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John Stuart Mill on an Inconvertible Paper Currency
January 27, 2013
John Stuart Mill's book Principles of Political Economy is full of treasures. Here's Book III, Chapter XIII, "Of an Inconvertible Paper Currency."
Read Principles of Political Economy online.
In this extended discussion, Mill shows that you can have a gold standard currency without "convertibility." You just have to adjust the supply appropriately. However, the opportunity for mischief is such that these systems are prone to corruption and failure. For that reason, I recommend convertibility today. However, I think that you can't run a proper gold standard system, even with convertibility, if you don't understand the proper operating mechanisms. Learning about how to run a system without convertibility is an essential step in understanding the correct operating mechanisms.
January 15, 2012: Gold Standard Technical Operating Discussions 2: More Variations
January 8, 2012: Some Gold Standand Technical Operating Discussions
Book III, Chapter XIII
Of an Inconvertible Paper Currency
§1. After experience had shown that pieces of paper, of no intrinsic value, by merely bearing upon them the written profession of being equivalent to a certain number of francs, dollars, or pounds, could be made to circulate as such, and to produce all the benefit to the issuers which could have been produced by the coins which they purported to represent; governments began to think that it would be a happy device if they could appropriate to themselves this benefit, free from the condition to which individuals issuing such paper substitutes for money were subject, of giving, when required, for the sign, the thing signified. They determined to try whether they could not emancipate themselves from this unpleasant obligation, and make a piece of paper issued by them pass for a pound, by merely calling it a pound, and consenting to receive it in payment of the taxes. And such is the influence of almost all established governments, that they have generally succeeded in attaining this object: I believe I might say they have always succeeded for a time, and the power has only been lost to them after they had compromised it by the most flagrant abuse.
In the case supposed, the functions of money are performed by a thing which derives its power for performing them solely from convention; but convention is quite sufficient to confer the power; since nothing more is needful to make a person accept anything as money, and even at any arbitrary value, than the persuasion that it will be taken from him on the same terms by others. The only question is, what determines the value of such a currency; since it cannot be, as in the case of gold and silver (or paper exchangeable for them at pleasure), the cost of production.
We have seen, however, that even in the case of a metallic currency, the immediate agency in determining its value is its quantity. If the quantity, instead of depending on the ordinary mercantile motives of profit and loss, could be arbitrarily fixed by authority, the value would depend on the fiat of that authority, not on cost of production. The quantity of a paper currency not convertible into the metals at the option of the holder, can be arbitrarily fixed; especially if the issuer is the sovereign power of the state. The value, therefore, of such a currency is entirely arbitrary.
Suppose that, in a country of which the currency is wholly metallic, a paper currency is suddenly issued, to the amount of half the metallic circulation; not by a banking establishment, or in the form of loans, but by the government, in payment of salaries and purchase of commodities. The currency being suddenly increased by one-half, all prices will rise, and among the rest, the prices of all things made of gold and silver. An ounce of manufactured gold will become more valuable than an ounce of gold coin, by more than that customary difference which compensates for the value of the workmanship; and it will be profitable to melt the coin for the purpose of being manufactured, until as much has been taken from the currency by the subtraction of gold, as had been added to it by the issue of paper. Then prices will relapse to what they were at first, and there will be nothing changed except that a paper currency has been substituted for half of the metallic currency which existed before. Suppose, now, a second emission of paper; the same series of effects will be renewed; and so on, until the whole of the metallic money has disappeared: that is, if paper be issued of as low a denomination as the lowest coin; if not, as much will remain as convenience requires for the smaller payments. The addition made to the quantity of gold and silver disposable for ornamental purposes, will somewhat reduce, for a time, the value of the article; and as long as this is the case, even though paper has been issued to the original amount of the metallic circulation, as much coin will remain in circulation along with it, as will keep the value of the currency down to the reduced value of the metallic material; but the value having fallen below the cost of production, a stoppage or diminution of the supply from the mines will enable the surplus to be carried off by the ordinary agents of destruction, after which, the metals and the currency will recover their natural value. We are here supposing, as we have supposed throughout, that the country has mines of its own, and no commercial intercourse with other countries; for, in a country having foreign trade, the coin which is rendered superfluous by an issue of paper is carried off by a much prompter method.
Up to this point, the effects of a paper currency are substantially the same, whether it is convertible into specie or not. It is when the metals have been completely superseded and driven from circulation, that the difference between convertible and inconvertible paper begins to be operative. When the gold or silver has all gone from circulation, and an equal quantity of paper has taken its place, suppose that a still further issue is superadded. The same series of phenomena recommences: prices rise, among the rest the prices of gold and silver articles, and it becomes an object as before to procure coin in order to convert it into bullion. There is no longer any coin in circulation; but if the paper currency is convertible, coin may still be obtained from the issuers, in exchange for notes. All additional notes, therefore, which are attempted to be forced into circulation after the metals have been completely superseded, will return upon the issuers in exchange for coin; and they will not be able to maintain in circulation such a quantity of convertible paper as to sink its value below the metal which it represents. It is not so, however, with an inconvertible currency. To the increase of that (if permitted by law) there is no check. The issuers may add to it indefinitely, lowering its value and raising prices in proportion; they may, in other words, depreciate the currency without limit.
Such a power, in whomsoever vested, is an intolerable evil. All variations in the value of the circulating medium are mischievous: they disturb existing contracts and expectations, and the liability to such changes renders every pecuniary engagement of long date entirely precarious. The person who buys for himself, or gives to another, an annuity of 100l., does not know whether it will be equivalent to 200l. or to 50l. a few years hence. Great as this evil would be if it depended only on accident, it is still greater when placed at the arbitrary disposal of an individual or a body of individuals; who may have any kind or degree of interest to be served by an artificial fluctuation in fortunes; and who have at any rate a strong interest in issuing as much as possible, each issue being in itself a source of profit. Not to add, that the issuers may have, and in the case of a government paper, always have, a direct interest in lowering the value of the currency, because it is the medium in which their own debts are computed.
§2. In order that the value of the currency may be secure from being altered by design, and may be as little as possible liable to fluctuation from accident, the articles least liable of all known commodities to vary in their value, the precious metals, have been made in all civilized countries the standard of value for the circulating medium; and no paper currency ought to exist of which the value cannot be made to conform to theirs. Nor has this fundamental maxim ever been entirely lost sight of, even by the governments which have most abused the power of creating inconvertible paper. If they have not (as they generally have) professed an intention of paying in specie at some indefinite future time, they have at least, by giving to their paper issues the names of their coins, made a virtual, though generally a false, profession of intending to keep them at a value corresponding to that of the coins. This is not impracticable, even with an inconvertible paper. There is not indeed the self-acting check which convertibility brings with it. But there is a clear and unequivocal indication by which to judge whether the currency is depreciated, and to what extent. That indication is, the price of the precious metals. When holders of paper cannot demand coin to be converted into bullion, and when there is none left in circulation, bullion rises and falls in price like other things; and if it is above the Mint price, if an ounce of gold, which would be coined into the equivalent of 3l. 17s. 101/2d., is sold for 4l. or 5l. in paper, the value of the currency has sunk just that much below what the value of a metallic currency would be. If, therefore, the issue of inconvertible paper were subjected to strict rules, one rule being that whenever bullion rose above the Mint price, the issues should he contracted until the market price of bullion and the Mint price were again in accordance, such a currency would not be subject to any of the evils usually deemed inherent in an inconvertible paper.
But also such a system of currency would have no advantages sufficient to recommend it to adoption. An inconvertible currency, regulated by the price of bullion, would conform exactly, in all its variations, to a convertible one; and the only advantage gained, would be that of exemption from the necessity of keeping any reserve of the precious metals; which is not a very important consideration, especially as a government, so long as its good faith is not suspected, needs not keep so large a reserve as private issuers, being not so liable to great and sudden demands, since there never can be any real doubt of its solvency. Against this small advantage is to be set, in the first place, the possibility of fraudulent tampering with the price of bullion for the sake of acting on the currency; in the manner of the fictitious sales of corn, to influence the averages, so much and so justly complained of while the corn laws were in force. But a still stronger consideration is the importance of adhering to a simple principle, intelligible to the most untaught capacity. Everybody can understand convertibility; every one sees that what can be at any moment exchanged for five pounds, is worth five pounds. Regulation by the price of bullion is a more complex idea, and does not recommend itself through the same familiar associations. There would be nothing like the same confidence, by the public generally, in an inconvertible currency so regulated, as in a convertible one: and the most instructed person might reasonably doubt whether such a rule would be as likely to be inflexibly adhered to. The grounds of the rule not being so well understood by the public, opinion would probably not enforce it with as much rigidity, and, in any circumstances of difficulty, would be likely to turn against it; while to the government itself a suspension of convertibility would appear a much stronger and more extreme measure, than a relaxation of what might possibly be considered a somewhat artificial rule. There is therefore a great preponderance of reasons in favour of a convertible, in preference to even the best regulated inconvertible currency. The temptation to over-issue, in certain financial emergencies, is so strong, that nothing is admissible which can tend, in however slight a degree, to weaken the barriers that restrain it.
