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This article explains the new features in Python 3.3, compared to 3.2. Python 3.3 was released on September 29, 2012. For full details, see the changelog.
See also
PEP 398 - Python 3.3 Release Schedule
New syntax features:
New library modules:
New built-in features:
Implementation improvements:
Significantly Improved Library Modules:
Security improvements:
Please read on for a comprehensive list of user-facing changes.
Virtual environments help create separate Python setups while sharing a system-wide base install, for ease of maintenance. Virtual environments have their own set of private site packages (i.e. locally-installed libraries), and are optionally segregated from the system-wide site packages. Their concept and implementation are inspired by the popular virtualenv third-party package, but benefit from tighter integration with the interpreter core.
This PEP adds the venv module for programmatic access, and the pyvenv script for command-line access and administration. The Python interpreter checks for a pyvenv.cfg, file whose existence signals the base of a virtual environment's directory tree.
See also
Native support for package directories that don't require __init__.py marker files and can automatically span multiple path segments (inspired by various third party approaches to namespace packages, as described in PEP 420)
See also
The implementation of PEP 3118 has been significantly improved.
The new memoryview implementation comprehensively fixes all ownership and lifetime issues of dynamically allocated fields in the Py_buffer struct that led to multiple crash reports. Additionally, several functions that crashed or returned incorrect results for non-contiguous or multi-dimensional input have been fixed.
The memoryview object now has a PEP-3118 compliant getbufferproc() that checks the consumer's request type. Many new features have been added, most of them work in full generality for non-contiguous arrays and arrays with suboffsets.
The documentation has been updated, clearly spelling out responsibilities for both exporters and consumers. Buffer request flags are grouped into basic and compound flags. The memory layout of non-contiguous and multi-dimensional NumPy-style arrays is explained.
(Contributed by Stefan Krah in issue 10181)
See also
PEP 3118 - Revising the Buffer Protocol
The Unicode string type is changed to support multiple internal representations, depending on the character with the largest Unicode ordinal (1, 2, or 4 bytes) in the represented string. This allows a space-efficient representation in common cases, but gives access to full UCS-4 on all systems. For compatibility with existing APIs, several representations may exist in parallel; over time, this compatibility should be phased out.
On the Python side, there should be no downside to this change.
On the C API side, PEP 393 is fully backward compatible. The legacy API should remain available at least five years. Applications using the legacy API will not fully benefit of the memory reduction, or - worse - may use a bit more memory, because Python may have to maintain two versions of each string (in the legacy format and in the new efficient storage).
Changes introduced by PEP 393 are the following:
The storage of Unicode strings now depends on the highest codepoint in the string:
The net effect is that for most applications, memory usage of string storage should decrease significantly - especially compared to former wide unicode builds - as, in many cases, strings will be pure ASCII even in international contexts (because many strings store non-human language data, such as XML fragments, HTTP headers, JSON-encoded data, etc.). We also hope that it will, for the same reasons, increase CPU cache efficiency on non-trivial applications. The memory usage of Python 3.3 is two to three times smaller than Python 3.2, and a little bit better than Python 2.7, on a Django benchmark (see the PEP for details).
See also
The Python 3.3 Windows installer now includes a py launcher application that can be used to launch Python applications in a version independent fashion.
This launcher is invoked implicitly when double-clicking *.py files. If only a single Python version is installed on the system, that version will be used to run the file. If multiple versions are installed, the most recent version is used by default, but this can be overridden by including a Unix-style "shebang line" in the Python script.
The launcher can also be used explicitly from the command line as the py application. Running py follows the same version selection rules as implicitly launching scripts, but a more specific version can be selected by passing appropriate arguments (such as -3 to request Python 3 when Python 2 is also installed, or -2.6 to specifclly request an earlier Python version when a more recent version is installed).
In addition to the launcher, the Windows installer now includes an option to add the newly installed Python to the system PATH (contributed by Brian Curtin in issue 3561).
See also
Launcher documentation: Python Launcher for Windows
Installer PATH modification: Finding the Python executable
The hierarchy of exceptions raised by operating system errors is now both simplified and finer-grained.
You don't have to worry anymore about choosing the appropriate exception type between OSError, IOError, EnvironmentError, WindowsError, mmap.error, socket.error or select.error. All these exception types are now only one: OSError. The other names are kept as aliases for compatibility reasons.
Also, it is now easier to catch a specific error condition. Instead of inspecting the errno attribute (or args[0]) for a particular constant from the errno module, you can catch the adequate OSError subclass. The available subclasses are the following:
And the ConnectionError itself has finer-grained subclasses:
Thanks to the new exceptions, common usages of the errno can now be avoided. For example, the following code written for Python 3.2:
from errno import ENOENT, EACCES, EPERM
with open("document.txt") as f:
content = f.read()
except IOError as err:
if err.errno == ENOENT:
print("document.txt file is missing")
elif err.errno in (EACCES, EPERM):
print("You are not allowed to read document.txt")
can now be written without the errno import and without manual inspection of exception attributes:
with open("document.txt") as f:
content = f.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
print("document.txt file is missing")
except PermissionError:
print("You are not allowed to read document.txt")
See also
PEP 380 adds the yield from expression, allowing a generator to delegate part of its operations to another generator. This allows a section of code containing yield to be factored out and placed in another generator. Additionally, the subgenerator is allowed to return with a value, and the value is made available to the delegating generator.
While designed primarily for use in delegating to a subgenerator, the yield from expression actually allows delegation to arbitrary subiterators.
For simple iterators, yield from iterable is essentially just a shortened form of for item in iterable: yield item:
>>> def g(x):
... yield from range(x, 0, -1)
... yield from range(x)
>>> list(g(5))
[5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
However, unlike an ordinary loop, yield from allows subgenerators to receive sent and thrown values directly from the calling scope, and return a final value to the outer generator:
>>> def accumulate():
... tally = 0
... while 1:
... next = yield
... if next is None:
... return tally
... tally += next
>>> def gather_tallies(tallies):
... while 1:
... tally = yield from accumulate()
... tallies.append(tally)
>>> tallies = []
>>> acc = gather_tallies(tallies)
>>> next(acc) # Ensure the accumulator is ready to accept values
>>> for i in range(4):
... acc.send(i)
>>> acc.send(None) # Finish the first tally
>>> for i in range(5):
... acc.send(i)
>>> acc.send(None) # Finish the second tally
>>> tallies
[6, 10]
The main principle driving this change is to allow even generators that are designed to be used with the send and throw methods to be split into multiple subgenerators as easily as a single large function can be split into multiple subfunctions.
See also
PEP 409 introduces new syntax that allows the display of the chained exception context to be disabled. This allows cleaner error messages in applications that convert between exception types:
>>> class D:
... def __init__(self, extra):
... self._extra_attributes = extra
... def __getattr__(self, attr):
... try:
... return self._extra_attributes[attr]
... except KeyError:
... raise AttributeError(attr) from None
>>> D({}).x
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 8, in __getattr__
AttributeError: x
Without the from None suffix to suppress the cause, the original exception would be displayed by default:
>>> class C:
... def __init__(self, extra):
... self._extra_attributes = extra
... def __getattr__(self, attr):
... try:
... return self._extra_attributes[attr]
... except KeyError:
... raise AttributeError(attr)
>>> C({}).x
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 6, in __getattr__
KeyError: 'x'
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 8, in __getattr__
AttributeError: x
No debugging capability is lost, as the original exception context remains available if needed (for example, if an intervening library has incorrectly suppressed valuable underlying details):
>>> try:
... D({}).x
... except AttributeError as exc:
... print(repr(exc.__context__))
See also
To ease the transition from Python 2 for Unicode aware Python applications that make heavy use of Unicode literals, Python 3.3 once again supports the "u" prefix for string literals. This prefix has no semantic significance in Python 3, it is provided solely to reduce the number of purely mechanical changes in migrating to Python 3, making it easier for developers to focus on the more significant semantic changes (such as the stricter default separation of binary and text data).
See also
Functions and class objects have a new __qualname__ attribute representing the "path" from the module top-level to their definition. For global functions and classes, this is the same as __name__. For other functions and classes, it provides better information about where they were actually defined, and how they might be accessible from the global scope.
Example with (non-bound) methods:
>>> class C:
... def meth(self):
... pass
>>> C.meth.__name__
>>> C.meth.__qualname__
Example with nested classes:
>>> class C:
... class D:
... def meth(self):
... pass
>>> C.D.__name__
>>> C.D.__qualname__
>>> C.D.meth.__name__
>>> C.D.meth.__qualname__
Example with nested functions:
>>> def outer():
... def inner():
... pass
... return inner
>>> outer().__name__
>>> outer().__qualname__
The string representation of those objects is also changed to include the new, more precise information:
>>> str(C.D)
"<class '__main__.C.D'>"
>>> str(C.D.meth)
'<function C.D.meth at 0x7f46b9fe31e0>'
See also
Dictionaries used for the storage of objects' attributes are now able to share part of their internal storage between each other (namely, the part which stores the keys and their respective hashes). This reduces the memory consumption of programs creating many instances of non-builtin types.
See also
A new function inspect.signature() makes introspection of python callables easy and straightforward. A broad range of callables is supported: python functions, decorated or not, classes, and functools.partial() objects. New classes inspect.Signature, inspect.Parameter and inspect.BoundArguments hold information about the call signatures, such as, annotations, default values, parameters kinds, and bound arguments, which considerably simplifies writing decorators and any code that validates or amends calling signatures or arguments.
See also
A new attribute on the sys module exposes details specific to the implementation of the currently running interpreter. The initial set of attributes on sys.implementation are name, version, hexversion, and cache_tag.
The intention of sys.implementation is to consolidate into one namespace the implementation-specific data used by the standard library. This allows different Python implementations to share a single standard library code base much more easily. In its initial state, sys.implementation holds only a small portion of the implementation-specific data. Over time that ratio will shift in order to make the standard library more portable.
One example of improved standard library portability is cache_tag. As of Python 3.3, sys.implementation.cache_tag is used by importlib to support PEP 3147 compliance. Any Python implementation that uses importlib for its built-in import system may use cache_tag to control the caching behavior for modules.
