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Please Spread The Word!
And if you like this book, please purchase it in paperback
Click Here for a copy of the next book in the trilogy 'We Are Awakening'
Click Here for 'We Come Back' and explore the last in the series 'Light Is…'.
Fred Wolfs Approach on Jungian and Freudian Thought
Dreams appear to break free of space and time limitations. Since the beginning of recorded history, humanity has examined the nature of dreams due to their influence upon waking life. For instance Wolfgang Pauli, who was working towards a theory that would overlap quantum physics and psychology, which was revealed to him by dream images. The holographic model of consciousness and certain concepts from quantum physics has also revealed a great deal of insight towards the mind-body problem. Nonetheless, although dreams had been investigated for thousands of years, Sigmund Freud was most likely the first western researcher that scientifically analysed dreams. Prior to his work, most medical professionals perceive dreams to be hallucinations, which were essentially useless. In contrast to this, Freuds model of dreams stated that they were expressions of the unconscious that had become repressed during early childhood,, after the child expressed wishes that remain unfulfilled. Wishes and desires were therefore strongly represented in dreams and represented yearnings that appeared during the four critical states of growth (oral, anal, phallic and genital). It was Freuds hope that he would be able to identify his clients repressed or buried wishes. Thus images were viewed at the disguised representations of the forbidden desires of the individual. Such a disguise was necessary so that the dreamer would not awaken, thus placing sleep as the primary state of consciousness that vital to human life. In Freuds model of the unconscious, two basic drives or instincts were recognized, which are aggression and eroticism. By 1923, he had replaced them with life and death drives. These drives were in turn attributable to the compulsion to repeat, in regards to habits and repeated patterns. In summary, the ego corresponds to the sense of self that is experienced. Just as Freud offered a structure of the psyche based on mechanism, Jung went further and indicated that the structure had to include meaningful relationships other than those that are time-ordered and cause-effect related. It was Jungs perspective that Freud placed too much emphasis on the erotic element of dreams. He also considered that wish fulfilment was far too small to underlie or be the cause of all dreams. Whereas Freud believed that sleep was the cause and dreams were the inevitable consequence, Jung believed that dreams were primary and seep was a sufficient alteration of consciousness to allow dreams to take place. Jungs model for instance places significant value on the process of individuation, which is a personal development wherein a connection between the centre of the psyche and the ego, the central part of consciousness, occurs. Dreams to him were also a map of possibility. Within the dream state, the observer is not localised to one region of the brain. The observer is distributed throughout the brain, picking up information from several memory locations simultaneously. The quantum wave in the brain is dependent upon all of the possible locations of the observer in order for memory recall in one location to be instantly correlated with other locations, giving rise to meaningful overlaps of that which is usually separated memories.
"Our minds operate mostly unconsciously."
Freud originally discovered that human beings appear to perform tasks unconsciously. Dreams also appear to operate unconsciously. According to the work of Benjamin Libet, a neurophysiologist, the mind mostly operates unconsciously. In essence, this means, that decisions and responses to sensations are made from the outside world on an entirely unconscious basis. Human beings only become conscious of the phenomenal world approximately half a second later. Interestingly, we refer the late moment of conscious awareness back in time to the moment of sensation and out in space to the location of stimulus, even if it is outside our bodies. This is otherwise known as temporal referral and the latter is known as special referral. For instance, if the brain of a subject is stimulated in a particular area of the cortex, if the individual will feel sensations in the body. The mechanisms by which visual images are reconstructed are located within the brains, neural networks and retinas. In a similar manner, human beings reconstruct from sounds through the vibration of the eardrums and the approximate location of the sound source in space. Libets experiments showed that one might expect a certain amount of delay between the timing of conscious awareness of events, assuming that such awareness can be mapped in time and the time when a stimulus is applied. Libet referred to his theory of consciousness as time-on theory or subjective referral in time. His data showed that an individual, although able to react swiftly to stimuli within a hundred thousandth of a second (one hundred miliseconds) is not actually aware of what the individual is reacting to for several hundred milliseconds, up to a full half second. Yet, when interrogated in regards to the time of awareness, the individual responds as if he or she were aware at the time of the stimulus. His model portrayed that unconscious processes are far more important in our lives that previously imagined. Consequently, a large amount of experience of the phenomenal world is projected from the subjective inner worlds. To grasp Libets findings entirely though, it is necessary to carefully examine the form of the signal as it is detected on the somatosensory cortex. One discovers that it consists of four distinct time zones. The first time zone of the signal is a sharp electrically positive potential that arrives 15ms after the skin stimulus and persists for around 35ms. Libet believed that this pulse served as a time marker, a referral signal for apparent conscious awareness. This is quickly followed by a deep, wide negative potential that persists for around 100ms. Thirdly a low positive hump can be found lasting for around 150 to 200ms, followed fourthly by a shallow negative potential lasting for around 200 to 250ms. All together, the sum of intervals, composes the complex signal that lasts for around 500ms. Conclusively, Libet also showed that there is no conscious sensation of this until the full five hundred millisecond period of the total signal has passed. In other terms, the brain requires to have all of this signal passing into the somatosensory cortex before any awareness of the skin stimulation is consciously felt. If for any reason, certain parts of the signal are blocked, the individual will not be aware of the skin stimulus. In fact, Libet has shown that the S1 response is not even necessary for awareness. When the cortical surface is stimulated, it was found that individuals became aware even though no S1 response was present, thus no one is aware of any stimuli until 500ms have passed.
