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Persian Constitutional Revolution
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The Persian Constitutional Revolution (Persian: مشروطیت Mashrūtiyyat, or انقلاب مشروطه[10] Enghelāb-e Mashrūteh), also known as the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, took place between 1905 and 1911.[11] The revolution led to the establishment of a parliament in Persia (Iran) during the Qajar dynasty.[11][12]
The Revolution opened the way for cataclysmic change in Persia, heralding the modern era. It saw a period of unprecedented debate in a burgeoning press, and new economic opportunities. Many different groups fought to shape the course of the Revolution, and all sections of society were ultimately to be in some way changed by it. The old order, which King Nassereddin Shah Qajar had struggled for so long to sustain, finally died, to be replaced by new institutions, new forms of expression, and a new social and political order.
The monarch Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar signed the constitution in 1906, but he died shortly after and was replaced by Mohammad Ali Shah. The latter abolished the constitution and bombarded the parliament with Russian and British support in 1908. This led to another pro-constitutional movement. The constitutionalist forces marched to Tehran, forced Muhammad Ali Shah's abdication in favor of his young son Ahmad Shah Qajar and then re-established the constitution in 1909. The "1921 Persian Coup" (Persian: کودتای ۳ اسفند ۱۲۹۹) refers to several major events in Iran (Persia) in 1921, which eventually led to the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty as the ruling house of the country in 1925. On December 12, 1925, Iran's parliament amended Iran's constitution of 1906–1907 to replace the Qajar dynasty (1797–1925) with the Pahlavi dynasty as the legitimate sovereigns of Iran.[13]
The movement did not end with the Revolution being put down in 1911 by the Russians, but was followed by the Jungle Movement of Gilan (1914-1921).
With the first provision (the fundamental law) signed by Muzzafir al-Din just days before his death, Iran saw legislative reform vital to their goal of independence from British and Russian imperialism. The three main groups of the coalition seeking a constitution were the bazaar merchants, ulama, and a small faction of radical reformers. These groups shared the goal of ending royal corruption and stopping the dominance of foreign powers. Revolutionaries argued that role of the shah was once again being used to keep the Shah, Qajar, and the other aristocrats wealthy at the expense of surrendering the country's resources and economy. They argued that whilst Iran's oil industry was sold to the British, tax advantages on import/export and manufactured textiles destroyed Iran's economy formerly supported by bazaar merchants. Muzzafir al-Din accumulated a fortune in foreign debt while selling off assets to repay the interest, instead of investing in Iran. This rift founded Iran's constitutional revolt. The fundamental law gave the elected legislature a final approval over all loans, concession, and budget. Further power was diverted from the shah with the supplementary fundamental law passed a few days later giving power over appointing ministers, and later a committee of mujtahids was introduced to confirm new laws abide by the shari'ah. Despite the ulama's best efforts towards independence from external dominance, in 1907 Britain and Russia capitalized on Iran's weak government and signed the entente which divided Iran among the two, leaving a neutral zone in the center of the country. The end of this constitutional period came when members of the Majlis in the remaining neutral zone of Tehran dissolved under the issue of equal rights for non-Muslims, Russia then invaded Tehran and captured the city. While Iran did gain a constitution, the goal of Iranian independence was not achieved by the revolts.
Weakness and extravagance continued during the brief reign of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar (1896–1907). He often relied on his chancellor to manage his decentralized state. His dire financial situation caused him to sign many concessions to foreign powers, on an expanding list of trade items ranging from weapons to tobacco. The established noble classes, religious authorities, and educated elite began to demand a curb on royal authority and the establishment of the rule of law as their concern over foreign, and especially Russian, influence grew.[14]
He had also taken out several major loans from Russia and Britain to pay for his extravagant lifestyle and the costs of the central government. In 1900 the Shah financed a royal tour of Europe by borrowing 22 million rubles from Russia. Iranian customs receipts served as collateral.[15]
First protests[edit]
In 1905 protests broke out over the collection of Persia tariffs to pay back the Russian loan for Mozaffar ad-Din Shah's royal tour.[15] In December 1905, two Persian merchants were punished in Tehran for charging exorbitant prices. They were bastinadoed (a humiliating and very painful punishment where the soles of one's feet are caned) in public. An uprising of the merchant class in Tehran ensued, with merchants closing the bazaar. The clergy following suit as a result of the alliance formed in the 1892 Tobacco Rebellion.
The two protesting groups sought sanctuary in a mosque in Tehran, but the government violated this sanctuary and entered the mosque and dispersed the group. This violation of the sanctity of the mosque created an even larger movement which sought refuge in a shrine outside Tehran. On January 12, 1906 the Shah capitulated to the demonstrators agreeing to dismiss his prime minister and to surrender power to a new "house of justice," (the forerunner to the parliament). The Basti (protesters who take sanctuary in mosques) returned from the mosque in triumph, riding royal carriages and being hailed by a jubilant crowd.[15]
In a scuffle in early 1906 the Government killed a seyyed (descendant of the prophet Muhhamed). A more deadly skirmish followed a short time later when Cossacks killed 22 protesters and injured 100.[16] Bazaar again closed and the Ulama went on strike, a large number of them taking sanctuary in the holy city Qom. Many merchants went to the British embassy which agreed to offer protection to Basti in the grounds of their legation.[16]
Creation of the constitution[edit]
In the summer of 1906 approximately 12,000 men camped out in the gardens of the British Embassy. Many gave speeches, many more listened, in what has been called a `vast open-air school of political science` studying constitutionalism.[16] It is here that the demand for a majles (parliament; also means gathering in Persian; pronounced "Madj-less") was born, the goal of which was to limit the power of the Shah. In August 1906, Mozaffar ad-Din Shah agreed to allow a parliament, and in the fall, the first elections were held. In all, 156 members were elected, with an overwhelming majority coming from Tehran and the merchant class.