The implementation of sys.implementation also introduces a new type to Python: types.SimpleNamespace. In contrast to a mapping-based namespace, like dict, SimpleNamespace is attribute-based, like object. However, unlike object, SimpleNamespace instances are writable. This means that you can add, remove, and modify the namespace through normal attribute access.
See also
issue 2377 - Replace __import__ w/ importlib.__import__ issue 13959 - Re-implement parts of imp in pure Python issue 14605 - Make import machinery explicit issue 14646 - Require loaders set __loader__ and __package__
The __import__() function is now powered by importlib.__import__(). This work leads to the completion of "phase 2" of PEP 302. There are multiple benefits to this change. First, it has allowed for more of the machinery powering import to be exposed instead of being implicit and hidden within the C code. It also provides a single implementation for all Python VMs supporting Python 3.3 to use, helping to end any VM-specific deviations in import semantics. And finally it eases the maintenance of import, allowing for future growth to occur.
For the common user, there should be no visible change in semantics. For those whose code currently manipulates import or calls import programmatically, the code changes that might possibly be required are covered in the Porting Python code section of this document.
One of the large benefits of this work is the exposure of what goes into making the import statement work. That means the various importers that were once implicit are now fully exposed as part of the importlib package.
The abstract base classes defined in importlib.abc have been expanded to properly delineate between meta path finders and path entry finders by introducing importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder and importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder, respectively. The old ABC of importlib.abc.Finder is now only provided for backwards-compatibility and does not enforce any method requirements.
In terms of finders, importlib.machinery.FileFinder exposes the mechanism used to search for source and bytecode files of a module. Previously this class was an implicit member of sys.path_hooks.
For loaders, the new abstract base class importlib.abc.FileLoader helps write a loader that uses the file system as the storage mechanism for a module's code. The loader for source files (importlib.machinery.SourceFileLoader), sourceless bytecode files (importlib.machinery.SourcelessFileLoader), and extension modules (importlib.machinery.ExtensionFileLoader) are now available for direct use.
ImportError now has name and path attributes which are set when there is relevant data to provide. The message for failed imports will also provide the full name of the module now instead of just the tail end of the module's name.
The importlib.invalidate_caches() function will now call the method with the same name on all finders cached in sys.path_importer_cache to help clean up any stored state as necessary.
For potential required changes to code, see the Porting Python code section.
Beyond the expanse of what importlib now exposes, there are other visible changes to import. The biggest is that sys.meta_path and sys.path_hooks now store all of the meta path finders and path entry hooks used by import. Previously the finders were implicit and hidden within the C code of import instead of being directly exposed. This means that one can now easily remove or change the order of the various finders to fit one's needs.
Another change is that all modules have a __loader__ attribute, storing the loader used to create the module. PEP 302 has been updated to make this attribute mandatory for loaders to implement, so in the future once 3rd-party loaders have been updated people will be able to rely on the existence of the attribute. Until such time, though, import is setting the module post-load.
Loaders are also now expected to set the __package__ attribute from PEP 366. Once again, import itself is already setting this on all loaders from importlib and import itself is setting the attribute post-load.
None is now inserted into sys.path_importer_cache when no finder can be found on sys.path_hooks. Since imp.NullImporter is not directly exposed on sys.path_hooks it could no longer be relied upon to always be available to use as a value representing no finder found.
All other changes relate to semantic changes which should be taken into consideration when updating code for Python 3.3, and thus should be read about in the Porting Python code section of this document.
(Implementation by Brett Cannon)
Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are:
Added support for Unicode name aliases and named sequences. Both unicodedata.lookup() and '\N{...}' now resolve name aliases, and unicodedata.lookup() resolves named sequences too.
(Contributed by Ezio Melotti in issue 12753)
Unicode database updated to UCD version 6.1.0
Equality comparisons on range() objects now return a result reflecting the equality of the underlying sequences generated by those range objects. (issue 13201)
The count(), find(), rfind(), index() and rindex() methods of bytes and bytearray objects now accept an integer between 0 and 255 as their first argument.
(Contributed by Petri Lehtinen in issue 12170)
The rjust(), ljust(), and center() methods of bytes and bytearray now accept a bytearray for the fill argument. (Contributed by Petri Lehtinen in issue 12380.)
New methods have been added to list and bytearray: copy() and clear() (issue 10516). Consequently, MutableSequence now also defines a clear() method (issue 11388).
Raw bytes literals can now be written rb"..." as well as br"...".
(Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in issue 13748.)
dict.setdefault() now does only one lookup for the given key, making it atomic when used with built-in types.
(Contributed by Filip Gruszczyński in issue 13521.)
The error messages produced when a function call does not match the function signature have been significantly improved.
(Contributed by Benjamin Peterson.)
Previous versions of CPython have always relied on a global import lock. This led to unexpected annoyances, such as deadlocks when importing a module would trigger code execution in a different thread as a side-effect. Clumsy workarounds were sometimes employed, such as the PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock() C API function.
In Python 3.3, importing a module takes a per-module lock. This correctly serializes importation of a given module from multiple threads (preventing the exposure of incompletely initialized modules), while eliminating the aforementioned annoyances.
(Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in issue 9260.)
This new debug module faulthandler contains functions to dump Python tracebacks explicitly, on a fault (a crash like a segmentation fault), after a timeout, or on a user signal. Call faulthandler.enable() to install fault handlers for the SIGSEGV, SIGFPE, SIGABRT, SIGBUS, and SIGILL signals. You can also enable them at startup by setting the PYTHONFAULTHANDLER environment variable or by using -X faulthandler command line option.
Example of a segmentation fault on Linux:
$ python -q -X faulthandler
>>> import ctypes
>>> ctypes.string_at(0)
Fatal Python error: Segmentation fault
Current thread 0x00007fb899f39700:
File "/home/python/cpython/Lib/ctypes/__init__.py", line 486 in string_at
File "<stdin>", line 1 in <module>
Segmentation fault
The new ipaddress module provides tools for creating and manipulating objects representing IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, networks and interfaces (i.e. an IP address associated with a specific IP subnet).
(Contributed by Google and Peter Moody in PEP 3144)
The newly-added lzma module provides data compression and decompression using the LZMA algorithm, including support for the .xz and .lzma file formats.
(Contributed by Nadeem Vawda and Per Øyvind Karlsen in issue 6715)
Improved support for abstract base classes containing descriptors composed with abstract methods. The recommended approach to declaring abstract descriptors is now to provide __isabstractmethod__ as a dynamically updated property. The built-in descriptors have been updated accordingly.
- abc.abstractproperty has been deprecated, use property with abc.abstractmethod() instead.
- abc.abstractclassmethod has been deprecated, use classmethod with abc.abstractmethod() instead.
- abc.abstractstaticmethod has been deprecated, use staticmethod with abc.abstractmethod() instead.
(Contributed by Darren Dale in issue 11610)
abc.ABCMeta.register() now returns the registered subclass, which means it can now be used as a class decorator (issue 10868).
The array module supports the long long type using q and Q type codes.
(Contributed by Oren Tirosh and Hirokazu Yamamoto in issue 1172711)
ASCII-only Unicode strings are now accepted by the decoding functions of the base64 modern interface. For example, base64.b64decode('YWJj') returns b'abc'. (Contributed by Catalin Iacob in issue 13641.)
In addition to the binary objects they normally accept, the a2b_ functions now all also accept ASCII-only strings as input. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in issue 13637.)
The bz2 module has been rewritten from scratch. In the process, several new features have been added:
New bz2.open() function: open a bzip2-compressed file in binary or text mode.
bz2.BZ2File can now read from and write to arbitrary file-like objects, by means of its constructor's fileobj argument.
(Contributed by Nadeem Vawda in issue 5863)
bz2.BZ2File and bz2.decompress() can now decompress multi-stream inputs (such as those produced by the pbzip2 tool). bz2.BZ2File can now also be used to create this type of file, using the 'a' (append) mode.
(Contributed by Nir Aides in issue 1625)
bz2.BZ2File now implements all of the io.BufferedIOBase API, except for the detach() and truncate() methods.
The mbcs codec has been rewritten to handle correctly replace and ignore error handlers on all Windows versions. The mbcs codec now supports all error handlers, instead of only replace to encode and ignore to decode.
A new Windows-only codec has been added: cp65001 (issue 13216). It is the Windows code page 65001 (Windows UTF-8, CP_UTF8). For example, it is used by sys.stdout if the console output code page is set to cp65001 (e.g., using chcp 65001 command).
Multibyte CJK decoders now resynchronize faster. They only ignore the first byte of an invalid byte sequence. For example, b'\xff\n'.decode('gb2312', 'replace') now returns a \n after the replacement character.
Incremental CJK codec encoders are no longer reset at each call to their encode() methods. For example:
$ ./python -q
>>> import codecs
>>> encoder = codecs.getincrementalencoder('hz')('strict')
>>> b''.join(encoder.encode(x) for x in '\u52ff\u65bd\u65bc\u4eba\u3002 Bye.')
b'~{NpJ)l6HK!#~} Bye.'
This example gives b'~{Np~}~{J)~}~{l6~}~{HK~}~{!#~} Bye.' with older Python versions.
The unicode_internal codec has been deprecated.
Addition of a new ChainMap class to allow treating a number of mappings as a single unit. (Written by Raymond Hettinger for issue 11089, made public in issue 11297)
The abstract base classes have been moved in a new collections.abc module, to better differentiate between the abstract and the concrete collections classes. Aliases for ABCs are still present in the collections module to preserve existing imports. (issue 11085)
The Counter class now supports the unary + and - operators, as well as the in-place operators +=, -=, |=, and &=. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in issue 13121.)
ExitStack now provides a solid foundation for programmatic manipulation of context managers and similar cleanup functionality. Unlike the previous contextlib.nested API (which was deprecated and removed), the new API is designed to work correctly regardless of whether context managers acquire their resources in their __init__ method (for example, file objects) or in their __enter__ method (for example, synchronisation objects from the threading module).
Addition of salt and modular crypt format (hashing method) and the mksalt() function to the crypt module.
- If the curses module is linked to the ncursesw library, use Unicode functions when Unicode strings or characters are passed (e.g. waddwstr()), and bytes functions otherwise (e.g. waddstr()).
- Use the locale encoding instead of utf-8 to encode Unicode strings.
