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Our saddle mount strap is now even better. Now made with beefier velcro and Overlock, meaning your goodies are locked down tighter than a bulls butt during fly season. This is achieved by adding multiple velcro contact points eliminating any chance of your bundle working loose or spontaneously puking your goodies during gravity checks. We like that...you do too.
Each and every detail has been redesigned to deliver what a rider needs. Glove-friendly pull points, innovative dual shock-cord pre-load system, a single-side pull retention system for even quicker access to your goods, and the most intuitive installation you've seen this side of a light bulb.
To Load: Simply center the tube over the grip-strip and pull the dual shockcords up and over the ends to lock it down...flip it over and slide in your inflation and/or levers of your choice.
To Mount: Route the loop end through the seat rails, feed the slack through the contoured loop, reef down on your bundle then lock it down with the Overlock strap...eazy peazy.
Sized to fit a standard 26", 27.5" or 29" tube by itself or with 1-2 16g cartridges, 1-2 20g cartridges, 1-2 25g cartridges, multi-tool, mini pump with levers or whatever you want, it's your call.
UK mountain bike website Factoryjackson call the Race Strap 'a simple and effective bit of kit' and we tend to agree. If you are looking to mount tubes and pumps to your road or MTB then this could be just what you need.
Silverfish UK Ltd. Units 3a-3c Woodacre Court, Saltash Parkway Industrial Estate, Burraton Road, Saltash, Cornwall, United Kingdom, PL12 6LY
Silverfish UK Ltd. (Registration No. 4075057).
Technical specifications are for guidance only and cannot be guaranteed accurate. All offers are subject to availability and while stocks last. Errors and omissions excepted. Silverfish UK Limited acts as a credit intermediary and only offers credit products for Klarna Retail Finance. Its registered office is: Klarna UK, 7th Floor, 33 Cavendish Square, Marylebone, London W1G 0PW. Credit is subject to application and status.


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you guys are amazing ...u organized my thoughts & made me an A to Z wedding plan :)
wudn't hv make it without u ...
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Your company is amazing and I was just telling my co-worker how prompt and accommodating you have been. Most people know who stressing weddings can be and this is one area that has given me hope that I will make it through (haha). Would gladly share that comment with anyone!!!
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I ordered personalized wine glasses for my wedding last month. I recieved an email and phone call from Katherine ensuring that my order details were exactly as they should be! I was very impressed with the customer service. Our order arrived, and we love the glasses as well! We will have them for a long time as a wedding keepsake. Thank you so much!
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Thin iPhone XR Case | $35
More grip. Less bulk.
Our thin iPhone XR case offers scratch protection, adds grip and keeps your phone slim and sleek.
Everyday protection.
This case covers every corner of your phone and features a camera lens "lip" for added protection.
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Love it or your money back.
If you're not thrilled with your order in the first 30 days, just send it back. Returns are always free and easy. Pinky promise.


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Ten potential stars of Russia 2018
The 2014 World Cup will live long in the memory, with individual stars and sensational storylines aplenty decorating a competition that benefited richly from being hosted in one of football's biggest and most traditional heartlands. However, the competition is now over, and attention has already begun to shift to the season ahead. For national football associations, a new four-year cycle will now commence, with continental cups and qualification games all building toward Russia 2018.
It is always an interesting dilemma for coaches of national sides as to how much they should balance short-term demands for success with the need to work toward long-term aims. For some nations, the Asian Cup, Gold Cup and Copa America in 2015 will now be the main focus; European countries, meanwhile, will have a two-year plan in mind. A new era is beginning and, in turn, new stars will be born.
In Brazil, we were handed a glimpse of who may be the leading lights in four years. Neymar and James Rodriguez, two of the competition's best attacking players, will be 26, while the likes of Raheem Sterling, William Carvalho, Memphis Depay, Divock Origi and Jose Gimenez will hope to build on promising World Cup forays. Many more established stars will still be around, with Thomas Muller perhaps eyeing a third tournament among the leading scorers, while we could be treated to a last hurrah from the likes of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo. At the moment, still four years away, the possibilities are endless.
Ignoring for now those who made their respective squads this time around, who could be stars of the tournament in Russia should their development continue?
Giorgian de Arrascaeta (Uruguay)
Twenty-year-old De Arrascaeta was a teammate of Gimenez at the Under-20 World Cup last summer, starring in an attacking midfield role as Uruguay claimed an unexpected final berth. Unfortunately for La Celeste, they came unstuck against a Paul Pogba-inspired France on that occasion.
In the colours of Defensor Sporting, the diminutive playmaker has continued to show his clear potential, scoring seven times in the past league season and also impressing in Copa Libertadores action. Previously linked with Barcelona, a European move should come sooner rather than later.
Marquinhos (Brazil)
Paris Saint-Germain centre-back Marquinhos came close to pushing his way onto the Brazil squad in time for this summer's tournament but is perhaps fortunate to have escaped with his reputation intact. Now 20, he has four years to pressure David Luiz and Thiago Silva for a starting berth for both club and country -- assuming a suggested move to Barcelona this summer does not come to pass.
Known for a cool temperament and ability to read the game, Marquinhos is a former Brazil U17 captain and has long been on the radar of the national team. His rise since making his debut at Corinthians at age 17 has been remarkable, but the hope must be that his development is not hindered by his club's penchant for lavish spending.
Youri Tielemans (Belgium)
Only recently turned 17 years old, Anderlecht central midfielder Tielemans is already a major feature in his club side and is on the periphery of the national team. Belgium's strength in depth affords him time to develop away from the limelight before his almost inevitable introduction at some stage in the next cycle.
A box-to-box midfielder, Tielemans did not look out of place in the cauldron of Champions League football when he became the third-youngest player in the tournament's history last year, and he has continued to impress ever since. Let's hope he is now allowed time to develop in Belgium before an inevitable move comes to pass.
Nicolas Castillo (Chile)
Fiery striker Castillo has had half a season to adapt to life in Belgium and will hope to take on a bigger role for Club Brugge in the coming season. He has been a prodigious scorer for his country at youth levels, but he is now 21 and must prove himself at the top level.
Castillo has shown some issues with discipline, picking up red cards on a semiregular basis in his career. He will need to tone down that aspect of his game, but he has the talent to make it to the very top if he can get his head down and focus. He may just be the rounded target man Chile will be looking for in the years ahead.
Kelechi Iheanacho (Nigeria)
Nigeria's great playmaking hope has to be Iheanacho, star of the 2013 Under-17 World Cup in the United Arab Emirates. He is widely reported to be headed for Manchester City once he turns 18 later this year, and his development will be watched closely by those in his homeland.
A tall, classic No. 10 with a sweet left foot, Iheanacho combines playmaking ability with an eye for goal. Of all the players on this list, he is by far the least proven but has shown the makings of a truly special player. Local media reports recently suggested he could even join his new club on its preseason tour in the United States this summer in what could be his first step en route to stardom.
Jeison Murillo (Colombia)
Granada centre-back Murillo is one of the players to have benefited most from the club's partnership with Udinese, having moved to Spain in 2010 to continue his development. Now 22, he has just completed his first season as a first-team regular with the Andalusian side following loan spells with Cadiz and Las Palmas, forming a fine partnership with Liverpool loanee Tiago Ilori late last season.
Given the impending retirement of Mario Yepes, Colombia are in need of new defensive blood and, in Murillo, have a player with all the physical and technical qualities needed to fill that void and more.
Jese Rodriguez (Spain)
Real Madrid forward Jese has the potential to be a leading light in the European game in time, but first he needs to find himself a regular berth at club level, having started just four league games in 2013-14.
With pace and dribbling skills, as well as a proven eye for goal, comparisons with teammate Cristiano Ronaldo have been understandable. However, there is much hard work needed if Jese is to get anywhere near the Portuguese's standard. He will be 25 in 2018, and Spain will hope that he can play a major role in helping them return to the top of the world.
Aymeric Laporte (France)
France are fortunate to be blessed with a number of excellent young players in defensive positions. Despite failing to make Les Bleus' squad this time around, Athletic Bilbao's Laporte could be as good as any of them.
Over the past two seasons, since arriving at first-team level, his development has been rapid. A modern defender, he is comfortable in possession and reads the play quickly, while his natural physique makes him effective in aerial battles. His international breakthrough will not be long in the making, and Athletic will do well to retain his services much longer.
Ryu Seung-woo (South Korea)
South Korea are fortunate that star men Son Heung-min and Ki Sung-yueng will still be relatively young in 2018, while Barcelona 16-year-old Lee Seung-woo is also creating a significant buzz in Spain. However, it is perhaps Ryu, now of Bayer Leverkusen, for whom hopes in 2018 are highest.
His opportunities in Germany have thus far been limited, but he will hope to now kick on and follow in the footsteps of teammate Son. If he can tread a similar path and make the most of the talents he displayed at last summer's U20 World Cup, South Korea could have an attack to be feared in four years.
Matthias Ginter (Germany)
Freiburg centre-back Ginter could yet be on the move this summer, with Bundesliga giant Borussia Dortmund favoured to secure his services ahead of Premier League suitor Arsenal. The 20-year-old already has three seasons of topflight experience to his name and is seen as one of Europe's best in his position.
Also able to play in midfield, his long-term future is almost certain to be in the defensive line. With good technical attributes, he can help his sides build from the back while he has proved capable of competing physically with any striker. At present, he seems bound for the top of the game.