Purpose of REM
During the day, human beings take in an exponential amount of data. Numerous amount of the input to the brain are of the type described by the neural networks, partial memories that evoke full memories. A certain amount of these inputs, however, eventually cause the interneural connections, via the synapses, to overload. When REM sleep is entered, the dreams are the products of neurons feeding back on themselves without stimuli coming in through the senses. As such, they are negative feedback loops, weakening the strengths of some of the connections with other neurons, similar to the negative weight biasing in the computer networks used by Hopfield et al. Thus, the dreams can turn into erasure modes, helping the individual to become refreshed by making desired or important for survival memories equally accessible and ridding us of undesirable, bizarre memories, those that do not play any role in survival. A major objection is found in experimental studies of individual that are deprived of REM sleep for numerous nights, usually up to one week, one would expect according to theoretical evidence that these individual would exhibit increased periods of fantasy and imagination, possibly even hallucinations. This is because the 'unlearning' throughout the night has not taken place and the unwanted memories would not be erased. Although there is some evidence for this, however, the general opinion of researchers is that when human beings or animals are deprived of REM sleep, their behaviour is not affected in any obvious or predictable manner. Waking a dreamer at the onset of REM tends to after several nights produce a rebound effect. It becomes more and more difficult to accomplish. By the end of a weeks deprivation of sleep, the individual enters REM states around fifty times night, suggesting that in these cases the individual may be 'snatching' periods of REM during the waking hours. Drug-inducted suppression of sleep is not much better since the medication is known to produce countless side-effects that could mask the result.
It should be noted that certain animals, although they possess larger brains, do not experience REM sleep. Hence, the relatively larger brains of these animals is connected to their lack of REM sleep, as they would require a larger neural network to absorb unwanted associations. This would tend to minimize overlaps in the networks of these animals.
'Aborigines believed in two forms of time. Two parallel streams of activity. One is the daily objective reality to which you and I are confined. The other is an infinite spiritual cycle called the dreamtime, more real that reality itself. Whatever happens in the dreamtime establishes the values, symbols and laws of the Aboriginal society. Some people of unusual spiritual powers have contact with the dreamtime.' In modern times, the aboriginal outlook is still shaped by the dreaming, as it may. Yet, the relationship between dreaming and life remains a problem. Firstly, dreaming must be considered a phenomenon. It is that which is. According to the Puntupi tribes of central Australia, it is a framework for human behaviour. It is a projection into a symbolic space of social processes and it must be related to individuals lives. For the Pintupi, it must also be related to something that transcends everyday life. Dreaming can also be presumed to transcend the space-time of the immediate. The landscape is viewed as tracks of the totemic animal spirits that once walked the earth and by becoming stone themselves, they became the earth. Just as everyday animals leave their tracks ob the ground, these totemic beings leave theirs. In addition, this can be related to the concept of solipsism. In the book, The Secret of Dreaming, Jim Poulter shares a story, which is in actuality a dreamtime recounting of evolution, yet this time evolution has a purpose that transcends mere survival, for each individual dreams of something beyond itself. Poulter believed that this capacity to see beyond oneself, to see into the future, to imagine possibilities that do not seem to exist in the immediate environment, is a unique facette of consciousness. The Spirit constructs existence through this ability in order to go beyond what is to what could be. In other terms, to dream. The reason behind this for Poulter lies in responsibility. The crucial aboriginal concept is the belief that the Big Dream continues, as humanity is awakening to a greater sense of care and responsibility for the future. All humans et to be are waiting in the dreamtime for their births. The astral dimension, as it is also called. Gradually, as evolution proceeds, the responsibility will become clearer that all mankind is a part of a bigger dream of a larger spirit and that the care-taking of ones fellow man should become a necessitated priority. The development of the fetus is a microcosm of the development of the universe itself. It is stated that the fetus goes through every state of life, beginning with the single-celled animal, passing through the final state, complete with gills, all the way up th the present human form. The dreamtime therefore also represents a step towards the meaning of matter. It is to communicate all possibilities to all existences in order for the collective consciousness to attain a higher degree of self-awareness and realisation.
