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In 1974, Robert Pirsig—a Korean War veteran, a philosopher, a former writing instructor, a survivor of shock treatment, and, by all accounts, a talented author of technical manuals—published "Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry Into Values." It is a novel, but only barely (Pirsig didn't bother to change the names of his friends), and it follows the narrator as he rides West with his young son, from Minneapolis to San Francisco. Readers hoping for advice about motorcycles, or about meditation, found something else entirely: picturesque anecdotes and ominous reveries, interrupted by dense seminars on the "self-defeating" nature of technophobia, the malignance of inferior workmanship, the "ugliness" of Immanuel Kant's aesthetics, and the importance of a quality called Quality. The book, gnomic but good-natured, eventually sold about five million copies, spurred on by some extraordinarily positive reviews. (Writing in this magazine, George Steiner compared it to "Moby-Dick.") Pirsig attracted a cult of seekers eager to get past what he called "the primary America of freeways and jet flights and TV and movie spectaculars," eager to explore the country's back roads and byways—and eager to read his next book. They had a long wait, made longer, perhaps, by the murder, in 1979, of his son, Chris, the young rider from "Zen." When "Lila: An Inquiry Into Morals" finally arrived, in 1991, it didn't have nearly the same impact: it was more abstruse, it wasn't a sequel, and it wasn't even tangentially about motorcycles.
Thirty-five years later, a very different biker-philosopher has delivered a new indictment of "primary America." Matthew B. Crawford is even more fanatical about motorcycle maintenance than Pirsig's narrator. He's never happier than when he's rebuilding a master cylinder or dislodging a stuck oil seal, and his descriptions of the open road can seem slightly anticlimactic. For him, the journey is just the journey; the garage is the destination. Crawford has a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago (where Pirsig had been a grad student), a fellowship at the University of Virginia, and, most important, a scrappy motorcycle-repair shop in Richmond. His book is called "Shop Class as Soulcraft: An Inquiry Into the Value of Work" (Penguin; $25.95), and it's intended as a challenge, a declaration of gearhead pride in an ever more gearless world.
Crawford's book arrives just as a vague sense of dissatisfaction with the demands and rewards of the modern economy is coalescing into something like a movement. In 1998, the sociologist Richard Sennett published "The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism," in which he saw soul-destroying consequences in our new work habits—endless hours spent at flexible jobs, performing abstract tasks on computer screens. Last year, in "The Craftsman" (Yale; $18), Sennett suggested that skilled labor could be a way to resist corporate mediocrity. The environmentalist writer Bill McKibben proposed something similar in "Deep Economy," which condemned the ruinous effects of endless economic expansion and urged readers to live smaller, simpler, more local lives. This artisanal revival has been particularly pronounced among foodies, thanks in part to the writer Michael Pollan, who helped popularize an American variant of the Italian culinary-agrarian movement known as Slow Food. In "The Omnivore's Dilemma" and "In Defense of Food," Pollan surveyed the excesses of the "industrial food chain" and paid thoughtful tribute to small farms and local produce. (You can see evidence of Pollan's influence on the White House lawn, where Michelle Obama has planted an organic vegetable garden.) These ideas have crept farther toward the mainstream in the wake of the economic collapse, which inspired calls for a return to real work—a return, in other words, to activities more tangible (and, it was hoped, less perilous) than complex swaps of abstract financial products. Crawford means his book to be a philosophical manifesto for a dawning age: an ode to old-fashioned hard work, and an argument that localism can help cure our spiritual and economic woes. An excerpt appeared in the Times Magazine, where Pollan is a contributing writer, and it stayed near the top of the paper's most e-mailed list for a week.
Crawford allows that his life has been "a bit unusual": he spent much of his youth living in a nomadic commune on the West Coast. By the time he was fifteen, he had an apprenticeship in a Porsche repair shop, and soon he was retrofitting his aging Volkswagen Beetle with an engine designed to make it do all sorts of things that Volkswagen Beetles aren't meant to do, like go fast. He studied physics at the University of California at Santa Barbara, worked as an electrician, and then earned a doctorate in political philosophy from the University of Chicago, although he found himself increasingly distracted by an ambitious motorcycle-rehabilitation project. After a few unhappy months at a Washington think tank, he quit to start his repair shop, Shockoe Moto, which is, these days, his most important credential. He writes about fixing motorcycles as an extension of philosophical investigation, a form of problem-solving that helps him understand Heidegger's theory of skillful coping. He says, too, that fixing bikes has given him "a place in society," as well as an "economically viable" job that won't evaporate or get moved overseas. He more or less promises that if you get trained in skilled labor—as a mechanic, a plumber, an electrician, a carpenter—you, too, can have all that. In his view, a cluster of cultural prejudices have steered many potential tradesmen into college, and then toward stultifying office jobs, which provide less satisfaction and less security than skilled manual labor, and sometimes less money.
For Crawford, the failure to appreciate skilled manual labor is a symptom of something even worse: a narcissistic refusal to grapple with the material world. He quotes a long scene from "Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance," in which the narrator has a frustrating encounter with careless mechanics who can't be bothered to correctly diagnose his bike. Crawford's stern verdict: this is "at once an ethical and a cognitive failure." Such mechanics show, in their disregard for the motorcycle, how little they care about their profession, and, by extension, their fellow-citizens. Crawford says that big corporations—including, for instance, the ones that produce cheap motorcycle engines that aren't worth fixing—tend to encourage this kind of anomie, by forcing workers to stick to mindless tasks or insipid scripts, thereby making it hard for them to take pride in their work. But Crawford is no Marxist. For him, the solution to big business is small business; he pits the work ethic and scrappy spirit of "small commercial enterprise" against the "softly despotic tendencies" of "outsized corporations." His book takes up a variant of William F. Buckley's old conservative rallying cry: it stands athwart capitalism, yelling, "Stop."
It seems that every generation dis covers anew what Crawford has discovered: that work is—that we are—stupid and getting stupider. In "The Wealth of Nations," which appeared in 1776, Adam Smith argued that while professional specialization broadened the economic activity of a society, it narrowed the lives of workers themselves. "Among nations of hunters, the lowest and rudest state of society, such as we find it among the native tribes of North America, every man is a warrior, as well as a hunter," he wrote. By contrast, a worker with a dull, repetitive job would inevitably degenerate: "The torpor of his mind renders him not only incapable of relishing or bearing a part in any rational conversation, but of conceiving any generous, noble, or tender sentiment, and consequently of forming any just judgment concerning many even of the ordinary duties of private life." Crawford's low-level data analysts are about as miserable as Smith's "manufactory" drones, and for the same reason: they're bored.
If boring labor is a threat to one's humanity, it stands to reason that interesting labor can be a form of redemption. The Victorian sage John Ruskin helped invent the modern cult of the craftsman: he was both an idealist and an aesthete, and he argued that miserable workers produced miserable work, and vice versa. In "The Craftsman," Sennett portrays Ruskin as a quirky and quixotic radical, sensitive to the intricate demands of great craftsmanship, and hopeful that the glories of Venetian architecture might help inspire workers to resist the ravages of "mechanical domination." Yet the call to craft is in some ways a conservative call: it asks workers to seek fulfillment through personal diligence, not politics. In "The Seven Lamps of Architecture," which was published in 1849, Ruskin proposed a novel, if unlikely, antidote to revolutionary fervor: "There is a vast quantity of idle energy among European nations at this time, which ought to go into handicrafts." He advocated not freedom from toil but freedom through toil, and he compared the demands of craftsmanship to the demands of God in the Anglican liturgy: the Master in "whose service is perfect freedom." He opposed the noble ethic of service to "that treacherous phantom which men call Liberty."
But how do you serve craftsmanship without serving the market? How can an independent artisan insure that he doesn't become an entrepreneur—and, in time, a corporate executive? This question haunts Crawford's book, and it helps explain why he takes pains to present himself as merely an aspiring craftsman with "execrable" skills; a professional mechanic who still feels "like an amateur." These disclaimers are meant to assure readers that, in a society afflicted by hyperspecialization, Crawford isn't some technical wizard; he's just a regular guy who happens to be handy with a seal puller. The idea is that we can become him, and that he won't become someone else—he won't build a bigger shop, hire more mechanics, expand into Maryland and then Delaware, create a lucrative line of Shockoe Moto leather jackets, and, finally, collaborate with BMW on a gleaming series of R69S replicas. He won't, in other words, end up like Gene Kahn, the organic-farming pioneer who appears in "The Omnivore's Dilemma" as a vexed figure: Cascadian Farm, which he founded in 1971, has thrived and grown and joined the corporate food chain; Kahn is now the vice-president for sustainable development at General Mills.
Despite the years he spent in the commune, Crawford was devoutly anti-hippie as a teen-ager, and in "Shop Class as Soulcraft" he takes great pleasure in contravening liberal pieties. His book is filled with guys doing guy things, and women often figure as foils. He sneers at the "harpies" who once criticized him at a political-theory conference; he calls a faux-custom motorcycle a "Betty Crocker Cruiser"; and he mentions that Volkswagens "tend to get passed around like cheap whores." In the introduction, he expresses the hope, however remote, that "women, no less than men, will recognize the appeal of tangible work that is straightforwardly useful." But the book is, in large part, a treatise on the joys and frustrations of manliness in a post-manly age.
For Crawford, offices are profoundly feminized places. Reading a study about the sneaky ways in which managers assert their authority, he compares office life to "being part of a clique of girls," with a brutal hierarchy hidden beneath "the forms and manners of sisterhood." He singles out management-theory books for particular scorn, and he excoriates a (female) consultant whose corporate indoctrination sessions masquerade as touchy-feely exercises in self-realization. Far better, he says, to work at a garage or a construction site, where dirty jokes are not only tolerated but encouraged; where there are (as yet) no seminars on sexual harassment; where "one feels like a man, not a cog in a machine." The modern workplace reflects our evolving views about gender—and, for Crawford, that might be part of the problem.