§3. Although no doctrine in political economy rests on more obvious grounds than the mischief of a paper currency not maintained at the same value with a metallic, either by convertibility, or by some principle of limitation equivalent to it; and although, accordingly, this doctrine has, though not till after the discussions of many years, been tolerably effectually drummed into the public mind; yet dissentients are still numerous, and projectors every now and then start up, with plans for curing all the economical evils of society by means of an unlimited issue of inconvertible paper. There is, in truth, a great charm in the idea. To be able to pay off the national debt, defray the expenses of government without taxation, and in fine, to make the fortunes of the whole community, is a brilliant prospect, when once a man is capable of believing that printing a few characters on bits of paper will do it. The philosopher's stone could not be expected to do more.
As these projects, however often slain, always resuscitate, it is not superfluous to examine one or two of the fallacies by which the schemers impose upon themselves. One of the commonest is, that a paper currency cannot be issued in excess so long as every note issued represents property, or has a foundation of actual property to rest on. These phrases, of representing and resting, seldom convey any distinct or well-defined idea: when they do, their meaning is no more than this—that the issuers of the paper must have property, either of their own, or entrusted to them, to the value of all the notes they issue: though for what purpose does not very clearly appear; for if the property cannot be claimed in exchange for the notes, it is difficult to divine in what manner its mere existence can serve to uphold their value. I presume, however, it is intended as a guarantee that the holders would be finally reimbursed, in case any untoward event should cause the whole concern to be wound up. On this theory there have been many schemes for "coining the whole land of the country into money" and the like.
In so far as this notion has any connexion at all with reason, it seems to originate in confounding two entirely distinct evils, to which a paper currency is liable. One is, the insolvency of the issuers; which, if the paper is grounded on their credit—if it makes any promise of payment in cash, either on demand or at any future time—of course deprives the paper of any value which it derives from the promise. To this evil paper credit is equally liable, however moderately used; and against it a proviso that all issues should be "founded on property," as for instance that notes should only be issued on the security of some valuable thing expressly pledged for their redemption, would really be efficacious as a precaution. But the theory takes no account of another evil, which is incident to the notes of the most solvent firm, company, or government; that of being depreciated in value from being issued in excessive quantity. The assignats, during the French Revolution, were an example of a currency grounded on these principles. The assignats "represented" an immense amount of highly valuable property, namely the lands of the crown, the church, the monasteries, and the emigrants; amounting possibly to half the territory of France. They were, in fact, orders or assignments on this mass of land. The revolutionary government had the idea of "coining" these lands into money; but, to do them justice, they did not originally contemplate the immense multiplication of issues to which they were eventually driven by the failure of all other financial resources. They imagined that the assignats would come rapidly back to the issuers in exchange for land, and that they should be able to reissue them continually until the lands were all disposed of, without having at any time more than a very moderate quantity in circulation. Their hope was frustrated: the land did not sell so quickly as they expected; buyers were not inclined to invest their money in possessions which were likely to be resumed without compensation if the Revolution succumbed: the bits of paper which represented land, becoming prodigiously multiplied, could no more keep up their value than the land itself would have done if it had all been brought to market at once: and the result was that it at last required an assignat of six hundred francs to pay for a pound of butter.*41
The example of the assignats has been said not to be conclusive, because an assignat only represented land in general, but not a definite quantity of land. To have prevented their depreciation, the proper course, it is affirmed, would have been to have made a valuation of all the confiscated property at its metallic value, and to have issued assignats up to, but not beyond, that limit; giving to the holders a right to demand any piece of land, at its registered valuation, in exchange for assignats to the same amount. There can be no question about the superiority of this plan over the one actually adopted. Had this course been followed, the assignats could never have been depreciated to the inordinate degree they were; for—as they would have retained all their purchasing power in relation to land, however much they might have fallen in respect to other things—before they had lost very much of their market value, they would probably have been brought in to be exchanged for land. It must be remembered, however, that their not being depreciated would pre-suppose that no greater number of them continued in circulation than would have circulated if they had been convertible into cash. However convenient, therefore, in a time of revolution, this currency convertible into land on demand might have been, as a contrivance for selling rapidly a great quantity of land with the least possible sacrifice; it is difficult to see what advantage it would have, as the permanent system of a country, over a currency convertible into coin: while it is not at all difficult to see what would be its disadvantages; since land is far more variable in value than gold and silver; and besides, land, to most persons, being rather an encumbrance than a desirable possession, except to be converted into money, people would submit to a much greater depreciation before demanding land, than they will before demanding gold or silver.*42 *43
§4 Another of the fallacies from which the advocates of an inconvertible currency derive support, is the notion that an increase of the currency quickens industry. This idea was set afloat by Hume, in his Essay on Money, and has had many devoted adherents since; witness the Birmingham currency school, of whom Mr. Attwood was at one time the most conspicuous representative. Mr. Attwood maintained that a rise of prices, produced by an increase of paper currency, stimulates every producer to his utmost exertions, and brings all the capital and labour of the country into complete employment; and that this has invariably happened in all periods of rising prices, when the rise was on a sufficiently great scale. I presume, however, that the inducement which, according to Mr. Attwood, excited this unusual ardour in all persons engaged in production, must have been the expectation of getting more commodities generally, more real wealth, in exchange for the produce of their labour, and not merely more pieces of paper. This expectation, however, must have been, by the very terms of the supposition, disappointed, since, all prices being supposed to rise equally, no one was really better paid for his goods than before. Those who agree with Mr. Attwood could only succeed in winning people on to these unwonted exertions by a prolongation of what would in fact be a delusion; contriving matters so, that by a progressive rise of money prices, every producer shall always seem to be in the very act of obtaining an increased remuneration which he never, in reality, does obtain. It is unnecessary to advert to any other of the objections to this plan than that of its total impracticability. It calculates on finding the whole world persisting for ever in the belief that more pieces of paper are more riches, and never discovering that, with all their paper, they cannot buy more of anything that they could before. No such mistake was made during any of the periods of high prices, on the experience of which this school lays so much stress. At the periods which Mr. Attwood mistook for times of prosperity, and which were simply (as all periods of high prices, under a convertible currency, must be) times of speculation, the speculators did not think they were growing rich because the high prices would last, but because they would not last, and because whoever contrived to realize while they did last, would find himself, after the recoil, in possession of a greater number of pounds sterling, without their having become of less value. If, at the close of the speculation, an issue of paper had been made, sufficient to keep prices up to the point which they attained when at the highest, no one would have been more disappointed than the speculators; since the gain which they thought to have reaped by realizing in time (at the expense of their competitors, who bought when they sold, and had to sell after the revulsion) would have faded away in their hands, and instead of it they would have got nothing except a few more paper tickets to count by.
Hume's version of the doctrine differed in a slight degree from Mr. Attwood's. He thought that all commodities would not rise in price simultaneously, and that some persons therefore would obtain a real gain, by getting more money for what they had to sell, while the things which they wished to buy might not yet have risen. And those who would reap this gain would always be (he seems to think) the first comers. It seems obvious, however, that for every person who thus gains more than usual, there is necessarily some other person who gains less. The loser, if things took place as Hume supposes, would be the seller of the commodities which are slowest to rise; who, by the supposition, parts with his goods at the old prices, to purchasers who have already benefited by the new. This seller has obtained for his commodity only the accustomed quantity of money, while there are already some things of which that money will no longer purchase as much as before. If, therefore, he knows what is going on, he will raise his price, and then the buyer will not have the gain, which is supposed to stimulate his industry. But if, on the contrary, the seller does not know the state of the case, and only discovers it when he finds, in laying his money out, that it does not go so far, he then obtains less than the ordinary remuneration for his labour and capital; and if the other dealer's industry is encouraged, it should seem that his must, from the opposite cause, be impaired.
§5. There is no way in which a general and permanent rise of prices, or in other words, depreciation of money, can benefit anybody, except at the expense of somebody else. The substitution of paper for metallic currency is a national gain: any further increase of paper beyond this is but a form of robbery.
An issue of notes is a manifest gain to the issuers, who, until the notes are returned for payment, obtain the use of them as if they were a real capital: and so long as the notes are no permanent addition to the currency, but merely supersede gold or silver to the same amount, the gain of the issuer is a loss to no one; it is obtained by saving to the community the expense of the more costly material. But if there is no gold or silver to be superseded—if the notes are added to the currency, instead of being substituted for the metallic part of it—all holders of currency lose, by the depreciation of its value, the exact equivalent of what the issuer gains. A tax is virtually levied on them for his benefit. It will be objected by some, that gains are also made by the producers and dealers who, by means of the increased issue, are accommodated with loans. Theirs, however, is not an additional gain, but a portion of that which is reaped by the issuer at the expense of all possessors of money. The profits arising from the contribution levied upon the public, he does not keep to himself, but divides with his customers.
But besides the benefit reaped by the issuers, or by others through them, at the expense of the public generally, there is another unjust gain obtained by a larger class, namely by those who are under fixed pecuniary obligations. All such persons are freed, by a depreciation of the currency, from a portion of the burthen of their debts or other engagements: in other words, part of the property of their creditors is gratuitously transferred to them. On a superficial view it may be imagined that this is an advantage to industry; since the productive classes are great borrowers, and generally owe larger debts to the unproductive (if we include among the latter all persons not actually in business) than the unproductive classes owe to them; especially if the national debt be included. It is only thus that a general rise of prices can be a source of benefit to producers and dealers; by diminishing the pressure of their fixed burthens. And this might be accounted an advantage, if integrity and good faith were of no importance to the world, and to industry and commerce in particular. Not many, however, have been found to say that the currency ought to be depreciated on the simple ground of its being desirable to rob the national creditor and private creditors of a part of what is in their bond. The schemes which have tended that way have almost always had some appearance of special and circumstantial justification, such as the necessity of compensating for a prior injustice committed in the contrary direction.
