text:
Some Pdaxii13/pdaxrom Fixes
Some Pdaxii13/pdaxrom Fixes
Jul 17 2009, 02:11 PM
Post #1
Group: Members
Posts: 88
Joined: 11-December 07
Member No.: 21,059
As a part of my setting up my fluxbox installation on pdaXi13, I'm doing little modifications to enhance functionality or solve small issues. Instead of posting them in my fluxbox thread, I'll post them here.
The first concerns the issue that takes place whenever you are watching a movie in mplayer and rotate the screen. This causes the screen to turn white, and requires a hard reset. I fixed this by making sure that rotation only takes place whenever mplayer is not running. Just add these three lines to the beginning of /usr/bin/rotate.sh
if [ "`pidof mplayer`" != "" ] || [ "`pidof mplayer2`" != "" ]; then
exit 0
Now, whenever you are watching a movie in mplayer, you can swivel the screen without problems.
I seem to remember having the same issue in cacko. Maybe the screen rotate logic is shared. In this case, this modification should work equally well.
|Lo-Fi Version
|Time is now: 21st January 2020 - 02:50 PM


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CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – UMBC senior Deborah Adelola (Lanham, Md./Bladensburg) has been selected to the 2013-14 America East Women's Indoor Track and Field All-Academic Team, the conference office announced on Thursday morning.
Adelola competed in the long sprint events for the Retrievers during the indoor season while also helping the UMBC relay teams. At the Penn State Nationals on Feb. 1, the senior set a career-best in the 500m run by recording a time of 1:14.96, to jump up to sixth all-time in UMBC program history.
At the America East Championships at The Armory in New York, Adelola ran the third leg of the 4x400 relay for UMBC, aiding the Retrievers to a bronze medal finish with an ECAC-worthy time of 3:39.76. She also advanced to the finals of the 500m run, qualifying third with a time of 1:15.68. In the finals, she bettered her time to 1:15.42, finishing seventh overall.
Adelola has also achieved success in the classroom during her time in Baltimore, accumulating a 3.40 grade-point-average (GPA) while working towards a degree in psychology. She has been named to the Dean's List three times during her academic career and has received a spot on the America East Commissioner's Honor Roll following both the 2011-12 and 2012-13 seasons.
The UMBC track and field team hosts its only home meet of the season this weekend with the Big Dawg Invitational on Saturday, March 29. The meet, which will be held at UMBC Stadium and the surrounding athletic complex, will kick-off at 10:00 a.m. with the hammer throw, with the 3,000m steeplechase starting the track events at 10:45 a.m.
2013-14 Women's Indoor Track & Field All-Academic Team
Brianne Bellon, Albany, 3.54, History
Silvia Del Fava, Albany, 3.98, Urban Studies & Planning/Geography
Kathryn Fanning, Albany, 3.98, Biology
Jillian Haynes, Albany, 3.78, Human Biology
Megan Barry, Hartford, 3.92, Biology
Deborah Adelola, UMBC, 3.40, Psychology
Elise Beattie, New Hampshire, 3.64, Nursing
Jessica Salley, New Hampshire, 3.98, Communication Services & Disorders
Olivia Burne, Stony Brook, 3.93, Journalism
Alicia Clark, Vermont, Sophomore, 3.97, Business Administration
Yolanda Ngarambe, Vermont, 3.41, Psychology

subset: commoncrawl


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Hey everyone - I am loving this Country Life cartridge! There are soooo many fun cuts!
This card is 5 1/2 x 5 1/2 and all of the cuts came from the Country Life cartridge:
Pig and Chicken - 3 1/2 inches
Barn and layers - 3 1/2 inches
I hand cut the sun.
I hand cut the sun.
The stamped sentiment came from My Pink Stamper.
All of the patterned paper is Crate Paper. The black is the only paper that isn't patterned. I love the soft, subtle colors on the back side of brighter patterned card stock!
The blue background paper is 5 1/2 by 3 1/2 inches and the green background paper is cut at 5 1/2 by 2 inches.
I used glossy accents on all of the black pieces and dimensional squares to lift the pig and chicken up a bit.
Have a great day!


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60-Year-Old Rapper Still At It: Unc Imo - Bad Muhfuggah! [Full Version]
unc imo still in the streets pushing the hit single "bad knee" Prov.On.Da.Track.
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How to choose a party
Chris Evans showed up at the opening of the New Balance Experience store last night in New York. Chris's Captain America was very well received, both critically and commercially. This is a good time. He's getting invited to a lot of good parties. He's probably getting invited to everything. So how does one choose what to go to and what to skip?
Chris isn't really a party whore. You don't see him blowing kisses on every carpet. Hardly. When you do see him, it's because it's work. He's promoting something, he's required to be there. I'm not sure if he's a spokesperson for New Balance. I just quick googled "Chris Evans spokesperson New Balance" and nothing came up on the first 8 links. I'm going to make an assumption then that he is not. That he was there as just a guest. So there's Chris Evans going through the mail, picking through all the envelopes, and the New Balance party was the one he decided to go to.
Maybe there wasn't really anything else going on last night and he was bored sitting around in his room. Maybe he wanted to go meet some girls. Maybe his best friend works for New Balance. Maybe he was hungry and wanted some free food - this is often my reason for going to a party but he's rich so I'm not sure why that would be a concern for him. Maybe he wanted some new kicks. There are many possibilities. And it may be the simplest answer ever. But for some reason I really want to know. About this kind of decision making. Is this interesting to you, or is it just me?
Photos from Wenn.com


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Just an old player from launch day with a few words to say...(The rhyme was not intended XD)
Because of the D/C's, unstable servers and now everyone's favourite child, Dorq, no one can log in, he's bugged all the servers and now no one can log in.
I personally have not been able to play for over a week now because of this and I am getting tired of it.
I know S4 has gone through alot of difficulties in the past, but this is probably the worst thing its gone through since the hacker outbreak in Season 3 - Blade launched and when Hangsang started crashing the servers.
It breaks my heart that a game I have so much love for is slowly dying because of bad decisions, bad security and now because of one person who thinks he deserves ''justice''....bleh .
There are no other games, that I have seen, that match how unique S4 League is, GUNZ may of come first, and Overwatch does kinda look and play like S4, but both of them are not the same as S4, thats what I and alot of other players I think, were attracted to it in the first place, because of how unique it is.
It's so sad to see a game you grew up with get dragged through the mud like this.
Don't get me wrong I am not blaming Aeria or the Game Developers, I know it takes time to fix problems in any game, but this has been going on for so long its no wonder S4 has lost so many players and people go and play of Private Servers (I tried them and if you ask me, they aint much better).
I really hope that S4 will be picked back up out of the mud and become fun again, I'm sure alot of you guys and gals hope so too, but it's hard to stay optimistic when all of this keeps happening, but I still remain hopeful.
Please don't let S4 die.


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Transaxle - Limited slip differential
Gear selection - Key switch
Two, 48V Lithium ELiTE
Battery charger - Lithium World Charger 48VDC (11 ft., 18 ft.) Cord
Overall - 47 in. (119 cm) (top of steering wheel)
Overall- 75 in. (191 cm) (top of canopy)
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Curb - 859 lb. (390 kg)
Service - Electric motor
Parking - Automatic electro-magnetic
Front - Independent A-arm coil over shock
Rear - Mono-leaf springs with hydraulic shocks
Level ground - 8-15 mph (12.8-24.1 kph)
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This webpage gives you access to all of the online databases containing Ohio death records, Ohio death ceritificates, Ohio death notices, Ohio death indexes, and other related Ohio genealogy records.
Death records have long been used to help with genealogy research. They are considered to be "primary source" records, because the information is recorded by an eye witness, at the time the death takes place. The Internet has allowed people to store death records into various online archives. This has brought access to online death records much more easier for genealogy researchers.
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Pictured: Aba Omodele-Lucien (right) and Christo Schultz
helped Harvard sweep the doubles matches.
Photo courtesy of Harvard Athletic Communications.
CAMBRIDGE, Mass.- The Harvard men's tennis team suffered a narrow defeat, 4-3, to Binghamton Tuesday evening at the Murr Center Tennis Courts. The Crimson falls to 9-8 on the season while the Bearcats improve to 16-1.
Harvard got down to business early, winning all three doubles matches to claim a 1-0 advantage heading into singles action. Aba Omodele-Lucien and Christo Schultz earned an 8-4 victory at the top doubles slot. Alexei Chijoff-Evans and Joshua Tchan cruised to an 8-2 win at the No. 3 position. Alistair Felton and Andy Nguyen capped off the sweep with an 8-7 decision at the second spot.
The Crimson managed to pick up just two singles wins while Binghamton snagged the top four slots. Tchan breezed to victory at the No. 5 position, 6-1, 6-1. Schultz claimed Harvard's third point of the match with a 6-2, 6-4 victory at the sixth singles spot. Felton nearly pulled out a win at the No. 4 slot, falling in three sets.
The Crimson looks to make a run at the program's 28th Ivy League crown as the team kicks off conference play as it travels to Columbia, April 2, and Cornell, April 3.
No. 1 Omodele-Lucien/Schultz (Harv) def. Vloedgraven/Wong (BU), 8-4
No. 2 Felton/Nguyen (Harv) def. Haggai/Levy (BU), 8-7
No. 3 Chijoff-Evans/Tchan (Harv) def. Bornkessel/Devos (BU), 8-2
No. 1 Vloedgraven (BU) def. Chijoff-Evans (Harv), 6-3, 6-3
No. 2 Levy (BU) def. Omodele-Lucien (Harv), 6-2, 6-4
No. 3 Wong (BU) def. Nguyen (Harv), 6-3, 6-4
No. 4 Jain (BU) def. Felton (Harv), 4-6, 6-3, 6-4
No. 5 Tchan (Harv) def. Haggai (BU), 6-1, 6-1
No. 6 Schultz (Harv) def. Devos (BU), 6-2, 6-4