October 1906 marked the first meeting of the majles, who immediately gave themselves the right to make a constitution, thereby becoming a Constitutional Assembly. The Shah was getting old and sick, and attending the inauguration of the parliament was one of his last acts as king.[15] Mozaffar ad-Din Shah's son Muhammad Ali, however, was not privy to constitutionalism. Therefore, they had to work fast, and by December 31, 1906 the Shah signed the constitution, modeled primarily from the Belgian Constitution. The Shah was from there on "under the rule of law, and the crown became a divine gift given to the Shah by the people." Mozaffar ad-Din Shah died five days later.
Within the decade following the establishment of the new Majles a number of critical events took place. Many of these events can be viewed as a continuation of the struggle between the constitutionalists and the Shahs of Persia, many of whom were backed by foreign powers against the Majles.
The following January Shah Muhammad Ali, the 6th Qajar Shah, came to power. In August 1907, an Anglo-Russian agreement divided Iran into a Russian zone in the North and a British zone in the South, with a neutral band in-between. The British switched their support to the Shah, abandoning the Constitutionalists.[15] In 1908, the Shah moved to "exploit the divisions within the ranks of the reformers" and eliminate the Majles.[15]
- Persia tried to keep free from Russian influence through resistance via the Majles to the Shah's policies.
- The Majles employed the American Morgan Shuster to reform the tax system and the treasury. Russia issued an ultimatum to expel Morgan Shuster and to close the Parliament.
- Russia invaded the North West and North of Iran to protest against the continued employment of Morgan Shuster.
Notable individuals[edit]
- Mirza Nasrullah Khan – First Elected Prime Minister of Iran.
- Mirza Jahangir Khan – Founder and Editor of the Sur-e Esrafil newspaper.
- Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani – writer, an Iranian literary critic and founder of new Iranian nationalism.
- Malek al-Motakallemin (see Mirza Jahangir Khan)
- Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai
- Nikol Duman – Participated in the defense of Tabriz
- Seyed Jamal Vaez
- Morgan Shuster
- Sayyid hossein Ardabili – Member of Demokrat party in Tehran and Mashhad.
- Aref Ghazvini
- Stepan Zorian
- Mirza Ali Shirazi
- Ali Akbar Dehkhoda
- Mehdi Cont – activist and figure of Iranian Constitutional Revolution in Kerman
- Sattar Khan – One of the main leaders of the revolutionary movement (Sardār-e Melli, meaning National Commander).
- Bagher Khan – One of the key figures in the Constitutional Revolution (Sālār-e Melli, meaning National Chieftain)
- Sheikh Mehdi Nouri – Society of Constitutional Activists - a left religious Party
- Haj Baba Khan-e- Ardabili – Hero of Iranian Constitutional Revolution in Tehran, Tabriz and Ardabil.
- Mirza Kuchak Khan – Founder of a revolutionary movement based in the forests of Gilan.
- Mirza Malkom Khan
- Khetcho – Armenian revolutionary leader. Wounded in battle in 1910.
- Yeprem Khan – Armenian Iranian revolutionary leader. Wounded Sattar Khan in the course of disarming the revolutionaries in Tehran as commander of Tehran's police force during the interim constitutionalist government.
- Arshak Gafavian – Armenian revolution leader. Killed the murderers of Yeprem Khan in revenge.
- Sardar Assad – Bakhtiari tribal leader whose forces captured Tehran in 1909 for the constitutional movement.
- Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi – Satirist, writer and one of the pioneers in Iranian women's movement.
- Hassan Pirnia
- Ahmad Kasravi
- Amanollah Khan Zia' os-Soltan – aristocrat from the Qajar royal family and big landowner in Tabriz, who was for democratic reforms and modernization. He was accused of being responsible for the bomb assault against Mohammad Ali Shah, arrested at Bagh-e Shah and finally before his execution let free by British troops.
- Haj Seyyed Mohammad Sarraf – merchant and banker from the Alavi family of Tehran. One of the leaders of the Democratic Party. Deputy to the first Majles for the bankers of Tehran and deputy to the fourth Majles for the people of Tehran. His brother was Haj Seyyed Javad Khazaneh, treasurer of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah at the time of the constitutional revolution and his grandson was the famous writer Bozorg Alavi.
- Mohammad Taghi Bahar
- Sevkaretsi Sako
- Sayyed Hasan Taqizadeh
- Mirza Abdul'Rahim Talibov Tabrizi – Intellectual and social reformer.
- Abdolhossein Teymourtash
- Abdol-Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma
- Sepahsalar Tonekaboni – Leader of the constitutionalists revolutionary forces from the northern provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran, was the first to arrive in Tehran and liberate the city from the Royalist forces and became the first leader of the constitutionalist government.
- Howard Baskerville – American teacher who fought alongside the Constitutionalists.
- Mohammad Ali Mahdavi – In remembrance of Mr. Howard Baskerville for giving his life during the Constitutional Revolution in Iran in 1909, Mr. Aref Ghazvini, one of Iran's highly regarded poets traveled to Tabriz to pay tribute to Baskerville in 1923. Mr. Ghazvini and a few of the revolutionaries held a special tribunal ceremony for Baskerville in Tabriz. In this ceremony Mr. Aref Ghazvini read a poem he had written about Baskerville.
ای٬ محترم مدافع حریت عباد- وی قائد شجیع و هوادارعدل و داد- کردی پی سعادت ایران فدای جان- پاینده باد نام تو٬ روح توباد شاد- Translation: You, the respected advocate of liberty sun- The brave chief of righteousness- You, who gave your life for Iran's bliss- Long live your name, may your soul rests in eternal peace-
Later Mr. Mahdavi had this poem inscribed on a tabular tombstone which was placed on Baskerville's resting place in Tabriz. Howard Baskerville was and still remains a beloved hero in Iran. There is a photo of Mr. Mohammad Ali Mahdavi with the inscribed tabular tombstone for Mr. Baskerville in a book written in Persian entitled, "Baskerville and the Iranian Constitution" authored by Mr. Ali Kamalvand, 1957.
- Mohammed Mosaddeq – Liberal Nationalist and future Prime Minister of Iran.
- Morteza Gholi Khan Hedayat
- Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar – Shah of Persia who signed the constitution, thereby creating a constitutional monarchy.
- Mohammad Ali Shah – Son of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah. Attempted to crush the constitution.
- Prince Sultan Abdol Majid Mirza
- Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri – a cleric who backed the king and stood against the constitutional revolution. After the victory of the ICM he was hanged.
- Vladimir Liakhov – a Russian colonel and Commander of the Persian Cossack Brigade during the rule of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar. He shelled and subsequently laid siege to the seat of the Majlis of Iran.
- Arfa' ed-Dawlah
- Hossein Qoli Khan Hedayat Mokhber ed-Dowleh II (1848–1916)
Religious leaders[edit]
- Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani, constitutionalist.
- Sayyed Jamal ad-Din Esfahani, constitutionalist.
- Malek al-Motakallemin, constitutionalist (see Mirza Jahangir Khan and Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh).
- Sayyed Abdullah Behbahani, constitutionalist (see Sayyed Hasan Taqizadeh).
- Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai, constitutionalist.
- Mirza Hussein Naini, constitutionalist.
- Mohammed Kazem Yazdi, anti-constitutionalist.
- Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri, anti-constitutionalist.
- Mirza Abutaleb Zanjani, anti-constitutionalist.
- Sheikh Mehdi Nouri, Society of Constitutional Activists - a left religious Party
See also[edit]
- Young Turk Revolution
- Constitutionalist movement of Gilan
- History of Iran
- History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution by Ahmad Kasravi
- Intellectual Movements in Iran
- Iranian Revolution of 1979
- Attempts at Constitutionalization in Iran
- Persian Tobacco Movement
- White Revolution
- Morgan Shuster
- List of conflicts in the Middle East
- Triumph of Tehran
- Secularism in Iran
- Ibn al-Sheikh
- Women in Constitutional Revolution
- ^ a b c d e Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. pp. 76–77. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ a b c Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. pp. 83. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. pp. 81. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ a b Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. pp. 84. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ a b Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. pp. 97. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ a b c Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. pp. 95. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. pp. 91. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ Berberian, Houri (2001). Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911. Westview Press. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-0-8133-3817-0.
- ^ Jack A. Goldstone. The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions Routledge, 29 apr. 2015 ISBN 1135937583 p 245
- ^ • Tilmann J. Röder, The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, in: Rainer Grote and Tilmann J. Röder, Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries (Oxford University Press 2012), p. 321-372. The article includes scientific English translation of the following documents: The Fundamental Law (Qanun-e Asasi-e Mashruteh) of the Iranian Empire of 14th Dhu-'l-Qa'dah 1324 (December 30, 1906); The Amendment of the Fundamental Law of the Iranian Empire of 29th Sha'ban 1325 (October 7, 1907).
- ^ a b Amanat 1992, pp. 163-176.
- ^ "CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 2. 1992. pp. 163–216.
- ^ "Pahlavi Dynasty - Dictionary definition of Pahlavi Dynasty - Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary".
- ^ a b W. Morgan Shuster, The Strangling of Persia, 3rd printing (T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1913), pp. 48, 119, 179. According to Shuster (p. 48), "Five days later [measured from February 1st] the Persian Minister of Finance, Saniu'd-Dawleh was shot and killed in the streets of Teheran by two Georgians, who also succeeded in wounding four of the Persian police before they were captured. The Russian consular authorities promptly refused to allow these men to be tried by the Persian Government, and took them out of the country under Russian protection, claiming that they would be suitably punished."
Mohammad-Reza Nazari. "The retreat by the Parliament in overseeing the financial matters is a retreat of democracy" (in Persian). Mardom-Salari, No. 1734, 20 Bahman 1386 AH (9 February 2008). Archived from the original on 27 April 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f Mackey, Sandra The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation, New York : Dutton, c1996. p.150-55
- ^ a b c Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions by Ervand Abrahamian, Princeton University Press, 1982, p.84
- Amanat, Abbas (1992). "CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION i. Intellectual background". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 2. pp. 163–176.
- Ahmad Kasravi, Tārikh-e Mashruteh-ye Iran (تاریخ مشروطهٔ ایران) (History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution), in Persian, 951 p. (Negāh Publications, Tehran, 2003), ISBN 964-351-138-3. Note: This book is also available in two volumes, published by Amir Kabir Publications in 1984. Amir Kabir's 1961 edition is in one volume, 934 pages.
- Ahmad Kasravi, History of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution: Tarikh-e Mashrute-ye Iran, Volume I, translated into English by Evan Siegel, 347 p. (Mazda Publications, Costa Mesa, California, 2006). ISBN 1-56859-197-7
- Mehdi Malekzādeh, Tārikh-e Enqelāb-e Mashrutyyat-e Iran (تاريخ انقلاب مشروطيت ايران) (The History of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran), in 7 volumes, published in 3 volumes, 1697 p. (Sokhan Publications, Tehran, 2004 — 1383 AH). ISBN 964-372-095-0
- Haghshenas, Seyyed Ali, Movement of Jangal (owjnews.ir)
Further reading[edit]
- Mangol Bayat, Iran's First Revolution: Shi'ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1909, Studies in Middle Eastern History, 336 p. (Oxford University Press, 1991). ISBN 0-19-506822-X
- Browne, Edward G., "The Persian Revolution of 1905-1909", Mage Publishers (July 1995). ISBN 0-934211-45-0
- Afary, Janet, "The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906-1911", Columbia University Press. 1996. ISBN 0-231-10351-4
- Foran, John. "The Strengths and Weaknesses of Iran's Populist Alliance: A Class Analysis of the Constitutional Revolution of 1905 - 1911", Theory and Society, Vol. 20, No. 6 (Dec 1991), pp. 795–823. JSTOR
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constitutional Revolution, Iran.
- Reza Jamāli in conversation with Dr Abbās Amānat, Professor of History and International and Area Studies at University of Yale, in Persian, Radio Zamaneh, August 7, 2008 (Audio recording).
- Shokā Sahrāi, Photographs of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, in Persian, Jadid Online, 2007.
Slide Show, narrated by Dr Bāqer Āqeli, Jadid Online, 2007: (4 min 30 sec).
- Constitutional Revolution of Iran