§6. Thus in England, for many years subsequent to 1819, it was pertinaciously contended, that a large portion of the national debt and a multitude of private debts still in existence, were contracted between 1797 and 1819, when the Bank of England was exempted from giving cash for its notes; and that it is grossly unjust to borrowers (that is, in the case of the national debt, to all tax-payers) that they should be paying interest on the same nominal sums in a currency of full value, which were borrowed in a depreciated one.*44 The depreciation, according to the views and objects of the particular writer, was represented to have averaged thirty, fifty, or even more than fifty per cent: and the conclusion was, that either we ought to return to this depreciated currency, or to strike off from the national debt, and from mortgages or other private debts of old standing, a percentage corresponding to the estimated amount of the depreciation.
To this doctrine, the following was the answer usually made. Granting that, by returning to cash payments without lowering the standard, an injustice was done to debtors, in holding them liable for the same amount of a currency enhanced in value, which they had borrowed while it was depreciated; it is now too late to make reparation for this injury. The debtors and creditors of to-day are not the debtors and creditors of 1819: the lapse of years has entirely altered the pecuniary relations of the community; and it being impossible now to ascertain the particular persons who were either benefited or injured, to attempt to retrace our steps would not be redressing a wrong, but superadding a second act of wide-spread injustice to the one already committed. This argument is certainly conclusive on the practical question; but it places the honest conclusion on too narrow and too low a ground. It concedes that the measure of 1819, called Peel's Bill; by which cash payments were resumed at the original standard of 3l. 17s. 10½d., was really the injustice it was said to be. This is an admission wholly opposed to the truth. Parliament had no alternative; it was absolutely bound to adhere to the acknowledged standard; as may be shown on three distinct grounds, two of fact, and one of principle.
The reasons of fact are these. In the first place, it is not true that the debts, private or public, incurred during the Bank restriction, were contracted in a currency of lower value than that in which the interest is now paid. It is indeed true that the suspension of the obligation to pay in specie did put it in the power of the Bank to depreciate the currency. It is true also that the Bank really exercised that power, though to a far less extent than is often pretended; since the difference between the market price of gold and the Mint valuation, during the greater part of the interval, was very trifling, and when it was greatest, during the last five years of the war, did not much exceed thirty per cent. To the extent of that difference, the currency was depreciated, that is, its value was below that of the standard to which it professed to adhere. But the state of Europe at that time was such—there was so unusual an absorption of the precious metals, by hoarding, and in the military chests of the vast armies which then desolated the Continent, that the value of the standard itself was very considerably raised: and the best authorities, among whom it is sufficient to name Mr. Tooke, have, after an elaborate investigation, satisfied themselves that the difference between paper and bullion was not greater than the enhancement in value of gold itself, and that the paper, though depreciated relatively to the then value of gold, did not sink below the ordinary value, at other times, either of gold or of a convertible paper. If this be true (and the evidences of the fact are conclusively stated in Mr. Tooke's History of Prices) the foundation of the whole case against the fundholder and other creditors on the ground of depreciation is subverted.
But, secondly, even if the currency had really been lowered in value at each period of the Bank restriction, in the same degree in which it was depreciated in relation to its standard, we must remember that a part only of the national debt, or of other permanent engagements, was incurred during the Bank restriction. A large part had been contracted before 1797; a still larger during the early years of the restriction, when the difference between paper and gold was yet small. To the holders of the former part, an injury was done, by paying the interest for twenty-two years in a depreciated currency: those of the second, suffered an injury during the years in which the interest was paid in a currency more depreciated than that in which the loans were contracted. To have resumed cash payments at a lower standard would have been to perpetuate the injury to these two classes of creditors, in order to avoid giving an undue benefit to a third class, who had lent their money during the few years of greatest depreciation. As it is, there was an underpayment to one set of persons, and an overpayment to another. The late Mr. Mushet took the trouble to make an arithmetical comparison between the two amounts. He ascertained, by calculation, that if an account had been made out in 1819, of what the fundholders had gained and lost by the variation of the paper currency from its standard, they would have been found as a body to have been losers; so that if any compensation was due on the ground of depreciation, it would not be from the fundholders collectively, but to them.
Thus it is with the facts of the case. But these reasons of fact are not the strongest. There is a reason of principle, still more powerful. Suppose that, not a part of the debt merely, but the whole, had been contracted in a depreciated currency, depreciated not only in comparison with its standard, but with its own value before and after; and that we were now paying the interest of this debt in a currency fifty or even a hundred per cent more valuable than that in which it was contracted. What difference would this make in the obligation of paying it, if the condition that it should be so paid was part of the original compact? Now this is not only truth, but less than the truth. The compact stipulated better terms for the fundholder than he has received. During the whole continuance of the Bank restriction, there was a parliamentary pledge, by which the legislature was as much bound as any legislature is capable of binding itself, that cash payments should be resumed on the original footing, at farthest in six months after the conclusion of a general peace. This was therefore an actual condition of every loan; and the terms of the loan were more favourable in consideration of it. Without some such stipulation, the Government could not have expected to borrow, unless on the terms on which loans are made to the native princes of India. If it had been understood and avowed that, after borrowing the money, the standard at which it was commuted might be permanently lowered, to any extent which to the "collective wisdom" of a legislature of borrowers might seem fit—who can say what rate of interest would have been a sufficient inducement to persons of common sense to risk their savings in such an adventure? However much the fundholders had gained by the resumption of cash payments, the terms of the contract insured their giving ample value for it. They gave value for more than they received; since cash payments were not resumed in six months, but in as many years, after the peace. So that waving all our arguments except the last, and conceding all the facts asserted on the other side of the question, the fundholders, instead of being unduly benefited, are the injured party; and would have a claim to compensation, if such claims were not very properly barred by the impossibility of adjudication, and by the salutary general maxim of law and policy, "quod interest reipublicæ ut sit finis litium."
Notes for this chapter
[Until the 6th ed. (1865) the paragraph ended with "five hundred francs to pay for a cup of coffee."] 42.
Among the schemes of currency to which, strange to say, intelligent writers have been found to give their sanction, one is as follows: that the state should receive, in pledge or mortgage, any kind or amount of property, such as land, stock, &c., and should advance to the owners inconvertible paper money to the estimated value. Such a currency would not even have the recommendations of the imaginary assignats supposed in the text; since those into whose hands the notes were paid by the persons who received them, could not return them to the government, and demand in exchange land or stock which was only pledged, not alienated. There would be no reflux of such assignats as these, and their depreciation would be indefinite.
[In the 2nd ed. (1849) was inserted the following section, which did not disappear till the 5th ed. (1862):
"§ 4. One of the most transparent of the fallacies by which the principle of the convertibility of paper money has been assailed, is that which pervades a recent work by Mr. John Gray, Lectures on the Nature and Use of Money: the author of the most ingenious, and least exceptionable plan of an inconvertible currency which I have happened to meet with. This writer has seized several of the leading doctrines of political economy with no ordinary grasp, and among others, the important one, that commodities are the real market for commodities, and that Production is essentially the cause and measure of Demand. But this proposition, true in a state of barter, he affirms to be false under a monetary system regulated by the precious metals, because if the aggregate of goods is increased faster than the aggregate of money, prices must fall, and all producers must be losers; now neither gold nor silver, nor any other valuable thing, 'can by any possibility be increased ad libitum, as fast as all other valuable things put together:' a limit, therefore, is arbitrarily set to the amount of production which can take place without loss to the producers: and on this foundation Mr. Gray accuses the existing system of rendering the produce of this country less by at least one hundred million pounds annually, than it would be under a currency which admitted of expansion in exact proportion to the increase of commodities.
"But, in the first place, what hinders gold, or any other commodity whatever, from being 'increased as fast as all other valuable things put together?' If the produce of the world, in all commodities taken together, should come to be doubled, what is to prevent the annual produce of gold from being doubled likewise? for that is all that would be necessary, and not (as might be inferred from Mr. Gray's language) that it should be doubled as many times over as there are other 'valuable things' to compare it with. Unless it can be proved that the production of bullion cannot be increased by the application of increased labour and capital, it is evident that the stimulus of an increased value of the commodity will have the same effect in extending the mining operations, as it is admitted to have in all other branches of production.
"But, secondly, even if the currency could not be increased at all, and if every addition to the aggregate produce of the country must necessarily be accompanied by a proportional diminution of general prices; it is incomprehensible how any person who has attended to the subject can fail to see that a fall of price, thus produced, is no loss to producers: they receive less money; but the smaller amount goes exactly as far, in all expenditure, whether productive or personal, as the larger quantity did before. The only difference would be in the increased burthen of fixed money payments; and of that (coming, as it would, very gradually) a very small portion would fall on the productive classes, who have rarely any debts of old standing, and who would suffer almost solely in the increased onerousness of their contribution to the taxes which pay the interest of the National Debt."]
Book III. Chapter XIII. Section 6
[Until the 5th ed. (1862) the text ran: "from 1819 to the present time, it has been… contended," and "the answer" was spoken of in the present tense.] Book III. Chapter XIV. Section 1


