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Chinese Words and Phrases
Chinese Video Tutorials
Chinese Culture
Chinese History
How to Write Chinese Characters
Overview of the Chinese Language
The Chinese language was originally spoken by the Han Chinese and is spoken by about one-fifth of the total population of Earth. It is one of the two Sino-Tibetan languages and features much internal diversity. There are somewhere between six and twelve regional dialects of Chinese, including Mandarin, Cantonese, and Min. These different dialects are mostly unique, although there are some common terms and structure between some of them. The standard Chinese language is Standard Mandarin, the official language of both China and Taiwan and one of the six languages used at the United Nations. Hong Kong, Macau, and some other areas speak Cantonese. Native speakers of any Chinese dialect are referred to as sinophones.
In addition to the many dialects currently classified, there are a number of regional dialects that have not been studied much. These include Danzhou, Xianghua, and Shaozhu Tuhua. Another relative language is the language spoken by the Dungan people, which is similar to Mandarin. However, it is written using the Cyrillic alphabet and is not considered a true Chinese dialect.
Regional dialects can differ from each other to the point that they are mutually unintelligible. The northern parts of China are more linguistically related, while the southern parts are not. In some areas of Southern China, for example, neighboring cities may speak wildly different dialects.
The standard Mandarin dialect is based on that which is spoken in Beijing. This dialect has been set as the standard form of communication across all of China, meaning that it is spoken in all government agencies, in schools, and in the media. Because of the many dialects, it is normal for most Chinese to speak several different varieties of Chinese. Nearly everyone speaks standard Mandarin, but nearly everyone speaks at least one other dialect, if not two or three. Mixing dialects is also fairly common, especially in Taiwan and Hong Kong, where Mandarin is becoming as common as English and Cantonese.
Linguistics of Chinese
While Chinese is actually more of a language family than one simply language (similar to the various Romance languages), the fact that all the different Chinese dialects use the same writing system ties them together. There is some argument between linguists on whether Chinese is really one language or a language family, but most prefer to consider it one language.
The Chinese writing system is known as Zhongwen, and the standard Mandarin language is referred to as Hanyu in Chinese. Since Chinese does not differentiate between singular and plural like English and other languages, Hanyu could actually refer to either one language or multiple languages. Most Chinese consider the Han Chinese ethnicity as one race of people and the various dialects as regional tongues or even as separate languages, a somewhat unique split. However, most Chinese do not like the idea of referring to Chinese as a language family since it implies that the Chinese people are not as unified as they are.
The Written Chinese Language
The written Chinese language has not evolved as much as the spoken language, where the many dialects evolved at different times and at different rates. The written language first appeared with the oracle bones sometime before the 11th century BC. Over the centuries, writing evolved until it became mostly set during the Spring and Autumn period.
Chinese is written using complex characters called hanzi. They are usually written in columns that are read from right to left, top to bottom. The characters are independent from spoken language, yet no matter which dialect's pronunciation is used, the character always means the same thing. However, there are some dialectal characters that are only used in specific dialects or have different meanings in different regions. A colloquial version of written Cantonese is often used on the internet and when text messaging, but this written version is considered informal.
The characters used in Chinese first began as a system of hieroglyphs; however, it is important to note that that are not pictographs. Most characters are made up of a phonetic component and a semantic radical. Either part of the character by itself does not really represent an item, thought, or word, although some of the very simple characters (like the character for water) are made up of only a phonetic component.
During the Han dynasty, the scholar Xu Shen took the current list of characters and split them into six categories. He only classified around four percent of them as true pictographs, with the rest being complexes that contained both a semantic element and a phonetic element. Today, Chinese dictionaries list about 215 different radicals, or semantic elements.
Today's characters are set in a standard script, although more stylish calligraphy may be used. Characters can be written in either traditional or simplified characters, with the traditional ones being more complex and more artistic. Traditional characters are also usually used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau, while the simplified system is used in mainland China. The simplified system is relatively new—it was created in 1954 as a means of promoting literacy by simplifying most of the complex characters into versions that are easier to memorize and write.
Today, an adult needs to know over 3,000 characters to read a newspaper, and most know between 6,000 and 7,000. The government has set the literacy bar at knowing 2,000 characters, although that is too few to truly be able to read most novels and magazines. There are over 40,000 characters listed in a complex Chinese dictionary, although only about a forth of them appear in everyday use.
History of the Language
Linguists believe that all forms of Chinese evolved from one single language, called the Proto-Sino-Tibetan language. This language is actively being researched, but so far, linguists have not been able to reconstruct it. This is because there is nothing to indicate when this proto language evolved into the ancient Chinese language. Some of the other older languages that could help determine this are not understood very well, and some of the techniques and theories that have successfully been used in the past cannot be applied to Chinese because of the structure of the language.
Old Chinese was the main language used during the Zhou dynasty (1122 BC to 256 BC). Written versions of it have been found on bronze items and in the I Ching. This version of the language has been deciphered because modern Chinese characters can actually be used to determine the Old Chinese character's pronunciations. Evidence suggests that the language did not use tones like modern Chinese.
Middle Chinese appeared during the sixth century and was used by the Sui, the Tang, and the Song dynasties. It can be divided into two periods, the early and late period, based on the changing rhyme table. While linguists are fairly certain about their reconstruction of Old Chinese, they are much more certain about Middle Chinese. Thanks to the modern language, foreign transliterations, and written documents, Middle Chinese has been preserved. There are still some linguists who have doubts, of course, but for the most part, many are confident the reconstruction of the language is valid.
Modern Chinese developed unevenly throughout China. Many in the north used a version of the Mandarin dialect, while the southern areas and the mountainous areas were more linguistically diverse. In fact, most of the people in the south spoke only a version of their native dialect until the middle of the twentieth century. Once the Ming dynasty moved its capital to Nanjing, most began speaking the Nanjing Mandarian dialect until the Qing dynasty began.
Once the Qing Empire was established, academies were set up to promulgate Beijing Mandarin, the standard for the empire. However, these academies did not succeed, and it wasn't until the final 50 years of the Qing reign that the Beijing dialect finally became the standard at the imperial court. Outside of the court, there was no real standard dialect, and nearly all continued to use their regional dialect.
A standard dialect was finally created in the mid-20th century. Standard Mandarin became the set language of the government and the school system, creating one language for the entire country. It is spoken by nearly everyone in China and Taiwain, and it is becoming more popular in Hong Kong following the transfer from British to Chinese control in 1997.
Chinese Influence on Foreign Languages
The Chinese language, indeed all of the Chinese culture, has influenced much of Asian and even Europe over history. One of the biggest influences has been on the writing system of both Korean and Japan. These two languages used the Chinese hanzi characters in much of their writing.
Vietnam used traditional Chinese for its system of writing up to the 14th century. Following that, they used a modified version of the script that featured some symbols that represented Vietnamese sounds. This system was used up to the late 19th century when it was finally replaced by a modified version of the Latin script. However, the Vietnamese language still features some Chinese influences.
Many languages also include loanwords from Chinese. At least half of the Korean language comes from Chinese, and a good ten percent or so of the Philippine language is made up of Chinese words. Even European languages contain some Chinese loanwords, including "tea" and "kumquat."
Like Japanese and other Asian languages, Chinese has been Romanized so that it can be written using the Latin alphabet. There are several different ways of Romanizing Chinese, with the first appearing around the sixteenth century. Today, the standard for Romanizing Chinese is called hanyu pinyin or simply pinyin. It was first used in 1956 and is almost always used when teaching Chinese to foreign learners. Many Chinese even use it to teach young children the sounds and tones for new words.
While some classify modern Chinese as monosyllabic, that is not the case. Many words in the language are disyllabic, especially in Mandarin. Generally, each morpheme, or idea, corresponds to a single syllable and character, which makes many thing the language is monosyllabic. Many new words, however, are formed by linking two or more characters together, creating di-, tri-, and even tetra-syllabic words.
The morphemes of Chinese are constricted by syllables. Many can stand alone as words, but most must be connected with another to create a compound word. Most of these words contain at least two morphemes, but some contain more. All types of modern Chinese are classified as analytic languages because the syntax is more important than the morphology. Chinese has almost no grammatical inflections—no voices, tenses, articles, or gender. The speaker/reader can tell each of these from the context of the sentence, not from the words themselves.
Chinese does have a set subject/verb/object word order, however, and like Korean and Japanese, it has many measure words. Like these other two languages, Chinese speakers often drop the subject from a sentence if the subject is understood.
While most dialects of Chinese share many grammatical traits, there are some differences between the regional languages.
Mandarin is made up of only around 400 monosyllables, but there are over 10,000 written characters. These characters are homophones, or words that sound the same except for the tone. There are four different tones, and while the tone of a word is generally enough to indicate the word's meaning, sometimes it is not.
Some of the southern languages, including Cantonese, have more tones and use more structure from Middle Chinese. Because of this, there are fewer multi-syllabic words in Southern Chinese dialects.
Adding New Words to Chinese
Chinese, like most other languages, contains a number of loanwords, or words assimilated from other cultures. Words have been brought into Chinese since the Silk Road was used for trade. Some of the earliest include the words "grape" and "lion." Other words include words related to Buddhism, including Buddha and bodhisattva. Most of these words come from Sanskrit or North India. Most borrowed words keep their phonetic pronunciation. Some, however, are not exactly loanwords but loan concepts. The term for computer, for example, is made up of the Chinese words for "electric" and "brain."
New foreign words are entering the language even today. Many recent loan words were first used in the Shanghai dialect and then moved over to Mandarin. This transfer resulted in loanwords no longer being pronounced anything like they are in the original language. Today, Chinese morphemes are usually used to represent concepts rather than importing the actual word (such as computer). Other words that have entered Chinese but are not pronounced like they are in the original language include terms like television, blue tooth, and telephone. Some words are only half-translated, such as "hanbao" for "hamburger."
Many words have moved into Chinese from Japan since the beginning of the 20th century. It was much easier for the Chinese to borrow Japanese loanwords since the two languages are more similar than Chinese and English and other European languages. Sometimes, the Chinese even borrowed their own words back from the Japanese. The Chinese character for "workings of the state" was borrowed by the Japanese for their character for economy. The Chinese later took this definition for the character.
Chinese as a Foreign Language
Many people have begun learning Chinese, especially since the People's Republic of China set the standard Mandarin version of the language. Many students in the Western world have been studying Chinese since the early 1990s. In 2005, over 100,000 individuals have taken the Chinese Proficiency Test.


