text:
Not only is the promise of getting organized a common New Year's resolution, but organizing and staying organized is also a process at which some make a living, including Michelle Worthington, a professional organizer and owner of Worthy Spaces in Boca Raton.
Worthington stepped into her organizer/consulting role last year after a decade of working in technical software support jobs. But her skills are nothing new, she says. Family and friends have always tapped Worthington for their own undertakings that require organizing.
"The majority of my client projects involve just one or two sessions of organizing," said Worthington. "It's truly amazing how much you can accomplish in a four-hour session."
Most of Worthington's clients range in age 30- to 55-years-old, and seek assistance with home offices, closets, unpacking and kitchens and garages in addition to senior moves.
She helps businesses convert to paperless offices and organizes filing systems. Worthington helps with stagings and other tasks that require workflow and presentation skills.
And this month, Worthington is branding her business with a series of "Worthy" organizing tips and events in recognition of National Get Organized (GO) Month, aptly celebrated in January each year, according to the National Association of Professional Organizers.
As a member of NAPO's local chapter, Worthington participated in the IKEA Organizing Expo in Sunrise last week, the first time the South Florida chapter got involved with the store's annual event, says Worthington. There, she and other chapter members met with consumers, advising them on how desks, accessories and other furnishings can maximize organizing opportunities.
"I think as a group we really made a difference for some of the shoppers that had so many great ideas, but didn't truly know how to get started," said Worthington. "Often people just need some direction."
How did you get the idea of your own organizing business? I have to thank reality TV shows like Hoarders, Clean House and The Amanda's for inspiring me. Without these shows I never would have realized that there was an actual industry for professional organizers. Once I decided this was a direction I wanted to go in, I researched professional organizer contacts in South Florida, and attended a chapter meeting of professional organizers.
What was your game-changer? After some intense projects at work I decided to take a step back from the pace of technical software support that required on-call activities for over a decade. I wanted something that would give me more flexibility with my daughter and to do something I felt was making a difference.
How important is business networking? It's huge. It really helps to promote our industry. Beyond that, in my line of work — especially residential organizing — the process is very personal. That means getting to know someone through networking really helps. Not only does it build a rapport between me and my clients, it allows them to feel comfortable enough with me to have them in their house sometimes organizing very private and personal items. Most of my referrals are from word of mouth from someone who has gotten to know me through networking and I am no longer a "stranger."
What is the single biggest organizational "don't"? Don't go out and buy lots of bins, baskets or containers with the charge to get organized. One of the most important overlooked and most difficult tasks is purging. Many people already have enough containers on hand to hold all of the items that should be kept.
How can people get/stay organized? Take 15 to 30 minutes of uninterrupted time in a business workday to do some administrative tasks: filing, billing, correspondence, etc. It may mean NOT taking on an extra client or customer, but being able to successfully handle a current customer base with quality and organization is more important in the long run than rushing through and losing items today. If you don't have the time and this isn't an option, then hiring someone to take on the administrative tasks may be a worthwhile expense.
email@example.com 954-356-4662 Twitter @mindingyourbiz


text:
Thank you for supporting RIVERSPORT's sailing program! Through
your support, we are able to create new opportunities for youth and adults to
get involved in sailing at Lake Hefner. RIVERSPORT is a project of the OKC
Boathouse Foundation, a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization. A tax receipt will be
provided for your records. If you would like to contribute an amount not listed
below or need personal assistance, email email@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
The Mt Washington Valley Ice Fest will be here before you know it. Make your plans now!
I would agree that people who steal gear suck. However, knowing that there are people who suck and upon seeing an unoccupied rope may be just too tempting for them to by-pass' the only way to prevent theft would be to take the rope off the route at the end of the day and take it home with you. If I was worried or thought my rope would be ripped off I certainly wouldn't leave it there. This all being said, I suggest we start a "buy Al a new rope" fund. I will contribute the first $25.00. We certainly could raise the money for the poor fellow. Considering all he does. We could print T-Shirts to sell; "Al's Rope Is Strong" printed in blue and yellow. I am coming up to North Conway this weekend to run the Mt. Washington Road Race so maybe Saturday night we could have the kickoff event. Maybe a barbeque at Al's house. I am sure he can find a live band to perform. Al, I like Coronas and big burgers. See you all at 7. What do we all think?
A coiled rope left on the ground I would assume was forgotten, and I wouldn't think twice about grabbing it and posting here in the Lost & Found.A rope left on the cliff is a grey area. If you are coming back almost daily AND it isn't easy to re-rig the rope back on the project I can understand it. I would suggest coiling anything left on the ground, and maybe leaving a phone number on a index card or something attached to the rope.No matter how you "feel" about it, you are leaving gear in the mountains. I can't stand people stashing snowshoes in the woods at the base of Lion's Head steeps. You might find them back at the Lost & Found at PNVC, so stash them out of sight at least... sorry, kinda different topic...I hope you get the rope back. But just because we're climbers doesn't mean LNT shouldn't be attempted...
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text:
By Ben Garney
12 May 2011
12 May 2011
Prerequisite knowledge
Familiarity with ActionScript 3 and its object-oriented features as well as familiarity with Flash application development.
User level
Required products
A big part of what makes Apple iOS such a great mobile platform is its user interface. Whether you are developing natively or with Adobe Flash Professional CS5.5, users of iOS devices expect you—the application developer—to make your application fit in with the existing iOS experience. An essential part of that experience is interruptibility: your Adobe AIR application needs to save its state frequently and automatically so that it can be switched automatically as users expect—and as Apple specifies in its iPhone Human Interface Guidelines.
This article presents some strategies for saving your application state on iOS devices. The basic capabilities of iOS devices are covered, as well as application design techniques to help give a seamless user experience. I also provide code that demonstrates different techniques for saving state.
The Apple iOS runs only a single user application at a time to keep the device responsive. Whenever the user launches another application, or an outside event like a phone call occurs, your application can be terminated. This can lead to frustrations for the user: imagine if you were writing a text message or e-mail and a phone call came in and you lost your work! Because of this, it is essential that your application save its state regularly and automatically.
My colleagues and I at PushButton Labs developed a game called Trading Stuff in Outer Space for the iPhone last year using the Flash Professional CS5 (see Figure 1). It is a simple space-based trading game that was developed in eight days to explore the technology. One of the goals of the project was to provide an experience indistinguishable from any other iPhone game. As a result, we had to figure out how to make saving state work.
Figure 1. Trading Stuff in Outer Space game screen
We envisioned the scenario of applications that lose data when they are interrupted. Of course, the built-in iOS apps don't do that—when you go back to your text messages after that interrupting phone call, you pick up right where you left off. This is done by the simple expedient of saving state when the application is ordered to quit by the OS. In the Objective-C world, you will have to implement this yourself (see the appropriate section of the iOS Application Programming Guide), and it is no different when you are developing with Flash.
How do you know when to save in Flash? Since AIR applications for iOS share the same API as AIR apps for Adobe AIR, you can listen for the NativeApplication.EXITING event to know when to save your state:
import flash.desktop.NativeApplication;
import flash.display.Sprite;
import flash.events.Event;
public class Save1 extends Sprite
public function Save1()
// Listen for exiting event.
NativeApplication.nativeApplication.addEventListener(Event.EXITING, onExit);
// Load data.
private function onExit(e:Event):void
trace("Save here.");
private function load():void
trace("Load here.");
However, you should also save after crucial events or after a certain interval has passed. For Trading Stuff in Outer Space, crucial events include whenever the player trades (since it is an action that takes a lot of thought and has major effects on gameplay), when the player arrives at a planet, and whenever the player starts or ends a game. For an interval, we chose a period of 30–60 seconds, so that the user would never lose more than a minute's playtime. We chose that threshold because we felt that it was high enough to allow responsive play but low enough to avoid infuriating a user if something causes saving-on-exit to fail.
Unfortunately, the EXITING event isn't 100% reliable. It doesn't always get fired—sometimes due to time limits in the OS, sometimes due to other causes. Your application may crash (although it's unlikely), in which case the normal exiting behavior won't happen. So what we did was to save after every major operation the user performed, as well as approximately once a minute. That way even if users did manage to quit without the application saving state, it was unlikely they would lose more than few seconds of work:
import flash.desktop.NativeApplication;
import flash.display.Sprite;
import flash.events.Event;
import flash.utils.setInterval;
public class Save2 extends Sprite
public function Save2()
// Listen for exiting event.