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subset: commoncrawl


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After listening to more than a hundred emotional opinions, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission this week voted to move forward with a controversial proposal to modify the type of gear used to catch tarpon statewide.
They also made tarpon a catch and release fish for the first time.
The FWC's proposed rule, passed by a 4-3 vote, would prohibit gear rigged with bottom weights - a technique that is notorious for catching tarpon, even if they are not feeding. Tarpons, also known as "silver kings,'' can grow up to eight feet and weigh over 300 pounds and are prized by fishermen because they jump and fight when snagged.
In Boca Grande Pass, the largest and most prolific tarpon nursery in the world, the hotly debated issue is whether illegal snagging occurs during the Professional Tarpon Tournament Series' annual round of tournaments.
Rule Making it Easier to Catch Lionfish in Florida Waters to Become Permanent
Conservationists claim that PTTS is responsible for many dead silver kings washing up on beaches during their contests.
Several speakers told the seven-member panel that the disagreements have degenerated to threats, intimidation and harassment.
The Save the Tarpon organization asserted that PTTS' reality TV show is the motivation behind the use of the flossing method that allows trophy fish to consistently be caught. The TV show has an audience of 44 million viewers, according to PTTS claims.
A lawyer for PTTS speaking at the public hearing threatened the commission with a lawsuit if it passed the proposed changes to the gear.
The Boca Grande Chamber of Commerce director Lew Hastings, a proponent of changes that may conserve the fishery, told the panel that the business community supports FWC's draft proposal. Hastings told The Associated Press that the fishery can collapse if not protected and that would bring economic devastation to his small island community.
Man Charged With Selling Nurse Sharks Over Internet
Hasting's fear may have some basis. Half a century ago, the tarpon fishery did just that in Port Aransas, Texas, a small town that built its fortune on the silver kings and lost it when the fishery collapsed due to runoff pollutants. The town once known as Tarpon, Texas, is actively trying to restore the tarpon habitat.
Dave Markett, a long-time fishing guide who works Boca Grande Pass, called the acrimony that has destroyed lifelong friendships "a modern day tragedy.''
"There is no scientific evidence that this gear causes snagging,'' he told the panel. "There is no biological issue with tarpons. No tragedy will happen today or tomorrow if you do a study.'' He urged the commissioners to table the proposal or to vote it down.
Several long-time fishermen told the regulators that numbers of tarpon have declined. They expressed serious concern that without action on the part of FWC, the tarpon will be driven away.
Charter captain Mark Futch of Boca Grande related to the panel that he invented the bottom-weighted circle hook that is currently used by members of the PTTS tourney to snag tarpon. He says he and fellow anglers quit using it years ago when they saw the resulting carnage washing up on local beaches. He told the commissioners that the snagging gear kills tarpon and harms the vulnerable fishery.
Celebrities who have lent sponsorship in the past to the PTTS include revered illustrator Guy Harvey and New York Times best-selling author and former fishing guide Randy Wayne White. Both have publically reversed their stance and supported the FWC's proposed restrictions.
The scientist in charge of the Tarpon and Bonefish Trust, Dr. Aaron Adams, also called on the FWC to protect the unique tarpon resource.
2 Lobster Poachers Arrested in Miami-Dade: FWC
In explaining the FWC's decision to move the draft rule forward, chairman Kenneth Wright said, ``As a legal matter, we don't have to prove beyond a reasonable doubt with scientific certainty that it's snagging fish. We'd be studying this to death. I think we have compelling evidence of the need for the rule.''
Commissioner Ronald Bergeron dissented. He said that he did not have enough scientific evidence to prove the gear is harmful. He said he will request further information before the final passage of the proposed rule is taken up in Pensacola in September.
The commission voted unanimously to make both bonefish and tarpon catch and release only. Possession of a single tarpon will be allowed only when in pursuit of an International Game Fish Association record. Tarpon 40 inches or more must stay in the water at all times. FWC staff determined that larger fish are harmed if withdrawn from the supporting waters.
The PTTS and other tournament organizers have recently adopted a calculation of weight based on measurements that can be taken with the fish in the water, but the new rule will be now applied across the state.
Bonefish will not be allowed to be weighed and must be returned to the water with as little harm as possible. Neither fish is considered edible.


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As a native of Grand Junction, I am knowledgable and understand this area and what a great place this is to call home. I thoroughly enjoy assisting buyers and sellers reach their individual real estate goals. An excellent listener, I take the time to determine each clients desires and needs.
Select the Brokers of your choice from the Homendo Brokers Network, you want to share this listing with.
A new Private Market listing notification will be automatically sent to ALL Real Estate Agents associated with your selection.


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16 U.S. Code § 460–1 - Inclusion of Ackia Battleground National Monument and Meriwether Lewis National Monument
§ 460–1.
Inclusion of Ackia Battleground National Monument and Meriwether Lewis National Monument
To facilitate the administration of two areas of the national park system, known as Ackia Battleground National Monument, Mississippi, and Meriwether Lewis National Monument, Tennessee, those areas are included in the Natchez Trace Parkway, which they adjoin; and they shall be administered as a part of the parkway. In order to provide continued recognition of the significance of these portions of the parkway, the Secretary of the Interior shall provide them with appropriate designations in accordance with the historical events which occurred on them.
(Pub. L. 87–131, Aug. 10, 1961, 75 Stat. 335.)
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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No-Bake Mallow Fruitcake
When my granddaughter made plans to visit friends in Norway at Christmastime, they asked her for an "American Christmas cake." We realized they meant fruitcake and chose this yummy version. They loved it!
Total TimePrep: 20 min. + chilling
Makes2 loaves
- 1 package (14.3 ounces) graham crackers
- 1 package (15 ounces) raisins
- 1 pound red or green candied cherries
- 1/2 pound chopped candied pineapple
- 2 cups whole Brazil nuts
- 2 cups walnut halves
- 3/4 cup milk
- 1 package (16 ounces) large marshmallows
- Line two 8x4-in. pans with foil and grease the foil; set aside. Crush graham crackers until fine crumbs form; place in a large bowl. Add the raisins, cherries, pineapple and nuts; set aside.
- In a large saucepan, heat milk and marshmallows over low heat until marshmallows are melted; stir until blended. Pour over fruit mixture and stir until well blended. Divide between prepared pans, packing down firmly. Cover with foil; refrigerate for at least 1 week before serving.


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Q: Now that water temperatures are warmer, what should I feed my fish?
Martha – Clifton Forge, VA
A: After their long winter nap, just imagine how ravenous your pond fish must be! Now that water temperatures have climbed to a relatively toasty 55 degrees Fahrenheit, your koi and goldfish are wide awake and ready for some serious grub packed with muscle-building protein and energizing carbohydrates and fats.
When choosing a food for your finned pals, you have several options:
Looking for an all-purpose pond food? Check out Pond Logic® Ponstix. It is nutritionally dense and well-balanced fish diets that contain digestive enzymes and amino acids for optimal fish health. Both are economical choices to feed to your fish every day.
Do you want your koi's rich reds, pearly whites and deep blacks to shine? Pond Logic® Growth & Color, TetraPond® Koi Vibrance® and CrystalClear® Koi Food are enhanced with vitamins, natural color intensifiers and chelated minerals to transform your koi into the most colorful swimming jewels they can be.
Spring brings spawning, which is something your koi and goldfish might be doing right about now—especially with the nutritious food you're feeding them. Though the little guys will gobble algae and underwater plants when they're very young, they'll quickly graduate to fish food like TetraPond® Variety Blend Fish Food by summertime, so be sure to have some handy.
In the meantime, make sure the fry have safe spots to hide while they grow, like a Spawning Incubator. Made with polyester fur and fine mesh, the incubator protects them from being consumed or lost in your filtration system.
Pond Talk: What are your fishes' favorite summertime treats?
Filed under: Feeding Fish, Koi & Goldfish, Water Gardens & Features | Tagged: fish food, goldfish, goldfish food, higher protein fish food, koi food, koi spawning season |


