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Wednesday, April 20, 2011
Teens 'Battle' Regularly at Hamilton-Wenham Library in Innovative Club
Gordon College News Service
(This story appeared Thursday, April 21, 2011, in The Salem News.)
Wenham, MA—For Trevor Attridge, 18, of Essex, MA, Saturday mornings are no time for breakfast in bed. Instead, they're for epic battles. But this isn't a videogame or blockbuster movie – it's the Hamilton-Wenham Public Library, home to a group of teenagers who gather weekly to play epic multi-dimensional battle games.
For the past three years, Attridge, the founder of the club known as Battle-Gaming of Massachusetts (BOM) and a senior at Manchester-Essex High, has met with friends on Saturdays at the Hamilton-Wenham library from 10:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. to play battle games. Attridge's hobby began after seeing a game set modeled on The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers. Then he gathered a few friends in his attic to play the game, but soon moved to the Hamilton-Wenham library for a larger venue.
"I think it's good for kids to play games (like these) and get together in real-time instead of online," said Kim Claire, the Young Adult Librarian, who has helped maintain and promote the club since coming to the library. "It creates a community for them."
At their most basic level, battle games are based on a traditional board game format with a point system where each player takes turns rolling dice to determine their next move. However, there is no formal board like with checkers. Instead, these games are played on either purchased or homemade terrain that's then spread across large tables. To best get a sense of battle gaming, said Attridge, it's like chess combined with Risk, but to the "umpteenth degree."
While battle-gaming is not as popular on the North Shore as it is in the United Kingdom, Attridge said BOM's attendance has increased to about ten members a week due to word-of-mouth and the website he started several years ago. The club has an open door policy for anyone who is friendly and looking to have a fun time with the game, said Attridge.
Brian Palazzolo, 15, of Stoneham, found out about BOM online and decided to check it out one Saturday. "I came here and got to know everybody and it just because a fun thing to do every week," he said.
Aside from the actual game, there's artistry to the hobby as well. Each player's pieces come in kits the teens order online, unassembled and unpainted. It's up to the player to craft the pieces together and paint them. Most models sit only a little higher than an inch and have incredibly detailed suits of armor and weaponry. Crafting these soldiers, vehicles, and terrain is as much a part of battle gaming to Attridge as playing with friends.
"The other aspect to the game that I love as well is the whole artistic medium. You have to build and paint these models, which I really enjoy," said Attridge. "It's so much fun to put the sets together and come out with a finished product."
Like Claire and Palazzolo, Attridge also said it's the community aspect of battle-gaming that he finds so rewarding. It's a hobby where the players get to physically "hang out" together as opposed to screen and audio based connection over the Internet with with games like Xbox LIVE. Attridge says BOM instead provides a place for teens to engage on a social level that he sees is steadily declining.
"Something that's sad about modern entertainment is that you can't see who you you're playing with or communicate beyond keystrokes," said Attridge.
Two of the most popular types of games, Attridge said, are Warhammer 40K and Warhammer Fantasy, each of which has expansive subcultures. Games Workshop, the UK manufacturer of these games, has created what it calls the Black Library, a collection of novels written about the armies and characters of these fantasy worlds. There are also numerous user manuals, strategy guides, and fan websites, which are the most appealing feature of the games to teens like BOM member, Ryan Buchanan, who says he enjoys the unending, epic narrative that he gets to be a part of.
"I like the strategy of the game," said Buchanan, 15, of Hamilton. "I'm very into the story lines and imagining them in my head." Buchanan has read several of the books from the Black Library, which the Hamilton Wenham library has on stock.
Attridge has even begun assembling and painting models on commission. He works out of a studio space above his parent's garage. The most common army set to buy for Warhammer 40K, consisting of 10 models, can take up to two weeks to finish crafting. And it can also be expensive. This same set of 10 models costs $40 on average and a single model of a tank or other vehicle can cost up to $50.
"Warhammer has a much more social aspect than you would get with playing a video game," said Attridge. "Instead of looking at a screen you're looking across the table at another person. It's about community instead of just the game."
For more information on BOM at the Hamilton-Wenham Public Library email Trevor Attridge at firstname.lastname@example.com or Kim Claire at email@example.com.
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The Children's Machine 1 (CM1), is the new monicker of the first machine from the One Laptop Per Child project spearheaded by MIT. It's no longer $100, as the price tag's climbed 40% to $140.
The specs are: 400MHz AMD Geode Processor, 128MB of RAM, 512MB of flash memory, SD card slot, microphone and speaker jacks, digital camera and 1200x900 resolution 8-inch LCD screen. These new features probably account for the $40 price bump, but is probably worth it considering the telecommunications features that a microphone/speakers/digital camera will be used for.
The Children's Machine (CM1) from One Laptop per Child [OLPCNews via Ars Technica]

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Dueling directors
Director-class switches have been used to maintain performance in large storage networks for years, but soon they'll act as the hubs that unify data center networks.
