text:
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Shmuel Spigler of Tel Aviv
|Uncaptioned. Shmuel Spigler
|My annihilated father and mother, Aharon and Feiga Spigler of blessed memory;
My sister Pesha with her delightful child, who were killed;
My murdered brothers Yehuda and Moshe
In memory.
Once again I can see the small, wooden houses with the shingle roofs, the large houses and the various businesses, the market place, the Ulica, the Targowica, the upper town, the Beis Midrashes, synagogues, cheders and Talmud Torahs; as well as various organizations, including Hitachdut, Hechalutz, and Hashomer Hatzair. The people of the town, its scholars, teachers, shochtim (ritual slaughterers), musicians, toilers, shoemakers, tailors and water carriers. The wise men and orators a treasury of personalities who lived and breathed, created and worked in our small town of Turka.
I again see it during the six days of the week, during its secular times as well as during its Sabaths and festivals; in its times of agony and sadness as well as in its ebullient joy, hoping and believing. I again breathe the sweet pleasantness of the forests, the flowing of its hidden streams, and the green meadows in which we all used to sit together, dreaming and believing in a finer and better world.
Friday in Cheder
It was wintertime in the town. White snow covered the entire town like a large, white sheet. It was neat and clean. All of the roofs
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of the large and small houses were covered with deep snow. The windows were frozen, and covered with various forms of ice flowers. It was the eve of the Sabath. We came from the upper town, and went around the mountain on sleds, until we came to the wide, wooden bridge. The river was frozen over, and children were skating over the wide river. The old, gentile water carrier would stand by the edge, filling up pails of water, loading them onto the wagons and carrying them to the Jewish houses in honor of the Sabath.
The frost burnt. We walked on. The snow crunched under our feet. Suddenly, we see the bridge. We turned to the left, and went through the Czortkower, Belz and Sadagora Kloizes. There was an old, crooked, run down cottage not far from there. We would stand there and peer through the small, frost-covered windows yes, this is him, our schoolteacher Yisrael-Leibele Kilowocz, as he was called in the town. We go through the wide, low door, and dressed in our kitzmes[1] fur coats and boots, and sit down on the wooden bench around the table. The Rebe with his bamboo stick, begins. We open up our Chumashes and review the weekly Torah portion for the last time before the test.
The Rebe begins: Repeat, children, once again: vaani un ich [2]. We all began to recite out loud, with voices clanging like bells filling up the small, cold room: Vaani un ich. Although I am troubling you with my burial, I was not able to do so for your mother Rachel, for. Bevoi -- as I was coming from Padan Aram, Meita is geshtorben, alay oif mir, 'Rachel your mother Rachel Thus did we repeat the entire Torah Portion of Vayechi verse by verse. After that, we reviewed the Torah portion with the cantillation. We finished quickly, got dressed, went out the door, and went out side with a tumult. Then we played in the snow and ice.
With the Rabi
It was as if by magic that the small house, the rabi, the cane, the long, wooden table and the benches disappeared and we, hand in hand,
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went further on And then we were standing before a house not far from the Sadagora Kloiz, where the rabi of the city, the Gologower Rabi, Rabi Eliezer Mishel, lived upstairs. He was a great scholar, sharp and expert also in secular subjects, and known throughout Galicia.
We went inside. There were two Jewish women with hens in their hands in the anteroom, about to ask a Halachic question. The rabi was very lenient, only very rarely declaring something non-kosher. We entered the large room. The rabi had a splendid countenance. He was dressed in a long frock with a warm Spencer atop, sitting on a leather stool around a long, oak table, covered with a tablecloth. There were four large, silver candlesticks on the table. His two wise, dark eyes were peering into an open book before him. His high forehead wrinkled and pondered. His long white beard flowed over the Spencer. There was a large, silk yarmulke over his grey, hoary head. On one side there was a closet going up to the ceiling, packed with books. The entire room smelled like yellow parchment, holiness and erudition. A calm pervaded.
Both of his sons, great scholars themselves, sat in the second room. The oldest as people whispered about town even went out to a bad crowd and looked into the books. Along with Talmud and Halachic decisions, he studied mathematics and philosophy, and would get together with youths who would discuss and debate what is above and what is below, attempting to clarify matters
I recall as if today how our fathers used to partake of the Purim feast or spend Simchat Torah with the rabi, as we absorbed his scholarly general conversation, filled with wisdom of life, depth and sharpness. The rebetzin would look into the room from time to time, enter the room, with love and respect place a piping hot glass of tea in front of the rabi, and exit.
In the Bathhouse
The frost was biting. We remain downstairs, breathe in again in the house and the dwelling, and walk on further Then we find ourselves
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not far from the bathhouse. Jews of the town, old and young, with bags of underwear and towels under their arms, run to bathe and take a steam bath in honor of the Sabath. They would cast off the toil of the entire week, cast off the yoke of livelihood, the trials of childrearing and other tribulation, at least for one day.
Sabath eve at the bathhouse
We enter. It is warm and stuffy inside. There is a warm mist in the air and it smells sour. It was stuffed with people. The bathhouse was the only place where the entire town was equal there is no eastern wall there is no sixth aliya or maftir there is no rich and poor. Everyone is under the same vapor, which they loved, and which
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was refreshing The well-off householders sit on the upper bench along with the shoemakers and tailors everyone whom G-d had created. They sat there with the pails of cold water in their hands, flaming red faces, and sweat dripping down. Chazkele stands as always next to the wood stove. He was an elderly Jew who loved to tipple. Whether at a wedding or a yahrzeit observance, he would be chief among the drinkers. He stands there, pouring the pails of water onto the oven. He then smacks the hot mist, which sprays all the way to the upper benches. Everyone calls out, Ah, ah ah, hu, hu hu! Chazkel, another one! Chazkel does so, for Chazkel does not economize The heat increased from minute to minute. People would run into the mikva with stony steps and immerse themselves in accordance with custom. It was indeed a kosher mikva, and it was a mitzvah to immerse oneself therein.
It was starting to get late. People left the bathhouse individually or in groups. They got dressed at home and prepared themselves for services.
In the Kloiz
It is getting dark, and night is falling. The holy Sabath candles, kindled by our G-d fearing mothers as they wept and wished good health and livelihood for the entire family, flicker through the frozen windows. We all don our Sabath clothes and walk with our fathers to the kloiz to welcome the Sabath.
Dudi Kardish stands by the prayer leader's lectern in the Sadagora Kloiz to welcome the Sabath, Lechu neranena Lashem, naria letzur yisheinu Lechu dodi likras kala, pnei Shabat nekabela.[3] We recite the Friday night service and set out for home.
Everyone is dressed in their heavy fur coats and streimels. The wealthy people wear expensive karekolen furs[4] and the regular people with fur coats that were shedding. Everyone goes home, some with a guest and some without a guest, to welcome the Sabath in their homes.
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At the Covered Table
Inside the houses, everything is clean and tidy. Every corner smelled. The table is covered with a white tablecloth. The silver candelabra, the wine and the covered challas were prepared. The mother, dressed in her Sabath clothes, with a kerchief on her head and a white apron, sits and enjoyed the surroundings. She enjoys satisfaction because G-d had helped her with everything until this point, and would likely continue to help her does she have a choice?
The father recites Shalom Aleichem malachei hasharet, and then, the heartfelt Eshet chail mi yimtza He then fills up the cup and recites the Sabath Kiddush. Everyone sits around the table. Mother serves the fish and meat, and then everyone begins to hum the Sabath hymns with joy and faith, praising His beloved Name. Kol mekadhesh Shevii karaui lo, and Ka ribon alam vealmaya. The mother glows: it is a pleasure to look at her and her entire house.
The sons and daughters have already long ago left the house. They left their parents at home by the flickering candles, as they were looking into Tzena Urena or a book[5]. The younger generation went out to seek a new way and life, a new content. It began to be constricting in the four ells of the house and the Beis Midrash. New winds began to blow in the streets of the town. The era of seeking and longing for other forms of life began. The G-d of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, Chumash and Rashi, Choshen Mishpat and Yoreh Deah[6] no longer brought joy. New gods and new ideals began to appear that attracted and carried away the youth.
Thus did Father and Mother remain by the flickering candles, with their old faith in the G-d of Abraham as their daughters went out from the nest to seek new food, new spiritual food to calm the thirsty souls.
New Ways
We walk on further We already realize that aside from the Turka of satin and silk, women's head coverings and strands of pearls, Talmud and
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Halachic decisors, Tzena Urena and Ein Yaakov, there was another Turka -- a Turka of vibrant, creative youth, of groups of maskilim vehemently seeking new ways, who began to band together to attack the way of life of the elder generation. A word went around that the Turka skies were covered with rags from which new guests descended during those times, which with the passage of time became old residents and began to be the new trendsetters, penetrating the minds of the youth, bringing new notions and problems of G-d and man, man and the world, Schaffenhauer and Nietzsche, Hegel and Kant, Freud and Wininger from one side; Iveson-Strindberg, Roman Rolon-Barbis, Tolsoy-Dolstoyevsky-Gorki; and with them, the entire precious haskala literature in Hebrew and Yiddish: Mapu, Smolenskin, Feuerberg, Mendele, Shalom Aleichem, Asch and Bergelson from the second side. They, the new guests, formed a new way of living and a new form of man. These were all factors in the creation of a national-worldly way of life for the youth of the town.
