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Day's best: Calling out the conspiracy theorists
Good for John McCain.
The Arizona senator lived up to his maverick label by calling out a fellow Republican lawmaker for comments that an aide to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton might be part of a Muslim Brotherhood conspiracy.
On the Senate floor, McCain said Huma Abedin "represents what is best about America: the daughter of immigrants, who has risen to the highest levels of our government on the basis of her substantial personal merit and her abiding commitment to the American ideals that she embodies so fully."
McCain went so far as to call the accusations against Abedin "sinister."
House Speaker John Boehner, an Ohio Republican, followed McCain with supportive words for Abedin. Boehner said he did not know Abedin well, but that "from everything that I know of her she has a sterling character. I think accusations like this being thrown around are pretty dangerous."
The foolishness at issue is being perpetrated by U.S. Rep. Michele Bachmann, R-Minn. Bachmann and a small group of House Republicans are fanning the flames on a conspiracy theory that Abedin is possibly connected via her family to the Muslim Brotherhood, and that group is attempting to gain access to high levels of the U.S. government.
It's important for Republican congressional leadership to push back against extremists — especially when they are members of their own party.


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
December 14, 2017
Vermont Business Magazine
The craft distilling industry continues to grow across the country with premium gin and rum products making huge headway in the market. Spirits of Old Bennington owner, Ken Lorenz, was keeping pace as a one-man show, but realized that he had reached a tipping point and to grow his business needed help.
Spirits of Old Bennington was incorporated in 2014. In 2016, Founder and Distiller Ken Lorenz opened his Tasting Room in the old Vermont Tissue Mill at 1514 N Bennington Rd in North Bennington. Lorenz, an engineer and project manager, launched the business while still working his day job. Today, Lorenz works at the distillery full time and has distribution in Vermont and New York with his signature products Sedition Gin, Covered Bridge Rum and Kilted Wheat Whiskey on the shelves of 40 stores in Vermont and 11 stores in New York.In the summer of 2017 he reached out to Dr Jeb Gorham, Associate Professor and Director of Southern Vermont College's Sustainable Ventures Program. Gorham and his students worked with Ken on his original business model and plan in 2013 as a class project. Lorenz was in search of internship support, but Gorham offered to one-up his offer. Gorham and his Business Division colleague, Dr. Stacey Hills, who both work as professors and industry practitioners agreed to discuss opportunities for them to become involved with the Distillery, offering years of experience and expertise in business growth, branding and marketing. The partnership was a no-brainer.The trio tested their team chemistry throughout early fall 2017 and officially signed a Standard Operating Agreement on December 1st where Lorenz, Gorham and Hills will move forward as partners. Gorham and Hills have become cofounders where Hills will serve as Brand Marketing Strategist and Gorham as Business Growth Strategist. Hills earned a Bachelor�s degree from Russell Sage College and a Ph.D. in Management from RPI.Stacey spent ten years as an academician at Utah State University before joining SVC as Business Division Chair and Associate Professor in 2013. Her expertise in branding and marketing make her a valuable asset to the team.Gorham worked in the Fitness, Health and Wellness industry for over ten years before joining SVC in 2011. Jeb holds degrees from Skidmore College and the University of Maryland, College Park in science-related fields and a Ph.D. in Sport and Exercise Science � Sport Administration from the University of Northern Colorado. Gorham is the ideas guy and always thinking about how to reframe business directions and create the successful pivot.Lorenz has renewed energy and said, �After years pushing this business forward on my own I have finally found partners that fit my goals and ambitions. Finding co-founders is tricky, after seeing the work that Jeb and Stacey have done over that last few years I was very excited to have them join me. I am looking forward to fresh ideas and new focus on our brand.�Moving forward the team has lofty goals. There are plans for facility expansion into additional space at the current North Bennington Distillery, a strategic focus on premium gin and rum product lines, a new product line of canned cocktails, expanded distribution and a full overhaul of the brand and marketing tactics. Things are headed in the right direction as the Distillery was recently nominated for Vermont SBA�s MicroEnterprise of the Year.Currently, the Distillery�s tasting room is opened for weekend tours and events where locals and visitors can experience craft spirits that embody the complex character of our region. From game nights to new product testing, the distillery offers a unique social scene. On any Saturday night you can expect to see the regulars and new faces engaged in conversation as Ken mixes cocktails, gives impromptu tours and shares new artisanal creations like his citrus, floral and hopped gin test batches.Founded in 2014, Spirits of Old Bennington is a Southern Vermont Distillery focused on Distilling Vermont Traditions to Perfection. Spirits of Old Bennington was born out of Vermont�s "Revolutionary" traditions. Our spirits embody the complex character of our region. The ghosts of Vermont�s past and our agricultural roots guide our crafting of the highest quality artisanal spirits. From battlefields to taverns to the covered bridges that gave cover to Prohibition-era bootleggers, we engage local farmers, artists and innovative businesses to establish our supply chain for ingredients and build our brand. In true revolutionary spirit and like the Green Mountain Boys, SOB is storming the craft distilling market with our premium, unique-flavored gins, rums and cocktails.