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Installing Modules for Your cPanel/WHM Server
WHM and cPanel® lets you install a number of different modules, including modules for Perl, Python (PECL), rsync (PECL), and solr (PECL).
To Access WHM's Available Modules
- Log in to WHM as root.
- Click Software.
- Click Module Installers.
From here, you can Manage a number of available modules, including the following:
- PHP Extensions and Applications Package — PEAR Repository
- PECL — PECL repository
- Perl Module — CPAN repository
- Ruby Gems — RubyForge repository
After selecting which module installer you want to use, you can Search for individual modules or Show Available modules, and then Install them.

subset: commoncrawl


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Sporting News All-Freshmen team: Marcus Smart turned around Cowboys
Sporting News' All-Freshman Team
Marcus Smart, Oklahoma State (Freshman of the Year)
Smart's fingerprints are all over an Oklahoma State team that has spent much of the season ranked in the top 25 and will make the NCAA Tournament after missing the big dance each of the past two seasons. The 6-4, 225-pound point guard averaged 15.1 points, 5.7 rebounds, 4.3 assists and 3.0 steals during the regular season, and he's been at his best during the biggest games—such as when he scored 25 points as the Cowboys snapped Kansas' 33-game home court winning streak.
MORE: SN's All-American teams
Shabazz Muhammad, UCLA
Muhammad entered the season as the No. 1 recruit in the Class of 2013, and he finished the regular season as the best player in the Pac-12. Along the way, he's developed a better-than-expect shot from 3-point range (41.7 from beyond the arc) and helped lead the Bruins to the league's regular-season title. UCLA coach Ben Howland has already said Muhammad will enter the NBA Draft after this season, so all that's left is for the lefty to try and add a memorable final chapter in the NCAA Tournament.
Nerlens Noel, Kentucky
Noel is a deserving member of this team despite the gruesome knee injury that ended his outstanding freshman season on Feb. 12. In his 24 games, the 6-10 Noel averaged 4.4 blocks, 10.5 points and 9.5 rebounds per game; his total of 106 blocks on the year is fifth in the country. Here's more perspective on how much his shot-blocking ability impacted Kentucky—Noel had 60 blocks in 11 SEC contests before the injury; Ole Miss' Marshall Henderson, the SEC's leading scorer, made 64 field goals in his first 11 SEC contests.
Ben McLemore, Kansas
NBA scouts love this redshirt freshman, and with good reason—he has all the necessary skills to thrive at the next level. McLemore attacks the basket with power, can knock down 3-pointers (43.4 percent from beyond the arc this season) and has the ability to be a lock-down defender. He scored at least 20 points nine times this season, and in three of those games—against Iowa State, Kansas State and West Virginia—he scored at least 30.
Anthony Bennett, UNLV
Bennett was one of the last elite prospects to choose his college, but his impact at UNLV was immediate. The powerful 6-8 forward scored at least 22 points in 10 of his first 17 games, which was a huge boost to a team dealing with injury issues through most of the non-conference schedule. A shoulder injury down the stretch knocked his final numbers down a bit, but he still finished the regular season averaging 15.7 points and 8.1 rebounds while shooting 52.7 percent from the field and knocking down 30 3-pointers on the season.


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At the end of every summer we experience the same bittersweet moment as we say goodbye to our amazing interns! One of those talented interns, Tyreke White, spent the summer in our photo studio and demonstrated his talent of creating beautiful imagery. Inspired by his love of the popular blog, turned book, Humans of New York, Tyreke had an idea that goes far beyond the camera lens. He wanted to create a photo book that would capture the emotion and moments of his fellow colleagues to serve as a reminder of the special friendships formed for years to come. A project that could be shared and hopefully just the beginning of his life long journey to inspire the world.
Introducing the 2014 AEO Interns:
Row 1, L to R: Kristen Pospychala, Tyreke White, Chelsea Schulze, Megan Lundy, Maria Ilochi, Mark Dai, Kristin Schmidt | Row 2, L to R: Natalia Concepcion, Allese Kukalis, Angie Minnick, Chris Uhler, Julia Goll, Ellie Seta, Taylor Johns | Row 3, L to R: Jared Clemmensen, Kelsey Birsic, Timothy McNally, Laura McCanney, Lindsey Barbour, Wesley Jernigan, Ali Garoon, Tara Llewellyn | Row 4, L to R: Tiffany Trinh, Alex D'Angelo, Megan Albright, Abby Einwag, Brian Kang, Brooke Hanby, Nicholas Massina, and Eric Mink
Tyreke put six questions in a hat and had each of his colleagues randomly pull one out with the task to answer the question wholeheartedly. The responses from each participant is what evoked the emotion that Tyreke caught on film. We chose our favorite answer from each question to share with you below:
What is your greatest fear?
"I'd have to say my biggest fear is not pursuing my dreams and not going after what I think's most important to me, even if that means being selfish. I just don't want to be complacent." – Nick M.
In five years, what do you hope to have accomplished?
"What I hope to have accomplished in five years is a good start to my career coming out of college, maybe even looking at grad school at this point, and really just enjoying what I'm doing, waking up and being happy with where I am." – Chris U.
To you, what defines true happiness?
"True happiness, to me, means not having to think about being happy because that's just how you live your life." – Alex D.
To you, what defines true success?
"I define true happiness as waking up every morning, being excited about the people I'm with, the things that I'm doing, what I value in life and having that surrounding me at all times and being a point of hope, drive, and motivation." – Kelsey B.
What inspires you?
"What inspires me are people, traveling, and finding beauty in the little things." – Lindsey B.
Who has been the most influential person in your life and how?
"My mom actually might be superwoman. The best advice she's given me is to keep laughing no matter the circumstance because laughing will get you through anything. She's always been right." – Brooke H.
Meet Tyreke White:
"The reason I began my photographic journey five years ago was very simple, I wanted to capture the world. I wanted to capture those fleeting moments that we often times forget about as quickly as they happen, and photography was a good device for this. Photography has allowed me to explore the huge spectrum of human emotions and personalities. Above all, photography has given me a subtle voice, a way to express how I'm feeling and to fearlessly share my story, my passions, and my dreams. Storytelling was the true inspiration for this project, however. It's all too easy to take for granted the fact that everyone has a unique story worth hearing and remembering. So, when that storytelling is coupled with a shutter-click, the story is immediately ingrained for eternity – in a manner that is not only delicate but also inspiring. It is in this way that I hope to inspire the world. Thank you, AEO, for giving me the opportunity to showcase the stories of my fellow interns. And thank you, Humans of New York, for the photographic inspiration."
Wishing you all the success in the world as you conquer your dreams, Tyreke!!
We would love to hear what inspires you and what you think defines true happiness. Tell us in the comments below.