NativeApplication.nativeApplication.addEventListener(Event.EXITING, onExit);
// Also save every 30 seconds.
setInterval(save, 30*1000);
// Load data.
private function onExit(e:Event):void
private function save():void
trace("Save here.");
private function load():void
trace("Load here.");
The issues facing an AIR app on iOS devices are not that different from those facing SWF content in the browser. Users' browsers might crash or users might (accidentally or on purpose) navigate away from the page. Even desktop users may want their applications to always be stateful. You can use the same saving code to enhance the user experience on the web, devices, and the desktop.
You can save your state in two main ways with AIR applications on iOS devices. One is with an LSO (local SharedObject). As you know,
SharedObject.getLocal() (see the documentation) can be used to store data locally. This is convenient for a variety of reasons, not least of which is that you can use AMF to store object graphs:
private function save():void
// Get the shared object.
var so:SharedObject = SharedObject.getLocal("myApp");
// Update the age variable.
so.data['age'] = int(so.data['age']) + 1;
// And flush our changes.
// Also, indicate the value for debugging.
trace("Saved generation " + so.data['age']);
private function load():void
// Get the shared object.
var so:SharedObject = SharedObject.getLocal("myApp");
// And indicate the value for debugging.
trace("Loaded generation " + so.data['age']);
In the end, serializing objects directly worked against us in this game application. Depending on your application, using SharedObject might be a perfect fit. For Trading Stuff, I had a lot of complex interrelated data to store, and I also wanted to segregate game state into frequently changed and infrequently changed elements, so using LSOs wasn't a good fit. More on that next.
The other approach is to use File objects directly. You can write asynchronously in order to avoid disrupting the frame rate. If different parts of the game state change at different frequencies, you can store them in separate files so that only what actually changes is touched. You have to do your own serialization, but this isn't as bad as it sounds. (You can even use
readObject() and
writeObject() to store a whole object at once, although this can cause problems in some cases.)
public var age:int = 0;
* Get a FileStream for reading or writing the save file.
* @param write If true, we will write to the file. If false, we will read.
* @param sync If true, we do synchronous writes. If false, asynchronous.
* @return A FileStream instance we can read or write with. Don't forget to close it!
private function getSaveStream(write:Boolean, sync:Boolean = true):FileStream
// The data file lives in the app storage directory, per iPhone guidelines.
var f:File = File.applicationStorageDirectory.resolvePath("myApp.dat");
if(f.exists == false)
return null;
// Try creating and opening the stream.
var fs:FileStream = new FileStream();
// If we are writing asynchronously, openAsync.
if(write && !sync)
fs.openAsync(f, FileMode.WRITE);
// For synchronous write, or all reads, open synchronously.
fs.open(f, write ? FileMode.WRITE : FileMode.READ);
// On error, simply return null.
return null;
return fs;
private function load():void
// Get the stream and read from it.
var fs:FileStream = getSaveStream(false);
age = fs.readInt();
trace("Couldn't load due to error: " + e.toString());
trace("Loaded age = " + age);
private function save():void
// Update age.
// Get stream and write to it – asynchronously, to avoid hitching.
var fs:FileStream = getSaveStream(true, false);
trace("Saved age = " + age);
Both of these should be straightforward to understand. If you've done Flash or AIR development, you've almost certainly dealt with either SharedObject or File. If not, you might want to refer to their documentation for details and examples.
You can also use
readObject() and
writeObject() to store or retrieve an object from a File object. This is powerful and saves you from a lot of repetitive serialization code. However, if you aren't careful, it can introduce problems: for instance, saving a DisplayObject won't work due to the various helper objects and complex relationships involved. Even saving pure data classes can be risky because they may have references to other objects that you don't want to serialize.
Saving the state of your whole application is, of course, more involved. I discuss this issue next.
The larger issue I ran into was serializing all my application data. Figuring out where to write is easy, but figuring out what to write is a little trickier. Naturally, because I am a programmer, I wanted to do it with as little work as possible.
The first thing I tried was directly serializing parts of my DisplayObject hierarchy and game state via AMF in a SharedObject. This was attractive initially because I figured I could throw references to a few key parts of my application into the SharedObject and be done. However, this didn't work: DisplayObjects have lots of helper objects with strange construction restrictions that are not AMF-friendly. It also led to uncontrolled serialization, where the object I was serializing contained a reference to other objects that ended up bringing in most of my application—and I didn't want to waste time debugging issues from strange dangling objects being serialized.
So, instead, I switched to use the File
save() method. This meant I had to write some code to load and save objects that made up the state of my application. Up front, this involved more lines of code, but since they were direct and simple—and I did not plan on modifying the application much past launch—this approach ended up being much quicker to write and debug than the fewer lines of code that would be required for a more automatic solution.
The following code snippet shows what saving and loading looks like for the user's current waypoint:
// Serialize current waypoint.
gfs.writeBoolean(wayPoint != null);
if(wayPoint != null)
// Load waypoint state.
currentWaypointIndex = gfs.readInt();
wayPoint = new Point();
wayPoint.x = gfs.readFloat();
wayPoint.y = gfs.readFloat();
wayPoint = null
As you can see, the serialization code has to allocate objects when appropriate; it has to detect if variables are null, and note that in the file; and it has to write each field with the right type. This can be a little overwhelming at first, but with a little practice you'll quickly realize that you are reusing a small set of common idioms for nearly every task.
I also made a singleton to manage all my game state. It kept track of the player's inventory, the locations of everything in the universe, the status of enemies, progress with missions, and so forth. From this singleton, I had methods to reset the game's state, to write it, and to read it back again. In some cases (such as inventory or missions) the state was owned by the singleton. In other cases (such as positions of game objects like the player and planets) the state is managed elsewhere, by other objects, but the singleton can get to it for saving purposes. On top of this foundation, it was easy to implement various saving strategies, as mentioned previously.
Saving state is a key part of making your content fit smoothly into the iOS experience. Since only one application at a time can currently run on iOS devices, it's important to store not only the user's data, but the state of your application's UI. It's not a difficult detail, but it is an important one. I hope this article has helped you understand the key pieces involved in implementing this important functionality in your own application.
Saving state is a broad topic; there's no one-size-fits-all solution. A quick overview of the many different options for serialization can be found in the Serialization entry on Wikipedia. Flash natively supports XML (see Colin Moock's book, Essential ActionScript 3, for several great chapters on XML and E4X) and AMF, which are good building blocks for your serialization needs. There are also libraries like as3corelib that add support for JSON and other serialization formats. Of course, when you're saving application state between runs, what matters most is that the technology you choose is simple, easy to work with, and reliable.
From here, you might want to take the sample code included with this article and try to integrate it with your own content. There are a few decision points, such as using local SharedObjects or File objects, or saving frequently vs. infrequently. Make sure to run a few tests before deciding one way or the other; informed decisions are always best, and the information you need will depend on your specific application. Once you have a solution, test it by frequently quitting in the middle of your program's execution. It might not be possible to restore every piece of state exactly, but with surprisingly little work you will get close enough so that users accept your application as part of their positive iOS device experience.
Check out this series of articles to help you learn more about developing for iOS using Flash Professional:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License
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September 20, 2012
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text:
CrazyHamster needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 93 designs submitted by 35 freelance designers.
I need a logo designed and supplied in vector format for a political organisation in the UK.
Desired Color Scheme:
Suggestions welcome...red a good idea ;)
Desired Style:
Accepted File Formats:
Vector Formats (.eps, .pdf or .ai)
No more entries please :)
This comp will be closing soon,thanks for the amazing entries. The winner will be notified by Wednesday 26th of March.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


text:
Blue ink means it is on the worksheet
Red ink means the teacher told us that it is right or it is on the worksheet as an output.
Black ink means it is me!
I need help with writing functions in C++. The C++ class I am in is going like way too fast and it's like the basic (not BASIC) class. First of all I would like to know what I am doing is correct. Like in noted in the rules I am not looking for you to write the whole program, well unless you want to.
Problem One.
Write the set.h file. There are guidelines for this file. For the sake of commonality, I am giving you the member functions and the private data. Make sure you stick to my names so that I can swam files in and out to test them.
- Your private data should include an array of doubles (size = 100) called setArray. Itshould also include one integer called size . These structures will be used to store the set data (the elements) and to keep track of the set size (respectively).