If "Shop Class as Soulcraft" is a book about male anxiety, it is also a book about American anxiety. It portrays a country under siege, beset on all sides by foreign workers who are willing to do everything more quickly and cheaply: there are motorcycle parts from Mexico, X-ray analyses from India, service manuals written by "some hapless Japanese student of English as a Second Language." (When people in America say that certain jobs are "disappearing," they usually mean that non-Americans are now doing them. Skeptical readers can savor the irony that Shockoe Moto specializes in imports.) Crawford implies that by embracing skilled labor America can help reverse this trend, although the logic isn't quite clear: if the demand for mechanics is basically inelastic, how can it offset other trends? Crawford allows himself some nostalgia for the days when financial transactions were conducted face to face, and when bankers judged someone's creditworthiness by asking around "at the grocery and the hardware store"—after all, everyone was local. An antipathy, however mild, to foreignness is indispensable to the creed of localism, which seeks to make our economic worlds more intelligible by shrinking them. When Pollan visited some of the industrial-scale organic farms that Gene Kahn works with, the first surprise was the workers: he confessed that he hadn't expected to see "migrant labor crews" on an organic farm.
In this decade, the revival of traditional craftsmanship and homegrown food has generally been seen as a progressive cause, loosely aligned with environmentalism, blue-state snobbery, and all-purpose anti-corporate activism. But "Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance" was a hit partly because it pushed back against lefty idealism. "Everyone's just about out of gumption," Pirsig's narrator says. "And I think it's about time to return to the rebuilding of this American resource—individual worth. There are political reactionaries who've been saying something close to this for years. I'm not one of them, but to the extent they're talking about real individual worth and not just an excuse for giving more money to the rich, they're right." Crawford himself has cultivated alliances with conservative institutions. He once received funding from the right-leaning John M. Olin Foundation (he admits to spending its research grant on an air compressor), and the think tank where he worked, which goes unnamed in the book, was the George C. Marshall Institute, which advances a skeptical view of the environmental movement. (He was the executive director, and says that his job consisted of "coming up with the best arguments money could buy.") He recently delivered a lecture based on the book at the offices of the Heritage Foundation, and his Times Magazine essay earned an enthusiastic endorsement from the Web site of National Review. Although Crawford avoids overt political advocacy, he lays out his ideological program in a sharply worded paragraph near the end of the book:
It is now the capitalist who says, "Workers of the world, unite!," the better to dissolve those "inefficiencies" in the labor market (that is, high wages) that arise from political boundaries. The slogan once expressed a hope to organize a body of workers who were dispersed and hence exploitable, whereas now it captures the desire for a mass of "human resources," exploitable because undifferentiated. This latter intention is accompanied by all the easy moral prestige of multiculturalism, so it finds its champions on the erstwhile Left. Those at the top of the food chain get a new identity in which to take pride, that of the sushi-eating, Brazilian-girlfriend-having cosmopolitan.
Crawford seems to yearn for a rethinking of left and right, as they're now configured. Agrarianism, like environmentalism, hasn't always been considered a progressive cause, and there's nothing inherently liberal about artisanal cheese, or artisanal bikes—and, just as important, nothing inherently conservative about multinational corporations. Rod Dreher, a National Review contributor and the author of "Crunchy Cons," is ardently pro-organic and ardently anti-gay marriage. Victor Davis Hanson, the author of "Fields Without Dreams: Defending the Agrarian Idea," is also the author of "Mexifornia," about the dangers posed by immigration. And one of the heroes of "The Omnivore's Dilemma" describes himself as a "Christian-conservative-libertarian-environmental-lunatic farmer." Part of the appeal of the localist-artisanal creed, for certain liberals and conservatives alike, is precisely that it's anti-cosmopolitan, anti-corporate, anti-progress—an alternative to the creative destruction of capitalism. It tugs against the shared assumptions of most Democrats and Republicans: that America's future is bright; that change is good.
Proponents of homegrown food and "(very) small business"—which is how Crawford describes his shop—sometimes talk about how artisanalism improves the lives of workers. But the genius of this loosely organized movement is that it's not a labor movement; it's a consumer movement. Pollan writes about the Italian Slow Foodists who realized that "even connoisseurship can have a politics," and he voices his own hope that "an eater in closer touch with his senses will find less pleasure in a box of Chicken McNuggets than in a pastured chicken or a rare breed of pig." In fact, pleasure isn't merely the motivating force in Pollan's books; it's the goal. His chief criticism of Chicken McNuggets is that they are insufficiently delicious. (Has he tried them with the hot-mustard sauce?) He is both a gourmand and an idealist, which means that he tastes the entire food economy each time he has a meal. When he saw those migrant laborers, maybe he was thinking about their wages—but he was also thinking about his supper.
Crawford promises more than good taste; his book sets its sights on the blue-collar worker, not on the fussy consumer. And so he writes dutifully about economic trends, changing labor markets, and the uncertain future of America's information economy. But he can't feign much enthusiasm for, say, jobs in the health-care sector, no matter how satisfying or useful or plentiful those jobs might be. Really, he likes engines and building things and fixing things; his dedication to his shop is rooted in his admiration for his clients and for what he calls the "kingly sport" of motorcycle riding. In other words, his work is "useful" only insofar as it enables men to ride motorcycles—an activity that might fairly be described as useless. Crawford may have set out to write a book about work, but the book he actually wrote is about consumption. No less than Pollan, he is a connoisseur, exercised more by shoddy workmanship than by shoddy working conditions.
In "Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance," the narrator sees motorcycles as a noble alternative to the constraining influence of cars: "Because you're used to it, you don't realize that through that car window everything you see is just more TV." Similarly, agrarians have long contrasted the rude vitality of farm life with the enervating effects of life in an office, or in a factory. Crawford's distaste for office work can make any alternative seem preferable, and he comes close to idealizing life among the gears and gaskets, lauding the admirable simplicity of "the relationship between a machinist and his shop boss." This nostalgic tribute is, of course, proof positive that hard jobs get much easier to love as soon as they start to disappear. If Crawford is correct about the decline of America's information economy, we should brace ourselves for a series of mournful, indignant books that eulogize the modern office—a highly networked, quasi-social, semi-autonomous refuge, where turn-of-the-century workers spent their pleasant days solving problems, exploring the limits of coöperation, and wasting valuable company time on the Internet.
In fact, such a book exists already. Alain de Botton shares Crawford's enthusiasm for skilled labor, but for him it's a much more flexible category. In "The Pleasures and Sorrows of Work" (Pantheon; $26), de Botton conducts a charming and unapologetically scattershot tour of global capitalism. He is a first-rate guide, inquisitive and faintly lecherous—at one point, he becomes transfixed by the "knee-length grey woollen shorts" of an administrative assistant named Katie—and, in place of outrage or disgust, he offers finely tuned irony. Like many critics of the current economic order, de Botton notes that as consumers we are "as imaginatively disconnected from the manufacture and distribution of our goods as we are practically in reach of them." But he's no localist; he merely observes, with ambivalence and resignation, that this process has denied us "myriad opportunities for wonder, gratitude and guilt." (It seems apt that the book is available in a signed, limited-edition printing from the British luxury-travel magazine Monocle, for ninety dollars; it comes packaged in a "tactile linen cover that will wear gently with use and age.") When Pollan described his visit to a high-tech breakfast-cereal laboratory in Minneapolis, he scarcely bothered to conceal his disapproval. And, when de Botton tours a biscuit factory in Belgium, he starts with mockery: "Grief was the only rational response to the news that an employee had spent three months devising a supermarket promotion based on an offer of free stickers of cartoon characters called the Fimbles." Then he thinks better of it and decides that, with a little imagination, it is possible to see the biscuit factory as an ennobling place:
The manufacture and promotion of all these [products] was no game, but rather an attempt to subsist which was no less grave, and therefore no less worthy of respect and dignity, than a boar hunt on whose successful conclusion the fate of an entire primitive community might once have hung. For if a new wrapping machine did not operate as efficiently as anticipated, or if a slogan failed to capture the imagination of shoppers, there would be no escape from shuttered houses and despair in the suburbs of nearby Verviers. The biscuits carried lives on their backs.
Crawford's brief for skilled manual labor is rooted in firsthand experience: repairing motorcycles fills him with a "sense of agency and competence." But what would he say to the accountants in de Botton's book, who express "earnest pride in their mastery of a labyrinthine craft"? Crawford decries our "ignorance of the world of artifacts," and mourns "the disappearance of tools from our common education." But he never quite gets around to explaining what counts as a tool, and why. The new-economy theorist Richard Florida once praised the innovative practices of Best Buy, the electronics retailer, by noting that, after a sales associate made a small but effective improvement to a display rack, the corporation implemented the change nationwide. Crawford finds the whole thing risible, but why shouldn't a retail display rack count as a tool, in Crawford's sense of the word? It's a physical device meant to perform a particular function, and the shop's cash registers generate a fairly accurate record of how well it succeeds.
For that matter, it's not clear why physical objects should have some special claim to toolness. In "The Craftsman," Sennett writes about open-source software projects like Linux as expressions of modern craftsmanship. But, then, Sennett, whom Crawford cites, isn't really an information-age refusenik. In fact, some business executives read his book to learn how to persuade their staff to be more craftsmanlike—that is, to be more valuable employees. On the back cover, there is a blurb from James H. Dulebohn, a professor whose specialties include strategic human-resources management. And Sennett writes admiringly of William Edwards Deming, the twentieth-century business guru who encouraged companies to embrace a program that Pirsig's narrator might recognize: total quality management. On Amazon.com, the top-ranked customer review calls Sennett's book "a worthwhile read for managers, for H.R. people, for craftspeople of all stripes."