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A curry night fundraising event at Ayr Spice Restaurant in Minishant, Ayrshire was a sizzling sell-out success for the Maybole branch of Save the Children, with diners raising money to help children hit by a devastating typhoon in Bangladesh.
The Bangladeshi Curry Night at Ayr Spice, Minishant, made £1,044 net for Save the Children Fund. The charity's Maybole chair Becky Fleming said: "We had a great evening. There were fancy dress prizes for Halloween costumes and assorted raffle prizes, with lively entertainment from two sets of singers, Cloe Simpson and Jim Stevens and his daughter Mhairi Gibson.
"Ayr Spice Restaurant proprietor and head chef Mafiz Ali prepared a delicious and interesting buffet of authentic Bangladeshi curries."
She said Mafiz, himself from Bangladesh, pictured in white above, wanted the money raised to go to the charity's Build it for Babies campaign which has already hit its first £1 million target to build seven clinics for mothers and their babies.
Becky added: "Save the Children is looking forward to raising the next million to help families hit by the typhoon which destroyed road networks resulting in mothers having to travel by canoe to the clinics. We realised that they really need a lot more local clinics."
The Maybole branch members had heard first-hand about the needs of families after Save the Children regional coordinator Dorothy Parker, who has just returned from a visit to Bangladesh, told them about her eventful visit and the clinics being built.
Ayr Spice Indian Restaurant in Minishant, Ayrshire is a member of the Elite Ayrshire Business Circle.