The return to Zion, the Land of Israel, the Western Wall which were once so far, were no longer a dream. They began to take on flesh and bones. Zionism was no longer a hollow notion, but rather became a subject around which the youth began to form various groups, the strongest and most influential of which at that time was, without doubt, Hashomer Hatzair. Already a that time, it played a significant role in Jewish life throughout all of Poland, and especially in Galicia. Throughout the large cities of Congress Poland and Galicia, Hashomer Hatzair was composed for the most part of academic youth whose mother tongue was Polish both at home and on the street. They brought that atmosphere into the movement, and the entire scouting and cultural work was conducted in the Polish language, and only partly in Hebrew. However, the development of the youth of the small towns in Poland, especially in Galicia, was entirely different.
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The youth of the small towns in Galicia who filled up the Hashomer Hatzair organization and bound their way of life and weltanschauung to that movement, stemmed primarily from the petite bourgeois classes of society, small-scale merchants, tradesmen, observant houses, where Yiddish was the mother tongue both in the home and on the street.
Those small-town youth brought elements into Hashomer Hatzair that were strange and lacking in the larger cities. Those elements included Yiddish Literature, Hassidic enthusiasm and devotion, and the popular melody and song. Those youth revealed the hidden light of the Beis Midrash and the Jewish home to the movement. They further branched out from the historicity of Judaism, from old content to new forms. In that sense, Turka stood out among Hashomer Hatzair throughout Galicia. With time, the way of Turka broke out of its borders, and moved beyond.
In Hashomer Hatzair
It is a warm, summer night. We are strolling through the town and are now close to the Hashomer Hatzair meeting place and a calm, heartfelt melody reaches us. A tune long, stretched out, full of longing. It is full of longing and the agony of the world. We enter, and unite ourselves with the others. It is a small, dark room. Avraham Monaster, Leibush Mandel, and David Langenauer, all Beis Midrash students who found their path into Hashomer Hatzair, are sitting there. They are all sitting, crowded together, and singing with their hearts and souls, as if one was observing the third Sabath meal on the Sabath afternoon. Hassidic melodies filled with devotion and enthusiasm, as well folk songs filled with joy and faith fill that little rom.
On another occasion in the meeting place
In a large room, they are preparing for a performance which will shortly take place. Melech Brauer, the play director of the town, was a broad shouldered, chuby man;
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but inside him was housed an artistic soul. He is standing in the middle of the room, reviewing the roles of Peretz Hirshbein's Grine Felder with zest and enthusiasm. Yetke Reifler, Dudi Wolf, Izik Zolinger and the writer of these lines performed in it.
|A group of older members of Hashomer Hatzair during the visit to Turka of Yitzchak Sheiz of blessed memory of Kibutz Merchavia in 1934
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And further: In a third room, the counselors sit and hold a discussion with small groups regarding the Land of Israel, Kibutz, Hachshara, and other day to day questions of the organization.
Suddenly, it became bright and light in the entire premises, as a fervent hora began. The circle grew from minute to minute. Young and old entered the circle; the singing grew stronger and wilder, and could be heard outside.
In this manner life went on, year in and year out, from one generation to the next, in our beloved, small town.
This all once was and today?...
Mother and father, brothers and sisters, relatives and friends whom we loved so very much are no longer there.
Therefore, let all of us survivors of Turka, here in the old-new homeland as well as in the entire world, continue to give a backward glance to our town, which is no more
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by Zeev Steininger of Netanya
|Uncaptioned. Zeev Steininger
We felt the festive atmosphere not only on the Sabath rest day, the day on which the city rested from all work, when all the stores were closed, when the streets were quiet without movement. Despite the fact that Turka was a mixed city of Poles, Ukrainians and Jews, the Sabath was felt very clearly, for the center of the city, from the bridge leading to the village until the beginning of the upper area, was settled by Jews, and all of the shops were in Jewish hands. We also felt this atmosphere during Friday afternoon, as the preparations to greet the Sabath Queen were in progress.
Hastening to the Bathhouse
The shops were closed, and most of the Jewish population hastened to the bathhouse (steam-bath) in order to bathe and immerse in the mikva, to remove their weekday clothes and change them for their Sabath clothes and to prepare themselves to greet the Sabath.
The bathhouse was housed in a building on the banks of the river that was not overly modern. It operated on Friday with full steam. It was in service during the middle of the week as well, but on that day, it serviced the masses. When you entered the dark hall of the bathhouse, you would immediately meet a tall, strong, mustached gentile who was in charge of the oven, which was made of smooth stones. He had a pail of water in his hands. From time to time, he would pour the water on the red hot stones, and the mist would rise upward, upwards The bathers would be sitting on the broad, wooden steps, beating their bodies with brooms made of leaves. Suddenly, you would hear the call Iwan, Dowoj telling the gentile to pour another pail upon the red hot stones. When the mist rose, you would hear sounds of satisfaction. It seemed like a struggle to overtake the growing heat Apparently, these sounds housed the secrets of the bath, which, along with the preparation of the additional soul for the advent of the Sabath, was also
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instrumental in preserving the cleanliness and health of the people. (Indeed, the thought would come from time to time that the strong desire of our people to maintain themselves throughout the long exile was related to the set of customs, apparently connected to religion, but also connected to elementary needs that are vital for the physical existence of man.) At the end of the steam bath, they would descend into the mikva of cold water. When you left the mikva, you would drink a cup of most, which is a juice made from dried apples the monopoly of family of Filinger and his sons.
On the Sabath Next to the Post Office
|On the Sabath Reb Hersh Filinger
on his way to the synagogue
When the Sabath descended, everyone was dressed in their finery, with bekishes and streimels. Everyone hastened to the synagogue for the Sabath prayers. After the prayers, they walked home calmly
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for Kiddush and the Sabath eve meal. Then, most of the youth would gather together in their organizations to spend time in song, dance and discussions.
It was the Sabath morning. The streets were quiet, and Jews were walking along the streets toward the synagogue, slowly and calmly, garbed in their tallises. They went in groups, each group to its own synagogue. A unique experience, as if it was part of the Sabath, took place in another section of the city, where the post office was located. Next to the parapet along the street, the masses, dressed in their Sabath clothes, waited for the post office workers to exit the post office. When the two postal workers left, one turned to the long hallway of the next building, and the other turned to the other corner. The waiting masses were standing around. The postal workers quietly removed letters and newspapers from their large sack, and distributed to each person what was coming to them. In general, the newspapers, political weeklies or monthlies according to their respective parties, would arrive on the Sabath. After a time you would see how each person retreated to his corner, with a newspaper or booklet in his hands, and immerse himself in reading. You would also see groups discussing the issues of the day. These people were from the various Zionist groups, and generally young, progressive people. The Orthodox people and the adults were already at the synagogue at that time.
Synagogues and Houses of Worship
Most of the synagogues of the town were concentrated in one area, not far from the main street that leads upward to the Szymunka Mountain. If you turned to the left, you would find the Belzer Kloiz, which incidentally contained within its walls a large Torah library. On Sabath afternoons, you cold always meet people there sitting next to the long table, studying and deliberating over a chapter of Mishna. Opposite was the Czortkower Kloiz. As you crossed the narrow street, there would also be the central synagogue of the city a large, spacious, fine building, built during the 1930s. Again to the right, on a small hill, was the largest synagogue the Sadagora Kloiz. It was a very spacious building. The Tailor's Synagogue (Das Shneider Shulchel) was located next to the central city synagogue.
Of course, all of the synagogues were full of worshippers on Sabaths. Each Hassid went to his own synagogue. Each synagogue had its own eastern wall, and against the eastern wall, each synagogue had its own honorable members. During the High Holidays, another house of worship was added the Ochoronka (Orphanage) in which, for the most part, progressive folk and Zionists worshipped.
The Rabi of the City
If you would take a few more steps from the Sadagora Kloiz, you would end up at a large, spacious building.
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At least half of it was in ruins, and after you ascended the steps which were literally affixed to the air, you would enter a long hallway. If you turned left, you would enter a small room, and find three or for minyanim of Jewish worshipping. This was the seat of the rabi of the city. During weekdays, the long hallway served as the waiting room for those coming to ask questions or to clarify a matter of law.
The rabi sat in the interior room, upon an upholstered armchair with a ruber pillow. He had white hair, his beard was well-groomed, and he was dressed appropriately. He was always hunched over a Gemara, and he looked into it even during the times of prayer.