By Jacob Gsoedl
Fibre Channel (FC) as a technology has been relatively static over the past 10 years, and FC switch innovation has been incremental -- from bandwidth support and additional features to increased resilience and availability -- culminating in the high-end FC director platform. Aside from a few failed incursions by vendors like QLogic Corp. and others, Brocade Communications Systems Inc. and Cisco Systems Inc. now almost exclusively own the high-end Fibre Channel switch and director market. With their top-of-the-line platforms (the Brocade DCX Backbone and Cisco's MDS 9500 Multilayer Director Series), they duel for customers who require a combination of high FC performance and high availability. Features and suitability for existing infrastructure have typically been the primary director selection criteria. Enhancements related to Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE), as well as the convergence of FC and Ethernet into a unified data center protocol, have added roadmaps and vendor strategies as relevant purchasing considerations. Protecting the new investment and ensuring its future are of paramount importance considering how profoundly storage-area networks (SANs) and data centers will be transformed.
The Brocade DCX Backbone and Cisco MDS 9500 Series have much in common. They're both chassis based and can be scaled by adding or changing hot-swappable line cards. With all components redundant and hot-swappable (blades, fans, power supplies), they present no single point of failure. From 1 Gbps/2 Gbps /4 Gbps /8 Gbps Fibre Channel to FICON, FC over Internet Protocol (FCIP) and Internet Protocol over FC (IPFC), and connectivity options for iSCSI (DCX via an iSCSI gateway and the MDS natively), they support all relevant storage networking protocols. With Brocade's Fabric Application Platform option and the Cisco MDS 9000 Storage Services Module (SSM), both vendors can turn their switches into intelligent app platforms for third-party services, such as EMC Corp.'s Invista for fabric-based storage virtualization and EMC RecoverPoint for fabric-based data protection. By way of the Brocade Data Center Fabric Manager (DCFM) and Cisco Data Center Network Manager (DCNM), both provide commensurate management applications to provision and proactively manage devices across multiple fabrics. Both vendors also support N_Port ID Virtualization (NPIV) to simplify connectivity, management and monitoring of proliferating virtual server environments. In addition, Cisco's ability to create completely isolated fabric topologies via its virtual SAN (VSAN) technology has been matched by Brocade's new Virtual Fabrics feature, which enables organizations to create logical groups of separately managed devices, ports and switches within a physical SAN.
"With the support of Virtual Fabrics, Brocade eliminated one of the competitive advantages Cisco had with VSANs," said Bob Passmore, research vice president at Stamford, Conn.-based Gartner Inc. Notwithstanding a long list of commonalities, Brocade and Cisco differ in some key areas and features, as well as in product strategy.
Product overview
In an attempt to establish a product category that resides above traditional directors, Brocade doesn't categorize its DCX Backbone as a director-class product. However, with four times the chassis bandwidth, significant energy efficiency and several feature enhancements, the DCX Backbone can be viewed as a "green" Brocade 48000 Director on steroids. Among the DCX Backbone enhancements are inter-chassis links (ICL) that allow cascading two DCX Backbone switches via a 512 Gbps pipe, integrated Fibre Channel routing, fabric-based encryption, and the separation of control processor and core switching blades. Unlike the 48000 Director and the Cisco MDS 9500 Series, the DCX Backbone doesn't support iSCSI natively and depends on external iSCSI gateways to interface with iSCSI SANs.
|Feature comparison
The DCX Backbone is available in two modular form factors. Built for large enterprise networks, the 14U Brocade DCX Backbone has eight vertical blade slots to provide up to 384 FC ports using Brocade-branded 4 Gbps or 8 Gbps small form-factor pluggables (SFPs). Built for midsized networks, the 8U Brocade DCX-4S Backbone has four horizontal blade slots to provide up to 192 Fibre Channel ports. Additionally, each chassis has two slots for redundant control processor blades and two more slots for redundant core switching blades that move traffic between blades.
With the Cisco MDS 9100 Series rack-mountable fabric switches at the low end and the midrange MDS 9200 Series -- which provides MDS 9500-equivalent features at a smaller form factor and lower cost by sacrificing redundancy and scalability -- the MDS 9500 director family tops Cisco's coherent FC switch product line. Cisco offers three MDS 9500 models: The MDS 9513, supporting a record 512 8 Gbps FC ports, with a total of nine slots for line cards and two slots for redundant supervisor modules, is targeted at enterprise networks with high port count requirements. For smaller networks and as edge devices, Cisco offers the MDS 9509 featuring nine slots, and the MDS 9506 with six slots.
Introduced by Cisco in 2002, the MDS 9500 is on track to follow the Catalyst 6500 Ethernet switch family in prolonging its life toward a decade, displaying longevity that's rare in the fast moving high-tech arena where assets usually depreciate in three to five years. "MDS 9506 and 9509 switches that shipped in 2002 still support 8 Gbps FC and will support FCoE," confirmed Paolo Perazzo, senior product line manager, Cisco's Data Center Switching Technology Group. In contrast, during the same period, Brocade has brought five different director platforms (12000, SilkWorm 24000, 48000, DCX Backbone and McData i10K) to market.
