradual shifts aren't a priori incompatible with models of punctuated equilibrium. Sometimes small absolute differences really matter. And then there's what Marx or Jameson would call the reality of the illusion; standing narratives about eras and schools affect the kinds of work we do, even when they don't line up with the objects they're supposed to organize.
But none of this is to disagree with the original point, which was that we're getting a much better feel for the kinds and magnitudes of changes that have happened in past literature and scholarship.
On that last sentence: Yes, I believe so. I also want to emphasize this point: "standing narratives about eras and schools affect the kinds of work we do, even when they don't line up with the objects they're supposed to organize."
That is, if we think that the profession is centered on a sort of interpretation that is disjoint with a philological concern for language structure, then that's how we're going to conceive the future of the profession: more interpretation. But if we realize that, hey! back in the old days our predecessors worried a lot about the details of language, then maybe the profession will entertain a new interest in carefully constructed linguistic description and analysis. And maybe scholars will even be open to new kinds of evidence, like that from corpus linguistics.
And then there's the general discussion about the discontinuities of periodization on the one hand, and continuous change on the other. Matt's not the only one who spoke to that. We all did.
And there are ways of thinking about that, that is, ways of thinking about how continuous change in underlying "stuff" can give rise to discontinuities in observed phenomena. Given that corpus linguistics is based on mathematical techniques perhaps future work could call on catastrophe theory in conceptualizing intellectual change.
As mathematician Steven Strogatz puts it:
The ancient proverb about the straw that broke the camel's back is meant as a lesson about the nature of precipitous change. It reminds us that big changes don't necessarily require big forces. If the conditions are just right (or wrong), a tap can push a system over the brink.
In the mid-20th century, mathematicians updated this proverb by turning it into a picture, a graph of the interplay between input and output, force and response. A field known as catastrophe theory explores how slow continuous changes in the force applied to a system (like the gradually increasing load on a camel's back) can trigger rapid discontinuous jumps in its response.
Strogatz then goes on to illustrate catastrophe theory with examples from the study of sleep behavior and economics.
Remarkably, scientists in disparate fields have uncovered this same general picture, again and again. It's there in the thermodynamics of water heated past the boiling point; in the optical focusing that creates intense webs of light at the bottom of a swimming pool; in sociological models of mobs and mass movements like the sudden revolts that became the Arab Spring; and in ecological models for the collapse of a forest from an outbreak of insects.
In some of these cases (boiling water, optical patterns), the picture from catastrophe theory agrees rigorously with observations. But when applied to economics, sleep, ecology or sociology, it's more like the camel story — a stylized scenario that shouldn't be taken for more than it is: a speculation, a hint of something deeper, a glimpse into the darkness.
Are Goldstone, Underwood, and colleagues giving us a glimpse of a glimpse into the darkness? We don't really know, but I'm betting that they are.
Consider this recent article in Critical Inquiry by Bernard Dionysius Geoghegan: From Information Theory to French Theory: Jakobson, Lévi-Strauss, and the Cybernetic Apparatus. Geoghegan looks at the period during and immediately after World War II when Jakobson, Lévi-Strauss and Lacan picked up ideas about information theory and cybernetics from American thinkers at MIT and Bell Labs.
Those ideas led to deconstruction and post-modernism when they come back across the Atlantic and crashed into the New Criticism in the middle and late 1960s—think of that 1966 structuralism conference at Johns Hopkins. But another stream from those currents hits land in Boston where it becomes Chomksian linguistics, which in turn drove the expansion of linguistics into a fully autonomous intellectual disciplines.
At this point we are, of course, thinking about considerably more than a single journal in a single discipline. While Jonathan Goodwin is looking at topics in other literary theory journals, we need to look at topics in linguistics, anthropology and probably psychology and even philosophy, and who knows what else. We're now thinking about a very large "region" of scholarly activity.
What I'm thinking is that we're looking at the cultural analog to biological evolution, that is, cultural evolution. The elements in those topics are something like genes—Richard Dawkins coined the term "meme" for that purpose, though most of what's been said in the name of memes is regrettably simplistic. While the discontinuous periods, schools of thought, and institutional formations—e.g. New Criticism, structuralism, deconstruction, the linguistic turn, post-modernism, etc.—may be something like cultural phenotypes. So we have continuous change in the "cultural genome" being expressed as discontinuous "species," that is populations of "phenotypes", in formal academic life.