- curses.window has a new curses.window.encoding attribute.
- The curses.window class has a new get_wch() method to get a wide character
- The curses module has a new unget_wch() function to push a wide character so the next get_wch() will return it
(Contributed by Iñigo Serna in issue 6755)
- Equality comparisons between naive and aware datetime instances now return False instead of raising TypeError (issue 15006).
- New datetime.datetime.timestamp() method: Return POSIX timestamp corresponding to the datetime instance.
- The datetime.datetime.strftime() method supports formatting years older than 1000.
- The datetime.datetime.astimezone() method can now be called without arguments to convert datetime instance to the system timezone.
The new C version of the decimal module integrates the high speed libmpdec library for arbitrary precision correctly-rounded decimal floating point arithmetic. libmpdec conforms to IBM's General Decimal Arithmetic Specification.
Performance gains range from 10x for database applications to 100x for numerically intensive applications. These numbers are expected gains for standard precisions used in decimal floating point arithmetic. Since the precision is user configurable, the exact figures may vary. For example, in integer bignum arithmetic the differences can be significantly higher.
The following table is meant as an illustration. Benchmarks are available at http://www.bytereef.org/mpdecimal/quickstart.html.
decimal.py _decimal speedup pi 42.02s 0.345s 120x telco 172.19s 5.68s 30x psycopg 3.57s 0.29s 12x
The C module has the following context limits, depending on the machine architecture:
32-bit 64-bit MAX_PREC 425000000 999999999999999999 MAX_EMAX 425000000 999999999999999999 MIN_EMIN -425000000 -999999999999999999
In the context templates (DefaultContext, BasicContext and ExtendedContext) the magnitude of Emax and Emin has changed to 999999.
The Decimal constructor in decimal.py does not observe the context limits and converts values with arbitrary exponents or precision exactly. Since the C version has internal limits, the following scheme is used: If possible, values are converted exactly, otherwise InvalidOperation is raised and the result is NaN. In the latter case it is always possible to use create_decimal() in order to obtain a rounded or inexact value.
The power function in decimal.py is always correctly-rounded. In the C version, it is defined in terms of the correctly-rounded exp() and ln() functions, but the final result is only "almost always correctly rounded".
In the C version, the context dictionary containing the signals is a MutableMapping. For speed reasons, flags and traps always refer to the same MutableMapping that the context was initialized with. If a new signal dictionary is assigned, flags and traps are updated with the new values, but they do not reference the RHS dictionary.
Pickling a Context produces a different output in order to have a common interchange format for the Python and C versions.
The order of arguments in the Context constructor has been changed to match the order displayed by repr().
The watchexp parameter in the quantize() method is deprecated.
The email package now has a policy framework. A Policy is an object with several methods and properties that control how the email package behaves. The primary policy for Python 3.3 is the Compat32 policy, which provides backward compatibility with the email package in Python 3.2. A policy can be specified when an email message is parsed by a parser, or when a Message object is created, or when an email is serialized using a generator. Unless overridden, a policy passed to a parser is inherited by all the Message object and sub-objects created by the parser. By default a generator will use the policy of the Message object it is serializing. The default policy is compat32.
The minimum set of controls implemented by all policy objects are:
max_line_length The maximum length, excluding the linesep character(s), individual lines may have when a Message is serialized. Defaults to 78. linesep The character used to separate individual lines when a Message is serialized. Defaults to \n. cte_type 7bit or 8bit. 8bit applies only to a Bytes generator, and means that non-ASCII may be used where allowed by the protocol (or where it exists in the original input). raise_on_defect Causes a parser to raise error when defects are encountered instead of adding them to the Message object's defects list.
A new policy instance, with new settings, is created using the clone() method of policy objects. clone takes any of the above controls as keyword arguments. Any control not specified in the call retains its default value. Thus you can create a policy that uses \r\n linesep characters like this:
mypolicy = compat32.clone(linesep='\r\n')
Policies can be used to make the generation of messages in the format needed by your application simpler. Instead of having to remember to specify linesep='\r\n' in all the places you call a generator, you can specify it once, when you set the policy used by the parser or the Message, whichever your program uses to create Message objects. On the other hand, if you need to generate messages in multiple forms, you can still specify the parameters in the appropriate generator call. Or you can have custom policy instances for your different cases, and pass those in when you create the generator.
While the policy framework is worthwhile all by itself, the main motivation for introducing it is to allow the creation of new policies that implement new features for the email package in a way that maintains backward compatibility for those who do not use the new policies. Because the new policies introduce a new API, we are releasing them in Python 3.3 as a provisional policy. Backwards incompatible changes (up to and including removal of the code) may occur if deemed necessary by the core developers.
The new policies are instances of EmailPolicy, and add the following additional controls:
refold_source Controls whether or not headers parsed by a parser are refolded by the generator. It can be none, long, or all. The default is long, which means that source headers with a line longer than max_line_length get refolded. none means no line get refolded, and all means that all lines get refolded. header_factory A callable that take a name and value and produces a custom header object.
The header_factory is the key to the new features provided by the new policies. When one of the new policies is used, any header retrieved from a Message object is an object produced by the header_factory, and any time you set a header on a Message it becomes an object produced by header_factory. All such header objects have a name attribute equal to the header name. Address and Date headers have additional attributes that give you access to the parsed data of the header. This means you can now do things like this:
>>> m = Message(policy=SMTP)
>>> m['To'] = 'Éric <email@example.com>'
>>> m['to']
'Éric <firstname.lastname@example.com>'
>>> m['to'].addresses
(Address(display_name='Éric', username='foo', domain='example.com'),)
>>> m['to'].addresses[0].username
>>> m['to'].addresses[0].display_name
>>> m['Date'] = email.utils.localtime()
>>> m['Date'].datetime
datetime.datetime(2012, 5, 25, 21, 39, 24, 465484, tzinfo=datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(-1, 72000), 'EDT'))
>>> m['Date']
'Fri, 25 May 2012 21:44:27 -0400'
>>> print(m)
To: =?utf-8?q?=C3=89ric?= <email@example.com>
Date: Fri, 25 May 2012 21:44:27 -0400
You will note that the unicode display name is automatically encoded as utf-8 when the message is serialized, but that when the header is accessed directly, you get the unicode version. This eliminates any need to deal with the email.header decode_header() or make_header() functions.
You can also create addresses from parts:
>>> m['cc'] = [Group('pals', [Address('Bob', 'bob', 'example.com'),
... Address('Sally', 'sally', 'example.com')]),
... Address('Bonzo', firstname.lastname@example.com')]
>>> print(m)
To: =?utf-8?q?=C3=89ric?= <email@example.com>
Date: Fri, 25 May 2012 21:44:27 -0400
cc: pals: Bob <firstname.lastname@example.com>, Sally <firstname.lastname@example.com>;, Bonzo <firstname.lastname@example.com>
Decoding to unicode is done automatically:
>>> m2 = message_from_string(str(m))
>>> m2['to']
'Éric <firstname.lastname@example.com>'
When you parse a message, you can use the addresses and groups attributes of the header objects to access the groups and individual addresses:
>>> m2['cc'].addresses
(Address(display_name='Bob', username='bob', domain='example.com'), Address(display_name='Sally', username='sally', domain='example.com'), Address(display_name='Bonzo', username='bonz', domain='laugh.com'))
>>> m2['cc'].groups
(Group(display_name='pals', addresses=(Address(display_name='Bob', username='bob', domain='example.com'), Address(display_name='Sally', username='sally', domain='example.com')), Group(display_name=None, addresses=(Address(display_name='Bonzo', username='bonz', domain='laugh.com'),))
In summary, if you use one of the new policies, header manipulation works the way it ought to: your application works with unicode strings, and the email package transparently encodes and decodes the unicode to and from the RFC standard Content Transfer Encodings.
New BytesHeaderParser, added to the parser module to complement HeaderParser and complete the Bytes API.
New utility functions:
- format_datetime(): given a datetime, produce a string formatted for use in an email header.
- parsedate_to_datetime(): given a date string from an email header, convert it into an aware datetime, or a naive datetime if the offset is -0000.
- localtime(): With no argument, returns the current local time as an aware datetime using the local timezone. Given an aware datetime, converts it into an aware datetime using the local timezone.
The functools.lru_cache() decorator now accepts a typed keyword argument (that defaults to False to ensure that it caches values of different types that compare equal in separate cache slots. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger in issue 13227.)
It is now possible to register callbacks invoked by the garbage collector before and after collection using the new callbacks list.
A new compare_digest() function has been added to prevent side channel attacks on digests through timing analysis. (Contributed by Nick Coghlan and Christian Heimes in issue 15061)
http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler now buffers the headers and writes them all at once when end_headers() is called. A new method flush_headers() can be used to directly manage when the accumlated headers are sent. (Contributed by Andrew Schaaf in issue 3709.)
http.server now produces valid HTML 4.01 strict output. (Contributed by Ezio Melotti in issue 13295.)
http.client.HTTPResponse now has a readinto() method, which means it can be used as a io.RawIOBase class. (Contributed by John Kuhn in issue 13464.)
html.parser.HTMLParser is now able to parse broken markup without raising errors, therefore the strict argument of the constructor and the HTMLParseError exception are now deprecated. The ability to parse broken markup is the result of a number of bug fixes that are also available on the latest bug fix releases of Python 2.7/3.2. (Contributed by Ezio Melotti in issue 15114, and issue 14538, issue 13993, issue 13960, issue 13358, issue 1745761, issue 755670, issue 13357, issue 12629, issue 1200313, issue 670664, issue 13273, issue 12888, issue 7311)
A new html5 dictionary that maps HTML5 named character references to the equivalent Unicode character(s) (e.g. html5['gt;'] == '>') has been added to the html.entities module. The dictionary is now also used by HTMLParser. (Contributed by Ezio Melotti in issue 11113 and issue 15156)
The IMAP4_SSL constructor now accepts an SSLContext parameter to control parameters of the secure channel.
(Contributed by Sijin Joseph in issue 8808)
A new getclosurevars() function has been added. This function reports the current binding of all names referenced from the function body and where those names were resolved, making it easier to verify correct internal state when testing code that relies on stateful closures.