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The LORD bless thee, and keep thee:
The LORD make his face shine upon thee, and be gracious unto thee:
The LORD lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee peace.
And they shall put my name upon the children of Israel, and I will bless them.
Numbers 6:24-27

subset: commoncrawl


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The UGGing up for Fall
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The UGGing up for Fall
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Re: ChessCube Ratings
Want to know how the site works? Did you get an error message? Read in here!
p4rasite wrote:Hello,
I am a new user and I have only played one rated (wager) match and some free unrated tournaments but along with my general rating also my tournament rating dropped by the same amount of points. Why did that happen? Is that supposed to happen even though I have 0 rated tournament games played?
vineetwil wrote:hey there are many sandbaggers they make their ratng and win tourneys
you should make pont doble system because of elo rating i cannot win win toutrneys 1500 1400 win the torneys
xabichess wrote:Good evening,
The rating floor is your max rating - 200 rounded low. This means that if you have achieved 1800 points you won't be able to get to 1600 less rating even if you lose, even if you get to 1899 points your floor rating is still 1600.
Another point is that the max floor rating is 2200. Even if you achieve a rating of 2600 points you can get as low as to 2200 points rating. And you can't go lower than 2200.
Regards Xabier.
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The Vilano Navigator paddle board is the perfect all-around SUP board for water adventure. Made from the highest grade PVC using Korean drop-stitch for the ultimate in durability it is designed for maximum speed over flat water for long distance paddling. The board is 10' long by 31" wide and 6" thick, it supports a max load of 250 lbs. Deflated, the board rolls compactly and is easy to carry with the included backpack carry bag. The deck is equipped with heavy duty "D" ring hooks for carrying a cooler, dry bag or attaching Kayak seat.
|Vilano Navigator 10' (6" Thick) Inflatable SUP Stand Up Paddle Board Package


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For breakfast this morning I had a piece of light toast with PB and a sliced banana along with a glass of milk for 5 points.
I was really surprised that I wasn't sore at all from yesterday's 24.8 mile bike ride or the 3.8 ride we went on a little later. That's a good sign!
After hubby left, I decided to get my workout out of the way right away because it was going to be a long day at work and I knew I wouldn't feel like working out afterwards. I did level 1 of Jillian's Shred-It with Weights workout. It was a good workout and I got in some strength moves. I burned 167 calories in 28:23. The workout is supposed to be done with a kettle bell—but you can use a single hand weight also, which is what I did.
Before signing in to work, I made an Iced Latte for 1 point.
On my first break, I ate a peach and a light cheese stick for 1 point.
These peaches are SOOO good. They're finally affordable in the stores too!
For lunch, I had a salad made with leftover BBQ beef. I added tomato, mushrooms, feta cheese and flax seeds for a total of 7 points.
For a little sweet treat, I had 2 small pieces of dark chocolate for 2 points.
For my last break, I whipped up a smoothie. It's been too long since I made one of these. I forgot how delicious they are! This one was strawberry blueberry. 1 Point.
I added a little Truvia to this and it was really strange because it got SUPER thick. So much so that I couldn't finish it because it was just a weird consistency—almost like Jell-O. Anyone else experience this?
For supper, I had Schwan's Boneless Skinless Teriyaki Chicken Wings with cottage cheese, green beans and a slice of homemade bread that I ended up topping with a little whipped cream cheese for 11 points total.
Dessert was my current favorite—a banana sundae. 2 points.
And then I headed outside to work in my flower beds. I planted some more flowers and I think they're just about done! Once they're blooming a little more I'll take some pictures. I should have worn my HR monitor—I usually burn quite a few calories working in the flower beds!
I have 3 points left for the day, so today was an on target day. I'm concerned about tomorrow's WI. All week, my weight has been down and then this morning it shot up—I'm hoping it was due to the intense bike ride yesterday and all of it was water weight that will be gone in the morning. But we'll see!
And now for the winner of the $100 GNC gift card…
Congratulations to Vegan Chick Pea for winning this giveaway!!! Happy shopping!


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In no uncertain terms, the funding that supports our profession has taken beating on both the local and national level. This year, there will be cuts, layoffs, and closures despite our best lobbying efforts. But while there will be less money going around in the public and private sector for the next couple of years, an article I got today from my Twitter friends really made me think that there will be a upcoming shift as to where information management and interpretation skills will be needed.
The article by the Economist entitled "Data, data everywhere" talks about the skyrocketing growth in the sheer volume of information. I'm not shy to admit that it used prefixes to the word –byte that I had never heard of; it's staggering on a scale that is breathtaking. According to Cisco systems, "[b]y 2013 the amount of traffic flowing over the internet annually will reach 667 exabytes" (or 667,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes or 1/3rd of a zetabyte).
That's a lot of bytes. Eventually, I presume they will have to start smashing other Greek words together to make up new prefixes.
Aside from this momentary levity, I think this presents an emerging opportunity for information professionals (such as librarians) to shift gears in the way that they approach and treat information. The other quotation that made me sit up in my chair was from Hal Varian, Google's chief economist.
Data, he explains, are widely available; what is scarce is the ability to extract wisdom from them.
There is an economic value to the management, storage, indexing, and retrieval of this relentless data creation. In addition, there is greater value for being able to analyze and interpret it as well as being able to translate or explain it to others. This data, in quantities not seen before in the long story of humanity, means little to nothing if it cannot be arranged or deciphered.
"The data-centred economy is just nascent," admits Mr Mundie of Microsoft. "You can see the outlines of it, but the technical, infrastructural and even business-model implications are not well understood right now."
Take a moment to read the article and see what I mean. While some roles of librarianship will remain the same moving ahead, the nature of information is morphing. It's on the move, expanding at an exponential rate. Perhaps Seth Godin was right about one thing; this new data world will need sherpas. And that should be us.


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kayson.io necesitaba un nuevo diseño de papelería y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 69 diseños de 5 diseñadores freelance.
The client is a startup company handling interior fit-out of office buildings and data centres. They are similar to http://www.modusgroup.com, or to http://www.skansen.co.uk.
The materials will be used in corporate pitches to large scale companies, so the target market is a senior city professional, and it is important that the design of all of the stationary reflects this.
The project is for the following:
Business Card
Powerpoint background
Case Study sheet
Report sheet
Fax header
It is crucial that the style be corporate and professional throughout, clean and bold, and that style is consistent across all the designs.
The company name is 'Pangea'. The strapline is 'Project Solutions'.
The company uses Microgramma for its name, and TeeFranklin (or TeeFranklin Thin) for subheadings (so TeeFranklin for 'Project Solutions')
The brand's primary colour is #a11111 - currently using that red as a background, with text in white. There is currently no second colour. Feel free to use either just that red, or to add a secondary tone - but the palette and feel of the designs must not detract from that primary colour.
There is no company logo, just the text of Pangea - Project Solutions.
The winning designs to be supplied as separate .ai, .psd or .eps files.
We'll add the specifics in the comments, since there isn't much room in the brief. Please ask and I'll be happy to add any information you need, and I'll do my best to provide thorough feedback where requested.
Thanks to all, and good luck!