Of course, these techniques can certainly be applied to the primary texts themselves, as these and other scholars are doing. And there, as Ted Underwood remarked in the discussion, we're going to have the same problem of continuity and discontinuity:
We rely on a discretized rhetoric, most obviously by organizing history into "periods". But our insistence on discontinuity goes beyond period boundaries to a whole rhetoric of "turns," "movements," "formations," "case studies," etc. Because we just haven't had any way to represent continuous change.
Well, now we do. We can graph the time course of topics in a body of texts. Just how we relate those slow-moving flows of collective mentation to the perceived emergence of movements, that's an issue we have to face with literature itself and not just critical examination of it. And, as I've indicated above, there are mathematical techniques for dealing with this kind of problem.
Finally, I'd like to offer a comment on the trope of distance in reading. In using that trope we say that the New Critics, and others, practiced CLOSE reading, and Franco Moretti has proposed DISTANT reading, then topic analysis is somewhere in the MIDDLE, though, frankly, I think "reading" is a poor term that should be retired from use in any sense but the common one, that of simply reading a text without the supplement of hermeneutic or other apparatus. But that's another issue, one I've considered in a number of posts, including Distant Reading in Lévi-Strauss and Moretti.
Through a Glass Distantly
Let us assume, then, if only for the sake of argument, that these methods are in fact quite useful and will give us new kinds of information about literary phenomena, not only academic discourse about literature, but as Underwood indicated, about literature itself. What's that future look like?
Here's what I see when I put on my Spectacles of Utopian Prophesy: A bunch of scholars of varying skills working together on a given corpus. Some are doing topics models and such on the whole corpus and place results in a common online repository. Others look things over and "matters of concern" are identified (to use a phrase from Bruno Latour) while others investigate them by good old-fashioned reading: Select a sample of texts a read them to see what's actually going on.
Depending on this that and the other some of this joint work will prove really interesting and articles will be written that combine the corpus computational work with the more traditional sleuthing; those articles will be signed by two, three, a half-dozen on so authors, whatever it takes to get the work done. These articles will be discussed by the wider community etc etc more corpus work more actual reading etc etc and in time some of these matters of concern will make their way toward becoming what Latour calls "matters of fact" (everyone else simply calls them facts).
Meanwhile, still other investigators will be developing computational tools that are more fine-grained ('smart') than corpus tools, but not so sophisticated as, you know, actual human readers.
If THAT, or something like it, is where we want to go, then we're going to have to change the way we conduct intellectual business. Not only are we going to have to become conversant in sophisticated computational techniques, but we're going to have to reorganize the way we do our work.
When will busy scholars have the time needed to learn these new techniques? But it's not only the computational techniques of corpus linguistics, as Natalia Cecire indicated. What about learning some linguistics in order better to understand what these tools are doing? Not only that, but such knowledge would facilitate working with scholars in the cognitive sciences in developing ideas and concepts for understanding and interpreting the results produced by these tools.
While I've read a fair amount of web discussion about the need for theory in connection with digital humanities, those discussions all presuppose that critical theory, and it's sclerotic variants in capital-Tee Theory, is the only relevant body of theory. The presumption is that digital humanists really ought to be using off-the-shelf (OTS) theory in interpreting their results.
Color me skeptical, deeply skeptical.
As the discussion about continuity and discontinuity indicates, we don't have OTS theories that can deal with these results. I think that we are going to have to develop a new body of theory to deal with these and other results. While I mentioned cultural evolution above, the term cultural evolution is a bit of a fancy term piggy-backing on biology for its concepts. We have a long way to go to understand culture as an evolutionary phenomenon.
Digital humanists HAVE to be in the thick of developing those concepts and models. We need time to become conversant in other disciplines, not only so we can use their ideas in our thinking, but so we can more effectively collaborate with scholars whose central concern IS language structure, or cognitive semantics, or ecological modeling, or complex dynamics, whatever it takes to understand the phenomena that arise as thousands of people interact with one another through a large body of literary (and theoretical) texts.
This takes time, and it takes institutional support. Such work will necessarily be cooperative and collaborative—witness the online discussion of Goldstone's and Underwood's work. How should promotion and tenure committees evaluate articles signed by half a dozen people? The sciences have experience with that, but the humanities do not. How do we evaluate the work of creating the infrastructure necessary to do this work—the text repositories, the software tools, and so forth. The scholarship cannot be done without that infrastructure, but creating the infrastructure doesn't yield papers publishable in PMLA.