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Apparently not. When Clark's slave York made his appearance among the tribes of the Upper Missouri, he was a constant source of amazement to those who saw him. Standing perhaps six foot tall, he was an imposing physical specimen who immediately became the favorite member of the Corps among the Mandan and Hidatsa. In one of the more famous Charlie Russell paintings, York stands in the midst of an earth lodge while puzzled Mandan touch him and try to rub the paint off. Sadly, upon York's return to St. Louis, he again lived the life of a slave, even being beaten by William Clark for asking for at least the freedom to live with his wife and children.
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Safe Rigging
Basic Precautions
Safety must be the main consideration in any rigging job. OSHA and ANSI provide detailed standards for rigging safety, but the following list is a good start:
• Know the working-load limit (WLL)—the maximum load that a device or equipment can carry. Often, the WLL appears directly on the equipment. If not, consult the equipment manufacturer.
• If unsure if a particular piece of equipment can handle a given load, consult an experienced rigger, or simply reduce the load to a level well below the WLL.
• Wear personal protective equipment (PPE) at all times. At minimum, riggers should wear hard hats, work gloves and steel-toed boots.
• Avoid shock loads. Rapid changes in movement such as jerking or swinging a static load, or sudden release of a load, creates a rebounding action that can damage rigging equipment or cause it to fail.
• Never stand beneath a load or in the path of a moving load or an AGV.
• Store rigging equipment in a dry, protected environment.
Although basic safety rules are important, proper rigging also benefits from having employees understand the forces involved in moving loads. Motion, gravity and the strength of materials all affect how safely and smoothly a load can be moved.Calculating Loads
To select the right rigging equipment for the job, employees must
|Over time, stress on wire rope wears a individual wires and elongates the strands. Measure wire rope from the top of one strand to the top of the strand directly opposite it, rather than across two strands side by side.
Shop personnel also must locate the load's center of gravity. For regularly shaped objects, the center of gravity typically is located at the center of the object. However, for irregularly shaped objects like large stamping dies, you may have to make several adjustments before the load is balanced. Any load that tilts more than 5 percent after being lifted off the ground is unbalanced and must be readjusted.
Equipment Inspection
Wire rope finds use for jobs that require extra strength and abrasion resistance. Be sure to measure the rope periodically to ensure its diameter falls within acceptable parameters. Over time, stress on the rope wears a individual wires and elongates the strands. Once the rope falls below the minimum diameter recommended by the manufacturer, it is no longer safe for use.
Measure wire rope from the top of one strand to the top of the strand directly opposite it, rather than across two strands side by side. Rope manufacturers also recommend measuring the rope at three places, at least 5 ft. apart, and using the average of the three measurements.
Chains are highly resistant to abrasion and corrosion and find use for applications that would otherwise tend to damage fiber or wire rope.
|Chains must be inspected link-by-link prior to any rigging job. Wear typically occurs at the bearing point. If you find a worn link, measure the cross section of the link with a caliper and check its measurement against an unworn area of the link.
In a chain link, wear typically occurs at the bearing point. If you find a worn link, measure the cross section of the link with a caliper and check its measurement against an unworn area of the link. If the worn link is less than the minimum allowable thickness, remove the chain from service.
When inspecting chain slings, use the same criteria used to inspect a single chain. In addition, check the sling for proper identification information. The sling should have a tag or other identifier that gives the sling's size, reach, working-load limit, sling type, and a serial number with the manufacturer's name or symbol. Do not use slings missing any of this identification information.
Angling for Safe Sling Use
Metalformers must keep an eye on sling angle when using slings to lift loads. Vertical and horizontal forces come into play when lifting objects with a sling, and the amount of force exerted on the sling increases as sling angle decreases. A good rule of thumb: avoid sling angles less than 45 deg. Otherwise, consult with the sling manufacturer on recommended sling angles, inspection criteria and proper use.
The capacity of the sling changes depending on the configuration—choker vs. basket, the number of legs on the sling and the angle of the legs. Basket hitches have higher working-load limits than do choker hitches.
When using a choker hitch, the ideal choke angle is 135 deg.; less than 120 deg. requires a reduction in the load. Never tighten a choker hitch during a lift; instead, pull the choker tight before the load is lifted. MF
See also: Tooling U
Related Enterprise Zones: Coil Handling, Safety
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Latin american journal of economics
On-line version ISSN 0719-0433
Lat. Am. J. Econ. vol.48 no.2 Santiago Nov. 2011
** Minneapolis Fed and UCLA . E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com
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**** Minneapolis Fed and Di Tella. E-mail address: email@example.com
We document the behavior of income per capita in Argentina subsequent to independence and the civil wars of the mid-19th century. We first decompose the data to isolate low frequency behavior and show that, with significant departures over some periods of time, income per capita grew, on average, at 1. 2% per year . The decomposition shows that the largest departure from this behavior is the period from 1974 to 2010, when there was a large and sustained deviation from the trend, with two subperiods of rapid convergence . Using a simple version of Solow's growth model as a conceptual framework, we focus our analysis on that particular period . We calibrate and simulate the model from 1950 onwards and use its predictions to provide a quantitative measure of the extremely poor performance of the Argentine economy since 1974. We also use a simple model of the government budget constraint to account for the macroeconomic history of Argentina during that same period . We argue that the systematic mismanagement of government budgets is the principal reason for Argentina's long departure from the trend The two subperiods of rapid convergence coincide with the two subperiods of macro fiscal discipline .
JEL classification: E42, E63, H63
Keywords: Macroeconomic instability, Argentina's stagnation, fiscal deficit, debt accounting.
In this paper we develop a specific view of the historical evolution of income per capita in Argentina with a special focus on the 1974-2010 period, which we argue is the most intriguing.
In May 25, 1810, a revolution in Buenos Aires ended the colonial government headed by the Spanish viceroy and the first local government was established . The war for independence lasted less than a decade, but it was followed by a period of alternating civil wars that lasted for another four decades . After the battle of Pavon in 1861, the civil war was finally ended and the country was unified . Afterwards, Argentina experienced one century of reasonable growth in income per capita, with a rate of about 1 . 2% per year between 1885 and 1965 . By the end of the 1960s, just over a century after the political consolidation of the country, per capita income was equivalent to $8,500 in 2010 U . S . dollars, close to 50% of per capita income in the United States, the wealthiest country in the world . However, his period was not without crises, arising either from domestic or foreign shocks . For instance, in 1890, a large-scale domestic financial crisis had an important impact on income per capita, causing it to decline 22% between 1889 and 1891 . Also, World War I and the Great Depression had severe effects, with GDP declines relative to trend of 26% between 1913 and 1917 and 20% between 1929 and 1932 . Starting in the early 1970s, the behavior of income per capita changes dramatically This was also a period of recurrent crises The output drop, relative to trend, was 15% between 1987 and 1989 and 28% between 1988 and 2002. But the most significant difference between the two countries is that income per capita in Argentina in 2004 was the same as it had been in 1974 . Never before, over a period of three decades, had income per capita stagnated as it did then . The 19742010 period is quite heterogeneous, and we will discuss this in detail . But to a great extent, the last 40 years of Argentinean macroeconomic performance is quite different from the rest of its history.
In the first part of this paper, we use a statistical decomposition of the data and then a simple growth model to make this statement quantitatively precise That is, we show that, using two particular metrics, the period 1974-2010 is quantitatively different from 18601973, unlike any other subperiod.
In the second part of the paper, we briefly review Argentina's macroeconomic history during that period, using as a conceptual framework a simple model of the government budget constraint The driving force of that budget constraint is the evolution of the fiscal deficit, with its implications for total government debt . We document the main events of the period and link them to the state of that budget constraint As we show, the main characteristic of the period under studywith important exceptions during part of the 1990s and particularly from 2003 to 2008is the presence of high, chronic fiscal deficits . Finally, in Section 3, we construct a theoretical hypothesis that explains the stagnation period that is consistent with the historical evidence . We argue that the reason for Argentina's stagnation is the recurrence of government administrations that are unable to pay for its economic obligations We propose a mechanism that explains why unsustainable fiscal policies lead to chronic stagnation .
In Figure 1, we plot the logarithm of GDP per capita for Argentina between 1885 and 2010, setting the value of the beginning of the sample at 1. For the 1885-1900 period, we use GDP data from Gerchunoff and Llach (1998), for the years 1900 to 2004 we use data from Garcia-Cicco, Pancrazi and Uribe (2010) and from 2004 onward we use data from Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC). 1 For population, we use data from Orlando Ferreres (2005) for the 1885-2004 period and the remaining years from INDEC . We also plot a curve that is equal to per capita GDP in 1885, the beginning of the sample, and grows at 1 2% a year As can be seen from the data, a growth rate of per capita income equal to 12% provides a reasonable approximation to the long-run behavior of the Argentinean data . The figure suggests that behavior varies starting in 1974.
In what follows, we construct measures to make this statement precise . We first use a statistical decomposition of the data to separate high and low frequency components . Using the decomposition, we construct a first measure of stagnation that, although not based on theoretical considerations, is a simple way to summarize the data An advantage of this exercise is that we only need data for per capita GDP, so we can start the analysis in 1885 We then use a simple growth model to construct theoretical measures of GDP per capita that can be used to construct a second measure of stagnation The virtue of the second exercise is that it uses a theoretical model that provides a truly out-of-sample forecast, and in that sense, it is more satisfactory. The drawback is that due to data availability limitations we can only perform that exercise for data from 1950 onwards .
As we will show, the measures do differ . Depending on the approach, the prospects for Argentina in the next decade are different . However, a general message emerges from the two exercises: The period that starts in 1973 is very different from any period in Argentina's history, which is why the remainder of the paper deals with that period
2.1. Statistical decomposition
In order to isolate behavior over long periods of time, we filtered the log of per capita GDP using Hodrick-Prescott's filter, with the usual yearly value for the parameter, 100 . Figure 1 also depicts the value for the low frequency component of the series . Figure 2A depicts the high frequency component of the series . Several features of the figures are worth emphasizing First, the high frequency (or business cycle) component in Figure 2A suggests that there are three periods in terms of volatility. 2 The first period starts in 1885 and continues until the trough of the Great Depression in 1933 The volatility of the business cycle component is 0 . 06 for this period . The second period starts in 1933 and ends in 1974, corresponding to the period in which an import-substitution strategy was implemented in countries throughout Latin America, of which Argentina is one example The volatility for that period goes down to 0 . 03 . The third and final period is the one we focus in this paper, 1974-2010, when volatility increases again to 0 . 06 . Second, what drives the high volatility values in the first and third sub-periods are several economic crises of tremendous magnitude . Indeed, between 1885 and 1933, there are three mayor crises: the 1890 financial crisis, which was largely domestic; the 1915-18 crisis, which was caused mainly by World War I; and finally the crisis of the Great Depression . There is no crisis of the same magnitude between the Great Depression and the 1989-91 crisis, which was followed a decade later by the worst in Argentina's history.3 As a matter of fact, these two crises were the cause of the increased volatility in the final subperiod--the volatility for the period 1973-1988 (0 . 03) is the same as the volatility between 1933 and 1973 . In Figure 2B, we plot the rolling volatility for 15- and 21-year windows, where this feature becomes clear.
In our opinion, the most striking feature of the decomposition is the behavior of the low frequency component To make the point in a more direct way, Figure 3 depicts the difference between the log of per capita GDP and the straight line in Figure 1the log of a curve that grows at 1 . 2% . The natural interpretation of the curve is the percentage deviation of GDP relative to a 1. 2% trend . While there are natural fluctuations around the 1 . 2% trend, it provides a decent approximation to the long-run behavior between 1885 and 1975 . The value of per capita income is 15% higher than the 1 . 2% trend in the first decade of the 20th century and 10% below trend right after the Great Depression . Then increases to 10% above the trend once again in the early 1970s But an obvious gap starts to open that year, so that per capita income drops to more than 35 percentage points below trend in less than two decades It remained below trend for 30 years, with an average gap between 1981 and 2010 of almost 18% of the trend . The very high growth rates beginning in 2003 imply, according to this measure, that the gap has already been closed . To the extent that those growth rates reflect a convergence towards a trend of per capita growth of 1 2% and assuming that this trend summarizes the ability of Argentina to grow in the long run, as it did during the last century and a half, then the expectation is that growth rates will slow down significantly in the next decade . Of course, this does not necessarily have to occur After all, our analysis lacks theoretical foundations . So far, we only provided a statistical description of the data That description suggests to us a remarkable regularity: A simple 1 . 2% growth rate per year rule describes almost 150 years of long-run behavior of income per capita To the extent that events repeat, the description is useful To move forward, however, we need some theory, which is provided in the next section.
2.2. Predictions from Solow's model
As a complementary exercise, in this subsection we use a quantitative version of a Solow growth model to generate an out-of-sample forecast of trend GDP for the period 1950-2010 . A comparison of the model's forecast with the realized values of the variables provides an alternative measure of Argentina's underperformance since the mid-1970s .
Note that in order to solve the model numerically, we need starting values for productivity, employment and capital (Ko, Lo, Ao), and values for the parameters (α, s, δ, n, g). In order to obtain an estimate for g, which is a key parameter, we need data for capital and labor; however, no reliable data going back to 1885 exists that we know of. However, there is data starting in 1950, so we use that data to calibrate the model in that year.
We use data for output, employment, capital and total factor productivity in 1950 from Corememberg et al. (2007). The data has also been used by Ferreres (2005), who provide alternative interpretations of some of the events we also study Using the data on investment from Garcia-Cicco et al. (2010) and a depreciation rate of 4%, we compute backwards the capital stock using4 Equation (1) for the period 1930-1949 . Similarly, we project backwards the employment data, using population growth rates . 5 We follow Hevia et al. (2011) and set α = 0 . 32 . Then, given our constructed data for inputs and the data for output used in Figure 1, we use (2) to construct values for At, between 1930 and 1949 . Finally, with the constructed series for (Kt, Lt, At) for t = 1930, . . . ,1949, we compute average values for the remaining three parameters of the model (s, n, g) for the period 1930-49 . Finally, using the initial values for 1950 and the five parameters.
α = 0 . 32, s = 0 .15, δ = 0 . 04, n = 0 . 018, g = 0 . 011
calibrated using data from 1930 to 1949, we can forecast the evolution of GDP from 1950 to 2010 . We would like to emphasize that the simulation does not use any information posterior to 1950 Thus, this exercise could have been carried out by any economist in 1950, except for the fact that Solow's paper was yet to be published
Figure 4 presents the evolution of GDP together with two different simulations . Note that the data in the figure is total GDP, not per capita GDP, so it is not comparable with the data in Figure 1 The reason we focus on total GDP will soon become clear . The first simulation, labeled ( n + g), is the one discussed above, where the growth rates of population and total productivity are set equal to their average values between 1930 and 1949 . The second is very similar, but the growth rate of productivity is set to zero, so the only two remaining forces for growth are transitional dynamics and labor input growth.
Note that the prediction of the model is very good only until the mid-1970s . Remember that the simulation does not use data after 1950, so this is really an out -of-sample exercise .6 In addition, the model without productivity growth grossly underestimates the data from 1950 to 1975 However, the picture changes drastically around 1975: The data departs from the prediction of the productivity growth model and converges to the no-productivity growth model in about 10 years It recovers in 1991, but reverts back to it by 2000 A possible interpretation, a one we particularly like, is that for some reason7 the Argentinean economy stagnated persistently in the last 25 years of the 20th century This meant that income per capita in 2000 was equivalent to what Solow would have predicted, assuming no productivity growth Thus, whatever Argentina did wrong (the gap in the figure undoubtedly implies that a significant mistake was made), it was very costly as it rendered 50 years of productivity growth unproductive
The economy's recent period of recovery, which started in 2002, again generated a process of convergence towards the prediction of the model with productivity growth . In Figure 5, we jointly plot the prediction of the Solow model for per capita GDP and the data . 8 We conclude this section with a measurement of the gap between observed per capita income and the prediction from Solow's model in a fashion similar to the one depicted in Figure 3 . There is an important difference between the two measurements of the gap: According to Solow's model, the convergence has not been fully achieved and there are 20 percentage points' difference between the data and the prediction . This is important, since the model suggests that, all else being equal, growth rates will still be substantially above trend for several years in the next decade But there is a common message: The period beginning around 1974 is of a very different nature than any other subperiod of Argentina's economic history. We proceed to analyze that period next .
Starting in 1974, Argentina entered a period that is very different from its previous history. While it is true that the volatility was higher than during the 1930-1974 period, it is very similar to volatility from 1885 to 1930 . In addition, volatility between 1973 and 1988, the worst period in terms of growth, is very similar than between 1930 and 1974 . The remarkable feature of the 1974-2010 period, therefore, is the break in the trend of output per capita.
In this section, we provide a historical account of the macroeconomic evolution of the period, focusing on the behavior of the government's fiscal deficit and government debt . We briefly discuss, in the first subsection, a simple conceptual framework In the second subsection we provide a narrative account of the main macroeconomic events using the simple conceptual framework . In the final subsection, we establish our hypothesis in detail and argue in its favor.
3.1. The economics of budget constraints
Sargent (1983) uses a simple budget constraint approach to analyze episodes of nominal instability, essentially understood as inflationary episodes It is worth pointing out though that balance of payment crises and often also banking crises are associated with inflation . 9 All of these phenomena are present in the period analyzed.
If we let Dt be the government deficit in nominal terms, measured as expenditures and transfers minus taxes, Bt and Mt the stock of government debt and money, and Rt the nominal interest rate, then the budget constraint of the government can be written as:10
The right hand side of the Equation represents the financial obligations of the government in the period, while the left hand side represents the two ways the government has to finance them, by either issuing interest bearing debt or non interest bearing debt (money) . A direct implication of this budget constraint is that sustained deficits may not lead to inflation . This will be the case if the debt is managedincreasedto finance all obligations . However, if for some reason the government is unable to borrow, then the only source of financing is money creation . But a systematic increase in the money supply inevitably leads to systematic inflation . Alternatively, one can imagine a monetary regime that implies a very small rate of money growth, like a currency board or a currency union Imagine, for the sake of the argument, that it is zero Then, sustained deficits lead to very high levels of debt and default may follow . Sustained deficits, therefore, lead to inflation, default or a combination of both . In a nutshell, this is the macroeconomic history of Argentina since 1974.
Generally, there is in general an important accounting issue in the definition of fiscal deficit . In principle, government accounts include current expenditures that are part of the approved budget . However, in many instances, governments incur unexpected expenses that do not go through the normal budgetary process A banking crisis where there is deposit insurance would be a simple example Deposit insurance implies a contingent liability that materializes in the case of bank failures In many instances, governments issue special bonds to finance those contingencies, which are not always accounted for in deficit figures . As we will show, this is an important factor in Argentina during the period, so the evolution of debt may not be consistent with official deficit data at all times .
In Figure 7 we plot the yearly deficit and the yearly inflation rate . 11 All the data used in the rest of the paper is from Buera and Nicolini (2009) . Sargent's story fits the data well in a qualitative sense, as long as we assume that the government's ability to borrow was very limited . The three years with the highest inflation rates1975, 1985 and 1989are the three years in which the deficit peaked . It also seems clear that the story has some quantitative problems: for instance, the deficits in 1988 and 1989 are similar to the ones in 1981 and 1982 and the inflation rate was five times higher . 12 In the approach described above, the exogenously imposed debt limit is important, since once the government hits that constraint, the direct relationship between deficits and inflation arises . On the other hand, once that limit is reached, default is also a possibility Our narrative discussion will attempt to explain why the adjustment was made in one direction at certain times and in other directions at other times . But in the end, we argue that the effect of chronic deficits on real activity does not depend on the particular way the government eventually adjusts its finances, but rather on the need to take dramatic and unexpected actions to adjust them.