Certain definitions of consciousness are restricted to waking perception processing. Hobson perceived that consciousness is a kind of awareness that may not be only awareness of the outside world but also its representation in the brain. If so, the dream consciousness is definitely an altered state of consciousness. With quantum physics as a metaphorical basis, an insight into the timeless nature of dreams can be gained. Nearly entirely unconscious, the processes of the ID include mental forms that have never been observed as well as memories that have been repressed. These memories unlike the unobserved mental forms, influence the mental and physical life of the individual. It should be noted that during REM periods, the EEG pattern is similar to the waking state pattern. Evidence towards psychic phenomena often involves information that is normally received or experienced in one state of consciousness being made available when the recipient was in another. For instance, the dreamer would become aware of events occurring in waking life. Montague Ullman and others regarded telepathic dreams and the role of dreams in the interconnectedness of the species. Telepathic dreams include dreams of prophecy, links between a dream and an individual in waking life, dreams that connect one dreamer with another, and dreams in which an awake individual attempts to send images to a dreamer. Ullman pointed out that the precognitive dreams are distinguished from telepathic dreams and that even though both are paranormal, telepathy normally refers only to paranormal contact between ones mind and other minds present or past but not future. He also explained that most paranormal dreams are precognitive rather than telepathic. Consistent with the possibility for quantum waves to travel forward, backward and sideways in time. Ordinary or non-telepathic dreams differ from telepathic dreams in only one way. The data that is correlated during the dream. Ordinary dreams usually correlate the days remembered experience with past associations or future expectations contained as memories. They can also introduce anti-correlations as a mechanism to wipe associations or memories that do not serve the survival or the individual or the species. Telepathic dreams are quite different in that they tend to correlate feelings and emotions with space-time events. Closely connected to telepathic dreams is the related issue as theorized by Montague Ullman that dreams serve to help the human species survive with survival of the individual as a secondary but necessary issue.
Relationship Between Dreams And The Physical Body
Implicit in the holographic model is the notion that we sense as out there in the physical world is not as it seems at all. It is reminiscent of the Buddhist idea of impermanence. Nothing within the phenomenal world appears to be permanent or fixed. All remains to be in a state of flux. Solid objects are not really solid at all, they only appear to be such to the human senses. Thus, everything that is sensed is only a passing instance, a glimpse of reality. Virtual images are created as illusions of objects. The light that would be seen, when the virtual image that appears is viewed, which is coming from the image, when it in actuality it is not. Von Franz stated that 'Whenever the human mind confronts an unknown, it invents symbolic models, drawing on preconscious process of projection. In the history of mankind, we therefore find numerous symbolic representation of the unus mundus. This one world as a continuum consisting of images, as a geometrical continuum or as a numerical structured system. With Einsteins general theory of relativity, mass becomes part of space-time and is unified with energy through the famous equation E=MC2. The idea is to see all of physics as a geometrical continuum, paralleling Jung's one world concept. So far, science has attempted to look at all processes in the universe in a rational manner has failed to grasp how the material universe could be affected by the processes that resist measurement based on space, time and mass. Yet, it is clearly visible that human behaviour is often determined by the images carried by the individual consciousness. Thus, a body's symptoms are not to be dealt with purely mechanically similar to pathologies. Instead, symptoms are potentially meaningful and purposeful conditions signalling a phase of life or in order to bring one closer to the centre of existence. Mindell concluded from his patients illness that the condition could be an expression of emotion, which is how the dreambody was developed. It is both a dream and a body. Mindell also states that he not once found a case, in which the individuals dreams did not reflect the body's symptoms. The dreambody can be related to the physical body in much the same way that the quantum wave function that gives the probability of a particle's state can be related to the particle's physical state.