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Towards a new EU law on Tobacco Products19 December 2012
by eub2 -- last modified 19 December 2012
The European Commission on 18 December adopted a landmark proposal to revise the EU Tobacco Products Directive. The proposal is a substantial revision of the current EU law and proposes new and strengthened rules on tobacco products.
What is regulated in the current Tobacco Products Directive?
The current Tobacco Products Directive, adopted in 2001, replacing the original Directive of 1989, foresees measures on the manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco products. Tobacco Products include cigarettes, roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco, pipe tobacco, cigars, cigarillos as well as various forms of smokeless tobacco. The Directive sets maximum limits for tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide yields of cigarettes and obliges manufacturers to report on the ingredients they use. It bans oral tobacco and the use of misleading descriptors such as 'light', 'mild', or 'low tar'. Health warning messages have to appear on tobacco products. A library of pictorial warnings has been developed to complement the textual warnings and is being used by an increasing number of Member States.
Why is the Commission revising the Tobacco Products Directive?
The main objective of the revision is to improve the functioning of the internal market, whilst assuring a high level of public health. Since the adoption of the Tobacco Products Directive in 2001, several market, scientific and international developments have taken place. For example, new evidence on flavourings used in tobacco products and effectiveness of health warnings has become available. In some areas, laws differ substantially between Member States who have taken different regulatory approaches. New products such as electronic cigarettes have entered the market and some of the current provisions of the Directive have become outdated. The legislative proposal aims at making tobacco products and tobacco consumption less attractive, and thus to discourage young people from starting to smoke.
Furthermore, the EU and all Member States are parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) which entered into force in February 2005 and entails a legal obligation to implement the Convention.
Finally, both the Council and the European Parliament have repeatedly called for a revision of the current Directive.
Is tobacco a major health issue in the EU and worldwide ?
Yes. Every year, smoking kills almost 700,000 people in Europe (a city the size of Frankfurt), making tobacco consumption the largest avoidable health risk. Millions of EU citizens suffer from diseases associated with smoking, including cancers, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Around 50% of smokers die prematurely on average 14 years earlier and smokers have more life years that are characterised by poor health condition. At global level, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that currently tobacco use is killing nearly six million people each year. This figure could reach eight million by 2030 if steps are not taken to reverse this worrying trend.
The Commission is committed to a strong tobacco control policy to ensure a high level of public health in the EU internal market. With tobacco being highly addictive, it is important to prevent young people from taking up tobacco use. 70% of the smokers start before the age of 18 and 94% before the age of 25 years.
What is the main content of the revision?
The proposal foresees major revisions of the current Directive. It addresses in particular the following areas and provisions:
- Ingredients: A harmonised electronic reporting format for ingredients and emissions will be introduced. The proposal foresees a prohibition for cigarettes, roll your own (RYO) tobacco and smokeless tobacco products with characterising flavours and a prohibition of products with additives which increase its toxicity and addictiveness.
- Labelling and Packaging: All cigarette and RYO packages must carry a combined picture and text health warning covering 75% of the front and the back of the package, including information on cessation services. Promotional elements are prohibited. Certain aspects of the pack and cigarette appearance are standardised, e.g. the size of a cigarettes packet to ensure the full visibility of pictorial warnings. The current information on tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide is replaced by an information message on the side of the pack. Member States remain free to introduce plain packaging in duly justified cases.
- Smokeless tobacco: The ban on oral tobacco products (snus) is maintained except for Sweden which has an exemption pursuant to its Accession Treaty. All smokeless tobacco products must carry health warnings on both sides. Novel tobacco products must comply with the Directive and require prior notification before being placed on the market.
- Extension of the product scope of the Directive: Nicotine Containing Products (e.g. electronic cigarettes) below a certain nicotine threshold are allowed on the market, but must feature health warnings; products above this threshold are only allowed if authorised as medicinal products like nicotine replacement therapies (e.g. nicotine patches). Herbal products for smoking (e.g. herbal cigarettes) will have to carry health warnings.
- Cross border distance sales: Retailers engaging in cross-border distance sales must notify their activities to the competent authorities and must introduce age verification mechanisms.
- Illicit trade: A tracking and tracing system and security features (e.g. holograms) are foreseen.
For a comparison of the new proposal versus the current Directive, please see the table in the Annex.
What are the rules for pipe tobacco, cigars and cigarillos?
All tobacco products are covered by the Tobacco Products Directive. However, pipe tobacco, cigars and cigarillos are currently not used in significant quantities for smoking initiation. Therefore the proposal foresees less stringent rules for these products, e.g. no mandatory pictorial health warnings and no prohibition of characterizing flavours. This exemption will be removed if there is a substantial change in circumstances (in terms of sales volumes or prevalence level among young people).
Will cigarette packages be different in the future?
Yes. The proposal foresees mandatory picture warnings on the front and the back of a package covering 75% of the respective surfaces. On the lateral sides further health warnings ("smoking kills – quit now"; "tobacco smoke contains over 70 substances known to cause cancer" etc…) will be added covering 50% of the respective surfaces. Considering the entire surface of a cigarette package, this means that health warnings will cover less than 60% of the total surface. In addition the cigarette manufacturers will have to comply with obligations on tracking and tracing, security features and tax stamps. For normal cigarette packages this means that 30% of the package will remain for branding, unless a Member State opts for plain packaging and can justify its choice.
Is the Commission proposing to keep the ban on snus (oral tobacco)?
Yes. In the EU, oral tobacco (including snus) has been banned since 1992. Sweden has an exemption under its Accession Treaty. Snus is addictive and has adverse health effects. Already before 1992, a number of Member States had started banning the product taking into account its significant growth potential and attractiveness for young people. In the public consultation preceding the legislative proposal most Member States rejected the idea of lifting the ban on snus. Snus could be an entry gate for new smokers developing a tobacco/nicotine addiction, while established smokers could engage in dual use (cigarettes and snus). The decision not to lift the ban is also in line with the recommendation of the Swedish National Institute of Public Health.
Will the new law ban flavourings – like menthol – and other ingredients?
The proposal will not ban specific flavourings but prohibits tobacco products with a so-called characterising flavour, including menthol. Concretely, menthol in small quantities can be used, but not in large quantities, which give the tobacco product a distinguishable flavour other than tobacco. Test panels will assist the Member States and the Commission to decide whether or not a product has such a characterising flavour. Additives which are necessary for the manufacture of tobacco products can continue to be used. This includes sugar. The proposal does not discriminate between tobacco varieties such as Virginia, Burley or Oriental tobacco.
Will the new Tobacco Products Directive increase the fight against illicit trade?
Yes. The legislative proposal contains strong measures against illicit tobacco products to ensure that only products complying with the Directive are sold in the EU. The Directive introduces a tracking and tracing system for the legal supply chain and security features which should facilitate law enforcement and empower consumers to detect illicit products. The proposal also raises the awareness of consumers that illicit products are sold by organised crime. Tobacco products other than cigarettes and RYO are granted a transitional period of five years.
Is the Commission proposing to ban cross-border distance sales?
No. Nevertheless the issue needs to be tackled as it has been observed that products bought e.g. via the internet are often not compatible with the rules set out in the Directive (i.e. labelling and ingredients). The proposal foresees that retailers that wish to sell tobacco products cross-border must notify their activity prior to the first sale to the Member State in which they are located and in those to which they sell tobacco products. .They also must ensure that tobacco products are not sold to children and adolescents.
Is this proposal about smoking in public places?
No. Though the European Commission supports the introduction of smoke free environments, decision on this issue remains a competence of the Member States. At EU level, smoke free environments are addressed only in a Council Recommendation on Smoke Free Environments of 2009. The Commission will report on how Member States are implementing this Recommendation in the first half of 2013.
How will the proposal affect the health of EU citizens? Who will benefit from the revision?
All citizens will benefit from the revision foreseen as they will receive more accurate information about the products. Young people will be discouraged from taking up tobacco consumption, as the possibilities to render the products "attractive" will be limited. Current tobacco users will benefit from the measures proposed in the Directive as they will be in a better position to take informed decisions about the products and on quitting if they so wish and thus benefit in terms of health.
Governments and the society as a whole will benefit from improved public health such as more healthy life years. Apart from being a value in its own right and of great importance to all citizens, a healthy population is essential for productivity and prosperity and a key factor for economic growth. Annual EU public healthcare expenditure on treating smoking attributable diseases is - on a conservative basis - estimated to amount to 25,3 bn EUR. In addition, society loses 8,3 bn EUR per year due to productivity losses (including early retirements/deaths and absenteeism) linked to smoking. The burden on governments to implement international commitments and regulations will be reduced as Member States will benefit from learning from each other's experiences.
Manufacturers of tobacco products will benefit from clearer rules, an improved functioning of the internal market and a level playing field. The new rules take particular account of the specific needs of small and medium-sized companies.
What are the next steps?
The legislative proposal will be transferred to the Council and the European Parliament, the European institutions responsible for adopting binding legislation. Ideally, the new Directive will be adopted no later than 2014 and would come into effect from 2015-2016.
Policy Area
Current situation
Packaging and Labelling
Sales arrangements
Cross-border distance sales of tobacco
Regulation left to MS, nine MS prohibit internet sales of tobacco. (10)
Retailers that wish to sell tobacco products cross-border must notify the country of origin and destination to facilitate enforcement. They must also ensure the age of the purchaser is verified at sale.
Tracking and tracing
2 : BE, DK, ES, FR, LT, MT, RO, UK; IE, HU from 2013
3 : FR bans use of promotional elements on packs.
6 : UK has minimum pack size of 10, IT requires pack size of 10 or 20, LV, SI prohibit sale of single cigarettes
9 : e.g. positive lists in BE, FR, RO, UK, negative list in LT, combination in BG, CZ, DE, HU, SK; other provisions in FI, FR, ES, PL, SE. BE bans ingredient capable of coloring the smoke blue, DE bans use of flavored capsules.
Source: European Commission


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Main Content
Mission and Vision
The Indiana Charter School Board ("ICSB") adopted a 5-Year Strategic Plan in June 2012 and has established the following vision, mission and guiding principles to direct the activities of the ICSB. To read the ICSB's 2012-2017 Strategic Plan, please click here.
The ICSB's vision is that students throughout Indiana have access to high-performing public schools.
The ICSB's mission is to authorize and hold accountable a portfolio of high-performing charter schools in which students achieve high levels of growth and graduate prepared for college and careers.
Guiding Principles
Students First. When performing its duties, the ICSB always assesses whether its actions will further the best interests of students.
High Expectations. The ICSB expects the charter schools it authorizes to set high academic achievement expectations, develop strong plans for family and community engagement, and adhere to high ethical standards for students, staff and board members. Similarly, the ICSB establishes high performance expectations, engagement plans and ethical standards for itself.
Excellence in Leadership. Operating a high-performing charter school requires excellent leadership from school boards and staff. The ICSB authorizes schools that can demonstrate strong leadership at both the school governance and administrative levels.
Commitment to Innovation. The ICSB is particularly interested in operators that show strong potential to accelerate student success through dramatically different school models, instructional strategies, uses of technology, staffing models, governance arrangements, family and community engagement strategies, and other approaches.
Rigorous and Transparent Accountability. The ICSB holds schools accountable for performance through rigorous and transparent accountability mechanisms that uphold schools' autonomy, foster excellence, and protect student and public interests. In turn, the ICSB is held to a high performance bar by the State Board of Education.


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The Alzheimer's Association is proud to win 2008 Caregiver Friendly Awards for Senior Housing Finder and Coach Broyles' "Playbook."
The Alzheimer's Association Senior Housing FinderSM, powered by SNAPforSeniors®, is an online tool designed to help find care that meets the needs of individuals with dementia. It's free and provides detailed listings of licensed residences throughout the United States that offer services for residents with dementia.
Learn more about Senior Housing Finder >>
"Coach Broyles' Playbook for Alzheimer's Caregivers" tackles the challenges of caregiving. Written by Frank Broyles, former Athletic Director of the University of Arkansas Razorbacks, the "Playbook" is a how-to guide written for those who care for someone with Alzheimer's.
The Caregiver Friendly Awards are presented by Today's Caregiver to celebrate outstanding books, media, products and services designed with the best interest of the family caregiver and his or her loved one in mind.