"Brocade is a smaller but very innovative company with shorter product lifecycles, partnering with best-of-breed vendors. Cisco, on the other hand, has a record of designing architectures that last for many years," noted Bob Laliberte, an analyst at Enterprise Strategy Group (ESG) in Milford, Mass.
A case in point is the DCX Backbone. "The main difference between the 48000 and DCX is the separation and rearchitecture of the core switching and control processor blades into separate blades, which required a new chassis design," said Bill Dunmire, senior product marketing manager at Brocade.
Comparing architectures
The Brocade DCX Backbone is based on a shared memory architecture where data moves from switching ASIC to switching ASIC along multiple internal ISLs that make up the path from an ingress port to an egress port. To load balance between these inter-ASIC links within the switch, the DCX Backbone relies on either exchange- or port-based routing. "Besides fewer components on blades, which reduces the likelihood of failure, in a shared memory architecture ASICs on the core switching blades talk to ASICs on port blades using the same protocol, minimizing protocol overhead," Dunmire explained.
In comparison, the Cisco MDS 9500 leverages a crossbar architecture where frame forwarding is directly performed in ASICs on the line cards. The crossbar manages forwarding of packages, and a central arbiter ensures fairness and prioritization. While the MDS 9506 and MDS 9509 provide the fabric switching module and central arbiter on the supervisor blade, the MDS 9513 uses a separate pair of switching modules located in the back of the MDS 9513 chassis. "Unlike a shared memory architecture where traffic moves across internal switching ASICs along varying paths, resulting in varying latencies, in a crossbar architecture the latency between ports is consistent across all ports within the switch," said Omar Sultan, solution manager, data center switching, data center solutions at Cisco.
Even though each vendor claims its architecture is superior, they each have their pros and cons. With the exception of a few vendor specific peculiarities, both platforms can be used to power the most mission-critical and largest SANs with comparable results and user experience; this is substantiated by Brocade and Cisco splitting the director market almost evenly. "The two products work very well and by having competition, they're pushing new features and, in the long term, bring down the price," ESG's Laliberte said.
Nevertheless, there are noticeable differences between the two platforms. The DCX Backbone supports local switching, which allows traffic between ports on the same blade to be directly switched instead of having to go through the core switching module; this means lower latency for devices connected to the same blade and improved scalability by reducing the amount of traffic that has to pass through the core switching blades. Although Cisco rebuffs the local switching benefit, emphasizing bigger latency variances as a result of local switching, support for local switching in its latest Nexus platform suggests that the lack of local switching support in the MDS 9500 is a disadvantage.
In addition to reliability, performance and throughput are the most relevant attributes of a director platform. The Brocade DCX Backbone currently wins the raw throughput comparison with 256 Gbps throughput per slot vs. 96 Gbps for the Cisco MDS 9500. When combined with local switching, it can concurrently operate more ports at full 8 Gbps utilization than the MDS 9500, as verified by a February 2009 Miercom lab test (Report 090115B). As a result, the MDS 9500 depends to a greater degree on oversubscription than the DCX Backbone. In practical SAN reality, however, not all ports will operate at full 8 Gbps rate, and the use of oversubscription combined with traffic prioritization and QoS makes the throughput difference less significant. In the past, increases in port and chassis throughput benefited mostly ISLs and, to a lesser degree, servers; but now the proliferation of virtual server environments definitely makes bandwidth capacity more relevant. "Server virtualization is a game changer, making oversubscription more problematic because physical servers running many virtual machines are more likely to fully utilize a SAN link," Gartner's Passmore said. Cisco confirmed that it's working on a next-generation switch fabric module that will match the DCX's 256 Gbps slot throughput; existing customers will be able to upgrade by simply replacing the existing switch fabric module. "Replacing the switch fabric module costs an order of magnitude less than a forklift upgrade," noted Bill Marozas, business development manager, Cisco Data Center Solutions.
Despite each vendor's claim that its platform requires less SAN architecting, each director platform has idiosyncrasies a SAN designer needs to take into consideration to ensure optimal performance. In the case of the MDS 9500, the SAN design effort will likely be related to managing oversubscription and traffic prioritization. Correspondingly, the DCX Backbone requires SAN architects to take latency variances between different ports within the same chassis into account, as well as its use of port- and exchange-based routing to load balance inter-ASIC links. While both Brocade and Cisco support port- and exchange-based routing over external ISL links, Brocade's use of these protocols inside the switch has been somewhat controversial. Customers need to make a choice between one of two routing modes; despite repudiation by Brocade, benchmarks like the December 2008 Miercom report (Report 081215B) have shown slower performance if the switch is used with port-based routing instead of the default exchange-based routing; and some array vendors advise their customers to stay away from the DCX's default exchange-based routing for some of their arrays.