(Contributed by Meador Inge and Nick Coghlan in issue 13062)
A new getgeneratorlocals() function has been added. This function reports the current binding of local variables in the generator's stack frame, making it easier to verify correct internal state when testing generators.
(Contributed by Meador Inge in issue 15153)
The open() function has a new 'x' mode that can be used to exclusively create a new file, and raise a FileExistsError if the file already exists. It is based on the C11 'x' mode to fopen().
(Contributed by David Townshend in issue 12760)
The constructor of the TextIOWrapper class has a new write_through optional argument. If write_through is True, calls to write() are guaranteed not to be buffered: any data written on the TextIOWrapper object is immediately handled to its underlying binary buffer.
accumulate() now takes an optional func argument for providing a user-supplied binary function.
The basicConfig() function now supports an optional handlers argument taking an iterable of handlers to be added to the root logger.
A class level attribute append_nul has been added to SysLogHandler to allow control of the appending of the NUL (\000) byte to syslog records, since for some deamons it is required while for others it is passed through to the log.
The math module has a new function, log2(), which returns the base-2 logarithm of x.
(Written by Mark Dickinson in issue 11888).
The read() method is now more compatible with other file-like objects: if the argument is omitted or specified as None, it returns the bytes from the current file position to the end of the mapping. (Contributed by Petri Lehtinen in issue 12021.)
The new multiprocessing.connection.wait() function allows to poll multiple objects (such as connections, sockets and pipes) with a timeout. (Contributed by Richard Oudkerk in issue 12328.)
multiprocessing.Connection objects can now be transferred over multiprocessing connections. (Contributed by Richard Oudkerk in issue 4892.)
multiprocessing.Process now accepts a daemon keyword argument to override the default behavior of inheriting the daemon flag from the parent process (issue 6064).
New attribute attribute multiprocessing.Process.sentinel allows a program to wait on multiple Process objects at one time using the appropriate OS primitives (for example, select on posix systems).
New methods multiprocessing.pool.Pool.starmap() and starmap_async() provide itertools.starmap() equivalents to the existing multiprocessing.pool.Pool.map() and map_async() functions. (Contributed by Hynek Schlawack in issue 12708.)
The nntplib.NNTP class now supports the context manager protocol to unconditionally consume socket.error exceptions and to close the NNTP connection when done:
>>> from nntplib import NNTP
>>> with NNTP('news.gmane.org') as n:
... n.group('gmane.comp.python.committers')
('211 1755 1 1755 gmane.comp.python.committers', 1755, 1, 1755, 'gmane.comp.python.committers')
(Contributed by Giampaolo Rodolà in issue 9795)
The os module has a new pipe2() function that makes it possible to create a pipe with O_CLOEXEC or O_NONBLOCK flags set atomically. This is especially useful to avoid race conditions in multi-threaded programs.
The os module has a new sendfile() function which provides an efficent "zero-copy" way for copying data from one file (or socket) descriptor to another. The phrase "zero-copy" refers to the fact that all of the copying of data between the two descriptors is done entirely by the kernel, with no copying of data into userspace buffers. sendfile() can be used to efficiently copy data from a file on disk to a network socket, e.g. for downloading a file.
(Patch submitted by Ross Lagerwall and Giampaolo Rodolà in issue 10882.)
To avoid race conditions like symlink attacks and issues with temporary files and directories, it is more reliable (and also faster) to manipulate file descriptors instead of file names. Python 3.3 enhances existing functions and introduces new functions to work on file descriptors (issue 4761, issue 10755 and issue 14626).
access() accepts an effective_ids keyword argument to turn on using the effective uid/gid rather than the real uid/gid in the access check. Platform support for this can be checked via the supports_effective_ids set.
The os module has two new functions: getpriority() and setpriority(). They can be used to get or set process niceness/priority in a fashion similar to os.nice() but extended to all processes instead of just the current one.
(Patch submitted by Giampaolo Rodolà in issue 10784.)
The new os.replace() function allows cross-platform renaming of a file with overwriting the destination. With os.rename(), an existing destination file is overwritten under POSIX, but raises an error under Windows. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in issue 8828.)
The stat family of functions (stat(), fstat(), and lstat()) now support reading a file's timestamps with nanosecond precision. Symmetrically, utime() can now write file timestamps with nanosecond precision. (Contributed by Larry Hastings in issue 14127.)
The new os.get_terminal_size() function queries the size of the terminal attached to a file descriptor. See also shutil.get_terminal_size(). (Contributed by Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek in issue 13609.)
Tab-completion is now available not only for command names, but also their arguments. For example, for the break command, function and file names are completed.
(Contributed by Georg Brandl in issue 14210)
pickle.Pickler objects now have an optional dispatch_table attribute allowing to set per-pickler reduction functions.
(Contributed by Richard Oudkerk in issue 14166.)
The Tk GUI and the serve() function have been removed from the pydoc module: pydoc -g and serve() have been deprecated in Python 3.2.
str regular expressions now support \u and \U escapes.
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in issue 3665.)
Solaris and derivative platforms have a new class select.devpoll for high performance asynchronous sockets via /dev/poll. (Contributed by Jesús Cea Avión in issue 6397.)
The previously undocumented helper function quote from the pipes modules has been moved to the shlex module and documented. quote() properly escapes all characters in a string that might be otherwise given special meaning by the shell.
The smtpd module now supports RFC 5321 (extended SMTP) and RFC 1870 (size extension). Per the standard, these extensions are enabled if and only if the client initiates the session with an EHLO command.
(Initial ELHO support by Alberto Trevino. Size extension by Juhana Jauhiainen. Substantial additional work on the patch contributed by Michele Orrù and Dan Boswell. issue 8739)
The SMTP, SMTP_SSL, and LMTP classes now accept a source_address keyword argument to specify the (host, port) to use as the source address in the bind call when creating the outgoing socket. (Contributed by Paulo Scardine in issue 11281.)
SMTP now supports the context manager protocol, allowing an SMTP instance to be used in a with statement. (Contributed by Giampaolo Rodolà in issue 11289.)
The SMTP_SSL constructor and the starttls() method now accept an SSLContext parameter to control parameters of the secure channel. (Contributed by Kasun Herath in issue 8809)
The socket class now exposes additional methods to process ancillary data when supported by the underlying platform:
(Contributed by David Watson in issue 6560, based on an earlier patch by Heiko Wundram)
The socket class now supports the PF_CAN protocol family (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socketcan), on Linux (http://lwn.net/Articles/253425).
(Contributed by Matthias Fuchs, updated by Tiago Gonçalves in issue 10141)
The socket class now supports the PF_RDS protocol family (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliable_Datagram_Sockets and http://oss.oracle.com/projects/rds/).
The socket class now supports the PF_SYSTEM protocol family on OS X. (Contributed by Michael Goderbauer in issue 13777.)
New function sethostname() allows the hostname to be set on unix systems if the calling process has sufficient privileges. (Contributed by Ross Lagerwall in issue 10866.)
BaseServer now has an overridable method service_actions() that is called by the serve_forever() method in the service loop. ForkingMixIn now uses this to clean up zombie child proceses. (Contributed by Justin Warkentin in issue 11109.)
New sqlite3.Connection method set_trace_callback() can be used to capture a trace of all sql commands processed by sqlite. (Contributed by Torsten Landschoff in issue 11688.)
The ssl module has two new random generation functions:
(Contributed by Victor Stinner in issue 12049)
The ssl module now exposes a finer-grained exception hierarchy in order to make it easier to inspect the various kinds of errors. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in issue 11183)
load_cert_chain() now accepts a password argument to be used if the private key is encrypted. (Contributed by Adam Simpkins in issue 12803)
Diffie-Hellman key exchange, both regular and Elliptic Curve-based, is now supported through the load_dh_params() and set_ecdh_curve() methods. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in issue 13626 and issue 13627)
SSL sockets have a new get_channel_binding() method allowing the implementation of certain authentication mechanisms such as SCRAM-SHA-1-PLUS. (Contributed by Jacek Konieczny in issue 12551)
You can query the SSL compression algorithm used by an SSL socket, thanks to its new compression() method. The new attribute OP_NO_COMPRESSION can be used to disable compression. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in issue 13634)
Support has been added for the Next Procotol Negotiation extension using the ssl.SSLContext.set_npn_protocols() method. (Contributed by Colin Marc in issue 14204)
SSL errors can now be introspected more easily thanks to library and reason attributes. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in issue 14837)
The get_server_certificate() function now supports IPv6. (Contributed by Charles-François Natali in issue 11811.)
New attribute OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE allows setting SSLv3 server sockets to use the server's cipher ordering preference rather than the client's (issue 13635).
The undocumented tarfile.filemode function has been moved to stat.filemode(). It can be used to convert a file's mode to a string of the form '-rwxrwxrwx'.
(Contributed by Giampaolo Rodolà in issue 14807)
The struct module now supports ssize_t and size_t via the new codes n and N, respectively. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou in issue 3163.)
Command strings can now be bytes objects on posix platforms. (Contributed by Victor Stinner in issue 8513.)
A new constant DEVNULL allows suppressing output in a platform-independent fashion. (Contributed by Ross Lagerwall in issue 5870.)
The sys module has a new thread_info struct sequence holding informations about the thread implementation (issue 11223).
tarfile now supports lzma encoding via the lzma module. (Contributed by Lars Gustäbel in issue 5689.)
tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile's truncate() method now accepts a size parameter. (Contributed by Ryan Kelly in issue 9957.)
The textwrap module has a new indent() that makes it straightforward to add a common prefix to selected lines in a block of text (issue 13857).
threading.Condition, threading.Semaphore, threading.BoundedSemaphore, threading.Event, and threading.Timer, all of which used to be factory functions returning a class instance, are now classes and may be subclassed. (Contributed by Éric Araujo in issue 10968).
The threading.Thread constructor now accepts a daemon keyword argument to override the default behavior of inheriting the deamon flag value from the parent thread (issue 6064).
The formerly private function _thread.get_ident is now available as the public function threading.get_ident(). This eliminates several cases of direct access to the _thread module in the stdlib. Third party code that used _thread.get_ident should likewise be changed to use the new public interface.
The PEP 418 added new functions to the time module:
Other new functions:
To improve cross platform consistency, sleep() now raises a ValueError when passed a negative sleep value. Previously this was an error on posix, but produced an infinite sleep on Windows.