Crawford needn't be jealous, though. With a minimum of tweaking, he could turn "Shop Class as Soulcraft" into a first-rate motivational speech for business groups nationwide. (Though he may want to omit any similes involving Volkswagens.) His encomium to "tangible work that is straightforwardly useful" could easily be taken as a general exhortation to excellence. In extolling "mindful labor," he captures precisely the quality that most managers would like to reinforce in the workers they supervise. And when he writes about the importance of "seeing clearly, or unselfishly," and "the experience of being fully engaged in what you are doing," he sounds like one of those business consultants he despises, delivering a message that is all the more effective because it comes covered in a sweet glaze of anti-corporate rabble-rousing. Crawford wants his readers to become better, happier, more productive workers. Who could argue with that? ♦


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subset: commoncrawl


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Photo of Jack Doyle courtesy of Gil Talbot.
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. - Co-captain Dean Gibbons scored three goals and Jack Doyle fired away the game winning score late in the fourth quarter to give the Harvard men's lacrosse team a 9-7 win over Canisius Saturday afternoon at the Soldiers Field Soccer/Lacrosse Stadium.
The game was the first men's lacrosse event contested on the new turf field and the win was the first for The Frisbie Family Head Coach of Men's Lacrosse Chris Wojcik'96 who returned to his alma mater last summer for his first head coaching position.
Gibbons struck first for the Crimson on a pass from Peter Schwartz with a tally five minutes and 40 seconds into the game. Classmate and co-captain Kevin Vaughn added the only other score of the first quarter less than four minutes later.
After Matt Hull's goal from Alex White put the Crimson up 3-0, Canisius tied the score with three straight scores, including a man-up goal with 9:20 left in the second quarter.
The Crimson scored back-to-back goals and the Giffs answered with two of their own in both the third and fourth period. Canisius tied the score at seven with eight minutes to play. Less than two minutes later, Doyle found the back of the net and Gibbons added the insurance goal one minute and 22 seconds after that.
Harvard outshot Canisius, 44-20, and won the battle in ground balls with a 29-26 edge. The Giffs converted on 10-of-19 face-offs and stopped 13 Harvard shots.
Terry White had two scores for the Crimson and Jeff Cohen recorded one tally. Harry Krieger made eight saves in the net. Gibbons had a team- and career-high five ground balls. Terry White and Ryan Alden each had two caused turnovers to pace the team.
The Crimson travels to Hofstra for its second contest of the year, March 5. Face-off is slated for 1 p.m.


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Tantrum free trips: taking your kids on the train
Travelling with children can be a challenging experience but there are loads of reasons why taking a trip on the train is a great idea. As well as being more environmentally friendly than flying or driving, travelling with kids is often the cheapest option as there are usually plenty of train deals available for families.
Of course, travelling with youngsters can be a bit of a daunting prospect. But with a little imagination and planning a lengthy journey can be turned into a fun experience. If you're taking a long trip with children in tow we've written up some top tips on how to keep your kids entertained on the train. Continue reading →
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Police in the Hamptons were busy in the last week after some wild activity took place, including a naked Old Man McGumbus on Shelter Island as well as people stealing Christmas presents!
A Bunch Of Scrooges
Two people are being sought for stealing Christmas presents that were left on the front porch of a North Fork home. The woman who reported the incident said her daughter witnessed two women running onto the porch and absconding with the gifts in a blue station wagon.
Shelter Island
Old Man McGumbus, 102-year-old former welter weight army boxing champion and World War II Heavy Weapons NCO was arrested for public nudity last Thursday after he was discovered passed out on Main Street at 4:15 a.m. wearing nothing but a German WWII helmet.
The old man's hands were tied behind his back and he had bruises on his face and neck that indicated to police that he was severely beaten.
Police at first thought McGumbus was the victim of a violent attack. However, an eyewitenss reported that while being arrested, Old Man McGumbus said to police, "If there is one thing I can say with absolute certainty it is that sex with a retired school teacher will blow your damn mind."
A man punched a woman directly in the face, knocking her to the ground while inside a restaurant in Sag Harbor. Other guests at the restaurant helped the woman up and the man was arrested for assault.
Batteries Not Included
Two men in East Quogue were attempting to steal car batteries but noticed that store employees were watching them, which caused them to drop the batteries and make a run for it. They were not caught.
Hunting For…
Two hunters were rescued in Shinnecock Bay after they got lost in the fog, started walking into the water and then began screaming for help. The disoriented men are reported to be in stable condition.Yet another reason to always bring a boat when hunting in water in the Hamptons.
A 16-year-old was arrested on a charge of grand larceny last week after he allegedly stole a credit card from his mother and poceeded to charge the card up the wazoo. The teen reportedly took out $100 at a local grocery store and also bought a coat on the internet during his shopping spree. The mother of the accused decided to press charges. The young man was arrested and held for arraignment overnight.
Read more Hamptons Police Blotter and get exclusive Old Man McGumbus updates at danshamptons.com.


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BALTIMORE – Seniors Ali Goc (Oshawa, Ontario/R.S. McLaughlin) and Mallory McIntyre (Winnipeg, Manitoba/St. Mary's Academy), along with junior Hannah Schmidt (Catonsville, Md./Mount de Sales), each recorded a double-double as UMBC defeated America East foe Providence in four sets (26-24, 25-18, 22-25, 25-22), Sunday afternoon at the RAC Arena.
McIntyre spread the ball around all day for UMBC (14-8, 5-2 AE), dishing out 51 assists as five different Retrievers recorded double-digit kills. Schmidt led all hitters with 17 winners while Goc, classmate Emily Witsaman (Medina, Ohio/Medina), and sophomore Krystal Mlemchukwu (Baltimore, Md./Western Tech) each sent down 12 kills. Sophomore Sherelle Walker (New Freedom, Pa./Susquehannock) got in on the attack with ten put-aways.
On the back row, Goc, Schmidt, and freshman Casey Griffith (King of Prussia, Pa./Upper Merion) all scooped up 18 digs with McIntyre contributing 12 digs in the win.
For Providence (11-13, 3-4 AE), setter Jordan Wiesler nearly equaled McIntyre by handing out 46 helpers, 15 of which went to Kayla Fitzgerald. Mackenzie Ziegler also reached double figures for winners with 13 put-aways.
The Friars turned away more balls than the Retrievers (9.0-5.0) and outhit the hosts (.220-.218), but UMBC recorded 15 more kills (65-50) and four more digs (82-78).
The Retrievers got off to a fast start, claiming a 9-3 early lead on a kill from Goc. Providence pegged back with three straight points to cut the lead to 9-6, but UMBC responded with an 8-1 run to build a 17-7 advantage with Walker putting the exclamation point on the streak with a kill assisted by Goc. The Black and Gold looked to be on its way to a quick first set victory, but the visitors chipped away at the lead, eventually pulling level at 24-24. The Retrievers sided-out on the next point, however, with a kill from Mlemchukwu and then a Friar attack error gave the hosts the opening set, 26-24.
In the second set, Providence staked to an early 4-3 lead on a kill by Ziegler, but four straight Retrievers points, the last two on back-to-back McIntyre aces, restored UMBC's lead, 7-4, one they would not relinquish. Late in the set, the visitors attempted another comeback, cutting the lead to two 20-18, but UMBC ran off five straight behind two kills from Goc, one each from Schmidt and Witsaman, and a Providence attack error for the 25-18 set win.
Out of halftime, the Friars took the first three points and did not let the Retrievers get into the set. Providence built a six-point lead on three occasions – 15-9, 17-11, and 18-12 – but UMBC made a game of it but cutting the lead to two, 23-21, courtesy of a block by Schmidt and Mklemchukwu. The visitors were able to force a fourth set, though, winning the third frame, 25-22, on a kill by Annie Russian.
UMBC was not to be denied, however, and came out of the gate in the fourth by winning each of the first four points. Providence trimmed the lead down to one, 8-7, but the Retrievers held their opponents at bay and eventually built a 15-8 cushion behind the serving of senior Robbin Lee (Olney, Md./Sherwood). Again the Friars rallied, but UMBC held the lead throughout and put the match away with one last kill by Witsaman.
UMBC now hits the road for a its lone match next weekend, taking on Stony Brook on Friday evening on Long Island. The match is scheduled for a 7:30 p.m. start.
Dawg Bites
- UMBC has now defeated Providence in four sets in each of the teams' last three encounters and now leads the all-time series, 10-2.
- Goc's double-double is her team-leading tenth of the season.
- With seven digs in the match, senior Hallie Carter (Huntington Beach, Calif./Edison) surpassed the 1,000-dig plateau for her career).


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Report Line - "I Will Report It": 616-526-IWRI (616-526-4974)
Calvin College's Title IX officer Todd Hubers, Vice President for People, Strategy and Technology
What is Sexual Harassment?
Sexual harassment is repeated unwanted attention of a sexual nature or, more simply put, repeated unwanted attention that is based on sex. Therefore, as a form of discrimination based on sex, sexual harassment is not only an assault on personal dignity, but it is actionable under Title VII and Title IX of the Civil Rights Act. This kind of discrimination (which can consist of words and/or actions) may or may not have sexual content, but it must subject members of a protected class (men or women) to conditions of employment or education that are significantly worse than the conditions experienced by the non-members of the protected class. For example, if a professor makes repeated remarks about the inability of women to learn math that creates a learning environment for women that is significantly worse than the learning environment for men in the same classroom. Though the remarks have no overt sexual content, they harass a group of persons on the basis of their sex. This degradation of persons and of the learning environment constitutes discrimination and is actionable under Title IX.