Non-Ordinary Reality
If the imaginal realm is ontologically real, which means that is has objective existential quality as Henry Corbin suggests, then the question is how come only few individuals of the human race have encountered this reality? For Corbin, the imaginal realm was more irrefutable and coherent than the world experienced during the waking state. Beholders of the imaginal realm had reported to him that they were perfectly aware of having journeyed elsewhere. These individuals were not schizophrenic or mentally ill. The world that they had experienced was not fantasy. It was a world with form and dimension and even other life-forms. One may wish to consider the words of Carl Sagan, who believed that there was a connection between dreams and evolution. In shamanistic terms, one may refer to these phenomena as evidence towards a universal mind. The self-reflective mind that knows that it knows. The universal mind knows everything, anything and perhaps surprisingly it knows nothing. Its nothingness is described by Buddhist philosophers and practitioners as the state of pure awareness, consciousness without an object of consciousness. In it, moments, events, fly by as ephemeral flashes like fireflies, but nothing is adhered tom nothing is given any value. In essence, everything is seen as a dream. If the universal mind is a composite of our minds, then how is that composite mind integrated? If the process is akin to a superposition of quantum states of awareness, then the results of that superposition will be another state that does not share in the qualities of the separated states. Only if the minds are decoupled, only if there is something that keeps the patterns in the superposition of the minds from emerging, will there be anything like an objective quality emerging in any single mind at all. Yet, if one were to carry this concept further, given the reality of the universal mind, then the mind separations that produce the results of objectivity are an illusion and as such, the reality of the universal mind will from time to time appear within the individual minds. However, it should be noted that the ability to predict and control nature violates the basic paradigm of science, which is not entirely accurate. Humanity has the capacity to predict and manipulate nature, yet it has its consequences, as noted by the recent polar vortex, which is currently passing through Russia. Nonetheless, Niels Bohr was of the opinion that the complementarity, which existed between the wave and the particle aspects of nature were indications of a much deeper complimentarity in which irreconcilable pairs of opposites need not be contradictory. As he once stated, "the opposite of a small truth may be a lie, but the opposite of a great truth is also a great truth." In essence, the universal mind would strive towards overall self-realisation of its true nature. The non-ordinary reality merely offers symbolic truth in order to decipher the larger picture and recognize the interconnected nature of the universe.
Sense of Self
Bruce S. Dewitt once stated "The many world interpretation of quantum mechanics reveals a universe that is constantly splitting into a stupendous number of branches, all resulting from the measurement like interactions between its myriad of components. Moreover, every quantum transition, taking place on every star, every galaxy, in every remote corner of the universe is splitting our local world into myriads of copies of itself." Moreover, there is evidence of brain cellular mitosis occurring, but not in neural cells. Certain studies indicate that the glial cells perform metabolic function, also providing nourishment for neural cells. It should be noted that Albert Einsteins brain autopsy after the time of his death showed a larger than average amount of glial cells associated with his visual cortex. This led countless of individuals to suspect their association with intellect and the enhanced ability to visualise abstract concepts. Nowadays, it has been discovered that dementia severs the connection between the glial cells and neurons, resulting it neuronal death. Studies performed by Karl Lashley between 1920 and 1950 indicated that memory was based on the formation of engrams, which are not localised in specific places but distributed holographically, as it may, throughout the brain. Furthermore, the sense of self is connected to self-awareness through memory and body awareness. With diminished body awareness and volitional control, the self appears to expand, losing its bearings in time and space. In conclusion, there are more than likely thousands of pieces of information and/or images within the glial cell memory. These images are states of quantum physical observables and must follow the rules of quantum superposition. Consequently, any composition of a superposition of states will be complimentary to all other levels. Thus, the secondary images are complimentary to all the primary and tertiary images. The tertiary images are complimentary to all primary and secondary images and so forth. Although a single automaton cannot simultaneously hold multiple images consisting of complimentary observations of another system, it can hold multiple images simultaneously, consisting of complimentary observation of images built up self-reflectively. In other terms, if the images contain the observer as well as the observed, the automaton can recall them. Images of objective, external observations cannot be held simultaneously as the simultaneous knowledge of objective complimentary observables is in violation of the uncertainty principle. Thus to perform the same act with objective images is scientifically impossible, according to quantum physics. In conclusion, an object in a state of self-reflection can hold both truth and its opposite at the same time without the creation of a paradox, while the attempt to determine the same thing results in doubt or uncertainty. It should be noted that any single image will correspond to a specific quantum physical state, while the superposition of images would also correspond to the complimentary physical state of an emotion, thought form, archetype or superarchetype. The automaton could measure and thereby obtain various combinations of images in groups of 1-4 or more of these images, It could obtain a single image or all of the images together, thus constructing the complete superarchetype. Conclusively, the awareness of self is intrinsically linked with the decrease of automatic and mechanical behaviour, resulting in greater choices and becoming more aware of ones own behaviour, dreams, decisions, universe and subsequently of existences in other worlds.