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Jennifer Garner celebrated her 38th birthday on Saturday and the actress opted for a daytime kid-friendly party that included a slew of her celebrity friends and their children.
Jen and husband Ben Affleck's driveway in Brentwood, Calif., was turned into a casual red carpet with some of Hollywood's biggest stars showing up to help the actress celebrate her big day
Reese Witherspoon showed up looking comfortable in sneakers, shorts, T-shirt and a straw hat.
Tobey Maguire, wife Jennifer Meyer and 3-year-old daughter Ruby were also photographed heading into the party. Tobey sported jeans, sneakers and some major bed-head.
Jen's "Juno" co-star Jason Bateman, wife Amanda Anka and 3-year-old daughter, Francesca also showed up to celebrate.
"Jen wanted everyone to feel like they could bring their kids, so she didn't want to have it at night," a partygoer told Radar Online.
Molly Sims – who was spotted carrying a large bag from Barney's – Jimmy Kimmel, Jon Favreau and Laurence Fishburne were also in attendance at Jen's birthday bash.
Related Content from AccessHollywood.com:
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Jennifer Garner
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Hollywood Dads
PLAY IT NOW: Jennifer Garner: 'Valentine's Day' Is A 'Fun Movie'
PLAY IT NOW: 2010 Sundance Film Festival: Did Ben Affleck Win Over Jennifer Garner With An E-mail?
MORE ACCESS ON THESE TOPICS: Jennifer Garner - Juno - Ben Affleck - Red Carpet - Jon Favreau


text: Wikitude has been updated again. So, if you are a lucky individual with a new BlackBerry 7 Device, make sure to upgrade your Wikitude app. For those of you that do not know, Wikitude World Browser allows you to discover your surroundings in a completely new way. If you do not have Wikitude, you better get it quick! You are truly missing out on a great app!


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Today's women's cycling jerseys offer a massive range of styles, materials and prices. From exotic continental European brands to more down-to-earth offerings, there's something to suit every female cyclist.
Whether you choose decadent natural merino wool or the constantly evolving world of technical fabrics, there's no reason to sacrifice women's cycling style in search of practicality. Today, you can have both – chic cycling jerseys are here to stay.
Unit 28, Wheatley Business Park, Old London Road, Wheatley, Oxford OX33 1XW // firstname.lastname@example.com // +44 (0) 1302 249 323


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Paul Oz is the buzzword in Formula 1 art; widely acclaimed for his explosive and energetic artworks and well-respected for his genuine passion for the sport.
Hot off Paul's easel is this incredible 2018 Lewis Hamilton 5-time World Champion artwork! The paint is still drying on this new canvas and you can reserve your hand-embellished canvas version; signed and numbered by Paul Oz - part of a strictly limited-edition of just 50 hand-embellished canvases.
Paul personally embellishes each museum-quality canvas with a pallette knife and the same technique he used for the original; bringing each one as close to the original as possible.
- Each boxed canvas measures approx 95 cm L x 71 cm W.
- Professionally framed in a black frame, with white mount for maximum impact.
- Complete with an official Paul Oz certificate of authenticity.
- Textured depth of acrylic paint on printed canvas; hand-painted by Paul Oz to look like the original artwork.
- Strictly limited to 50 canvases.
See delivery times above.


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NASA's Aqua satellite orbit around the Earth took it right over Typhoon Pabuk and the image showed an eye veiled with some high clouds.
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer or MODIS instrument that flies aboard NASA's Aqua satellite captured a visible image of Typhoon Pabuk on Sept. 24 at 04:05 UTC as it was nearing Japan. In the image, high clouds draped over Pabuk's eye. Pabuk's eye is about 30 nautical miles/34.5 miles/55.5 km wide, about three times larger than Typhoon Usagi's eye before it made landfall in China earlier in the week.
On Tuesday, Sept. 24 at 0900 UTC/5 a.m. EDT, Pabuk's maximum sustained winds were near 65 knots/75 mph/120.4 kph and some slight strengthening is expected. Pabuk's center was located near 26.4 north and 139.2 east, about 552 nautical miles/ 635.2 miles/1,022 km south of Yokosuka, Japan. Pabuk is currently moving to the northwest, but is expected to turn to the northeast.
The Joint Typhoon Warning Center forecast expects Pabuk to track parallel to the coast of Japan while now staying away from the big island. Pabuk is expected to become an extra-tropical cyclone in the next couple of days and gain frontal characteristics.
Source: NASA


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|Co-Defensive Coordinator/Recruiting Coordinator
Dana begins his 20th season as a member of the Bears football coaching staff.
Fleischmann serves as the Co-Defensive Coordinator and coaches the defensive backs.
He is also in his 10th season as an assistant coach with the Bears softball team.
He was an assistant football coach at Maine Maritime prior to arriving at the Academy. He worked with the running backs and served as Recruiting Coordinator and Academic Counselor.
The 1997 graduate of the University of St. Thomas in Minnesota was a two-year letter winner as a punter and a All-Academic selection in the MIAC.
Dana earned a Masters Degree in Athletic Administration and Physical Education from Northwest Missouri State in 1999.
Dana, his wife Corinna, their nine-year old daughter Josslyn and five-year old Jayna, reside in Waterford.