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No grinch at this grille
Published December 19, 2002, in issue #46 of the Hook
I was extremely disappointed that The Hook chose to publish Lisa Provence's article, "Sour note, Bell ringer sent packing," (http://www.readthehook.com/92825/newsshy-sour-note-bell-ringer-sent-packing) in the December 5, 2002, issue. It suggests that the Downtown Grille called the police to complain about a Salvation Army volunteer who was fundraising near the front of our restaurant.
We are not open until 4:30pm, and our office is in the back; so needless to say, it was not from us.
Do deadlines take precedence over the pursuit of the truth at The Hook? It would certainly appear so, especially since the editorial staff chose to further the suggestion of our culpability by titling their lead article in the table of contents, "Grinch at the Grille?"
Contrary to the editorial staff's belief, a catchy headline followed by a question mark does not negate its implication.
I felt this letter of objection was necessary because we've fielded numerous questions about our supposed insensitivity toward such a fine charitable organization as the Salvation Army.
Since our opening, we have chosen to contribute, and continue to contribute, to numerous charities and local community organizations including Taste of the Nation, Hospice of the Piedmont, and Live Arts. In October, we raised over $2,000 for the Muscular Dystrophy Foundation.
Far from being a Grinch, we pride ourselves on being a generous participant when it comes to giving to worthy causes, whatever the season.
I hope that in the future The Hook will show a little more editorial restraint and integrity by thoroughly researching the facts before defaming an innocent party in their headlines.
Robert Sawrey
General Manager


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Please excuse the profanity, I'm merely quoting the brilliant "Apple Store is Down" song that Gizmodo's Editor-at-Large Joel Johnson wrote (and recorded!) while at BoingBoing Gadgets a couple of years ago. Check it out here.
Lyrics are below, but if you want to hear Joel's catchy tune played out over some randomly generated (and I mean random) Apple keynotes, click on over to BoingBoing now.
Oh, you're still hanging around here for a glimpse of possible products announced at Apple's keynote later? Check out the list of rumours here. [Boing Boing Gadgets]
Apple Store Is Down
Best not make any plans today. The Apple store is down, new shit is on its way. A tablet Mac or new SDK. Doesn't matter,'cause it's Apple, As long as Steve goes slow in the keynote: "Had a great business year, our future success is clear.
But I have just one more thing to show before I disappear. And I think it's the most exciting thing that we are gonna launch this year. Boom it's here."
Listen, Steve, my friends and I have decided that it's okay that you know (whoa) that we don't want for you to die. If it happened the stock would flatten. So if you go, go slow! I need a new boat. "My hair is gone. I'm grizzled gray. Retire you ask? Not today.
'cause I have just one more thing to show before I disappear. It might be the most important product that we're gonna launch this year. Boom it's here."
BRIDGE: My head is swimming; my mouth is dry. I hardly can believe that I am worthy to be in this distortion field.
'cause I want just one more thing to own before I disappear. And my life needs one more thing to glow to add a little cheer. Oh thank god it's here.


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Sean Bean Gossip
Sean Bean gossip, latest news, photos, and video.
Matt's in town
George Pimentel/ Kevin Winter/ Getty Images
The Martian premieres tonight at TIFF. Sarah saw it today but she's got four films on her schedule so her review for it will be posted on Monday. Her review for Jake Gyllenhaal's Demolition is coming up soon. Ahead of the gala, Matt Damon and the cast of The Martian were at the Lightbox for the press conference this afternoon. Full Story
Gangster Bean
Sean Bean, but Ned Stark to so many of us the last couple of years, is shooting a new series called Legends. He plays an FBI agent. I had to read that somewhere to clarify that because if you asked me, just from the photo, I'd think he was a gangster, although now that I think about it, I suppose we could do a little Don Johnson Miami Vice. Full Story
More drinking buddies for Michael Fassbender
Wenn, Splash
Michael Fassbender was photographed outside The Groucho Club last night with a non-famous blonde, not exactly his usual target. So... is it happening? On Photo Assumption I'll say yes based on that sheepish look on his face that can't be blamed entirely on drunkenness and, since we're only photo assuming anyway, I'll add that they probably don't know each other very well, as this kind of awkwardness implies a lack of familiarity. Full Story
Game of Thrones in Monte Carlo
Emilia Clarke, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Mark Addy, and of course Sean Bean are all at the Monte Carlo Television Festival promoting Game of Thrones, my summer tv obsession. And, as I gather from your emails, many of you feel the same. It keeps getting better and better with every episode. Sunday's was particularly sharp, I think the best so far. Full Story
The Daily Gorgessity: Ageless and the Bean
The Ageless Michelle Yeoh in Venice for the premiere of Far North. And for those of you who quiver for it, there's a taste of the Bean. Growing up watching Hong Kong cinema, I've been looking at this woman now for 20 years. She STILL looks the same - maybe even better. And she totally reinvented herself to stay relevant. Full Story
Sienna: yet another co-star
Yesterday the British papers were linking her with Sean Bean – thanks to many of you I've now learned that Sean Bean is a bad bad man. Bad as in good. Like rough and naughty and boozy and a lothario with multiple babies from multiple baby mommas but irresistible too which is why he goes through women hard and fast. Full Story
Sienna & Sean Bean?
That's the word coming out of the UK…because of course the two are filming together and Sienna's skank is always attached to her co-stars. Apparently she can't stop drunk calling him and invited him over for dinner recently and made him beef stew. Random! Anyway, Sienna is 25, Sean is 48. Full Story
No, Beans, Anywhere
Where's the beans??? Hugh Grant yesterday, a day after attacking a pappy with a tupperware inside a ziplock bag full of beans. This if course was the same incident during which Hugh asked the photographer: "Do you know who I am? I'm a millionaire!" Can't say it any better than one of my producers at eTalk, Laura, who made the following observation yesterday: "Not only is this comedy gold, but he"s a millionaire. Full Story
Millionaire Attacks with Baked Beans
Hugh Grant is such a crusty bitch, it kills me. Hugh has been arrested, allegedly for assaulting a pappy. So he's followed around by a photographer the other day, he's not happy about it, when the pappy continues, he launches a container full of baked beans at the man before kicking him in the groin, all the while shouting: "Do you know who I am? I'm a millionaire! Leave me alone!" And then he told the man that he hoped his girlfriend and children die of "f&cking cancer". Full Story
Beautiful Gwyneth sells everything
Source Beanpole, Estee Lauder, now Freixenet - here she is at the unveiling of the new tv ad she filmed with dancer Angel Corella the other day along with two stills from the commercial which I haven't seen but if the latest one for Pleasures is any indication, I do hope the folks at Freixenet were astute enough NOT to ask her to speak because the haughty boredom in her voice is unmistakable, and although I'm a huge fan of her elitist snobbery, I'm quite sure I'm in the minority, and something tells me that the patented Paltrow "I'm too bloody good for this" drawl won't be winning the affection of the MiniVan Majority which, naturally, makes me love her even more. Full Story
Gwyneth goes back to work
Hawking product enables my best friend to make loads of money without spending weeks at a time on a filmset. Enter Estee Lauder and enter Bean Pole, a Korean clothing label for which she just filmed her 2nd ad, teaming up again with actor Daniel Henney – half British, half Korean, not quite "my people", but we Asians like to claim any flimsy association, especially when it looks as fine as this. Full Story


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Ok for this tutorial, I thought I would bring out a creation of my own. This is HOW TO DRAW AND SHADE KIRANO TALROGU STEP BY STEP. I love drawing anime so I have a series of characters that I have draw for this anime portion. Here is a bio on Kirano, just so you can sorta see through his life___ Kirano Talrogu: Born of the Village of Water, Kirano lived without his father. His mother cared for him until around 5 years of age, when she was called into the Great Elemental War. During this war the five villages of the Ancestrals went to war. His mother was killed by a group of elite forces from the Earth Village. To this day he has an extreme hatred to anybody and any Ancestral based from Earth. Kirano lived alone until he was 13 when his father brought him his Water Staff. Kirano lived as if he were a rouge fighter. He lived by his rules, and trained like it was his last day. He began training immediately after he received his staff. Quickly he became more powerful. His closest rival, Saiyaela Moruso, left the village after she received her staff. She felt their was no point in trying to convince Kirano otherwise of his hatred. He never liked her. It wasn't just the fact she was the Earth Ancestral. Kirano takes and gives no mercy when he fights. He goes for the win, plain and simple.___ I am putting this in the coloring section due to how I teach you to shade as well.
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This product was added to our catalog on Tuesday 04 August, 2009.
Manufactured from a precision high carbon steel strip with unique characteristics and metallurgical proporties developed exclusively for Dakin-Flathers.
The steel enables bandsaw blades to be produced with superior cutting performance, improved fatigue resistance and tougher, harder teeth. The fine dispersion of carbide produced during heat treatment dramatically improves wear resistance and the bandsaw blades life. These factors combine to result in the highest quality bandsaw blades available.
Bandsaw blades are available in an extensive ranges of width, thickness, tooth pitch configurations and set patterns. Widths range from 1.6mm to 50mm, tpi from 1.1 to 32 and thicknesses from 0.36mm to 1.1mm.