At times, we would see the rabi riding in a carriage on weekdays, dressed in a black kapote. He was apparently on his way to some reception or mission to the local authorities. We, especially the Jewish students in the schools, would also meet him on official national holidays. On such days, all of the students would gather in the Sadagora Kloiz for a festive gathering of school students. The students, accompanied by their teachers, would enter the synagogue in rows. Government figures would also be present, occupying places at the eastern wall. Kardish, a Jew who had the established claim for doing so at such events, would then ascend the podium and offer a prayer of thanks for the government and the head of state. Following him, the rabi would ascend, and deliver words of blessing appropriate for the holiday in a weak and quiet voice. It was hard to hear his words exactly. He would only raise his voice at the end, and conclude his words with a call of Hoch, hoch, hoch. The Great Synagogue not only served as a gathering place for masses of Jews on Sabaths and festivals, but also served as a gathering place for special occasions.
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by Shmuel Spigler of Tel Aviv
(a section)
The shops were closed early enough, and the streets were almost empty of people. In every place and every corner, I felt as if something great and sublime was approaching.
Some of the residents of the town went to supplicate at the graves of their dear ones, asking them to be righteous intercessors before the Heavenly court, so that they would be granted a good year, a year of good livelihood, a year of peace and contentment.
Those who were stringent and exacting throughout the entire year about both light and heavy matters, and who would be even more so approaching the great and awesome day, went to the mikva to immerse their bodies and purify themselves for the Day of Judgment, so that they would be spotless when they went to approach the Creator of the World with a serious spirit and broken soul.
The Beis Midrash located in the center of the town was still empty, aside from a few Jews who stood by their lecterns immersed in prayer from the time they arose in the morning. Among them was Reb Berl the shochet (ritual slaughterer).
Reb Berl the shochet was an upright, G-d fearing Jew. He walked with G-d all of his days. Throughout the year, he would earn his livelihood from shechita, and on festivals, especially on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, he would serve as the prayer leader without expectation of payment. He did not make his prayers into a spade with which to dig[7]. Reb Berl would supplicate with a sweet voice, and it was certain that his sweet prayers emanated from his heart, steering their course among the thousands of prayers that stream heavenward on the night of Yom Kippur, bringing a good year and a positive conclusion of judgment upon the congregation of worshippers.
Just as he knew how to take caution in the laws of shechita, and would sharpen his knife with fear and trepidation every morning before services, lest it have a knick that would cause pain to a living being; he would spend the days and nights between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur in the Beis Midrash with afflictions and prayers, in order to prepare himself for the great and holy night the night of Yom Kippur.
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During the afternoon, one would find the Jews of the town hastening to recite Mincha (the afternoon service), and then returning home immediately after the conclusion of the services. Slowly the streets of the town would empty out, and no living soul would be seen outside. Everyone was at home, around the table, partaking of the concluding meal, the final meal before the great day. Father and Mother would kiss their children with tears in their eyes and stifled sobs, as they would wish them a good year and a positive sealing of judgment, a year of blessing and not a curse, plenty and not scarcity, a year without illness and evil afflictions. Father donned his white kittel, and put on the leatherless shoes. Mother was resplendent, dressed in a new dress, with a silk kerchief on her head and a festival prayer book under her shoulder prepared to leave momentarily together with us children to go to the House of Prayer.
The sun was already giving off its last rays, with a reddish hue behind the town. Evening was descending, and the Jews of the town, elders and fine young men, dressed in their white kittels, socks and slippers, their tallises and festival prayer books under their shoulders, and set out for the synagogue along with the women and children.
|In the name of the Blessed G-d!
The plate of the Eve of Yom Kippur
For the benefit of
The Degel Torah Yeshiva
In Turka on the Stryj River
Act on behalf of the students of the house of study!
Raise up the flag of Torah and be elevated!
Arise and arouse yourselves for restoring the children to their bounds
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The Beis Midrash of the Belz Hassidim continued to fill up moment by moment. Inside, there was great light from the chandeliers and lit candles, placed in jars, pots and various other vessels. The rabinical judge Rabi Yehuda was already standing next to the Holy Ark, enwrapped in his tallis, with its heavy adornment sparkling from afar. Honorable householders, 'fine Jews were sitting at the eastern wall. Behind them were the shopkeepers, tradesman, teachers, and other clergy. The horse merchants, wagon drivers, water carriers, and tree hewers sat near the rear (in the polish) , all enwrapped in their tallies, with their prayer books before them.
Reb Berl the shochet was already standing at the prayer lectern, as he had already had the rights of serving as the prayer leader for Kol Nidrei and Musaf of Yom Kippur for many years. Silence fell upon everyone. Stifled weeping and sighing could be heard only from the women's section. The Holy Ark was opened, and Reb Berl the shochet began with a loud, ringing voice, in awe and trepidation:
Light is sown for the righteous, and joy for the upright of heart. The entire congregation along with the rabi, as one unit, repeated this verse seven times after him with devotion and great love. The melody continued on, breaking through the walls of the Beis Midrash and filling the atmosphere of the town with the splendor of holiness. With the consent of the Almighty and the consent of the congregation Kol Nidrei And the entire house of Israel shall be forgiven along with the stranger in their midst May our supplication ascend from evening, and may our prayers come to you in the morning One prayer chases another, and the entire service with its unique melodies penetrated the recesses of the body. I stood affixed to the side of my father, in awe and trepidation from the great and holy sight that was revealed before my eyes
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by Rabi Alter Weinberger of New York
Hassidism is not the monopoly of Torah scholars, of dignified Jews, and of so-called well-pedigreed Jews. Hassidism does not know of such things. The essence of Hassidism equalizes and elevates every Jew, discovers the quintessence of everyone and brings it out to the open, as we say: He examines and investigates the hidden storehouses[8] the Blessed G-d seeks out the good that is hidden in a Jew, even if he is coarse and weekday-like, very weekday-like. However, there is a treasury of good within every Jew, and the Blessed G-d seeks it and draws it out.
This is what I want to say about this: to write about Hassidic life in our city does not only mean to write about specific Hassidim from the Sadagora Kloiz, Czortkow Kloiz, Belzer Kloiz, Zidichower Hassidim, Komoriner Hassidim, or Blazower Hassidim and our town was indeed rich with them. The main thing is to write about the influence, the indirect influence that Hassidism had in general on the local synagogue Jew, village Jew, and tradesmen, such as shoemakers, tailors and the like.
As an example, I wish to write here about what took place in our town in 1939. When the Hungarians took over Carpatho-Rus from the Czechs with the permission of the entire community, young Jewish people from Carptho-Rus and Hungary began to escape. They fled to seek out better things. They fled and found. For the most part, they fled over the border at Uzhok, Sianki, Volovech, and other such places. The fearsome, well-known Polish police fortified the border guard, and of course captured people and beat them with cruel, deathly blows. Then they came out with a new decree
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in any Jewish house in which they would find such merchandise, they would deal with the entire house, and it would not be honey that they would lick.
Thus it was: At that time, I and all my children, may G-d avenge their deaths, were sick with typhus, may G-d protect us. My following friends happened to be sitting with us at the time: Reb Shimshon Hirsch may peace be upon him, Reb Shmuel Yeger may peace be upon him, Reb Shlomo Heler, Reb Tzvi Filinger may G-d avenge their deaths. Suddenly, my friends Reb Melech Brauer and Reb Matis Maus, may G-d avenge their deaths, entered with great brotherliness, and they shouted: That night, they deported the Krupka family of Jablonka to Sambor. The family included the elderly father Reb Shlomo Yitzchak and his two sons Menashe and Yechiel. Their crime was that they found two young refugees from Hungary in their house the day before. They were undertaking great efforts to arrange to free them. The tragedy was even greater, because the two children Menashe and his brother Yechiel were literally supposed to leave to America on the last ship! Therefore, they begged me to write to Rabi Dr. Mizes, may G-d avenge his blood (who was my friend) that he should intercede on their behalf. I told them, How can I help, I am lying here with 42 degree fever?
I asked Reb Shmuel Yeger of blessed memory to write to Rabi Dr. Mizes in my name. Thus it was. Three days later, Reb Melech Brauer and Reb Matis Maus were again here. They said that it was working out well, but we must immediately provide 300 zloty. Then, they would be released, and would be able to travel to America. However, from where could one obtain the money?! I gave them advice. They went and came the time was indeed very awkward. It was evening, but we were literally talking about the redemption of captives. What could then do?! And here I was tied to my bed, Heaven protect us. I then told my friends Melech and Matis: Please forgive me, call my uncle Reb David Weinberger, may G-d avenge his blood, and we will talk together about the burning problem. I then used my good influence on my dear uncle to ask him to procure the money. He went and did so he sold 300 meters of Kraszniak linen, and gave them they money. Thus they were able to free the prominent Krupka family from prison in Sambor. Menashe and Yechiel, may they be well, set out for America in peace on the last ship.
The Ukrainians assisted the Polish police to capture our Jewish children and our fellow Jews, all in unison,
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helped and saved them with great dedication. May their memories be blessed.
Hassidic Personalities