Add a new types.MappingProxyType class: Read-only proxy of a mapping. (issue 14386)
The new functions types.new_class and types.prepare_class provide support for PEP 3115 compliant dynamic type creation. (issue 14588)
assertRaises(), assertRaisesRegex(), assertWarns(), and assertWarnsRegex() now accept a keyword argument msg when used as context managers. (Contributed by Ezio Melotti and Winston Ewert in issue 10775)
unittest.TestCase.run() now returns the TestResult object.
The Request class, now accepts a method argument used by get_method() to determine what HTTP method should be used. For example, this will send a 'HEAD' request:
>>> urlopen(Request('http://www.python.org', method='HEAD'))
The webbrowser module supports more "browsers": Google Chrome (named chrome, chromium, chrome-browser or chromium-browser depending on the version and operating system), and the generic launchers xdg-open, from the FreeDesktop.org project, and gvfs-open, which is the default URI handler for GNOME 3. (The former contributed by Arnaud Calmettes in issue 13620, the latter by Matthias Klose in issue 14493)
The xml.etree.ElementTree module now imports its C accelerator by default; there is no longer a need to explicitly import xml.etree.cElementTree (this module stays for backwards compatibility, but is now deprecated). In addition, the iter family of methods of Element has been optimized (rewritten in C). The module's documentation has also been greatly improved with added examples and a more detailed reference.
New attribute zlib.Decompress.eof makes it possible to distinguish between a properly-formed compressed stream and an incomplete or truncated one. (Contributed by Nadeem Vawda in issue 12646.)
New attribute zlib.ZLIB_RUNTIME_VERSION reports the version string of the underlying zlib library that is loaded at runtime. (Contributed by Torsten Landschoff in issue 12306.)
Major performance enhancements have been added:
Thanks to PEP 393, some operations on Unicode strings have been optimized:
UTF-8 is now 2x to 4x faster. UTF-16 encoding is now up to 10x faster.
(contributed by Serhiy Storchaka, issue 14624, issue 14738 and issue 15026.)
Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include:
OS/2 and VMS are no longer supported due to the lack of a maintainer.
Windows 2000 and Windows platforms which set COMSPEC to command.com are no longer supported due to maintenance burden.
OSF support, which was deprecated in 3.2, has been completely removed.
The Py_UNICODE has been deprecated by PEP 393 and will be removed in Python 4. All functions using this type are deprecated:
Unicode functions and methods using Py_UNICODE and Py_UNICODE* types:
Functions and macros manipulating Py_UNICODE* strings:
The array module's 'u' format code is now deprecated and will be removed in Python 4 together with the rest of the (Py_UNICODE) API.
This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes that may require changes to your code.
In the course of changes to the buffer API the undocumented smalltable member of the Py_buffer structure has been removed and the layout of the PyMemoryViewObject has changed.
All extensions relying on the relevant parts in memoryobject.h or object.h must be rebuilt.
Due to PEP 393, the Py_UNICODE type and all functions using this type are deprecated (but will stay available for at least five years). If you were using low-level Unicode APIs to construct and access unicode objects and you want to benefit of the memory footprint reduction provided by PEP 393, you have to convert your code to the new Unicode API.
However, if you only have been using high-level functions such as PyUnicode_Concat(), PyUnicode_Join() or PyUnicode_FromFormat(), your code will automatically take advantage of the new unicode representations.
PyImport_GetMagicNumber() now returns -1 upon failure.
As a negative value for the level argument to __import__() is no longer valid, the same now holds for PyImport_ImportModuleLevel(). This also means that the value of level used by PyImport_ImportModuleEx() is now 0 instead of -1.
The range of possible file names for C extensions has been narrowed. Very rarely used spellings have been suppressed: under POSIX, files named xxxmodule.so, xxxmodule.abi3.so and xxxmodule.cpython-*.so are no longer recognized as implementing the xxx module. If you had been generating such files, you have to switch to the other spellings (i.e., remove the module string from the file names).
(implemented in issue 14040.)
The -Q command-line flag and related artifacts have been removed. Code checking sys.flags.division_warning will need updating.
(issue 10998, contributed by Éric Araujo.)
When python is started with -S, import site will no longer add site-specific paths to the module search paths. In previous versions, it did.
(issue 11591, contributed by Carl Meyer with editions by Éric Araujo.)


text:
Java was originally the first language that could run inside a web browser, this ability of java has made it famous and also allowed others to knock its programming prowess as it was deemed good for this purpose and this purpose only by some. The method that java used to run programs inside a web browser was by way of an applet.
A java applet is quite simply a program designed to run as part of a web page. When one encounters a java applet on the web, the applet is downloaded and begins running on the webpage. A good example of a java applet would be http://java.sun.com/...k/example1.html
(Ignore the code on that site for now, just focus on the clock example)
The applet itself is executed by the browser's Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
Programming applets is rather different to coding a standard java program as the code must be adjusted to run on a webpage, this is most noticeable by not having a standard main method:
public static void main(String[] args)
as will be demonstrated later. An Applet also requires a HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) page to be setup in order to have a webpage to run on.
A java applet is created firstly by making it a subclass of JApplet, which is a class in the Swing package (javax.swing). When you create a subclass of JApplet, your applet will have everything it needs to interact with a web browser and be run inside a HTML page. One would create a subclass of JApplet like so:
Import javax.swing.*; //make all classes from the swing package available Public class Skeleton extends JApplet { //Applet code will be coded in this method }
Note: The subclass of JApplet must be public as JApplet is public however like normal, other class files that are used do not have to be.
A java applet has no standard main() method. Instead it has a series of methods that are there to handle various events that could occur in your applet. The most used methods/functions are:
- Init() and start(): These methods are called when the program is first loaded. Due to init() being called first, it is generally where programmers set up variables that are used.
- paint(): This method is required to display the various graphical elements of your applet. Should the programmer code something that requires for the applet to be redisplayed, then repaint() can be called. repaint() in simple terms refreshes the applet
- stop(): This method is called should the applet be stopped by the browser or the user.
- start(): This method is used to restart the method after it has been stopped.
- destroy(): This method is used to free the memory used by the java applet
The methods described above are automatically inherited by your JApplet class however none of these methods do anything as such. The programmer needs to code the above methods to fulfill their purposes described above. Not all the methods described above must be used in a Java Applet.
Our first Java Applet – Hello World:
import java.awt.*; import javax.swing.*; public class HelloWorld extends JApplet { String message; //declare string greeting here so that it has scope to be used for both init() and paint() methods public void init() { //automatically called when applet is started. message = "Hello World!"; //set text of String message } public void paint (Graphics screen) { //called automatically by init() to draw graphical elements on the screen Graphics2D screen2D = (Graphics2D) screen; //explained below code screen2D.drawString(message, 25, 50); //explained below code } }
The first few lines are rather self-explanatory with the comments however the paint method is a little bit trickier. The paint() is called when something requires the applet to be refreshed. This "something" can be from the OS or the user using the browser itself. Say a user was to shrink the browser window, the paint() method must be called to shrink the applet's graphical elements accordingly.
public void paint(Graphics screen) { Graphics2D screen2D = (Graphics2D) screen;
The Graphics class is a "graphical context", a "graphical context" is an environment in which something can be displayed. The screen object of the Graphics class in line 2 is cast into a Graphics2D object. The Graphics2D object is from the Swing package and it is necessary to do this to use the Swing methods associated with graphics. The Graphics and Graphics2D classes are from the java.awt.* package, you can import them via one of the following:
import java.awt.Graphics; import java.awt.Graphics2D; import java.awt.*;
screen2D.drawString(message, 25, 50);
The above line of code draws the String message onto the applet window:
- The first argument passed (message) handles the String to display.
- The second argument passed (25) handles the x position of the String to be displayed.
- The third argument passed (50) handles the y position of the String to be displayed.
Note: The (x,y) co-ordinate system of a Java Applet starts at the top right corner with (0,0), if you go to the right, the x co-ordinate increases and if you go down the y value increases.
Okay after that explanation, how do we display our code on a webpage?
In order to do this, a HTML page must be created. The code below is how we are going to test our java applet:
  <title>Hello World!</title>
This is your first java applet shown below!
 <applet code ="HelloWorld.class" codebase="..\\..\\build\\classes" height="150" width="300"
You need a java-enabled browser to see this.
 </applet>
If you are familiar with HTML then you can skip the brief HTML explanation below:
HTML's commands are known as tags that are surrounded by < and > symbols. Tags starts with <tag> and end with </tag>. An example would be  and . Tags are structured like follows:
<element attribute> </end of element>
A element is a browsing command. An attribute is the properties of the element that further instruct the browser. An example would be the applet tag
<applet code ="HelloWorld.class" codebase="..\\..\\build\\classes" height="150" width="300"
You need a java-enabled browser to see this.
 </applet>
The first attribute of the applet tag (code) describes the name of the applet's class file.
The second attribute (codebase) contains the path of the class file
The third attribute (height) sets the height of the applet in the browser window in terms of pixels.
The fourth attribute (width) sets the width of the applet in the browser window in terms of pixels.
The paragraph tag
You need a java-enabled browser to see this.
 is only shown if the applet is unable to be run as the user's browser does not have the java plug-in installed. </applet ends the applet tag.
Some basic and necessary tags to know in order to understand the HTML we will use for our applet are:
-  - Begins your HTML document.
-  - Contains information about the page such as the TITLE, META tags for proper Search Engine indexing, STYLE tags, which determine the page layout, and Javascript coding for special effects.
- <title> - The TITLE of your page. This will be visible in the title bar of the viewers' browser.
- </title> - Closes the HTML <title> tag.
-  - Closes the HTML  tag.
-  - This is where you will begin writing your document and placing your HTML codes.
-  - Closes the HTML  tag.
-  - Closes the  tag.
(referenced from: http://www.web-sourc...odes_chart.htm)
If you wish to do more reading on HTML, see the Dream In Code tutorials or visit: http://www.web-sourc...codes_chart.htm
If you then save and run our HTML page for the HelloWorld Java Applet code above, you should get the following:
Now, that you have displayed your first Java applet.
You may be wondering how do you send and recieve parameters from a webpage so that you can work with your HTML document?