The BOP crisis version
Sargent's story can also accommodate balance of payments crises when countries choose, as Argentina repeatedly did during this period, to fix the nominal exchange rate . An articulated model is provided in Krugman (1979). The approach uses a version of purchasing power parity with arbitrage conditions for the price of traded goods in open economies, i e ,
where Pt is the domestic price level, Pt is the price level of the foreign country to which the domestic currency is pegged, and et is the nominal exchange rate The second key component of the theory is a version of a demand for money. We use the quantity theory, that reads
Mtv = Ptyt,
where v is the velocity of money, assumed to be constant, and yt is real GDP, determined in the real sector of the economy. To simplify, let us assume that the relevant monetary aggregate is the monetary base . From the balance sheet of the Central Bank,
Mt = Rt = DCt,
where Rt is the Central Bank's stock of international reserves and DCt is the stock of domestic credit . The first Equation determines the domestic price level as long as the nominal exchange rate is fixed . The second Equation then determines the nominal quantity of money.
Thus, the total amount of nominal money cannot be increased by the Central Bank, and any attempt to do so by increasing domestic credit will imply a reduction of the stock of international reserves.
The story then, goes like this: Sustained deficits and the inability to borrow force the Central Bank to increase domestic credit This increase in domestic credit forces a loss of international reserves To the extent that the deficits are sustained, the nonnegativity restriction of international reserves will eventually be binding, inducing a balance of payments crisis, a devaluation and inflation13 . Again, the inability to borrow is a key component of the theory.
To summarize, at a first glance the deficit seems to be the main explanation for the Argentinian crisis . Thus, a Sargent type of story fits the data and describes the experience . Why is debt important? From a theoretical point of view, it is important because Sargent's analysis depends on the country having reached the credit constraint In the model the debt limit is exogenous, so there is not much else to say How does a country reach the limit? It is possible that a government accumulates deficits over a long period of time such that it eventually and gradually reaches the limit That is indeed possible, but as we will show, it is not the whole story
During periods in which the government is in default, the ability to issue new debt is quite limited . If monetary policy is not targeting the exchange rate, when short term measures to finance the deficit prove insufficient, inflation explodes . Thus, fiscal imbalances translate into high and very volatile inflation, which typically implies substantial short run fluctuations in the real exchange rate . The ex post dollar returns of short term financial investments are large and extremely volatile . Alternatively, when monetary policy targets the exchange rate, inflation is low and stable, and nominal returns in domestic currency depend on the expectations of devaluations Eventually, when a BOP crisis unfolds there is a sharp devaluation that also makes the real exchange rate volatile Again, the average real returns are high and their volatility even higher . In all cases, the realization of uncertainty implies larger redistributions of wealth.
3.2. Macroeconomic and debt evolution
The analysis of the paper covers roughly the period starting in the early 1970s until the late 1990s . As the focus is on the behavior of government finances, we divide this discussion into four periods according to the evolution of the deficit and debt, which determined the government's ability to borrow in domestic and foreign markets.
Figure 8 shows the evolution of the debt-to-GDP ratio between 1973 and 2009 . Using these data, we set the first period from 1973 to 1976 . During these years, the economy was closed to capital movements . Debt as a share of GDP was small and consisted mainly of domestic debt . For instance, in the early 1970s the debt-to-GDP ratio was around 7 . 5%, while foreign debt accounted for only 20% of that . The first years of the decade were characterized by fiscal deficit close to 2% of GDP, as can be seen in Figure 7 . Because of the closed economy, the government had no access to foreign borrowing and deficits were therefore financed by either domestic debt or seniorage . In 1973 and 1974 the deficit jumped to 6% while in 1975 it skyrocketed to 12% . These higher fiscal imbalances were financed by both seniorage1975 is the year of the first hyperinflation of the period studiedand by domestic debt . Thus, by the end of 1976, the debt-to-GDP ratio was over 20%.
The second period covers roughly 1977 to 1982, the beginning of the debt crisis This period was characterized by a substantial reduction in tariffs and the opening of the economy to the international capital market Two additional policy changes were key to determining the evolution of the debt . First was the deregulation of the financial sector . This deregulation implied that the interest rate was determined by a free market and there was free entry to the industry These reforms, together with the implementation of a deposit insurance guaranteed by the government, are key to understanding the development of government debt over the following decade, as we argue later on . Deposit insurance is government contingent debt because in the event of a banking crisis, the liabilities of the financial sector become liabilities of the Central Bank The second policy change was the stabilization attempt launched in 1978, which included a pre-announced crawling peg . To support the credibility of the plan, an exchange rate guarantee was offered by the government . This period was characterized by access to international capital markets and the government financed the deficit with foreign debt, mainly bank debt.
By the end of this period, a generalized banking crisis forced the government to back an important portion of deposits . At the same time, a balance of payment crisis developed that led to a sharp devaluation of the domestic currency The exchange rate guarantee implied an additional burden for the government Starting in 1982, the government was unable to comply with its debt obligations and unilaterally declared default This event forced the government out of the international capital market until 1991, so fiscal imbalances had to be financed by either domestic credit or seniorage . This period witnessed two hyperinflations and several balance of payment crises . One of these crisis years was 1989 . A balance of payment crisis evolved into hyperinflation, which reached more than 200% per month in June in that year . A stabilization period began in July 1989 and there were two additional, important developments in regard to the evolution of government debt: The Bonex plan of January 1990, which swapped short-run bank deposits for longterm bonds, and the Brady plan in 1992, which consisted of an agreement with creditors to end the default period.
The Brady plan marked the start date of the following period, in which a currency board was imposed and a period of improved confidence in international capital markets began The government was able to float bonds abroad and after several years of stability, in 1998 the interest rate paid was only a few points above the T-bill rate The most interesting episode in this period is a severe banking crisis that developed in early 1995, following the turmoil in international capital markets related to the Mexican devaluation of December 1994 . Argentina's economy recovered very quickly, and growth rates were quite high in the aftermath of the crisis . In 1998, following a series of financial crises in developing economies, a recession started that lasted until 2000 . That year, a significant fraction of debt was due and this fraction would climb even higher in the years to come The recession continued and the capital account reversals following the financial crises in Asia and Russia placed an excessive burden on a government that had been running deficits since 1995 . The default at the end of 2001 was the unavoidable outcome The default, together with the exit from the currency board in a highly dollarized economy, caused the largest drop in per capita GDP in Argentina since World War I, as can be seen in Figure 2A, which depicts the high frequency component of income per capita A new period starts in 2003, and is characterized by being the longest period of substantial government surpluses in Argentina's recorded history. An offer was made to defaulted creditors to swap the defaulted bonds for new bonds, with a haircut that is reflected in the graph . Over 80% of the bondholders accepted the offer, while the remaining bonds are still on default.
These developments are relevant to understanding the dynamics of total government debt, depicted in Figure 9 . The figure represents total federal government debt, including bonds, banking debt, debt to other governments and financial institutions . It is denominated in 1996 U S dollars Total debt increased substantially from 1975 to 1982, with a yearly average of 30% This is the period in which the government borrowed abroad to finance not only the deficit, but also the "contingent debt" implied by the deposit and exchange rate insurance Then the debt crisis developed and government debt grew at a much lower rate . In fact, the debt level in 1991 was slightly above the figure for 1983 . Changes in the stock of debt are related to the accumulation of arrears and the issuing of domestic bonds, some of them voluntary, some of them mandatory Starting in 1991, as the government regained access to international capital markets, the debt started to grow again, with an average yearly rate of 10% The 2001 crisis was extremely expensive for the government, which is reflected in the spike in debt in 2002: The government carried out a large issuance of bonds to cover exceptional expenses, including transfers to the banking system to compensate banks for the asymmetric treatment of dollar-denominated bank assets and liabilities Finally, the reduction of total debt in 2005 corresponds to the haircut obtained in the offer made to defaulted bondholders.
Two phenomena affect the evolution of the debt-to-GDP ratio . The first one is obvious: GDP growth . The second, which was very important for Argentina during that period, consists of real exchange rate movements between the peso and the dollar . The GDP, as well as peso-denominated debt, are deflated using peso price indices, while the dollar-denominated debt is deflated using U . S . price indices and the nominal exchange rate between the peso and the dollar . Any deviation from PPP will affect the figure . This is important to take into account, because there are strong movements in the debt-to-GDP ratio that are not associated with fiscal policy but rather with relative price changes, and there were substantial relative price changes in Argentina during the period considered here To provide a quantitative measure of this effect, Figure 10 depicts the debt-to-GDP ratio keeping constant the real exchange rate at its 2001 value.
These two effects explain that while total debt increased from almost US$ 20 billion to almost US$ 50 billion from 1975 to 1980, the debt-to-GDP ratio actually fell While GDP grew during the period, it obviously did not grow at the same magnitude as debt . What explains this behavior is a strong appreciation of the peso, which reduced the relative value of dollar-denominated debt The sharp increase in the debt-to-GDP ratio in 1982 reflects the strong depreciation of the peso . Thus, the period is characterized by an increase in the debt-to-GDP ratio which is smooth if we abstract from real exchange rate movements.
The relatively flat segments of the lines in Figure 10 during most of the 1980s reflects the government's limited access to credit markets . The spike in 1989 is essentially explained by a significant depreciation of the peso and, to a lesser extent, a strong recession . The third period is characterized by a somewhat steady and lower value of the ratio Again, an important explanation for this lower value is the appreciation of the peso and the high growth rates experienced by Argentina during the period Another important factor is the privatization of state-owned companies in the beginning of the decade The government accepted its own bonds as a means of payment in the auctions, so to some extent, the privatization process was a bond-company swap . The ratio increased steadily during the 1990s until the 2002 default . The figure also makes clear that the default did not reduce the debt-to-GDP ratio, since the government issued large amounts of debt during the crisis In 2002, the debt-to-GDP ratio begins to fall as a result of GDP growth, appreciation of the peso and the haircut of 2005.
Overall, these figures show that although the average debt-to-GDP ratio is low, exposure of this number to real exchange rate fluctuation is important . More than 90 percent of the debt is dollar-denominated, so a crisis entailing a real exchange rate depreciation would substantially affect that ratio . For instance, to increase the debt-to-GDP ratio from 25% to 40%, the government must have a deficit (including interest payments) that is three points higher than the growth rate of output sustained for 10 years . A crisis that results in a 50% real depreciationa number that is in line with the recent experiencewould achieve that change instantaneously Again, the reason for this is that more than 90 percent of the debt is indexed to the exchange rate rather than to domestic price levels.
In summary, the behavior of government debt is explained by fiscal policy as usual plus two other main features First, the occurrence of states against which the government had insured the private sector through exchange rate insurance and deposit insurance . To the extent that the nominal exchange rate is devalued or banks go bankrupt, the liabilities of other private debtors in dollars become partial or total liabilities of the government This explains the substantial increase in debt from 1980 to 1983 . Second, fluctuations in the real exchange rate affect the value of the debt substantially to the extent that most of it is indexed to the nominal exchange rate
The hypothesis
Let us focus first on the depression from 1998 to 2002. In some aspects, this was similar to the Great Depression of the early 1930s in the U S : Both saw a profound drop in real GDP, extremely high unemployment rates and bank runs . But there are major differences . The Argentine government defaulted in its debt and the 2001 depression was, for Argentina, at least the fourth crisis since 1975 Thus, while the 1929 crisis was a surprise to many, the crisis of 2001 was the outcome of a (yet another) slow deterioration in the government's fiscal position that had begun in 1995 and became unsustainable by 2001 . Thus, while there is some debate about the role that policy played in the management of the 1929 crisis, poor government policy was not the cause.
We argue that mismanagement of macro fiscal policy is the main reason for the crisis in Argentina in 1999-2001 . We also argue that the same mismanagement has caused all previous crises since 1973 Large budget deficits created the hyperinflationary situations of 1975, 1985 and 1989, as well as the debt increases from 1976 to 1983 and from 1993 to 2001 . Although after 1991 there was a substantial reduction in budget deficits, they were not brought down enough to avoid the 2001 default . Paradoxically, in terms of debt-to-GDP ratios, the figure in 2005after the defaultwas larger than what it was in 2001.
The typical adjustment in each of these crises was a "fiscal surprise"; in 1975, this consisted of a burst in inflation (known as the "Rodrigazo") after a period of price controls In 1980, it was a devaluation that abandoned a formally established crawling peg . There was also a deposit freeze and a default on foreign debt . A statement by one of the country's finance ministers during this time became famous: "Those who bet against the peso will lose . " In 1985, immediately after the Austral plan was implemented to stop rampant inflation, an exceptional tax collection was imposed . In 1989, the country experienced its worst hyperinflation in history. In 1990, there was a new hyperinflation and mandatory swap of bank depositsthe same deposits financing the government via high reserve requirements and which paid market interest ratesfor government bonds . In 2001, there was default, devaluation, and "pesification," or a mandatory exchange of dollar-denominated deposits (and debt), to peso-denominated deposits (and debt) at an exchange rate 66% below the market value.
All of these situations led to major redistributions of wealth . For example, when the deposit freeze was mandated in 2001, the deposit-to-GDP ratio was around 30% . The confiscation involved in the "pesification" amounted, therefore, to 20% of GDP. This is our estimate of the wealth that was redistributed from deposit holders to bank debtors It should not come as a surprise that many banks were burned down in the aftermath of the crisis.
How could one become wealthier in Argentina during this period? By winning at in a zero-sum game . Each crisis involved an enormous redistribution . The returns of playing the redistribution game well are huge . Since 1970, there have been two periods of very rapid growth . The first lasted from 1990 until 1998 . During this period, the government introduced trade reforms, privatized large, bankrupt state-owned companies, deregulated markets and reformed the existing pay-as-you-go pension system, switching to a private investment program . At the time, Argentina was the darling of the Washington Consensus From 2003 until 2010, the government imposed price controls, repurchased companies that had been privatized, imposed very high export taxes, started up a large program of discretionary subsidies and micromanaged trade policy, and by the end of that period inflation had returned . Thus, none of the economic policies followed since 2003 would be in the list recommended by the Washington Consensus, except, of course, for fiscal discipline.
What the 1991-1998 and 2003-2010 periods had in common was macro discipline . In both periods, the way to become rich was the same as in the rest of the world: constantly trying to lower costs, which implies, in the aggregate, increasing total factor productivity Lowering costs is a positive sum game . In contrast, between 1974-1991 and 1998-2002, the way to become rich in Argentina was to win at any of a plethora of zero-sum games created by the government when dealing with its bankruptcy in the most arbitrary ways . Therefore, these massive redistributions are zero-sum games with huge returns for the happy few: How can one compare a mere 4% increase in profits after a year of hard work reducing costs with 30% profits from being in the right side of a financial transaction during the right week of the year? Charles Ponzi dreamed of such rates of return in Boston before the Great Depression Through its policies, the Argentinean government has made them happen repeatedly over the last three decades.
In this paper we focus on one potential explanation for the stagnation of Argentina's economy between 1973 and 2003 There are, certainly, competing hypotheses . Undoubtedly, our simplified model does not take into consideration issues and factors that are certainly important in shaping the events of these decades . For instance, the strong appreciation of the dollar and the rise in U S interest rates in the early 1980s was a key trigger of the default in 1982 Similarly, the Asian and Russian crises of the late 1990s paved the way for the 2002 default . We believe, however, that the effect of these shocks would probably have been less severe and certainly less persistent with different macro fiscal discipline.
Our simple explanation is that a long history of fiscal mismanagement created recurrent economic crises in Argentina during the last 35 years that were very costly in terms of GDP, employment and poverty The main factor contributing to the crises was large fiscal budget deficits, so that while the particular symptoms of each crisis may vary, the force behind them was the same . While one estimate of the gap between per capita GDP and its long run trend says that Argentina has already reached its longrun trend, another estimate says that there is still a 20 percent gap to close.14
The implication of this hypothesis is that by ensuring macroeconomic stability through running sustainable macro fiscal policies, Argentina's economy will grow in the future, with either stationary growth rates for income per capita close to 1 5% in the worst-case scenario or with a transition of around five years of growing at rates close to 4% and then reaching steady growth of 1 5%.
But there is another possibility: A return to uncontrolled fiscal deficits and the well-known ghosts of the past: inflation, devaluation, defaults, zero-sum games and stagnation.
* This paper reflects our personal views and does not represent those of either the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis or the Federal Reserve System . We wish to thank Felipe Zurita for the invitation to present this work at the 2010 Bicentennial Conference at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.
1 . There is debate regarding the quality of INDEC data starting in 2007, due to an intervention by the government . If we were to replace the INDEC data with private estimates, the picture would hardly change The only conclusion that differs depending on the data used is the size of the gap between current output and trend in 2010.
2 . The choice of subperiods is, like many other things in this paper, arbitrary. We do believe, however, that this is a useful way to be arbitrary, since the division also corresponds to different stages in terms of the historical characterization of broadly defined economic policies . The rolling volatility exercise below supports, we believe, our choice of subperiods.
3 . In Section 2 we discuss these last two crises in further detail.
4 . The numbers do not change noticeably when depreciation rates between 3% and 4 . 5%are used . Higher numbers imply very implausible values for capital in the first decades of the 20th century.
5 . We do not have employment data. In the model, employment grows at the same rate as population.
6 . A closer look at the data between 1950 and 1975 shows that the forecast makes two mistakes in opposite directions that roughly compensate each other The 1950-75 investment rate was a bit higher than that of the previous two decades, but the growth rate of productivity was a bit lower than in the two previous decades.
7 . Our preferred hypothesis is spelled out in the last section of the paper .
8 . The gap is smaller than it is for total GDP, since according to the data, population growth was lower between 1950 and 2010 than between 1930 and 1949, which is the growth rate that was fed into the model.
9 . A remarkable exception is the banking crisis of 1995.
10 . Note that we treat interest payments separately in the budget constraint, so our definition of deficit does not involve interest payments Instead, it is simply the difference between current nominal expenditures and current nominal tax revenues.
11 . The inflation rate is defined as logP+/Pt).
12 . Marcet and Nicolini (2003) and Sargent et al. (2009) provide quantitative explanations using the same conceptual framework, in models with quasi-rational learning .
13 . The interesting twist in Krugman is to make the demand for money dependent on the nominal interest rate to generate a "run" on the domestic currency.
14 . The relative virtues of each method have been discussed in Section 1.
Buera, F . and J . P. Nicolini (2010), 'The fiscal and monetary history of Argentina," mimeo, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. [ Links ]
Coremberg, A . , P. Goldszier, D . Heymann and A . Ramos (2007), "Patrones de la inversión y el ahorro en la Argentina," Serie Macroeconomia del Desarrollo 63, ECLAC. [ Links ]
Ferreres, O . (2005), Dos siglos de economía argentina (1810 - 2004): historia argentina en cifras. Fundación Norte y Sur: Buenos Aires, Argentina. [ Links ]
Garcia-Cicco, J . , R. Pancrazi and M . Uribe (2010), "Real bussines cycles in emerging countries?," American Economic Review 100(5): 2510-2531. [ Links ]
Gerchunoff, V . and L. Llach (1998), El ciclo de la ilusión y el desencanto: un siglo de políticas económicas argentinas. Ariel Publications. [ Links ]
Hevia, C . , H . Hopenhayn, and A . Neumeyer (2011), mimeo. [ Links ]
Krugman, P. (1979), "A model of balance-of-payments crises," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 11(3): 311-325. [ Links ]
Lucas, R. and N . Stokey (1983), "Optimal fiscal and monetary policy in an economy without capital," Journal of Monetary Economics 12(1): 55-93. [ Links ]
Marcet, A. and J . P. Nicolini (2003), "Recurrent hyperinflations and learning," American Economic Review 93(5), 1476-1498. [ Links ]
Sargent, T . (1993), Rational expectations and inflation, Harpercollins Series in Economics. [ Links ]
Sargent, T . , N . Williams and T . Zha (2009), "The conquest of South American inflation," Journal of Political Economy 117(2): 211-256. [ Links ]
Schenone, O. (1987), "El comportamiento del sector público en Argentina: 1970-1985", CEMA Working Papers 60. [ Links ]