"HP does not typically make specific recommendations regarding switch routing, but we recommend using port-based routing with the StorageWorks Continuous Access EVA solution since exchange-based routing doesn't guarantee in-order frame delivery all the time across exchanges," said Kyle Fitze, marketing director for the StorageWorks Storage Platforms Division at Hewlett-Packard (HP) Co. Conversely, EMC and NetApp confirmed that all of their arrays work flawlessly using the DCX default exchange-based routing mode.
FCoE and CEE/DCE
Compelled by the prevalence of Ethernet and its enhancements, and the success and simplicity of iSCSI, Brocade and Cisco have embarked on bringing Ethernet into the well-guarded FC domain via Fibre Channel over Ethernet. FCoE is a T11 standard expected to be ratified later in the year. It uses Converged Enhanced Ethernet (CEE) -- Cisco calls it Data Center Ethernet (DCE) -- as the physical network transport to deliver Fibre Channel payloads. However, unlike its Ethernet brethren, it's lossless and appears as native Fibre Channel to the operating system and apps. Unlike iSCSI, it's not routable and is designed as a low-latency, high-performance Layer 2 data center protocol.
The value proposition of FCoE and converged Ethernet is lower infrastructure cost realized by simplifying cabling and reducing the number of adapters from two host bus adapters (HBAs) and two network interface cards (NICs) to two redundant Converged Network Adapters (CNAs) through which the converged local-area network (LAN) and FC traffic traverses. Instead of connecting two NICs to an Ethernet switch and two HBAs to a Fibre Channel switch, the two CNAs terminate into a CEE/DCE-capable switch that delivers Ethernet traffic to the LAN and FC traffic to the SAN. Although FCoE and CEE/DCE are expected to eventually be used from core to edge, its initial use is primarily at the access layer to connect servers to CEE/DCE-capable switches.
Both Brocade and Cisco are committed to FCoE, but with different strategies. Brocade won't ship Converged Enhanced Ethernet products until the standard is ratified; at that point, Brocade will support FCoE and CEE in its DCX Backbone via new blades. Older Brocade Fibre Channel products, such as the 48000 Director, will connect through the DCX Backbone or a new top-of-rack switch to interface with CEE components.
With the Nexus 5000 Series top-of-rack switch, Cisco is the first vendor to offer a pre-standard FCoE product. For the MDS 9500 director family, as well as the Nexus 2000 Series Fabric Extenders and Nexus 7000 Series switches, DCE and FCoE support won't be available until standard ratification, similar to Brocade's plans.
Overall, Cisco has a more coherent product strategy to support a unified data center protocol and has been working on it for the past five years. With the Nexus 7000 core switch and its formidable 15 Tbps planned throughput designed to support 100 Gbps Ethernet, its unified NX-OS operating system that's used by both the MDS 9000 family and the new Nexus platform, and its Data Center 3.0 initiative to unify computing systems, Cisco is amazingly ready for the battle for the unified data center. On the other hand, with the recent acquisition of Foundry Networks Inc., Brocade isn't standing still and, despite integration challenges, a legion of loyal Brocade and Foundry customers are likely to side with Brocade. Even though the battle has begun, broad adoption of CEE isn't expected until late 2010. "With the exception of some early adopters, broader adoption of CEE won't happen until 18 to 24 months from now," said Greg Schulz, founder and senior analyst at StorageIO Group in Stillwater, Minn.
Making a choice
With much in common, including pricing (see "The high cost of high-end switches," below), the most important director selection criteria are which platform fits best into your existing infrastructure and which vendor's strategy aligns more closely with your roadmap.
|The high cost of high-end switches
(List prices provided by Brocade/Cisco reseller)
"We chose Brocade directors mainly because we already had McData and Brocade departmental switches and our staff was familiar with managing them. The DCX performance was icing on the cake," said Michael Kilmer, primary storage administrator at Daktronics Inc., a leading manufacturer of large format display systems in Brookings, S.D.
"The fact that we are an all-Cisco shop as well as the VSAN feature were the main reasons we went with the MDS 9500 platform," explained Colleen Rhode, systems analyst at East Carolina University in Greenville, N.C.
For Keith E. Moore, director of technology services at Bellevue, Wash.-based Applied Discovery Inc., a division of LexisNexis, scalability and features were the decisive factors for selecting Brocade. "One of the reasons Applied Discovery chose Brocade is that Brocade is known to handle heavy traffic while sustaining wire speed. Our Cisco FC network consistently had performance issues under heavy load," Moore said.
David Turner, vice president of technical operations at MobiTV Inc., a leading provider of video to mobile devices in Emeryville, Calif., is evaluating the Nexus 5000 to complement the firm's MDS 9509 directors to lower costs and take advantage of copper cabling. "I decided to move off Brocade to Cisco for the sole purpose of taking advantage of the modularity of the MDS switches. It's much more cost-effective to get to the next version with the Cisco platform. Unlike Brocade, it doesn't require expensive forklift upgrades," Turner said.