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Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer in the United States. Ask the doctor about screening for lung cancer if you have a history of heavy smoking and you smoke now or have quit within the past 15 years.
Review Date: Tuesday, July 29, 2014
National Health Information Center - NHICU.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Information specialists answer cancer related questions by telephone (1-800-4-CANCER), LiveHelp instant messaging, and e-mail. NCI's Smoking Quitline (1-877-44U-QUIT) provides free cessation information and support to smokers who wish to quit.
Review Date: Wednesday, November 25, 2015
NIH National Cancer Institute
You already know that obvious symptoms, such as chest pain and severe abdominal pain, require immediate medical attention. But the not-so-obvious symptoms may leave you wondering whether you need to seek care. Here's a list of symptoms that merit at least a call to your doctor.
Review Date: Monday, December 01, 2014
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
These summaries provide consumer-friendly information about certain drugs that are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat cancer or conditions related to cancer.
Review Date: Tuesday, December 01, 2015
Here is a partial list of the foods that the American Institute for Cancer Research gets asked about most often. Click on each one to learn what current science says about its potential role in cancer protection.
Review Date: Thursday, November 03, 2011
American Institute for Cancer Research
A fact sheet about asbestos, asbestos-related diseases, and information on how workers can protect themselves from asbestos exposure.
Review Date: Friday, August 28, 2015
This tool provides links to participating Web sites that have Asian or Pacific Islander education materials on cancer. Readers may choose from the 19 Asian languages for the materials that have been screened for medical accuracy and cultural relevance.
Review Date: Monday, December 31, 2012
American Cancer Society
No matter where you are along the path of your survivorship, having good skills to negotiate and communicate your needs are some of your best weapons to use against cancer. These materials, programs and skill-building tools will enable you to become an effective self-advocate.
Review Date: Wednesday, May 28, 2014
National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship
Although it is not possible to prevent anal cancer completely, the risk of developing anal cancer can be reduced. Learn how to avoid HPV infection and other risks for anal cancer.
Review Date: Monday, June 01, 2015
Having cancer does not put you at an increased risk for getting the flu. It does, however, put you at an increased risk of complications from the flu virus. Get the flu vaccine. It is your best protection against the flu.
Review Date: Thursday, March 03, 2016
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
How do I find out if a suspected cancer cluster is being investigated in my area? What can I do to reduce my risk of developing cancer?
Read on to find the answers to frequently asked questions about cancer clusters.
Review Date: Thursday, February 21, 2013
National Center for Environmental Health - NCEHCenters for Disease Control and Prevention
This page links to National Cancer Institute fact sheets about cancer prevention. The fact sheets are frequently updated and revised based on the latest cancer research.
Review Date: Tuesday, December 08, 2015
This booklet contains listings of organizations that provide information on preventing, treating and living with cancer.
Review Date: Friday, October 31, 2014
This site offers a variety of information about cancer, including recommendations for cancer screening exams, helpful resources, a list of ongoing studies, the latest news, and other program and services for cancer prevention and early detection.
Review Date: Thursday, October 30, 2014
M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Make an informed decision about your cancer treatment. Use this tool for a detailed analysis of your specific condition, statistical breakdown of treatment types, and pinpoint the exact topics you should discuss with your doctor.
Review Date: Monday, February 11, 2013
Curious about a product that says it can treat or cure cancer? Be skeptical. Learn what signs to watch out for and talk to your doctor before trying anything new.
Review Date: Tuesday, December 18, 2012
Federal Trade Commission
Choosing healthy behaviors and avoiding exposure to environmental risk factors can help reduce cancer risk. National trends data monitors progress in reducing risk factors like secondhand smoke and poor nutrition.
CancerCare Connect Education Workshops offer easy ways for people all over the country to get up-to-date information about cancer and cancer related topics from the experts over the phone. Read the FAQ to learn about the workshops and how you can participate.
Review Date: Friday, March 15, 2013
Cancer Care
This booklet will tell you ways to help prevent mouth problems while you are undergoing cancer treatment.
Review Date: Monday, November 12, 2012
NIH National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - NIDCR
Your diet is an important part of your treatment for cancer. These tips help you manage manage eating problems before, during, and after cancer treatment.
Review Date: Thursday, April 02, 2015
Esophageal cancer can occur anywhere along the lining of the esophagus, the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This article provides an overview of the disease including the risk factors, statistics and treatment.
Review Date: Thursday, November 13, 2014
This article offers comprehensive information about esophageal cancer including prevention, symptoms, complications, how to prepare for your appointment, diagnostic tests, treatments, and coping.
Review Date: Wednesday, December 17, 2014
Medical bills, medications, legal issues, travel and accommodation costs for treatment, and education and employment issues, can create financial hardships for cancer patients and their families. Find links to resources that offer financial assistance for those dealing with cancer.
Review Date: Friday, March 22, 2013
Search this database to find an oncologist—the cancer specialist you and your family will be working with throughout your cancer care and treatment.
American Society of Clinical Oncology
This fact sheet provides information about follow-up medical care for patients who have completed cancer treatment.
Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body, causes many diseases, and reduces the health of smokers in general. Learn why it is important to stop smoking.
Review Date: Monday, January 29, 2018
This fact sheet offers suggestions for choosing a physician and facility for cancer treatment.
NCI-designated cancer centers are characterized by scientific excellence and the capability to integrate a diversity of research approaches to focus on the problem of cancer. Browse this alphabetical list to find a cancer research center in your area.
Review Date: Wednesday, December 02, 2015
Myelosuppression? Neoadjuvant therapy? Gleason score? Give your website visitors instant access to over 7,200 cancer definitions by adding the new National Cancer Institute Dictionary of Cancer Terms widget to your website or blog.
This page links to educational materials about clinical trials. Learn what clinical trials are, how they work, why they're useful, patient care costs, and more.
The American Cancer Society offers these questions and answers to address common concerns of cancer survivors regarding diet and physical activity.
A fact sheet that summarizes research on the potential link between obesity and cancer risk.
Read about the effect of cancer treatment on nutrition, nutrition suggestions for symptom relief, and other food-related issues.
A guide from the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute that answers questions about pain control. Written for cancer patients, the material in this guide makes it easier for you to talk with those who are taking care of you.
Review Date: Friday, April 03, 2015
Cancer prevention is action taken to lower the chance of getting cancer. Read about many different ways to help prevent cancer.
Do you have a chronic health condition? Learn which health conditions increase your risk of getting the flu or experiencing flu-related complications and special steps you should take during flu season.
Review Date: Monday, May 07, 2012
Lifestyle choices we make, the foods we eat, and our physical activity levels directly impact our overall cancer risk. Find out how to reduce your risk for breast, cervical, colorectal, lung, oral, prostate, skin, and testicular cancer.
Prevent Cancer Foundation
This book is a guide that you can refer to throughout radiation therapy. It has facts about radiation therapy and side effects, and describes how you can care for yourself during and after treatment.
Learn to create meals that may lower your risk for cancer and other chronic diseases, and manage your weight at the same time.
This directory lists professionals who provide services related to cancer genetics (cancer risk assessment, genetic counseling, genetic susceptibility testing, and others).
This site provides information for cancer patients on the importance of oral health before and during cancer treatment.
Search alphabetically or by common conditions-and get the facts you need on over 140 topics related to urological health. Find information on male and female cancers, infertility, bladder problems, yeast infections, and more.
Urology Care Foundation
In the fight against cancer, nanotechnology introduces unique approaches to diagnosis and treatment. New tools engineered at sizes much smaller than a human cell will enable researchers and clinicians to detect cancer earlier, treat it with fewer side effects, and possibly stop the disease long before it can do any damage.
Review Date: Monday, June 11, 2012
NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer
Most brain tumors are not associated with any known risk factors and have no obvious cause, but there are a few factors that may raise the risk of brain tumors, such as radiation exposure.
When cancer strikes, it is critical that you know and understand your rights and responsibilities under your health insurance plan. This booklet discusses several aspects of health insurance that are important to cancer survivors.
Review Date: Monday, February 04, 2013
It is your responsibility to ask questions and become educated about your treatment and health. This document provides examples of questions to ask your doctor about cancer.
Patient information about bladder cancer, including detection/screening, staging, treatment options, treatment side effects and research.
To estimate your risk of bladder cancer and learn about ways to lower that risk, take a few minutes to answer some questions about your health, background, and lifestyle.
Educational Institution — Click the resource link above to learn more
This interactive tool estimates your risk of cancer and provides personalized tips for prevention. Anyone can use it, but it is most accurate for people age 40 and over who have not had cancer.
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A brief guide to getting started with Box at Penn State (online and printable).
A brief guide to using Box for Office Online integration, online document editing, and real-time collaboration.
In addition to the main Box Web interface at http://box.psu.edu/ , Box has several other apps and access options that offer different features for accessing, sharing, and collaborating on your content. Download this table and use it to help you decide which options will meet your needs.
Penn State's Canvas Learning Center serves as a gateway for faculty and support staff to get the most out of using Canvas for teaching and learning. The learning path is housed within a Canvas course and designed to be your one-stop-shop for learning how to use Canvas, whether you do so at your own pace or through live training!


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jpllc needed a new coded website design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 22 designs submitted by 7 freelance designers.
DUE TO GREAT LAST MINUTES ENTRIES WE HAVE EXTENDED THE CONTEST FOR ANOTHER WEEK. WE ARE LOOKING FORWARD TO MORE FABULOUS ENTRIES LIKE THE ONES WE ALREADY HAVE. Our website is a very important part of marketing our business so we want to make sure we LOVE the entry that we chose.
Just Perfect
Event Planning (this should go under the logo in very small size but still readable)
Desired Color Scheme:
Mixture of hot pink and different shades of grey (think T-Mobile Colors
Desired Style:
I would like something clean and simple. Modern and sophisticated and edgy. I like the sophistication and innovativeness of the http://www.jessicasimpson.com site. I like the coloring of T-Mobile website. Simplicity of http://www.billblass.com and http://www.nimany.com .
Accepted File Formats:
Jpeg, Adobe, Flash
The name of our company is Just Perfect. We are an event planning company founded by two woman with film/television entertainment backgrounds. Based in Los Angeles, our company will always be on the cutting edge in regards to trends, fashion, style. Our website needs to reflects this. We are thinking chic, modern, edgy, simple/clean look. We cater to high-end clientele, the site needs to be professional and sophisticated.
We are also working on our logo. Currently it is our name, Just Perfect, in a script signature, color-hot pink. Underneath small in caps are the words EVENT PLANNING in slate gray. Color scheme-hot pink and various shades of gray (think T-Mobile). Please feel free to email me at email@example.com for any further clarification.
The website will have 4 Tabs on the opening page:
About Us -
-Social events
-Childrens events
-Baby Showers
-Corporate events
-Fashion Shows
-Birthday parties
-Bar and Bat mitzvahs
-Fund-raising events
-Charity Events
-Awards Dinners
-Awards Lounges
-Sales Events
-Incentive events
-College Events
-Hospitality Events
-Press junkets
-Event Marketing
-Meeting planning
Photo Gallery
this will have pics of different events, which can be clicked on to see more photos of that event. Also, we will need to have the ability to upload and change photos ourselves
Contact Us
This contest will run thru March 1st. Should we like your initial design we will work hard with you, so you can end up our winner. We do reserve the right not to choose a winner should we not find entries suitable to our needs. Contest winner will be paid $450 by paypal or via method selected by winner. Contest winner may use our site for own portfolio. Desired file formats-jpeg, adobe, flash.
You can use the following sites to help guide you:
http://www.billblass.com - simplicity
http://www.omniartedesign.com - modern, clean
Looking forward to working with all of you!
-Just Perfect


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Shoe Style
Take notes from the boys with a pair of mannish loafers. Work androgynous-cool in tapered trousers and the classic flat shoe. Look for suede styles detailed with fringe trims for a playful '70s touch.
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Homing panel curtain Colmar
This plain panel curtain convinces with its simple elegance and takes a comfortbale, modern ambience in your living area. With the Homing panel curtain collection a creative living design is guaranteed by beautiful colours. The transparent panel curtain is a real style element and ensures perfect illumination.