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Forms Jobs
The NCDOT Bicycle and Pedestrian Planning Grant Initiative allows municipalities across the state the opportunity to develop comprehensive bicycle and pedestrian plans. The program is intended to reach and benefit a broad spectrum across the state, including municipalities with varied populations, race, and median income.
Each year $400,000 is available to award 12 to 18 Bicycle or Pedestrian Planning Grants. Federal planning funds (SPR - State Planning and Research) administered by the Transportation Planning Branch are combined with recurring state funds provided by the NC General Assembly. A local match is required ranging from 20% to 50%, depending on the population of the town or city receiving a grant. Pedestrian plans range in cost from $25,000 to $95,000, while bicycle plans range in cost from $25,000 to $190,000.
The deadline for submission of applications is December 5, 2012, at 5:00 p.m.
For more information and to apply, please visit the NCDOT Planning Grant Initiative page (opens in a new page).
These documents require the
free Adobe Reader; download it from the Adobe web site.
Receive E-Mail Notification When New Information is Posted on this PageAs a member, enjoy the benefits of MyCityofWS, including your choice of newsletters, and notifications about events and site updates. Login and Manage Your Subscriptions Now.


text:
For the second consecutive season, Miami Dolphins left tackle Jake Long will end his season on injured reserve.
The team confirmed the move on Tuesday. It was reported Monday by NFL.com's Jeff Darlington that the Dolphins feared Long had suffered torn triceps in Sunday's 23-16 loss to the New England Patriots.
Long landed on IR late last season with a torn biceps muscle.
The injury concludes perhaps the worst season of Long's career. According to ProFootballFocus.com, Long is ranked 47th out 75 tackles this season. By comparison, Long was ranked 21st in 2011, second in 2010 and second again in 2009.
The Dolphins now have a very interesting decision on their hands. Long's rookie deal expires at the end of the season and he could become a free agent. It would cost the Dolphins $15 million to retain Long with the franchise tag, an expensive move for a player who might be in decline.
Then again, Long plays a premium position, is still just 27 and is sure to attract plenty of attention if he reaches free agency. The Dolphins might do well to lock up the four-time Pro Bowler and give themselves another season to evaluate a potentially longer investment.
Follow Dan Hanzus on Twitter @DanHanzus.


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Wasn't sure where to put this.
England squad: J Anderson, I Bell, P Collingwood, J Dalrymple, A Flintoff, E Joyce, J Lewis, S Mahmood, P Nixon, M Panesar, K Pietersen, L Plunkett, C Read, A Strauss, C Tremlett, M Vaughan.
Vaughan named in squad , and is likely to be captain. Jones dropped for Nixon. Panesar played , although I thought he should have gone to India anyway. Tremlett probably the only other surprise. Oh and Harmison has retired from ODI's.


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Tech Update
Ergonomic Manipulator Allows One Operator to Handle Heavy Loads
Sigco, Inc., an architectural-metal and glass fabricator in Westbrook, ME, recently went in search of an ergonomic manipulator that would adequately address employee-safety concerns while enhancing productivity by being able to handle a wide variety of products, including large, heavy sheetmetal blanks. The result of its search: acquisition of five pneumatically powered 550-lb.-capacity Famatec Friendly ergonomic manipulators from Haeco, Loveland, OH.
"The manipulators precisely counterbalance heavy loads," says Sigco operations manager Jason Tardiff, "allowing one operator to effortlessly suspend, rotate, tilt and transfer product. The units have eliminated worker fatigue and injury as a result of manual lifting."
The firm once required as many as five employees to handle 500-lb. components; now, one operator using a Famatec Friendly manipulator can perform the task. Further, Tardiff explains that an operator can move product more quickly compared to using a previously employed traditional jib crane, which often resulted in awkward movements and swinging of the product.
Haeco offers Famatec Friendly manipulators with load capacity to 1100 lb., a working radius to 20 ft., and with a range of mounting options including column, overhead, track, wheeled or with a free-standing fork-truck transportable base.Haeco: 513/722-1030; www.ergonomicmanipulators.com
See also: Haeco/Famatec
Related Enterprise Zones: Materials/Coatings, Other Processes
Reader Comments
There are no comments posted at this time.


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In general, this is actually not better than the "scrot -d4" command I'm listing it as an alternative to, so please don't vote it down for that. I'm adding this command because xwd (X window dumper) comes with X11, so it is already installed on your machine, whereas scrot probably is not. I've found xwd handy on boxen that I don't want to (or am not allowed to) install packages on. NOTE: The dd junk for renaming the file is completely optional. I just did that for fun and because it's interesting that xwd embeds the window title in its metadata. I probably should have just parsed the output from file(1) instead of cutting it out with dd(1), but this was more fun and less error prone. NOTE2: Many programs don't know what to do with an xwd format image file. You can convert it to something normal using NetPBM's xwdtopnm(1) or ImageMagick's convert(1). For example, this would work: "xwd | convert fd:0 foo.jpg". Of course, if you have ImageMagick already installed, you'd probably use import(1) instead of xwd. NOTE3: Xwd files can be viewed using the X Window UnDumper: "xwud <foo.xwd". ImageMagick and The GIMP can also read .xwd files. Strangely, eog(1) cannot. NOTE4: The sleep is not strictly necessary, I put it in there so that one has time to raise the window above any others before clicking on it. Show Sample Output
commandlinefu.com is the place to record those command-line gems that you return to again and again. That way others can gain from your CLI wisdom and you from theirs too. All commands can be commented on, discussed and voted up or down.
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text:
Priests slain, injured in Phoenix attack identified
PHOENIX — A 28-year-oldpriest was shot and killed and another wounded at a Catholic church Wednesday near the state Capitol, a police spokesman said.
Police were responding to a burglary call shortly after 9 p.m. at the Mother of Mercy Mission, Sgt. Steve Martos said.
The Diocese of Phoenix released a statement early Thursday identifying the slain priest as Father Kenneth Walker, who is listed as associate pastor at the Mother of Mercy Mission.
Father Joseph Terra, the pastor, was identified as the priest who survived but remained in critical but stable condition, according to the statement.
"We are stunned and deeply saddened to learn of the tragic assault perpetrated last night against Fr. Joseph Terra and Fr. Kenneth Walker, two religious order priests who belong to the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter," the statement said.
Police said early Thursday morning that Terra, 56, was "physically harmed" but not stabbed or shot.
Terra called 911, police said.
Police collected physical evidence from the church, but investigators are desperately seeking more information about the crimes, said Phoenix Police Chief Daniel V. Garcia at a Thursday news conference.
Garcia and the politicians and Catholic leaders who joined him each asked for the public's continued support of the victims and for information that could help investigators solve the crime.
"We need our community to step forward," Garcia said. "If you saw anything, please call the Phoenix Police Department."
Father David Sanfilippo, vicar general at St. Catherine of Siena Catholic Church, said that he had spoken to Terra on Thursday morning, and said he was able to speak, and said Terra told him it is all in the hands of God.
Though police initially responded to a burglary call, a spokesman said Thursday morning that investigators do not know the true nature of the encounter.
At the news conference, Phoenix Mayor Greg Stanton voiced his disbelief that someone could commit such a crime inside a church.
"Every American should feel safe in a house of worship," said Stanton.
A car that police were seeking in connection with the attack was found about four blocks north of the church, Martos said. It was spotted by KPNX-TV reporter Chris Williams, who alerted police.
The car was unoccupied when it was found, and Martos said no suspects have been arrested.
Parishioners from Mother of Mercy Mission attended Mass on Thursday morning at St. Catherine of Siena Catholic Church, where they mourned the loss of their priest. They said that the news of his death and Terra's injuries shocked the close-knit community, many of whom go Mass daily at the mission.
Kirsten Duarte, a parishioner at Mother of Mercy Mission, said she knew Walker well.
"He was very kind, very sweet and a little quirky," Duarte said. "It's a great loss for the community."
Parishioners said that they wanted to be at Terra's side for his recovery, and said that he had always been there for them in times of need.
Many said that both priests had visited their homes for dinner and other occasions, and said they both dedicated their lives to serving the community.
During the Mass, Father Alonso Saenz struggled to find words to describe the loss, and broke down in tears for his fellow priests.
Saenz said the night was very difficult, mostly spent in the hospital with the two. He said that he had given the Apostolic Blessing to Walker when he died, and continued to ask the community for prayers for Walker's soul, and for Terra's recovery.
Parishioners from St. Catherine of Siena shared in the grief, and said they wanted to show their support for the grieving church members.
"My daughter goes to St. Catherine's Catholic School, and when I heard what happened, I woke her up to come to Mass and pay our respects," said Donna Rodriguez, a parishioner at St. Catherine of Siena. "We're here to show our support for the church. This hit us really hard, it's a sad day for the Catholic Church."
David Stender was the Grand Knight in the Knights of Columbus chapter in the area, and said that he and the community will remember Walker by his acts of charity, especially for the homeless.
"He really helped out the community," Stender said. "He would open up the church to the homeless so they could come in when the weather was bad."
Stender stressed that for parishioners at Mother of Mercy Mission, life revolved around the church, and many members attended the services every day.
"We really feel like one large family, and they are the leaders of that family," Stender said.
While Stender said he and his community were devastated at the loss, he hoped he would find comfort remembering the life that Walker lived.
"If there was ever a person prepared for heaven, Father Walker was a good candidate," Stender said.
Marsha Livingston worked as the bookkeeper at Mater Misericordiae Mission and her husband knew Walker through the Knights of Columbus. On Thursday morning, she could not wrap her head around the fact that Walker had died, she said.
Livingston saw Walker a few times each week when she was at the church, and she said he was "just a wonderful young man." Livingston said Walker was very involved with the children at the church and was very loved by those who attended his church.
"He was very dedicated to Christ, his church and to his parishioners," she said.
Livingston described Walker as being warm and generous. She said the last thing he told her when she saw him Monday was "humility is everything."
"He gets to see Jesus today, and that's the only good thing about today," she said.
Walker was an ordained priest in the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter. He graduated from Our Lady Seat of Wisdom Academy, a Catholic seminary located in Ontario, Canada. Walker was one of the first graduates to be ordained into priesthood. He was ordained in 2012 in Nebraska, according to information from Our Lady Seat of Wisdom Academy.
Sanfilippo said that the loss has been very difficult for fellow clergy, and said they are grateful for the people of the parish who have reached out in support.
"It is all in the hands of God," Sanfilippo said. "Even in all of this sadness, we are promised resurrection."
Sanfilippo said he hopes the people responsible will turn themselves in.
"For those who seek God's forgiveness, the Lord is merciful," Sanfilippo said.