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But are you having any fun?
Andrew Garfield is in New York preparing for his Broadway debut in Death Of A Salesman opposite Philip Seymour Hoffman and directed by Mike Nichols. He'll be Peter Parker this summer. And perhaps for several summers to come. So he's showing some impressive career variety. These are smart moves so far and they should serve him well.
But ...
Does it mean anything if he's not having any fun?
Not that that can be determined in one interview but the tone that's being conveyed by the writer here is that this is a very serious, very intense young actor. And if you read between her words, there's a very light eyeroll happening here. Just me? She doesn't make it obvious. But she's also chosen certain descriptions, a few phrases here and there that subtly imply that he needs to spend an hour with Zoolander. Or puppies.
Apparently Garfield has chosen to stay with his character's accent when not rehearsing. Here's his explanation:
"No, it's just that talking about it in an English accent doesn't feel right. Whether I'm in the play or with the cast or in the world of the play in any way, I have to hear my own voice, and I don't want to confuse myself. We're all more sensitive than we realize."
During this chat, at least, Garfield's sensitivity is as much a defining trait as his seriousness. Asked about his approach to Biff, a role played on Broadway before by such notables as John Malkovich and James Farentino, he pauses and flinches.
"It's really hard to talk about," he says softly. "Everything is still gestating in my mind. It's a very mysterious process. I'm never going to fully get it — the character or the process. It's impossible to sum up who Biff is or how I relate to him, because he's as complex as any of us."
It really depends on your tolerance for actors. It's a strange profession. They pretend to be other people for a living. Some of them can only do it by forgetting who they are. It's "who am I?" all the time, over and over and over again. This preoccupation with themselves, or the temporal version of themselves, can compound the innate narcissism inherent in most actors...to the point where they always sound like they actually live inside their own asses.
Maybe it was just a bad interview. Because, God, this was USA Today. USA Today is considered safe. If the rest of them are like this, I worry I'll start thinking of him like Joaquin Phoenix. And I don't want to. I like him. SO MUCH.
Click here to read the full piece. Send me your thoughts!
USA Today


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Kristoffer Gansing traces eight years of change at Berlin's digital media and culture festival transmediale, as his final iteration as artistic director, End to End , opens 28 January.
As Taipei Dangdai returns for its second edition between 17 and 19 January 2020 at the Nangang Exhibition Center, a selection of exhibitions across the city confirm Taipei as one of the region's most exciting art hubs.
Images from abroad , Lada Nakonechna's solo exhibition at Galerie EIGEN + ART in Berlin, considers the barriers that exist between depictions of conflict and their viewers.
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Scan the QR Code via WeChat to follow Ocula's official account.


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There's an exciting new artist collective to visit in this year's Eastside Culture Crawl. The Vancouver Community Laboratory (CoLab) will not only inspire you to create your own works of art but can empower you to do so.
The CoLab is a member-driven workshop where tools, space and skills are shared. This is not-for-profit where artists, makers, hackers and tinkerers of all sorts can create, build, experiment, destroy and rebuild. It's based on the belief that everyone has the desire and ability to create things and can be trusted to develop the skills needed to do so.
What makes it unique
What makes the CoLab unique is just how inclusive and accessible it is. In North America's most expensive city, having industrial art space in a central, easily accessible location at an affordable price is no small feat.
Jodi Stark, one of the CoLab's board members says "By the end of a weekend of touring around the Eastside Culture Crawl I'm always so inspired and fired up to make art, but up until I joined the CoLab, I didn't have the right space or tools to do the things I was most interested in. Now, with the CoLab I feel empowered to experiment and create, without it breaking the bank."
There are different levels of membership to accommodate different levels of use. All members have an equal say in collective decisions.
From the practical to the zany
The CoLab has everything from Burning Man art cars to tiny homes, from tall bikes to driftwood lamps, and from steel sculptures to upcycled art.
In this year's Culture crawl, expect to see sculpture, furniture, paintings, metalwork, photography and multimedia art. Browse the artists from the Vancouver Community Laboratory in the Eastside Culture Crawl here.
And getting better
Recently, the Vancouver Community Laboratory received a Cultural Infrastructure Grant from the City of Vancouver to improve on the existing infrastructure of the facility. These generous grants offered by the city acknowledge the importance of arts and culture to the health and vibrancy of our community.
"We are extremely grateful to the city for the grant. It is allowing us to make long-lasting and much needed improvement to the space that will expand our opportunities to contribute back to Vancouver's artist community" Kim Cooper, one of the CoLab founders and current board member.
Keeping it green
The new sharing economy is at the heart of the CoLab's vision of reducing waste, sharing resources and building a better, more collaborative community. Sharing tools and space allows the CoLab artists to be efficient. And at the CoLab, one person's waste is another's resources. Many CoLab members work with reclaimed materials and focus on fixing, rebuilding and upcycling rather than discarding and buying new.
November 15-17, 2013
The CoLab will open its doors to the public for the Eastside Culture Crawl. All are welcome to check out the space, the art, meet some of the CoLab member and start dreaming up some projects of their own.
Address: 1907 Triumph St (Victoria, one block south of Powell)
Jodi Stark, CoLab board member and Eastside Culture Crawl artist.
(604) 339-2263 email@example.com
Kim Cooper, CoLab board member and Eastside Culture Crawl artist.
(778) 994-1274, email@example.com
- Vancouver Community Laboratory website
- Vancouver Community Laboratory on Eastside Culture Crawl webstie
- Vancouver Community Laboratory on Facebook
- CoLab does the Culture Crawl event
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text:
radfactory needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 211 designs submitted by 58 freelance designers.
Wyzo is looking for a new software icon and matching logo for their popular browser.
The current icon has served well during the alpha stage of the software, but is rather bland and simplistic compared to their competitors (Firefox, Safari, Flock, IE, ...). Wyzo is looking for an exciting, creative icon that should integrate beautifully with the desktops of their thousands of users. We're also looking for a matching text-logo for the website.
For more information about Wyzo, check out their website on: http://www.wyzo.com/
The Media Browser
Desired Color Scheme:
Orange, grey, white (but feel free to try something crazy)
Desired Style:
Similar to other web browsers' icons (Firefox, IE, Safari, Flock,...)
Accepted File Formats:
Vector Formats (.eps, .pdf or .ai); Layered Formats (.psd or .tiff)
Current website and icon colors are dominated with orange, grey and white. We would prefer to stick to his color palette, as this is what the users are used to.
We need the following formats for the icons:
16x16px, 24x24px, 32x32px, 48x48px, 256x256px.
The logo should be offered as a vector as well so it can be used in the future for merchandise and print.
Both icon and logo should match the current Wyzo branding, as can be seen on http://www.wyzo.com. Also install the browser and play around with it to get a better feel of the product.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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I would like to know if anyone has any ideas on how best to style up an eCommerce orders grid. (Magento). The idea is that the orders that are new and requiring action get highlighted, the ones of concern get highlighted (fraud), dealt-with orders (cancelled) get 'greyed out', orders needing some delayed further action (awaiting stock) get highlighted appropriately and the completed orders get displayed in a tranquil colour.
Both the foreground and background colours can be coloured. Imaginably there are conventions that best be followed. If you know of an existing scheme in another ecommerce package then that might serve as guidelines.
The states are as follows:
- Pending
- Pending Payment
- Processing
- On Hold
- Complete
- Closed
- Cancelled
- Suspected Fraud
- Payment Review
- Pending PayPal
- Deposit Taken
- Awaiting Stock