Fernando Mejia, senior manager of IT infrastructure at the Independent Purchasing Cooperative (IPCoop) Inc., the purchasing arm of the Subway franchise in Miami, acquired a Cisco Nexus 7000 instead of a Catalyst 6500 because of its high performance, scalability and the ability to replace his stackable Brocade FC switches once FCoE becomes available.
Maturing directors
Regardless of whose product you choose, both platforms will reliably power your SAN, which is confirmed by the myriad storage-area networks currently powered by Brocade and Cisco. Both vendors are embracing the converged Ethernet paradigm in their product roadmaps, but unless you're willing to debug the initial CEE/DCE flaws as an early adopter, you're well advised to wait for at least another year until the standard and products have matured.
BIO: Jacob Gsoedl is a freelance writer and a corporate director for business systems. He can be reached at email@example.com.
Dig Deeper on NAS devices
Cisco FC director and switch moves to 16 Gbps, new chassis
Upgrading to 8 Gbps Fibre Channel SAN: Benefits and challenges
8 Gbps Fibre Channel storage: Use arrays, switches and server for gradual move to 8 Gbps
Brocade launches denser 8 Gbps Fibre Channel director cards following Cisco gains


text:
Revisions to AHA Policy on Prizes
- The Research Division shall serve as the policy oversight body of the Association for book prizes. Similarly the Teaching Division shall oversee teaching awards, and the Professional Division awards for professional service.
- The AHA Council will assess future prize proposals based on three criteria:
a. The prize field must be broad enough to insure a significant number of competitors for the prize and candidates for the prize committee. The Council will not establish prizes in a field covered by a specialist society except by agreement with such a society.
b. The proposed prize must be endowed with sufficient funds to insure that it can be funded without drawing from the operating funds of the Association.
c. Those establishing the prize must be open to the idea of supporting the future of the profession, allowing provision to support research grants or fellowships for graduate students and junior scholars in the prize field, in the event that its endowment generates sufficient funds to exceed the maximum amount for a prize award (currently $1,500).
- All prizes must be funded by bequests of at least $50,000 and include in the gifting language a stipulation that the entire bequest can be used to calculate the award amount. This level is intended to ensure sufficient time to withstand an economic downturn in the short term, but also make room to allow for research grants to assist younger scholars in the same field.
- Henceforth, no prize should be established in the name of a living person.
- The Association will charge to each prize fund reasonable direct and indirect costs. Those costs are currently calculated at one-half of one percent of a fund's balance.
- Prizes and awards should be conferred on only one individual or group except under exceptional circumstances, and there will be no honorable mentions, except in the case of the Asher Teaching Award.
- In assessing nominations for the prize, prize committees are advised to consider the prestige of their field. The prize committee should not confer an award or prize if there are no worthy submissions.
- Prize award committees should be composed of at least three members of the Association. With the establishment of a new prize, after an initial term, the terms will be staggered.
- Prizes and awards will be announced at the AHA General Meeting, before the presidential address. Prizes will only be announced for those recipients who are present to receive the awards in person. The citations for all prizes will be published in Perspectives.
- Every five years, the Finance Committee of the Council will review the amounts being conferred for each prize, to insure that the amounts being conferred do not exceed the amount needed to insure the general health of the prize fund.
—Approved by Council, December 27, 1992; amended January 11, 1998; amended January 7, 1999; amended January 6, 2000; amended June 29, 2002.
Tags: AHA Activities
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The City of Hood River is located at 5690 Lost Lake Rd, Hood River, OR. This business specializes in Government.


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This question developed out of conversation between myself and Joe Fitzsimons. Is there a succinct stabilizer representation for symmetric states, on systems of n spin-1/2 or (more generally) n higher spin particles?
By a "stabilizer representation", I mean that:
every symmetric state (or some notable, non-trivial family of them which contains more than just product states) is represented as the unique +1-eigenstate of some operator or the unique joint +1-eigenstate of a list of operators, where
each element of this set of stabilizing operators can be succinctly described, as an operator on the larger Hilbert space (i.e. not only as a transformation restricted to the symmetric subspace itself), and
where the stabilizing operators transform in a nice way in the Heisenberg picture under symmetric local unitaries (i.e. unitary transformations of the form U⊗n).
Ideally, one would be able to efficiently describe all sorts of transformations between various symmetric states; but one cannot have everything.
The constraint of being a unique +1-eigenstate of the list of stabilizing operators could also be made subject to the constraint of being a symmetric state. (For instance, many states on n spin-1/2 particles are stabilized by a σz operator on a single spin, but exactly one symmetric state is stabilized by that operator. Not that I would expect such an operator necessarily to arise in the formalism...)
Does a representation with the above properties (or one close to it) exist?


text:
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Registration (Deadline is Sept. 23 via email to email@example.com)
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Tournament Hotel
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For more information, contact the Tournament Director, Carol Matsuzaki at 617-253-7665 or email@example.com


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Photo by Scott Suchman
In 1956, the sound of opera rang out in DC, heralding the birth of a new company. Four decades and countless artistic leaps later, Washington National Opera continues to move boldly forward on the great adventure that began years ago in a university auditorium. Washington National Opera is now one of the nation's leading opera companies and plays to standing room audiences in the Kennedy Center.