- Your public functions should include all of and only the following:
- set() //a constructor
- printSet //prints the object to the console
- setUnion //unions the object with another set
- setInteresection //intersects object with another set
- isEmpty //determines if the object is empty
- isElementOf //determines if an element is in a object
- addElement //adds element to the object
- deleteElement //removes an element from the object
- getSize //returns the current size of the object
- isEqual //determines if the object is equal to a set
This what I have for the header file. I don't know if it is all correct. I think it is.
Code:#indef SET_H #define SET_H class set { public: set(); //a constructor void printSet(); //prints the object to the console void setUnion(set); //unions the object with another set void setIntersection(set); //interesects object with another set bool isEmpty(); //determines if the object is empty bool isElementOf(set); //determines if an element is in an object void addElement(set); //adds element to the object double deleteElement(set); //removes an element from the object int getSize(); //returns the current size of the object bool isEqual(set); //determines if the object is equal to a set private: double setArray[100]; int size; }; #endif
Problem Number Two
Your task is to write the set.cpp file. The constructor should set the size to 0.
This is what I have for the CPP File. I am so confused on some of the functions. I really need help with the functions.
Code:#include <iostream.h> #include "set.h" //constructor set::set() { size=0; void set::printSet() { for(int i=0; i<size; i++) cout<<setArray[i]<<" "; } void set::addElement(double element) //Teacher gave-is it right? { element=setArray[element]; size=size+1; } void set::deleteElement(double element) { } bool set::isEmpty() //teacher gave it to us. It is right. { if(size==0) { return true; } else { return false; } } bool set::isElementOf(set) { } bool set::isEqual(set) { } int set::getSize() { } int main() { set mySet; mySet.printSet(); //print an empty set to the screen mySet.addElement(1); //put the element 1 in the set mySet.addElement(2.1); //put the element 2.1 in the set mySet.printSet(); //print the set {1, 2.1} to the screen } }
Be sure to check for boundary cases, i.e. cases that may cause some problems. For instance, what happens when you try to add an element to a set that already has 100 elements in it? The cumputer will crash on you more than likely. To prevent this your addElement function should check to see if the set is full before adding it. If it is, it should probably print out an error message such as "Error: set is full. Element not added." The same sort of thing should happen is you try to remove an element that is not in a set. Be careful with the union function as well; it would be quite easy to exceed the maximum length.
Problem Number Three
You are to write a main program that acts as an interface for your set class. Note that this is not the same as the main programs you should have been writing for your test class. This program should allow the user to create up to 3 sets and manipulate them with the member function. This needs some explaining.
First, you should print out an options screen. You may want to make this into a function (in your main program, not in the set class).
Select a number.
1. Create a new set
2. Delete a set
3. Add an element to a set
4. Delete an element from a set
5. Print a set to the console
6. Display the union of two sets
7. Display the intersection of two sets
8. Decide if a set is empty
9. Decide whether or not an element is in a set
10. Decide if two sets are equal
11. Get the size of a set
12. Quit
Please enter a number:
Now once the user makes a choice, another menu should come up. (Let's say that two sets have already been declared and the user has put some things in them.) For instance, suppose that the user selects option 7. The following screen should come up.
Select one of the following for
Your intersection:
1. Set 1
2. Set 2
Please enter a number: 1
Please enter another number: 2
The intersection of Set 1 and Set 2 is
After this, the main menu screen should come back up.
If the user asks to, for example, add an element to the set, and there are no sets, a screen should display this information.
There are no sets to work with.
Enter 0 to return to the main menu.
Let the user put in 0, and the print the main menu screen.
Now we have not talked about while loops, but you will need one in order to run this screen, you will need one. When we get this far, I will provide you with some more information.
I am confused on how I should do this. Should I just have like a lot of IF statements?
Please respond ASAP! I really need the real answers (like in C++ language for Borland if possible).


text:
Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Screening (PDQ®): Screening - Health Professional Information [NCI]Skip to the navigation
This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER.
Note: Separate PDQ summaries on Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Prevention and Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer Treatment are also available.
There is inadequate evidence to establish whether screening would result in a decrease in mortality from oral cancer.
Magnitude of Effect: No evidence of benefit or harm.
|Study Design: Evidence obtained from one randomized controlled trial.
|Internal Validity: Poor.
|Consistency: Not applicable (N/A).
|External Validity: Poor.
Harms have not been systematically studied and cannot be quantified based upon the literature. However, there are some unavoidable harms that would be associated with routine screening, including:
- Detection of cases that are already incurable, leading to increased morbidity.
- Unnecessary treatment associated with overdiagnosis.
- Psychologic consequences of false-positive tests.
- Misdiagnosis due to variability in assessment of biopsies.
Magnitude of Effect: Unknown.
|Study Design: Observational studies.
|Internal Validity: Poor.
|Consistency: N/A.
|External Validity: Poor.
Description of the Evidence
Incidence and mortality
An estimated 49,670 new cases of oral cancer will be diagnosed in the United States in 2017, and an estimated 9,700 people will die of the disease.[1 ] This form of cancer accounts for about 4% of cancers in men.[1 ] The overall annual incidence in the United States is about 11 per 100,000 men and women; the incidence rate is highest in individuals aged 55 to 64 years.[2 ]
From 2004 to 2013, incidence rates increased by 1% per year among whites and declined by 2% per year among blacks.[1 ] The incidence has been increasing for oral cancers related to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. About 60% of oral/pharyngeal cancers are moderately advanced (regional stage) or metastatic at the time of diagnosis.[2 ]
The estimated annual worldwide number of incident oral cancers is about 275,000, with an approximately 20-fold variation geographically.[3 ] South and Southeast Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Bangladesh), France, and Brazil have particularly high rates. In most countries, men have higher rates of oral cancer than women (due to tobacco use) and higher rates of lip cancer (due to sunlight exposure from outdoor occupations).[3 ]
Risk factors
The primary risk factors for oral cancer in American men and women are tobacco (including smokeless tobacco) and alcohol use. Infection with HPV-16 has been associated with an excess risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx.[4 ] Refer to the PDQ summary on Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Prevention for a complete description of factors associated with an increased or decreased risk of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer.
Evidence of Benefit Associated With Screening
No population-based screening programs for oral cancers have been implemented in developed countries, although opportunistic screening or screening as part of a periodic health examination has been advocated.[5 ,6 ] There are different methods of screening for oral cancers. Oral cancer occurs in a region of the body that is generally accessible to physical examination by the patient, the dentist, and the physician; and visual examination is the most common method used to detect visible lesions. Other methods have been used to augment clinical detection of oral lesions and include toluidine blue, brush biopsy, and fluorescence staining.
An inspection of the oral cavity is often part of a physical examination in a dentist's or physician's office. It has been pointed out that high-risk individuals visit their medical doctors more frequently than they visit their dentists. Although physicians are more likely to provide risk-factor counseling (such as tobacco cessation), they are less likely than dentists to perform an oral cancer examination.[7 ] Overall, only a fraction (~20%) of Americans receive an oral cancer examination. Black patients, Hispanic patients, and those who have a lower level of education are less likely to have such an examination, perhaps because they lack access to medical care.[7 ] An oral examination often includes looking for leukoplakia and erythroplakia lesions, which can progress to cancer.[8 ,9 ] One study has shown that direct fluorescence visualization (using a simple hand-held device in the operating room) could identify subclinical high-risk fields with cancerous or precancerous changes extending up to 25 mm beyond the primary tumor in 19 of 20 patients undergoing oral surgery for invasive or in situ squamous cell tumors.[10 ] However, this finding has not yet been tested in a screening setting. Data suggest that molecular markers may be useful in the prognosis of these premalignant oral lesions.[11 ]
The routine examination of asymptomatic and symptomatic patients can lead to detection of earlier stage cancers and premalignant lesions. There is no definitive evidence, however, to show that this screening can reduce oral cancer mortality, and there are no randomized controlled trials (RCT) in any Western or other low-risk populations.[9 ,12 ,13 ,14 ,15 ]
In a single RCT of screening versus usual care, 13 geographic clusters in the Trivandrum district of Kerala, India, were randomly assigned to receive systematic oral visual screening by trained health workers (seven screened clusters, six control clusters) every 3 years for four screening rounds during the period 1996 to 2008. During a 15-year follow-up period, there were 138 deaths from oral cancer in the screening group with a cause-specific mortality rate of 15.4 per 100,000 person-years, and 154 deaths in the control group with a mortality rate of 17.1 per 100,000 person-years (relative risk [RR] = 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-1.12). In a subset analysis restricted to tobacco or alcohol users, the mortality rates were 30 and 39 per 100,000 person-years, respectively (RR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.60-0.97). There was no apparent adjustment of the CIs for the cluster design. In another subgroup analysis, mortality hazard ratios were calculated for groups defined by number of times screened, but the inappropriate comparison in each case was to the control group of the whole study. No data on treatment of oral cancers were presented.[16 ,17 ,18 ,19 ]
Aside from the issues of generalizability to other populations and lack of an overall statistically significant result in cause-specific mortality, interpretation of the results is made difficult by serious lacks in methodologic detail about the randomization process, allocation concealment, adjustment for clustering effect, and information about treatment. The total number of clusters randomized was small, and there were different distributions of income and household possessions between the two study arms. Withdrawals and dropouts were not clearly described. In summary, the sole randomized trial does not provide solid evidence of a cause-specific mortality benefit associated with systematic oral cavity visual examination.