In the same way, if a professor engages in a romantic relationship with a student, that professor is using sex to create conditions for all other students that might be worse than for the student who is privileged by the relationship. The professor could also be taking advantage of his/her position of authority to demand sexual favors of the student, thus creating a hostile or even abusive environment for that student by means of sex. That is why these relationships constitute sexual harassment. The consent of a student to a sexual or romantic relationship with a faculty member is not sufficient to make this relationship legitimate, since the element of authority—the power differential between a student and a professor—is still present and cannot be eliminated. For this reason, romantic or sexual relationships between Calvin College faculty and students are never acceptable.
Calvin College will not tolerate sexual harassment or abuse of any kind. It is our collective responsibility to promote a safe learning environment. Sexual harassment by any member of Calvin's faculty, staff or student body is an assault on personal dignity and a violation of federal and state law. Calvin affirms its commitment to maintaining an educational and working environment that is fair, respectful, and free from sexual harassment. No one at the college may retaliate against a person who makes a bona fide claim of sexual harassment.
Types of Sexual Harassment
Sexual harassment can be verbal (comments about a person's body, spreading sexual rumors, sexual remarks or accusations, dirty jokes or stories), physical (grabbing, rubbing, flashing or mooning, touching, pinching in a sexual way, sexual assault) or visual (display of naked pictures or sex-related objects, obscene gestures). Sexual harassment can happen to women and men, transgender and intersex persons, and those who are non gender-conforming. It is not limited by sexual orientation.
Some types of verbal behavior that might constitute sexual harassment are:
- Continuous idle chatter of a sexual nature and graphic sexual descriptions;
- Sexual slurs, sexual innuendoes and other comments about a person's clothing, body and/or sexual activities;
- Offensive and persistent risqué jokes or jesting and kidding about sex or gender-specific traits;
- Suggestive or insulting sounds such as whistling, wolf calls or kissing sounds;
- Sexually provocative comments or compliments about a person's clothing or the way their clothes fit;
- Comments of a sexual nature about weight, body shape, size or figure;
- Comments about the sensuality of a person, or his/her spouse or significant other;
- Distribution of written or graphic materials that are derogatory and are of a sexual nature;
- Repeated unsolicited propositions for dates and/or sexual relations;
- Asking about sexual fantasies, preferences or history.
Examples of gestures or non-verbal behaviors that might be considered sexual harassment are:
- Sexual looks such as leering and ogling with suggestive overtones;
- Licking lips or teeth, winking or throwing kisses;
- Holding or eating food provocatively;
- Lewd gestures, such as hand or sign language to denote sexual activity;
- Persistent and unwelcome flirting;
- Staring at an individual or looking a person up and down (elevator eyes);
- Displaying sexually suggestive pictures, calendars, posters, statues, etc.
Unwanted physical contact can range from offensive behavior to criminal acts. While some might dismiss some of these behaviors as an annoyance, others will consider them to be sexual harassment. It should be stressed that all of these behaviors are inappropriate in the workplace. Some examples of unwanted physical contact that might be considered sexual harassment are:
- Touching that is inappropriate in the workplace or classroom, such as patting, pinching, stroking or brushing up against the body;
- Giving a massage around the neck or shoulders;
- Attempted or actual kissing or fondling;
- Cornering or mauling;
- Physical assault;
- Coerced sexual relations;
- Attempted rape or rape;
- Touching or rubbing oneself sexually around another person;
- Pranks such as exposing underwear or parts of the body;
It should be stressed that while some behaviors may be offensive, unprofessional and/or against college policy, they may not necessarily be considered sexual harassment. For example, general use of profanity and vulgar language may not be sexual harassment unless it is sexually oriented or overused to the point that a hostile work environment is created.
Perception vs. Intent
An individual's perception of what is, or is not, sexual harassment, adds greatly to the complexity of the sexual harassment issue. Well intentioned gestures such as a pat on the shoulder, touching, resqué remarks, jesting comments of a sexual nature or physical contact may be interpreted as acts of sexual harassment by one recipient, while another may dismiss them as merely annoying. Likewise, some individuals may perceive leering or ogling as sexual harassment, while others may perceive the same behavior as looking or staring and may attribute no meaning to it.
Often people accused of sexual harassment may not realize that they have committed acts of harassment. Accused harassers may have intended only to be funny or even complimentary, and may believe that their conduct is not only appropriate and acceptable, but also appreciated. They are often truly shocked when they are told that someone considered their behavior to be sexual harassment.
In determining whether behavior is to be considered sexual harassment, the courts generally use the "reasonable person" standard. Using this standard, the court asks whether a reasonable victim of the same sex as the plaintiff would consider the comments or actions sufficiently severe or pervasive enough to create an abusive working environment. Another way to look at the issue — and your own behavior — is to ask whether you would want your spouse/partner, child or parent to be subjected to the same type of behavior.
Federal law recognizes two types of Sexual Harassment:
- Quid pro quo (Latin for "this for that")
For example, it is sexual harassment when a teacher or school employee offers a student a better grade or preferential treatment in return for sexual favors or if a teacher threatens to lower a grade if sexual contact is refused.
- Hostile environment
Sexual harassment also occurs when sexual touching or comments create an environment where people feel uncomfortable and unsafe, or are prevented from participating in or benefiting from a program or activity. This type of harassment does not have to involve a threat or promise of benefit in exchange for a sexual favor.
Remember: Any romantic or sexual relationships between people in positions of power or authority over others constitute an abuse of power and are, by definition, abusive. For this reason, Calvin College prohibits romantic relationships between faculty members and students, between students and staff members in mentoring positions, and between employees when a supervisory relationship is involved.
What to do
If you have experienced sexual harassment or abuses of power at Calvin, or suspect that someone you know might be involved in a situation of harassment or abuse, call the I Will Report It designated message line at 616-526-IWRI (616-526-4974). The line is available for students, faculty, and staff 24 hours a day, seven days a week, every day of the year.
You may also speak to a trusted person who will report it to their Vice President or the Associate Vice President for Human Resources. The College encourages the reporting of all perceived incidents of discrimination, harassment or retaliation regardless of the offender's identity or position.


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Gap security breach exposes data on 800,000
The latest retailer to suffer a security breach is Gap Inc., which blames the exposure of data on 800,000 job applicants on a third-party vendor that manages the information.
Personal data on 800,000 job applicants at Gap Inc. were exposed to potential identity fraud when a laptop belonging...
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to a third-party contractor was stolen, the retailer acknowledged Friday.
Gap said in a Web site statement that a laptop containing the Social Security numbers of certain job applicants was recently stolen from the offices of an "experienced third-party vendor" that manages job applicant data for the San Francisco-based retailer.
"The company has begun notifying the job applicants whose Social Security numbers were included in the information on the laptop and is offering them a year of free credit monitoring services with fraud resolution assistance, along with a dedicated 24-hour helpline," The Gap said. The stolen data belongs to 800,000 people who applied online or by phone for store positions at one of Gap's stores -- including Old Navy and Banana Republic -- between July 2006 and June 2007.
The retailer did not name the third-party contractor tasked with managing the data, but was quick to point out that the contractor violated an agreement with Gap by not encrypting the data on the laptop.
"Gap Inc. deeply regrets this incident occurred. We take our obligation to protect the data security of personal information very seriously," Gap Chairman and CEO Glenn Murphy said in the statement. "What happened here is against everything we stand for as a company. We're reviewing the facts and circumstances that led to this incident closely, and will take appropriate steps to help prevent something like this from happening again."
He said Gap uses more than one vendor to manage job applicant data, and so not all people who applied to work for the company between July 2006 and June 2007 are affected.
Those who applied online or by phone for a job with the company between those dates should contact the Gap Inc. Security Assistance Helpline at 1-866-237-4007. Representatives are available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, the company said.
Dave Lewis, senior information security officer at the Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) in Ontario, Canada, wrote in his Liquidmatrix blog that the security breach is particularly disturbing to him because of a recent experience he had in one of the retailer's stores in Las Vegas.
He wrote that when he emerged from a fitting room he was greeted by an employee who asked if he'd like to save 20% on his purchase. When he said yes, the woman asked if he could present a VISA or MasterCard and his Social Security number.
"I explained to her that I did not as I'm a Canadian," he said. "She frowned and said that she was sorry that they needed the SSN in order to give the discount. I was rather alarmed that the GAP wants to record SSN's from their customers."
He quickly observed that other shoppers did not share his distress. "When I got up to the cash register I listened intently as this question was posed to a few more shoppers," he said. "They handed over their information with blazing speed, never once asking why the company needed or wanted the information. So, now the GAP had their credit card info, their ZIP code and their Social Security number."
Given that experience, Lewis said it's creepy that the data on the stolen laptop wasn't encrypted.
The third-party vendor was also taken to task in a Breach Blog commentary noting that an experienced vendor "should know that human resources data is among the most sensitive data." Confidential data should not be on a laptop, but if it is it must be encrypted, the blog said.


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Mr. Matt needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 30 designs submitted by 22 freelance designers.
Need a logo designed for a new Film and Movie review website.
To keep things nice and short - I am looking for a logo design for a project called 'HowBad.is.it'. The website is going to focus on Movie and Cinema reviewing.
There isn't a design created for the website as of yet, wanted to start off with the logo design and then go from there.
I look forward to seeing the entries!