I now want to characterize certain personalities from the Hassidic community of our city:
From the Belzer Kloiz:
Reb Yisrael Langenauer A Jew who earned his livelihood from the toil of his hands in a bakery. He was a scholar, pious in his ways. To look at such a Jew, with his comportment and his pure manner of speech, one would be filled with respect for a Hassidic Jew. May G-d avenge his blood.
Reb Abish Shreiber A Hassidic Jew from Vilna. Full of charm. Of blessed memory.
Reb David Weinberger A joyous Hassid. He would bring joy to troubled people, and extend a hand to help everyone with purity, brotherliness, and respect. He was a wonderful host of guests. He led the society that tends to needy brides (Hachnasat Kalla) on Saturday evenings. On the Sabath before someone's wedding, the society would go out on Saturday night with a drum to play a round of Mazel Tov, and make a celebration. They would accept money from a wealthy groom, and give money to a poor groom. May G-d avenge his blood.
My brother-in-law, the young man Reb Yosef Weinberger, may G-d avenge his blood would give lessons, guard and serve on the leadership committee[9] all without recompense.
Reb Eliezer Karpiol Was a Modern-Hassidic Jew with a great deal of refinement and sharpness. May G-d avenge his blood.
Similar to them were: Reb Avraham Hirsch, Reb Chaim Hirsch, Reb Hirsch-Leib Schreiber the son of Shmuel, and Reb Shaul Keller.
Sadagora Kloiz:
Reb Gedalia Mandel was a great scholar, a Jew who loved Torah. He served on the Yeshiva committee and used to take great interest in the Yeshiva students.
[Page 85]
Reb David, who was called Dudia Kardish, was a beloved Hassidic Jew, and a fine prayer leader. May G-d avenge his death.
Among them were also: Reb Berish Shochet, Reb Shmuel Rozen.
Czortkower Kloiz:
Reb Shimon Hirsch who was known as Reb Shimon Sanis, was an exquisite, refined personality, who spoke little. May G-d avenge his blood.
Reb Shlomo Heller, a dignified Jew, was very knowledgeable in Hassidism. He was one of the directors of the Yeshiva, without receiving recompense. May G-d avenge his blood.
Reb Shmuel Yeger, was a remarkable Hassid, and a great doer of good.
Reb Avraham Langenauer was a scholarly Hassid, and a refined person. May G-d avenge his blood.
Reb Chaim Aharon Treiber as a fine Jew.
I must say that such a Jew as Reb Leizer Monaster was a fine thing and a jewel for the city. He was full of good, and a sincere prayer leader. May G-d avenge his blood.
On a Sabath or festival in our city, all Jews were like one family.
One a winter night in the Belzer Kloiz, everyone, young and old, would occupy a place with a candle, and sit and learn for hours.
If a Rebe was in the town, it was like a holiday for all the Jews for the entire eight days.
The Talmud Torah
The Talmud Torah was admirable, with the discipline, fine behavior and great success in study of its students. We set up the Talmud Torah literally without money. The basis was 25 dollars each month from the Turka Society in America.
We had 170 children distributed among 12 teachers. Half the number of teachers would have also been sufficient. However we did not want to
[Page 86]
encroach on the livelihood of the teachers. It was literally difficult for them. They were not paid with cash, but rather with coupons for the grain businesses, for which we all paid.
Rev Wolftshe the teacher was the supervisor. He would visit the teachers every day. Each term, he would set a major test, with gifts of food for every child in accordance with his knowledge. This was very practical
A Beis Yaakov (Girls' School)
There was a Beis Yaakov in Turka with girls from the area as well. The teachers were from Tarnopol, the sisters of the editor Dr. Hillel Zeidman, Malka and Rachel. The righteous woman Mrs. Chaitshe Dinstag, the wife of Reb Moshe from Sokolika, may G-d avenge his blood, should also be remembered positively. She was the living spirit of the Beis Yaakov and also of the Yeshiva.
The Yeshiva
The Degel Torah Yeshiva was fine the pride of the city
[Page 87]
and region., Approximately 120 students studied there, 80% from Turka, and 20% from the region from further afield places such as Przemysl, Kozowa, Ostrog, and others. The Yeshiva made a good name for itself. A great deal was written about it from visitors from Tag and Heint.
The studies were exceptionally good. We sent students to the Yeshiva of Chachmei Lublin knowing the three Bavas (Bava Kama, Bava Metzia, and Bava Batra) by heart[10]. We also sent students to the Keser Torah Yeshiva in Sosnowiec, as well as the Yeshiva of Belz. We primarily sent children from poor homes. We had a special fund for expenses we sent five zloty per month for each student.
The directors of the Yeshiva:
Rabi Alter Y.A. Weinberger was the founder, the president and Rosh Yeshiva, may he live long. Today he is the rabi and Rosh Yeshiva in Kew Gardens, New York.
Rabi Hershele Nagler, the son of Rabi Yechiel Nagler, was the vice spiritual director and lesson giver. May G-d avenge his blood.
Reb Shlomo Heller was a great help, working 4-5 hours each day, without pay. May G-d avenge his blood.
Reb Shimon Hirsch was the Yeshiva father to every child, with love and affection. His son Moshe ran a special restaurant for the Yeshiva students.
The community, headed by Shua Nachman Meiner, paid a salary of 150 zloty per month to the Rosh Yeshiva, Rabi Weinberger.
It is interesting to write about a large examination, one of the largest by-heart examinations of the three Bavas, of the highest class, and also of all the classes according to their ability. The holy Gaon Rabi Pinchas Twersky, a Stoller rabi and son-in-law of the Admor of Belz of holy blessed memory, may G-d avenge his blood, came to the festivities of the exam. He had previously lived in Sambor. He examined each student, and was full of amazement. The aforementioned rabi and Tzadik said, Bring cake, drinks and wine to the celebratory meal, I will pay for it! The celebration lasted for the entire night.
[Page 88]
The Turka musicians also came and requested to participate. They played the entire night. It was an honor for the town, as well as for the strangers, to have such a guest.
The voice of Torah was heard day and night throughout the entire city.
A Debate
There was a debate with the Zionist groups of Turka, headed by Reb Shua Erdman, may G-d avenge his blood. With time we emptied things out, bringing nearly all the children out
[Page 89]
from the organizations. Of course, this was not so desirous for the aforementioned groups. When I saw that things began to take on sharp forms I requested a meeting. We got together and talked in a very brotherly fashion. Thank G-d, I won them over with the truth. I told them that the children would like to learn with us today, and the next day they would be prepared to be good Zionists. However, if they go to the organizations today, they will not belong to you tomorrow, but rather to the left, the extreme left which is sufficient to understand. They understood well and there was peace upon Israel.
Famous Performers of Mitzvot:
It is appropriate to mention Reb Moshe Hirt and his righteous wife Malka the daughter of Reb Shlomo Erdman of Jasienca, may they live. They helped greatly in providing daily fare on a rotational basis[11] for the Yeshiva and Talmud Torah students from outside the city. Reb Nachman Brenis as well as Intrator-Horovich helped the Yeshiva with wood. May G-d avenge their blood.
Avraham Pelech, the tailor, helped by taking children from the Yeshiva who were not enjoying success in learning the holy Torah and teaching them tailoring. May his memory be a blessing.
Reb Leizer Monaster, a proper Hassid, pious and upright, was a sincere prayer leader, filled with fear of Heaven.
Reb Leizer Bart, was a synagogue Jew, a sweet Jew filled with charitable deeds. He was a good friend of the Yeshiva, and helped greatly.
Reb Tzvi Filinger was a dear man on the Yeshiva committee, who helped greatly. May G-d avenge his blood.
There were two Moshe Rosens. The large Moshe was an important, dear man, and a friend of everybody. The small Moshe, the son-in-law of Reb Tzvi Rotenberg the shochet, was an important, dear man, good to his fellow.
The Rabinate in our City
(From what I know, and from what I have seen in the cemetery.)
The holy Gaon Rabi Shlomo Seredir, the brother-in-law of the holy Gaon of Rozin, may his merit protect us.
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The Kitfot Haeifod, the holy Gaon Rabi Pinchas Aryeh of holy blessed memory. All the males born in the year of his death were named after him.
His son, Reb Yankele the Holy One, was dedicated to the wellbeing of the city during the time of the epidemic, may we be protected. It is said that he took it upon himself to redeem the city, and he died that very day. May his merit protect us.
The Gaon Rabi Meir Leibish Langerman, was a man of wonders, a Gaon in both the revealed and the hidden Torah[12], may his holy memory be a blessing.
His son Rabi Nachum Langerman, of holy blessed memory, was a great prayer leader and singer. His took his father's place.
The rabinical judge Rabi Mendele Motkiver, was a great scholar and sage. He once said, I am not angry about a fool because he is a fool, but I am angry: you fool, if G-d created you as a fool, why do you want to be a sage?!
The rabinical teacher, the Rabi and Gaon Isserlis, the holy man, the grandson of the Rema'h of blessed memory[13].
The Gaon Rabi Eliezer Mishel, the author of the book Mishnat Eliezer. He was sick for ten years and lay in bed. I helped him throughout the entire time. He died around the end of 1939. He was eulogized by the Rosh Yeshiva Rabi Weinberger, and, to differentiate between the dead and the living, Rabi Yitzchak Rubin, the rabi of Sztilka. They made a canopy for him in the new cemetery. May his holy memory be a blessing.
The rabinical judge, the wise and erudite man, Rabi Yudele Roizenheg, the son-in-law of the rabinical teacher Rabi Isserlis.
The rabinical judge, the upright and pure man, Rabi Aharon Wolf Weisblum, the grandson of Rabi Elimelech, may his merit protect us, and the son-in-law of the granddaughter of Rabi Mendele Motkiver, may G-d avenge his blood.
The Admorim in Turka
The rabi and tzadik, great in Torah, the revealed and the hidden, the Vonovitsher Rebe, Rabi Yeshaya Shalom Rokach, may G-d avenge his blood, and the Admor of Sambor, Rabi Avraham Yaakov Jolles, may G-d avenge his blood.
The rabi and Tzadik, Rabi Micheli Brandwein of holy blessed memory lived in Turka for several years, and then went to America. He was a famous worker of wonders.
The rabi and Tzadik, the holy man, Rabi Alter Sopron of Stryj-Sambor. Every year, winter and summer, he would come to Turka and remain of an extended period. He was dear in the eyes of all the Jews and all who saw him. He was righteous and pure. Of holy blessed memory, may G-d avenge his blood.
Translator's Footnotes:
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for verification.
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Updated 20 Aug 2014 by LA