The company was founded by music critic Day Thorpe of the now defunct Washington Star, along with a few other visionary souls who decided that the capital should have its own operatic enterprise. He called it the Opera Society of Washington (later renamed The Washington Opera), enlisted members of the National Symphony Orchestra, and engaged Paul Callaway, organist and choirmaster of Washington Cathedral, as music director.
Setting the mood for its subsequent history, the Opera Society began its existence not with a tried-and-true staple, but with performances on January 31 and February 1, 1957 of Mozart's The Abduction from the Seraglio. Performances were held in George Washington University's Lisner Auditorium, whose shallow stage and tiny orchestra pit were ill-suited to staged opera. Conductor Callaway held rehearsals in New York, for that is where his singers were, and props had to be assembled from various sources including the Turkish Embassy. Nevertheless, the production was a huge success.
Photo by Scott Suchman
Another offbeat offering was immediately scheduled, a double-bill of Gian Carlo Menotti's The Old Maid and the Thief and The Unicorn, the Gorgon and the Manticore. This began a long association with the composer that included the 1986 world premiere of Goya, starring Plácido Domingo (televised nationally on PBS). Igor Stravinsky also came to D.C. and conducted a pair of his operas, Le Rossignol and Oedipus Rex, which were recorded by Columbia. Such composers as Paul Hindemith, Samuel Barber, and Lee Hoiby were here as well in those early years directing, conducting, or supervising productions of their operatic works. Legendary baritone Tito Gobbi also directed a three-performance run of Puccini's Tosca for the company in March 1978.
Since there was no "company" in the literal sense, productions had to be conceived individually and financial support scraped up opera by opera. Even so, the company achieved remarkable results and, in 1967, commissioned the world premiere of Alberto Ginastera's Bomarzo. Frequently, though, success came at a price. In December 1970, for instance, Frederick Delius' Koanga, an American premiere, was the only opera that the company was able to mount.
With the enthusiastic support of Roger Stevens, Chairman of the Board of the then new Kennedy Center, Artistic Director Ian Strasfogel led the company into the Kennedy Center Opera House in the fall of 1971 with the world premiere of Ginastera's Beatrix Cenci. The company was named the resident opera company of the Kennedy Center.
In 1975, George London, one of the great bass-baritones of his generation, became General Director. By this time, the season had expanded to three productions per year and London began developing ambitious long-range plans. Also at this time one of the company's most energetic supporters, Christine F. Hunter of The Gramma Fisher Foundation of Marshalltown, Iowa, became president of the Board of Trustees.
When London suffered an incapacitating heart attack in 1977, Gary Fifield, London's Managing Director, and Francis Rizzo, the Artistic Administrator at Wolf Trap, stepped up to produce three challenging seasons.
When London was unable to resume his position, Martin Feinstein, then Executive Director of Performing Arts at the Kennedy Center, was appointed General Director. Under Feinstein's guidance and with the enthusiastic support of David Lloyd Kreeger (who had become president of the Board of Trustees), Washington National Opera became the first U.S. opera company to produce a repertory season in two separate theaters: the 2,200-seat Opera House and the 1,100 seat Eisenhower Theater. The introduction of English supertitles in 1984 proved an instant hit and attracted new audiences.
From 1979 to 1995, Feinstein led the company in presenting several important productions, including he world premieres of Menotti's Goya and Argento's The Dream of Valentino, Carmen with Denyce Graves, Turandot with Eva Marton, Samuel Ramey in Mefistofele, Salome with Maria Ewing, Barber's Vanessa, d'Albert's rarely performed Tiefland, the East Coast premiere of Argento's The Aspern Papers, Janacek's The Cunning Little Vixen, La Bohème directed by Gian Carlo Menotti, and the American premiere of the Chinese work Savage Land. With L'Orchestre de Paris, the company co-produced the Mozart/da Ponte operas, conducted by Daniel Barenboim and staged by Jean-Pierre Ponnelle. With L'Opéra de Monte Carlo, the company produced the Rimsky-Korsakov gem The Tsar's Bride, which began a Russian cycle including Eugene Onegin and Pique Dame.
In the spring of 1996, the leadership of Washington National Opera, headed by Board chairman Mrs. Eugene B. Casey, realized that the company needed to accommodate its expanding audiences and address its growing needs for more performances and space for rehearsals, set/costume storage, educational programs and administrative offices. Mrs. Casey gave the company a gift of $18,050,000 to purchase the Woodward and Lothrop building, a former department store in downtown D.C., at a bankruptcy auction. The Opera purchased the "Woodies" building, zoning was obtained, and the architectural firm of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners and other experts formulated a new Opera House design. But when the plan that satisfied the company's minimum requirements was priced at $200 million, and the company had raised $75 million, the Kennedy Center asked the Opera to consider staying. The resulting agreement in the summer of 1998 between the Opera and the Kennedy Center reaffirmed their relationship, allowing the Opera to increase its number of performances in the Opera House over a 15-year period. In February 1999, the Opera sold the "Woodies" building for $28.2 million to Douglas Development. The net proceeds of the sale were used to endow the Opera's Eugene B. Casey Fund.