text:
Search For Jigsaw Puzzles
Number of Jigsaw puzzles found: 40
Click a name or image to play.
Building in Stockholm
Munt Tower
Clock Tower in Snow
Kremlin and Ivan's Bell Tower
Piazza della Signoria
Detail of the Leaning Tower at Pisa
Edinburgh Sunset
Leaning Tower of Pisa
Leaning Tower of Pisa Detail
View of palm trees, ocean and beach
Epiphytes growing on trees and vines
Devils Tower
Italy Orvieto on Cliff
Ancient Gate In Tower
Landscape With The Tower Of The Castle Steen
Flowers And Tower
Old Tower
Palm Trees and Tower
Devil's Tower in Wyoming
Tower Of Babel [2]
Tower Of Babel [1]
Eiffel Tower from Alex III Bridge
Tower and Reflection in Canal
Tower at Cork
Munich Cityscape
Tower in Arizona
Ornate Clock at Prague
Big Ben
St Lambertus
Charles Bridge at Prague
Statue and Eiffel Tower
Eiffel Tower from Trocadero
Coal Fired Power Station
Paris France - Electric Stars
Power Poles at Dusk
Sunrise Forest
Sunset Plain
Power Poles at Dusk
Stone Ruins, Rock Walls, Archways
For more
free games
visit GameScene.com. Also check out
Just Solitaire
Just Word Search
. (11:34:51 5.5.38)
Just Jigsaw Puzzles is produced by
CleverMedia, Inc.
. Copyright 1999-2020 CleverMedia, Inc.


text:
Updated: April 1, 2017
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Year of publication
- 1999 (4) (remove)
Transition from Kinetic Theory to Macroscopic Fluid Equations: A Problem fo Domain Decomposition and a Source for New Algorithms (1999)
In the paper we discuss the transition from kinetic theory to macroscopic fluid equations, where the macroscopic equations are defined as aymptotic limits of a kinetic equation. This relation can be used to derive computationally efficient domain decomposition schemes for the simulaion of rarefied gas flows close to the continuum limit. Moreover, we present some basic ideas for the derivation of kinetic induced numerical schemes for macroscopic equations, namely kinetic schemes for general conservation laws as well as Lattice-Boltzmann methods for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations.
The asymptotic analysis of IBVPs for the singularly perturbed parabolic PDE ... in the limit epsilon to zero motivate investigations of certain recursively defined approximative series ("ping-pong expansions"). The recursion formulae rely on operators assigning to a boundary condition at the left or the right boundary a solution of the parabolic PDE. Sufficient conditions for uniform convergence of ping-pong expansions are derived and a detailed analysis for the model problem ... is given.
We give a comparison of various differential cross-section models for a classical polyatomic gas for a homogeneous relaxation problem and the shock wave profiles at Mach numbers 1.71 and 12.9. Besides the standard Borgnakke-Larsen model and its generalizations to an energy dependent coefficient to control the amnount of rotationally elastic and completely inelastic collisions, we discuss some new models recently proposed by the same authors. Moreover, we present numerical algorithms to implement the models in a particle or Monte-Carlo code and compare the numerical shock wave profiles with existing experimental data.
The asymptotic behaviour of a singular-perturbed two-phase Stefan problem due to slow diffusion in one of the two phases is investigated. In the limit the model equations reduce to a one-phase Stefan problem. A boundary layer at the moving interface makes it necessary to use a corrected interface condition obtained from matched asymptotic expansions. The approach is validated by numerical experiments using a front-tracking method.


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OTTAWA (Reuters) - Climate change will cause damage in Canada equivalent to around 1 percent of GDP in 2050 as rising temperatures kill off forests, flood low-lying areas and cause more illnesses, an official panel said on Thursday.
The National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy said Canada's Conservative government - criticized by green activists for not doing enough to fight global warming - should take measures to mitigate the effects of climate change, which most scientists blame on greenhouse gas emissions.
The north of Canada, the world's second largest country, is warming up at a much faster pace than the rest of the Earth.
"Climate change presents a growing, long-term economic burden for Canada," said the NRTEE, which the government set up in 1988 to provide advice on environmental issues.
According to the most likely scenario outlined by the panel, the damage done by global warming would be between 0.8 percent and 1 percent of GDP by 2050 and could hit almost 2.5 percent by 2075.
"The magnitude of costs depends upon a combination of two factors: global emissions growth and Canadian economic and population growth," the panel said.
Depending on how fast the world heats up and what actions Ottawa takes, the NRTEE said the damage in 2050 could range from C$21 billion ($20 billion) to C$43 billion a year.
The panel recommended several measures to help limit damage from climate change:
* enhance forest fire prevention, control pests, and plant climate-resilient tree species
* prohibit new construction in areas at risk of flooding in coastal areas
* install pollution control technologies to limit ozone formation.
Opposition legislators said the report showed the Conservatives needed to do much more to fight global warming.
"Our coastal communities, our forestry industry, and the health of Canadians will all suffer unless we take action right now. Yet this out-of-touch government has produced no plan to deal with the impact of climate change," said Laurin Liu of the official opposition New Democrats.
Environment Minister Peter Kent responded by saying the report showed the importance of adapting to climate change.
Canadians, he told legislators, wanted "a strong, stable, environmentally responsible ... government to take care of the environment, and that is exactly what we are doing".
The NRTEE said Canada would benefit from a global treaty that systematically reduced carbon emissions beyond 2012, when the first stage of the Kyoto Protocol expires.
Canada walked away from Kyoto after the Conservatives took power in 2006 and subsequently adopted a much more modest target for emissions cuts. John Bennett of the Sierra Club mocked Kent by condemning what he said was a "stubborn, deaf, environmentally irresponsible, antiquarian government".
The NRTEE largely dismissed the idea that global warming could help a northern country like Canada by reducing heating costs and making it easier to grow certain kinds of crops.
($1=$1.04 Canadian)
Reporting by David Ljunggren; editing by Peter Galloway