The way to do this is rather simple and it offers many benefits to your applet as your applet's results can depend upon the parameters in the web page. You would declare a parameter like so:
<param name="user" value ="Person">
The above code creates a parameter called viewer and sets its value to "Person".
Now that you have made the parameter, how then in Java can you receive the parameter from the webpage?
The solution to this is also simple, the java.awt.* package has a getParameter(String parameterName) method which will return the value of the entered parameter.
This would be achieved like so:
String userParameter = getParameter("user"); if (userParameter != null) { txtCurUser = userParameter; }
The reason for the above if statement is so that if the parameter is null or not found, we do nothing. If it is then we set our String value for txtViewer (Full listing below) and print the value of the HTML Parameter viewer.
Full listing for modified HelloWorld.java:
import java.awt.*; import javax.swing.*; public class HelloWorldModified extends JApplet { String message; int txtCurUser;//declare string greeting here so that it has scope to be used for both init() and paint() methods public void init() { //automatically called when applet is started. message = "Hello World!"; //set text of greeting String userParameter = getParameter("userAge"); if (userParameter != null) { txtCurUser = Integer.parseInt(userParameter); } } public void paint (Graphics screen) { //called automatically by init() to draw graphical elements on the screen Graphics2D screen2D = (Graphics2D) screen; screen2D.drawString(message, 25, 50); screen2D.drawString("Age of person viewing this page:" + txtCurUser, 35, 70); } }
And the full text of the modified HelloWorld.html:
  <title>Hello World!</title>
This is your java applet that handles parameters!
 <applet code ="HelloWorldModified.class" codebase="..\\..\\build\\classes" height="150" width="300"> <param name ="userAge" value="20">
You need a java-enabled browser to see this.
 </applet>
I hope you have enjoyed my tutorial and that you now have a basic understanding of how Java Applets function and work
Challenge (for those new to Java Applets):
- Change the colour of the background of the HTML Page
- Create a java applet that displays Integer, String and Float Parameters.
This post has been edited by v0rtex: 30 April 2011 - 12:50 AM

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Color Round II Palette With Lid
by Jones
Durable white plastic palette with lid features 20 paint wells and 7 individual mixing areas. Designed for use with watercolors or other water-based media. Excellent for use in the study of color theory. External dimensions: 8 in. x 11 in.
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Average User Rating: Based on (7 Reviews)
M.B.Pearson from Beaufort, SC says:
I use this palette for teaching my Color Theory workshops. It is an invaluable tool for students learning color as they can learn from it so easily. It also provides ample room for mixing. .
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For all practical purposes, yes. I don't know about unusual circumstances like going out on the water, or in a flood, etc.- Answered by MisterArt on 12-Oct-12
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NBC Sports F1 announcer Will Buxton was bored in Japan earlier. He had a cameraman, he likes the Beastie Boys, and apparently had access to a radioactive suit. Seems a music video was in order.
All we know is that Will was in the Japanese town of Yokkachi with some time to kill. So he decided to run around with his F1 credential and what is either a real radioactive protective suit or a repurposed beekeepers outfit and lip sync Intergalactic.
In other words, just another normal day in Japan.


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Biblio.com member since: 2005
Biblio.com member since: 2005
Danvers, Massachusetts
Aleister Crowley was a well-known and highly controversial figure in the first half of the 20th Century. A writer, occultist, magician, and mountaineer, Crowley impacted a diverse collection of sub-cultures and interests. See collectible Crowley from Biblio booksellers.
From the first screech of his electric guitar upsetting musicians at a folk festival to his writing and paintings, Bob Dylan has risen to become a seminal force in American popular culture. In 2016, he was recognized by the Nobel Committee. Learn more about his creations...


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Bryan Cranston will be cooking up a fresh batch of meth in your living room again come March, and to get you in the mood AMC will be offering up a marathon two days earlier.
The third season of "Breaking Bad," starring Bryan Cranston as an ex chem teacher who begins dealing drugs to ensure his family's financial stability after learning he has cancer, will debut at 10/9 PM on March 21 on AMC. The first episode, "No Mas," is directed by Cranston.
Beyond being a great show, "Breaking" finally got Cranston long overdue recognition, including Best Actor Emmys for each of the shows first two seasons. From his turn as the converted Jewish dentist to his role on "Malcolm in the Middle," Cranston showed a willingness to do anything and the talent to make it work.
U.S. & World
The unveiling of Season 3 will be preceded by a six-episode marathon on the 19th and all of Season 2 will be available on-demand in February. And for you kids out their who like the aniline stuff, AMC will be hosting webisodes and an interactive graphic novel.


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50 lb. Dwarf Siberian Kale
Brassica oleracea, Acephala Group: Fast becoming known as the 'Queen of Greens', kale is one of the healthiest vegetables on earth. Kale is a true super food rich in carontenoids and flavonids, which are two powerful antioxidants that protect our cells from free radicals and are reported to specifically fight against the formation of cancerous cells. One cup of kale has just 36 calories, zero grams of fat, a whopping 684% of RDA of K, 206% of A, and 134% of C vitamins. CULTURE: Kale is a short-season crop that performs best in cool weather and can tolerate frost when established. SPRING CULTURE: Start indoors or in the greenhouse about the first of February for transplanting in mid-March. Sow the seed in a sterile seedling mix in individual pots. Keep the seedlings moist, and provide adequate nutrition. Harden off seedlings in a cold frame prior to transplanting. Set the seedlings in rows 18-36 inches apart. Side-dress with 1/2 cup blood meal or composted chicken manure. Young seedlings may be covered with a cloche or row cover such as Gro-Therm or Reemay. Be watchful for early hot spells, because covers can create too much heat if left unchecked. Direct seed in May, or after the danger of hard frost. Sow seeds in rows 18-36 inches apart. Cover the seed with fine vermiculite or sifted compost for best germination. Keep moist to prevent soil crusting. Thin after plants produce their third true leaf, maintaining the strongest plants. These early thinnings are wonderful for fresh salad greens. Now apply 1/4 to 1/2 cup of our complete fertilizer, or equivalent, into the soil around each young plant to provide the nutrition necessary for optimum production. FALL & WINTER CULTURE: Sow seed until early July. Consult our winter catalog or our website for complete cultural information. INSECTS: See Brassica Insect Information below. DISEASES: Generally not a problem. HARVEST: The outer leaves can be picked when they are about 8-10 inches long. Avoid picking the inner leaves to prevent damaging the growing point. Cool quickly and store at 32°F and 100% humidity. A light frost will bring out the sweetness. SEED SPECS: Minimum germination standard: 75%. Days to maturity are calculated from date of direct seeding; subtract 15 days if transplanting. Usual seed life: 3 years.
Brassica Insect Information Aphids: Control aphids with a hard spray of water, Hot Pepper Wax, Insect Killing Soap, or Pyrethrin. Also, select varieties that mature later in the season when aphid populations decline. Cabbage worms, loopers, and root maggots: The first sign of cabbage worms will be white diamond-back moths fluttering near the plants. They lay eggs in the soil, which hatch into worms that can cause severe root and head damage. To control light infestations, spray plants with Bacillus thuringiensis (BT). For heavy infestations, bait cabbage worms by mixing wheat bran into a BT solution. Add 1 tablespoon of molasses. Broadcast the bran mixture around the base of plants. Reapply as necessary. Using Reemay or Grow Guard 20, can also provide control. Flea beetles: Flea beetles chew tiny pinholes in leaves. Early control is essential to minimize the damage. Spray young plants with Pyrethrin every 2 days. Using floating row covers such as Summer Insect Barrier can also provide control. Symphylans: In some areas of the US, symphylans (also known as garden centipede) can severely retard the plant growth of cole crops. Only 1/4 inch long, white, and very active, they eat the root hairs of developing plants. Contact your local county extension agent if you suspect you have a problem.
Additional information
|51 lbs
|18 × 26 × 5 in


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Bay Terrace is the name of a street, which in turn gave its name to a neighborhood, on the East Shore of Staten Island, one of the five boroughs of New York City,USA. The neighborhood contains 33 streets.
Bay Terrace is bordered by Richmondtown to the north, Oakwood to the east, Great Kills to the west, and the Great Kills Harbor to the south.
Formerly known as Whitlock, the community's main thoroughfare was originally named Bay Terrace Avenue; however, by the late 1940s the word "Avenue" had been dropped and the street's name became simply Bay Terrace. The vicinity around the street was largely undeveloped until the late 1950s, when single-family home construction began there; the area itself then acquired the name of Bay Terrace, which may refer to its flat, ramp like terrain, which gradually slopes downward to the east until reaching the Lower New York Bay in Great Kills Park.
In the 1970s many Jewish families from Brooklyn and Queens settled in Bay Terrace, providing a significant demographic contrast with the surrounding communities, whose populations are still largely Italian-American, though they are becoming increasingly Russian-American as well. In recent years, many new commercial establishments — most notably a large shopping center built on the site of a former swim club — have sprung up to serve the area's growing population. Part of Oceanview Cemetery, originally established by the Lutheran Church but open to those of all faiths, is considered to be in Bay Terrace, which is regarded by many Staten Island geographers as the southernmost neighborhood of the East Shore, the South Shore beginning with Great Kills, which lies immediately to the south.


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Since posting my smashed avocado, kelp noodle, and lemon bowl last week, I've had a number of questions about kelp noodles. What the heck are they? Where do you find them? What do they taste like? Are they similar to regular noodles? So I figured it was time for a little primer. Hopefully it'll help you all to get acquainted with this fun ingredient!
So, what are kelp noodles? They are clear, thin noodles made from kelp, a kind of brown seaweed that is notable for its high iodine content. They are not "noodles" at all, and they don't taste or feel anything like brown rice, quinoa, or wheat pasta. But they do have the same look of pasta, and you can use a lot of the same preparation methods with them that you might otherwise use in noodle dishes. They taste great with pesto, cashew alfredo, raw marinara, or any other wide variety of sauces. And the ingredient list is simple: kelp, sodium alginate (a form of salt), and water.