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Education | Politics
The Christian Science Monitor said that many Americans regard Richard W. Riley as "one of the great statesmen of education in this (20th) century." David Broder, columnist for The Washington Post, called him one of the "most decent and honorable people in public life." And when Mr. Riley was Governor, he was so popular that the people amended the South Carolina Constitution to enable him to run for a second term.
Wherever he goes, Richard Wilson Riley--former U. S. Secretary of Education and former Governor of South Carolina--wins respect for his integrity, principled leadership, commitment to children, and passion for education.
After winning national recognition for his successful education improvements in South Carolina during the 1980s, Mr. Riley was chosen by President Clinton in December 1992 to serve in his Cabinet as the nation's chief education officer. During the President's first term, Secretary Riley helped launch historic initiatives to raise academic standards; improve instruction for the poor and disadvantaged; expand grant and loan programs to help more Americans go to college; prepare young people for the world of work; and improve teaching. He also created the Partnership for Family Involvement in Education, which today includes more than 8,000 groups.
Richard Riley gets things done by reaching out to all citizens. He prefers partnership to partisanship. Of his quiet, self-effacing style, the National Journal wrote, "He doesn't grab headlines or clamor for credit...But, inevitably, Riley reaches his goal."
Mr. Riley was so successful that, after the 1996 election, President Clinton asked him to continue leading his national crusade for excellence in education. During the second term, he helped win a historic Federal Communications Commission ruling to give schools and libraries deep discounts for Internet access and telecommunications services (the E-rate) and major improvements in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. He gained increased Federal support to help all children master the basics of reading and math; make schools safer; reduce class size in grades 1-3 by hiring 100,000 more quality teachers; modernize and build new schools to meet record-breaking student enrollments; help students learn to use computers; expand after-school programs; foster college preparation and access for underprivileged students; make post-secondary education more affordable; and promote lifelong learning. He also focused national attention on the need for people of all ages in America to learn more than one language and for increased international education exchanges in the United States and abroad in order to take advantage of the opportunities presented in the global society of the 21st Century.
Since leaving his national post in January 2001, Richard Riley has rejoined the law firm of Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough with more than 300 attorneys in offices throughout South Carolina and North Carolina, as well as in Atlanta and Washington, D.C.
Mr. Riley also has been appointed Distinguished Professor and Trustee at his alma mater, Furman University, and serves as Advisory Board Chair of the Richard W. Riley Institute of Government, Politics and Public Leadership there. Additionally, he serves on the boards of South Carolina's University Center in Greenville and Winthrop University, where the School of Education is named in his honor. He has been named Distinguished Professor at the University of South Carolina and Distinguished Senior Fellow at NAFSA: Association of International Educators. He also speaks, provides leadership and serves in an advisory and collaborative capacity with many other entities to promote education improvement in the United States and abroad.
Richard Riley was born in Greenville County, South Carolina. He graduated cum laude from Furman University in 1954 and then served as an officer aboard a U.S. Navy minesweeper. In 1959, he received a law degree from the University of South Carolina. He served as a South Carolina state representative and state senator from 1963-1977, was elected Governor in 1978 and reelected in 1982.


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Dinah's cool, not cold
After reading Mark Grabowski's review of the Dinah Pearson Band [Music review: "Bluesy jazz: Frigid art with heart," July 22, 2004], I couldn't believe we saw the same group. So before you write them off, here's another tale.
Dennis and I were sitting on our deck in the wilds of Waynesboro when we heard this great music. We looked at each other and off we went, heading toward the park. Waynesboro actually has a terrific city park, and that weekend they were having their Summer Extravaganza. Being rather new to the 'Boro we didn't really know what that was.
We followed our ears to the bandstand in the park and there was this group, rocking in the rain. They were good. Solid blues with a twist.
The guitar players were bopping off each other; the drummer was holding steady. Then this woman steps to the mike. She sort of leaned into it and just started singing her tale.
Her voice was strong and steady. She sang with a kind of intimate ease– a little cool, but the coolness of someone who just knows what she's singing about, and she's letting you in on it, easy-like. Not shouting at you and crying, just sharing it with you.
It's like she put her arm around your shoulder and is sharing the tale with you, right in your ear. On the up-tempo songs, it's like she's letting you in on the fun, on the joke, but with the same knowing, easy nod. I bopped and rocked in the rain and had a wonderful surprise afternoon.
This was the warmest cool I've experienced in a long time and it was very far away from Grabowski's "frigid." Check it out for yourself.
Elisabeth Fitzhugh


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The ANSI/TIA-1005-A "Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Industrial Premises" helps in the planning and installation of telecommunications cabling infrastructure within and between industrial buildings. In contrast to the ANSI/TIA-568-C series of wiring standards, which addresses commercial buildings, the central concept of this standard is the potential exposure to hostile environments in the industrial space.
Structured cabling in an industrial environment (such as manufacturing facilities, laboratories, refineries, etc.) may be subject to more hostile environmental conditions that commercial building cabling plants.
ANSI/TIA-1005-A was developed by the TIA TR-42.9 Industrial Infrastructure Subcommittee and published in May, 2012. This Standard provides infrastructure, distance, telecommunications outlet/connector configuration, and topology requirements for cabling deployed in industrial environments.


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PalSys needed a new button or icon design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 7 designs submitted by 6 freelance designers.
I'm just getting ready to launch a new site but I need a header to through on it's template first. You can take a look at the template's structure at http://www.chrisredman.com. I've got a small random image up top now where the new banner will be.
Final Fantasy Network
Not necessary, but feel free to get creative!
Desired Color Scheme:
Matching template
Desired Style:
I'm looking for creativity within the basic guidelines I set in the description.
Accepted File Formats:
.gif, .png, .jpg
I need a banner about 800x100 fading to white at the sides to keep it looking crisp in higher resolutions. The site name is 'Final Fantasy Network' (it will be located at http://www.finalfantasynetwork.com when it's complete). I'm mostly looking for the best use of existing images online. Obviously there are hundreds of thousands of images available online related to the Final Fantasy series. Something eye-pleasing and fitting well into the current 'clean and simple' look of the theme. I'm open to anything at all here, best entry takes $100!


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Discussion in 'ANYTHING GOES BUILD OFF' started by 450redrider, Oct 1, 2009.
I'm in to make my rat styled after a Simplex motorcycle
Great lines to the frame. I've never seen a uni-sprung seat before :?:
looking forward to seeing this.......love those bikes :mrgreen:
that'll be a cool bike.
i got some weird ideas last night looking at some 60s-era 50cc 2-stroke Grand Prix motorbikes.
Started getting the pieces together for the frame
YES......You are definitely gettin it.
PLEASE dont tell me you cut one up
if thats the case send it too me!!!! it may take me 10 years to finish it but i will!!!
good start
No we had one sitting on the shelf for that someday project, I had a bunch of tubing that matches the right shape of the simplex, the only bikes that have got cut up so far have been a huffy santa fe frame and a murray mtb that I had laying around.
thanks...now i can sleep tonight :lol:
Yeah me building this has got my grandpa wanting to fix the real simplex back up
Oh man I am liking this build... A LOT!
OF course it might have something to do with me building a motorcycle themed lil rat bike a couple Buildoffs ago...
The light bulbs are coming on.... the smell of burnt metal in the air... this is gonna be a good one!
great start! that thing looks dead on so far.
is your user name CRF or CRF___X ?
i race a RMZ450, but don't hold that against me :wink:
Its actually Trx, I like Suzuki's, Yamaha's, Honda's, and pretty much anything else that goes fast
So heres what we got done today
In the middle had another bike idea popped into my head so had to lay it out, but maybe next time
Nice work. You're moving right along.
like both of them! but the simplex style is a very nice choice.
almost ready for a test ride before I start building my springer forks
cool lookin bike ...diggin the whole concept !!
nice, i like the tractor seat
Separate names with a comma.