- Prefer light colours
- Clean smart look
- Main line - HowBad.is.it
- Tag line - Everyone's a critic
Not fully sure what I am looking for so quite open to all ideas.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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Enchanted Isles
The Enchanted Isles or Magic Isles were an archipelago in Belegaer, east of Tol Eressëa.
The archipelago was set by the Valar after the Flight of the Noldor to shield Valinor and Tol Eressëa. They had an uncertain number and no charted course could go through them, and as such they ensnared any ships trying to reach Aman without permission. Additionally the seas about them were filled with mists. The isles were enchanted, and anyone who set foot on them fell asleep forever. The creation of the Enchanted Isles and the Shadowy Seas was part of the Nurtalë Valinóreva, the Hiding of Valinor.[1]
However, when Eärendil and Elwing came upon the Enchanted Isles in Vingilótë they passed through successfully. This may be attributed to the Silmaril that Eärendil wore upon his brow as they sailed into the West.[2]
The isles were apparently either removed from Arda or at least made less sinister after the War of Wrath, as Tol Eressëa could be seen from Meneltarma on Númenor without problems. Certainly after the Akallabêth they were gone.
There is some confusion in the texts about these islands: the names "Enchanted Isles" and "Magic Isles" are both used, and at points it seems like they are different isles, but at other points they are equated as the same.[3]
[edit] Other versions of the Legendarium
In an early map of Arda titled I Vene Kemen (q.v.) the Magic Isles are noted, with the Qenya name I Tolli Kuruvar.
In The History of Middle-earth series the isles are also the location of the Tower of Pearl where the "sleeper" (possibly Tuor or Idril) rests, a reference which was later dropped from the mythology, although it remains uncertain if this was due to compression or rejection.
[edit] In other stories
The Magic Isles are referenced in Tolkien's Roverandom. In the story, written down in 1927, the great whale Uin takes the enchanted dog Roverandom (formerly known as Rover) on adventures through the seas: Uin takes Roverandom through the Shadowy Seas to the Bay of Fairyland beyond the Magic Isles where Rover saw the Mountains of Elvenhome and the light of Faery. Roverandom thought he could see the white glint of a city of Elves on a green hill far away in the distance.[4]
[edit] See also
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Quenta Silmarillion: Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Quenta Silmarillion: Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "Of Tuor and his Coming to Gondolin" (see especially Note 9)
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien; Christina Scull, Wayne G. Hammond (eds.), Roverandom, pp. 73-4


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|30.0 in 750.0 mm
|0.54 yd³ 0.41 m³
|893.0 lb 405.0 kg
|Use as Pin-on or with Cat Pin Grabber Coupler Use as Pin-on or with Cat Pin Grabber Coupler
|Adapter Quantity
|4 4
|Adapter Size
|Cat Advansys 80 Cat Advansys 80
|Edge Type
|Straight Straight
- Productivity is at its best when you pair your Cat machine with a Cat bucket, which we purpose-design to optimize the breakout force and power of the machine.
- The dual radius shell profile improves material flow into the bucket. The added heel clearance ensures the bottom of the bucket does not drag, reducing maintenance costs.
- Fuel consumption peaks during digging. Cat buckets are designed to cut through material quickly to enhance your machine's overall operating efficiency.
- Load more material in less time. Bucket shape and sidebars keep the most material in your bucket for every load.
- Count on the structural integrity of your bucket long-term. The integrated hinge plate helps distribute force better than a weld-on hinge plate
- Cat buckets are manufactured with high-strength, abrasion-resistant steel, especially in excessive wear areas
- Protect the high wear areas of your bucket coming into contact with materials the most with Cat Ground Engaging Tools (GET)
- Get higher production in demanding applications, easier penetration into piles, and faster cycle times with Cat® Advansys™ GET
- Install and remove tips faster than ever with the Advansys hammerless GET system
- Ensure a secure fit for tips and adapters, using only basic hand tools, with CapSure retention
- Reduce maintenance costs by selecting the right GET for your bucket and application combination. Bucket tips are available in a variety of options to suit your specific application needs.
- Managing multiple buckets and other attachments for a fleet is easier with a coupler system. Couplers allow machines of similar sizes to share and attachments can be changed out in seconds without leaving the safety of the cab.
- Buckets capable of being pinned directly to the machine are also compatible with Cat® Pin Grabber Couplers, except Pin Grabber Performance buckets. Pin Grabber Performance buckets have a recessed pin which optimizes breakout force resulting in faster cycle times for your bucket when using with a Cat Pin Grabber Coupler.
- The Cat Pin Grabber Coupler also gives the operator the ability to pick up a bucket in reverse position to clean out and square corners with ease.
- Ensure your attachments are secure with audible and visible cues from the coupler's secondary latch, always in the operator's line of sight.
- Cat Pin Grabber Couplers are compatible with 311-352 tracked excavators and all wheeled excavators. Trenching width couplers are also available.
- Attachments compatible with the CW Dedicated Coupler system use fixed quick coupler hinges. CW Dedicated Couplers feature a wedge-style locking system to keep attachments secure.
- CW Dedicated Couplers are available for all tracked and wheeled excavators.
- Never waste time looking for your buckets again. Cat asset tracking is available on select buckets.
- Track your entire fleet of attachments and machines from one source. Buckets with asset tracking can be viewed within VisionLink® alongside Product Link ™ subscribed equipment.
- Keep your assets secure. Buckets with an asset tracker send an alert if they leave an easy-to-setup site boundary.
- Maintain consistent production in aggressive applications with Severe Duty buckets. Ranging from 600-2500 mm (24-98 in.) wide, where tip life ranges from 200 to 400 hours.
- Prime applications for Severe Duty buckets include high silica sand, basalt, and shot granite.
- Wear plates across the bottom of Severe Duty buckets range up to 17-38 percent thicker than Heavy Duty buckets.
- Balance power and efficiency with Severe Duty Power buckets. Power buckets are best in applications where breakout force and cycle times are critical.
- Dig deeper into rock-type materials with a spade edge. The spade edge helps dig further into these bulky materials and guide them into the bucket.
- You can pin Severe Duty buckets directly to the machine or use them with a Cat Pin Grabber Coupler or CW Dedicated Coupler.


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(888) 808-0952
301 East 57th Avenue
Denver, CO 80216
This is not an offer for credit and should be used for estimation purposes only based on the information you provided. You should not base your decision on this estimate alone. Title, registration, tax and other fees, and personal circumstances such as employment status and personal credit history, were not considered in the calculations.
The most comfortable and confidence inspiring SxS for extended off-road expeditions in rough, rugged terrain.
Front - Dual hydraulic disc
Rear - Dual hydraulic disc, multi-disk wet parking brake
Front - AT26 x 8-12, steel wheels
Rear - AT26 x 10-12, steel wheels
Front - Independent double wishbone, 9.7-in travel
Rear - Independent double wishbone, anti-sway bar, 10.6-in travel
Professional driver on closed course. Always protect the environment and wear your seat belt, helmet, eye protection and protective clothing. Read the owner's manual and product warning labels before operation. Model shown with optional accessories. Vehicle specifications subject to change.


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Apr 27, 2011
How to Start as a Non-Technical Founder?
If you are serious about starting your own company, you would know that writing full-blown, 5 year business plans is a waste of time. Many smart folks have argued that working on a prototype and getting early user feedback is the right way to start a company. The next logical step is to actually start! This post is an attempt to equip a non-technical person (some of my fellow MBA students) with some of the tools and techniques that can be used to gauge early interest among your target audience and launch the first prototype of your product. Some of the ideas are taken from the awesome speakers who came to our class and some from my own experience.
Find early users
Create a landing page that describes the benefits of using the product. The page serves not only as your 30 second elevator pitch that generates interest but also as a way to do a quick survey with the audience. The survey is used to find behavior of your target audience. Get inspiration from the landing page of Daily.io that clearly describes the benefit and also ask questions that help understand behavior of the target users.
There are many tools that are available to design simple yet powerful landing pages. You can use a combination of products such as Launchrock, Wufoo, and Survey.io. I would recommend using Unbounce.com that does all the work without requiring any technical skills. Of course, don't forget to register your domain name and get a working email.
After having designed the landing page, its time to test it with real users. Create a campaign on Google Adwords or Facebook Ads (PPC campaign) and get targeted users to visit your site. Its quite easy to create campaigns and does not require any technical knowledge. As users visit your site, track the performance of the campaign and tweak as necessary.
It's a good idea to ask for email address and/or phone number from your visitors for follow-up.
Create Mockups
While visitors visit your site and provide feedback (based on your survey), you can now start creating initial mockups of your product. Depending on your comfort with technology, you can design basic web pages using HTML and CSS or use one of the awesome tools such as Balsamiq to create mockups without coding. Balsamiq is great but it's always a good idea to know basic HTML and CSS. By now, you will have some users who have shown interest in your product. You should now contact these users and show your mockups to get feedback.
Code and release
You should now have enough information on creating the actual prototype of the product. The prototype should be functional, i.e., can be used by customers and should solve a real problem. Don't worry about width of 450 px vs 454 px or making the font color blue or black. Instead focus on creating a product that users are willing to adopt or better pay (if you do have a monetization model from day one). I would also recommend to learn to code. There are many resources available online that can help you learn at least the basics in few days. If you don't want to code, then you should have a good friend (me?) who is willing to code for you. But for many, its hard to find. I am not saying code to perfection but learn to code to create basic functional product. If are motivated enough, do read the book Getting Real by 37Signals that describes the best way to create a web-based application (most of it can be applied to other areas as well).