Question number two: Are they really raw? I don't honestly know. I've heard plenty of rumors that kelp noodles are actually heated in the preparation process. While this is certainly no deterrent to me—as all of you know, I'm no purist about the raw vs. cooked dichotomy (more thoughts here), so I'm happy to enjoy these noodles simply because they are mineral rich, fun to work with, great to serve to friends who have food sensitivities, and versatile. If you are a strict raw foodist, do some research and make an informed choice.
The most common thing I'm asked whenever I post a kelp noodle recipe is where can I purchase kelp noodles? My favorite brand is the Sea Tangle brand, and you can purchase six packs (a couple servings each) on the company's website. Sea Tangle noodles are also available at iHerb or at Vitacost, which, as you know, is one of my favorite resources for discounted specialty foods. Vitacost happens to be having a 12% off of everything sale today, so it's a good time to snag a 3 pack of kelp noodles! Finally, Amazon is now selling 6 packs of kelp noodles by the Gold Mine brand, which I have yet to taste, but Kristen is a fan!
If you want to purchase kelp noodles in person, you'll have to check out your local resources. In NYC, they can be found at High Vibe on 3rd street, and I'm guessing Organic Avenue probably carries them, too. In the DC area, you can find them at Roots Market in Clarksville, MD. Ask around, and if your local health food store doesn't carry them, you may be able to put in a request!
So, what do kelp noodles taste like? I think they taste basically neutral. They're a little crunchy—especially if you eat them right after preparing them—and they might taste slightly salty if you haven't rinsed them well, which I recommend doing. This brings me to my next question: how do I prepare kelp noodles?
I prepare kelp noodles in all sorts of ways. I've served them with pesto, marinara sauce, "cheesy" sauces of all kinds, in salads, and in soups. Right now, I'm going through a kelp noodle salad phase. So why don't I give you my basic prep tips, and then share a recipe for a tremendously tasty kelp noodle salad bowl I enjoyed yesterday?
1. To start, open your bag of kelp noodles and rinse them well. I like to submerge my kelp noodles in warm water for about ten minutes. This rinses off the slightly salty liquid they're packaged with, and it also softens and separates them.
2. If you serve kelp noodles just as they are, you're likely to find that the noodles are super long and therefore a little hard to eat! So I like to cut mine with a kitchen scissor to break them up into easily chewable strands:
3. To make my favorite kelp noodle salad, add a nice heaping portion of greens. I like shredded kale and mesclun greens.
4. I love adding about a third of a cup of sauerkraut or lacto-fermented veggies. This adds salty flavor, plus a nice dose of healthy, gut-friendly bacteria to the dish. What you see in the photo below is a homemade mix of fermented carrots, beets, and cabbage, which I'd love to tell you all how to make at home. But that is another tutorial for another day soon!
5. Add half of a large Haas avocado, or a whole small one. Squeeze the juice of one lemon on top of the salad, and get massaging with your hands.
In the end, you'll have a mineral-rich, delicious, and colorful bowl. Feel free to season this dish to taste: the fermented veggies made mine plenty salty, but if you don't use them, a sprinkle of sea salt and pepper or Herbamare will bring out the flavors. As would fresh herbs (dill, basil, oregano, rosemary, whatever), sundried tomatoes, roasted red pepper—the possibilities abound! Look how delicious the finished bowl is:
Creamy, salty, nourishing, and colorful:
To "round out" the meal, I'd also have some garbanzo beans tossed in a drizzle of hemp oil, or a cup of soup, or some raw crackers. Yum.
Finally, one of my readers inquired about the iodine content in kelp noodles. Though adequate iodine is essential for healthy thyroid function, excessive iodine has been shown to have negative impact on thyroid health as well. Michael Greger, M.D., has suggested that the iodine content is too high for kelp noodles to be consumed at all, and recently mentioned a study in which one vegan had excessive iodine levels. Of course, we don't know how often the person mentioned had been consuming kelp; it could well have been daily. My feeling is that it's probably fine to consume kelp in moderation (and if kelp noodles are your source, this is likely, because they are not cheap). It is, after all, an indigenous part of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean cuisines. Kombu, a particular form of kelp, is used in dashi (a kind of broth in Japanese cuisine), as a garnish, and often in cooking legumes, in addition to numerous other uses. Were even moderate amounts hazardous, I wonder how this could be possible. Ginny Messina and Jack Norris, whom I trust with all things nutrition related, recommend no more than 3-4 servings of sea vegetables per week in order to ensure that one isn't taking in too much iodine. Naturally, if you have any kind of health condition that warrants special moderation, this may be too much for you, but it's a good rule of thumb otherwise.
So there you have it! Kelp noodles in a nutshell. I hope you'll all enjoy getting acquainted with them. If you need some recipe inspiration, here are some of my fave kelp noodle recipes:
Kelp noodle pad Thai (with or without seared tempeh)
Smokey Southwestern kelp noodle bowl with black beans and corn
Kelp noodles with cheesy red pepper hemp sauce
Raw goddess bowl with kelp noodles, smoky avocado dressing, and hemp
Kelp noodles and aduki beans with carrot, avocado, and ginger sauce


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|Washington, D.C.
|High School:
|Landon School
|House Affiliation:
Sophomore (2010-11)
All-Ivy League honorable mention ... Honored with Floyd S. Wilson Sportsmanship Award ... Stood second on the Crimson in points per game (13.0) ... Buried at least three 3-pointers in 10 games this season ... Ranked 13th in the nation in free-throw shooting (.894) ... In Ivy games, averaged 12.6 ppg and shot 93.3 percent from the foul line ... Started 29 games ... Hit three 3-pointers and finished with 11 points, six rebounds and four assists at George Mason (Nov. 13) ... Shot 5-of-9 from the field for 12 points and five rebounds in win over Holy Cross (Nov. 17) ... Scored a career-high 29 points, hitting 12-of-15 free throws and 3-of-4 from long range, and had six rebounds at Mercer (Nov. 20) ... Tabbed Ivy League Player of the Week Nov. 22 ... Hit a game-winning three with 23 seconds left, finishing with nine points, at Bryant (Nov. 24) ... Was 5-of-5 from the line and hit three treys to finish with 20 points in 38 minutes in win over Colorado (Nov. 28) ... Made three 3-pointers for second straight game, to go along with 18 points and four rebounds, against Fordham (Dec. 1) ... Scored 15 points, hitting three shots from beyond the arc, at Michigan (Dec. 4) ... Was a perfect 10-for-10 from the line, scored 17 points, and made two steals against WPI (Dec. 7) ... Scored 18 points, assisted on three field goals and collected five rebounds in win over Boston University (Dec. 11) ... Tabbed COOP Athlete of the Week Dec. 13 ... Netted 11 points, handed out three assists and had three rebounds against Monmouth (Dec. 29) ... Hit all six free-throw attempts and finished with 13 points and six rebounds in 38 minutes in win at Boston College (Jan. 5) ... Sank five field goals en route to scoring 11 points at Dartmouth (Jan. 8) ... Made 3-pointers on three straight possessions, finishing with 16 points on 4-of-5 shooting from beyond the arc, in win over Columbia (Jan. 28) ... Made all seven chances from the foul line and finished with 15 points at Princeton (Feb. 4) ... Drilled three treys and tallied 17 points, to go along with seven rebounds and four assists in double-overtime victory at Penn (Feb. 5) ... Connected on four shots from long distance and tallied 18 points in comeback win over Brown (Feb. 12) ... Went 9-of-9 from the charity stripe and led Harvard with 20 points in victory at Cornell (Feb. 18) ... Led Harvard with 22 points on 6-of-9 shooting from the floor and went 3-of-5 from long distance and 7-of-7 from the foul line at Yale (Feb. 26) ... Made five baskets, including two 3-pointers, scoring 14 points against Penn (March 4) .. Connected on 4-of-7 shots and tallied 12 points in Ivy League playoff against Princeton (March 12).
Freshman (2009-10)
Named to Ivy League All-Freshman Team by RushTheCourt ... Recipient of Henry Zimmerman Free Throw Shooting Accuracy Award ... Appeared in all 29 games, starting 15 ... Averaged 8.8 points per game and a 38.3 rate from beyond the arc ... Ranked second on the team in minutes played ... Scored two points in collegiate debut at Holy Cross (11/13) ... Scored five points in triple overtime win over William & Mary (11/15) ... Shot 5-7 from the field 2-4 from behind the arc, scoring 12 agaisnt Bryant (11/20) ... Scored 15 points in 24 minutes of first collegiate start against UNH (11/25) ... Scored 10 points (2-3 3-PT) with three assists in 27 minutes in a win over Rice (12/2) ... Hit a key 3-pointer late in the game and three free throws in a 74-67 win at Boston College (12/9) ... Scored 10 points with six assists and three steals versus MIT (12/28/) ... Had 10 points and five assists in the frst half at Seattle, finishing with 12 points, five rebounds and three steals (1/02) ... Scored 15 points in 35 minutes in a win at Santa Clara (1/04) ... Scored 10 points in 18 minutes off the bench against Penn (2/06) ... Ivy League Honor Roll on Feb. 15 ... Scored all 12 of his points after halftime in a win at Yale (2/12) ... Scored 16 points on 6-of-10 shooting at Brown (2/13) ... Added 11 points in wins over Brown (2/26) and Penn (3/5); hit three three-pointers in both games ... Led Harvard with 24 points on 7-of-8 shooting, including 6-of-6 from beyond the arc, against Appalachian State in CollegeInsider.com Tournament (3/17).
Son of Deborah and Darryl ... Four-year starter at shooting guard for the Landon School ... Led Landon to the school's first IAC basketball championship in 41 years as a senior ... Also earned a letter as a wide receiver on the football team ... Two-time captain of basketball during junior and senior seasons ... Selected as the 2009 Gatorade Maryland State Player of the Year ... 2009 Montgomery County Gazette Player of the Year ... Two-time All-Met selection ... Three-time All-Interstate Athletic Conference first team selection ... Two-time All-DCSportsfan.com pick including its 2008 Junior of the Year selection ... Earned a pair of MVP awards at the Pohanka Chantilly Holiday Tournaments in junior and senior seasons ... Holds school record with over 1,800 career points ... Awarded the 2009 All-Met Distinguished Michael L. Trilling Award which goes to one male and one female recipient out of every high school sport in the greater D.C. area who excels both athletically and academically and serves their communities beyond the field and the classroom ... Father, Darryl, was a four-year letterwinner in basketball at George Washington University ... Cousin, Bobby Winston, played basketball at Georgetown ... Great uncle, Aaron Webster, played basketball at Tennessee State ... Enjoys music, movies and animals.