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So you want to make fabulous cousin connections on Ancestry?
I've had great success in making fabulous cousin connections on Ancestry. My distant cousins have told me old family stories, sent me documents and photos, suggested places I might look and people I might ask for more information and they have remembered me and contacted me again later. I am holding off on contacting any more of my wonderful distant cousins in order to avoid information overload.
Since this happy situation doesn't seem to be the case for everyone, I thought I'd share some of the things that have worked for me. Some of what I say may seem counterintuitive. Like… source citations don't matter (actually they do, but not in the way you think). Bear with me!
Disclosure: I have no connection with Ancestry other than as a paying customer. I am not suggesting that you should, or should not, join Ancestry. While some of my suggestions are specific to Ancestry.com, others are applicable to any genealogy site where you can search family trees and contact the owner.
If you build it…
…they probably won't come. Build it anyway. Your family tree, that is. Put it on Ancestry. This can be accomplished by exporting from your desktop software to GEDCOM. You will need a skeleton family tree (birth, death and marriage details) for your direct ancestors and at least a few generations of their descendants. Take the usual precautions about removing living people. Source citations don't matter, so don't bother exporting them.
[Gasp! What did she just say?!]
The thing is, you're putting your tree on Ancestry as a tool, not a publication. I found that my attempts to upload source citations to Ancestry mangled them unacceptably. They cluttered the place up distracting from what I actually wanted and needed to see. They were hard-going to maintain with Ancestry's horrible source management interface. It wasn't worth the effort.
If stepping out sans citations embarrasses you, set the tree to Private. You will still be able to do most of what I suggest, although it may assist in establishing a rapport with other members if they can see some of your information. You can change your mind later. I did.
Here are a few reasons for members to put their tree on Ancestry:
- Other members may contact you. This hasn't happened to me very often but it is possible.
- It's easier to fill out the search forms. As you start typing, Ancestry will offer you a drop down list of ancestors from your tree to choose from. Just click a name, and all the search fields are filled for you.
- You can avail yourself of the member connect features (I'll talk more about this).
I have quite a bit more to say, so I think I will break here and make this post a multi-part one.


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Drinking the Bottom Shelf: Aalborg Akvavit
Will Gordon drinks his way through the bottom shelf of the liquor store...so you don't have to.
I'm fully aware that the only thing more tiresome than the mandatory cheesiness of Valentine's Day is whining about the mandatory cheesiness of Valentine's Day, so it is with deep regret that I ask you to pull up a pillow and prepare to sleepread through another cranky rendition of "But flowers are expensive and they die, and no adult needs more pink things or candy."
I actually like gift-giving and I love revelry, but I'd prefer to do both at my own pace. I fancy myself an inspired thing-slinger and day-commemorator, so I hate resorting to cliché garbage at the last minute when the muse declines to visit in time to appease the tyrants at the calendar factory. This presents a particular problem on Valentine's Day, because by the middle of February my thoughtfulness reserves have been depleted by all the regular winter holidays plus Emily's birthday, which her parents recklessly decided to stage on February 7.
Emily's birthday has become one of my favorite days of the year. This year I managed to stick her with the tab for oysters and mezcal drinks before rushing home to watch basketball and eat take-out Thai, which I'm pleased to report is exactly the celebration she'd resigned herself to wanting. There was a scary minute there where it looked like I'd have to go downstairs to meet the delivery guy, which I'd totally have done on account of it was her special day, but I managed to avoid that by saying, "I hate meeting the delivery guy downstairs, will you please do it?"
But even though I've grown to love Emily's birthday, this year it just about wiped out my capacity for merriment, which had already been weakened by honoring Thanksgiving, Larry Bird's birthday (12/7), Christmas, New Year's, our engagement, Groundhog Day (thanks for guaranteeing six more weeks of drunken surliness, stupid groundhog!), and the Super Bowl (make that seven more weeks, stupid Patriots!).
The one recent holiday that I found to be not only fun but also downright restorative was Martin Luther King Day, which was an interstate bar crawl that began at one of our favorite New York restaurants, Vandaag. I've never eaten much more than bread and nuts and pickled sausage there, but I've had several outstanding drinks, my favorite of which is called the Radler.
The most basic traditional Radler recipes call for a wimpy 50-50 mix of lager and lemonade or lemon-lime soda. This is apparently because Radler is the German word for "cyclist," and drink-prone Bavarian bikers at the turn of the last century required something mellow to keep them upright through a long day of beering and riding. I like bikes and beer and good origin stories, and I'm a triple-sucker for a combination of all three, but I still don't want a Sprited-down beer. What I want is the akvavited-up beer they serve at Vandaag.
Akvavit is the traditional booze of Scandanavia, where they respect not only bicycling culture but also honest drinking culture and therefore realize that you can't charge $10 for a common shandy with a cool name. Akvavit is a spirit distilled from grains in most countries but potatoes in Norway, and it's usually clear at the lower, unaged end, which is of course where we wallow here on the Bottom Shelf. After distillation, akvavit can be flavored with all manner of herbs and spices and oils, though European Union guidelines call for caraway or dill to be the primary flavorings. Most producers seem smart enough to go with the caraway.
Seventy percent of the akvavit I have consumed has come in radlers from Vandaag. Twenty percent has been in my not-bad-at-all homemade versions, and the remaining tenth was just now downed as a chilled research shot so as to give me the first tiny clue what the hell I'm talking about with this here review of Aalborg Akvavit, which, at $15 per 750 mL, was the least expensive of the six available at Boston's best liquor store.
Caraway indeed! This strange stuff smells like mediocre rye bread, which smells better than just about everything except better rye bread. I detect very little by way of other odors, and I suspect that at the lower end of the price spectrum, akvavit is basically caraway vodka in the same way that cheap gin is juniper vodka. This simplicity sits fine with me in both cases.
Aalborg tastes as rye as it smells, though there's a bit of fennel or anise in there too. I'm not a huge fan of licorice liquors in general, because I think there are too many of them. Licorice is a fine flavor, but it just seems like every time a serious booze geek tries to turn me on to a new-to-me liqueur, it tastes like Jagermeister with a better pedigree.
But Aalborg akvavit is better than that, because I'm more drawn to its story, true, and also because it's lighter and cleaner than the smell led me to believe. This is a very honest, direct drink, not at all the muddled mess I feared.
I will keep looking for different and potentially better akvavits to perfect my Vandaag-lifted radler as the biking season approaches, but I'll be perfectly content to use Aalborg if I can't do better for a reasonable price. Any ideas what brand to try next, or what else to do with akvavit in general?
All products linked here have been independently selected by our editors. We may earn a commission on purchases, as described in our affiliate policy.