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ангелочок :)
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There are 18,000 married gay and lesbian couples in California and at least 131,000 nationwide according to the 2010 census, conducted before New York state legalized same-sex marriage in July.
Rick Santorum says he'll try to unmarry all of them if he's elected president.
Once the U.S. Constitution is amended to prohibit same-gender marriages, "their marriage would be invalid," the former Pennsylvania senator said Dec. 30 in an NBC News interview.
"We can't have 50 different marriage laws in this country," he said. "You have to have one marriage law."
The comments didn't attract nearly as much attention as Santorum's recent invocation of his Catholic faith to denounce government support for birth control, prenatal testing and resource conservation - which, in the last case, he attributed to President Obama's "phony theology."
But his declared intention to nullify past as well as future same-sex marriages has reinforced his position to the right of the other Republican contenders, even though each of them has also voiced fervent support for traditional unions.
Mitt Romney, who was governor of Massachusetts when the state's high court became the first in the nation to declare a right to same-sex marriage in 2003, backs a constitutional amendment to outlaw such marriages in the future, but says he'd leave currently wedded couples alone. Newt Gingrich also wants an amendment but hasn't said whether it would be retroactive.
Ron Paul opposes same-sex marriage but wants the federal government to stay out of it - no federal benefits for gay and lesbian couples, no federal court authority to overturn state laws like California's Proposition 8 and no constitutional amendments overriding a state's prerogative to decide which of its residents can marry.
'Bigoted, shameful'
Santorum's proposal for constitutionally mandated divorces would affect couples like Stuart Gaffney and John Lewis of San Francisco, longtime partners who wed in June 2008, five months before Prop. 8 banned same-sex marriage. The couple later helped to found an organization called Marriage Equality USA.
"It's with profound sadness that I contemplate somebody running for the highest office in the land on a platform of taking away anyone's marriage," Gaffney said Friday.
Fred Karger, a longtime Republican political consultant and gay-rights activist who is also running for president and will be on the Republican primary ballot in California, said Santorum's comments on marriage were "the most destructive of any Republican candidate by far, bigoted, shameful."
Santorum's stance was endorsed by the Family Research Council, which was involved in an unsuccessful attempt to win passage of a constitutional amendment during George W. Bush's presidency.
"Same-sex marriage is an oxymoron" because marriage can only be a male-female relationship, said the council's Peter Sprigg. If the Constitution is amended to include that definition, he said, states that had recognized same-sex marriages would have to convert those relationships to civil unions.
Future conduct
Santorum's position is noteworthy because laws revoking individual rights are usually drafted, or interpreted by the courts, to apply only to future conduct.
The issue arose in California when the state Supreme Court upheld Prop. 8, which amended the state Constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage. The measure declared that only marriage between a man and a woman would be ''valid or recognized" in California. Its sponsors argued that the language barred the state from "recognizing" 18,000 marriages of same-sex couples who had wed in the months before Prop. 8 passed in November 2008.
But the court said Prop. 8 did not clearly inform voters that it would invalidate existing marriages. Therefore, the justices said, the 18,000 couples were entitled to rely on the rights they had gained in the court's May 2008 ruling, which briefly legalized same-sex marriage in the state.
Spelling it out
That doesn't rule out the possibility of a U.S. constitutional amendment like the one Santorum favors, which would nullify existing same-sex marriages.
"You'd have to word it so it was perfectly clear," said Jesse Choper, a UC Berkeley law professor who submitted arguments to the state's high court against the retroactive application of Prop. 8. The amendment would have to declare that "marriages that were once valid are no longer valid," he said.
Santorum, who once practiced law, hasn't said how he would draft a constitutional amendment - or how he could get one passed even while opinion polls suggest increasing public acceptance of same-sex marriage.
"Just because public opinion says something doesn't mean it's right," he said in the NBC interview. "I'm sure there were times in areas of this country when people said blacks were less than human."
A constitutional amendment requires approval by two-thirds of each house of Congress and three-fourths of the states. Even when Republicans controlled both houses in 2004, the Bush-endorsed marriage amendment failed to pass either chamber, with a handful of states'-rights Republicans joining Democratic opponents.
But Sprigg, of the Family Research Council, said the political climate could change - and the prospects of a constitutional amendment increase - if the courts spoke first.
"If you were to have some sort of sweeping decision ... which would essentially impose same-sex marriage on every state in the country," he said, "I think that would perhaps create a huge backlash."
Bob Egelko is a San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. email@example.com.


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- Multiple health plan options
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- Education assistance for Associate and dependents