text:
Patrick Cobbs' injury must have brought back bad memories for the former North Texas star.
Cobbs, the versatile Dolphins running back, tore the anterior cruciate ligament in his left knee during Monday's victory over the Jets. In 2004, during the season's second game, Cobbs injured the same knee and sat out the rest of the season.
The opponent: Florida Atlantic.
Continue reading "Patrick Cobbs' knee injury brings back memories of game against Owls"

subset: commoncrawl


text:
csc309 needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 41 designs submitted by 23 freelance designers.
We need a simple logo for a well established law firm looking for a fresher look.
Christensen Law
The logo will be the company logo on letterhead, envelopes, signs, ads, etc. Therefor it must be simple, clean and fax well. We are a Las Vegas based law firm since 1959. you can check out our current logo and site at http://www.injuryhelpnow.com. Its old and we need something new. We just want "Christensen Law" in the logo, nothing else.
- 1. the words "Christensen Law"
- 2. The silhouette of a mountain range. Any prominent range will do but preferably the Tetons or the Red Rock cliffs in Las Vegas. These have to do the the concept that the principle has for the firm. In a nut shell each individual attorney is a peak but together they are a range. Please try to get this to work and look good. we are out of ideas. If you cant get it to work you can submit other designs as well because we are running out of options.
- 3. It is a law firm so the color scheme should be a little reserved / professional looking.
- vector format
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


text:
Governor Deval Patrick and Democratic legislative leaders slid into deeper gridlock over transportation financing Friday, with some lawmakers acknowledging that they probably could not muster the votes to override a threatened veto and House leaders taking a hard line against compromise.
A day after Patrick stirred dissension on Beacon Hill by accusing lawmakers of clinging to the financing policies that led to exploding Big Dig costs, House officials raised the ante by signaling their intention not to budge from their $500 million tax package, far shy of Patrick's $1.9 billion proposal.
With such a chasm between the two plans and tensions rising between legislative leaders and Patrick, veteran lawmakers and senior administration officials said they were unsure whether a compromise could emerge in time to avert a spike in MBTA fares.
Escalating the showdown with Patrick, House Ways and Means chairman Brian Dempsey told reporters on Friday afternoon that it was "highly unlikely" the House would return to the transportation funding mechanism if the leadership plan meets defeat.
Under that scenario, he said, T riders would probably be facing increased fares and reduced services. The Haverhill Democrat said leadership had also found insufficient support for ratcheting up the $500 million bottom line, which Patrick has called inadequate. "Getting to a higher number does not appear at all likely," he said.
In talking points circulated to members on Friday, both Dempsey and Senate Ways and Means chairman Stephen Brewer said their financing package would provide sufficient funds to obviate fare boosts and to pay for infrastructure upkeep, as well as for existing long-term capital plans.
In response, Patrick spokeswoman Jesse Mermell wrote in an e-mail: "The Governor respects the Legislature's process, but has made clear that he cannot and will not support a bill that doesn't meet the Commonwealth's basic transportation and education needs, let alone make critical investments the future. He remains open to working with the Legislature to find a long-term solution."
While Patrick's plan would make significant investments in education and transportation, the leadership bill is confined to a narrowed list of transportation projects, a choice the governor dismissed Thursday as a "pretend fix." Patrick's version leans on higher income taxes, reserve funds, and revenue anticipation notes. The legislators would fund their smaller outlay with higher taxes on gas, tobacco, and businesses.
The conflict over transportation financing, which has bedeviled the state for generations, has imbued the generally cordial relations between Patrick and his fellow Democratic leaders with a hostility not seen since the 2010 debate over how to expand the state's gambling industry. Senate President Therese Murray, who did not react to Patrick's Thursday rebuke as publicly as House Speaker Robert A. DeLeo, is also angry with the governor, according to senators.
On Thursday, Patrick blamed lawmakers for adhering to the principles that sent the Big Dig's cost soaring, while DeLeo argued that legislators were "trying to protect the middle class" from Patrick's tax-hiking wont.
DeLeo was working Friday to line up votes to pass the leadership version of the bill next week and Murray is taking her members' temperature to do the same, with doubts in both chambers over whether the numbers exist to override. Republicans leery of the tax increases and Democrats who believe the package is insufficiently ambitious could band together in an unlikely coalition to thwart the leadership, members said.
Dempsey said he was optimistic that leaders could secure the requisite votes.
The nose count was less clear in the Senate, where Patrick had scored some support by including long-awaited transportation projects in his plan. Already, the debate has confounded one member's plans, as Senator Ben Downing, a Pittsfield Democrat, rescheduled his honeymoon flight to be on hand for the Senate vote, scheduled for Thursday.
"Not only do I not think that we have the votes to override, I don't know whether we have the votes to pass it," said one Democrat. "I don't know what the House is going to do, but I think the debate on our side is far from a foregone conclusion."
In each chamber, there are concerns about what the other can accomplish, straining the House-Senate alliance, which is unusual at this juncture in the legislative process.
That tension, though, does not approach that between the executive and legislative branches, which has escalated to a level not seen since the very public 2010 blow-up between DeLeo and Patrick over gambling. That dispute climaxed with DeLeo, in a dramatic speech at the foot of the Capitol's Grand Staircase, challenging Patrick to agree to licensing racetrack slot machines or make the state's residents "suffer."
After tempers cooled and the casino bill was signed — closer to Patrick's vision than DeLeo's — a generally congenial working relationship rebooted, allowing Democrat-run Beacon Hill to pass laws on health care cost control, pension policies, and criminal sentencing.
Now, with fare hikes looming and the state facing an aging transportation infrastructure, Democratic leaders are focusing their fire on Patrick.
"The governor really misread this politically," said House majority leader Ronald Mariano, a Quincy Democrat.
"He doesn't understand the fact that we need to get 81 votes to support a plan and we know there is not support for a tax increase of that magnitude, and I think he has misjudged the level of support in the building for his plan," Mariano said.
Lawmakers complain that Patrick stirred up activists to put them in an awkward position, wiring his vaunted grass-roots network to apply pressure and pitting traditional allies against one another.
Patrick aides respond that the pressure came about because legislators said they were hearing only antitax arguments and needed political cover from advocates. They point out that Patrick, by design, stumped publicly in districts represented by both Democratic and Republican leaders.
Legislative officials, Patrick aides say, had counseled the administration to peddle his tax package the way then-speaker Thomas M. Finneran did in 2002, touring the state to cobble support for a major tax hike. The administration posted an online map, broken into House and Senate districts, detailing how localities would benefit from transportation projects.
"Our original goal was that this not be dead on arrival," said one administration official.
The conflict over transportation comes as Patrick heads into the back stretch of his governorship, with open questions about what happens to the considerable political operation he has built.
Patrick, who has said he will not run for a third term, on Thursday said he will provide electoral assistance to lawmakers who backed him on transportation, raising the specter of a lame-duck governor with an uncertain political future involving himself in Massachusetts House-level races at a time when some expect him to be making stops in Iowa and New Hampshire.
Jim O'Sullivan can be reached at email@example.com


text:
This is a cooler that seems like it could cause metal shortages across the world.
A gigantic lump of a heatsink makes up the design that spreads itself all over your case's internals. And while it's rather large, it's also svelte with it; it's low enough for almost any case, and narrow enough at its base that it won't foul on most motherboards.
It comes naked and fanless out of the box, and it's then up to you to equip it for proper cooling. You can fit your choice of 120mm fans to the top, or choose not to, although we wouldn't advise running this passively on a modern chip.
Nonetheless, the option is there if there's enough airflow through your case. Bolt one or two fans on, though, and the wide heatsink should blow a little air over your other components too. While it's not going to keep anything ice cold, it's nice to know that your RAM and FSB will get a little attention.


text:
Healing Wings HIV/AIDS Center
At the Healing Wings Outpatient Center, our goal is to provide high quality HIV/AIDS care to our patients in a calm, comfortable and welcoming environment. We strive to make sure you have the medical and emotional support you need in our newly renovated, state-of-the-art outpatient center, located just north of John Peter Smith Hospital in Fort Worth.
JPS Professional Office Complex
1350 S. Main Street, Suite 1600
Fort Worth, Texas 76104
To schedule an appointment, please call 817-702-3701.
To contact our Healing Wings eligibility representative, please call 817-702-1399.