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Articles in Recreation Articles, Work & Employment Articles, NHS Occupational Therapists Articles, Other / Not Specified Health Articles, Day Services Articles, Music Therapy Articles, Autism & Aspergers Articles and Speech & Language Therapy (Private) Articles
Finding your voice at work whatever your communication style
by Maxwell Dean on
Finding your voice at work whatever your communication style... Read full article
Using cognitive aids to help people increase their independence while reducing anxiety around time
by Lauren Frost on
At Abilia we are using our Cognition Aids to assist people with understanding Time and structure. We know that by helping someone see their day clearly planned out it can reduce anxiety and enable someone to live a more independent life. ... Read full article
ASDinfoWales - Integrated Autism Service
The National ASD Development Team, hosted by the Welsh Local Government Association in partnership with Public Health Wales, are supporting and coordinating the development of a new Integrated Autism Service (IAS) in Wales.... Read full article
PECS – the Picture Exchange Communication System
by Chris Wade on
PECS, or the Picture Exchange Communication System, is a low-tech aided method of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) that involves the use of cards with pictures. Children who are unable to talk or write can learn to communicate...... Read full article
Joint Attention and Autism Explained
by Chris Wade on
When two people are both focused on the same thing, it is known as joint attention. It doesn't matter what they're focused on (it could be a person, an object, an event, even a concept) just that they're sharing a common focus...... Read full article
ASD Rainbows
by ASD Rainbows on
A.S.D Rainbows is a charity that supports children with Autism and their families.... Read full article
Accessible Activity Adventures
by Calvert Trust Exmoor on
Calvert Trust Exmoor is the South West's premier outdoor activity destination for people with all types of disabilities, welcoming over 4,000 guests a year, with the philosophy of "At Calvert Trust Exmoor it's what you CAN do that counts".... Read full article
NICE Guidelines and Diagnosing Autism – What You Should Know
by Chris Wade on
At London Speech Therapy, we think it's best to avoid confusing terminology. That's why we use plain English and offer simple explanations of some of the more confusing jargon that gets thrown around when you start to interact...... Read full article
The Index for Children and Young People with Disabilities or Additional Needs
by The Index on
The Index is Cardiff and the Vale of Glamorgan's voluntary register of children and young people with disabilities or additional needs.... Read full article
Complementary Therapies...... a treat or necessity?
by Jacqui Beddoes on
Complementary therapies are generally seen as a treat or luxury, but with increased stress levels in our lives today the need to allow the body to relax and return to a balanced state is more important than ever.... Read full article


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What's New
Johnny Font by Canada Type
Johnny is another addition to the long line of popular psychedelic/hippy/funky art nouveau fonts representing the retro side of the Canada Type library. It is the digitization of an early 1970s typeface, which was originally designed by Phil Martin for Playboy magazine. It was known by two different names: Harem and Margit.
The film type version had plenty of irregularities and quirks that made it seem like it was done in a hurry. In this digital version the errors have been corrected and the character set expanded to include international characters with built-in alternates, to be on par with what today's layout artists expect from a high quality font.
This font saw a lot of use on record sleeves and music posters throughout the pre-disco part of the 1970s, which makes it a veteran of both the psychedelic and funk periods. This makes it the sharper, sturdier art nouveau contemporary personality of Canada Type's Tomato font.
Tags: 1960s, 1970s, Font, Groovy, Special Effect


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- (verb) agree to a demand, request, or treaty."the authorities did not accede to the strikers' demands"
- (verb) assume an office or position; "Elizabeth I acceded to the throne in 1558"
- (verb) become a member of an organization; "Albania acceded to the IMF in 1990"
Accede (ऐक्सीड) meaning in Hindi (English to Hindi Dictionary)
- स्वीकार करना, पद या कार्यभार ग्रहण करना, सम्मिलित होना, सहमत होना, झुक जाना, पद ग्रहण करना, कार्यभार ग्रहण करना, मान लेना
Accede Origin
- late Middle English (in the general sense 'come forward, approach'): from Latin accedere, from ad- 'to' + cedere 'give way, yield'.
Accede in a sentence (word usage in recent newspaper)
- Thus it became incumbent upon the stewards to accede to Shah's request and investigate further.
- Besides this, I had verbally assured the Quaid-i-Azam that I would accede to Pakistan as soon as it was established.
- If the TDP fails to accede to the Kapu demands, it will be doomed, they warned.
- Jinnah accepted Junagadh's accession to Pakistan and strenuously encouraged the Nizam of Hyderabad not to accede to India.
- "If we allow this, then the government will have no choice but to accede to the growing demands of SC and ST communities," he added.
Mnemonic trick to remember the meaning of accede
- accede = ac + cede (yield to)
Accede pronunciation
Crime Master Gogo Scene – Andaz Apna Apna


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I keep an Excel spreadsheet of names and surnames I like, so I have something to refer to every time a new character crops up. Seriously, I love naming characters. For the most part. On occasion, naming gives me grief, and hours upon hours of babyname.com procrastination still can't save me. But mostly, it's fun – and pretty fascinating, I think. Below, some rambletastic thoughts on naming characters.
Character after the name
This is the easiest naming stage for me. I might know a couple things about my book and my characters, but the less I know, the easier it is for me to name them.
Character before the name
The more I know about a character, the harder they are to name. Worst is when I've written most or all of a story, and have to change a major character's name for some reason; say, a book with some similarities to mine is using it already, or I realize it has unintended connotations, or I never really liked it in the first place.
I think it's mostly because names aren't ever in a vacuum – they come with a feeling, or multiple. They vary, depending on the sound, what they're similar to, who we've known with them, or read about with them, or seen on TV, and on and on. Sometimes, though, names come with a feeling based on nothing in particular. They excite us – or inexplicably rub us the wrong way.
(I would give an example, but I might inadvertently insults somebody's dear old aunt.)
So when I've already created a character, matching them to the perfect name is almost impossible, I find. I end up settling, and feel mildly unhappy about it. Fortunately, sometimes the character grows into the name during further revisions.
Choosing names by meaning
I don't do this, although I know other writers who do. It's pretty interesting to look up my characters' names after I've used them, though.
Unusual names
Guilty as charged. I'm always attracted to creative names, but I think the key is balance. Especially in a contemporary novel. If a character's name is truly unusual (… like Mandarin), it needs to be for a reason, and balanced out by "normal" names. When too many unlikely (though pretty on their own) names crowd a narrative, it's distracting and unbelievable.
Fantasy and future worlds often call for unusual names. However, there's definitely such a thing as too unusual. I love the names in Melina Marchetta's Finnikin of the Rock, because they're familiar, but with interesting spellings: Evanjalin, Finnikin, Isaboe. I love Kristin Cashore's names, like Katsa, Po, Brigan and Bitterblue. But I'm not a fan of the majority of Suzanne Collins' names in The Hunger Games trilogy: Katniss, Peeta, Gale, no. Though I do love Prim and Rue.
Names from the wrong era
Always something to think about. Names from our parents' and grandparents' generations (especially girl names) – even our own generation, depending on how old we are – often seem incredibly old-fashioned to teens. However, names from older generations are back in play. Twenty years ago, Emma, Ava and Abigail would have seemed passé, and now they're among the top ten most popular names in the United States. And in five years, that might change all over again. Which leads me to…
Super popular names
When I was in high school, a book featuring a Chris and Jennifer (and there were plenty) woukd have seemed uninspired. For the same reason, I try to steer clear of names like Madison and Emma – pretty much anything in the SSA's yearly top ten, actually – for main characters (side characters are fine). Even though they're unusual names for people my age, they might be overly familiar and generic-feeling for teens.
Then there are names less popular in the real world, but super popular in the novel world, particularly in YA. How many variations of Damien have we encountered in paranormal or urban fantasy?
How do you choose names? What are some of your all-time favorite character names? Are there any you can't stand?