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Sept. 4, 2000
SANTA CLARA, Calif. -
Second-ranked Santa Clara women's soccer team fell to Washington 2-1 tonight at Buck Shaw Stadium.
With the loss, two streaks ended in the Bronco recordbooks. Santa Clara's 32-match home win streak and its 45-match regular season win streak ended. The last time Santa Clara suffered a home and regular season loss was Oct. 31, 1997, a 1-0 overtime defeat to WCC foe Portland.
"I've never been that concerned with streaks, especially those that carry over into a new season," head coach Jerry Smith said. "Every season is a new year, and our goal has always been to figure out what works and be the best team we can be come playoff time. Sometimes this process helps you get there. I actually feel good about being able to see how this team responds and comes back from a lossthis is the first time we can test that in two years, since the last two years our first loss ended the season."
Santa Clara falls to 2-1-0 while the Huskies remain undefeated at 4-0-0.
The Huskies' Megan McKinstry put the visitors on the scoreboard by escaping from a scramble with a 7-yard straight shot that found the back of the net. Teammate Caroline Putz scored the game-winner at the 63:08 mark.
Santa Clara senior midfielder Rachel Weber scored her second goal of the season, putting the Broncos on the scoreboard during the 87th minute.
Santa Clara begins a stretch of six straight matches against opponents ranked in the top 25 when it visits South Bend, Ind., for the Notre Dame Tournament. The Broncos will play No. 4 Notre Dame on Fri., Sept. 8, at 7:30 p.m. CST and then round out the tournament against No. 9 Connecticut on Sun., Sept. 10, at 11 a.m.
Scoring 1 2 Final Washington 1 2 2 SCU 0 1 1
Goalkeeper Saves Washington Solo 7 SCU Gordon 6
Shots Washington 11 SCU 21
Scoring Summary WASH Megan McKinstry (Unassisted) 17:17 WASH, 1-0 WASH Caroline Putz (Megan McKinstry) 63:08 WASH, 2-0 SCU Rachel Weber (Unassisted) 87:41 WASH, 2-1