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Diamond Quilted Thermoregulated Barn Jacket
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Size Guide
Use the Size Guide to choose the best fit for your measurements.
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- A classic corduroy collar barn jacket in water-resistant nylon twill. The quilted design is engineered with 37.5® thermoregulation technology to accelerate evaporation and breathability, so you never feel too hot or cold. Archive details include our Vintage check lining and an embroidered crest at the chest.
- Jacket length: 81cm/31.9in. This is based on a size IT 50 as proportions change slightly according to size.
- Model's height: 185cm/6ft 1in
- Outer: 100% polyamide
- Trims: 100% lambskin; 100% cotton
- Linings: 70% cotton, 30% polyester; 100% cotton
- Filling: 100% polyester
- Concealed zip and press-stud closure
- Press-stud patch pockets, interior button-through patch pocket
- Specialist dry clean
- Imported
Item 80032781


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Weightless water-gel moisturizer hydrates dry, sensitive skin. Refreshing gel formula transforms into a skin-quenching fluid upon application, forming a weightless barrier against environmental assault.Learn More
Weightless water-gel moisturizer hydrates dry, sensitive skin.Learn More
Squeeze a small amount into palm and rub hands together to activate. Pat gently onto face and neck. Use twice a day for continuous relief.
Water/Aqua/Eau, Glycerin, Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe) Leaf Juice, Dimethicone, Butylene Glycol, Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Extract, 1,2-Hexanediol, Diethylhexyl Carbonate, Opuntia Ficus-Indica Stem Extract, Sodium Hyaluronate, Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate, Hydrolyzed Sodium Hyaluronate, Lavandula Angustifolia (Lavender) Flower Extract, Stearyl Heptanoate, Cetyl PEG/PPG-10/1 Dimethicone, Hydroxyacetophenone, Sea Salt, Dimethicone Crosspolymer, Stearyl Caprylate, Lauryl PEG-9 Polydimethylsiloxyethyl Dimethicone, Potassium Sorbate, Citric Acid, Sodium Benzoate, Disodium Phosphate, *Linalool,* Limonene. *Linalool and Limonene have not been added to the formula, but are natural components of the Lavender essential oil in the formula.
Dermalogica is dedicated to maintaining the accuracy of the ingredient lists on this website. However, because ingredients are subject to change, we cannot guarantee that these lists are complete, up-to-date and/or error-free. For an accurate listing of ingredients in each product, please refer to your product packaging.
Treat the multiple triggers behind inflammation for lasting relief from sensitivity flare-ups.
Itching, burning, stinging and redness are the obvious signs of sensitive skin. The triggers behind these sensations are less clear: genetics, hormones, stress, chemical assaults, foods and even aggressive skin treatments can intensify skin's highly reactive state. The common thread behind irritation, flushing and stinging is inflammation. When paired with the loss of skin's protective barrier, skin health is compromised and becomes highly reactive.
UltraCalming™ contains UltraCalming™ Complex, our exclusive complex clinically proven to control neurogenic and immunogenic inflammatory pathways that lead to skin sensitivity.


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More than half of consumers with smartphones use the devices to make mobile payments, according to a new CUNA survey. But security remains a chief concern.
In fact, 77.7% of respondents listed security as their most serious concern, CUNA's Mobile Payments Survey reports. Other concerns were much less significant, including battery life of phone (6.9%), confusing to use (6.4%), not enough rewards/bonus features (5.1%), and inability to track a budget (4%).
"While there have been many advances made with mobile security in recent years, respondents' concerns over security indicate financial institutions and companies in the mobile space must continue to stress their focus on security with their customers," says Paul Gentile, CUNA's executive vice president of strategic communications and engagement.
Among those who use mobile payments, 91.6% indicate that ease of use is the greatest benefit. When broken down by age groups, the greatest use of mobile payments came from respondents ages 30 to 44 (59.6%), followed by 18 to 29 (57.9%), 45 to 60 (47.8%), and 61+ (24.1%).
Other report findings:
Contact Ben Fishel, CUNA's public relations manager, for a PDF version of the survey data.


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Related Suppliers
Shefcut precision reaming and boring tools are designed for accurate hole geometries with a fine finish. Burraway and Burr-Off mechanical hole-deburring tools are designed for controlled edge break or burr removal on both sides of holes in one pass.
The company also features tools for burnishing, including multi-roll, single-roll and diamond burnishing tools. These tools are designed for accurate sizing, fine finishing and work-hardening of bores and shafts in seconds. The company also features automatic recessing tools for fast, accurate and repeatable grooving, recessing, facing and chamfering applications, including internal operations in deep bores.


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AK_Brickster wrote:Yep, that's very odd. I tried it using a few different ways, and even tried with a different picture in your photostream with no luck. At this point, I defer to someone who might be a bit more tech-savvy than I am. Good luck!
I shall await someone abit more tech-savvy then thanks anyways man^^ just my luck as i just got my camera and was looking forward to start posting pictures.


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The Geomatics Department Industrial Advisory Committee (IAC) consists of prominent industry professionals from a wide range of firms and agencies. The IAC serves as the industry's voice in strengthening the department by providing advice on curriculum content, laboratory resources, ABET accreditation reviews, and professional development advisement and assistance.
In addition, IAC members serve as a point of contact for the development of specific industry partnership opportunities for faculty and students. IAC Members have facilitated student internships, student scholarships, sponsored student projects, facilitated donations of laboratory equipment, and hired geomatics graduates. The IAC is the program's conduit to industry, and contributes significantly to the health and vitality of the Geomatics Department.
About the Program
Degrees Offered


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Webster's Dictionary provides the following Definitions excerpted below: http://www.merriam-webster.com/
LOGIC: : a particular mode of reasoning viewed as valid or faulty,
INTELLIGENCE:: the ability to learn or understand …also the skilled use of reason
REASON: : the power of comprehending, inferring, or thinking especially in orderly rational ways, : intelligence: proper exercise of the mind : the sum of the intellectual powers
KNOWLEDGE:: the fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or association, the range of one's information or understanding,: the circumstance or condition of apprehending truth or fact through reasoning
CONSCIENCE: the sense or consciousness of the moral goodness or blameworthiness of one's own conduct, intentions, or character together with a feeling of obligation to do right or be good
IRRESPONSIBLE: not responsible,: not answerable to higher authority : said or done with no sense of responsibility, lacking a sense of responsibility
INDIFFERENCE: the quality, state, or fact of being indifferent : lack of difference or distinction between two or more things : absence of compulsion to or toward one thing or another
DISREGARD: to pay no attention to : treat as unworthy of regard or notice
NEGLECT: to give little attention or respect to : disregard: to leave undone or unattended to especially through carelessness
neglect: implies giving insufficient attention to something that merits one's attention disregard suggests voluntary inattention,ignore: implies a failure to regard something obvious,overlook: suggests disregarding or ignoring through haste or lack of care,slight: implies contemptuous or disdainful disregarding or omitting,forget: may suggest either a willful ignoring or a failure to impress something on one's mind,mean to pass over without giving due attention.
Now if one reads through the above definitions: Here is food for thought:
Is it not logical that if you allow your pet to run at large at anytime, unaccompanied and unsupervised that eventually this animal is going to get hit by a car or other type of vehicle? Possibly get lost or stolen or worse. Is this not logically a lack of good judgement? If one exercises their own intelligence one should be able to figure that out quite easily.
In using the reasoning process, one's own intelligence,common sense and logic, it makes far more sense to either tether the animal outside while at home, walk with a leash or have a fenced yard.
Is it not common knowledge that in some Northern communities dogs are shot on sight if running loose. It does not take a rocket scientist to figure out that those who allow their animals this so-called freedom are thereby practicing the negative arts of indifference, disregard and lack of good conscience showing that they have no regard or respect for the animals life. Are these owners not also exhibiting a total disrespect to their neighbors and community? Is it not logical and of good conscience to spay/neuter the animal so there is no need to reduce populations by gunshot?
Is it not logical and in good conscience to ensure that your animal is fed properly to meet nutritional needs, is supplied with fresh supplies of drinking water, is properly sheltered, allowed to socialize, receives exercise and medical care if necessary? Would this not be using common sense, compassion and good judgement/conscience, providing these necessitities of life?
Is it not logical to exercise a conscience effort to be a responsible animal owner who does not practice indifference, disregard and neglect thereby ensuring that the animal remains safe, healthy, happy and a valued member of the family?
Is it not logical and in good conscience to exercise compassion and common sense, to aid an animal when one is seen in distress, suffering malnutrition, dehydration, extreme cold/heat, neglect, abuse, and indifference?
The question therefore arises as to why so many animals in the North are allowed to run loose, why they are allowed to roam the streets being hit by vehicles, why they are allowed to run uncontrolled and end up being shot in an effort to control the numbers? Why are they chained, starving, freezing to death, abandoned, neglected and failing to receive the help that they desperately need?
All one need do is look at the owners who practice irresponsibility, lack of conscience, total disregard, neglect and indifference. The total lack of common sense, a disrespect for their neighbors and communities, and worst of all the indifference to life…the life of the animal which they own.
All one need do is look at the lack of true Animal Protection Laws in the North and the failure to enforce what laws actually do exist: The Federal Criminal Code of Canada, Section 446, what Municipal By-laws that are in place and yes even the current archaic Dog Act. Blind eyes of indifference are everywhere…..are your eyes blind?
Now unless a person mistakenly draws the conclusion that all Northerners suffer from Brain Freeze and cannot therefore think rationally, exercise good conscience, judgment, responsibility, compassion and common sense then one cannot come up with an acceptable excuse as to why animal cruelty is perpetuated in the North without serious consequences.
Responsible caring pet owners across Canada's North, across Canada period, and from around the world (as evidenced by the comments accompanying petition signatures) want to see positive change and they want to see it happen now. The bubble of indifference needs to be shattered. It is time Canada's Northern eyes opened, it is time Canada's North joined the 21st century and began keeping up to the Standards on Animal Welfare that are in place throughout the rest of Canada.
Would this not be a logical step in the right direction considering that the North wants to advance in development, continue and increases it's tourism trade and entice new workers. Alot of new families and visitors coming North do have pets.
Animal Protection Legislation in the North is the Logical and the Right thing, the Responsible and the Compassionate thing, the essence of Good Conscience and Judgement.