Adjunctive techniques to visual examination
Techniques such as toluidine blue staining, brush biopsy/cytology, or fluorescence imaging as the primary screening tool or as an adjunct for screening have not been shown to have superior sensitivity and specificity for visual examination alone or to yield better health outcomes.[9 ,20 ] In a RCT conducted in Keelung County, Taiwan, 7,975 individuals at high risk of oral cancer due to cigarette smoking or betel quid chewing were randomly assigned to receive a one-time oral cancer examination after gargling with toluidine blue or a blue placebo dye.[21 ] The positive test rates were 9.5% versus 8.3%, respectively, (P = .047). The detection of premalignant lesions was not statistically different (rate ratio = 1.05; 95% CI, 0.74-1.41). The number of overall oral cancers diagnosed within the short follow-up period of 5 years was too small for valid comparison (six in each group).
The operating characteristics of the various techniques used as an adjunct to oral visual examination are not well established. A systematic literature review of toluidine blue, a variety of other visualization adjuncts, and cytopathology in the screening setting revealed a very broad range of reported sensitivities, specificities, and positive predictive values when using biopsy confirmation as the gold standard outcome.[22 ] In part, this was due to varying study populations, sample size and settings, as well as criteria for positive-clinical examinations and for scoring a biopsy as positive.
Evidence of Harm Associated With Screening
Harms associated with screening for oral cancer are poorly studied in any quantifiable way.[15 ] However, there are some unavoidable harms that would be associated with routine screening, including:
- Detection of cases that are already incurable, leading to increased morbidity.
- Unnecessary treatment of lesions that would not have progressed (overdiagnosis).
- Psychologic consequences of false-positive tests.[23 ]
An additional potential harm is misdiagnosis and resulting under- or over-treatment, given the subjective pathology judgments in reading biopsies of oral lesions. When 87 biopsy diagnoses of oral lesions were compared between 21 local pathologists and double-reading by two of three central pathologists in a multicenter study of patients with prior upper aerodigestive tract cancers, agreement was only fair-to-good (kappa weighted-statistic = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.45-0.72).[24 ] In a bivariate categorization of carcinoma in situ plus carcinoma versus less serious lesions, the agreement was poor, but with very wide CIs (kappa-statistic = 0.39; 95% CI, -0.12-0.97). The investigators in the same study analyzed an agreement between the local and central pathologists on clinically normal tissue adjacent to 67 biopsied clinically-suspicious lesions. The agreement on clinically normal tissue was better than for visibly abnormal lesions, but still not in the excellent range (kappa weighted-statistic = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.64-0.86).[25 ]
- American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts and Figures 2017. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society, 2017. Available online. Last accessed October 13, 2017.
- Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M: SEER Cancer Statistics Review (CSR) 1975-2013. Bethesda, Md: National Cancer Institute, 2015. Available online. Last accessed August 02, 2017.
- Warnakulasuriya S: Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol 45 (4-5): 309-16, 2009 Apr-May.
- Mork J, Lie AK, Glattre E, et al.: Human papillomavirus infection as a risk factor for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 344 (15): 1125-31, 2001.
- Opportunistic oral cancer screening: a management strategy for dental practice. BDA Occasional Paper 6: 1-36, 2000. Also available online. Last accessed March 17, 2017.
- Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Brooks D, et al.: Cancer screening in the United States, 2011: A review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and issues in cancer screening. CA Cancer J Clin 61 (1): 8-30, 2011 Jan-Feb.
- Kerr AR, Changrani JG, Gany FM, et al.: An academic dental center grapples with oral cancer disparities: current collaboration and future opportunities. J Dent Educ 68 (5): 531-41, 2004.
- Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, van der Waal I: Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med 36 (10): 575-80, 2007.
- Brocklehurst P, Kujan O, Glenny AM, et al.: Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (11): CD004150, 2010.
- Poh CF, Zhang L, Anderson DW, et al.: Fluorescence visualization detection of field alterations in tumor margins of oral cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 12 (22): 6716-22, 2006.
- Poh CF, Zhang L, Lam WL, et al.: A high frequency of allelic loss in oral verrucous lesions may explain malignant risk. Lab Invest 81 (4): 629-34, 2001.
- Screening for oral cancer. In: Fisher M, Eckhart C, eds.: Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: an Assessment of the Effectiveness of 169 Interventions. Report of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins, 1989, pp 91-94.
- Antunes JL, Biazevic MG, de Araujo ME, et al.: Trends and spatial distribution of oral cancer mortality in São Paulo, Brazil, 1980-1998. Oral Oncol 37 (4): 345-50, 2001.
- U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Screening for Oral Cancer: Recommendation Statement. Rockville, Md: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2004. Available online. Last accessed March 17, 2017.
- Scattoloni J: Screening for Oral Cancer: Brief Evidence Update. Rockville, Md: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 2004. Available online. Last accessed March 17, 2017.
- Sankaranarayanan R, Mathew B, Jacob BJ, et al.: Early findings from a community-based, cluster-randomized, controlled oral cancer screening trial in Kerala, India. The Trivandrum Oral Cancer Screening Study Group. Cancer 88 (3): 664-73, 2000.
- Ramadas K, Sankaranarayanan R, Jacob BJ, et al.: Interim results from a cluster randomized controlled oral cancer screening trial in Kerala, India. Oral Oncol 39 (6): 580-8, 2003.
- Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Thomas G, et al.: Effect of screening on oral cancer mortality in Kerala, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 365 (9475): 1927-33, 2005 Jun 4-10.
- Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Thara S, et al.: Long term effect of visual screening on oral cancer incidence and mortality in a randomized trial in Kerala, India. Oral Oncol 49 (4): 314-21, 2013.
- Lingen MW, Kalmar JR, Karrison T, et al.: Critical evaluation of diagnostic aids for the detection of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 44 (1): 10-22, 2008.
- Su WW, Yen AM, Chiu SY, et al.: A community-based RCT for oral cancer screening with toluidine blue. J Dent Res 89 (9): 933-7, 2010.
- Patton LL, Epstein JB, Kerr AR: Adjunctive techniques for oral cancer examination and lesion diagnosis: a systematic review of the literature. J Am Dent Assoc 139 (7): 896-905; quiz 993-4, 2008.
- Speight PM, Zakrzewska J, Downer MC: Screening for oral cancer and precancer. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol 28B (1): 45-8, 1992.
- Fischer DJ, Epstein JB, Morton TH, et al.: Interobserver reliability in the histopathologic diagnosis of oral pre-malignant and malignant lesions. J Oral Pathol Med 33 (2): 65-70, 2004.
- Fischer DJ, Epstein JB, Morton TH Jr, et al.: Reliability of histologic diagnosis of clinically normal intraoral tissue adjacent to clinically suspicious lesions in former upper aerodigestive tract cancer patients. Oral Oncol 41 (5): 489-96, 2005.
Changes to This Summary (03 / 17 / 2017)
The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.
Description of the Evidence
Updated statistics with estimated new cases and deaths for 2017 (cited American Cancer Society as reference 1 and Howlader et al. as reference 2).
Revised text to state that from 2004 to 2013, incidence rates increased by 1% per year among whites and declined by 2% per year among blacks.
This summary is written and maintained by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of NCI. The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or NIH. More information about summary policies and the role of the PDQ Editorial Boards in maintaining the PDQ summaries can be found on the About This PDQ Summary and PDQ® - NCI's Comprehensive Cancer Database pages.
About This PDQ Summary
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer screening. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians who care for cancer patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions.