One Single Being
In essence, reality is made of probabilities that can be coherent in order for the possibility to form into solid matter. The dream state is a location, in which the quantum reality becomes especially transparent and the mixture of mind and matter is revealed in a variety of ways. Nevertheless, if we all possess such archetypal images constituting the unconscious minds, these images would be on a deeper level than personal experiences. Conclusively, these archetypes would arise from a more fundamental level of reality. In this sense, the dream becomes more fundamental than the objective reality. Fred Alan Wolf suggests that "When we dream, we return to that reality in order to gain information about how to survive in this reality, yet survival may not be as it seems from a single perspective." The materialist philosopher believes that consciousness arises from matter. If consciousness exists in matter, then matter is consciousness. Furthermore, everything arises in relation to everything else, reality appears not only interconnected, but also interdependent. Conversely, we as human beings often become afraid when others inform us of that which is real and that which is not. We sense an inner conflict with that which we are told. We feel fear, as we know that the viewpoint of a political system is not consistent with our own standpoint. Communism, capitalism and war is not the answer to the world, it is a tendency towards self-hatred and self-destruction. Whatever we imagine often begins to appear, as if it was called into existence, particularly fearful images, which is reminiscent of a self-fulfilling prophecy created by ones own mind. We create these images as realities because the universe is ambivalent and paradoxical. It is of no matter what is produced, as at the most fundamental level of existence, it is capable of forming reality into whatever images are produced. A famous philosopher once enquired "If we light a candle and walked out of the room, does it still burn?" By this he was trying to highlight that it takes a mind to confirm something's existence. Existence depends on mind because all of existence occurs within mind. We can know of the existence of our universe only because we have a mind and we can manipulate creation only because we have a mind. Mind is the true cause behind effect and therefore all things are of mental nature. Life is interconnected and is truly capable of being one giant life form that is continually expanding, adapting, and evolving in complexity. The binding force of all life therefore becomes consciousness.
Should Psychology And Physics Be Combined?
There is a breach between the fields of physics and psychology. Indeed, between physics and psychology there is a whole abyss. That is understandable if we take into account the different histories and different goals of each of these disciplines. Yet, it does not have to continue to be so in the future, especially if we take into account the fact that both disciplines aim at expanding our knowledge, if we take into account the fact that in the world around us everything is connected to everything by a communicating vessel. All things seem to be connected either by causal links or, as suggested by a physicist Wolfgang Pauli and psychologist Carl Jung, by some "acausal connecting principle."
In essence the combination of psychology and physics, otherwise known as psychophysics quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they affect. Psychophysics has been described as "the scientific study of the relation between stimulus and sensation" or, more completely, as "the analysis of perceptual processes by studying the effect on a subject's experience or behaviour of systematically
varying the properties of a stimulus along one or more physical dimensions." It was founded in the laboratory of German Gustav Fechner, psychophysics is one of the parents of modern experimental psychology. It demonstrated that mathematical analysis could be applied to subjective reports, and that principled relationships could be discovered between physical quantities and subjective impressions.