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Achieving Enlightenment the Otaku Way
Osu! Greetings, shokun! It is I, Cross-shishou, back again for another set of Fujinsei Kempo lessons. In our previous republished lesson "10 Things From Shoujo Series That You Should Learn "Not" To Do", I reminded you of some of the genre's cliché that aren't worth emulating by you. Today, I'll help you diagnose if you've watched too much Death Note. Shall we start? Here we go. Osu!
13 Signs That You've Watched Too Much Death Note
1. You eat way too much sweets.
lf the great L can do it, why can't I?
2. You squat whenever you sit.
What? You don't know? Squatting actually makes you more human. Not to mention that squatting is the most natural position to poop. Nah, I squat because L's my idol.
3. You insist on being called by a single-letter initial instead of your name.
It sounds cooler and mysterious that way.
4. You recruit your grandfather or the kindly neighbourhood old man to represent you.
You need to have your own version of Watari, after all.
5. Your dream is to get a black notebook you see falling from the sky.
6. You write the names of your enemies in a black notebook.
7. You are delusional and think that you can cleanse the world of evil and act like a god whenever you hold a black notebook.
8. You perfect your iconic Light laugh.
9. Whenever you see someone choking with bulging eyes and clutching chest, you point at the person and exclaim: "Someone wrote your name on a Death Note!"
10. You shriek in delight whenever you see an unusual shadow. Is that you, Ryuk? Rem?
Can I get your autograph? I'm a big fan of yours. Please sign on my Death Note.
11. You buy lots of apples hoping to attract some shinigami.
12. Your pets are named Near & Mello.
You also name them the heirs to your everything when you die.
13. You're not easily scammed.
You refuse to write your name into just any paper. You never know when it's a page from a Death Note.
There is no doubt that Death Note is genius. However, imitating what you watched from it and modelling yourself from its characters are, frankly, stupid and not to mention extremely dangerous. I hope that you enjoyed today's lesson. That's all for today, shokun! I'll be back again soon for another set of Fujinsei Kempo lessons. Osu!
Founder of Fujinsei Kempo
Disclaimer: Study and follow the teachings of Fujinsei Kempo at your own risk. Fujinsei and its main author Arria Cross accept no responsibility whatsoever for the content of this post, or for the consequences of any actions taken on the basis of the information provided above. Arria urges you to blame Cross-shishou for any issues you encounter while following Fujinsei Kempo teachings. But Arria wants you to remember that Cross-shishou is a mere alter ego, someone without tangible form. So if you want to blame someone, you might as well blame yourself. You've been warned.
Loved what you read? Share this post with your friends. Also feel free to connect and follow Arria on Twitter and this site on Google+. Also like Fujinsei's Facebook page. Thanks!
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Review: Vogue 8900 | The Cutout Dress!1:00 AM
93 comments
Awesome! Love the look.ReplyDelete
It's a long time since Vogue has done anything quite this up to date, you have made it very nicely.ReplyDelete
I've been reading your blog for some years now and I love everything you make - such an inspirational and fearless sewer you are! This gorgeous and unique dress suits you to a T.ReplyDelete
That is such a great dress for your figure! You look stunning. Hmmm... maybe in red and a little shorter... for dressup ;-)ReplyDelete
You have sold me on so many patterns. Again, I overlooked this one, now it's in the queue. Fantastic styling!ReplyDelete
Stunning dress, and you wear it well! You look fabulous. Love the sandals too, they work great with the dress.ReplyDelete
I think this dress is so flattering on you and you have styled it so well. Love the sandals. This has a goth/sexy edge that I love. You are an inspiration.ReplyDelete
Absolutely love, love, love this. The styling is AMAZING. https://www.facebook.com/SassySewingBeesReplyDelete
You have a really good taste in clothes. I love checking out your blog!ReplyDelete
You weren't the only one... I was also feeling it. Of course you just next leveled it with your gladiators and YOUR AMAZING HAIR. SUCH. A. GOOD. LOOK. You're such a sewing badass.ReplyDelete
Just beautiful, Erica. I love the lace inserts -- and the sandals you've styled the dress with too!ReplyDelete
Gorgeous, and I love it with the sandals!ReplyDelete
Love the dress, love the hair. You have so much fabric knowledge.ReplyDelete
E! As usual - fantastic result and great shoes! You were smart to do a FBA that was significant - it does seem to be cut for the small chested woman. I may have to pick up this dress (except I have linebacker shoulders). But, what I like about this dress on you is this - it makes your figure look fab - and accentuates your excellent features - arms and shoulders small waist. . . great job!!ReplyDelete
ERICA!!! I am currently singing "Did you ever know that you're my hero"!! I bought that pattern as soon as Vogue, etc. had the $1.99, $2.99 and $3.00 sale online. LOVE IT! But you made me ADORE it even more. Your version is magnificent...so SEXY yet effortless!ReplyDelete
More than anything, I'm glad you did all the hard work for me HAHA!! Besides the FBA and lengthening, was it true to your normal size?
You're so stylish! I love how you make these glorious clothes out of patterns I could never imagine wearing.ReplyDelete
Wow!! Love it......It's gothic, chic and couture looking, all at the same time and with a super trendy vibe.ReplyDelete
I saw this on Instagram and couldn't wait to see it on you because I knew it was going to be a winner! It.is.stunning!ReplyDelete
I couldn't wait to get my hands on this pattern & ur version is amazing. U think this pattern could work in a ponte knit?ReplyDelete
Pefect adaptation of Carvens dress. I also love how you styled it. Just beautiful.ReplyDelete
You killed it again Erica!ReplyDelete
Beautiful!! Well done, styled with perfection!!ReplyDelete
Your work is impeccable! Love the Hair down to the shoes you paired with this dress...you really do have talent beyond just sewing!ReplyDelete
I loved this dress when it was first introduced. You did a bang up job on it too. The whole outfit is on point.ReplyDelete
Gorgeous and love the lace insets!ReplyDelete
So cool and modern... I love Carven. Too bad it's the middle of winter here in New Zealand - otherwise I'd definitely be making this pattern asap!ReplyDelete
This is such cool dress and you've done a great job. The dress fits you like a glove. I am also sewing this design at the moment so your review is very useful. I'm using a royal blue denim with a silver shot effect to it and I'm also toying whether to add a lace panel but I'm not sure because the lace is floppier than the denim and I am afraid it won't match weight wise.ReplyDelete
This looks great on you. Thank you for the details! I also have to do a FBA paired with a sway back adjustment. I really dig those sandals with the midi length skirt.ReplyDelete
In a million years I would never think this dress would work. Secondarily, thanks for always linking/ noting the RTW inspiration. Those things always just escape me.ReplyDelete
Beautiful dress! How awesome that you made it yourself! The gladiator sandals are the perfect accent!ReplyDelete
I saw this one when it came out also. I love the bodice. I'm fighting with the length though. Hmmmmm. I think I would shorten it to above the knee. The gladiators are too cool :)ReplyDelete
Was Just looking up this pattern - You BURNED IT!!! (that's a NY compliment meaning it is awesome :)ReplyDelete


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Herbalife Formula 1, Nutrional Shake Mix & Formula 3, Protein Powder both contain Soy Protein.
Article: The Big Debate - Soy Vs Whey Protein
How much Protein does your body need? Use our online lean protein estimator to find out: Protein Estimator
Soy protein is a complete protein that ranks right up there with the best in the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS). Soy protein is generally very low in or free of fat, cholesterol, and lactose.
Soy protein is approved for those who are lactose intolerant, and can be used as a meat substitute. Much more than just an ingredient for a protein shake, Soy protein can be used for cooking instead of flour, producing high protein foods that are extremely low in fat, a bodybuilder's dream come true! Soy protein is derived exclusively from soy beans.
My wife Tina who successfully lost 35lbs in weight and had a fantastic health result introduced me to Herbalife. I have now been using the sports nutrition programme of Formula 1 and Protein Powder to fuel and refuel my body and Formula 2, Cell Activator and Schizandra to help my body deal with the stress of exercise and aid recovery.
Nutrition is especially vital on race day as each race or segment of racing is like a workout and as I would need to be out on the track several times during the day, refuelling and recovery are major aspects of this sport.
Since 2002 I have had the energy and stamina to compete in the British Endurance Championship riding a 600cc bike for the Kawasaki Team as well as racing a Yamaha R1 in the Nationwide Powerbike Championships.
I have had many wins and am one of the front-runners in both championships.
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*All weight loss claims refer to the Herbalife Weight Management Programme which includes, amongst other things, a balanced diet, regular exercise, an adequate daily fluid intake and appropriate rest. The Herbalife products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
These materials were prepared by and are the responsibility of independent Herbalife distributors:
B.I.G. Entrepreneurs UK Ltd, 44 Dover Rd, Walmer, Deal, Kent, CT14 7JW. E-mail: email@example.com
Independent Herbalife Distributor: Customer Services, , , , , email@example.com