text:
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> November 12, 2015
November 12, 2015
Safer Sex
Welcome to another day in my life. Today is Thursday and we have almost made it through the middle of another work week. I hope you are having a beary safe and great week so far. Dab the AIDS Bear and I are dealing with a stomach bug and resting up for another busy weekend of events.
Safer sex is a term which was coined in the late 80s after they found out how HIV was spread. But do you really know what safer sex is... and what it isn't (like totally safe).
What Safer Sex Is Serious, even life-threatening infections like HIV, syphilis, and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs, or sexually transmitted infections) can be passed from one person to another through sex. Safer sex is sex that reduces the chances of spreading or getting sexually transmitted infections. It involves certain actions (e.g., using a condom) that prevent person-to-person sharing of the bodily fluids that can spread STDs. Choosing to have safer sex shows that you care about the pleasure and health of yourself and your sexual partner(s).
What Safer Sex Is Not
Safer sex is not only for the prevention of new HIV infections. For people living with HIV (HIV+), safer sex is important because it can prevent infection with other STDs that can weaken the immune system. If both people are living with HIV, safer sex can also reduce the possibility of getting infected with another strain of HIV that is resistant to the HIV drugs you are taking.
Safer sex can be fun, exciting, and very pleasurable. It can decrease your worry about getting or spreading STDs, which can in turn make your sex more relaxed and satisfying. It is also a great chance to add variety to your sex life and to build trust and intimacy with your partner by talking about each other's desires.
Practicing Safer Sex
Practicing safer sex involves knowing what bodily fluids can spread STDs, what sexual activities are risky for each person, and how you can make that activity less risky. Bodily fluids that can spread STDs include blood (including menstrual blood), vaginal secretions, and semen (cum and pre-cum).
Since every sexual act that involves sexual fluids or blood has some risk, safer sex means using barriers to prevent passing fluids into another's body. Barriers include condoms (male and female), dental dams (thin squares of latex), and latex or nitrile gloves. Barriers can help reduce the risk of spreading or getting STDs by keeping one partner's fluids from getting into or onto the other partner. There are also several sexual activities that do not pass sexual fluids or blood between bodies and therefore have very little risk.
For people who do not wish to use condoms or whose partners will not use condoms, there are now a few more options to protect against getting or spreading HIV during sex. Treatment as prevention, or TasP, refers to ways in which we can use HIV drugs, or HIV treatment, to lower the risk of spreading HIV. For people living with HIV, taking HIV drugs can reduce their viral load, thus making their blood, vaginal fluids, and semen (cum), much less likely to spread HIV to others. For people who are HIV-negative, taking HIV drugs can protect against becoming infected if they are exposed to HIV.
Treatment as prevention for HIV-negative people includes both pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). PrEP means taking HIV drugs before being exposed to HIV to prevent yourself from getting it. Research has shown that PrEP is a promising tool that women can use to prevent HIV infection without their partners' cooperation. Post-exposure prophylaxis refers to taking HIV drugs for about a month immediately after possible exposure to HIV (e.g., unprotected sex) to prevent infection.
Whether you choose to use a barrier (e.g., condom), or a form of HIV treatment as prevention, it can be helpful to know which sexual acts are more risky than others for HIV. The risk for a specific sexual act is determined by what bodily fluids are being exchanged and what part of the body is involved. Below is a list of common sexual activities, their risks, and tips for making them safer:
Receptive vaginal-penile sex, or heterosexual intercourse, refers to sex in which the penis goes into the vagina. It is considered a high-risk activity and the most common way that HIV is spread worldwide. While it is high risk for both women and men, men living with HIV are much more likely to spread infection to women than women living with HIV are to infect men.
The best way to make vaginal-penile sex safer is to use a condom (rubber). There are two main types of condoms: male condoms and female condoms. Most male condoms are made of latex; some are made of polyisoprene (a type of plastic) or lambskin. Lambskin condoms can prevent pregnancy; however, they do NOT prevent the spread of HIV. Only latex and plastic condoms prevent the spread of HIV.
Male condoms come in a variety of shapes, sizes, colors, textures, and even tastes. They are generally inexpensive and can be found at pharmacies, grocery stores, and sex stores. Sometimes they are available for free at certain health clinics and AIDS-service organizations. They are also quite small and easy to carry with you so that you can always be prepared to protect yourself.
Female condoms are made of latex or polyurethane and can be put inside the vagina before you begin sexual activity. They usually cost a bit more than male condoms and are often available at pharmacies, grocery stores, and sex stores. They are also available for free at certain health clinics and AIDS service organizations.
To make vaginal-penile sex even safer, consider using lubricant ('lube'). Lube can prevent the condom from breaking and also helps prevent small cuts or tears in the vagina and on the penis during penetration. Lube is good for un-lubricated condoms as well as ones that come already lubricated; sometimes the lubrication on the condoms is not enough. Condoms lubricated with the spermicide Nonoxynol-9 (N-9) are no longer recommended. They have a shorter shelf life, do not decrease pregnancy more than other lubricated condoms, and may cause irritation of the vagina or rectum (which increases HIV risk).
When using latex condoms, use only water- or silicone-based lube. Do not use oil-based lubes like Vaseline, Crisco, shea butter, or baby oil with latex condoms because they weaken the condom and make it more likely to break. Silicone-based lube will last longer than water-based lube. Lube can also make the condom feel better. There are several types and brands of lubes, with a variety of different feels and tastes. Some also contain substances that 'warm' or enhance sensation. For more information on using condoms, see our article on Talking to Your Partner about Condoms.
If you are not using a condom, you can avoid getting semen in the vagina by having a man pull out before ejaculating (cumming, reaching orgasm). It is important to know, however, that HIV can be in pre-cum, the fluid that comes out of the penis before orgasm or ejaculation. Therefore, having a man pull out before he comes is not a guarantee that you will not get HIV or other STDs spread through male sexual fluids.
Receptive anal-penile sex refers to sex in which the penis enters the anus or butt-hole. It is a high-risk activity. While the risk for the insertive male partner is lower than for the receptive partner, it is still risky. As with vaginal-penile sex, the best way to make anal-penile sex safer is to use a condom and lube.
When using latex condoms, use only water- or silicone-based lubricant to prevent the condom from breaking and help the condom feel better. Lube will also help prevent small cuts or tears to the rectum, anus, or penis during penetration. Do not use oil-based lubes like Vaseline, Crisco, shea butter, or baby oil with latex condoms because they weaken the condom and make it more likely to break. There are several types and brands of lubes, with a variety of different feels and tastes. Currently, there is research going on to look at which type of lube is best for anal sex. However, there is not enough evidence yet to make recommendations about which lube is safest.
If you are not using a condom, you can avoid getting semen in the anus by having a man pull out before ejaculating (cumming, reaching orgasm). It is important to know, however, that HIV can be in pre-cum, the fluid that comes out of the penis before orgasm. Therefore, having a man pull out before he comes is not a guarantee that you will not get HIV or other STDs spread through male sexual fluids.
Oral sex involves contact between the mouth and the genitals. It includes giving or receiving licking, sucking, or biting of the vulva (vagina, clitoris, and labia, or "lips"), penis, or anus. A number of studies have demonstrated a low but definite level of risk associated with both giving and receiving oral-penile sex. For more information, see our article 'Oral Sex: What's the Real Risk?'
To make it safer, use an unlubricated latex condom (one that does not have lube on it). If you perform oral-penile sex without a condom, finish up with your hand, or spit semen out and rinse with mouthwash rather than swallowing.
There have been rare but documented cases of HIV being spread from female-to-male and female-to-female during oral-vaginal sex. To make oral sex on a woman safer, use a dental dam or a condom that has been cut open. Dental dams are squares made from latex. Put some water- or silicone-based lube on one side of the dental dam or cut-open condom. Then stretch the dam or condom over the vulva with the lubed side facing away from your mouth. This gives you a thin barrier between your mouth and the vulva. Some people use plastic food wrap instead of dental dams or cut-open condoms. Plastic food wrap may prevent the transmission of herpes infections, but there is no proof that it can prevent the transmission of HIV.
Oral-anal sex has been shown to spread hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, as well as other infections. To make oral-anal sex on a man or woman safer, use a dental dam or a condom that has been cut open. Put some water- or silicone-based lube on one side of the dental dam or cut-open condom. Then stretch the dam or condom over the anus with the lubed side facing away from your mouth. This gives you a thin barrier between your mouth and the anus.
If you do not use a barrier during oral sex, avoid getting pre-cum, semen, menstrual blood, or vaginal fluids in your mouth. Avoid oral sex on a woman who is menstruating (having her period) to prevent contact with blood. Bleeding gums, ulcers, or gum disease can make oral sex much riskier. Also, do not floss or brush your teeth just before oral sex; use a breath mint instead.
It is also possible to spread or get STDs by using sex toys. Many people like to use vibrators, dildos, butt plugs, and strap-ons as part of sex play. Sex toys need to be kept clean, whether they are used alone or with partners. If they are not cleaned after each use, they can grow bacteria and cause an infection. Because sex toys are made of different materials – silicone, rubber, vinyl, metal, etc. – they must be cleaned in different ways. Be sure to read the instructions on the package insert to see how to clean your toy properly.
As with other forms of sex, making sex toy play safer involves using a barrier to prevent each person's bodily fluids from touching the other person. The best way to keep dildos, vibrators, and butt plugs clean is to use them with a latex condom. Be sure to use a fresh condom whenever the toy is used by a different person or in a different location (e.g., moves from vagina to anus or vice-versa). Having sex toys that are not shared and only used by one person can reduce the chances of passing STDs between partners. However, it is still important to clean the toy after each use and to use a fresh condom whenever the toy is used in a different location.
It also helps to use lube with sex toys, both to enhance pleasure and to reduce damage to the tissues that line the vagina, mouth, anus, and rectum. Do not use oil-based lubes like Vaseline, Crisco, shea butter, or baby oil with latex condoms because they weaken condoms and make them more likely to break. Also, do not use silicone-based lube with silicone sex toys, as it will destroy the sex toy.
Paper cuts and other openings in the skin can make your hands vulnerable to infection. Wearing latex or nitrile gloves keeps you protected during hand-vagina, hand-penis, or hand-anus sex. Adding water- or silicone-based lube to the outside of the gloves can increase your partner's pleasure.
No-Risk Safer Sex Activities
These activities do not spread STDs because there is no person-to-person physical contact:
Abstinence: not having sex
Masturbation: touching yourself
Phone sex, cybersex, talking dirty, and sharing sexual fantasies
Other Safer Sex Tips
It can be helpful to limit the time and frequency of insertive sex. Repeated or rough vaginal, anal, and oral sex play can cause damage to the linings of these areas. Since these linings are the body's protection against STDs, damaging or tearing them will increase the chance that being exposed to an infected bodily fluid of another will result in infection.
Try non-insertive sex. For example, consider hugging, touching, massage, or mutual masturbation (touching each other's genitals). Also get medical attention for any infections or health problems in the genital area.
Sometimes the safest thing you can do in sex is have a clear head. When you are under the influence of drugs or alcohol, you are more likely to make bad decisions and have unsafe sex. It is also a good idea to plan ahead: get your safer sex items (condoms, dental dams, gloves, lube, etc.) before you find yourself in a sexual situation. That way, you have what you need to protect yourself whenever the need arises.
Thinking It Through
It can be helpful to think through things that make it difficult for you to practice safer sex. Doing this can help you be safer when you find yourself in a sexual situation. Because our thoughts affect how we act, it can also be helpful to think about things in new ways. Here are some examples:
"We slipped once and forgot to use a condom, so it is too late now."
New idea: It is never too late. Yes, even one time can be dangerous, but it is not as dangerous as many more times! If you slipped once, it is time to get back on the wagon.
"Safer sex is such a drag. It is no fun."
New idea: Here is a great chance to spice up your sex life. Why not take one of the workshops offered on "Eroticizing Safer Sex?" How about getting a book, video, or DVD about hot safer sex?
"I can not feel anything through condoms!"
New idea: Time to change brands! Getting free condoms at the health clinic or buying them at a drugstore may be cheap, but you are probably not getting the best around. Try some of the variety packs offered by mail-order sex supply catalogs or hit the "adult love" stores in your area for a better selection. The best condoms are thin but tough and transmit heat and sensation well.
"My partner absolutely refuses to use a condom."
New idea: How comfortable are you with someone who is willing to put your health and life at risk? This sounds like a serious issue, and it is probably not the only one in your relationship. Have you considered individual or couple counseling? You may want to see our article on Talking with Your Partner about Condoms and also consider taking PrEP.
"I'm afraid that my partner will hurt me if I suggest that he use a condom."
New idea: How about inserting a female condom before sex begins? Or perhaps you could offer to put a condom on his penis with your mouth to make the idea more enticing. If you feel threatened, please read The Well Project's article on Violence Against Women.
"I cannot suggest to my partner that we get an HIV test. He or she would take it as an insult."
New idea: How about presenting it as an act of love? "You know, I really love you. We have been together for a while, but we never got tested for HIV. I hate the thought that I could be putting you at risk, because I could not stand to hurt you. Why don't we go get tested together for our peace of mind?"
Hope these tips help you make wise choices regardless of your HIV status and you have a beary safe and great Thursday!
Until we meet again; here's wishing you health, hope, happiness and just enough.
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It's been a while since I last bought something from the BMAH, until Madame Goya offered this bad boy last night, the Reins of the Vitreous Stone Drake. Vitreous, in case you didn't know, means relating to or resembling glass (yes I looked it up, lol).
This mount drops off Slabhide in the Normal or Heroic version of the Stonecore instance. I farmed for this mount for a bit towards the close of Cataclysm, but gave up to pursue other goals I was working on. The Vitreous Stone Drake shares the same model as the Sandstone Drake (created from a Vial of the Sands), the Phosphorescent Stone Drake (drops from Aeonaxx in Deepholm) and the Volcanic Stone Drake (a reward for completing Glory of the Cataclysm Hero). I'm a sucker for the color blue, so this is my favorite of the four. =)
Now that my Stone Drake Collection is complete, it's time to work on my Wind Drake collection and see if Altarius from the Vortex Pinnacle will drop his Reins of the Drake of the North Wind for me.