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On September 1, 2016 we completely redesigned the NASG web site. However, rest assured, all of the content is still available, and more new content was added. If you got to this page because you followed a bookmark or favorite, you may want to consider updating that bookmark or favorite once you find the new page.
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via press release:
MAURY CELEBRATES HIS 2,500th EPISODE
Celebrities Join Maury to Congratulate Him on This Milestone Episode, Including Wife Connie Chung Who Jumps Out of a Cake
Maury Also Hits 100 Consecutive Weeks as #1 in Key Demos
STAMFORD, CT – May 14, 2013 – Maury celebrates his 2,500th episode and the biggest celebrities are joining him to celebrate. Some of the biggest names in news, entertainment and sports congratulate Maury on his success including: Barbara Walters, Shaquille O'Neal, Katie Couric, Sharon Osbourne, Julie Chen and the ladies of "The Talk," Donald Trump, Joan Rivers, Kathy Griffin, NeNe Leakes, Steve Harvey, Wendy Williams, Jack Hanna, "Access Hollywood Live" hosts Billy Bush and Kit Hoover, Washington Redskins owner Daniel Snyder, former all-star quarterback for the Washington Redskins Joe Theismann, ESPN's "Pardon the Interruption" hosts Tony Kornheiser and Michael Wilbon, fellow NBCUniversal talk show hosts Jerry Springer, Steve Wilkos and Trisha Goddard. Even Honey Boo Boo sent in her own special video message to Maury!
Maury's wife Connie Chung gives him the surprise of a lifetime when she jumps out of a cake in celebration of this milestone episode. "Maury's 2,500th Episode" airs on Friday, May 17th (check local listings).
Shaq surprises Maury when he shares – "I watch you every morning."
And Maury is relieved to find out from Honey Boo Boo "You Are Not The Father!"
Also in this special episode, guests featured on the show's very first paternity test, the first lie detector test and the first out of control teen are back to share how being on "Maury" has profoundly affected their lives.
Host Maury Povich has another reason to celebrate this week as "Maury" hit 100 consecutive weeks of being the #1 syndicated talk show among Women 18-34, Adults 18-34 and Adults 18-49.
"Maury" is distributed in national syndication by NBCUniversal Domestic Television Distribution and produced by Stamford Media Center Productions, the same production team behind successful NBCU talk shows including "The Jerry Springer Show," "The Steve Wilkos Show" and "The Trisha Goddard Show."
For more information on "Maury," visit the show webpage at www.mauryshow.com. To join the conversation, visit the show's official Facebook page at http://www.facebook.com/Mauryshow.
About NBCUniversal Domestic Television Distribution:
The NBCUniversal Domestic Television Distribution division is responsible for the sales and distribution of NBCUniversal product to broadcast television within the United States. The division develops and produces first-run programming and distributes these shows, along with off-network content, to broadcast syndication. Current first-run broadcast syndicated programming includes "Access Hollywood," "Access Hollywood Live," "Maury," "Steve Harvey," "The Jerry Springer Show," "The Steve Wilkos Show" and "Trisha Goddard" as well as weekend syndicated series "On The Money with Maria Bartiromo" and "The Chris Matthews Show." Current off-network programming includes "30 Rock," "House," "Law & Order," "Law & Order: Criminal Intent," "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit," "Monk" and "The Office."


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Online Shop
You are viewing: Thomas Hardy
Look at Thomas Hardy's Dorset
Look at Thomas Hardys Dorset takes you on a visual journey through the beautiful county of Dorset.
Musical Heritage of Thomas Hardy, The
Thomas Hardy, world famous for his novels such as 'Tess' and 'The Mayor of Casterbridge' came from a very musical family. In their concert 'The Musical Heritage of Thomas Hardy', The Yetties take their jogs, reels, polkas and waltzes from the Hardy family collection and intersperse them with readings and poems by Thomas about the village musicians.
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"Family Guy" creator Seth MacFarlane delights in using his cartoon characters to cross lines as he tackles race, religion, abortion and even giant, fighting chickens.
Now he's set to trek into new territory – terrain that may be more infomercial than irreverence.
Plans were announced this week for a Nov. 8 special with MacFarlane and his "Family Guy" co-star Alex Borstein sponsored by Microsoft to promote Windows 7. The new operating system reportedly will be touted by MacFarlane and Borstein during "Family Guy Presents: Seth and Alex's Almost Live Comedy Show."
"The format of the show lends itself to collaborating and creating content together," Microsoft's Gayle Troberman told Variety.
There's little doubt MacFarlane will hurl some jagged rocks at Windows. But not only is Microsoft in on the joke, the company's paying for it.
The folks at FOX are portraying the stunt as a return to the television's early days where stars – think Milton Berle and "Texaco Star Theater" – pitched products on single-sponsor shows.
But the move seems more like a reaction to modern economic realities – and marks another major step toward integrating ads into entertainment content.
We've all seen the Coke cups on "American Idol." Snapple product placement was a running gag on "30 Rock" a couple seasons back – earlier this year, Tina Fey found herself defending a McDonald's bit as just a joke, and not part of an endorsement deal.
Brand name are regularly interwoven these days into dramas such as "24" and "Gossip Girls."
At least MacFarlane and Fey can be counted on to mine shilling for laughs.
They're not chuckling much these days in Hollywood, where TV executives are dealing with an advertising downturn, segmented audiences and more viewers using DVRs to fast-forward through commercials.
NBC and ABC are experimenting with integrating storylines into commercials to keep viewers from skipping through.
There's nothing wrong entertaining commercials: MacFarlane himself stars in a humorous ad for Hulu, the online video service where you can catch his "Family Guy," "The Cleveland Show" and "American Dad," among other FOX and NBC shows.
U.S. & World
The day's top national and international news.
The Microsoft special might be intended, in part, as a rebuttal of sorts to the funny Apple ads pitting a fussbudget PC – as personified by "Daily Show" regular John Hodgman – against a more hip Mac, played by Justin Long.
But you can bet – or at least hope – we won't see an Apple-themed "Daily Show" special anytime soon.
MacFarlane's special, given his track record, probably will be worth watching. And with the show sandwiched between two episodes of "Family Guy," the most-watched Sunday program of the season, Microsoft and FOX likely will be pleased with the ratings and could be encouraged to roll out more sponsored specials.
But how the gimmick might play with viewers in the longer term is unclear. One thing is for certain: if the giant, fighting chicken shows up in a "Family Guy" episode that includes plugs for KFC, it's time to reach for the remote.
Hester is founding director of the award-winning, multi-media NYCity News Service at the City University of New York Graduate School of Journalism. He is the former City Editor of the New York Daily News, where he started as a reporter in 1992. Follow him on Twitter.