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Richard is a 76-year-old retired musician, piano technician, and graduate of the New England Conservatory of Music. After a severe battle with ulcerative colitis in his middle years that resulted in an ileostomy (removal of the diseased colon and surgical connection of the ileum to an opening in the abdominal wall), he now enjoys an active retirement in Florida. Richard shares his trials with and triumphs over this disease.
Richard: That's hard to say. I've had digestive problems all of my life-mainly stomach problems, pains in the gastrointestinal area, and nausea. But when I was in my early to mid-forties, I started having a lot of diarrhea...stubborn diarrhea that would last a week at a time. It would come back every so often, and this made it really difficult when I was working. I might be tuning a piano in someone's house and have to ask to use the bathroom, and it was embarrassing. Or I might be playing in the band and have to go. Eventually, it got so severe that I lost a lot of weight-at my worst I got down to about 96 pounds! I got so weak one day that I couldn't get out of bed and my wife had to call an ambulance to take me to the hospital.
Richard: When I was about 50. I had been trying to control the problem with nonprescription antidiarrheal medications like Kaopectate, but the problem had become chronic. I had all kinds of tests-endoscopic procedures and lower GI series.
Richard: Well, at first it was just hard to believe. I thought that there would be a cure. But I ended up in the hospital for a month and nothing they did really helped, so my doctor said I needed surgery-an ileostomy. I've heard of people having some real emotional problems with this, and knew someone who had to get psychiatric help because he and his wife were having such a hard time dealing with it. But I actually wasn't too worried-I just didn't want the disease or the surgery to put me out of commission. I wanted to be able to function at work and live a normal life. And when I was in the hospital, I was so sick that I was relieved that they could do something about it-even if it meant major surgery.
Richard: Well, I had a lot of stress because I worked a lot-tuning pianos during the day and playing in a band at night. I also have a nervous temperament. Then my father died suddenly, as did another relative, and my daughter got sick. It was a bad year. I also was taking medication for a tooth problem, and right after that, the colitis got worse. I always think that had something to do with it.
Richard: While I was in the hospital, I had cortisone-the upper limits of it for about 10 weeks. It puffed up my face and ankles. I took another medicine -I think it was some type of drug that the Chinese use, but I can't remember the name of it. But it helped to soothe the inflammation before I ate. I received lots of electrolytes too-I had IVs in both arms. All of my treatment was in the hospital. Before that, I just took nonprescription antidiarrheal medication.
Richard: I tried everything-taking vitamins, being careful with what I ate. I stayed away from roughage (fiber), but that might've been a mistake-I'm not sure. I drank more milk because, years ago, the thought was that it was good for ulcerative conditions. But that's not recommended anymore.
Richard: Not really. Only from my family. Although I did have a musician friend who had gone through the same thing who visited me before and after the surgery. He gave me a pep talk and then explained how to use the ileostomy equipment.
Richard: Well, at first there was a lot of embarrassment. You tend to think you're a freak. The doctor told me I wasn't a freak and that I wasn't the only one in the world who had an ileostomy. I guess I adjusted well compared to others. The hardest part was the physical adjustment-the routine of having to eliminate. But it became second nature after a while-no big deal. In the hospital several people showed me how to use the equipment I needed. The people who actually had ileostomies were the best teachers though. I learned a lot through trial and error. And some equipment is better than others.
I had to adjust to getting back into life. I had to time what I was doing in order to change the ileostomy bag. I was lucky that I had a job where I could come and go as I pleased, but I imagine it might be tough for someone with a strict work schedule. And I had to prepare for emergencies, and what I'd do when I was playing in the band.
Richard: I'm feeling very good-as normal as I should at this age. I'm having no trouble with the ileostomy. Certain foods bother me sometimes, like if I eat too many vegetables-something that's good for most people. But with an ileostomy, the stools are looser.
Richard: Well today I think they have better methods so that they probably don't have to use surgery so much. I would advise people having a problem to see their doctor as soon as possible-and make sure they get a good doctor. See what methods are available besides surgery. Also, know that it's a problem that can be handled, so try not to be too upset. Get care, help from the people around you.
One thing that really helped was humor.When I got home from the hospital my kids used to laugh at me because I was eating all the time. They could hear me out in the kitchen munching or tearing the wrappers off of something-and I was so skinny! I never have fully recovered my normal weight which used to be between 145-150 pounds. I'm about 25 pounds lighter.
One good thing that came out of this is that when I was in the hospital for so long, I gave up smoking because they wouldn't let me smoke. I had smoked since I was a teenager. But two things especially impressed me to quit. I was in intensive care and one of my roommates had an operation for lung cancer and he was a mess. He died shortly after, but I remember him saying to his wife "Smoking wasn't worth it." Another roommate had emphysema from smoking, and I listened to him coughing, hacking and fighting to breathe. So I quit!
Interviews were conducted in the past and may not reflect current standards and practices in medicine. Talk to your doctor to learn more about how this condition is diagnosed and managed today and what treatment approaches are right for you.


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What: Red Fox Run
When: 9 p.m. Thursday
Where: hi-dive, 7 S. Broadway, Denver, 303-733-0230
Cost: $6
More info: hi-dive.com
Red Fox Run are on the verge of releasing an EP titled Skeletons, the follow-up to the Denver indie rock band's debut, [take]ctrl.
The concept is a little sadder than you'd expect, coming from such a positive, earnest band that dedicates part its time to charity work, but it wraps up in an uplifting way. We talked to singer and rhythm guitarist Daniel Rondeau about the EP and the importance of community.
So, you're working on a new EP. Tell me about it.
Well, this is our first recording that we've done with a label, so it's our first time working with producers. It's a concept album and we put songs together just for the album. The whole theme of it is hiding skeletons, kind of, and then it resolves in how those things that you hide, when you take them out into the light, it can turn into something beautiful.
It was something we were going through together as a band. This has been a struggling last six months. Right after we finished recording the last album, we lost two band members. One was a very hurtful exchange and the other was very understanding, but still hurt. So, a lot of the album reflects that, I think.
It sounds like it ends happily, though.
Yeah, it starts out with the theme — like the first song is called "Skeletons" and it's just about us hiding all that crap. And as the story progress, the third song, "Bless Your Bones," talks about letting those skeletons out, and then the skeletons come out and start dancing, and it's a beautiful thing. It's kind of a weird story.
Toward the end, we're talking about — something is wrong and we're realizing where the problem is and that we can heal ourselves. And the last song is where we can figure it out and move forward.
Our first album [take]ctrl — there's such a night and day difference between how gritty we sounded live and on [take]ctrl. Skeletons captured our grungier side. We're influenced by Fugazi and Cage the Elephant.
Do you still have time for your charitable causes?
We've been working a lot on this album lately, but yeah. We love music enough to do it alone, but there's not much purpose if it's not going to be serving a greater cause.
We really have a heart for community development and I personally have a big heart for the youth of Denver. I work for flobots.org. We're almost three years old — wow — and we're trying to figure out what kind of niche we fit in and how we can serve the community and what kind of potential we have to give. We're giving a little here and there and we're trying to know our neighbors and the neighborhood we're in. We practice in the West Colfax area and we'll have our neighbors come over and have a few beers with us. We'll have house shows and stuff like that.
So has Denver been treating you well, then?
It's been kind of up and down. Sometimes I feel like there are a lot of venues that take the music scene seriously, but there are also a lot of music venues that don't. Sometimes we get a little bit down with how there are a lot of people in the Denver music scene that are all talk.
We're finding our niche with people that are serious and using the music to do something substantial in the community, and Flobots is one of them.
So what comes after the EP release?
We're planning on touring. We're not sure where yet, but we're looking at touring the end of summer. Until then, we really want to play for all the little small towns around Denver. They don't get catered to as much as we do out here, where there are four shows every night that you can choose to go to.