Reviewers and Updates
This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Board members review recently published articles each month to determine whether an article should:
- be discussed at a meeting,
- be cited with text, or
- replace or update an existing article that is already cited.
Changes to the summaries are made through a consensus process in which Board members evaluate the strength of the evidence in the published articles and determine how the article should be included in the summary.
Any comments or questions about the summary content should be submitted to Cancer.gov through the NCI website's Email Us. Do not contact the individual Board Members with questions or comments about the summaries. Board members will not respond to individual inquiries.
Levels of Evidence
Some of the reference citations in this summary are accompanied by a level-of-evidence designation. These designations are intended to help readers assess the strength of the evidence supporting the use of specific interventions or approaches. The PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board uses a formal evidence ranking system in developing its level-of-evidence designations.
Permission to Use This Summary
PDQ is a registered trademark. Although the content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text, it cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless it is presented in its entirety and is regularly updated. However, an author would be permitted to write a sentence such as "NCI's PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks succinctly: [include excerpt from the summary]."
The preferred citation for this PDQ summary is:
PDQ® Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. PDQ Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Screening. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/oral-screening-pdq. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389219]
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More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our Contact Us for Help page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website's Email Us.
Last Revised: 2017-03-17


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Bachelor of Science in Dietetics and Food Administration
Nutrition and Dietetics Option (3-1009)
Food Science Option (3-1010)
Hospitality Foodservice and Hotel Management Option (3-1011)
These options were recommendedby the Academic Senate on April 18, 1996
and approved by the President on June 14, 1996.
Students must complete a minimum of 129 units to receive the Bachelor of Science degree in Dietetics and Food Administration. The courses which will provide these units are determined by the option chosen by the student. The Bachelor of Science degree consists of three options, which are Nutrition and Dietetics, Food Science, and Hospitality Foodservice and Hotel Management. The Nutrition and Dietetics option with appropriate elective selection fulfills the American Dietetic Association (ADA) academic requirements for eligibility to apply for qualifying experiences required to become a Registered Dietitian.
Career opportunities include: clinical dietitian; consultant; community nutritionist; foodservice manager in hospitals, schools, universities, airlines, businesses; manager in the restaurant, hotel, or lodging industries; researcher in the food industry and nutrition, government inspector in the food industry.
Nutrition and Dietetics Option (code 3-1009)
Individuals choosing this option will concentrate their studies in the areas of nutritional science, therapeutic and community nutrition, food production and administration of foodservice operations, chemistry, physiology, plus a variety of supporting course work in related disciplines.
Course requirements: A/P 207 or 209 or 342 and 342L; BIOL 260 or E DP 419 or HSC 403 or IS 310; CHEM 111A, 327, 448, and 449; ENGL 100; ENGL 101 or 317; HRM 361 or PSY 381; IS 240; MICRO 200; PSY 100; SOC 100; FCS 232, 233, 234, 235, 299; 312I, 321, 331A, 331B, 332, 333, 336, 436, 436L, 438, 461, 486, 3 units of FCS 490 or 492 or 497 and FCS 499. Additionally, a minimum of 6 units of electives is selected in consultation with a faculty advisor. Recommended electives include: FCS 355, 337, 433, 439, 492 and 497.
If a stronger foundation in chemistry is desired, CHEM 320A and 320B may be selected instead of CHEM 327. If a stronger foundation in biochemistry is desired, CHEM 441A and 441B may be selected instead of CHEM 448.
Students who wish to take the Nutrition and Dietetics option as a pre-professional degree (e.g., medical) should check with the appropriate programs to verify specific requirements.
The American Dietetic Association Didactic Program
The ADA Didactic (Academic) Program in Dietetics is designed to provide students with a foundation of knowledge and skills in dietetics that will enable them to perform successfully in a dietetic internship or pre-professional practice program. The didactic program is currently granted approval status by the American Dietetic Association Council in Education, Division of Education Accreditation/Approval, a specialized accrediting body recognized by the Council on Postsecondary Accreditation and the United States Department of Education. It is the responsibility of the student to consult with the ADA Didactic Program Director to verify current ADA requirements to become a Registered Dietitian.
Students who choose to meet ADA academic requirements must select FCS 335 and FCS 337 as electives in their major.
Students must receive a grade of "C" or better in the Didactic Program in Dietetics courses to receive verification of completion of the ADA approved program. Approval of student's didactic academic program by the CSULB Didactic Program Director requires that the student complete courses FCS 337, 436L and 438 at CSULB.
Food Science Option (code 3-1010)
The Food Science curriculum has an interdisciplinary focus which includes food science, food processing, sensory evaluation, nutrition, chemistry, and microbiology. The food industry careers awaiting graduates offer diverse opportunities as the world supply expands with technological developments in food product development, quality assurance, and food formulation and processing.
Course Requirements: A/P 207 or 209 or 342 and 342L; BIOL 260 or ED P 419 or HSC 403 or IS 310; CHEM 111A, 111B, 327 and 448 or equivalent; ENGL 100 and 317 or advisor approved course; MATH 115 or 120; MICRO 200 and 473; MKTG 300; PHYS 100A; PSY 100 and 230; SOC 100; SPCH 130; FCS 232, 234, 235, 299, 312I, 321, 331A, 332, 336, 338, 432, 435, 464; minimum of 3 units of FCS 492; 3 units of FCS 497 as a capstone course in Food Science; and FCS 499.
Hospitality Foodservice and Hotel Management Option (3-1011)
This program of study provides students with a basic foundation in hospitality foodservice and hotel management. The program focuses on restaurant and institutional foodservice management and provides students with the fundamentals for the effective operation of facilities in the foodservice/restaurant and hotel/lodging industries. A variety of support courses are required including those related to behavioral and social sciences, communications, business administration, leisure studies, natural and physical sciences, nutrition, economics, as well as other general education requirements and practical experience.
Course Requirements: A/P 107 or 207; ACCT 201; CHEM 100 or 111A or 202; ECON 300 or 201 and 202; ED P 419 or IS 310 or MATH 180 or HSC 403 or SOC 255; ENGL 100; FIN 324; HRM 360 or 361 or PSY 381; IS 240; MKTG 300; PHIL 160; PSY 100 or SOC 100; PSY 230 or PHIL 170; REC 241 or 211; SPCH 210; FCS 232, 233, 234, 235, 270, 299, 321, 333, 335, 336, 337, 372, 434, 437, 486, 492*, and 499. Additionally, a minimum of 12 units of pre-approved electives is selected in consultation with a faculty advisor. Recommended electives include: ACCT 310;, GEOG 352, GERN 400I; IS 305; REC 340I, 426, 427, 450, FCS 253, 309I, 312I, 319, 323, 331A or 433 or 439, 332, 429, 461, 464, 492*, 497; or others as approved by advisor.
*FCS 492 requires 800 hours of approved work experience as a prerequisite for this option.
EFFECTIVE: Fall 1996
Code: 3-1009
College: 15
Career: UG
IPEDS (Major) ERSS: 13061
IPEDS (Degree) ERSD: 13061
The General Option in Dietetics and Food Administration is discontinued and closed to new students.
Code: 3-1018
College: 15
Career: UG
You are here
Policy Statement - 96-10 Dietetics & Food Administration, BS in, Nutrition and Dietetics, Food Science & Hospitality Foodservice Options
Bachelor of Science in Dietetics and Food Administration


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Arvest recently worked with the Make-A-Wish Foundation® of Missouri to sponsor the wish of 12-year-old Lillian from Springfield, Mo.
Lillian, or "Lilly" as her friends call her, was diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Despite her condition, Lilly has maintained a positive attitude and strong spirit. Lilly enjoys reading comic book novels, playing games and making art.
Lilly's wish is to go on a Disney Cruise, and Arvest is honored to be making her wish come true.
During the month of December 2017, stop by any Springfield, Nixa, Branson, Branson West, Hollister, Aurora, Lebanon or Mountain Grove location to either buy a Make-A-Wish star or make a donation. All money raised will stay in our communities to help make local children's wishes come true.
Lilly is one of many to make a wish. You can be one of many to make it come true!
Submitted questions will be answered by an Arvest banker and may appear on the Arvest Blog.
All Arvest banks are Equal Housing Lenders and Member FDIC.