Let us examine a famous example, Weber's Law, named after Ernst Weber, a colleague of Fechner's. This formula describes how changes in the subjective perception of stimulus intensity (e.g. how heavy a weight feels) are related to the actual change in stimulus magnitude (how much something actually weighs). You can look up the mathematics of this if you're interested, but a plain-language interpretation is that to increase the perceived intensity of a stimulus you need to increase its physical magnitude by a constant proportion, not a constant absolute amount. Imagine that you can make an empty bag feel heavier by putting in a book, yet a single book won't make a bag full of bricks feel heavier, even though in both cases you are adding the same amount of weight. Weber's Law gives you a mathematical way to calculate how much you would need to increase or decrease the physical weight to produce a subjective impression of a change in heaviness. It also allows you to compare sensitivity between the senses, showing, for example that we are more sensitive to brightness than loudness, because the proportional change needed to create a noticeable difference for lights is smaller than that needed for sounds. As well as discovering many of the few laws that exist in psychology, psychophysics has generated methods and theories which are applied across all of experimental psychology, not just in the investigation of sensation and perception. In applying scientific measurement to subjective experience, the early psychophysicists were demonstrating a faith in empiricism, but they were also throwing themselves upon a dilemma – the attempt to relate the world of the measurable and objective to the subjective inner world of sensation. That dilemma is still just as relevant and profound today in all areas of psychology, and psychophysics is still vital as a toolkit for addressing it.
Sensory perception and interart research seems to occur these days in the in-between spaces of art history, literature, media studies, anthropology, neurological sciences, and numerous more disciplines that contribute to the exploration of a new aesthetics. This new aesthetics very much includes aesthesis or the study of physiologically and psychologically infused perceptive abilities in the human. Yet, what happened to the term "psychophysics" in this arena? A long-out-of-print volume, Sensory Communication by Walter Rosenblith, based on a 1959 symposium, has recently been reissued by MIT Press. It reminds us of pioneers like Fechner, criticized therein, in the early days of experiential aesthetics and of the nascent fascination with the human-computer interface and AI around the middle of the 20th century. S.S. Stevens poignantly extracts and highlights the ambiguities inherent to research in psychophysics, playing into the qualitative-quantitative divide co-existent with C.P. Snow's "two cultures". "It must be confessed at the outset that psychophysics has often failed to do its part of the job [it tells what the organism can do and it asks those who are inspired by such mysteries to advance our understanding of how such wonders are performed] with distinction. Its task is not easy. For one thing, long-standing prejudices, derived in great measure from a chronic dualistic metaphysics, have triggered a variety of stubborn objections whenever it has been proposed that sensation may be amenable to orderly and quantitative investigation. You cannot, the objectors, complain, measure the inner, private, subjective strength of a sensation. Perhaps not, in the sense the objectors have in mind, but in a different and very useful sense the strength of a sensation can, as we shall see, be fruitfully quantified. We must forgo arguments about the private life of the mind and ask sensible objective questions about the input-output relations of sensory transducers as these relations are disclosed in the behavior of experimental organisms, whether men or animals."
Furthermore, the theory of psychophysical parallelism states that mental and physical experiences occur simultaneously and are not necessarily bound by any causal interaction. The theory was established in the early 19th century by a German philosopher Gustav Theodor Fechner, also famous for the Weber-Fechner law. While the psychophysical parallelism definition might seem a bit unclear, the theory is very interesting and is one of few philosophical theories which have been accepted by numerous scientists. To better understand Fechner's approach to mind-body problem a little historical background would be helpful. In the middle of the 19th century, with a more and more rapid progression of scientific thought, many philosophers became interested in explaining the nature of mind and body interaction. This lead to a famous materialism dispute as the opponents of metaphysical philosophy gained many supporters (Vogt, Büchner, Moleschott). Materialistic approach to mind-body dichotomy was at that time seen as very radical, and some of its points still cause much controversy in the 21st century. One of Carl Vogts more memorable quotes around the time was most likely his statement that "Thoughts issue from the brain just as gall is produced by the liver or urine by the kidneys." Consequently, are our thoughts just like other bodily fluids which are generated in a similar way as numbers in computer programmes? Are we just very sophisticated machines? Gustav Fechner claimed to be able to give the solution to materialism debate. His theory, known as psychophysical parallelism, was first mentioned in 1820s but it was not until 1860 that his approach became widely known, thanks to his mature work Elements of Psychophysics. There are many misconceptions about the meaning of psychophysical parallelism. Countless individuals seem to confuse it with occasionalism, pre-established harmony and Cartesian doctrine of two non-interacting substances. You may read on other websites that psychophysical parallelism is a theory established by Leibniz. It is true that psychophysical parallelism is partially congruent with Leibniz's theory of non-causal conformity of the soul and the organic body. However, a very important difference is that Fechner rejected any theological grounds for his theory and therefore, even though psychophysical parallelism is a dualistic conception, by no means should it be confused with statements made either by Descartes or Leibniz. Fechner's theory states that while mental and physical states are not causally dependent they are functionally dependent. What does it mean? It means that to every mental event there is a corresponding brain event. It does not claim causal interaction, it does not deny it. It refrains from explaining the nature of mind and body. It is a very open paradigm. By many it is treated as a good and neutral foundation for more detailed explanations of the nature of mind and body problem albeit the theory itself does not answer many questions.