Write a Blog
I can't stress more enough on the importance of domain knowledge. Create a blog (e.g. blog.mycompany.com) and start writing on the issues that your product solves. For example, if your product aims to simplify enterprise IT products, you can write about a variety of topics such as the current state of enterprise IT, compare enterprise and consumer applications, and reasons behind slow adoption in enterprise IT. The higher the quality of your blog, the higher the chances of product adoption. Your objective is to be razor focus on the problem you are trying to solve and perhaps be the top five blogs on the topic.
Are you still reading this? Ok, time to create a landing page!


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Before presenting their oral arguments, counsel for both sides will submit a legal brief summarizing the facts of the case as well as the legal reasoning behind their arguments. Cases set for hearing during the current Supreme Court term, for which FindLaw has online versions of briefs, are listed below in alphabetical order by case name.
Have a Supreme Court merit or amicus brief you'd like to post on FindLaw? Submit it here!
Briefs for Term:
2007| 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 | 2000 | 1999
Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons (No. 06-9130)
Bd. of Education of New York v. Tom F. (No. 06-637)
CSX Transp., Inc. v. Georgia State Bd. of Equalization (No. 06-1287)
Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis (No. 06-666)
Danforth v. Minnesota (No. 06-8273)
Federal Express Corp. v. Holowecki (No. 06-1322)
Gall v. United States (No. 06-7949)
Hall Street Assoc. v. Mattel, Inc. (No. 06-989)
John R. Sand & Gravel Co. v. US (No. 06-1164)
Kimbrough v. United States (No. 06-6330)
Klein & Co. Futures, Inc. v. Bd. of Trade of the City of New York (No. 06-1265)
Logan v. US (No. 06-6911)
Medellin v. Texas (No. 06-984)
New York Bd. of Elections v. Torres (No. 06-766)
Stoneridge Investment v. Scientific-Atlanta (No. 06-43)
United States v. Santos (No. 06-1005)
US v. Williams (No. 06-694)
Washington State Grange v. Wa. State Republican Party (No. 06-713, 06-730)
Watson v. United States (No. 06-571)


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Above: The Beach Boys, looking not beachy but dapper (though the two things aren't mutually exclusive). We bring you this photographic wake-up call because we're offering you the chance to win tickets to The Beach Boys' reunion tour — provided you enter our contest and read all the legalese — which could potentially not just provide the 26 winners from every eligible city with live offerings of The Beach Boys' fantastic new album "Smile," as well as a copy of their 50th-anniversary album, but also a year's worth of the magazine. We are the gift that keeps on giving.
Enter to win right here.


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The University of Iowa has a long and noteworthy history of providing athletic opportunities for African-Americans, particularly during times when such opportunities were uncommon elsewhere. As part of Black History Month, I think it's important to take a look at some of these pioneers for African-Americans in Hawkeye sports and recognize their accomplishments.
African-Americans in Hawkeye Sports – The First Three
The first three African-American athletes I've been able to identify from the University of Iowa were Frank Holbrook, Archie Alexander, and Duke Slater.
Frank Holbrook, who I discussed indepth in a previous post, was Iowa's first black athlete, lettering for the Hawkeye football team in 1895 and 1896 and the Hawkeye track team in 1896 and 1897. Holbrook endured some of the worst treatment due to the color of his skin in Iowa sports history during an 1896 game against Missouri, yet he played with courage and determination. Kinney Holbrook, as he was called, set the foundation for African-American athletes in the state of Iowa.
Archie Alexander, a black tackle for the Hawkeyes from 1909-1911, was next. Alexander faced the same discrimination from the Missouri Tigers that Holbrook did; he was benched for Iowa's 1910 contest at Missouri rather than incite the Missouri fans into another situation similar to what Holbrook faced. Nevertheless, Alexander was a powerful player who received the nickname "Alexander the Great" for his excellent play. He later earned an engineering degree and had a successful career in private business and politics, being named the governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands by President Eisenhower in 1954.
The third known African-American athlete at the University of Iowa was one I have covered repeatedly here on this site – Duke Slater. Slater played at Iowa from 1918-1921; as a sophomore in 1919, he was named a second-team All-American, becoming the first black All-American in Iowa history. Slater went on to have a long career in the NFL and in the legal field. He remained a longtime fan of his alma mater and became the school's chief recruiter in the black community. Many of the athletes to follow did so because they either heard of Slater's exploits at Iowa or were personally recruited by him to Iowa City.
African-Americans in Hawkeye Sports – The 1920s
Slater's accomplishments at the University of Iowa drew other black athletes to the school, looking to duplicate Slater's success. Ledrue Galloway and Arlington Daniels in 1924, Harold Bradley Sr. in 1926, and Wendell Benjamin in 1929-1930 all came to Iowa in search of an opportunity to play. All four were African-American linemen who drew inevitable comparisons to Duke Slater, and while none of them came close to matching his achievements, all of them made a memorable impact.
Harold Bradley Sr. didn't actually earn a letter for the football team, but he went on to be just the second black lineman in NFL history – after Slater – in 1928. Bradley's son, Harold Bradley Jr., would follow in his dad's footsteps, joining the Hawkeye football team and earning letters in 1949 and 1950.
Ledrue Galloway earned a letter at tackle for the 1924 Hawkeye football team, but he was hospitalized with tuberculosis before the following season. He is probably best remembered in Iowa football history for a game in which he didn't even play. Galloway sent a telegram from his hospital bed to the 1925 Hawkeyes before a game against an outstanding Illinois team, led by Red Grange. He wrote, "There will be twelve Iowa men on the field to beat Illinois. I am with you." The Hawkeyes pulled off the improbable upset, 12-10, but Galloway died of his illness less than a year later.
Football wasn't the only sport where African-American Hawkeyes made an impact. Charles Brookins was a hurdler who won an NCAA championship and set a world record in the 220-yard low hurdles at the 1923 NCAA Track and Field Championships. He served as the captain of Iowa's track team and participated in the 1924 Olympics in the 400-meter hurdles. Brookins initially finished second in the finals of that event, which would have been good for a silver medal, but he was disqualified for running out of his lane.
Now…was Charles Brookins an African-American? That's something of an unanswered question. He was very fair-skinned, and most mainstream newspapers did not report him as being a black athlete. However, some people close to him believed he was of African-American descent, and a few black newspapers claimed him as one of their own.
On the other hand, there was no question about Ed Gordon's heritage. Gordon was a star long jumper for Iowa from 1929-1931. He won three consecutive NCAA championships in the event, becoming the first athlete to win NCAA championships in an event three straight years. Gordon then went on to capture the gold medal in long jumping in the 1932 Olympic Games after placing seventh in the world at the Olympics four years prior. Ed Gordon was quite possibly the most dominant track and field athlete in Iowa history – a remarkable accomplishment indeed for an African-American in that era.
African-Americans in Hawkeye Sports – The 1930s
In 1932, the Hawkeye football team had two African-American letterwinners – end Voris Dickerson and back Wilbur "Windy" Wallace. The most infamous moment of that 1-7 season came when the Hawkeyes agreed to bench Dickerson and Wallace for a road game in DC against George Washington University. Washington DC, a distinctly southern city culturally at that time, was not receptive to the idea of two African-American players on the Hawkeye squad, so Iowa left them on the sidelines.
As skilled as Windy Wallace was, a mere two years later another black halfback would captivate the Hawkeye fanbase in a way no African-American player had since Duke Slater. Iowa's Big Ten opener in 1934 was a breakout game for Oze E. "Ozzie" Simmons. Simmons racked up over 300 all-purpose yards in the Hawkeyes' 20-7 victory over Northwestern, and a new star was introduced to the college football galaxy.
Ozzie Simmons was a two-time All-American for the Hawkeyes in 1934 and 1935. His most lasting contribution to Hawkeye football can be seen every time Iowa takes the field against Minnesota. A controversy over rough treatment he received at the hands of the Gophers in 1934 led to a dispute that was only tamed through the creation of the Floyd of Rosedale Trophy.
One of the most overlooked of Iowa's African-American pioneers was Ozzie's brother, Don Simmons. Although he was constantly in the shadow of his little brother, Don Simmons earned three letters with the Hawkeye football team from 1934-1936 as an end. Don also served as his brother's biggest fan and spokesman, helping to shield the talented but often shy Ozzie from the intense spotlight of athletic stardom.
Because Ozzie Simmons was the most talented player on the 1936 Hawkeye team, it was somewhat surprising that he wasn't named the team's captain, which would have made him the first black captain of a Big Ten football team. Instead, that honor fell one year later to Homer Harris, an African-American end who was elected captain of the 1937 Hawkeye football team. After a stint in the Army, Harris later became a respected dermatologist in Seattle.
The 1939 Ironmen was the most celebrated team in Iowa football history. The Ironmen were bolstered by two African-American standouts – tackle Jim Walker and end Fred Smith. Smith was a reserve end for the 1939 Hawkeyes as a senior. Walker, on the other hand, was one of 13 members of that Iowa team that played all sixty minutes in a single game that season. Jim Walker played a complete game against Indiana early in the year and was counted on to be a major factor on the Hawkeye line until he suffered a severe knee injury the following game that kept him out for most of the rest of the season.
Walker came to Iowa from South Bend, Indiana. His hometown college, Notre Dame, refused to consider recruiting Walker because he was an African-American, so he went to Iowa City, where he became a legitimate star. Jim Walker played three seasons for Iowa from 1939-1941 and helped the Hawkeyes to an upset over the Irish in 1940.
African-Americans in Hawkeye Sports – The 1940s
African-Americans made headlines in several major sports for the Hawkeyes in the 1940s. Lee Farmer set several school records for the Hawkeye track team in 1942 and was named the team's captain in 1943 before being called away to serve in the military during World War II. Dick Culberson became the first African-American to play Big Ten basketball during the 1944-45 season; he was a reserve for an Iowa team that went on to win the Big Ten title that season.