Investment products and services are provided by Arvest Investments, Inc., doing business as Arvest Asset Management, member FINRA/SIPC, an SEC registered investment adviser and a subsidiary of Arvest Bank. Trust services are provided by Arvest Bank. Insurance products are made available through Arvest Insurance, Inc., which is registered as an insurance agency. Insurance products are marketed through Arvest Insurance, Inc., but are underwritten by insurance companies.
Securities and Insurance Products: Not Insured by FDIC or any Federal Government Agency, May Lose Value, Not a Deposit of or Guaranteed by a Bank or any Bank Affiliate.


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NEW BEDFORD, Mass., Nov. 23 (UPI) -- A Massachusetts fishing boat owner said his crew caught an 881-pound bluefin tuna, but it was confiscated by authorities because they used a net.
Carlos Rafael of New Bedford, owner of the 76-foot steel dragger Apollo said he was ecstatic when his crew caught the massive fish in their trawl gear while fishing offshore and he quickly called a hot line maintained by fishery regulators to report the catch, The (New Bedford) Standard Times reported Tuesday.
Rafael said he purchased 15 tuna permits in recent years in case any of his boats ensnared a tuna, so he was shocked when he returned to shore and the fish was confiscated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Law Enforcement.
The fishing boat owner said agents told him the rules do not allow for bluefin tuna to be caught with nets.
"They said it had to be caught with rod and reel," Rafael said. "We didn't try to hide anything. We did everything by the book. Nobody ever told me we couldn't catch it with a net."
Authorities said no charges have been filed in the case and it is likely Rafael will receive only a warning.
Bluefin tuna is highly valued in Japan, with a 754-pound catch selling for nearly $396,000 at a Tokyo auction in January.


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Doctors say a young Indian woman who was gang-raped and severely beaten on a bus in New Delhi has died at a Singapore hospital.
THE victim of a gang-rape which triggered an outpouring of grief and anger across India has been cremated at a private ceremony in New Delhi as it emerged she was planning to get married in February.
The unidentified 23-year-old, the focus of nationwide protests since she was attacked on a bus in New Delhi two weeks ago, was cremated at a ceremony kept secret by authorities only hours after her body was repatriated from Singapore.
The funeral pyre was lit after traumatised relatives and friends said their final prayers at a ceremony in southwestern Delhi, according to mourners who revealed she had been due to wed a boyfriend who was injured in the same attack.
"They had made all the wedding preparations and had planned a wedding party in Delhi" for February, said Meena Rai, who was a close friend and neighbour.
"I really loved this girl. She was the brightest of all."
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Sonia Gandhi, the leader of the main ruling Congress party, were at Delhi airport to console her parents as they arrived home on a chartered plane with their daughter's body at around 4am local time.
After initial treatment in a Delhi hospital following the attack, she was flown to Singapore on Wednesday night where doctors were unable to prevent a multiple organ failure. She was pronounced dead in the early hours of Saturday.
Her killing has prompted government promises of better protection for women, and deep soul-searching in a nation where horrifying gang-rapes are commonplace and sexual harassment is routinely dismissed as "Eve-teasing".
Several thousand people massed again yesterday in the centre of the Indian capital - some to express sympathy for the victim who had been out to watch a film with her boyfriend, others to voice anger at the government.
Stringent security measures that have seen government offices and other public areas sealed off in New Delhi to prevent protests have been seized on by critics as further evidence of an out-of-touch government bungling its response.
"We cannot understand the high-handedness of the police. This is our city, we should be free to move around and protest peacefully," said 21-year-old protester Mahima Anand, who works for a multinational company.
"She was not just one woman, she epitomises every Indian woman who has been wronged in some way or the other," she added from the Jantar Mantar area of Delhi, where protesters have been allowed to gather.
About a dozen protesters tried to break the barricades that riot police erected around the area, while a handful also threw stones and were immediately detained.
Waves of protests erupted across India after the attack on December 16 when the woman was repeatedly raped and sexually assaulted with an iron bar, leaving her with terrible intestinal injuries.
Thousands took part in late-night candlelit vigils on Saturday after 80-year-old Mr Singh, criticised for reacting slowly to the crime, led appeals for calm to prevent a repeat of the sometimes violent protests.
The United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also sent his condolences to the victim's parents and family.
"Violence against women must never be accepted, never excused, never tolerated," Mr Ban's spokesperson said.
As police said the six accused of murdering the unnamed woman could face the death penalty, there was widespread determination that the killing should serve as a tipping point for how the nation deals with violence against women.
"We are aware that this is not the first case, nor will it be the last case of gang-rape in India, but it is clear that we will not tolerate sex crimes anymore," said Bela Rana, a lawyer who joined a rally in central Delhi.
But Sunday's Hindustan Times said more than 20 women had been raped in New Delhi since December 16 and the Press Trust of India news agency reported another alleged murder and gang-rape yesterday in the state of West Bengal.
According to police and prosecutors, the ordeal suffered by the victim of the Delhi crime began when six men lured her and her boyfriend onto a bus that they thought would take them home.
Instead the group, who had been drinking heavily, launched a savage attack lasting some 40 minutes that ended when the victims were thrown off the bus.
Protesters and the Indian media have demanded that the government unveil measures to make the country safer for women, while introspecting on how to uproot deep prejudice and misogyny in Indian society.
Initial government proposals include a public register for sex offenders and forcing convicted rapists to undergo chemical castration - the use of drugs to suppress sexual urges.
The government has already promised to bring in tougher sentences for the most extreme sex crimes and speed up a notoriously slow justice system that often fails to deliver timely verdicts.
Human Rights Watch called on the government to ban the use of the so-called "finger test" in which a doctor tests the laxity of a rape victim's vagina, apparently to determine if she is "habituated to sexual intercourse".
Such tests result in "unscientific and degrading findings" that often wrongly discredit complaints from women, the New York-based rights group said.
Originally published asIndia gang-rape victim was to marry


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If you want to find out more about the free IP and domain lookup provided by Hostip.info or about computer geolocation, visit the Hostip forum.
Moderator: Moderators
rbark629 wrote:My IP address has been captured by someone to whom I have never sent mail. Alledgely the mail sent to this person is very damaging and now I am being falsely accused. Yes, the IP address is mine but I did not do the writing - also, I am the only one with access to my computer, no one else could have possibly used it.
What can I do to hopefully prove my innocence?
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15 May 2013 at 3.20pm | 1 Comment
Last night, Irish composer Gerald Barry won the RPS Music Award for Large-Scale Composition for his opera The Importance of Being Earnest.
The opera, which includes megaphones, wellington boots and an ostinato for 40 plates, received rave reviews when it was performed in concert at The Barbican last year. The staged production, directed by former Associate Director of the Royal Court Theatre Ramin Gray, opens in the Linbury Studio Theatre on 14 June.
'The forceful originality of this work smashes conventions alongside plates,' commented judges. 'Miraculously, it provides the most well-worn quotes with a freshness and originality'.
The awards, which were set up in 1989 and are judged by a jury of eminent musicians, are the highest accolade for live classical music in the UK.
Britten Sinfonia, who will play for the forthcoming production of The Importance of Being Earnest, won the award for Best Ensemble. They will also accompany Anthony and the Johnsons in their performance of Swanlights at the Royal Opera House in July.
Other winners include Sarah Connolly, who was presented with the Singer Award. Sarah, who performed earlier this season as Fricka in Keith Warner's production of Wagner's The Ring Cycle, was praised for her 'exceptional musicianship and consistency over an increasingly wide range of styles, from the Baroque to Wagner's The Ring.'
This year, the awards, presented in association with BBC Radio 3, celebrate the bi-centenary of the Royal Philharmonic Society.
Coverage of the ceremony, including interview and music, will be broadcast on BBC Radio 3 on 19 May at 2pm.
The Importance of Being Earnest will be performed at the Barbican, London from March – April 2016, and at the Rose Theater, New York in June 2016. Find out more about booking dates.


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Food Labels Set for New Look
Proposal Aims to Highlight Unhealthy Ingredients, Could Face Industry Resistance
Food labels would have larger-font calorie counts and more realistic portion sizes under an Obama administration proposal to significantly revise nutrition labels for the first time in two decades.
The proposal, to be unveiled by first lady Michelle Obama at the White House on Thursday, aims to make it easier for consumers to decipher unhealthy ingredients in packaged foods. The new label would include a line for "added sugars" to distinguish from sugars that appear naturally in food. It would list nutritional values...