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The bobbin on your sewing machine provides the lower thread supply, allowing your machine to form stitches. Needless to say, if your bobbin isn't set up properly, your machine won't work.
Rather than risk that, we thought we'd ask for some tips from a nationally recognized home décor sewing expert. Donna Babylon, creator of the More Splash Than Cash® brand and author of 15 books, including the recently published Decorating Sewlutions: Learn to Sew as You Decorate Your Home was happy to help.
Here are a few of Donna's tips to keep your bobbins working properly.
When you're winding thread onto a bobbin, always start with an empty bobbin. Never wind one color of thread over another color.
Have several extra empty bobbins on hand. Don't skimp. They're cheap.
The thread on the bobbin has to be evenly wound across the bobbin spool for the machine to work properly. If your machine doesn't appear to be winding smoothly, first check to see you have it correctly threaded for the bobbin winding process. If that appears to be fine, it may be time to service your machine.
For most projects, you'll want your bobbin thread to match the thread in your spool. The exception is when the back of your fabric is a different color or you have a different colored lining. Then you'll want to use a bobbin thread that best matches the color of the back or lining.
Before you start a project, wind at least two bobbins. That way, you'll always have a spare at your fingertips.
Storage & Maintenance
Keep your filled bobbins together (and keep the threads from dangling) by storing them in a foam toe separator, the kind used for pedicures.
Every time you change the bobbin, use a tiny brush to remove any lint that might have built up inside the bobbin case. For more handy care tips, see our tutorial: Taking Care Of Your Sewing Machine.
(Excerpted from Decorating Sewlutions by Donna Babylon.)