It's all well and good for deans and department chairs to grab the Federal funding that's available for digital humanities. But are they willing to create the new institutional arrangements that WILL be necessary to support the new scholarship that CAN emerge through using these tools?
Alas, color me skeptical.


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Church of Saint Agatha
Church of Sv. Agate is located on the old cemetery and is an example of triapsidal Romanesque religious architecture. It is interesting because of its three-nave structure covered dvoslivnim roof and the specific sanctuary space arni elongated central apse. The church is dated in the range of 9 to 13 century. In addition alleged Carolingian influence, the church are visible features of the regional religious architecture of the early Middle Ages. Inside, there are two home-made statue of the late Baroque (luečonoše angels) and the altarpiece of St. Agate. St. Agate has been restored and preserved 1993-1995. year.
Countryside palace / monastery in Dajla
Along the coast of Dajla is valuable architectural structures, which, with its harmonious beauty and a long and turbulent history draws attention to experts and passers-by. The present appearance of architectural complex gets 1839th year on the basis of a draft French architect Le Terrier de Manetota. Precisely the origin of his palace in Dajla architect owes its French neoclassical appearance, unique in Istria.In the area of \u200b\u200bthe old square framed buildings with four towers, which have always been called the citadel, which was born the elegant two-story rectangular building flanked on its forefront the two buildings almost identical appearance. Specifically, with respect precedes the period, the architect de Manetot leaves intact baroque church.John the Baptist (dedicated 1783), which was located east of the main corpus of the castle, facing a religious facility builds a new building (kapelanov flat) on the same external architectural mantle as the church. A deliberate mirror reflection symmetry strongly emphasizes the facade of the main building and leading us through the (formerly) a garden to the monumental portals, like a transparent membrane, separates architectural structures from the coast. Tiny mole testifies that the villa had access from the sea.Describes an architectural ensemble of the early 19th century is one of the few monuments from the neoclassical period to the Adriatic region. Unfortunately, today's complex abandoned and devastated the time, inappropriate additions and human negligence. The oldest traces of his past leads us to the ancient times when at the same site of a Roman possession. In 5th and 6 coming century Greek monks and built a monastery in which the 9th useljuju century Benedictine monks.Monastery was dedicated to St. John the Baptist. In mid-13th century, the monastery was abandoned and the property of the bishops of Novigrad. Bishop Nicolò 1273rd The grants koparskoj possession of a wealthy family who Sabini ga renewed and former monastery is named Dajla castle (Castrum Dailae). When Sabini family remains without an heir, the castle 1736th receive today Koper Counts Grisoni. In the first half of the 19 following paragraphs mentioned remodeling castle in leisure time abode.After a family tragedy, Count Francesco Grisoni 1835th Villa vows monks Benedictines of S. Maria di Praglia (near Padua) provided care in education in this area. Benedictines in fairy useljuju 1860th and she became again a monastery, active until 1948. when he mounted a court case Benedictines property confiscated. To 1989. The former monastery served as a nursing home and orphanage, and has since left to himself.
Stone Monuments
Lapidary museum is a collection of 93 stone monuments from ancient times to the early and late Middle Ages, one of the most important of its kind in Croatia. The collection includes architectural elements (thresholds, fanlights, transenna, logos, etc.) and, for the most part, elements of liturgical furniture (altar panels, parts ciborium, pilasters, capitals, etc.). The most important part of the stone medieval Novigrad is a collection in which the well preserved Mauritius ciborium from the end of August.century, one of the rare examples of early Carolingian art in the area. Due to the alarming state of precious monuments, the collection in 1994. was removed from the former exhibition space (ground floor of the palace Rigo). Under the expert supervision of the monuments are cared for and undergo a thorough sanitization and preservation. In 2004.started work on the building in which the city museum will be a collection of the stone Novigrad. The museum has a permanent exhibition, which is open year round. Exhibitions that are organized in the museum, as well as various lectures and presentations, aimed to attract as many visitors of different ages and education.During the summer months, the exhibition is organized in the gallery that Rigo is its rich and high quality exhibition program gained a high reputation. Opening hours April - May: 10-13 and 17-20, June - September: 10-13 and 18-22 hours, October: 10-13 and 17-20, November - March: 10-13 and 17 - 19 hours. Closed Mondays, holidays and feasts. .