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Shining the gospel light in Boyle County!
Welcome to the official website of Bluegrass Pike Baptist Church in Danville, KY. This site is designed to provide you with the basic information you may desire to know about our church. We are an independent, King James Bible-believing, Baptist Church that is interested in teaching, preaching and ministering the Book to saints and sinners alike! Our desire as a local church is to worship and serve God in spirit and in truth and to walk in the old paths. If this is what you are searching for, then Bluegrass Pike Baptist Church might be the place for you!
Watch Our Welcome Video
Service Times
Sunday School-10:00 a.m.
Morning Service-11:00 a.m.
Evening Service-6:00 p.m.
Bible Study-7:00 p.m.
Bluegrass Pike
Baptist Church
1400 Bluegrass Pike
Danville, KY 40422
Phone: (859)936-0000
Pastor's Welcome
Thanks for stopping by and checking us out on the web. I count it a great privilege to be called into the ministry and truly desire the best for the people of God that assemble here at Bluegrass Pike Baptist Church. At BPBC, we still desire...


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Carriage Driving in East Anglia
Here at Equine Adverts we are pleased to offer you this section dedicated to carriage driving where you can advertise your harness, carriages, horses, ponies and other driving accoutrements for sale and wanted.
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When placing your ad you can choose to pay a small amount to feature it for either 3, 7 or 14 days. As well as the latest featured ads appearing here on the homepage, featured ads appear at the top of their respective category and typically attract up to 4 times as many views as regular ads.


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Title: Georgia Library Association (GLA) Records
Extent: 78.0 Boxes
Date Acquired: 08/08/2005
Subjects: COMO, Georgia Library Association
Repository: Valdosta State University Archives and Special Collections
Acquisition Source: Jack Fisher and Guy Frost
Acquisition Method: Signed Deed of Gift by Jack Fisher (GLA Archivist) and Guy Frost turning the records over to VSU Archives. Archives had been turned over by Emory University Prior to this, but Deed of Gift was with Fisher.
Appraisal Information: A folder in the Director's office contains the deed of gift, inventory files from Emory University, and Accession Records from Emory University.


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Sand Tiger Shark
Carcharias taurus
About This Animal
SIZE: 10 feet in length - 250 pounds
RANGE: Atlantic Ocean from Maine to Argentina, the Atlantic coast of Europe to North Africa and the Mediterranean Sea
HABITAT: Coastal waters and open oceans
DIET: Fish, lobsters, crabs and squid
ON EXHIBIT: The Secret Reef exhibit in Ocean Journey
Sand tiger sharks look very ferocious, with a row of jagged teeth that you can see even when their mouths are closed! However, these fish are not very aggressive toward people. They generally bother people only when people bother them first.
Sand tiger sharks have possibly the oddest method of reproduction in the shark family. This shark is ovoviviparous, meaning that its eggs hatch inside each of the mother's two uteri and are later born live. The largest sand tiger embryos in each uteri gain nourishment by eating their smaller siblings. This mode of survival, called intrauterine cannibalism, results in two large healthy pups that are about 3 feet in length when they are born.
Sand tiger shark populations have declined by more than 20 percent in the last 10 years and they are listed as a vulnerable species in the Atlantic Ocean. The sand tiger, also known as the gray nurse shark or the spotted ragged tooth shark, poses little danger to humans.
The big, toothy sharks at the Tennessee Aquarium fascinate guests of all ages. In this video, you'll see what it's like to be SCUBA diving with sandbar and sand tiger sharks. Look closely and you'll notice the sharks closely eyeing the diver and camera. You'll also notice the way these sharks use their pectoral fins to steer.
Backstage Pass
Get VIP access to get up-close, feed, and touch Aquarium animals.Go Backstage
Your gifts support educational programs as well as conservation and research efforts in the region.Donate Now


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Chapman University is committed to moving forward and constantly striving for excellence. As an institution, we are fully and unconditionally devoted to delivering the highest quality of education to our students. This is accomplished by consistently seeking out the finest faculty, research initiatives, facilities, programs and staff. However, the uncompromising dedication to excellence that has become the hallmark of Chapman University requires a robust financial foundation.
Enter the Chapman Fund. This source of unrestricted funds keeps Chapman's remarkable vision moving forward by supporting a broad array of needs, including:
- Scholarships
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Chapman scholarship student: Alexandra Leon Oliva
While strategic planning is a vital part of the University's continued success and progress, oftentimes the most exciting opportunities and the greatest, most pressing needs of the Chapman community cannot be planned for or anticipated. By offering unrestricted support, the Chapman Fund affords University leadership the flexibility to embrace new ideas and emerging opportunities, while meeting the continually-evolving needs of the Chapman community.
Every student, faculty member and corner of campus benefits from the Chapman Fund.
It is truly the most powerful tool in unlocking the University's potential.