On July 1, 1996, Plácido Domingo became Artistic Director of Washington National Opera and accepted the post of General Director in May 2003. During those eight years, Plácido Domingo transformed Washington National Opera from a regional company to one of international acclaim by engaging world-renowned artists, producing new works, broadcasting its productions on television and radio worldwide, and presenting ambitious, diverse repertoire. As General Director, Mr. Domingo selected the repertory and casting and oversaw all stages of the creative process. His first season began on November 9, 1996 with Gomes' Il Guarany, in which he also starred. Mr. Domingo's work was complemented by that of Patricia L. Mossel, Executive Director from 1995 to 2002, and Mobil Corporation executive Walter Arnheim, who served as Executive Director from 2000 until 2002. In 2002, Michael R. Sonnenreich became President of Washington National Opera.
The "Domingo Era" included Zeffirelli's production of Pagliacci starring Mr. Domingo (televised nationally on PBS); Mr. Domingo in Massenet's Le Cid (taped for upcoming PBS broadcast); and the North American premiere of Wolf-Ferrari's Sly featuring José Carreras in his first appearance in an American opera production since 1987. Other highlights include Mirella Freni and Mr. Domingo in Fedora; José Cura and Denyce Graves in Samson et Dalila; Samuel Ramey in Boris Godunov; Eva Marton in Elektra, Ainhoa Arteta in Puccini's La Rondine (televised nationally on PBS); and Ruggero Raimoindi in Piero Faggioni's production of Don Quichotte; and Parsifal conducted by Heinz Fricke and starring Mr. Domingo and an international cast of Wagnerians. In 2004-2005, Mr. Domingo appeared as Vidal Hernando in Moreno Torroba's Luisa Fernanda, and in 2005-2006 performed roles from three of the world's most beloved operas in the company's celebratory Trilogy production.
With its many new productions, Washington National Opera's sets and costumes that originally triumphed in D.C. have been seen by audiences in Italy, France, Australia, Israel, and Canada, and across the U.S., from New York to Seattle, Miami to Los Angeles. Motion picture companies have used Washington National Opera productions, from Oliver Stone's production company to the feature film Guarding Tess, starring Shirley MacLaine.
Under Maestro Domingo's leadership, the company expanded its facilities with the 2000 opening of the Washington National Opera Studio in Takoma Park. Since its opening, this facility's rehearsal spaces are large enough to accommodate three different productions simultaneously, houses a well-equipped costume shop, and is home to Washington National Opera Center for Education and Training. Introduced in spring of 2004, the National Opera Center houses the celebrated Domingo-Cafritz Young Artist Program, award-winning Education and Community Programs Department, and newly created Apprentice and Intern Programs.
Founded in 2002, the Domingo-Cafritz Young Artist Program has quickly become one of the nation's most competitive and comprehensive professional training programs for young singers and coach/accompanists. The program guides promising young singers in their transition from student to international opera artist by providing private voice lessons, master classes, vocal coaching in roles, and training in languages and in the dramatic arts from the finest teachers and coaches in the field. Nutrition education, stress-reduction counseling, and advice on how to build and manage a professional career as an opera artist are also included. All singers have the opportunity to perform principal, supporting, or cover roles in main stage productions.
Washington National Opera has worked since its inception to encourage the development of gifted young American artists. Early discoveries included Reri Grist and James McCracken (who sang his first Otello in the 1960 season). American artists who performed here in the fledgling stages of their careers include Rockwell Blake, Justino Diaz, Maria Ewing, Donald Gramm, Catherine Malfitano, John Reardon, George Shirley, Frederica von Stade, Richard Stilwell, Shirley Verrett, and Benita Valente. More recently, Tracy Dahl, Denyce Graves, Jan Grissom, Jerry Hadley, Eric Halfvarson, Hei-Kyung Hong, Ashley Putnam, J. Patrick Raftery, Ruth Ann Swenson, Jeffrey Wells, Ruth Welting, and Sheryl Woods received a career boost as young artists at Washington National Opera.
The company has attracted such conductors as the Berlin Staatsoper's Heinz Fricke (who became Washington National Opera's Music Director in 1993), Daniel Barenboim (in his U.S. operatic debut), André Previn, Rafael Fruhbeck de Burgos, Nicholas McGegan, John Mauceri, Daniel Oren, Arnold Ostman, Mstislav Rostropovich, Max Rudolf (in his final operatic appearance), Gerard Schwarz (in his operatic debut), and Leonard Slatkin. Other important productions were entrusted to such young American conductors as Richard Buckley, Paulette Haupt, Cal Stewart Kellogg, Keith Lockhart, Anne Manson, Steven Mercurio, Joseph Rescigno, and Patrick Summers.