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One of the key tenets in good software deisgn is to separate the design of your product from it's implementation.
In some industries, this is much harder to do. When designing a physical product, the structural strength & capabilities of the material being used must be taken into account. There's a reason most bridges have large columns of concrete and steel going down into the water below. From a design perspective, it'd be much better to not have these pillars, thereby disturbing the natural environment less and allowing shipping to pass more easily.
Photo by NJScott. An example of design being (partially) dictated by implementation.
Once you start looking for places where the implementation has "bubbled up" to the design, you start seeing them all over the place. For example, my analogue wristwatch has a date ticker. Most date tickers have 31 days, which means manual adjustment is required after a month with fewer than 31 days. I'm prepared to live with this. However, the date ticker on my watch is made up of two independent wheels - and it climbs to 39 before rolling over, which means manual intervention is required every month! What comes after day 39? day 00 of course!
It's easy to understand why this would be the case - it's much simpler to create a simple counting mechanism that uses two rollers and wraps around at 39 than it is to create one that wraps at the appropriate dates. I have yet to see an analogue wristwatch that accounts for leap-years.
Software engineers have a much easier time; our materials are virtual - ideas, concepts and pixels are much easier to manipulate than concrete and steel. However, there are still limitations imposed on us - for example data can only be retrieved at a certain speed. Hardware often limits the possibilities open to us as programmers. However, these limitations can often be avoided or disguised. Naive implementations often lead to poor performance. A classic example of this is Microsoft's Notepad application. Notepad will load the entire contents of the file into memory at once, which can take a very long time if the file you are opening is large. What's worse is that it will prevent the user from using the application (notepad hangs, rendering it unusable) while this loading is happening. For example, opening a 30MB text file takes roughly 10 seconds on this machine. This seems particularly silly when you consider that you can only ever see a single page of the data at a time - why load the whole file when such a small percentage of it is required at any one time? I guess the programmers who wrote notepad did not intend for this use case, but the point remains valid: an overly-simple implementation led to poor performance.
The unfortunate state of affairs is that the general population have been conditioned to accept bad software as the norm. There really is no excuse for software that is slow, crashes, or is unnecessarily hard to use. It's not until you use a truly incredible piece of software that you realise what can be achieved. So what needs to change? Two things:
- Developers need to be given the tools we need to make incredible software. These tools are getting better all the time. My personal preference for the Qt frameworks just paid off with the beta release of Qt 4.7 and QT Creator 2.0. I plan on writing about the new "Quick" framework in the future: I anticipate it making a substantial difference to the way UI designers and developers collaborate on UI design and construction.
- Users need to be more discerning and vocal. As an application developers it can be very hard to know what your users think. If you don't get any feedback, are your users happy, or just silent? We need a better way for users to send feedback to developers; it needs to be low-effort fast and efficient.


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Open source doesn't have to mean free of cost, but thanks to the generosity of open source developers many thousands of great applications are free. Why spend money when you don't have to? Though if you like and depend on an app, nothing says thanks like clicking the "Donate" button.
Open source applications have advantages other than free or low cost. The best security products are open source, for example OpenSSH, OpenSSL, GPG, and the iptables firewall. Most commercial products are for Windows only, or sometimes Windows and Mac, while their open source cousins serve Mac, Linux, Unix, and other platforms. In this roundup we look at some good open source apps for securing and rescuing our data on PCs, and for protecting our mobile devices.
Secure delete, data recovery, clone, encrypt
The real gold on any of our computers is our personal data. These fine free open source programs scrub hard disks, undelete, recover data from failing and damaged storage media, and securely encrypt our files.
Darik's Boot and Nuke
Don't let your used computers out the door without first securely erasing all their hard disks. Unless you like being the victim of identity and data theft. Darik's Boot and Nuke, DBAN for short, is operating system-independent and works on IDE, SCSI, and SATA hard drives on x86 and PowerPC systems.
DBAN is easy to use: download and copy it to the bootable media of your choice -- 3.5" diskette, CD/DVD, USB stick, or PXE boot over a network-- fire it up, and let 'er rip. You can wipe all hard disks on a system, or just selected ones. (Replaces BCWipe Total WipeOut, Secure Erase, HDShredder.)