In other terms, psychophysics attempts to understand the relationship between a physical stimulus and the psychological impression it creates or how the physical world influences the mind. The connection between perception and psychophysics is that perception is one of the constructs examined in the psychological part of the equation. Psychophysics uses quantitative measurements to analyze the relationship between the sensations and perceptions caused by stimuli. The relationship between perception and psychophysics is an important one in that what a person perceives to be so is not always indicative of the stimulus. Stimuli possess different properties which affect whether a person is aware of them or not and dictate their identification. The degree of difference between stimuli will affect whether they are distinguishable or not and to what magnitude a stimulus needs to reach before judgment of similarity and difference can be made.
There are three methods used to measure perception in psychophysics. They are magnitude estimation, matching and detection or discrimination. In magnitude estimation, the subject is required to rate a stimulus on how bright or loud it is on a scale. Matching requires the subject to find the stimuli which are similar in look, sound or pitch. In detection, the subject is asked to discriminate between small differences in intensity or whether a light was flashed or a sound played. Two important terms used in perception and psychophysics are the "absolute threshold" and "difference threshold." Absolute threshold refers to the smallest detectable amount of stimulus energy, and the difference threshold, or just noticeable difference, refers to the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli.
One of the most important precepts in perception and psychophysics is Weber's Law which states that the difference threshold between two stimuli is proportional to the baseline or starting intensity. That is, if a small increase in intensity is applied to a small parameter, then that increase can be detected. However, if that same small increase is applied to a larger parameter, it will no longer be detectable.
More and more studies, while not disproving altogether Woody Allen's theory that the brain is the second most important organ, continue to amass evidence to the contrary. In a paradoxical twist, the field of Psycho-Physics may yet reveal that what we think about disorders in the brain may actually have a greater impact on the brain than their treatment, even the disorders themselves. In fact, what we now perceive as abnormal may soon be the new normal. Recent technologies, along with new diagnostic procedures, are so sophisticated that if there is even the possibility of a disorder, or the need or desire for one, it can be detected. This has raised new questions about the nature of consciousness and the impact of thought on the treatment of mental disease. Indeed, on the proposed invention of it.
This re-visioning of how we think casts a not inconsiderable shadow over the mental health profession regarding a possible bias against the individual psychic disposition. Statistics show that abnormalities in the brain have increased significantly with modern treatment, and this has left some experts to wonder if part of the problem might not be obscured in a broad and all-inclusive classification system. Owing to vague definitions and bloated latitudes, they charge, the individual is viewed as a "mere aggregate of eccentricities." According to self-reports, the average treatment of twelve sessions per mental health consumer indicated substantial progress. Studies by competitors of those undergoing treatment for extended periods, however, showed actual recovery rates similar to those with no treatment at all. Some conditions even deteriorated with more treatment, prompting many to call for a revaluation of criteria. Insiders reveal that cases are presumed cured only upon depletion of the consumer's bank account: when the aforesaid is enabled to independently obtain the necessities of existence: twice the mortgage affordable under the most ideal economic conditions, insurance-poverty, and self-medication when feeling overwhelmed. Independent follow-up studies by law firms representing creditors and maxed-out family members, however, found that ninety per cent of consumers returned for more treatment within two years. The discovery that they had minds, yet not knowing what to do with them, sent them back to work in such off-balanced whirlwinds of nervous energy that resuming therapy was a priority even after having gone destitute paying for it in the first place. Recidivism rates compared with those of penitentiary internment. This has led some to suggest a possible "addiction to therapy."
Crime rates, likewise, didn't vary significantly between the two groups with one notable exception. Those who underwent treatment before incarceration, once out of a facility, tended to commit more heinous crimes than those whose social stations hadn't permitted therapy. Once in the system, those under such loose parameters as bible-studies, hand-basket weaving as a means of spiritual contact with the underworld were slightly less violent upon release than those undergoing formal therapy. Psycho-Physics has recently emerged as one of a handful of new approaches which have begun to question the uncritical piling up of statistical data in support of the health industry's interests along with Eye Rotation Therapy and Tapping. Psycho-Physics is discarding the conventional mantle of scientific pretense for more holistic models which address the individual through pledged commitments to wishful thinking and the power of suggestion.