Culberson's legacy in Big Ten basketball has been repeatedly and constantly downplayed, dismissed, and disregarded by misguided Indiana basketball fans, who spread the falsehood that Bill Garrett, a black Hoosier All-American from 1947-1951, was the first African-American player in the Big Ten. In particular, Tom Graham and Rachel Graham Cody, authors of Getting Open: The Unknown Story of Bill Garrett and the Integration of College Basketball, continued to credit Garrett with integrating major college basketball and breaking the Big Ten's color line against African-American players even after being made aware of Culberson's presence on the 1945 Hawkeye team. Their promotion of Garrett as the "Jackie Robinson of college basketball" spawned numerous articles incorrectly hailing him as the first black basketball player in Big Ten history. In their overzealous attempt to promote Bill Garrett's accomplishments, the Grahams displayed an irresponsible, dismissive attitude toward Dick Culberson's achievements, and their misleading statements serve to dishonor everything that both Culberson and Garrett did to advance the rights of African-Americans in Big Ten basketball.
African-Americans received numerous opportunities to contribute to Iowa football that weren't available elsewhere. This is not to suggest, however, that these men didn't frequently face discrimination…occasionally even from fellow Hawkeyes. One of these trailblazers left the football team after a nasty incident instigated by a Hawkeye coach. Joseph Howard lettered for the 1943 Hawkeyes and returned to the squad in 1944. That year, the Hawkeyes squared off against Indiana, who featured a black running back. One of Coach Slip Madigan's assistant coaches called out to the Iowa defense to stop the Hoosier back, using a racial epithet. Howard asked the assistant coach to apologize for using the offensive slur, but the coach refused, so Howard quit the team. Joseph Howard went on to become a prominent judge in Baltimore.
Still, the Hawkeye football program was powered by pioneering African-American players throughout the late-1940s. These men included Obern Simons in 1945, Sherman Howard in 1946, and John Estes in 1947. But the two best-known African-American Hawkeye football stars of this era were Emlen Tunnell and Earl Banks. Tunnell went on to have a marvelous career in pro football, integrating the New York Giants and becoming the first African-American inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Banks, on the other hand, had a long and distinguished coaching career at multiple historically black colleges.
African-Americans in Hawkeye Sports – The 1950s, Football
Five African-Americans played for the 1950 Hawkeye football team, and these five made college football history. Bernard Bennett, Harold Bradley Jr., Don Commack, Delmar Corbin, and Don Riley were members of the 1950 Iowa squad that ended their season with a road game against the Miami Hurricanes. Bennett, Bradley, Commack, Corbin, and Riley – collectively known as the "Orange Bowl Five" – were the first black athletes to play a football game in the old Orange Bowl stadium. Although the Hawks fell in a hard-fought contest, 14-6, the Orange Bowl Five opened a door for African-Americans in the deep south.
More history was made by the Steubenville Trio – Cal Jones, Eddie Vincent, and Frank Gilliam – who played at Iowa from 1953-1956. In particular, Jones went down as one of the pioneering African-American linemen in college football history. He was the first African-American featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated magazine, and he was the first black lineman to win the coveted Outland Trophy. Cal Jones was so admired by his teammates that they elected him team captain in 1955, a rare achievement for an African-American in that era.
Forest Evashevski, Iowa's head coach from 1952-1960, utilized African-American athletes extensively to help mold Hawkeye football into a legitimate national powerhouse. The number of black athletes who contributed to Evy's success at Iowa are almost too numerable to mention, but a few standouts include Bob Jeter, Willie Fleming, John Burroughs, and Wilburn Hollis. Jeter and Fleming went down as two of the greatest running backs in the history of Hawkeye football. Burroughs, a lineman on both of Iowa's Rose Bowl championship teams in 1956 and 1958, later became a respected U.S. ambassador and diplomat. And Hollis, Iowa's outstanding starting quarterback on the Big Ten champion 1960 Hawkeye football team, was one of the first African-American starting quarterbacks in college football.
African-Americans in Hawkeye Sports – The 1950s, Other Sports
African-Americans made their mark in other Hawkeye sports during the 1950s as well. Ted Wheeler broke stereotypes as a Hawkeye cross-country star in the 1950s. While many black runners were limited to sprinting, Wheeler proved that African-American athletes could also excel at distance running. He was the first African-American to earn All-American honors in cross-country running in 1951 and later became the first black distance runner to compete at the Olympic Games, competing in the metric-mile at the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne, Australia.
Charles "Deacon" Jones followed in Wheeler's footsteps and raised the bar still higher for African-Americans in the sport of cross-country running. Jones won Iowa's first and only individual cross-country national championship as a sophomore in 1955. That victory made him the first African-American in history to win the NCAA cross-country title. Jones also won an individual NCAA track championship in the two-mile event in 1957, and like Wheeler, he competed in the 1956 Olympics. Running the 3,000-meter steeplechase, Jones competed in the Olympics not only in 1956 but again four years later at the 1960 Olympic Games.
In basketball, McKinley "Deacon" Davis had a tremendous career for the Hawkeyes from 1952-1955. As a sophomore in 1953, he led the Hawks in scoring and was named second team All-Big Ten. However, in his final two years, some of the attention he might have otherwise received was usurped by the rise of the Fabulous Five. Five very talented players in the class just below Davis began to gain notoriety as a group, yet for the most part, Davis remained in the starting lineup. In 1955, the Hawkeyes made it all the way to the school's first Final Four appearance, boasting four junior starters and one senior – Deacon Davis.
The following year in 1956, the Fabulous Five – all of whom were now starting as senior – made it back to the Final Four and all the way the national championship game. It is still the only appearance of an Iowa men's basketball team in the NCAA Championship game. The Fabulous Five was anchored by a high school classmate of Davis', Carl Cain. Cain, a first team All-American for the Hawkeyes in 1956, later had his #21 retired by the basketball program for his role on Iowa's two Final Four teams in 1955 and 1956.
Simon Roberts broke barriers even before wrestling for the Hawkeyes from 1956-1958. Roberts defeated Ron Gray in 1953 to become the first African-American state wrestling champion in Iowa high school history. Four years later, Roberts and Gray squared off again – this time for the 147-pound NCAA championship in 1957. Gray was the favorite and undefeated on the year, but Roberts scored a takedown in the final 30 seconds of the match to become the first individual African-American champion in NCAA wrestling history.
African-Americans in Hawkeye Sports – The 1960s and Beyond
Beginning in the 1960s, seeing an African-American competing in the highest levels of college athletics became less and less of a rarity…even in the deep south. Black athletes continued to star for Hawkeye teams, and for the most part, their participation was met with little unrest. One notable exception took place in 1969, when 16 football players boycotted spring practice and were subsequently kicked off the team. The Black Boycott of 1969 stands out as a sour note in the otherwise mutually beneficial partnership that had existed for decades between African-American athletes and Hawkeye sports teams.
University of Iowa athletics continued to be a trailblazer for African-Americans in sports as attention turned from black athletes to black coaches. The legendary Eddie Robinson had spent five summers at Iowa from 1948 through 1958, learning the finer points of Iowa's offense from Dr. Eddie Anderson and Forest Evashevski. Robinson earned his master's degree from Iowa in 1954 and went into coaching at Grambling University, where he compiled an incredible 408 coaching victories. Although he never coached at Iowa, his association with Iowa football has always made Hawkeye fans proud.
African-Americans began to break into Iowa's assistant coaching ranks in the 1960s. Duke Slater had served as a volunteer line coach under Ossie Solem before the 1936 season, but like many position coaches in that era, Slater's coaching tenure at Iowa only lasted a couple of weeks. Frank Gilliam was hired by Ray Nagel as an assistant football coach in 1966, becoming the first full-time African-American assistant football coach not only at Iowa, but in the entire Big Ten. Dennis Green, a former member of that Black Boycott who played at Iowa from 1968-1970, gained attention as a rising coaching prospect while serving as Iowa's running backs coach from 1974-1976. Green later went on to become the second African-American Division I-A head coach at Northwestern in 1981 and the third African-American NFL head coach with the Minnesota Vikings in 1992.
Ted Wheeler came back to Iowa in 1972 as an assistant track coach, and in 1978, the Hawkeyes hired him as their head track coach; Wheeler was the first black head coach at the University of Iowa. In 1983, the university handed the reins to both basketball programs to African-Americans – George Raveling was hired as the head coach of Hawkeye men's basketball, while the women's team would be led by C. Vivian Stringer. Although Raveling only lasted two short seasons at Iowa before leaving for the warmth of USC, Stringer ignited a golden age in Iowa women's basketball, leading the Hawks to the Final Four in 1993.
Today, it might be easy to overlook just how important each of these trailblazing African-Americans was in his time. However, the history of Hawkeye sports would be less compelling – and far, far less successful – without their contributions. It is paramount that we remember and celebrate these trailblazers who left an unforgettable legacy at the University of Iowa.