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[Page 73]
Nathan Rosenfeld
Translated by David Goldman
Before the Russian-Communist revolution, at the beginning of World War I, Olyka was still a very obscure and enfeebled town similar to most other town in the areas of Jewish settlement.
There was no organized Jewish community, not even as the concept is commonly understood. There was an appointed rabbi (he was Shimonyu, one of the sons of the Rebbe). No one knew who appointed him, and no one even had any need of him.
Adults found the focal point of their social lives in the synagogues and Houses of Study. Following prayer services usually between the afternoon and evening services at the end of the day men would chat amongst themselves, talking about day-to-day mundane matters as well as high-minded matters. They sighed bitterly from the governmental decrees and oppression afflicting the Jews; they were very careful about their words, lest an inappropriate word get them into trouble since walls have ears. With no other choice available, they accepted the burden of the empire.
Among the members of our Jewish community were a few individuals who had connections in the government. These were the advocates who spoke with high-level officials, and could approach them. Their role was to generously bribe those officials the amount depended on the official's role and position as needed at certain times, and with a special holiday bonus so that they would refrain from accusing us, would ignore piles of animal dung outside town and garbage piling up along the streets, and would turn their heads about all the commerce being conducted on Sundays and being conducted illegally. The advocates were the only real institution in town, and were self-appointed: anyone with the impudence would take on that role. It was they who set the amounts everyone had to contribute for public purposes, and did not have to justify their actions. Of course behind their backs everyone was complaining about them.
[Page 74]
Years went by without any event changing anything significant in the life of the community. Life went by at a slow pace, similar to the flow of the river that ran through town. On one side of the river lived the Jews, and on the other side lived the local non-Jewish peasants.
The river was not alone in dividing the worlds of the Jew and the gentile. It appeared that the air we breathed was different in the two communities, not to mention the way of life that differed totally between the two communities, both spiritually and materially. The non-Jew proceeded confidently and with strength. After all, he was in his own country, rooted in the earth of his homeland for a very long time a land that he planted, cultivated and harvested, where he ate the fruit of his labor. His bread came from heaven and from his dedicated work. The fertile land of Ukraine provided him with its produce despite the primitive farming methods used over many generations. The Ukrainian built his hut with his own hands from planed wood sheets, covered with a roof of straw. The barn and the stable where fowl also lived, the doghouse and the pigpen were all near his hut, and everyone was fed generously from the farmer's plentiful grain.
In the springtime the fields were harvested from one end to the other, and the scent of flowers in the gardens wafted a long way. The vegetable gardens were a sight to behold.
In the warm summer nights, after a day's work in the fields, the young people would get together. These gentile young men and women would sing their songs, songs of Ukraine, songs harkening back to days long ago. These sounds made their way to the ears of the Jews. Their lyrics spoke about love and bravery in war. The Jews would nod their heads, This is the way of the gentiles who are steeped in this physical world.
On the other hand, Jewish life was totally different. There were no gardens and no trees, just dust in the summer, deep mud in the autumn and melting snow in the spring. Jews were not interested in any of these mundane issues. Jews were interested in things pertaining to their livelihoods, and to putting food on the table for the large family. Making a living was a difficult endeavor as the rabbis said, like splitting the Red Sea. So making a living always distracted the Jews, but the more a person pursued his livelihood, the further it got away from him, preventing tranquility by day and a peaceful sleep at night. Jews made their living from the local farmers. Most Jews were small shopkeepers, including peddlers who traveled through the villages all week, with their sacks on their backs, selling anything to the farmers. Most of what they sold was things like grain and flour, poultry and eggs, pig hair (something permitted under Jewish law
[Page 75]
for making a living although the animal itself is forbidden) and horse tails which Jews bartered for fabric, haberdashery, etc. Horse and cattle traders also traveled through the villages, as did artisans such as tailors, shoemakers, blacksmiths, harness-makers, carpenters, builders, furniture makers, construction workers, baking and heating oven makers, as well as locksmiths, hatters, watchmakers, barbers, etc. Most of these Jews were simple people who were really poor, but who were pious Jews. They were religious people and were G-d-fearing. However, they were always in need, and some of them had to rely on anonymous charitable donations. They also did not lack religious ritual objects. As mentioned, most of these Jews had a difficult time making a living, even while pretending to be important businessmen in town. Poverty is an embarrassment, and as our mothers used to say, Pinch your cheeks to keep them rosy. The people hid their poverty from others so as not to draw attention to themselves. There were various degrees of poverty: the poor, the destitute, and worst of all, the beggars.
Not only did most people not really have a way to earn a living, they toiled for what they did have. However, we did have a few wealthy people, and presumably their wealth was relatively predetermined in comparison to most of the people in town.
The shopkeepers sought customers all day, from sunrise to sunset. There were very few local farmers shopping in the market. The shopkeepers invited every one to their shops, pulling them by the sleeve, smiling and ingratiating themselves with their prospective customer, hoping to make a sale. The farmer know his own worth and importance, and would offer prices under cost, and it did not help the shopkeeper to swear that he had paid more for the merchandise.
Things were different at the market that took place very Wednesday. It was a day everyone was anxiously awaiting. People would wake up early, before dawn, and each person would finish his prayers quickly and set off for his shop. Even the women left their kitchen work and got eagerly involved. During the early morning hours the nearby village farmers, and those from further away, would make their way to town with wagons filled with produce, barley, wheat and other agricultural products. A farmer's wife say in the wagon dressed in her finery, with a flowery kerchief on her head, and her hair parted down the middle, giving off the smell of pig fat that she had spread on it. She was
[Page 76]
surrounded by garden produce that she had chosen herself, plus fowl, eggs, etc. In exchange of them she would purchase fabric for dresses for herself and her daughters, blouses, kerchiefs and other things needed at home.
The market soon became crowded with wagons and horses as Jews buzzed about among the wagons, finding customers, and patting them on the shoulder as a sign of friendship. They shook hands and said 'hello.' They sought customers energetically and loudly, still surrounded by noise and crowds. Those farmers whose wagons had already become empty gather together by one of the other wagons to enjoy themselves. They pass around one bottle of vodka after the other, emptying each one together with some salt fish in both hands, swallowing everything, heads and tails.
The shops were filled with shoppers, and business was transacted skillfully. Even children were enlisted to assist their parents, and they were responsible to make sure no one stole any merchandise or left without paying.
At the end of town there was a large open area for business transactions involving animals: horses, colts, cows, calves, fattened pigs and one day-old piglets. Horse and cattle traders ran around everywhere, examining, testing. They opened the mouths of the horses like real experts, peering inside at their teeth, etc. They made the horses run so they could expertly check the quality and strength of the animal. These Jewish horse traders had a great deal of experience and knowledge about the quality of the animals. On the other hand, because of their expertise they were able to present even an old or weak horse as beautiful and strong in the eyes of the farmer. Soon, however, the farmer realized his error, and was burning with a desire for revenge. He cursed the lying Jews and his eyes were filled with a desire for blood.
There were both days of joy and days of sadness in town. There were holidays and family celebrations: weddings, bar mitzvahs and circumcisions. Everyone celebrated these events at home depending on his ability and position. Of course the main family celebrations were weddings, which held a special position among all other celebrations.
Our ancestors knew how to involve their friends and relatives in such celebrations. A lot of preparation went into a wedding. The house had to be whitewashed and scrubbed from the floor to the ceiling, becoming sparkling clean. One woman who was a real expert in baking and cooking prepared the finest delicacies and the sumptuous
[Page 77]
banquet following the wedding ceremony. Important members of the community gathered in the home of the groom in holiday attire, sitting at a table together with the groom, and enjoying assorted light refreshments of drinks and delicacies. They raised their cup for a blessing, and chatted about various events spiced with the words of Jewish religious scholars.
At the home of the bride, women adorned themselves in their finest dresses and jewelry. Escorted by his father and future father-in-law, the groom arrived to cover the bride's face with a veil before the wedding ceremony. He was followed by the couple's other friends and relatives as a fiddler played lively tunes, accompanied by the rest of the musical troupe. The bride wept under her veil, and the other women dabbed their eyes and wiped their noses.
The wedding canopy was set up in front of the large synagogue, and following the ceremony the newlyweds were accompanied to the home of the bride with gay music played by the musical troupe. One of the new female relatives danced in front of the ladies with a tray in her hand filled with bread and salt, a good omen for a life of fulfillment. The delicious wedding meal lasted until late into the night, accompanied by music and singing. Still in bed at the crack of dawn, those not attending the wedding could hear the singing and music accompany home the invited guests.
Our memories of childhood are engraved in our heart. The truth is that our childhood was oppressive. We were bound to the cheder class, the teacher, and his whip. We were under all kinds of prohibitions, but day and night we never stopped learning how to be good and loyal Jews. Our parents at home and our teachers at school kept working on us not to be like the young gentiles, who had nothing else in life but their mundane pursuits, following their impulses filled with worldly vanities, and lacking a share in the World to Come. Nevertheless, we too had impulses that pushed us into wild behavior unbecoming to Jewish children. Swimming and bathing in the river in the hot summer, and skating on the ice during the winter were pleasures we could never abandon, even though it meant staying away from our Torah studies. We would sneak out when the teacher dozed off in class and forgot about his charges. We even knew how to fool our parents. Of course whenever we were caught in our misbehavior we were hit by our fathers, and even worse, we had to listen to words of reproach and the tears of our mothers.
The river, which divided the Jewish and gentile children, served as a meeting place for the two groups. In the summer it was for swimming, and in the winter for skating. The gentile children would frequently start picking on us and calling us names.
[Page 78]
We did not refrain from responding and hit back. We started verbally, and ended up throwing rocks and using our fists in this environment of mutual animosity and age-old hostility. Finally the adults got between our groups, and we returned home with heavy hearts, knowing what was waiting for us at home at the hands of our parents. Some of us returned home with a bloody nose, others with torn clothes. If the fights occurred on the Sabbath, it was much, much worse, because in addition to our youthful behavior not becoming Jewish young people, it involved violating the Sabbath. What a disgrace
In general, the Zionist movement was
still in its infancy. In Olyka we only heard faint echoes of Zionism. There