Washington National Opera has called on such innovative directors of theater and film as Bruce Beresford, Werner Herzog, Michael Kahn, Mark Lamos, Donald Saddler, and the late Peter Mark Schifter, as well as internationally renowned directors with extensive operatic experience, including John Copley, Frank Corsaro, Piero Faggioni, Colin Graham, Michael Hampe, Lotfi Mansouri, Gian Carlo Menotti, Elijah Moshinsky, Stephen Lawless, the late Jean-Pierre Ponnelle, and Franco Zeffirelli.
In spring 2003, Washington National Opera moved into its temporary home at DAR Constitution Hall while the Kennedy Center Opera House underwent significant renovations to improve accessibility for all patrons. The specially-constructed thrust stage and positioning of the orchestra at the back of the stage à la Bayreuth made DAR Constitution Hall a wonderful venue to enjoy opera, particularly as the unique set up permitted the use of technological innovations such as multi-layered projections. From spring 2003 through the first half of the 2003-04 season, the company staged six operas at DAR Constitution Hall: Aida, Don Giovanni, Fidelio, Die Fledermaus, Norma, and Die Walküre.
On March 27, 2004, Washington National Opera returned to the renovated Kennedy Center Opera House with a thrilling line-up of operas, including a new production of Puccini's Manon Lescaut, Rossini's La Cenerentola, Verdi's La traviata, and the East Coast premiere of André Previn's A Streetcar Named Desire. Highlights of the Opera House renovations include an updated interior design, a new orchestra cross aisle, more wheelchair accessible seating, better lighting and environmental control, and an improved performance experience through a new sound system and larger orchestra pit.
Photo by Scott Suchman
In February 2004, the company changed its name to Washington National Opera to reflect its increasingly significant role in the national arts scene and fulfill its 2000 Congressional designation as the "national opera." Washington National Opera is proud of its distinctive past and looks forward to an even brighter future. Under the stewardship of General Director Plácido Domingo and the patronage of Life Chairman Mrs. Eugene B. Casey, Board Chairman John J. Pohanka, and other prominent members of the business, social, and political communities, the company was in an excellent position to maintain its cadre of quality performances, award-winning education and community programs, and guidance of new talent well into the future.
In November 2005, during the company's 50th anniversary season, Washington National Opera once again became a pioneer in the Washington arts community as it presented a simulcast of Porgy and Bess, the first-ever event of its kind to be broadcast live to the National Mall. Speaking from the Kennedy Center Opera House before the event, Washington, D.C. Mayor Anthony Williams commented: "As always, we're seeing Washington National Opera break new ground." An estimated 13,000 people attended the historic event, bringing opera to a new and diverse audience and raising the profile of WNO in the local community.
Photo by Scott Suchman
Recent seasons have continued the traditions set by the founders of WNO, offering performances by the greatest talents the opera world has to offer, in works beloved and unfamiliar. WNO's commitment to nurturing the future of the art form manifests itself in the celebrated Domingo-Cafritz Young Artist Program and the annual Opera in the Outfield® event, in which a production is simulcast for free to Nationals Park. These programs, along with the considerable work and outreach of the Education Department continue to broaden the public's awareness and understanding of opera, and cultivate the next generation of opera stars and supporters of the arts. In 2003 WNO launched Generation O, rebranded as BravO in 2014, a program for patrons age 18 to 40, which makes WNO accessible to young opera lovers and new opera listeners through specially-priced tickets, special events, and educational opportunities. And in 2012 WNO began the American Opera Initiative, a comprehensive new commissioning program that brings contemporary American stories to the stage while fostering and developing the talents of new American composers and librettists.
Washington National Opera officially affiliated with the Kennedy Center in 2011.
In 2012, Francesca Zambello was appointed as Artistic Director of the opera. As an internationally recognized director of opera and theater, she had directed productions with Washington National Opera since 2001 and continues to today. The opera's vision under Zambello is to bring stories to the stage that are classic and contemporary as well as those that illuminate the American experience. With Zambello at the helm, the opera has made a tradition of the annual holiday opera, showcasing productions of Hansel and Gretel, The Little Prince, and the world premiere of the children's opera, The Lion, the Unicorn and Me. In 2016, as a perfect culmination to the 60th anniversary season, Zambello brought Washington National Opera to the international stage when she led the company to present three full cycles of Wagner's Ring.
Timothy O'Leary began his tenure as General Director of Washington National Opera in July 2018. As General Director, O'Leary works closely with WNO's Board of Directors and Artistic Director Francesca Zambello to provide strategic and operational oversight of the entire company. In collaboration with Zambello, he partners with other members of the Kennedy Center's senior leadership team to expand how Washington National Opera and the Center serve audiences, the Washington, D.C. community, and the international arts community.
Under this combined arts leadership, Washington National Opera continually strives to reach the highest artistic standards in its performances and programs in the nation's capital.