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Long-wavelength laser will be able to take medicine fingerprints
A laser capable of working in the terahertz range – that of long-wavelength light from the far infrared to 1 millimetre – enables the 'fingerprint' of, say, a drug to be examined better than can be done using chemical analysis. To achieve this, PhD student Thomas Denis of the University of Twente's MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology has combined the best of two worlds, a free electron source and photonic crystals. The result: greater flexibility and a compact laser.
A terahertz laser is capable of showing the molecular structure of, say, a drug, because the laser beam it produces is at wavelengths suitable for examining molecular and atomic bonds. This enables more spatial information to be obtained than from chemical analysis, a detailed fingerprint. To date, however, the limitation has been that lasers of this type are restricted to particular wavelengths, e.g. because the source of the laser light is a semiconductor, in which electrons can only take on fixed energy states, hence only a limited number of 'colours' of light can be produced.
In a free electron laser the electrons are not restricted to fixed states, as are electrons in a classic cathode ray tube. So Denis thought, why not combine a free electron source with a 'photonic crystal'? This is a structure with lot of tiny 'posts' that together slow down the incident light and turn it into a coherent beam. Photonic crystals can be created at micro level, e.g. for a lab-on-a-chip, or on a much larger scale. The dimensions and shape of the crystal determine the rough wavelength region, and the precise wavelength can be set and adjusted by changing the speed of the electrons being fired at it. This combination is known as a 'photonic free-electron laser' or pFEL.
Existing terahertz lasers also have the disadvantage that they are very large, big enough to fill a room. Thanks to the use of photonic crystals the pFEL that Denis has designed is not much bigger than a domestic microwave oven and can still provide high power despite its small size. He has also found a special way of 'looking' inside a photonic crystal – something that is not normally possible. By interfering slightly with the wavelength pattern in the crystal using a tiny metal ball the actual pattern can be measured.
Explore further


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Patina Solutions partners with organizations to accelerate success, delivering executive experience on demand in all industries and for all functions. Patina works with clients to execute on key projects and initiatives, address open executive positions, and develop talent. Our clients want to work with professionals who have done it before with proven success. That's where we come in. Patina offers interim- and interim-to-hire executives and managers, as well as executive search solutions for key leadership roles.
Since 2008, Patina has been helping organizations get more done. Patina's Professionals are industry veterans with 25+ years of operational experience who deliver specialized expertise targeted to our clients' unique needs and circumstances. The Patina model is highly flexible, collaborative and consultative, enabling companies to get results utilizing only the resources they need, when they need them.
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The Patina Nation is comprised of thousands of executives with a wide variety of backgrounds. This rich diversity allows us to serve clients across many business functions and industries.
When you need an experienced professional, or team of professionals, to execute and/or manage a special project or key initiative, you can trust Patina to provide the right solution. We match your needs with talented executives who have done it before.
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Brent Campbell is FOX8's Winston-Salem Bureau Chief and a Piedmont native who grew up in the Davie County seat of Mocksville.
Brent began his career at WPDE-TV in Myrtle Beach as a general assignment reporter and in his four years there he moved through the ranks to anchoring the morning and noon news, while doing entertainment reporting. In South Carolina Brent was recognized by the South Carolina Educators Association for outstanding reporting in education. He also received a South Carolina Associated Press award for feature reporting.
Brent came back home to the Piedmont and the station where he interned to join the FOX8 staff as the Winston-Salem Bureau Chief in 1999. In his time covering the Western Piedmont, Brent has joined many community groups. The Winston-Salem Jaycees named him one of 2004's Outstanding Young Leaders.
In 2010, Brent was honored with an Emmy nomination in the category of General Assignment Reporting.
Brent was a cheerleader at Appalachian State University and graduated with a communications degree in 1995.
Brent enjoys hiking, camping and spending time with his two dogs — a golden retriever named Jake and a Siberian husky named Sydney — on an afternoon hike.
In the free time he has left, he hasn't given up cheerleading. He's the head coach at Wake Forest University.


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You are looking at 1-1 of 1 chapters for:
- 18.3.2 Plurals. x
Phil B. Fontanarosa and Stacy Christiansen
in AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition)
The same symbol is used for single and multiple quantities. Unit symbols are not expressed in the plural form.


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Watch video here.
Funny letter from a Browns fan
2 Responses to "Funny letter from a Browns fan"
Schaefer Says:
March 28, 2012 at 1:23 pm |
that's funny! even better since we as Pack fans have not had to deal with that much over the past two decades.
Go Pack Go!
Joe Says:
March 28, 2012 at 3:04 pm |
Priority number 5041 on the Packer waiting list …


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Friendly staff, dedicated install team and we like the look of the fence and so do our neighbors. Very pleased with Peerless!
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Protecting your home and family should be your top priority. If your goal is to achieve privacy and security, Peerless' security fence is the solution for you!


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From the steamy backwaters of Kerala in India to the rarified atmosphere of Kathmandu, on an overland Dragoman trip you'll experience the Indian subcontinent in all of its many colours!
You might find yourself exploring the jungle in search of tigers in Nepal, drifting along the River Ganges at dawn as the pilgrims come down to the water, discovering the spectacular Mughal buildings in north India or the colourful Hindu temples of the south, exploring the colourful bazaars of the old walled city of Lahore, meeting tribal people in the rarely-visited Odisha region, or learning all about Buddhism in the high mountains of Bhutan!
Discover remote regions
We overland through the entire region of India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Pakistan, including the remote areas of Sikkim and Odisha. Travelling around this wonderfully diverse region home to 1.2 billion people, full of a plethora of bewildering languages and customs, will overwhelm your senses and leave you with travel memories that you will never forget!


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Wyden Pressing Intel Officials on Domestic Location Tracking
Back in May, during the debates over reauthorization of the Patriot Act, Sens. Ron Wyden (D‑OR) and Mark Udall (D‑CO) began raising a fuss about a secret interpretation of the law's so‐called "business records" authority, known to wonks as Section 215, arguing that intelligence agencies had twisted the statute to give themselves domestic surveillance powers Congress had not anticipated or intended. At the time, I marshaled a fair amount of circumstantial evidence that, I thought, suggested that the "secret authority" involved location tracking of cell phones. Wyden backed off after being promised a secret hearing to address his concerns — but indicated he'd be returning to the issue if he remained unsatisfied. The hearing occurred early last month. Now I suspect we're seeing the other shoe dropping.
At a confirmation hearing this morning for Matthew Olsen, who's been tapped to head the National Counterterrorism Center, Wyden repeatedly asked the nominee whether the intelligence community "use[s] cell site data to track the location of Americans inside the country." This comes on the heels of a letter Wyden and Udall sent to Director of National Intelligence James Clapper demanding an answer to the same question. Olsen was unsurprisingly vague, calling it a "complicated question" but allowing that there were "certain circumstances where that authority may exist." The committee was promised a memo explaining those "circumstances" by September. That means that just about ten years after Congress approved the Patriot Act, a handful of legislators may get the privilege of learning what it does. Ah, democracy.
On a related note, one of the data points I cited in my previous post was that Wyden's Geolocation Privacy and Surveillance Act had, somewhat unusually, been structured primarily as a reform to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), which governs intelligence spying, only later incorporating the same protections into the statutes governing ordinary criminal investigations. Especially striking was the inclusion of a specific prohibition on the use of Section 215 for location tracking, above and beyond the general warrant requirement. Since that writing, however, the bill gained Republican co‐sponsorship, and dropped the changes to FISA that had previously been the bill's centerpiece. Instead, the bill now contains an explicit exception for FISA "electronic surveillance," in addition to the section providing for location tracking authorized by either a criminal or a FISA warrant. I'm not privy to whatever negotiations necessitated that change, but it's hard to imagine anyone would have insisted on such a substantial restructuring if the intelligence community weren't doing at least some location tracking pursuant to a lower standard than probable cause.
It's not entirely clear exactly what the current version of the bill would permit, however. FISA is mentioned twice in the draft: once as part of a vague general exemption for "electronic surveillance," and then again as one of the sources of authority for a "warrant" to do geolocation tracking. At a first pass, though, those two definitions ought to overlap, because FISA requires a secret intelligence court to issue a warrant based on probable cause (to believe the target is an "agent of a foreign power") for government monitoring that falls within the FISA's definition of "electronic surveillance," in contrast with the far laxer standards that apply to the use of Section 215. It's therefore an interesting puzzle what, exactly, that exception is meant to permit. Possibly the idea is to permit the (otherwise prohibited) "use" and "disclosure" of geolocation information already obtained without a warrant in order to target future judicially authorized "electronic surveillance," but it's hard to be sure. What does seem increasingly sure, however, is that location tracking is connected to the controversy over Section 215 — and that Congress owes the American people a debate over the proper use and scope of that power, which it has thus far refused to have.


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Posted by E O'Neill on Friday, March 5, 2010 Under: bengal kittens for sale
Tags: "bengal kittens for sale" "bengals breeder" "bengal cats"
|Nevaeh Bengals
|Nevaeh Bengals are hobby Bengal Cat Breeders, breeding high quality Bengal Cats in the South of England. Our Bengal kittens are bred from stunning brown spotted cats with glitter and rosettes. Please feel free to email or phone us for details of our waiting list, should you be looking for a special kitten this year. Emma 07500661338 Ann 01980620807 firstname.lastname@example.com We are situated close to Salisbury, Wiltshire only 5 minutes from the A303, within easy reach of Dorset, Hampshire, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, Berkshire and The South West. London is 1 ½ hours and The Midlands (Birmingham) is approx. 2 hours. We are 1 hr 20 min. from London Heathrow airport.


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October 9, 2011, 7:11 pm
Random sniper guns down developmentally disabled fisherman
Thomas Lane lived a simple life.
At a young age he was diagnosed as developmentally disabled, according to an article by former Denver Post staff writer Marilyn Robinson.
When he was only 5 he went to a foster care home to live.
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