were rumors in town about a Jew, a doctor named Herzl, who was visiting
kings and rulers of the nations. He met with the Turkish government, which
held the key to our homeland. It was amazing: they negotiated with him
as an equal partner. However, it turned out that this doctor was not among
the pious and devoted, quite the opposite. Nevertheless, something great
had happened to the Jewish People there were congresses, the shekel campaigns,
etc. Newspapers, including non-Jewish ones, covered all these things. Who
knows? Maybe G-d had varied emissaries
This is how the Jews were talking in the synagogues and houses of study between the afternoon and evening prayer services, and at every spare moment. Astonishment, sighs, and a ray of hope shone in their eyes. Yearnings for redemption and the inheritance of Jewish history were part of their lives during the entire period of exile. It was faith in the arrival of the Messiah, when the G-d's auspicious time would arrive to redeem us from the nations and gather us together from the four corners of the earth to our Land.
The non-Jews among whom we lived helped us not to forget, heaven forbid, the source of our origins. Hatred of Jews was deeply rooted, and it cannot be explained logically. It deepened in our own generation, and increased poisonously until it produced its rotten fruit, the ideology of Nazi hatred that sought the wipe out the Jewish People.
The Polish regime, which was took over our area after the Russian civil war in the disintegrating Russian Empire during the Bolshevik revolution, not only treated the Jews the way they were treated during the dark days of the Czar, but added their own personal touch of their hatred for Jews that was embedded in their blood, and transmitted from generation to generation. They decided to reproduce the oppression of the biblical
[Page 79]
Pharoah, especially in the economic sphere. They made life difficult for the Jews, and imposed heavy taxes, sometimes several times the value of one's entire stock of shop merchandise. All other occupations and employment opportunities in the government and municipalities were closed to them. Every day the anti-semitic media promoted incitement against the vampires in the form of Jews who were sucking the blood of the Polish nation, swindling and cheating the vital force of their neighbors' hard work.
This incitement was gladly accepted by the inflamed masses buried under poverty and destitution because, except for developing hatred of Jews, the Poles did nothing to develop any industry worthy of the name, or to improve the conditions of the masses. The economy remained as it had when they inherited the country from their conquerors backward and widespread. The hatred of Jews was a source of redirecting the masses from their own suffering to the vulnerable Jews.
In the years before World War I this was a reason for a number of Jews to emigrate to the United States and other countries. After the war, immigration laws became stricter in the United States, reducing the numbers of immigrants based on limited quotas. The fate of the Polish Jews turned into a nightmare, especially for the young people. It was a dark future, with nothing on the horizon.
It's no wonder why the call of Zionism, especially the pioneer movement, was an attractive option: from hopelessness to the only possibility containing a solution both for the individual and the nationalistic aspiration of the rebirth of the Jewish People in their land.
Did divine providence guide Zionism, or was the source of its growth and deep roots based on conditions of time and space in which human beings live? In our case it does not make any difference. Every historical objective is accompanied by some revolutionary cost. Some unchallenged personality arises, and he determines the direction of the nation. Many important people and his followers answer his call. This refers to what is called local leadership. The brothers Shmuel and Yitzchak Rosenstein personified this type of leadership. They were among those who laid the foundation for organized community life, especially for all branches of Zionist activities in the renewed town. They were prominent in providing intellect and imagination, and enlivened the community.
[Page 80]
Eventually Shmuel moved to Lodz and worked under the poet Yitzchak Katznelson as a teacher in a gymnasia high school named for Katznelson. Yitzchak Rosenstein carried out his activities indefatigably in two areas: as both director and guide of the school's day-to-day activities. He was gifted with personal charm and good speaking skills. He knew how to speak in a way that excited his listeners.
Under the guidance of the Rosensteins, and at their initiative, a drama group was established. It should be noted that our town had never produced works of art, not to mention theater productions. The theater productions of the drama group served as a gift from heaven for the young people, and despite the fact that we eventually enjoyed performances of outstanding productions in great auditoriums in Israel and worldwide, nevertheless the enjoyment we had from our local performances are unforgettable, even now. A barn was used for the performances, and was fixed up as a theater. People sat on makeshift wooden benches with no backs. The time needed to redo the stage from one scene to the next seemed to take forever, and the performances would end as sunlight peeked through the cracks. Nevertheless, the critical audience accepted the discomfort willingly in exchange for the enjoyment they had from the theater productions. The income was used to support the Tarbut Jewish school and the local library, which was created out of nothing. It, too, was the fruit of the work of the Rosenstein brothers.
The entire audience, and especially the youth, adored and admired the Rosenstein brothers, which they deserved. When Yitzchak and his wife moved to Palestine everyone accompanied them to the train station, at a distance of eight kilometers, and he was lifted up. We bade farewell to him with joy and sadness: joy because Yitzchak was able to realize his life's dream; sadness because his departure was difficult for us.
In Israel, too, we were fond of him because of our memories of what he did in his youth. However, he was unable to continue his work in Palestine. Apart from his work at a loan company, Bank Poalim, and some involvement with émigrés from Olyka, Yitzchak terminated all public activities. We had expected more from him knowing his abilities, skills and how well he got along with people. It was most unfortunate that he left us without acquiring his proper position in public affairs and in Israel.
Political parties that existed in Jewish communities in Poland did not exist in Olyka, not even Zionist parties. The General Zionist Party, created by the Rosenstein brothers, existed more on paper than in fact. This was also the case for the ephemeral
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[photo:] Founders of the Pioneer Movement in Olyka: [appears to be from right to left] P. Glickberg, P. Glickman, A. Kaufman, S. Glickman), 1925.
youth party, Zeirei Zion, which was no different than the General Zionists apart from the stamp. The Zeirei Zion was also founded by the two brothers, who abandoned their previous party with the approval of the activists, except for Yaakov Gorbata, a prominent personality in town who remained loyal to his party, the General Zionists. Party activism in the fullest sense of the word, i.e. activism the way it was known in the large cities did not exist in our town not to mention party fanaticism. This could be explained by the distance of the adults from public political interest, even tough their hearts were with Zion, and their sympathies were expressed in contributions to Zionist causes: the Jewish National Fund and the Foundation Fund [Keren Hayesod]. They even contributed to the Pioneer Fund, and in the Polish parliamentary elections, the Zionist grouping organized by Yitzchak Greenbaum won all the votes.
On the other hand, the youth movements were very active and vigorous: Hechalutz [Pioneer], Hechalutz Hatsair [Young Pioneer], and Hashomer Hatsair [The Young Guard] attracted most of the youth. The Zionist revisionist movement and its youth wing, Betar, were not represented in Olyka, except for a handful of sympathizers who were not organized.
Prior to the advent of the Zionist youth groups there was the Tarbut school, which trained the young people from childhood for their pioneering goals in Palestine. Thus,
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their move to the pioneer youth movements when they got older was a natural choice. They joined those movements enthusiastically and devotedly, as is typical of young people.
Their educational program was aimed at freeing them from the Diaspora orientation of submissiveness and adaptation to fate, to fill them with the spirit of national pride, as is befitting the descendants of the Maccabees, and to fortify them and immunize them against the difficulties of deprivation, difficult work and self-defense, just as is befitting a pioneer who is setting out to rebuild the ruins of Palestine, and to prepare it as the homeland for the masses of Jews. Afterwards they attended a training camp, a kibbutz, which prepared them physically, socially, etc. for their destiny in Palestine.
Weeknights, Sabbaths and festival were devoted to educational activity. They discussed varied topics based on the essence of the movements, and had lectures on topics such as the history and problems of the Zionist movement; Zionist ideologies, socialism and nationalism; types of settlement in Palestine such as the kibbutz and workers settlement; the general workers federation, its foundations and areas of activity; the independent economy of people organized within the workers federation; defense and its goals. They also discussed current events from the newspapers, especially newspapers from Palestine, and worked on behalf of the various charity funds, social and local needs, etc.
The parents were sympathetic to their children's activities: the modernized and Zionist elements expressed strong understanding, and others felt these activities were better than hanging around town unrestrained, until the time came for them to marry and earn a living. However, when it came time for the first young people to join the training camp at Kalusov for backbreaking work in the stone quarry, parents started shouting, How can you do this? Could their delicate son or daughter do such harsh work of a non-Jew in a quarry, work they were not used to, far from the watchful eyes of their parents? The parents then suddenly heard all kinds of rumors in the gardens of the training camps concerning the apples of their eyes that they were so concerned about who would be going off to an empty desert land. However, their hearts and minds were sympathetic to the pioneers going off to Palestine to rebuild the ruins; they blessed them for their efforts. They wished them success in their endeavors, and even contributed from their meager resources to build up Palestine. However, this was all good and well as long as it involved others, but when it involved their very own children
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This was their first test that was to challenge them on their new journey. Was it easy to engage in arguments with one's parents? To be tough enough to ignore one's mother's tears, and to have no satisfactory responses to our parents' justified concerns?
That same night many people slept in the homes of their friends. At sunrise the sneaked out of town, sat down in the wagon waiting for them, and headed for Kalusov. However, after the first pioneers had already paved the way, the wall of parental opposition had also been broken. Many following them acquired the consent of their parents.
After some time, not only did parental opposition cease, but the parents even started encouraging their children to move to Palestine, even if it meant they had to go through the experience of the training camps. They understood that the children had no attachment to their hometown. It is possible that this was a subconscious premonition of what was awaiting the Jewish People in the near future.
The overwhelming majority of the graduates of the youth groups succeed in realizing their life's dream. They live throughout our land in various locations, in cities and in kibbutzim. Some lost their way and ended up in foreign lands, primarily in Latin America.
Today's generation is unable, even if they wished it, to ignore the horrific Holocaust that afflicted our nation. It does not take much imagination to figure out what our state, the Jewish People of Zion and its conditions were it not for the destruction of so many young people in the European Diaspora. At one time the Jewish People in the European Diaspora were alive, alert and active. The young people were magnificent; they carried the hope of imminent redemption that they wished to help along with their own hands. They are no longer. Even in a thousand years we shall not be consoled.
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