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Urban Living is dedicated to providing a range of care services, electronic monitoring and associated products, which assist users or providers, to deliver or personally enjoy and maintain "quality of life" at a level of their choosing.
Our aim is constantly to improve and develop facilities, which benefit all who use them, via national or local operational centres which are accountable, reliable, flexible and professional in their dealings.
We are here to provide you with all the links and information you could want regarding Enjoying Urban Life. Contemporary urban renewal projects need to make a more concerted effort to maximize energy efficiency, through the use of things like PV solar panels for example, and this is especially true since recent United Kingdom legislation now requires all commercial buildings to qualify for energy performance certificates.
Since the current global economic crisis began back in 2008, property values, and especially values of commercial property, have fallen dramatically. But this should give domestic private consumers and businesses alike all the incentive they need to become more energy efficient in order to decrease their energy supply cost, particularly since energy prices continue to soar ever upwards.
Clearly focusing just on new builds is not going to help the country to achieve its goal of zero carbon buildings. Estimates predict that more than half of the buildings that will cover the country in 2050 are ones that are already standing, and as such retrofitting the buildings we have to be energy efficient is not just wise, it is simply necessary.
Plus, they aren't always as expensive as you might think. Prices have come down in recent years as more and more people have bought them. These days it couldn't be easier to get renewable energy installations in your home. There are a whole range of options out there for generating your own heat and electricity.
- The extensive range of one, two and three bedroom apartments and penthouses overlook the Street Canal and wrap around an attractive landscaped courtyard -a scenic and peaceful setting, yet just yards from the buzz and conveniences of London's booming city centre.
- It has also been estimated that cities in the United Kingdom represent forty four per cent of the nation's total pollution emissions, and nearly thirty per cent of this emanates from major cities and the capital, London. Electricity and gas consumption is the main culprit in the carbon emissions of nondomestic buildings. Please get in touch with the team if you wish to know more about Enjoying Urban Life.


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While eating matzah (unleavened bread) during Passover is a commandment, eating too much of it could turn into a curse. I won't go into details here, but by the time you serve dessert at the end of the seder, you will be praying for a break. I will always be thankful for the fact that most Italian Passover sweets are not made with matzah meal (ground matzah).
These lovely almond custards from Leghorn, in Tuscany, are called "Scodelline" (little bowls) or "Tazzine" (little coffee cups) because of how they are served in individual portions. They are small and elegant, just what you need to end a holiday meal on a sweet note without overdoing it. They are also gluten-free, and easy to prepare with wholesome ingredients (isn't it nice, when you are having all this sugar, to know that there is something nutritious mixed with it, like almond and eggs?) The Jews of Leghorn, drawing from their Spanish-Portuguese origins, make several interesting sweets with these, including the elaborate Monte Sinai, a macaroon-like almond cake covered with egg threads fried in syrup.
For the recipe, I turned to my friends Lea and Anna Orefice, mother and daughter, two inspiring generations of fabulous cooks. From her kitchen in Leghorn, Lea – who is 92 and still in charge of making dessert for the family seder – answered all my questions via email in real time while I was stirring my custard in New York City. Here is the result, and the detailed recipe, including Anna's microwave version in case you are in a hurry…..
- 6 egg yolks, room temperature
- a little over 3/4 cup sugar
- 1/2 cup ground almonds
- 1 tbsp orange blossom or rosewater, OR fresh lemon zest
- 3/4 cup water (less if using the microwave)
- grated cinnamon to decorate, if liked
Place the sugar in a small pot, barely covered by water (more or less the same amount of water and sugar). Cook over low heat, stirring continuously, until it starts simmering and turns into a dense syrup. Do not allow it to brown and turn into caramel: as soon as it melts and thickens into a thick syrup, add the almonds and the flower water (or lemon zest), stir a couple more times and remove from the heat. In a separate bowl (I like to use pyrex) whisk the yolks until frothy. It will be easier with an electric whisk or mixer. Slowly pour the whipped egg yolks into the syrup until the mixture is smooth. Cook the mixture on very low heat in a double boiler (you can use the pyrex bowl on top of a pot filled with some water), stirring continuously until it begins to thicken (about 20 minutes) and the surface turns shiny, almost glaze-like. To save time, Lea's daughter Anna uses a microwave instead of the double boiler: use about 25% less water; once everything is combined, place the pyrex bowl with the mixture in the microwave, and cook on medium for 4 minutes uncovered. Stir, and cook for 3 more minutes. Whether you used the double broiler or the microwave method, once the custard is cooked allow it to cool down, stirring occasionally, and once it's lukewarm pour it into individual espresso cups (full) or tea cups (half full), and dust the top with some grated cinnamon. Serve accompanied by some fresh fruit. Using 6 yolks, you will make about 8-10 espresso-cup sized "scodelline"
Vintage pictures of the old synagogue of Leghorn (destroyed in WWII and replaced by a new one)
My Leghorn-Style Red Mullet and some history
The Mount Sinai Cake with threaded eggs
Emiko's Chickpea Cake, Leghorn's beloved Street-Food


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New Zealand Cricket (BlackCaps) is currently on tour in Bangladesh. BlackCaps has lost 1st One Day against Bangladesh by 7 wickets. Captain Vettori appreciated Bangladesh Team for winning such crucial and prestigious match. This win was first ever one day victory for Bangladesh against New Zealand.
In the 2nd ODI (One Day International) match, BlackCaps won by 75 runs. The Mirpur Cricket Stadium was almost full of cheering Bangladeshi fans who have greet and welcomed generously NZ Cricket Team to Bangladesh. Colorful flags and banners have been displayed by Bangladeshi supporters to encourage and greets the both teams.
Despite the lost of 2nd Match, Bangladeshi supporters are still in hope to win the ODI series in Chittagong. Next and final ODI will be held in Chittagong on 14th October 2008. Tigercricket fans and Bangladesh-NZ Friendship Council have jointly requested supporters to present in the gallery and encourage their team.
Good Luck for TigerCricket Fans ! Good Luck for BlackCaps Fan !
Thanks to all buddies around in CricketWeb.
4m Bangladesh


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United States Merchant Marine Academy
300 Steamboat Road
Kings Point, N.Y. 11024
Kings Point, N.Y. 11024
From Points South and West: Either I-95 (the New Jersey Turnpike) North or I-80 East to the George Washington Bridge. Continue straight and follow signs for the Cross Bronx Expressway (DO NOT exit in Manhattan). Take the Cross Bronx Expressway, and follow signs to either the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge or the Throgs Neck Bridge. Take either Bridge. (See bridge directions "3" or "4" below).
From New England and Points North: I-95 (the New England Thruway) South to Exit 7A in New York (bearing left to I-695) to the Throgs Neck Bridge. (See bridge directions "3" below).
From the Throgs Neck Bridge: Bear right while crossing the bridge, and take the exit on the right for the Cross Island Parkway. Take the Cross Island Parkway to Exit 31E (Northern Boulevard, Route 25A). (See directions "6" below).
From the Bronx Whitestone Bridge: Bear left while crossing the bridge, and take the exit on the left at the end of the bridge onto the Cross Island Parkway. Take the Cross Island Parkway to Exit 31E (Northern Boulevard, Route 25A). (See directions "6" below).
From Manhattan: Take 34th Street East (towards Second Avenue) to the Queens Midtown Tunnel. Upon exiting the Tunnel and paying the toll, proceed straight ahead onto the Long Island Expressway (I-495 East). Take the Long Island Expressway to Exit 32 (Little Neck Parkway). Make a left (heading North) onto Little Neck Parkway for approximately 3/4- mile, to Northern Boulevard. Turn right onto Northern Boulevard, Route 25A.
From Northern Boulevard, Route 25A: Proceed East (1.4 miles from the Cross Island Parkway; .3 mile from Little Neck Parkway) through the village of Little Neck and several traffic lights to the intersection with Great Neck Road. There is a four-story, brown office building on the left, and two (2) left turn lanes at this intersection. You should be in one of the two left turn lanes. Proceed left (North) on Great Neck Road, and continue straight (always bearing left, even when the roads fork off to the right). Continue North, as the road changes names to Bayview Avenue and then to West Shore Road (the distance you will travel on this road is about 2.5 miles). At end of West Shore Road (a STOP Sign), turn right onto Kings Point Road. Proceed to the next stop sign and make a left onto Steamboat Road. The Academy entrance/main gate is one block ahead.


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Puppy rescued from impounded car to appear on 'Rachael Ray' show
Tow lot employee saw dog sitting on dashboard May 6
A puppy rescued from a car impounded at a Kansas City tow lot will appear on the "Rachael Ray" show Friday.
The now-13-week-old terrier and schnauzer mix, which was named Kia, apparently survived by eating trash left in the car.
A tow lot employee discovered Kia sitting on the dashboard of the car on May 6. The car was impounded in early April.
Kansas City Pet Project's Tori Fugate said the dog didn't have access to water and was dehydrated, but that she survived on McDonald's trash and possibly cigars.
"We've had people that have offered significant donations for Kia to be adopted," Fugate said on the show. "We've also had people who're sending in references from their vets."
Fugate said she hopes Kia's story continues to raise awareness about the many other animals that the Kansas City Pet Project has available for adoption. They're currently bringing in a lot of dogs and a kitten is coming in every hour.
"There could be a little dog like Kia that needs a home just as bad," she said.
Fugate and Kia went to New York to tape the segment. You can watch their appearance on Friday at 9 a.m. on KMBC-TV.