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Darwiniana, nueva serie
versión impresa ISSN 0011-6793versión On-line ISSN 1850-1699
Darwiniana v.45 n.2 San Isidro ago./dic. 2007
Placentation patterns and seed number in fruits of South American Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum (Solanaceae) species
Franco E. Chiarini & Gloria E. Barboza
Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), casilla de correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina; firstname.lastname@example.com (author for correspondence).
Original recibido el 10 de agosto de 2007;
aceptado el 2 de noviembre de 2007
Abstract. Chiarini, F. E. & G. E. Barboza. 2007. Placentation patterns and seed number in fruits of South American Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum (Solanaceae) species.
Thirty-seven South American species representing seven sections of Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum were analyzed. Andromonoecious as well as hermaphrodite species were considered. The length and width of their fruits was measured, and the number of seeds per fruit was counted. Medial cross sections of fresh, ripe fruits were observed with a stereoscopic microscope and illustrated. Six placentation patterns and three types of seeds were described. A relationship among seed number, fruit size, fruit color and sexual system was detected by means of statistical analysis. These results suggest that andromonoecy affects fruit size and placentation patterns, in order to contain a higher number of seeds per fruit.
Keywords. Andromonoecy; Leptostemonum; Placentation; Seed number; Solanum; South America.
Resumen. Chiarini, F. E. & G. E. Barboza. 2007. Patrones de placentación y número de semillas en frutos de especies sudamericanas de Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum (Solanaceae).
Se analizaron 37 especies sudamericanas pertenecientes a siete secciones de Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum. Fueron consideradas tanto especies andromonoicas como hermafroditas. Se midió el ancho y el largo de sus frutos y se contó el número de semillas por fruto. Se estudiaron bajo lupa y se ilustraron cortes por la zona media de frutos frescos maduros. Se describieron seis patrones de placentación y tres tipos de semillas. Mediante análisis estadístico, se detectó una relación entre el número de semillas, el tamaño del fruto, el color del fruto y el sistema sexual. Estos resultados sugieren que la andromonoecia afecta al tamaño del fruto y su patrón de placentación, para contener un mayor número de semillas.
Palabras clave. Andromonoecia; Leptostemonum; Número de semillas; Placentación; Solanum; Sudamérica.
Solanum L. is one of the largest genera among Angiosperms, including about 1100-1400 species (Nee, 1999; Hunziker, 2001; Bohs, 2005) that grow in all kinds of habitats. The largest subgenus within Solanum is Leptostemonum (Dunal) Bitter, with ca. 450 species (Nee, 1999). This subgenus, with nine sections in South America, includes edible species of economic importance (S. melongena L., "Eggplant"; S. sessiliflorum Dunal, "Cocona" or "Cubiu"; S. quitoense Lam., "Naranjilla" or "Lulo"), and also weeds (S. viarum Dunal, "Tropical soda apple"; S. elaeagnifolium Cav., "Silverleaf nightshade"; S. sisymbriifolium Lam., "Sticky nightshade" or "Wild tomato"; S. rostratum Dunal, "Buffalo bur", "Bull thistle" or "Texas thistle").
Several species of Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum have been studied due to their andromonoecy or functional dioecy (Wakhloo, 1975a, b; Anderson, 1979; Dulberger et al., 1981; Coleman & Coleman, 1982; Solomon, 1987; Anderson & Symon, 1989; Diggle, 1991, 1993). The andromonoecy has been linked with fruit type, and a correlation between fruit size and the degree of andromonoecy has been proposed for some species (Whalen & Costich, 1986). Recently, in a study that embraced five species of Solanum sect. Acanthophora and eight of sect. Lasiocarpa, Miller & Diggle (2007) demonstrated that fruit size is positively correlated with the proportion of staminate flowers produced within inflorescences. These authors concluded that andromonoecy is a mechanism to regulate allocation to female function (i.e., fruit production) independently of allocation to male function.
Despite these suggestive previous works, detailed studies on fruit structure of subgenus Leptostemonum are rare. Only some scattered species have been studied (Miller, 1969; Dave et al., 1979; Dottori & Cosa, 1999, 2003), but a comprehensive analysis of the subgenus as a natural group is lacking. With regard to the placentation patterns, only general surveys for Solanaceae (Nee, 1986), and for the genus Solanum (Symon, 1987) are available. This is unfortunate, since the contributions of morphology and anatomy to systematics are widely known, so a study considering any fruit structure would be valuable for Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum. The present work attempts to provide morpho-anatomical information in order for it to be used systematically, and as a contribution to understand the relationship between function and structure in South American species of Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum. Our proposal is that placentation and seed number are influenced by the sexual system.
We analyzed as many species as possible, trying to study at least one species of each section. Thirty seven wild species representing seven sections of Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum were sampled (see appendix 1).
Several phylogenetic approaches have being carried out by different authors (Bohs, 2005; Levin et al., 2005, 2006) in which informal infrageneric grouping (clades) have been defined within Solanum, and probably will be given a formal status (Nee et al., 2006). Meanwhile, we have arranged the species according to the last conventional taxonomic treatment (Nee, 1999) (Table 1). Samples of at least 10 fruits per species (of different individuals, when possible) were taken. The length and width of each fruit were measured with a Vernier calliper, and the number of seeds was counted. Averages of these measurements are detailed in Table 1. Medial cross sections of fresh, ripe fruits were observed in stereoscopic microscope preparations. Placentation patterns are based on these observations and are presented as sketches. Data about the sexual system of the species studied were taken from the literature, and from our own observations in the field (Table 1).
Table 1. Macroscopic and anatomical fruit features of the 37 species of Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum studied. Diameter is given when fruit is spherical, and length and width are given when fruit has another shape. Abbreviations:A, andromonoecious species; H, hermaphrodite species; NS, mean number of seeds per fruit.
Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed in order to detect: a) differences in fruit size and seed number according to epidermis colours, b) differences in fruit size among andromonoecious and hermaphrodite species, and c) differences in seed number among andromonoecious and hermaphrodite species. A linear regression was also conducted to find out whether there is a relationship between fruit size and seeds number. Infostat (2001) was used for the statistical analysis.
The mean size, color, placentation pattern of the fruits, and type and mean number of seeds for each species are summarized in Table 1. Most of the taxa have spherical fruits (i.e. width = length = diameter), with some exceptions like S. hieronymi, which has depressed spherical fruits, S. tenuispinum or S. aridum, with ovoid fruits, and S. mammosum with its anomalous, 3-5 basally lobed fruit.
There are only two species with a hairy pericarp in mature fruits. In S. lycocarpum the hairs are stalked-stellate, while in S. robustum they are simple, non-glandular and 1-3-celled. At the early stages, S. quitoense and S. asperolanatum have a pubescent pericarp that turns glabrous at maturity. The remaining species analyzed are always glabrous.
Mature fruits are of a single color. They can be red, orange or orange-red (e.g. S. capsicoides, S. sisymbriifolium), yellow (most of the species), black or brownish (S. mortonii), dark green (S. bolivianum), greenish yellow (S. platense) or greenish grey (S. comptum, S. euacanthum). In hairy-fruited species, the color is given by the hairs. The fruit of S. lycocarpum is greyish due to its hairs, but the epicarp underneath them is greenish. The same occurs with S. robustum, which has a yellow epidermis.
In general, fruits are small to medium-sized, varying from 0.7 cm (S. consimile) to 4.2 cm (e.g. S. alternatopinnatum, S. aenictum) in diameter, with the exception of the large fruits of S. lycocarpum, which reach ca. 10 cm diameter. The Kruskal-Wallis test put in evidence significant differences (significance level 0.05, Table 2) in width among four colour types, namely, 1) yellow, 2) red, orange or orange-red, 3) brown, dark green or black, 4) greenish yellow or greenish grey. At the same time, andromonoecious species showed significantly larger fruits than the hermaphrodite ones (Table 2).
Table 2. Results of the Kruskal-Wallis tests.
The number of seeds per fruit ranges from 27 (S. consimile) to ca. 370 (S. viarum), exceptionally many more in S. lycocarpum (up to 600) or in S. quitoense (ca. 1400) (Table 1). A significant correlation was found between fruit width and number of seeds (R2 = 0.32, p = 0.0003): the wider the fruit, the higher the number of seeds that it contains (Fig. 1). The Kruskal-Wallis test indicates that there are differences in seeds number among the four color types (significance level 0.05, Table 2), the higher mean (315.51) corresponding to yellow fruits. In addition, andromonoecious species have more seeds per fruit than hermaphrodite ones (Table 2).
Fig. 1. The relationship between fruit size and number of seeds per fruit in 36 species of Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum. Data points are mean values for both variables for each species.
Placentation patterns are presented as sketches in Figs. 2 and 3. All fruits show an axile placentation, the placentas growing from a bicarpellar gynoecium. In all species, a septum between the two carpels is present in the young fruit, but this septum may dissapear at some later stage as the fruit ripens. Exceptionally, all fruits of the only specimen of S. bolivianum analyzed are 3-carpellar (Fig. 2 S). Some fruits with three carpels were also found in S. quitoense and S. marginatum. There are several placentation patterns, and proliferation of the placentas into the locules may occur. Basically, six placentation patterns can be described: 1) bilocular fruit with normal placenta (S. aridum, S. juvenale, Fig. 2 R); 2) bilocular fruit with placentas divided into branches (S. scuticum, S. hieronymi, Fig. 2 H, L); 3) unilocular fruit, due to a septum degeneration, with a single placenta (S. tenuispinum, S. platense, Figs. 2 N, 3 B); 4) unilocular fruit, due to a septum degeneration, with the placentas divided into two erect lobes (e.g., S. viarum, S. aenictum, Fig. 2 M, 2 C); 5) tetralocular fruit, due to the presence of a false septum (S. bonariense, S. guaraniticum, S. lycocarpum, S. quitoense, Figs. 2 B, O, G, 3 F), in which each false locule has a placental branch; 6) fruits with more than 4 false irregular locules, due to false septa, in which the placentas are scarcely differentiated from the pericarp and packed with the seeds (S. variabile, S. consimile, Fig. 2 J, F). The formation of the 4 locules follows the descriptions of Goebel (1905) and Murray (1945).
Fig. 2. Placentation patterns in mature fruits of Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum. The pericarp, septa, placentas and seeds are indicated in white, and the locules, in black. A, S. elaeagnifolium. B, S. bonariense. C, S. atropurpureum.D, S. toldense. E, S. sisymbriifolium. F, S. variabile. G, S. paniculatum. H, S. scuticum. I, S. mortonii. J, S. consimile. K, S. euacanthum. L, S. hieronymi. M, S. viarum. N, S. tenuispinum. O, S. guaraniticum. P, S. incarceratum. Q, S.comptum. R, S. juvenale. S, S. bolivianum. The bar represents 1 cm; all pictures are on the same scale.
Fig. 3. Placentation patterns in mature fruits of Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum. The pericarp, septa, placentas and seeds are indicated in white, and the locules, in black. A, S. capsicoides. B, S. platense. C, S. aenictum. D, S. palinacanthum. E, S. mammosum. F, S. lycocarpum. G, S. quitoense. H, S. multispinum. I, S. urticans. J, S. alternatopinnatum. The bar represents 1 cm; all pictures are on the same scale.
Seeds belong to three types: I. Winged, i.e., a strongly flattened seed, with the seed coat forming a prominent wing, 0.8-2 mm wide (e.g. S. platense, S. capsicoides, S. atropurpureum). II. Rimmed, i.e., a moderately flattened seed, with the seed coat thickened in the margin (e.g. S. homalospermum, S. comptum). III. Bulky, i.e., a slightly flattened or non-flattened lenticular seed, with the seed coat margin not thickened at all (e.g. S. palinacanthum, S. multispinum).
Symon (1987), in his general survey of placentation in the genus Solanum, considered only eight South American species of subgen. Leptostemonum. We performed a wider study on South American species, defining precisely the different placentation patterns. In agreement with the data obtained by Nee (1986) and Symon (1987) in accessions of other parts of the world, our results show that, within Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum, there are diverse placentation patterns apart from the type usually described in Solanaceae (type 1).
The anomalous increase in carpel number found in some individuals has already been noticed in other Solanum species, both in wild and in domesticated ones (Nee, 1986; Symon, 1987), perhaps as a response to pressure for higher seed production. However, the basic condition seems to be axile placentation with a simple septum (type 1), from which the other specialized patterns would have arisen, through different modifications and degrees of complexity of the placentas. On the one hand, unilocular fruits are produced through a separation of the placentas into two erect lobes, with a degeneration of both the septum and the link between the two lobes (type 4). This pattern occurs in other species of sect. Acanthophora and Melongena, as Symon (1987) has already pointed out. In other species with unilocular fruits, the placenta does not divide into two erect lobes, but forms a single spindle-shaped structure (type 3, e.g. S. incarceratum, S. platense, and S. tenuispinum). On the other hand, in bilocular fruits the placentas divide into two branches once. In S. scuticum there is a modification in this sense, this species being the one with the highest number of seeds per fruit in section Torva (Fig. 2 H). Nee (1986) had already noted that the division of the placentas allows an increased production of seeds around the periphery of the branches. Another specialized pattern (type 5) comes from bilocular fruits in which a complete division occurs in the placentas, which forms false septa and results in a 4-locular fruit. All patterns described up to now would be different ways of containing a high number of seeds per fruit. It should be noticed that species with the highest number of seeds are 4-locular or have placentas divided into branches (S. scuticum, S. lycocarpum, S. quitoense).