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Debris Is a Cold Lead in Malaysia Airlines Search
A search operation spotted suspected fragments of the missing Malaysia Airlines flight MH370, but they haven't been recovered. The search continues, Deborah Kan reports, but there's still no sign of the aircraft.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... I ... DDD ... feel easy and easy way for news of their loved ones on day three after Malaysian Airlines flight three seventy vanished from radar ... shop turning to despair after being told to prepare for the worse ... they wait helplessly at a hotel in Beijing for any news ... on how well I'll ... hopefully in ... I ... she added ... I ... learned how to ... do the things you want when we can do for sure ... the enemies aircraft had earlier spotted an oil slick and then reported seeing fragments of debris in the South China Sea ... believed to be part of an inner door entail both Malaysian authorities confirmed to date no debris has been found dead so it ... was found that he ... phone seven ... and December ... and he ... so that by this seems ... call you ... last night ... and ... on Wednesday a sentiment if ... we have not bought ... anything ... that ... appears to be all day from today ... and all ... that stuff ... thirty four aircraft and forty ships from eight different countries are patrolling the area of the South China Sea where the plane lost contact with ground controllers ... the U S China and Australia have joined Malaysia Vietnam Thailand Singapore and Indonesia in the search the focus of the investigation has turned to identifying two passengers who boarded flight an age three seventy ... traveling on stolen passports ... and the Malaysian aviation regulator revealed five passengers and didn't board the missing flight but their luggage was removed from the aircraft before taking off ... the plane took off at twelve forty one am Saturday from Kuala Lumpur International Airport and headed towards Beijing ... over two days after departing investigators are no closer to finding any remnants of the aircraft ... the Wayne agonizing for family members of the two hundred and thirty nine people on board ... one one in refusing to give up hope he yells ... pray to God to bring them back to me


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Clumsy people take note: there is a new tough phone about to go on sale that should save you from the bane of the cracked screen and we've had a quick fumble with the tough phone at Mobile World Congress.
Designed to be tough, the Caterpillar Cat B15 comes with an IP67 rating and surprisingly compact design that ultimately replicates a standard Android phone but with one of those protective OtterBox cases on it all the time.
The IP67 rating means that it is waterproof and impervious to dust (within given parameters), can survive a drop on to concrete from 1.8 metres (that's around head height for most men) and operate at temperatures down to -20C.
We weren't able to test any of those features on the show floor, but get the feeling that the Cat B15 is more than capable of standing up to a good knocking and puddle slashing. We like the use of metal and rubber that gives it a very tough feel.
That's handy because the phone also has a screen that can be used when wet - ideal if you drop it in a puddle or need to use it in your digger while it's raining.
Thanks to its protection, the Cat B15, isn't a waif-like device, measuring 125 x 69.5 x 14.95mm and weighing 170g, and finished in anodised aluminium and rubber. Snapping your mates in hard-hats will be via the 5-megapixel camera.
Get past the rugged exterior though and it seems that you can't be tough and high-end. The phone offers a rather average Android Jelly Bean experience via a 1GHz processor, 512MB of RAM and a 4-inch 800 x 400 display. This isn't a phone that has the superior prowess of the Xperia Z or the HTC One, for example.
The phone is built by Bullitt Mobile under licence from Caterpillar Inc, and will be available from March 2013, for £299 or €329. All things considered, if you work in the building trade and don't want the worry of replacing your phone every couple of weeks because you've broken it, this might just be one to think about getting.


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Cute Accents for School-Themed Scrapbook Pages
Make cute school-themed accents for your scrapbook layouts about the students, classmates, and teachers in your life.
The 2nd Grade Apple Project by Mou Saha, as seen in the September 2010 issue of Creating Keepsakes.
"Aa" Is for Apple.
Not only is the apple a common symbol of education, it's also a very cute shape that looks great on school-themed layouts. Make your own apple embellishment by following these simple steps.
1. Tear page from old thesaurus with the word "learn" on it. Cut apple shape from page.
2. Paint apple using acrylic paints, leaving words like "learner" and "student" unpainted as highlights.
3. Outline and draw details on the painted apple with a black pen.
Learn how to make a mini file folder on your layout on page 2
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About me
John Doe
Birthday: 28.3.1979
City of birth: Musterstadt
City: Musterstadt
Favourite leisure activity:
Meeting friends, sports and cooking
Favourite TV-Show:
David Letterman
Favourite books:
The Lord of the Rings, J. R. R. Tolkien
Favourite music:
Jack Johnson
Favourite drink:
Coke light and water
Favourite meal:
Mama's homemade food
Favourite country for traveling:
Spain and many more...
Favourite quotes:
"Listen to many, speak to a few."
- William Shakespeare -
"The essence of being human is that one does not seek perfection."
- George Orwell -


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|Novel screening systems for HIV-1 fusion mediated by two extra-virion heptad repeats of gp41
Nishikawa, Hiroki, Kodama, Eiichi, Sakakibara, Ayako, Fukudome, Ayako, Izumi, Kazuki, Oishi, Shinya, Fujii, Nobutaka, Matsuoka, Masao (2008-10)
Antiviral research, 80(1): 71-76


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Yellowstone River, Paradise Valley, Montana
Yellowstone River and the Absaroka Mountains, early spring morning
Main Boulder River, Custer Gallatin National Forest
BLM Land, off Crooked Creek Road
Smoke from nearby wildland fires creates a dramatic effect at Rock Creek, north of the Rock Creek Recreation Area.
Spring in Paradise Valley - Chico Peak and Mount Baldy to the left and Emigrant Peak to the far right.
Bozeman Fair, Bridger Mountains in the Background
Old homestead in Gallatin Valley backed by the Bridger Mountains
Swan Mountain Range, Flathead National Forest, Condon, Montana
Main Boulder River, Custer-Gallatin National Forest, Montana
Grasshopper Creek, Bannack Ghost Town
East Rosebud Creek as it flows out of the Beartooth Mountains. Toward the camera it is heading north into the plains toward Roscoe.
Old cabin at Bowler Flats, on the route to the Pryor Mountains
Fairly Lake, at the base of Sacagawea Peak in the Bridger Mountain Range, north of Bozeman.
Lower Red Rocks Lake, Red Rocks National Wildlife Refuge, Centennial Valley, Montana
Custer National Forest, off Crooked Creek Road
National Bison Range, Montana
Sunset over the Absaroka Mountains and Gallatin Range near Livingston, Montana.
Smoke from the Chinn wildland fire southwest of White Sulfur Springs rises in the distance, 2017. Photo taken from Sixteen Mile Creek Road.
Swan River National Wildlife Refuge and the Mission Mountains during the 2012 fires.
Winter descends on Rock Creek, north of the Rock Creek Recreation Area.
Hay bales on the Mission Ranch east of Livingston, Montana
Swan Range and the Flathead National Forest, Condon, Montana
Living up to its name, the Main Boulder River south of Big Timber on the Gallatin National Forest;
Donna lives in Bozeman, Montana. She works for a regional nonprofit that engages in youth development and conservation service work. She spends much of her free time wandering in and photographing the wild world.
Donna can be contacted at:
P.O. Box 11461
Bozeman, MT 59719