Sponsored Offers


text:
U.S. Women's National A2 Team Roster Selected
Bill Kauffman
Manager, Media Relations and Publications
Phone: 719-228-6800
E-Mail: email@example.com
Photo Gallery of A2 Players at Open Tryout
COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. (March 30, 2009) – USA Volleyball has selected 24 players and four coaches to lead its U.S. Women's National A2 Program for 2009.
The 2009 U.S. Women's National A2 program is scheduled to train May 18-22 in Minneapolis before being split into two 12-player rosters to compete in the Open Division of the 2009 USA Adult Open Championships. The Open Division flight takes place May 23-26 at the Minneapolis Convention Center. Additional information on the tournament can be found at http://usavolleyball.org/event/event/574.
The 2009 U.S. Women's National A2 Team includes four setters, 10 outside/opposite hitters, six middles and four liberos. The 24 players come from 19 different collegiate programs.
Middle blockers selected for the A2 National program are Johannah Bangert (University of Illinois, Washington, Mo.), Ashley Benson (University of Indiana, Bloomington, Ind.), Brittnee Cooper (LSU, Houston, Texas), Neticia Enesi (University of Oregon, The Dalles, Ore.), Lindsay Fletemier (University of Dayton, Garden City, Mich.) and Naomi Washington (Long Beach State University, New Orleans, La.).
Setters selected for the A2 squad are Carli Lloyd (University of California-Berkeley, Bonsall, Calif.), Kaylee Manns (Iowa State University, Topeka, Kan.), Sarah Rumely (University of Kentucky, New Palestine, Ind.) and Paige Weber (University of Arizona, Indianapolis, Ind.).
Liberos/Defensive specialists chosen for the A2 program are Haley Carroll (University of San Francisco, Gilroy, Calif.), Ashley Edinger (University of Illinois, Michigan City, Ind.), Laura Gonzalez (University of Albany, Carolina, Puerto Rico) and Christine Tan (University of Minnesota, Safety Harbor, Fla.).
Outside hitters and opposites named to the A2 team are Sarah Ammerman (Texas A&M, Parker, Colo.), Michelle Bartsch (University of Illinois, Maryville, Ill.), Ashlie Christenson (Baylor University, Cleburne, Texas), Laura DeBruler (University of Illinois, Downers Grove, Ill.), Whitney Dosty (University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.), Ellen Herman (Ohio University, Toledo, Ohio), Kristy Jaeckel (University of Florida, Littleton, Colo.), Ashleigh McCord (Rice University, Wylie, Texas), Tarah Murrey (University of California-Berkeley, El Cerrito, Calif.) and Brooks Webster (University of Alabama, Baltimore, Md.).
Ammerman, Cooper, Herman, Jaeckel and Lloyd are all repeat selections from the 2008 U.S. Women's National A2 program. Manns competed on the 2007 U.S. Women's National A2 program.
The players, all of whom have remaining collegiate eligibility for 2009, were selected as part of the U.S. Women's National Team Open Tryouts held Feb. 20-22 at the U.S. Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs. A record total of 160 athletes competed in the Open Tryout.
In addition, USA Volleyball has announced the coaching staff for the U.S. Women's National A2 Teams. Kansas State University Head Coach Suzie Fritz and Arizona State University Head Coach Jason Watson will serve as head coaches for the program, while University of the Pacific Assistant Coach Aven Lee and University of Minnesota Associate Head Coach Scott Swanson will serve as assistant coaches.
2009 USA Women's National A2 Team Roster
Name (Position, College, 2009 College Eligibility, Hometown)
Sarah Ammerman (Outside Hitter, Texas A&M, Sr., Parker, Colo.)
Johannah Bangert (Middle Blocker, Illinois, Jr., Washington, Mo.)
Michelle Bartsch (Outside Hitter, Illinois, So., Maryville, Ill.)
Ashley Benson (Middle Blocker, Indiana, Jr., Bloomington, Ind.)
Haley Carroll (Libero, San Francisco, Sr., Gilroy, Calif.)
Ashlie Christenson (Outside Hitter, Baylor, Jr., Cleburne, Texas)
Brittnee Cooper (Middle Blocker, LSU, Sr., Houston, Texas)
Laura DeBruler (Outside Hitter, Illinois, Jr., Downers Grove, Ill.)
Whitney Dosty (Outside Hitter, Arizona, Jr., Tucson, Ariz.)
Ashley Edinger (Libero, Illinois, Sr., Michigan City, Ind.)
Neticia Enesi (Middle Blocker, Oregon, Sr., The Dalles, Ore.)
Lindsay Fletemier (Middle Blocker, Dayton, Jr., Garden City, Mich.)
Laurie Gonzalez (Libero, Albany, So., Carolina, Puerto Rico)
Ellen Herman (Outside Hitter, Ohio, Sr., Toledo, Ohio)
Kristy Jaeckel (Outside Hitter, Florida, So., Littleton, Colo.)
Carli Lloyd (Setter, California, Jr., Bonsall, Calif.)
Kaylee Manns (Setter, Iowa State, Sr., Topeka, Kan.)
Ashleigh McCord (Outside Hitter, Rice, So., Wylie, Texas)
Tarah Murrey (Outside Hitter, California, So., El Cerrito, Calif.)
Sarah Rumely (Setter, Kentucky, Sr., New Palestine, Ind.)
Christine Tan (Libero, Minnesota, Sr., Safety Harbor, Fla.)
Naomi Washington (Middle Blocker, Long Beach State, Sr., New Orleans, La.)
Paige Weber (Setter, Arizona, Jr., Indianapolis, Ind.)
Brooks Webster (Outside Hitter, Alabama, Sr., Baltimore, Md.)
U.S. Women's National A2 Team Coaching Staff
Head Coaches: Suzie Fritz (Kansas State) and Jason Watson (Arizona State)
Assistant Coaches: Scott Swanson (Minnesota) and Aven Lee (Pacific)
Sarah Ammerman (Outside Hitter, Texas A&M, Sr., Parker, Colo.)
Sarah Ammerman, who also earned a spot on the 2008 USA National A2 Team, was Texas A&M's most valuable player for 2008 after leading the Aggies in both kills and points. She averaged 3.81 points and 3.35 kills per set as a junior while adding a 2.35 dig average. Ammerman had 11 double-doubles in 2008.
Johannah Bangert (Middle Blocker, Illinois, Jr., Washington, Mo.)
Johannah Bangert was named AVCA All-Mideast Region honorable mention in 2008 after leading the nation in block average with 1.60 per set. She tallied a career-high 12 block assists in a win over New Mexico State and had 10 matches with at least nine blocks. Bangert, who helped Illinois to the NCAA Sweet 16, added 1.45 kills per set with a .238 attack percentage.
Michelle Bartsch (Outside Hitter, Illinois, So., Maryville, Ill.)
Michelle Bartsch was selected as the Big Ten and AVCA All-Mideast Region Freshman of the Year in her first season at Illinois. She averaged 1.06 blocks per set while adding a 2.34 kill average in helping Illinois to the NCAA Tournament Sweet 16. Bartsch, who was a starting middle blocker on the U.S. Junior National Team that won the gold medal at the 2008 NORCECA Continental Championship, also contributed 53 digs on defense.
Ashley Benson (Middle Blocker, Indiana, Jr., Bloomington, Ind.)
Ashley Benson led Indiana in both hitting efficiency at .303 and set a school record for total blocks with 167 as the Hoosiers finished with a 17-15 record in 2008. She ranked 19th in the country in block average at 1.37 per set. Benson added 372 kills and 82 digs en route to being named AVCA All-Mideast Region honorable mention.
Haley Carroll (Libero, San Francisco, Sr., Gilroy, Calif.)
Haley Carroll was named All-West Coast Conference honorable mention as a junior while San Francisco advanced to the NCAA Tournament first round. She ranked second in the WCC in digs with 519 (4.55 per set) to help the Dons to a school-best 11-3 conference record. Carroll earned the WCC Defender of the Year in 2007 as a sophomore.
Ashlie Christenson (Outside Hitter, Baylor, Jr., Cleburne, Texas)
Ashlie Christenson helped Baylor to an 18-13 overall record in 2008. She averaged 2.79 points per set despite starting only 15 of 31 matches her sophomore season. Christenson tallied 258 kills and 51 blocks for the Bears, along with 11 double-digit kills matches.