As Nee (1986) mentioned, placentation patterns should be used with caution when establishing relationships, since they seem to respond quickly to selection constraints on the dispersal syndromes. Nevertheless, the placentation patterns here described may be useful to characterize each species and, in some regards, entire sections of the subgenus. For instance, in sect. Torva placentation patterns 5 or 6 prevail, the seeds being bulky and smooth in all cases. In sect. Acanthophora, placentation patterns 3 or 4 are present, and winged seeds were only found in some species of this section. Section Melongena is more variable since placentation patterns 1, 2, 3 and 5 were observed, and seeds can be bulky or rimmed, smooth or foveolate.
Andromonoecious species tend to concentrate a high number of ovules in a few hermaphrodite flowers (Symon, 1979; Bertin, 1982; Whalen & Costich, 1986; Miller & Diggle, 2007); in consequence, they produce large fruits. In fact, our data on fruit size and its relationship with the sexual system are consistent with the conclusions of Miller & Diggle (2007), who demonstrated a correlation between fruit mass and strength of andromonoecy in species of Solanum sections Acanthophora and Lasiocarpa. Thus, andromonoecy would be an important factor influencing fruit features in Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum. This sexual system is a convergent phenomenon, a homoplasic character that varies secondarily (Whalen, 1984) and appears and disappears within the Solanum clades or natural groups independently (Whalen and Costich, 1986; Levin et al., 2006). The big, manyseeded fruits would be a collateral effect of the andromonoecy strategy, but this sexual system does not affect other fruit traits, such as color or type of seeds. There are andromonoecious species with yellow or red fruits, and with winged or bulky seeds.
Placentation would also be influenced by the sexual system: in several andromonoecious species, placentas divide and turn over, and septa disappear, in order to contain a higher number of seeds. The type of seeds does not seem to be related to any other fruit characteristic (fruit size, fruit color, number of seeds). As Nee (1991) has already reported, different kinds of seeds can be found in species of the same section, probably in response to environmental pressures. On their part, Levin et al. (2005) showed that, within sect. Acanthophora, species that share the same type of seed do not form a natural group.
It is interesting to at least speculate about the means of dispersal of the species here studied, since number and type of seeds, color and especially, size, are important factors in determining the dispersal agents (Van der Pijl, 1982). On one hand, species with big, fleshy fruits (i.e. S. alternatopinnatum, S. robustum, S. lycocarpum, S. quitoense) would be adapted to be dispersed by large vertebrates, such as mammals or parrots. In fact, the comsumption of the fruits of S. lycocarpum by the maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus (Canidae) is one of the few well documented cases of dispersion by large vertebrates in Solanum (Silva & Talamoni, 2003; Almeida Jácomo et al., 2004). On the other hand, big, indehiscent, spongy fruits with bulky seeds (i.e. S. mammosum, S. palinacanthum, S. viarum) are said to be dispersed by drain water after a rainstorm, the spongy tissue being an adaptation to flotation (Nee, 1979, 1991; Bryson & Byrd, 1994; Levin et al., 2005). In addition, Nee (1991) proposed a "shaker" mechanism as the dispersal syndrome for S. capsicoides and S. platense, species with apparently dehiscent, spongy fruits, and with winged seeds. Cipollini & Levey, (1997) and Cipollini et al. (2002) remark that large animals, like mammals, could actually feed on big spongy fruits, since they have a body size enough to tolerate the poisonous glycoalkaloids of these fruits.
In general, brightly colored, few-seeded, juicy fruits that are less than 15 mm in diam., with a thin pericarp and bulky seeds, would be presumably ornithochorous (Van der Pijl, 1982). This would be the case of the majority of species of sect. Torva. In fact, consumption by bats and diurnal birds has been documented for S. granulosoleprosum Dunal (Cáceres & Moura, 2003), a species of subgen. Brevantherum that has similar habit, inflorescence structure, and external fruit appearance.
In the same way, the soft, juicy, red and showy fruits of S. sisymbriifolium would be probably consumed by birds and another vertebrates (Von Reis Altschul, 1975). Although Solanum atropurpureum has also red fruits, in this case such color is combined with a slightly juicy mesocarp and winged seeds. Thus, Nee (1979, 1991) proposed epizoochory by birds as a dispersal mechanism for this species and for S. acerifolium Sendtn., a similar species, since their seeds do not resist the passage through the digestive system of birds.
The indehiscent, small to medium sized, yellow fruits of S. juvenale, S. hieronymi and S. comptum would be also eaten either by birds or by terrestrial vertebrates. In addition, the fruits of S. juvenale would be attractive to consumers, since they have a pleasant odour (Parodi, 1930; our observations). Finally, some species (S. euacanthum, S. homalospermum, S. mortonii) develop the non-capsular dehiscent fruit type (Knapp, 2002; Chiarini & Barboza, in press). The pericap of these fruits cracks irregularly, and their color is dull and unattractive to predators or dispersers.
In recent molecular studies, some species, like S. capsicoides and S. viarum, appear closely related (Levin et al., 2005), but differ notably regarding fruit traits. We tend to think that similarities and differences in fruit features, as placentation patterns, can be due to either ecological or physiological conditions, but are especially due to reproductive conditions, like andromonoecy. Thus, the sexual system would have played a very important role in the subgenus Leptostemonum evolutionary lineages, since it affects not only the reproductive biology of its species (reproductive success, fitness, sexual allocation, etc.), but also the morphology and anatomy (Chiarini & Barboza, sine data.).
Finally, the comparison of our data on placentation and seeds number to the available molecular phylogenies (Bohs, 2005; Levin et al., 2005, 2006) suggests that, in some species, a significant morphological variation is not associated with significant changes in DNA sequences.
Specimen examined
Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. BRAZIL. Santa Catarina. Munic. Monte Castelo, 28º38'12''S, 50º15'06''W, 23-II-06, Barboza et al. 1617 (CORD).
Solanum aenictum C. V. Morton. ARGENTINA. Corrientes. Depto. Santo Tomé, 7-I-2002, Chiarini 536 (CORD).
Solanum albidum Dunal. BOLIVIA. La Paz. Prov. Nor Yungas, 16º 13' 34'' S, 67º 47' 12''W, 25-IV-2006, Barboza et al. 1833 (CORD); Prov. Sud Yungas, near Circuata, 27-IV-2006, Barboza et al. 1853 (CORD).
Solanum alternatopinnatum Steud. ARGENTINA. Misiones. Depto. Iguazú, 29-V-1987, Subils & Moscone 4156 (CORD).
Solanum aridum Morong. ARGENTINA. Córdoba. Depto. Capital, 1-XII-1998, Chiarini 16 (CORD); Salta. Depto. Capital, 19-I-2002, Barboza 331 (CORD).
Solanum asperolanatum Ruiz & Pav. BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz. Prov. M. Caballero, from Comarapa to Laguna Verde, 30-IV-2006, Barboza et al. 1902 (CORD).
Solanum atropurpureum Schrank. ARGENTINA. Corrientes. Depto. Santo Tomé, 7-I-2002, Chiarini 531 (CORD); Depto. Goya, Arroyo Guazú, 29º 50'26''S, 59º 24'24''W, 3-XII-2002, Barboza et al. 355 (CORD).
Solanum bolivianum Rusby. BOLIVIA. La Paz. Prov. Inquisivi, from Quime to Inquisivi, 16º 57' 01'' S, 67º 11' 27''W, 28-IV-2006, Barboza et al. 1856 (CORD).
Solanum bonariense L. ARGENTINA. Entre Ríos. Depto. Gualeguaychú, 33º39'28''S, 58º43'24''W, 28- VII-2005, Chiarini 640 (CORD).
Solanum capsicoides All. ARGENTINA. Corrientes. Depto. Ituzaingó, Isla Apipé Grande, 4-XII-2002, Barboza et al. 394 (CORD); BRAZIL. Santa Catarina. Munic. Trombudo Central, 24-XI-2003, Mentz et al. 274 (CORD, ICN); Munic. Garuva, 24-II-2006, Barboza et al. 1623 (CORD); São Paulo. Munic. Salesópolis, from Salesópolis to Paraibuna, SP 077, km 108.5, 25-II-2006, Barboza et al. 1641 (CORD); Rio de Janeiro. Munic. Rio de Janeiro, Floresta de Tijuca, 15-VII-2003, Barboza et al. s.n. (GUA 48406).
Solanum comptum C. V. Morton. ARGENTINA. Corrientes. Depto. Capital, near the airport, 13-V- 2004, Barboza et al. 999 (CORD); Depto. Capital, Perichón, 29º 24' 34'' S, 58º 45' 09'' W, 13-V-2004, Barboza et al. 1001 (CORD); Depto. San Cosme, 27º 18' 42'' S, 58º 29' 22'' W, 13-V-2004, Barboza et al. 1005 (CORD).
Solanum consimile C. V. Morton. BOLIVIA. Tarija. Prov. Arce, near Aguas Blancas, 30-IX-2001, Barboza et al. 279; Prov. Arce, La Mamora, 22º14' 59''S, 64º34' 55''W, 5-X-2001, Barboza et al. 307 (CORD).
Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. ARGENTINA. Córdoba. Depto. Sobremonte, S. Francisco del Chañar, 9-XII- 2001, Chiarini 565 (CORD).
Solanum euacanthum Phil. ARGENTINA. Córdoba. Depto. Sobremonte, 29º 46'06''S, 64º 34' 03''W, 28-II- 2002, Chiarini et al. 560, 563 (CORD); Neuquén. Depto. Collón Curá, 20-II-2005, Barboza et al. 1181 (CORD).
Solanum guaraniticum A. St.-Hil. ARGENTINA. Corrientes. Depto. Santo Tomé, 7-I-2002, Chiarini 532 (CORD); Misiones. Depto. Capital, 27º23'29''S, 55º53'35''W, 7-XII-2002, Barboza et al. 404 (CORD); Depto. Gral. San Martín, 26º59'08''S, 54º41'36''W, 28- III-2004, Barboza et al. 922 (CORD).
Solanum hieronymi Kuntze. ARGENTINA. La Rioja. Depto. Chilecito, Puesto Las Trancas, 19-II-2003, Barboza et al. 569 (CORD); Córdoba. Depto. San Javier, Yacanto, 9-I-1996, Cosa 266 (CORD); Depto. Rio II, Colazo, 23-VI-1983, Hunziker et al. 3674 (CORD); San Luis. Depto. Chacabuco, Concarán, 17-II-1989, Hunziker et al. 25332 (CORD).
Solanum homalospermum Chiarini. ARGENTINA. Córdoba. Depto. Sobremonte, 29°46'34'' S, 63°59'59'' W, 29-XI-2001, Chiarini 505 (CORD).
Solanum incarceratum Ruiz & Pav. BRAZIL. São Paulo. Munic. Itú, estrada Itú-Jundiaí, 25º 15'36''S, 47º 15'34''W, 29-VI-03, Marcondes et al. s.n. (CORD 1028).
Solanum juvenale Thell. ARGENTINA. Córdoba. Depto. Capital, 8-XII-2001, Chiarini 504 (CORD); La Pampa. Depto. Toay, 36º 38' 51'' S, 64º 22' 42''W, 19- II-2005, Barboza et al. 1173 (CORD).
Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil. BRAZIL. São Paulo. Munic. Campinas, Fazenda Irazema, 22º48'31''S, 46º55'28''W, 28-VI-2003, Marcondes et al. s.n. (CORD 1031); from Queluz to Areias, Route SP 068, 22º 33' 42'' S, 44º 45' 48''W, 26-II-2006, Barboza et al. 1645 (CORD).
Solanum mammosum L. ECUADOR. Napo. XII-1995, Hunziker s.n. (CORD 1024).
Solanum marginatum L. f. CHILE. V Región. Laguna Verde, 33º 06' 32" S, 71º 39' 09" O, 8-II-2007, Chiapella et al. 1654 (CORD); SPAIN, Canary Islands, 15-VI- 2005, Oberti s.n. (CORD 1040).
Solanum mortonii Hunz. ARGENTINA. Catamarca. Depto. Capayán, 28º 41' 55' S, 66º 02' 53'' W, 23-II- 2003; Barboza et al. 633 (CORD); 28º 42' 23' S, 66º 01' 29''W, 23-II-2003, Barboza et al. 639 (CORD); 28º 34' 56' S, 65º 56' 07'' W, 23-II-2003, Barboza et al. 644 (CORD).
Solanum multispinum N. E. Brown. ARGENTINA. Formosa. Depto. Pilcomayo, Laguna Blanca, 25º 07'50''S, 58º 15' 57''W, 14-XII-2002, Barboza et al. 511 (CORD); Route 86, 25º 05'49''S, 51º 18'59''W, 14-XII- 2002, Barboza et al. 520 (CORD).
Solanum palinacanthum Dunal. ARGENTINA. Córdoba. Depto. Capital, 1-VI-2001, Chiarini 465 (CORD); Tucumán. Depto. Famaillá, 1-IV-1977, Hunziker et al. 23081 (CORD); PARAGUAY. Caaguazú. 25º 22'43''S, 56 00'42''W, 12-XII-2002, Barboza et al. 495 (CORD).
Solanum paniculatum L. BRAZIL. São Paulo. Munic. Campinas, Faz. São Martinho, Síncroton, 2-VII-2003, Marcondes et al. s.n. (CORD 1029); PARAGUAY. Caazapá. 26º 11'08''S, 56º 22'14''W, 13-XII-2002, Barboza et al. 500 (CORD).
Solanum aff. paniculatum L. ARGENTINA. Entre Ríos. Depto. Uruguay, Concepción del Uruguay, 28-VII- 2005, Chiarini & Marini 636 (CORD).
Solanum platense Dieckmann. ARGENTINA. Misiones. Depto. San Ignacio, arroyo Macaco, 7-XII- 2002, Barboza et al. 441 (CORD).
Solanum quitoense Lam. COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca. Bogotá, I-2005, Oberti s.n. (CORD 1079) Solanum robustum Wendl. ARGENTINA. Misiones. Depto. Iguazú, Wanda, 11-XII-2002, Barboza et al. 483 (CORD); Corrientes. Depto. Capital, Perichón, 29º 24'34''S, 58º 45'09''W, 5-XII-2002, Barboza et al. 379, 382 (CORD).
Solanum scuticum M. Nee. BRAZIL. São Paulo. Munic. Campinas, Souzas, 28-VI-2003, Marcondes et al. s.n. (CORD 1030); Munic. Salto, near Salto, 29-VI-2003, Barboza et al. s.n. (CORD 1065) ; Rio de Janeiro. Distrito Federal, 17-VII-2003, Barboza et al. 801 (CORD).
Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. ARGENTINA. Córdoba. Depto. Capital, XII-1998, Chiarini 27 (CORD); Salta. Depto. Rosario de Lerma, Corralito, 29-XII-1987, Novara 7363 (CORD).
Solanum tenuispinum Rusby. ARGENTINA. Salta. Depto. Santa Victoria, Baritú, 2-X-2001, Barboza et al. 292 (CORD); Depto. Rosario de Lerma, 24º 58' 15''S, 65º 35' 37''W, 6-III-2002, Negritto et al. 293 (CORD); Catamarca. Depto. Andalgalá, Río Chacras, 27º 23' 01' S, 65º 59' 29'' W, 23-II-2003, Barboza et al. 629 (CORD).
Solanum toldense Matesevach & Barboza. ARGENTINA. Salta. Depto. Santa Victoria, 22º 21' 53'' S, 64º 43' 20'' W, Barboza et al. 281 (MCNS, CORD); Depto. Santa Victoria, 29-XI-2004, Barboza et al. 1086 (CORD).
Solanum urticans Dunal. BOLIVIA. Santa Cruz. Prov. Ichilo, 4 km SW of Buenavista, along the river Surutú, alt. 360 m, 1-V-2006, Barboza et al. 1915 (CORD). Solanum variabile Mart. BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul. Munic. S. Francisco de Paula, 29º19'31''S, 50º07'22''W, 23-XI-2003, Mentz et al. 266 (CORD, ICN)
Solanum viarum Dunal. ARGENTINA. Corrientes. Depto. Santo Tomé, 6-I-2002, Chiarini 533, 537 and 538 (CORD); Depto. Ituzaingó, 14-V-2004, Barboza et al. 1006 (CORD); Misiones. Depto. Gral. Manuel Belgrano, 25º 42' 24'' S, 54º 5' 48''W, 30-XI-2003 Barboza et al. 819 (CORD).
The authors thank SECYT (Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Argentina), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET, Argentina), Agencia Córdoba Ciencia S.E., and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, Brazil) for financial support, and the anomymous reviewers for the valuable comments on our manuscript.
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text:
Statements on Auditing Procedure
Issued by the Committee on Auditing Procedure, American Institute of Accountants, 270 Madison Avenue, New York 16, N. Y.
Copyright 1949 by American Institute of Accountants
December 1949
Clarification of Accountant's Report When Opinion Is Omitted
The committee on auditing procedure of the American Institute of Accountants in December, 1947, issued Statements on Auditing Procedure No. 23, Clarification of Accountant's Report When Opinion Is Omitted, in which it proposed an amendment to Extensions of Auditing Procedure designed to improve current report-ing practices. Following the issuance of Statement No. 23, it became evident that there was considerable mis-understanding in the profession as to the objectives of the proposed amendment and its application in practice. Accordingly, the proposed amendment was revised in May, 1949, to explain more fully the committee's views on the subject. The amendment, as thus revised, was submitted to the annual meeting of the American In-stitute of Accountants in November, 1949, and was formally adopted.
This statement is a revision of Statements on Auditing Procedure No. 23, incorporating the amendment as adopted by the membership. It supersedes the original Statement No. 23.
1. The presentation of financial statements on the stationery or in a report of an independent public accountant without a definitive expression clearly indicating the representations he is making as to their fairness tends to create uncertainties in the minds of those who do not have special information regarding the preparation of the financial statements. In such cases, these third parties have no basis for determining what inferences are warranted by the association of the accountant's name with the financial statements and may place undue reliance upon them.