Christian Webster, with Martha Minow, Dean of the Faculty of Law and Jeremiah Smith, Jr. Professor of Law, in Dean Minow's office in Griswold Hall on the campus of the Harvard Law School.


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Construction professionals should have an awareness of the various ways in which sustainability can impact on development and construction. Improve your knowledge with these 5 essential online courses that will outline specific aspects on sustainability.
Construction professionals should have an awareness of the various ways in which sustainability can impact on development and construction, you must have a thorough understanding of the impact made by sustainability on your projects and have been involved with the financial management of that impact, and gain the knowledge of why and how sustainability seeks to balance economic, environmental and social objectives.
In this package, you will have access to 5 essential online courses that will develop specific aspects on Sustainability:
The courses are available to access for 90 days from date of purchase and you can access them at any time of day, from any device with internet access. All courses contribute to your formal CPD and if you complete all of them it will total 3.5 formal CPD hours.
The bundle is suitable for construction professionals who wish to gain insights and provide knowledgeable advice on Sustainability.
Sustainability is technical competency required for Quantity Surveying and Construction, Building Surveying, Building Control and Built Infrastructure pathways. All candidates must achieve level 1 in this competency. This suite of online courses will support your development, ensure you can demonstrate relevant knowledge on Sustainability.
In this video course, learn from the experiences of three sustainability professionals about how sustainable products can deliver cost efficiencies and improve value, and how collaboration is key to successfully implementing sustainable solutions.
Are the existing methods for measuring the climate adaptability of buildings fit for use? And what tools can we expect to emerge in the near future? In this short interactive video course delve into these issues with our expert speaker.
With the Paris agreement highlighting the need to reduce emissions, during this short video course you will look into the scarcity of commonly used materials and hear about innovative methods to reduce and reclaim what the industry consumes
In this video course, three sustainability professionals share their expertise and experience on selecting and using sustainable products, and look at the potential for a circular built environment
Well-being and designing for climate change are not two areas that often come together - until now.
During this short interactive video course, explore the future of 'greening' buildings and understand how this delivers pleasant spaces that encourage productivity


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Courteney's new bestie
Courteney Cox and Isla Fisher yesterday out for lunch at Joan's on Third. All part of that little yummy mummy crowd – from which Courteney's longtime bestie Jennifer Aniston is feeling increasingly isolated. At least according to Life & Style. Obviously bullsh-t. But the photos came at a great time as their latest issue hits stands featuring a BFF breakup.
Apparently Jen feels betrayed by Courteney because she ran into Brad Pitt at a concert and talked to him.
It's a dumb way to spin a story.
Why not this?
Courteney playing matchmaker! She runs into Brad and convinces him to get back together with Jen!
See now this is a lie that bears fruit. Because all members of the MiniVan fantasise about the day when Brad dumps the goddess to return to the ordinary girl, spawning a new war featuring two more evenly matched adversaries: Angelina Jolie vs Courteney Cox.
Next week then...
Photos from Wenn.com and Brewer/Banks/Splashnewsonline.com


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Ultimate scones
Nutrition and extra info
- Freeze only after baking
Nutrition: per scone (without the trimmings)
- kcal262
- fat9g
- saturates6g
- carbs42g
- sugars5g
- fibre1g
- protein5g
- salt0.9g
- 225g self-raising flour, preferably organic
- ¼ tsp salt
- 50g slightly salted butter, chilled, cut in small pieces
Butter is made when lactic-acid producing bacteria are added to cream and churned to make an…
- 25g golden caster sugar
- 125ml buttermilk
There are two types of buttermilk. Traditional buttermilk is a thin, cloudy, slightly tart but…
- 4 tbsp full-fat milk
One of the most widely used ingredients, milk is often referred to as a complete food. While cow…
- a little extra flour for dusting
Flour is a powdery ingredient usually made from grinding wheat, maize, rye, barley or rice. As…
- strawberry jam and clotted cream, to serve
Once available in Britain for just a brief period during the summer, strawberries are now a year…
Preheat the oven to 220C/gas 7/fan 200C and lightly butter a baking sheet (unless you're using a non-stick sheet). Tip the flour into a mixing bowl with the salt. Shoot in the butter, then rub together with your fingers to make a reasonably fine crumbed mixture, lifting to aerate the mixture as you go. Try not to overrub, as the mixture will be lighter if it's a little bit flaky. Now stir in the sugar.
Measure the buttermilk, then mix in the milk to slacken it. Make a bit of a well in the middle of the flour mixture with a round-bladed knife, then pour in most of this buttermilk mixture, holding a little bit back in case it's not needed. Using the knife, gently work the mixture together until it forms a soft, almost sticky, dough. Work in any loose dry bits of mixture with the rest of the buttermilk. Don't overwork at this point or you will toughen the dough.
Lift the ball of soft dough out of the bowl and put it on to a very lightly floured surface. Knead the mixture just 3-4 times to get rid of the cracks.
Pat the dough gently with your hands to a thickness of no less than 2cm and no more than 2.5cm. Dip a 5.5cm round fluted cutter into a bowl of flour – this helps to stop the dough sticking to it, then cut out the scones by pushing down quickly and firmly on the cutter with the palm of your hand – don't twist it.You will hear the dough give a big sigh as the cutter goes in. Gather the trimmings lightly then pat and cut out a couple more scones.
Place on the baking sheet and sift over a light dusting of flour or glaze if you wish. Bake for 10-12 minutes until risen and golden. Cool on a wire rack, uncovered if you prefer crisp tops, or covered loosely with a cloth for soft ones.
Serve with strawberry jam and a generous mound of clotted cream (Cornish people put jam first, then cream, Devonians the other way round). Eat them as fresh as you can.


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|Minneapolis, Minn.
|High School:
|De La Salle
|House Affiliation:
Sophomore (2012-13):
Shot 59.5 percent from the field ... Played in 29 games, starting 14 ... Averaged 6.2 points per contest and pulled down 3.1 boards per game ... Led Harvard with 14 points on 6-of-7 shooting and added eight rebounds against MIT (Nov. 9) ... Notched nine points and had six rebounds at Saint Joseph's (Nov. 20) ... Grabbed a career-high 12 rebounds and scored 16 points for a double-double against Fordham (Dec. 1) ... Netted 14 points, on 5-of-5 shooting from the field and 4-of-4 from the line at Boston College (Dec. 4) ... Sank four baskets and had nine points vs. Holy Cross (Dec. 22) ... Grabbed eight rebounds and had seven points at California (Dec. 29) ... Tied his career-high with 19 points and shot 8-of-10 from the field at St. Mary's (Dec. 31) ... Reached double figures in scoring in second straight game, tallying 10 points vs. Rice (Jan. 5) ... Scored 16 points, making 7-of-9 baskets, vs. Dartmouth (Jan. 26) ... Scored two points and grabbed two boards in an upset of No. 3 New Mexico in the second round of the NCAA Tournament (March 21).
Freshman (2011-12):
Appeared in 30 games ... Averaged 2.4 points per game ... Recorded one double-double on the season ... Made two baskets, dished out two assists and made a steal at Loyola Marymount (Nov. 19) ... Came down with six rebounds and finished with five points against Utah at Battle 4 Atlantis (Nov. 24) ... Hit two baskets on road at Vermont (Dec. 1) ... Scored a career-high 19 points and grabbed 10 rebounds for a double-double on 6-of-8 shooting in only 19 minutes against Seattle (Dec. 4) ... Tabbed Ivy Rookie of the Week Dec. 5 ... Came down with six rebounds at Boston University (Dec. 10) ... Made both baskets and was 3-of-3 from the foul line for seven points in 10 minutes against George Washington (Jan. 14) ... Made all four foul shots, finishing with six points at Brown (Jan. 28) ... Scored five points and collected four boards against Brown (Feb. 17).
Earned varsity letters in basketball, cross country and track & field at De La Salle … Captained basketball and cross country squads … Earned first-team All-Metro honors … Tabbed all-conference three times … Named to all-state first team … Two-time Star Tribune Player of the Week … Named to St. Paul Pioneer Press all-city team … Other interests include chess, fishing and swimming.
Jonah Travis with Ron Sullivan, Master of Winthrop House along with his wife Stephanie Robinson, inside of the Winthrop House Library in Standish Hall. Professor Sullivan is also a Clinical Professor of Law and Director of the Harvard Criminal Justice Institute at the Harvard Law School.


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Injen Technology Front Mount Intercooler Kits offer additional performance for your turbo charged vehicles. Each item is carefully engineered and tested to offer some of the best aftermarket upgrades in the market. Injens unique design features their innovative step down piping and aggressive tube and fin type intercooler cores to give your turbocharged vehicle the best cooling system on the market. ...
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(CNN) - The mass shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School was avoidable, according to Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis.
Just a day before the one-year anniversary of the school shooting, he's now calling for a statewide grand jury investigation.
He wants the investigation to examine what he has called Broward County Public School's failures into its response to the attack on the school, as well as the handling of student safety and security issues.
"This is something that is very serious and I think that it's something that we're going to look at and evaluate who they're holding accountable," DeSantis said.
Families of the victims stood with the governor, thanking him for taking action.
"We've been fighting for justice for our murdered loved ones and this is just the beginning," said Andrew Pollack, the father of one of the Marjory Stoneman victims, Meadow Pollack. "When your child is murdered in school, you expect to get some answers. You don't really expect a cover-up."
Flags have been ordered to fly at half-staff across the state on Thursday, the day of the anniversary.
"Ever since February 14th and my little boy Alex Schachter was slaughtered in his classroom I have been fighting for accountability," said Max Schachter.
On Wednesday, there was a moment of silence on the House floor in Washington, D.C.
"I ask that this moment of silence not be in vain," said Rep. Ted Deutch, a Florida Democrat.
And President Donald Trump took a moment to reflect on the tragedy.
"We cannot imagine the sorrow and suffering the Parkland families have endured," he said. "Our entire nation mourns for the victims and their loved ones."
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