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First: we haf a winner for de Katz Tales competitshun!!! It's:
Thanny Ng
Guido picked her out. We'll show you how he did dis in a few days bekos today is resurved for de other speshul annownsemunt.
Today is World Kat Day! All of us kats online are celebrating. You kan see us all at the cat blogosphere.
As a furry senior kat, I would like to take dis opportunity to state my demands to all you survunts owt dere. What i want on dis speshul day is dis:
|all our favrut food, all day long
|plenty of squizzles. dis inkludes chin rubs...
|..and bak rubs
|games - and maybe de odd furry toy to put de bitey on
|a comfy place to kat nap


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Opinion | Morgan Liddick: The wrong way to affect gun reform
Special to the Daily
Barack Obama and I agree on a few things. Yes, let's keep firearms from sociopaths. And no, I don't see much point in ordinary Americans owning armor-piercing ammunition. It might be useful for hunting rhinoceros, but since they have been extinct in North America for about three million years, the danger of being charged by a rhino in downtown Denver is minimal.
Hundred-round magazines? What do you plan to hunt, lemmings?
So why do I have a queasy feeling when the president talks about using the power of his office to push gun control? It comes down to trust.
In polities where divided government is the rule, trust is essential. The interests of the nation must not only supercede the interests of any political party, they must be seen by all to do so. In a crisis, if the opposition does not trust the party in power to put the nation first, deadlock and even insurrection will ensue. If the governing party does not trust the opposition to do the same, repression will result. The history of our country offers ample proof of both.
Why am I dubious about President Obama's current "gun control" effort? Because the man makes it very hard to believe that he cares about anything other than his personal agenda, or that he gives even a moment's thought to the objections of his political opponents. Did he offer Congress a series of proposals with near universal backing, so that the legislative branch might share some credit for addressing a problem much in the news – thereby encouraging a more productive and deliberate "bipartisan" approach?
No. The president is not one to share. He immediately politicized the issue, accusing those who refused to endorse his entire program of fear-mongering and truckling to the NRA, while placing the nation's children in peril. If he could plausibly have worked in shooting granny, he would have.
This short, intense campaign carries the fingerprints of those among the President's advisors who never want a crisis to go to waste. That's why it has eerie similarities to the just-passed fiscal cliff conflict and the debt ceiling crisis to come. These share an intense pressure to "do something," a simplistic cast of heroes and villains and a president who disavows responsibility for any part of any problem, while accusing his political enemies of whatever evil is convenient, targeting them for the torches-and-pitchforks brigades of his panting sycophants in the media.
The president recently surrounded himself with children while announcing "gun control" proposals which ranged from the commonsense to the uninformed and ineffective to the disturbing. He also reminded us that children don't want to be scared by guns, which he apparently sees as sufficient grounds for the most sweeping changes in federal firearms policy in decades.
As bad as that was, the partisan divide is about to be worsened by many more of these same sort of antics. Recent reports have revealed that the Obama campaign apparatus will be reborn as an "Issues organization" so instead of governing, the president can continue his favorite role of campaigner-in-chief. We saw that on Monday.
These are not the actions of someone who wants to advance national policy through pursuit of common ground and discussion, giving consideration to others' objections. Rather, they are the hallmark of a demagogue, deeply committed to personal power regardless of cost. They are doings of one who seeks division, because he sees it as a key to his success. Who continues to exploit the demagogue's favorite emotional tools: envy, anger and fear. Who demonizes his opponents, no matter how cogent their protests against his excesses. Who beggars the country to promise his supporters their hearts' desire, whatever it may be. None of which engenders trust.
Barack Obama has another dubious trait: his taste for presidential rule through executive orders, actions and directives that bypass traditional lawmaking. His supporters cheer these moves as bold and helpful: "We can't wait!" Seriously? Do Americans really have the patience of a 6-year-old?
Each of these orders strikes at the protections our Founders created against a government that seeks control over every aspect of our lives. Daily Kosites among us should consider what will happen when these protections are finally wiped away by popular clamor for action. If government turns on them, to what will they fly for protection, the traditions, practices and laws having been smashed in the interest of expedience? And turn it will, never doubt: power brooks no opposition, from whatever quarter.
So, despite my agreements with President Obama, no thanks. By word and action, he has undermined the trust necessary for serious action on the problems besetting our country, gun violence among them. A less politicized approach might actually bring progress, but…
It seems beyond this president's abilities.
Summit County resident Morgan Liddick pens a Tuesday column. Email him at
Start a dialogue, stay on topic and be civil.
If you don't follow the rules, your comment may be deleted.


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Jobs Report Hits Fed in the Jawbone
The weak March jobs report is just a blip. Unless, of course, it isn't.
And so Federal Reserve officials, who have lately been murmuring about when they might begin whittling back their bond-buying program, are back in wait-and-see mode.
The economy added just 88,000 jobs in March, the Labor Department reported Friday, the fewest since June....
Sponsored Offers