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Methyl Aminolevulinate
Methyl Aminolevulinate topical cream
What is Methyl Aminolevulinate topical cream?
METHYL AMINOLEVULINATE (Metvixia™) topical cream is a light sensitizing drug that is used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT with methyl aminolevulinate topical cream is used to treat a type of skin condition called actinic keratosis. PDT is a two-step process requiring application of a drug and then exposure to a certain type of light. Generic methyl aminolevulinate topical cream is not available.
NOTE: This product is discontinued in the United States.
What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine?
They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
bleeding disorders
conditions that make you sensitive to light or sunlight
an unusual or allergic reaction to methyl aminolevulinate, porphyrins, other medicines, foods (especially peanuts or almonds), dyes, or preservatives
pregnant or trying to get pregnant
How should this medicine be used?
Methyl aminolevulinate topical cream is applied by a trained health care professional to affected areas on the face or scalp. This is the first step of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Three hours after application of this medicine, the treated area is exposed to a special red light for about 10 minutes. Another course of treatment may be given 7 days after the first.
What if I miss a dose?
It is important not to miss a scheduled appointment. The timing after the application of the drug determines when the light treatment may be given. If you miss a scheduled appointment, contact your prescriber or health care professional as soon as possible. Even if you are not exposed to the light treatment, continue to avoid exposure to sunlight or prolonged bright light for at least 2 days.
What drug(s) may interact with Methyl Aminolevulinate topical cream?
Methyl aminolevulinate topical cream will make you sensitive to the sun. This effect may be increased by other medicines that also cause sensitivity to the sun such as:
medicines including sulfa or tetracycline antibiotics
medicines for mental problems or psychotic disturbances
some types of water pills (diuretics)
vitamin A and vitamin A-like medicines and creams (examples: Accutane®, Solage®, Retin-A®, or Differin®)
vitamin E
Tell your prescriber or health care professional about all other medicines that you are taking, including nonprescription medicines, nutritional supplements, or herbal products. Also tell your prescriber or health care professional if you are a frequent user of drinks with caffeine or alcohol, if you smoke, or if you use illegal drugs. These may affect the way your medicine works. Check with your health care professional before stopping or starting any of your medicines.
What should I watch for while taking Methyl Aminolevulinate topical cream?
Methyl aminolevulinate topical cream will cause your skin to be very sensitive light in areas where it is applied. You must avoid exposing treated areas to sunlight and bright indoor lights (unshaded light bulbs at close range) during the treatment period. Use a wide-brimmed hat or other protective clothing. Sunscreen will NOT work to protect your skin. If you are not exposed to the red light, continue to avoid exposure to sunlight or prolonged bright light for at least 2 days. If you begin to experience stinging and/or burning, decrease your exposure to light.
During the second step of therapy, you be exposed to a red light. This light will not heat the skin. You will receive goggles to protect your eyes. During exposure to the red light you may experience stinging, burning, tingling, or prick-like feelings at the treated sites.
After treatment with the red light, the treated areas and sometimes the surrounding skin will get red, swell, and may scale over. These effects should improve within 10 days of treatment. redness may last up to one month. If any of these skin reactions get worse and last longer than 3 weeks, call you health care provider.
What side effects may I notice from receiving Methyl Aminolevulinate topical cream?
Side effects that you should report to your prescriber or health care professional as soon as possible:
blisters, redness, swelling of skin (similar to severe sunburn)
Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor if they continue or are bothersome):
burning or stinging
crusting or scaling of lesions
redness of treated areas
sensitivity to the sun and other lights
swelling of lesions
Where can I keep my medicine?
This does not apply. You will receive methyl aminolevulinate topical cream in a clinic or hospital setting by trained health care providers. You will not take this medicine home.
March 21, 2017
U.S. FDA-approved Package Insert