Tagged with: African-Americans in Hawkeye sports • Archie Alexander • Arlington Daniels • Bernard Bennett • Bill Garrett • Black Boycott • Bob Jeter • C. Vivian Stringer • Cal Jones • Carl Cain • Charles "Deacon" Jones • Charles Brookins • Delmar Corbin • Denny Green • Dick Culberson • Don Commack • Don Riley • Don Simmons • Duke Slater • Earl Banks • Ed Gordon • Eddie Anderson • Eddie Robinson • Eddie Vincent • Emlen Tunnell • Forest Evashevski • Frank Gilliam • Frank Kinney Holbrook • Fred Smith • George Raveling • Getting Open: The Unknown Story of Bill Garrett and the Integration of College Basketball • Harold Bradley Jr. • Harold Bradley Sr. • Homer Harris • Jim Walker • John Burroughs • John Estes • Joseph Howard • Ledrue Galloway • McKinley "Deacon" Davis • Obern Simons • Orange Bowl Five • Ozzie Simmons • Rachel Graham Cody • Ray Nagel • Sherman Howard • Simon Roberts • Slip Madigan • Ted Wheeler • Tom Graham • Voris Dickerson • Wendell Benjamin • Wilbur "Windy" Wallace • Wilburn Hollis • Willie Fleming
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(From Latin duo, two).
Like most other philosophical terms, has been employed in different meanings by different schools.
First, the name has been used to denote the religious or theological system which would explain the universe as the outcome of two eternally opposed and coexisting principles, conceived as good and evil, light and darkness, or some other form of conflicting powers. We find this theory widely prevalent in the East, and especially in Persia, for several centuries before the Christian Era. The Zend-Avesta, ascribed to Zoroaster, who probably lived in the sixth century B.C. and is supposed to be the founder or reformer of the Medo-Persian religion, explains the world as the outcome of the struggle between Ormuzd and Ahriman. Ormuzd is infinite light, supreme wisdom, and the author of all good; Ahriman is the principle of darkness and of all evil. In the third century after Christ, Manes, for a time a convert to Christianity, developed a form of Gnosticism, subsequently styled Manichaeism, in which he sought to fuse some of the elements of the Christian religion with the dualistic creed of Zoroastrianism (see MANICHAEISM and ZOROASTER). Christian philosophy, expounded with minor differences by theologians and philosophers from St. Augustine downwards, holds generally that physical evil is the result of the necessary limitations of finite created beings, and that moral evil, which alone is evil in the true sense, is a consequence of the creation of beings possessed of free wills and is tolerated by God. Both physical and moral evil are to be conceived as some form of privation or defect of being, not as positive entity. Their existence is thus not irreconcilable with the doctrine of theistic monism.
Second, the term dualism is employed in opposition to monism, to signify the ordinary view that the existing universe contains two radically distinct kinds of being or substance matter and spirit, body and mind. This is the most frequent use of the name in modern philosophy, where it is commonly contrasted with monism. But it should not be forgotten that dualism in this sense is quite reconcilable with a monistic origin of all things. The theistic doctrine of creation gives a monistic account of the universe in this sense. Dualism is thus opposed to both materialism and idealism. Idealism, however, of the Berkeleyan type, which maintains the existence of a multitude of distinct substantial minds, may along with dualism, be described as pluralism.
Historically, in Greek philosophy as early as 500 B.C. we find the Eleatic School with Parmenides as their chief, teaching a universal unity of being, thus exhibiting a certain affinity with modern German monism. Being alone exists. It is absolutely one, eternal, and unchangeable. There is no real becoming or beginning of being. Seeming changes and plurality of beings are mere appearances. To this unity of being, Plato opposed an original duality--God and unproduced matter, existing side by side from all eternity. This matter, however, was conceived as indeterminate, chaotic, fluctuating, and governed by a blind necessity, in contrast with mind which acts according to plan. The order and arrangement are due to God. Evil and disorder in the world have their source in the resistance of matter which God has not altogether vanquished. Here we seem to have a trace of the Oriental speculation. Again there is another dualism in man. The rational soul is a spiritual substance distinct from the body within which it dwells, somewhat as the charioteer in the chariot. Aristotle is dualistic on sundry important topics. The contrast between the fundamental conceptions of matter and form--a potential and an actualizing principle--runs through all branches of his system. Necessarily coeternal with God, Who is pure actuality, there has existed the passive principle of matter, which in this sense, however, is mere potentiality. But further, along with God Who is the Prime Mover, there must also have existed from all eternity the World moved by God. In his treatment of cognition Aristotle adopts the ordinary common-sense view of the existence of individual objects distinct from our perceptions and ideas of them. Man is an individual substantial being resulting from the coalescence of the two principles--form (the soul) and matter.
Christianity rejected all forms of a dual origin of the world which erected matter, or evil, or any other principle into a second eternal being coexistent with God, and it taught the monistic origin of the universe from one, infinite, self-existing spiritual Being who freely created all things. The unfamiliar conception of free creation, however, met with considerable opposition in the schools of philosophy and was abandoned by several of the earlier heresies. The neo-Platonists sought to lessen the difficulty by emanastic forms of pantheism, and also by inserting intermediate beings between God and the world. But the former method implied a materialistic conception of God, while the latter only postponed the difficulty. From the thirteenth century, through the influence of Albertus Magnus and still more of St. Thomas Aquinas, the philosophy of Aristotle, though subjected to some important modifications, became the accredited philosophy of the Church. The dualistic hypothesis of an eternal world existing side by side with God was of course rejected. But the conception of spiritual beings as opposed to matter received fuller definition and development. The distinction between the human soul and the body which it animates was made clearer and their separability emphasized; but the ultra-dualism of Plato was avoided by insisting on the intimate union of soul and body to constitute one substantial being under the conception of form and matter.
The problem of dualism, however, was lifted into quite a new position in modern philosophy by Descartes. Indeed, since his time it has been a topic of central interest in philosophical speculation. His handling of two distinct questions, the one epistemological, the other metaphysical, brought this about. The mind stands in a cognitional relation to the external world, and in a causal relation to the changes within the body. What is the precise nature of each of these relations? According to Descartes the soul is res cogitans. Its essence is thought. It is simple and unextended. It has nothing in common with the body, but is connected with it in a single point, the pineal gland in the centre of the brain. In contrast with this, the essence of matter lies in extension. So the two forms of being are utterly disparate. Consequently the union between them is of an accidental or extrinsic character. Descartes thus approximates to the Platonic conception of charioteer and chariot. Soul and body are really two merely allied beings. How then do they interact? Real reciprocal influence or causal interaction seems impossible between two such disparate things. Geulincx and other disciples of Descartes were driven to invent the hypothesis of occasionalism and Divine assistance, according to which it is God Himself who effects the appropriate change in either body or mind on the occasion of the corresponding change in the other. For this system of miraculous interferences Leibniz substituted the theory of pre-established harmony according to which God has coupled pairs of bodies and souls which are destined to run in parallel series of changes like two clocks started together. The same insoluble difficulty of psycho-physical parallelism remains on the hands of those psychologists and philosophers at the present day who reject the doctrine of the soul as a real being capable of acting on the body which it informs. The ultra-dualism of Descartes was immediately followed on the Continent by the pantheistic monism of Spinoza, which identified mind and matter in one infinite substance of which they are merely "modes."
The cognitional question Descartes solves by a theory of knowledge according to which the mind immediately perceives only its own ideas or modifications. The belief in an external world corresponding to these ideas is of the nature of an inference, and the guaranteeing of this inference or the construction of a reliable bridge from the subjective world of thought to the objective world of material being, was thenceforth the main problem of modern philosophy. Locke similarly taught that the mind immediately apprehends only its own ideas, but he assumed a real external world which corresponds to these ideas, at least as regards the primary qualities of matter. Berkeley, accepting Locke's assumption that the mind immediately cognizes only its own ideas, raised the question: What grounds have we for believing in the existence of a material world corresponding to those ideas? He concludes that there are none. The external cause of these ideas is God Who awakens them in our minds by regular laws. The dualistic opposition between mind and matter is thus got rid of by denying an independent material world. But Berkeley still postulates multitude of real substantial minds distinct from each other and apparently from God. We have thus idealistic pluralism. Hume carried Berkeley's scepticism a step farther and denied the existence of permanent spiritual substances, or minds, for grounds similar to those on which Berkeley rejected material substances. All we know to exist are ideas of greater or less vividness. Kant repudiates this more extreme scepticism and adopts, at least in the second edition of his chief work, a form of dualism based on the distinction of phenomena and noumena. The mind immediately perceives only its own representations. These are modified by innate mental forms. They present to us only phenomena. But the noumena, the things-in-themselves, the external causes of these phenomenal representations, are beyond our power of cognition. Fichte rejected things-in-themselves outside the mind, and reduced the Kantian dualism to idealistic monism. The strongest and most consistent defenders of dualism in modern philosophy have been the Scotch School, including Reid, Stuart, and Hamilton. Among English writers in more recent times Martineau, McCosh, Mivart, and Case have carried on the same tradition on similar lines.
The problem of dualism, as its history suggests, involves two main questions:
IN FAVOUR OF NATURAL DUALISM:--RICKABY, First Principles of Knowledge (New York and London, 1901); CASE, Physical Realism (New York and London, 1881); UEBERWEG, Logic, tr. (London, 1871); HAMILTON, Metaphysics (Edinburgh and London, 1877); McCOSH, Exam. of Mill (New York, 1875); MARTINEAU, A Study of Religion (Oxford, 1888): MIVART, Nature and Thought (London, 1882); MAHER, Psychology (New York and London, 1908); FARGES, L'Objectivit de la Perception (Paris, 1891). AGAINST NATURAL DUALISM:--BERKELEY, Principles of Human Knowledge, ed. FRASER (Oxford, 1871): ed. KRAUTH (Philadelphia, 1874); MILL, An Exam. of Sir W. Hamilton (London, 1865); BRADLEY, Appearance and Reality (New York and London, 1899).
APA citation. (1909). Dualism. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved April 26, 2010 from New Advent: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05169a.htm
MLA citation. "Dualism." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 26 Apr. 2010 <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05169a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Robert H. Sarkissian.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. May 1, 1909. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
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