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Graham Readfearn | November 1, 2013
By Graham Readfearn • Friday, November 1, 2013 - 15:00
CONSIDER the following two statistics together.
Research into the peer-reviewed science of climate change found that between 1991 and 2011, 97 per cent of studies agreed that climate change is caused mostly by humans.
Research into the reporting of climate change science in Australia's biggest selling newspaper, the Herald Sun in Melbourne, has found that 81 per cent of all the coverage, including 97 per cent of all the opinion stories, were sceptical of human-caused climate change.
Overall, this major new study into newspaper coverage of climate change in Australia has found about one third of all the stories and columns are sceptical of the scientific consensus on climate change.
But the study, carried out by the Australian Centre for Independent Journalism at Sydney's University of Technology, reveals how Australia's dominant Rupert Murdoch-owned newspapers are heavily slanted away from the scientific reality towards denial of the science.
The Sceptical Climate study was led by Wendy Bacon, Professorial Fellow at the ACIJ. She told DeSmogBlog:
These results are very disturbing because effectively the biggest Australian newspapers are lying to their audiences although journalism is supposed to be about reporting as truthfully and accurately as we can. News Corp is responsible for most of the articles that don't accept the consensus. Because two thirds of print media are in its hands, all we can do is to put all effort into ensuring critical independent voices are heard. Unfortunately lower income less educated audiences are being lied to the most. Some regions get hardly any coverage at all. The information divide on this crucial issue is deep in Australia.
The 220-page report looked in detail at the coverage of climate change science in 10 of Australia's top selling newspapers across the country between February and April 2011 and the same period in 2012.
Seven of the newspapers are from the Rupert Murdoch-owned News Corporation Australia stable, which includes the nation's top two sellers The Herald Sun (Melbourne) and The Daily Telegraph (Sydney), plus the only non-specialist national newspaper The Australian.
The remaining three newspapers analysed were the Fairfax-owned Sydney Morning Herald, The Age (Melbourne) and the Seven West Media-owned Western Australian. Fairfax newspapers did accept the consensus.
Just under a third of the 602 articles analysed were sceptical of the scientific consensus that humans were the main cause of climate change, but the amount of scepticism had risen to 36 per cent for the period in 2012.
The most sceptical newspaper of all was the Murdoch-owned Herald Sun in Melbourne, where some 81 per cent of all the words published on the issue were part of sceptical coverage of human-caused climate change. In second place was the Murdoch-owned The Daily Telegraph in Sydney, where 73 per cent of the word count was sceptical.
When it came to opinion stories, a stunning 97 per cent of the columns appearing in the Herald-Sun were sceptical of human-caused global warming. Ironically, this is in direct contrast to the 97 per cent of peer-reviewed studies which conclude the opposite.
The report also singles out the influential role of News Corporation syndicated columnist and climate science denier Andrew Bolt. The report says Bolt wrote a total of 38 comment pieces and more than 13,000 words "nearly half of all words in articles that included material about climate science in the Herald Sun." The report says of Bolt:
Given his influence, a consideration of how Australian media covers climate science needs to include an analysis of the strategies used by Bolt to persuade his readers they should reject the findings of the vast majority of climate scientists. These strategies include personal abuse, cherry picking specific findings to refute the entire body of findings of climate scientists, portrayal of advocates of climate action as ideologically motivated with totalitarian tendencies and criticism of journalists who report on climate science. He presents himself as someone who is fighting a battle to reveal 'truth' and 'secrets' which 'warmists' want hidden to protect their vested interests. Once the 'facts' are established a triumphal, mocking tone is adopted.
Of all the newspapers monitored, The Australian produced the most coverage of climate change science but almost half of it was sceptical of the scientific consensus. The study noted:
While scientists overwhelmingly agree on anthropogenic climate change,The Australian represents climate science as matter of opinion or debate rather than as a field for inquiry and investigation like all scientific fields.
In a statement to Guardian Australia, News Corporation defended its coverage:
News Corp and its newspapers do accept the scientific consensus. There is no company edict on the line to take – editorial control rests with the editors. News Corp Australia's internationally recognised environmental sustainability program One Degree has resulted in the company reducing its carbon emissions by 19% since 2006.
So you are implying it is
So you are implying it is wrong to question or oppose a consensus?
Earth at the center of the universe, earth is flat, god created everything….these were all consensus views at one time.
Consensus does not bestow factual truth.
It's fine to challenge consensus. However, that is not what this article is talking about.
This article is talking about the intentional misrepresentation of facts to a largely uneducated and ignorant public.
If challenging the consensus were indeed the goal then there would in fact published papers to support that point of view. There is little of merit to challenge basic and well understood facts.
What I'm saying is that the place to challenge consensus would I fact be in the scientific journals using facts figures and research. Not newspapers operating with a clear agenda to misrepresent the facts to the public.
Look up the video of Monckton explaining to Gina Rinehart that she must buy media outlets or TV stations to get her anti climate change message across. Shortly after that she bought controlling shares in many new papers.
I'm not sure what you are trying to say.
You have not offered any evidence to back up your claims.
Perhaps you could lead this discussion by citing scientific in journals that contradict what you perceive to be incorrect. Otherwise that just looks like rambling and that just doesn't go anywhere.
For instance I happen to know that also all of the data in question that defines climate science has other direct and know real world engineering applications. I learned of Levitus from his work with Anti Submarine warfare. The notion is that the combination of temperature and salinity define how sounds move underwater.
Data from Expendable Bathytherms (XBTs) has been gathered stored and shared between all allies.
Using XBTs we can determine where sound is likely channeled and conversely determine where a sub can hide.
Today all allied military forces share and use this data to track and potentially sink enemy submarines.
This data also demonstrates where 97% of the global warming heat is now being stored and it is also used to measure sea level rise, and of course related data, Salinity, covers off ocean acidification (but that's a different paper).
So you see I find it hard to imagine that scientists and engineers and military navies are simply using "just strong beliefs in theories, unprovable ones at that" to track and sink subs. This knowledge crosses geographic, ideological, and national boudaries. Its solid.
Again... You're not being clear.
There is no single theory. None. Certainly no one has said that. No one. Please tell me what scientific paper said that. I'm genuinely curious about what you have read.
The core of climate change is the blocking of freqeuencies of light by gases. And dude, that's rock solid. You'll be happy to know that I use spectrometers to measure how much CO2 is in a gas stream by how much energy it absorbs. If I did not do this then oil refineries would explode. I'm also reasonably sure this works since I work with this technology directly and much of the science was developed well over 60 years ago. (The earliest measurements of gasses absorbing energy is Tyndall 1861. Look it up. Its an interesting read.)
I'm pretty sure we wouldn't have billions of dollars spent by the oil and gas industry on natural gas (methane, a GHG) measuring equipment if none of the equipment worked. Heck its required pretty much everywhere in the industry from emissions to natural gas custody transfer.
Here's a start up company with great technology for measuring natural gas;
It works by measuring energy absorbance across the spectrum then determining how much each of the components are in the gas. Its not always easy because of overlapping spectral absorbances.
I'm not like you. I've known of Levitus from my work with Anti Submarine Warfare. I had no idea at the time how important his work would be for climate science. But it is and we used the same data to sink subs. These days I work with a lot of oil and gas both up hole and down.
Troll Call!
Hey Chas! Are you showing up to call names again. Are you here to steadfastly refuse to offer any evidence to back anything you say?
Or are you tired of tracking down kids and calling them manipulated liers? (Noticeably you also do that without any discernible facts.)
It takes real brave man to go after children like you do Chas. Real brave. Your mom must be proud.
Oh that Video was linked to from here. Chas decided to directly for the kid. Nice.
Again you are going all over the place without offering any data or citations. You are arguing something about models and simulations then moving on to economics. No reasonable human could follow that.
So far you have refused to substantiate any unknowns or provide any citations. I can only conclude that you don't know anything about science or indeed technical work.
Please I beg you. Find the scientific paper you read that is causing you so much confusion. I'd be glad to read it.
In looking at the models the only thing I've noticed is that they appear completely correct. If you read IPCC FAR from 1991, we are well within known bounds for surface air temperatures. As far I'm concerned we are living in a prediction and all numbers were defined 20+ years ago.
there is a certain entertainment value in poking a bee's nest though.
It's called Trolling.
And there's nothing new about that.
Ian Forrester replied on Permalink
davido proves himself wrong
Why are you so ignorant davido, are you frightened to read real science which shows that everything you say about science is wrong and straight from denier web sites?
Frost free days are not that important for cereal crops such as rice. Recent research (you know science that is done by real scientists who know what they are doing) is showing that rice yields in Asia are decreasing because of increasing night time temperatures. One of the scientifically proven facts about AGW is that night time temperatures are rising faster than day time temperatures. The rice research can be found at:
There are many other papers showing that increased CO2 and higher temperatures will be bad for agriculture and the future of out food supply.
As for your nonsense about pH in the oceans that just shows once again your ignorance about basic science. Why do you people never get after the publishers of anti-AGW nonsense about all the lies and misinformation they are spreading?
As previously mentioned you are ignorant, arrogant and dishonest, that is why I refer to you as despicable.
Again you're going all over the place.
Damage from Climate Change is derived from completely different fields of science. For that you need to talk to an epidemiologist and you need to disprove all known market theory as well as measured damage from small scale ecological events. Famines from the 70's and 80's are really the basis for all this.
This is what my wife does. But as it is wholy and completely unrelated to physics and the fun stuff I understand. I tend to accept it and ignore it. My wife on the other hand uses the same methods and data to track diseases and predict medical costs associated with them. Her ground breaking masters thesis is now being taught at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.
By the way. Dr Forrester argues for pretty much the same reasons I do. Your stance is essentially anti science. Personally I find your stance offensive.
In the mean time I continue to hunt for a single piece evidence that is contradictory to known mechanisms of Global Warming. And you still steadfastly refuse to offer any scientific papers to back your claims.
I think you should read Marcott 2013;
We just undergone 4000 years of climate change in 40. I think this a bad thing.
chas rasper replied on Permalink
It's hilarious how almost all replies here except 1 or 2 of Davido's and ALL of Oilman's have been deleted. Great job folks, it looks like Oilyman is having a conversation with himself ;)
More Trolling?
As usual your post makes no sense. If my posts are ALL deleted then how would I be having a conversation with myself. Hmm? I can see how rudimentary technical work would be hard with that kind of logic. But yes it is funny.
Actually I like the idea of disemvoweling violators (such as you Chas) of the site's comment policy.
Lloyd Flack replied on Permalink
What is the place of
What is the place of consensus in science? It is in the testing of hyptheses.
Part of science is uncovering new information. Part of it is coming up with new ideas and explanations for the facts of nature. And part of it is testing those ideas.
And that testing is not an individual activity. It is a social process. It is offering up our ideas and speculations for others' criticism and testing. We can't be completely trusted to properly test our own ideas. We have too many blind spots and there are too many gaps in our knowledge. We need to have our ideas tested by people who might spot what we have missed.
In science we do not want a single line of proof for an idea. We want as many different tests as possible. If we are right there will be consilience, multiple types of evidence telling a consistent story. If there is consilience there will be consensus among the scientists that are familiar with the subject matter.
If there is no consensus then the hypothesis might be wrong, at least in part, or it might be incomplete and not explain enough of the observed phenomena or it might not have been tested enough. Is a thoroughly tested explanation that the relevant experts agree is probably right allways correct? No, but that's the way to bet
You also have to ask how strong the experts think the evidence is. Is this an explanation that everyone supports for now because no one has come up with anything better but no one thinks there is anything like conclusive supporting evidence? Or is this something that nearly all those involved in the field think has great explanatory power and is strongly supported by the evidence? If it is the latter how often do they turn out to be wrong? And how wrong?
A lot of provisional explanations that were supported for lack of anything better get abandoned. But strongly supported theories seldom, if ever, get completely abandoned. They usually are still an approximation to the theory that replaced them. For example Newtonian Physics is under most circumstances that we encounter a very good approximation to Einsteinian Physics.
How strongly are the conclusions of climate science supported? It depends on which one. Is a high sensitivity to greenhouse gases stongly supported by experts because there are multiple strands of evidence supporting it? Definitely, too many things could not be explained otherwise. Are large sea level rises with temperature changes strongly supported? Yes, again. Too much evidence supports this.
In the Long term it is
In the Long term it is generally easy to spot good from bad. Just look at how much it gets cited and for what purpose.
If you look at Mann, Bradley, Hughes 1998, its got nearly 1600 citations. There are literally dozens of different and unrelated ways Mann's work has been verified and proved. All use completely different techniques. So the work stands up even if the Mann's core techniques has been abandoned long ago.
McIntyre and McKitrick 2003 has earned 239 citations, and quite a few will be take downs. This hardly shows an advancing of our understanding of climate change. Its also extremely narrow in scope and fails to address the basic fact that Mann's work was verified by multiple other techniques. (This is a pretty glaring fault in McIntyre and McKitrick's approach. Its basically arguing over an abandoned dead horse.)


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Following President Obama's decision to cancel his summit meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin, Barnard political science professor Kimberly Marten appears on various news programs discussing the implications for US-Russia relations.
Watch Prof. Marten on MSNBC's "Disrupt."
From WNYC's "The Takeaway:"
"… On Wednesday, President Obama announced his decision to cancel his summit meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin, marking the first time that an American president has called off a publicly announced visit to Russia since the end of the Cold War. The move is largely being attributed to frustration over Russia's decision to offer temporary asylum to intelligence analyst and NSA leaker Edward Snowden, though American officials insist that issues of trade, missile defense and human rights were also factors at play. Kimberly Marten, professor of political science at Columbia University's Barnard College, discusses the implications of the cancellation. …"
From KPFK's "Background Briefling with Ian Masters:"
"…We begin with today's announcement from the White House that President Obama is cancelling his summit meeting with Russian president Putin but will attend the G-20 meeting in St. Petersburg. Kimberly Marten, a professor of political science at Barnard College of Columbia University joins us to discuss how much the Snowden affair affected the decision and the other irritants besetting bilateral relations like Putin's assault on LGBT rights. …"
Prof. Marten specializes in international relations and international security. Her research focuses on warlords and militias and their relationship to sovereign states and state security institutions, in places ranging from Afghanistan and Iraq to the former Soviet Union.


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Department of Military Science
Military Science Leadership Excellence
Center, Room 103
California State University - Fullerton
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Phone: (657) 278-3007
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