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Circular rugs, simply because of their uncommonness, have always had a charm distinct from their rectangular counterparts. Our new braided chenille rugs are more intriguing even yet, as their design is a modernized take on a classic pattern. The Surfside looks sort of like paint marbling on a turntable or dye spiraling down a drain. A bit hypnotic, this rug brings a bit of traniquility to any room it graces.
Our braided chenille rugs are soft as can be, made of 75% viscose, 23% cotton and 2% polyester. Regular vacuuming and the occasional shake outdoors should keep them in good shape, but for deeper cleaning seek a professional. Do not wash.
This rug was handcrafted by skilled artisans in a fair-labor, fair-trade workshop in India or China.
Would you like us to help you find a similar item? Talk with our Design Consultants toll-free at1-800-927-5164.
*Shipping transit time varies based on destination. Free shipping offers are limited to the 48 contiguous states of the USA.
International Customers (including Alaska and Hawaii) please contact a Customer Service Representative if you have any questions about placing an order with PoshTots.
Promotion codes cannot be used for sale item purchases.
*Free shipping offers are limited to the 48 contiguous states of the USA.


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A step-by-step demonstration on how to draw the world famous Empire State Building in a comic book style. Includes additional instructions on perspective drawing.
DragoArt members upload artwork and drawing tutorials! They are also allowed to leave comments on tutorials, profiles, etc. Many more features, as well; it's way better than just being a boring guest! Register Now!


text: Radiology is the branch or specialty of medicine that deals with the study and application of imaging technology like x-ray and radiation to diagnosing and treating disease. Radiologists are physicians that utilize an array of imaging technologies (such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), nuclear medicine, positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) to diagnose or treat disease. Interventional radiology is the performance of (usually minimally invasive) medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies. The acquisition of medical imaging is usually carried out by the radiographer.


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Posts Tagged 'gibson'
Damn That's A Beautiful Guitar
This is the SG Zoot Suit by Gibson. It comes in many colors, but I'm really just blown away by this ridiculous rainbow variation. Just gorgeous. Hot damn! Not much else to say. Wish I played more guitar so I could justify being an idiot and buying one. Ah, well.


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I'm not sure I would bear lying on a heater, but other than that, I really wish I was a cat today. You might have noticed that my posts were getting a bit irregular, that I was skipping some sections now and then... I have to admit I have a hard time with the blog right now, my nails are almost all a different size and shape (and right when I was thinking "ok, I've reached a good length on some so I'm keeping it that way for a week so that they all get even, I broke one yesternight), the weather in my corner of the world is very unfriendly for photo shooting, but first and foremost, I'm back in insomnia land and I'm extremely tired.
One of the as-yet-unexperienced consequences of that is that it's extremely hard for me to take pics: since light is scarce, I have to set my camera on very slow shutting (sorry if those are not the technical terms), so there's a heightened chance of blurriness and I've found out lately that in the morning, when light is at "least worst", tiredness makes my body tremble. Seriously, it sounds silly and I'm smiling and rolling my eyes writing it, but it's true! So whenever you see three pics in a message with one of them a bit blurry, they're all I could save from an average 150 pictures. And that's seriously depressing!! My draft folder is full of pics with nails at different lengths, or crappy pictures that I keep as a reminder that I have to reswatch the polishes, etc, etc. It gives me the impression that my blog is patchy, my swatches of very uneven (but always medium at best) quality, and most of all, incoherent. I hate incoherence!
I hope that my insomnia will not last, a big part of it was a consequence of the crazy life in the flat due to Minnie's "end of the thesis/preparation for the defence/new job rythm (including being on call duty for emergency transport at night)", but while it's still there, the very little reserves of energy I have left must be put into my work and that strange time-eater called "daily life".
This is without doubt my favourite pic of Minnie's kitty!!
So I can just promise you that I will do my utmost to sort everything out and try to get back to regular posting, sections and pretty pictures asap. I'm also very much in the mood for nail art, but I have no time! Until that blessed moment, you'll have to do with patchy posting and crappy pictures...
But in the meantime, you got to see funny and nice pics of the two furry devils that share Minnie's and my living space :)