Brittnee Cooper (Middle Blocker, LSU, Sr., Houston, Texas)
Brittnee Cooper, a repeat selection to the USA A2 Team, was named AVCA All-South Region and All-SEC in 2008. In pacing LSU to an 18-10 record and NCAA tournament berth in 2008, she compiled a .336 hitting efficiency with 2.90 kills per set as part of a 3.64 points average. Cooper tallied at least five blocks in 11 matches.
Laura DeBruler (Outside Hitter, Illinois, Jr., Downers Grove, Ill.)
Laura DeBruler was selected as AVCA All-America Second-Team and unanimous All-Big Ten selection in 2008. She led the Big Ten in scoring (5.17 points per set) and kill average (4.66 per set), which also ranked sixth in the NCAA. DeBruler finished with 587 kills and hit .253 for the year, along with 379 digs (3.01 average per set) and 28 aces (0.22 average per set).
Whitney Dosty (Outside Hitter, Arizona, Jr., Tucson, Ariz.)
Whitney Dosty, who missed the 2007 collegiate season with knee injuries, came back in 2008 to provide Arizona with 281 kills while adding 61 blocks in 99 sets. She averaged 2.84 kills and 0.62 blocks per set. Dosty led the Wildcats in kills in eight matches, including her season-high 20 kills against Southern California.
Ashley Edinger (Libero, Illinois, Sr., Michigan City, Ind.)
Ashley Edinger became Illinois' all-time dig leader last season and now has 1,614 in her career. She averaged 4.50 digs per set as a junior in helping the Fighting Illini to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament. Edinger's 562 digs in 2008 ranks second-best in school history for a single season, while also holding six of the top 10 Illinois single match dig totals.
Neticia Enesi (Middle Blocker, Oregon, Sr., The Dalles, Ore.)
Neticia Enesi was honored as an AVCA All-America Second-Team pick in 2008 as Oregon reached the NCAA Tournament Sweet 16. She set the Ducks' single season school record for hitting efficiency with a .389 mark on 2.42 kills per set. Enesi, an All-Pac 10 First-Team selection, also added a school record 143 block assists as part of a 1.26 block average.
Lindsay Fletemier (Middle Blocker, Dayton, Jr., Garden City, Mich.)
Lindsay Fletemier led Dayton in attacking and blocking in 2008 as she charted averages of 3.26 kills and 1.04 blocks per set. She added a team-leading .342 attack efficiency as the Flyers finished with a 21-13 record and a NCAA Tournament at-large berth. Fletemier earned AVCA All-America honorable mention honors in 2008, as well as All-Atlantic 10 First-Team.
Laurie Gonzalez (Libero, Albany, So., Carolina, Puerto Rico)
Laurie Gonzalez, the 2008 America East Defensive Specialist of the Year as a freshman, played in all 32 matches for Albany leading the Great Danes to a 23-9 overall record and 12-0 mark in the America East Conference. She averaged 4.02 digs per set with 462 overall teams. Gonzalez, the first rookie to win the league's Defensive Player of the Year award, added 26 aces in 115 sets for a 0.23 ace average.
Ellen Herman (Outside Hitter, Ohio, Sr., Toledo, Ohio)
Ellen Herman, who earned MVP honors at the USA Adult Open Championship as part of USA A2 Red Team, became the first Ohio University non-senior player to earn AVCA All-America recognition with honorable mention status in 2008. She ranked ninth nationally in kill average with 4.57 per set, a school single season record along with her 526 kills. Herman earned the 2008 Mid-American Conference Player of the Year honor.
Kristy Jaeckel (Outside Hitter, Florida, So., Littleton, Colo.)
Kristy Jaeckel, who was selected to the USA A2 program in 2008, recorded 2.91 kills per set as a redshirt freshman at Florida in 2008. She led the Gators in scoring 11 times and ranked second in scoring average with 3.30 points per set. Jaeckel was named to the 2008 All-SEC Freshman Team and was the first player in school history to earn All-SEC Freshman of the Week back-to-back weeks.
Carli Lloyd (Setter, California, Jr., Bonsall, Calif.)
Carli Lloyd, who led the USA A2 Red Team to the USA Adult Open Championship title in 2008, ranked second in the Pac-10 and third nationally in assists per set in 2008 as the Bears reached the NCAA Tournament region finals. She also ranked second on the team in digs with a 2.42 average. Lloyd, who also had 96 kills and 68 blocks, led the Bears to a .287 team hitting efficiency.
Kaylee Manns (Setter, Iowa State, Sr., Topeka, Kan.)
Kaylee Manns, who also was a 2008 USA A2 selection, earned AVCA All-America Second-Team honors in 2008 as she set the Cyclones to the NCAA Tournament regional final. She ranked fourth nationally in assist average with 11.69 per set. Manns, who set Iowa State to a .238 team attack percentage in 2008, is only 64 assists shy of setting the school record.
Ashleigh McCord (Outside Hitter, Rice, So., Wylie, Texas)
Ashleigh McCord was named to the Conference USA All-Newcomer Team in 2008 after providing Rice with 305 kills and a .282 attack percentage as a freshman. She helped the Owls to a 23-8 overall record last season, including a 12-4 mark in Conference USA action. McCord, who played in 110 of 113 Owl sets as a freshman, averaged 3.03 points, 2.77 kills and 0.45 blocks per set.
Tarah Murrey (Outside Hitter, California, So., El Cerrito, Calif.)
Tarah Murrey started 26 of 33 matches as freshman leading California to the NCAA Tournament region finals before losing to eventual national champion Penn State. She averaged 2.43 kills, 0.45 blocks and 1.55 digs per set while hitting .221. Murrey, who was named the most valuable player after leading the 2006 U.S. Girls' Youth National Team to the NORCECA Continental Championship, was named to the 2008 Pac-10 All-Freshman Team.
Sarah Rumely (Setter, Kentucky, Sr., New Palestine, Ind.)
Sarah Rumely was selected as the 2008 SEC Player of the Year as well as being placed on the AVCA All-American honorable mention list as a junior at Kentucky. She notched 12 matches with at least 40 assists in 2008 as part of a 10.30 assist average in leading the Wildcats to a .251 team attack percentage. Rumely added 0.87 blocks, 2.38 digs and 1.11 kills per set as Kentucky finished 26-6 in 2008 with an NCAA Tournament appearance.
Christine Tan (Libero, Minnesota, Sr., Safety Harbor, Fla.)
Christine Tan earned AVCA All-America honorable mention selection as a junior for Minnesota in 2008 after compiling 611 digs for fourth most in school history for a single season. She led the Big Ten Conference in digs with 4.89 digs per set. Tan also finished second on the Gophers in aces with 22 while adding 56 assists.
Naomi Washington (Middle Blocker, Long Beach State, Sr., New Orleans, La.)
Naomi Washington was selected AVCA All-America honorable mention in 2008 as Long Beach State finished with a 26-6 record and berth in the NCAA Tournament Second Round. She provided the 49ers with a .351 attack efficiency, which ranked second-best in the Big West Conference. Washington contributed a team-leading 115 blocks as part of a 0.94 block average while adding a 2.36 kill average.
Paige Weber (Setter, Arizona, Jr., Indianapolis, Ind.)
Paige Weber provided Arizona with 10.58 assists per set as a sophomore in 2008 while starting all 106 sets played. She currently has 2,451 assists in two seasons at Arizona, good for seventh-place all-time at the school. Weber added averages of 0.71 kills, 0.44 blocks, 1.72 digs and 0.27 aces per set in 2008, while setting the Wildcats to a .228 team attack percentage.
Brooks Webster (Outside Hitter, Alabama, Sr., Baltimore, Md.)
Brooks Webster was tabbed to the AVCA All-South Region Team and was named All-SEC First Team in 2008. She led the SEC in kills per set with a 4.17 average against league opponents and tallied 12 double-doubles as a junior. Webster led the Crimson Tide with 424 kills and added 287 digs and 45 blocks during the season.


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Ed needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 125 designs submitted by 30 freelance designers.
I need a unique logo that gets visual attention, identifies the company and somehow expresses the international context of my business.
International Property Brokers, L.L.C.
The logo will be used in business cards, letterhead and email signatures. I am a real estate broker in 8 jurisdictions. I provide brokerage services for "remote" developments that need to market into other jurisdictions to promote their developments
Included in the logo (ideally):
- International Property Brokers, L.L.C.
- Canada • United States • Mexico
Note: Maybe the tagline could be a separate graphic?
Not sure about use of colors or art (like a world with North America). Must look professional.
Not sure what I don't want...
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.