Rigo Palace
In Karpinjan, mile northwest of Novigrad is a baroque building built 1762nd year. It was built by Count Carlo Rigo, Novigrad nobleman who left a deep and lasting mark on the cultural life of the city. Sections are dominated by higher central building and two lateral parallel horizontal buildings stretch circuit fusing it with green environment that dissolves in the horizon of the sea.Architectural solution villas Rigo example is the Istrian country villas built in the second half settecento. Left to weather and to human negligence, the palace is alarmingly poor condition. .
Walls were built in the middle of XIII. century and restored in various periods. Strengthened round Renaissance towers, with the former main gate stands the old square tower.
Removing plaster from the front of the building on the Square Pozzeto 1994th was discovered in the late Gothic Bifora subsequently was inserted as the spoils. He probably transferred from one of the medieval church which is located within the walls of Novigrad.
The only lodge in Istria, located next to the sea. Probably she lay on the old structures fortifications (towers). Was probably built in the sixteenth century, and rebuilt in 1860. and 1930. year. In addition to the lodge, on the west side, is a semicircular passage Porta a marina leading to the sea. Arched passage in the construction of the keystone dated 1649th, but here is built in the nineteenth. century, transferred from the northwestern part of the city for the development of the city garden (Giardino Publico).
Freestanding bell tower of the parish church of St. Pelagius and St.. Maximilian was built in 1883. modeled on the bell tower of St. Mark's in Venice. At the top of the pyramid tower is a statue of patron saint, St.. Pelagius, was placed 1913th year. The statue is made of wood and covered with a bronze plate.
MUSEUM Gallerion
Museum of the Austro-Hungarian Navy Gallerion its interesting exhibits story vrmeneu when nations Austro-ugraskog Empire, naval power on a global scale. Here are exhibited models of old ships, old paintings and photographs.
The most beautiful beaches are located nearby Novigrad. Clean sea is very good, and the beaches are soldno decorated.


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OBETZ, Ohio – With the health of goalkeeper Andy Gruenebaum and forward Federico Higuaín seemingly no longer in question, the Columbus Crew can turn their attention to tightening up the defense against visiting Chivas USA on Wednesday (7:30 pm ET, watch LIVE online).
Higuaín (foot) and Gruenebaum (back) are expected to start unless there are gameday setbacks, Crew coach Robert Warzycha told MLSsoccer.com after Tuesday's practice.
"Andy's fine," he said. "I had to kick him out of the goal [in training] because he wanted to stay longer."
Gruenebaum had to leave Saturday's game at New York after suffering facial bruises, a small cut above the left eye and sore back after diving into the post in a futile attempt to stop a Dax McCarty header during the 3-1 loss.
Higuaín played only a few minutes of stoppage time in that game, after receiving an injection three days earlier to relieve the pain under the big toe on his right foot.
"He's good to go," Warzycha said, adding that there would be no minute restrictions for his Designated Player.
The Argentine had three goals and six assists in his first five matches but no points in the past two games, both losses.
"We are more dangerous with Federico," Warzycha said.
READ: Klinsmann leaves a message for the Crew
Columbus might need him to produce a few goals, because shutouts have become a rare commodity for their backline. After recording seven in the first 18 matches, the Crew (12-10-6) have none in the past 10. The last came on July 21 vs. D.C. United.
"It's been a while," Gruenebaum. "It's something we've been aware of and want to get back to. We have team goals to allow under certain amounts and we want to stick to it. It's going to take zeroes, especially in the playoff run. If we can get some zeroes behind us, who knows what we can do?"
Statistics can be misleading and in the case of the Crew, they actually allowed more shots earlier in the season, yet earned better outcomes. Gruenebaum made six or more saves eight times in the first 13 games, but he and Matt Lampson have needed to do that only twice in the past 15 matches.
"We have to get back to not making the mental mistakes and having the mentality that no one is going to get one by us," Gruenebaum said. "For whatever reason, we haven't been getting the defensive results. We can have a fresh start on Wednesday."
The defense carried the team until the arrivals of Higuaín and forward Jairo Arrieta, allowing 19 goals in 18 games (1.05 goals-against average). But the Crew backline has yielded 16 in the past 10 (1.60 GAA).
"Maybe we've been caught ball watching," defender Josh Williams said. "We've got to get back on track defensively."
With six games left, Columbus sit two points behind fifth-place D.C. United for the final playoff spot in the Eastern Conference.


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Jada's tiny little bum gets a good stretching
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