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|Summary of 21 reviews :
|Room :
|Facilities :
|Service :
|Location :
|Hotel room status:
Sino Portuguese inspired designOur resort is unique among hotels in Patong for its authentic Phuket style design inspired by the rich heritage of Sino Portuguese architecture still found in the original shop houses of old Phuket town. Known for its harmonious blend of both Chinese and European motifs this style is perfectly adapted for comfortable tropical living.
From the outside the louvered shuttered windows on the upper floors reflect the European colonial influence of this style. Our covered entrance mimics the front verandahs of typical row shophouses that join up to form a sheltered arcade called a ngor kah kee (five-footway).
The ground floor lobby and lobby lounge represent the space where business is conducted in a classical shophouse. Portuguese floor tiles and other decorative elements recall old Phuket's historical roots and give a real sense of place. A wide passage behind the lobby leads to the resort's interior courtyard with its swimming pool and Roydi restaurant. In Sino Portuguese architecture this area is called the tianjing (skywell) where the family had its communal water source and kitchen. Open to the sky, the courtyard provides both light and a refreshing circulation of air.
As in a typical shophouse the guest rooms face the courtyard creating an intimate and private space in which to relax. Photographs of old Phuket are displayed in the common areas to provide a fascinating glimpse into the past.
Our accommodations are designed for easy tropical living in the paradise island of Phuket. The spacious rooms and suites
are decorated in light refreshing earth and soft bright tones to create a calm,
cooling atmosphere that is conducive to relaxation and rejuvenation. We have paid special attention to our brilliant
bathrooms that feature tubs and showers as well as our signature toiletries.
Luxurious beds with fine linen and colorful throw cushions invite you to take a well earned repose. LED TVs and DVD players are placed in all the rooms with a wide choice of local and international channels. Complimentary high speed wireless internet is available throughout in addition to in-room IDD telephones and personal safes.
Superior Room
30 sq.m. | 49 Rooms | Queen or Twin Bed | City or Garden ViewThis comfy and well designed room comes fitted with queen size or twin beds and quality contemporary furnishings to create a tranquil oasis from which to enjoy your holiday. Glass sliding doors open onto large private balconies with charming views of the city or the interior gardens. A spacious well designed bathroom includes a walk-in shower and modern fittings.
Deluxe Room
30 sq.m. | 59 Rooms | King or Twin Bed | City, Garden ViewStylish and harmonious, the 30 m² Deluxe room comes with and without balcony (for those with younger children) and a choice of king size or twin beds. Bathtub with a built-in shower is the perfect place to ease away your cares and refresh your senses. Choose from city, or garden view rooms and delight in the comfort of your own personal sanctuary.
Deluxe Pool View
30 sq.m. | 35 Rooms | King or Twin Bed | City, Pool ViewStylish and harmonious, the 30m2 Deluxe Pool View comes with and without balcony ( for those with younger children ) and a choice of king bed or twin beds. Bathtub with a built-in shower is the perfect place to ease away your cares and refresh your senses. Pool view and delight in the comfort of your own personal sanctuary.
Indian Food
Roydi Restaurant
Signature Phuket Menu
Private BBQ Dinner
Ploendi Lobby Lounge
Afternoon Tea
Taste Champion Bartender's Cocktails
Poolside Bar
Mixologist Class
Sangria Pool Party
Named for the Sanskrit word for water, our Vara Spa philosophy is about restoring your equilibrium,
invigorating your senses and filling you with new energy.
Our holistic approach is deeply grounded in the natural ingredients we use in all the treatments. Scrubs and wraps are freshly prepared using coconut, tamarind, ginger, red rice, pandanus leaf, kaffir lime and lemongrass, all of which are locally sourced on the island.
With a complete choice of treatments including facials, body and foot massages you will leave Vara Spa feeling renewed, refreshed and rejuvenated.
Experience a feeling of total relaxation with one of our 3 hour signature treatments that start with an herbal steam followed by a gentle and replenishing body scrub and wrap and finished with a deep tissue aromatherapy oil massage and Thai herbal facial.
The Sawaddi Patong Resort and Spa offers
an excellent range of facilities on an oasis of comfort and serenity in the heart of Phuket's liveliest
and most happening beach location.
Resort guests can take advantage of the full range of service facilities, which include 24 hour fitness centre, kids club, tour desk, free shuttle bus to beach and shopping highlight, A 25 meter natural salt water pool, our relaxed and charming property is the perfect place for couples, families and friends to unwind on holiday together.
We also offer high speed internet Wifi, business centre and variety of tour and excursion programs 24 hour at the front desk.
Offering excellent value for money and graced by our legendary Thai service and hospitality, one wish is to make your stay with us a wonderful experience you will remember forever.
|Fitness Center
|25 meter Swimming Pool
|Table Tennis
|Kids Playroom
|Concierge service
|Souvenir Shop
|Tour information desk
|Free Patong shuttle bus service
|Sawaddi Patong Resort & Spa, Phuket is peacefully but conveniently located on
Patong area the west coast of the island, a 40 minute drive from Phuket
International Airport and within a comfortable stroll of Patong's
renowned entertainment heart land and glorious beach.
Is just 15 km west of Phuket town center and close to the beach and other facilities within Patong.


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BT broadband packs up again - second big outage in a fortnight
'We're really sorry', sniffs enormous telco
Updated BT has once again suffered what appears to be a major network outage affecting what the company described as "multiple areas".
A simple update on BT's customer status page currently reads:
We're really sorry but we've got a problem at the moment affecting our broadband service, which means that some of our customers will be having trouble getting online. We're trying to fix the problem as quickly as we can.
Details are scant, although BT is saying it hopes to have the unknown cause of its broadband titsupness fixed by mid-afternoon.
Meanwhile, plenty of complaints about the broadband outage are starting to pile up on Twitter.
We've contacted BT representatives for comment, and The Register will update this story as soon as BT has more information.
Late last month, BT struggled to get its broadband service up and running in parts of the capital and across the southeast of England after it was hit by a previous massive outage. ®
Updated to add
A spokesman from BT said this afternoon: "Earlier today, a network fault that meant broadband service for some customers in and around London was not available for just over an hour. The fault is now resolved and we are advising customers to reboot their hubs if they are still experiencing problems."
Sponsored: Detecting cyber attacks as a small to medium business


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Tuesday, March 23, 2010
Think Outside the Bag
More U.S. Tea Consumers Think Outside the Bag
(from a press release)
As Americans look to slow down the rocket speed of today's digital society, loose leaf tea is gradually becoming a way of life for millions of consumers nationwide. With double digit percentage sales increases annually throughout the past decade, loose leaf tea sales have reached the billions in the United States. Globally, more than 3 billion cups of tea are consumed every day, making it the most popular drink in the world after water.
Through consumer education and a newly announced U.S. franchise opportunity, TeaGschwendner, a leading global loose leaf tea retailer with 145 shops in nine countries, is changing the way Americans think about preparing and drinking tea. The established European brand, named after its German founder, Albert Gschwendner, is weaning a coffee-addicted America away from its high energy "buzz and crash" routine, to the more steady state of mind and body associated with tea – particularly, loose leaf tea.
"Most people here in the United States used to think of tea as buying a box of generic or national brand teabags from the grocery store and dropping them into a cup of hot water. But we are finding that once people experience the fragrance, flavor and gentle aromas of loose leaf tea, they're hooked," said Joe Capp, Vice President, North America, of TeaGschwendner. "Just once and that's it. There's no going back. They're customers forever. Loose leaf tea becomes a way of life for them."
Image: TeaGschwendner
RedUmbrella Tea
Canada's Loose Leaf Tea Co.
2 comments:
- Alex Zorach said...
This makes sense and is good news.
I think in some respects the move towards loose tea is inevitable--as Joe Capp from TeaGschwendner points out--because it just tastes so much better and offers much better value for your money.
I also think that this movement is taking place within a broader movement...a move back towards natural foods and away from industrially-processed foods. Hopefully, the movement won't just be in the direction of loose tea, but also in the direction of diverse varieties of tea, single-region teas, artisan teas produced by small farmers, and so forth.
And that's exciting!
- The Tea Spot CEO said...
Couldn't agree more with both of you. Our experience is very similar, in that we find many people have never tried steeping a fresh cup of quality loose leaf tea, and sometimes it's difficult to get them to try it, even if they're not the ones preparing it! But once they have...there's no more tea bagging ;)


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A large majority of us now use air-con in our cars on both hot and cold days. Just like any other system in your car, the air-conditioning needs regular attention to make sure it's working as efficiently as possible.
Over time, air-con gas gradually depletes which means your system might not work as well as it should. Vehicle manufacturers suggest that air-con systems are recharged with gas and lubricant every 2 years. As a rule, this will not be checked in an average service, so if you've had your car for over 2 years, it may well need a top up.
Without a check, your air-con system will not only be less effective, it will also make your engine work harder which will result in using more fuel.
So why not come down to HiQ for an air-conditioning recharge? It'll only take about an hour and we'll clear the bacterial build up within your system too.