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Linux and OSS Success Story: Designing Coin With Free Softwarelast updated in Categories Linux desktop, Make money with Linux, News, python, Ubuntu Linux
Awesome coin design done with free software such as Ubuntu and Python. This blog post describes how the design of a new 5 euro coin was created. The post provides detailed graphics of how author made a prize winning design for a Dutch Ministry of Finance.


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The cluster of red brick buildings still stands. Asphalt driveways cover most of the space separating the buildings. A chain link fence topped with barbed wire surrounds the complex. Today, this group of buildings looks little different from the hundreds of abandoned factory sites that dot the landscape in the industrial towns of New Jersey and other parts of the Northeast. When it was in operation, however, this complex was one of the most important, if little known, creations of Thomas Alva Edison. These buildings--the chemistry, physics, and metallurgy laboratories; machine shop; pattern shop; research library; and rooms for experiments—-were built in 1887. They formed the core of Edison's research and development complex, which he claimed contained everything necessary to invent "useful things every man, woman, and child in the world wants...at a price they could afford to pay."
(Matthew Josephson, Edison: A Biography [New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., [1959] 1992, 314.).
It was here in this West Orange, New Jersey, complex that Edison systematically developed his ideas for alkaline storage batteries, recorded music, and motion pictures, and transformed them into marketable products. Once perfected, these prototypes were sent to the vast factory complex Edison began building in 1888 adjacent to the laboratory. Here they were produced in commercial quantities and then sold throughout the world. The products developed at the research laboratory during the late 19th and early 20th centuries dramatically changed the way Americans lived and worked. The fusion of business and technology achieved at the West Orange complex provided a model for modern corporate and governmental research and development laboratories.
About This Lesson
Getting Started: Inquiry Question
Setting the Stage: Historical Context
Locating the Site: Maps
Determining the Facts: Readings
Visual Evidence: Images
Putting It All Together: Activities
How the National Register
This lesson is based on the Edison National Historic Site, one of the thousands of properties listed in the National Register of Historic Places.