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TWH – Today is the second Sunday in May which means its Mother's Day for Americans as well as others around the world. Writers often attribute this modern celebration to ancient festivals honoring the mother Goddess or Christian tributes to the Virgin Mary. While most religious cultures did or do recognize maternity in some way, the connections between any of these sacred celebrations and our modern secular holiday are tenuous at best.
Some believe that the American holiday finds its earliest roots in an old English religious tradition called "Mothering Sunday." On the fourth Sunday of Lent, Christians journeyed far and wide to a "mother" cathedral rather than worshiping in their local "daughter" parish. Over time the day evolved into a secular holiday during which children gave gifts to their mothers.
It wasn't until the late 1800's that there was a call for a uniquely American Mother's Day celebration. After seeing the horrors of the Civil War, Julia Ward Howe, a suffragist, abolitionist, writer and poet, began an aggressive campaign for a national Mother's Day. On the second Sunday in June of 1870, Howe made a passionate plea for peace and proclaimed the day Mother's Peace Day.
We will not have great questions decided by irrelevant agencies. Our husbands shall not come to us, reeking with carnage, for caresses and applause. Our sons shall not be taken from us to unlearn all that we have taught them of charity, mercy and patience….The sword of murder is not the balance of justice. Blood does not wipe out dishonor, nor violence indicate possession.
Not only did Howe call for a national holiday, she also called for a women's council that would "promote the alliance of the different nationalities, the amicable settlement of international questions, [in] the great and general interests of peace."
Unfortunately, her dream never came into being. For ten years, Howe personally funded most of the Mother's Peace Day celebrations. When she died so did Mother's Peace Day.
Around the same time, in a small town in West Virginia, a similar idea was being cultivated. Ann Maria Reeves Jarvis, a Civil War nurse, had actively organized a series of "Mother's Day work clubs." Their mission was to teach women proper childcare, provide war relief, curb infant mortality, and tend to the battle-wounded. Like Howe, Jarvis advocated for peace and neutrality. She insisted that her mothers' clubs treat both the Union and Confederate soldiers. After the war, Jarvis and other women created a "Mother Friendship Day" when mothers and former soldiers, from both sides of the war, came together in reconciliation.
After Ann died in 1905, her daughter, Anna Jarvis decided to honor her mother's work. In 1907, on the second Sunday of May, Jarvis held the first Mother's Day celebration in her own home. Then, in 1908, Anna convinced two churches, one in Philadelphia and one in her hometown of Grafton, West Virginia, to celebrate the new holiday. Each mother was given a white carnation, her mother's favorite flower.
Anna began a campaign for a national Mother's Day celebration. By 1911, forty-seven states were celebrating Mother's Day. Then in 1914, President Woodrow Wilson named the second Sunday in May "Mother's Day," a nationally recognized holiday.
Unfortunately, success brought way more than Jarvis ever wanted. Mother's Day fell victim to commercialization. Themed Cards and other products were produced and sold en masse. The Post Office printed stamps depicting Anne Reeves Jarvis' with a white carnation. Mother's Day was big business. By 1940, the disillusioned Jarvis had turned her back on the holiday completely. She was even arrested for protesting a few Mother's Day events. Jarvis reportedly died poor, blind and alone in a Philadelphia sanitarium.
While modern Mother's Day contains only tenuous connections to spiritual practice, the holiday is not without its own profound importance. It is possible to extend a spiritual sense to a secular holiday by extrapolating upon its basic meaning. Anna Jarvis conceived the holiday as an intimate day to thank one's own mother for her sacrifice For activist Julia Ward Howe and Anne Reeves Jarvis, Mother's Day was a symbolic celebration of motherhood. They saw women, specifically mothers, as the healers and peace makers.
For many Pagan and Heathen women, Mother's Day is a unique opportunity to connect a mainstream secular tradition to their own spiritual journeys as mothers. On this day, Pagan mothers can reflect on their maternal roles, examine their mundane responsibilities and witness their role and how it is mirrored within their theology.
Reflections on Motherhood from Pagan women:
I came to biological motherhood in my mid-30s–elderly prima grava–and was already known as a Pagan in my community. My daughter is a "cradle Pagan," and because I knew there would be questions as she went through public school, we were always very open about our spirituality. It made me a somewhat reluctant ambassador for my religion and gave me the opportunity to talk to all sorts of people about Paganism… Being a mother has made me a better advocate, a better priestess. And being those things has also made me a better mother. – Byron Ballard, Pagan author, Advocate, Priestess.
A mother is a child's first experience with the Goddess in this incarnation. That makes the role of mothering more important than just a set of expectations, but it is a spiritual obligation that will support a growing child in connecting with the feminine aspect of divinity, and with the miracle of manifestation. The lineage of love and extension of the Goddess that is before you in the eyes of your child should be the most motivating factor for living a healthy life. We teach what we are to our children by what we show. – Crystal Blanton, Author and Priestess
As Witches and Pagans who truly believe in the Earth as a sacred and living being we must do all that we can every day to live that belief. Nowhere can we better put that belief into practice than in the kitchen. From catching the running water from the tap while it's heating, to using left-over food… Nowhere is there a more frequent and clear reminder of how close to and dependent upon the Earth and all it produces, than the kitchen and its proper management on a day to day basis. – R. Watcher, Mother, Aunt, Great Aunt, and kitchen manager both professionally and personally for over 40 years.
Raising my three children as a Pagan, rather than raising my kids as pagans, was critical to my concept of choice and personal freedom. For a time, I had an Atheist, a Buddhist and a Christian on my apron strings–today, only the latter claims Paganism as his faith, but all understand the universe as the inter-connective tissue of the magic of humanity. As a Pagan mom, I have experienced the heartbeat of the universe from within my own belly, have seen my heart walk away on tiny feet and have known the fear and thrill of knowing that my children echo a cosmos so sacred, not even I could contain its sound with my love. My advice to them when they become parents will be simple: don't damage baby wings with labels, institutions or expectations. Let them explore and feel that sacred thump for themselves . . . and take lots of pictures. – Seba O'Kiley, High Priestess of the Gangani Tribe of Alabama
My favorite quote is from my son Owl at age seven, [He said,] "If reincarnation is real, that means my dead body is out there!" My advice [to new Mothers] is to always be honest with kids, even about complicated things. They'll get it in their own way. – Sirona
Although the American Mother's Day is in itself not historically religious, the job of motherhood is most certainly more than mundane drudgery. In fact, becoming a mother can be one of the most transformative initiatory experiences. The raising of a mother comes day-to-day with the raising of the children. The entire experience is shaped and colored by one's own strengths, weaknesses, and of course, spiritual beliefs. In honoring our mothers, grandmothers, aunts and any other woman who has stepped into a maternal role, we also honor the many colors of motherhood, the many faces that it holds, the many forms that it takes and the very personal spiritual journey that it brings.
Happy Mother's Day!


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Hello from the AEO PR team! We're so excited to bring you an inside look at the AEO Public Relations office in New York City. We're responsible for giving fashion editors, celebrities and bloggers all the latest news about AEO and Aerie. I'm Syma, and I'll be keeping you updated on what's new with the PR team and what we love at the moment. But first, we wanted to introduce ourselves! Keep reading to find out a little more about each of the members of the AEO PR team, how we describe our #AEOSTYLE and more.
{ The AEO PR TEAM (L to R): Syma, Laurie, Colleen and Rachel }
I've been in the fashion biz for 25 years… and at AEO for almost 9! I have so many favorite parts of my job, starting with how much I love working with my AEO Team. They're my second family and I often call them the "A" team. I am so happy and proud of the work we produce and the results we deliver. Seeing our products appear everywhere, from magazines and TV to celebrities and bloggers wearing them, is just so exciting. This business is so fast paced and ever changing—I truly don't think I've ever had the same day twice! I love developing new relationships and encountering such talented and inspirational people daily. I've made so many great friends over the years! I love working for AEO because it reaches so many people… and I love seeing everyone wearing our jeans.
What is your #AEOStyle?
I personally am a denim girl at heart, and I believe living in AEO Jeans is the best way to live your life. Plus, I get to wear jeans to work every day. I love my Super Skinny, destroyed and Boy Crop jeans in white the most.
I've been with AEO for 8 and a half years. WOW, that's sounds really long! I love working with the editors and forming new relationships, I love seeing the results of my work appear on the pages of magazines, and most of all, I love working with everyone on the AEO PR team.
What is your #AEOStyle?
I'm a denim girl for sure. I love my AEO black jeggings and boyfriend jeans. In the summer I live in my denim shorties. I love dainty details but I'm a tomboy at heart.
I've been at AEO for almost 6 years. My favorite part of my job is working with this crazy crew! I came to AEO from my family's small business, so joining the team here was awesome—they've become my work family. The environment here breeds creativity. It's exciting being part of expanding AEO's exposure to the world, from magazines and cool online sites to bloggers. No day is the same. It's always a challenge, with a lot of laughter and hard work.
What is your #AEOStyle?
I live in the Boy Jean in white—our best one yet!
During my junior year in college, I interned in merchandising at AEO's Pittsburgh headquarters. After I graduated and had a variety of internships, I took a chance on NYC and haven't looked back since! I've been living my life in AEO Jeans for as long as I can remember and I love the energy of the brand. It's pretty awesome to wear my favorite pair of destroyed jeggings to work. Our team is super fun and we work so closely—they've become my family in the city! I have always been obsessed with fashion and being a part of the PR team is a great mix of my interests.
What is your #AEOStyle?
The Hi-Rise Jegging and an easy, breezy tee, preferably in grey.
For more fun follow our team on Twitter & Instagram: @rachel_dicarlo (Insta) @racheldicarlo (Twitter), @lauriebibbo, @colltrugg, @symaspeaks and stay tuned for our monthly column: The Denim Dish!