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The MSX is created by a company named ASCII.....ASCII wanted a standard home computer because there were already too many of them. They made a standard based on the Zilog Z80 processor (also used for first Nintendo GameBoy).Only without an Operating System (OS) a computer can�t do a thing, so they looked for a company that could make one for them.As a result of this they found MicroSoft.MicroSoft wrote MSX-Basic for ASCII which is a CP/M based OS and includes a programming language called BASIC. When the Prototype was made, ASCII sold the rights to make the computer to some companies like SONY, Panasonic and Phillips and the MSX was born. The MSX was used for school, government (Russia) and home use.After a few years ASCII designed the MSX2, which was a more powerful (still 8 bit).This was an attack on the 16 bit game consoles. They were a low class for the 16 bit but the best 8 bit computer around. But after there was a MSX2+, major companies left the MSX standard. Only Panasonic made newer models, such as the MSX TURBO R, which is a 16 bit MSX based on R800 Risc processor and also had the old Z80 onboard to be compatible with MSX, MSX2 and MSX2+. Then they stopped as well and the end was near, yet the users took over and made new hardware for the MSX.
And even now there is still small community left. After the MSX, Panasonic and SONY made there own computers.Panasonic developed the 3DO and SONY made the Playstation.Both are a distantly connected to the MSX, since they both are using a video chip based on the one for the MSX, only much better. The 3DO died after few years and SONY made the PS2 which isn�t connected in any way to the MSX.
Manufacturers of MSX computers:MSX 1 Spectravideo (USA), Philips (the Netherlands), Sony, Sanyo, Mitsubishi, Toshiba, Hitachi, National, Canon, Casio, Pioneer, General, Yamaha, Yashica-Kyocera (Japan), GoldStar, Samsung, Daewoo/Yeno (South Korea), Gradiente (Brazil), Sharp/Epcom (Brazil).MSX 2 Philips, Sony, Sanyo, Mitsubishi, JVC, National, Panasonic, Canon, ACVS (Brazil, upgrade kit), DDX (Brazil, upgrade kit), Daewoo/Yeno (South Korea).MSX 2+ Sony, Sanyo, Panasonic, ACVS (Brazil, upgrade kit), DDX (Brazil, upgrade kit)MSX turbo R Panasonic.Source: MSX Nostalgia, Author: Dominic Hoogendijk
Technical Specs


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The 2011 PDN Faces issue is out, and Plants Vs. Zombies is a winner in the Celebrity/Editorial Portraits category. My Liberia series also won, under the Environmental Portraiture category. Last year, my portrait of Annie Leibovitz was the feature image in PDN Faces. It's a thrill to have my work included in the contest again. Last July through April of this year felt like I was going at 200 mph non stop, and it's nice to be able to slow down a little bit in the summer and reflect back on the work I have done this past year. It is even more satisfying to have that work recognized by the various contests I have won recently. Now it's time to get busy again. Lots to do and look forward to. The new Keatley office project, the 2011 Christmas photo, some new video projects, and hopefully more fun work as well. I just finished a short video about my experience in Liberia this past January, and I will post it shortly (tonight). I think you will like it.
Side note: Co-founder of PopCap Games, John Vechey (pictured above) trumped my award just a little when PopCap was acquired by Electronic Arts for $1.3 billion, just days after the PDN award became public. Congrats John. Dolla dolla bills, y'all. I like to think the awards for this picture is what pushed EA to pull the trigger. Not that I am surprised, because just days after I photographed TechCrunch founder and CEO Michael Arrington in his home, TechCrunch was purchased by AOL for $30 million. You seeing a pattern here? I can't legally promise companies will throw millions of dollars at you after I take your picture, but… Hey, that could make a great promo.
The list of this years Faces winners is on the official contest website. I haven't had a chance to see the issue in person yet, but I am looking forward to sitting down with it.


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COMBAT OUTPOST SHUKVANI, Afghanistan - It took a night medical evacuation mission in Helmand province, Afghanistan, for all of Capt. Lani Pineda's hopes and fears from becoming an Army enroute critical care nurse to materialize. She had left the Air Force a year earlier, she said, after seeing the Army nurses in Balad, Iraq, stepping off helicopters disheveled and triumphant from their successful missions. "I saw them and I said to myself, 'Oh - I want to do that,'" said Pineda, an Olympia, Wash., native, who deployed to both Iraq and Germany in a hospital setting before coming to Afghanistan. A year later Capt. Pineda found herself in a Helmand poppy field, her UH-60 "Black Hawk" helicopter swallowed in darkness but an obvious target to any nearby enemy. "As soon as they opened the door, the poppy just flew in and filled the inside of the helicopter," she said. "I like to think I'm gung-ho and I can go to those places, but for a moment..." Once they were airborne in the helicopter, however, her training took over. She and the flight medic from "Jigsaw" Dustoff based out of Combat Outpost Shukvani worked together, combining her familiarity with hospital methods and machinery with the medic's emergency trauma care to stabilize the patient. All in a third of the time it might have taken either one of them alone.
Captain Lani Pineda, an enroute critical care nurse from the 30th Medical Command, Task Force MED-A, and attached to Foxtrot "Jigsaw" Company, 1st Battalion, 169th Aviation Regiment, New York National Guard, Task Force Falcon, is one of eight nurses in Afghanistan bringing clinical experience to medical evacuation units on the front lines. It is Pineda's first Afghanistan deployment and her first time working with a medical evacuation unit. The mentorship she has received from Jigsaw has been invaluable, she said. Sergeant Christopher Wareing, a New Hampshire National Guard flight medic and flight instructor with "Jigsaw," said working with Pineda was easy because of her enthusiasm to learn. "She came in with an open mind and a high level of respect for what we do," said Wareing. "She wanted to know how she could squeeze her emergency room, critical care and [intensive care unit] knowledge into the back of a helicopter." Although she came to supplement the "Jigsaw" crew through education and in doing so expand their scope of practice, Pineda said she feels she is the one who is doing the learning. "It's such a humbling experience," she said. "I think they teach me more than I teach them." "Watching them save lives and knowing that I'm a part of it is amazing. They've really been like a family to me in the short time that I've been here." For his part, Wareing said her presence has led to an upswing in the unit's morale. In the evenings the flight crews often come together for a few rounds of the game "Catch Phrase," and the laughter inevitably follows. She's just got the knack for it, said Wareing. "She's excited to [bring people together], because she just wants everyone to have a good time," he said. Pineda said it's just her nature. "I love to talk to people, I love to help them out - it gives me a high," she said. It's what lead her to become a nurse in the first place. "The more I looked at the medical field, I saw how nurses played a role in patient care," Pineda said. "To know that is your job as a nurse, to care for people physically, emotionally, spiritually-it's one of those few jobs where you can honestly say you've changed somebody's life." Practicing in Afghanistan has thrown her motivation into relief. She said the bare bones immediacy of medical evacuation and the exhilaration of saving lives reminds her every day of this motivation. A nurse and a soldier, Capt. Lani Pineda said she is proud of her contribution to the International Security Assistance Force's mission in Afghanistan. "I wanted to say I put my combat boots to work," said Pineda. "How many nurses can say they flew in a helicopter in Afghanistan, and landed in a poppy field? To have these memories and know what I did-I'm fortunate to have had the opportunity to be here."


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the New York Times-bestselling author of Lionheart
comes the dramatic sequel, telling of the last dangerous years of
Richard, Couer de Lion's life.
long-anticipated sequel to the national bestseller Lionheart
is a vivid and heart-wrenching story of the last event-filled years
in the life of Richard, Coeur de Lion. Taken captive by the Holy
Roman Emperor while en route home—in violation of the papal decree
protecting all crusaders—he was to spend fifteen months imprisoned,
much of it in the notorious fortress at Trefils, from which few men
ever left alive, while Eleanor of Aquitaine moved heaven and earth
to raise the exorbitant ransom.
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iPad mini 4 Wi-Fi + Cellular
16GB / Space Gray
This product has unfortunately been sold, please check our webshop for available products. You can also sign up to our notification tool and you will receive an email once your desired item is back in stock.
Product Description
Apple iPad mini 4 with a Retina display has all the features of the original iPad in a smaller frame. The device is fully tested by an Apple Authorised Technician.
Product Specification
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|iOS 12
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This product is quality assured by an Apple-authorised technician. We therefore provide a 12 months mResell warranty for this product. Read more about our warranty here.
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