According to Dr. Aylien Creacher of the Institute for Modern Solipsism stated that "Psycho-Physics proper began with my historical studies of individuality. "Psycho" meaning of course, "crazy", was combined with "physics". Greek for "out there", which also included projected ideas of the body to describe a process of self-examination applied by the individual through the use of concepts designed to free the true personality from the Procrustean bed of modern theory. At the core of Psycho-Physics is the concept of projection. Certain feelings and inner experiences confirm it as psychologically meaningful; however, it cannot be scientifically proven to actually exist. The subjective nature of it makes it relative to the individual in all cases. "Since it is recalcitrant to objective appraisal, it's seldom employed as a conscious tool for assessment. This ensures that its negative effects work unconsciously. The evaluation of one subjective attitude by another automatically assumes the nature of a value judgment. To regard such projections as belonging only to the consumer and not the practitioner, for example, leads to quite arbitrary conclusions and is therefore scientifically untenable, not to say intellectually unethical. The definition of projection presupposes its functioning in all minds, regardless of personal fantasy. In point of fact, the practioner's projections actually self-replicate based on the very design of the process itself. The principle of negative sums predicts that the practitioner's projections will exceed those of others involved." In conclusion, all the examples of scientific research above have clearly shown that psycho-physics, although it has become distributed and separated amongst numerous sectors and titles, continues to result in discoveries that allow for a greater insight into the nature of mind and matter. One may only dream of that which could be possible, if mankind were to concentrate their focus towards the actual merging and development of the two as a scientific discipline.
Thank you very much for taking interest in my research into time-travel. It is most appreciated. Yet, it is important to remember that we are all interconnected at the very core of our consciousness, thus we, as a species, are all capable of so much more than mere mental time travel, remote viewing or prophetic dreams.
"Do not be tense, just be ready, not thinking, but not dreaming, not being set, but being flexible. It is being wholly and quietly alive, aware and alert, ready for whatever may come." – Bruce Lee
(Inspired by the literary works of Fred Alan Wolf PhD)
Yoga consists of a system that is partially philosophy and partially science. According to Hindu philosophy, the system of yoga is divided into two principal parts. Hatha yoga, which mainly concerns itself with physiology in order to establish health as well as the training of mind and body. The other however, Raja yoga provides the means to gain control over the mind. Yoga as a practice and system implies a concept of time that is summed up by the term Samsara. It signifies the conditioned existence as well as boundedness…the yoking of spirit to spacial and temporal confinement. Yet, above all, Samsara represents time. George Feuerstein stated that the literal meaning of Samsara is "flowing together". A perpetual flux of things and events producing consequences of causal relationship. This "flowing together" has a counterpart of quantum physics and is essential as to how the mind constructs time and the appearance of objective events. Yet, Samsara refers to a notion that the Western mind with a linear view of time does not conceive, which the idea of the wheel of existence…That the soul experiences endless rounds of birth, life, death and rebirth, set in motion by causal links created in past lives. From a quantum physics viewpoint, these cycles can be experienced by the time traveller through recognition of the role played by the ego-mind to anchor experience, literally binding it into time providing an active focal point or ego. However, Samsara is also a synonym for Maya or illusion. The persistent beliefs that tie one to space and time, thus one participates in the flow of these perpetual cycles rather than to seek an escape from them. Conclusively, this kind of perennial philosophy proposes an infinite, unchanging reality hidden behind the illusion of ceaseless change. It lingers at the core of every being and is the substratum of the personality.
The parallel-universe paradigm states that a universe can possess identical copies of itself without the conscious knowledge of its inhabitants. In effect, each time an individual makes an observation, the universe would split into as many possible outcomes as the individual could witness from their one observation. For instance, when you flip a coin and observe it landing, the world splits into two parts. A "heads" universe and a "tails" universe. Well, at least you've won somewhere, right…
In summary, modern physics has proven that time and space are not as separable as originally conceived, in fact, it is ones perception of them as separate that is an illusion. As a consequence of Albert Einsteins proposal in the year of 1905, which he later named the spacial theory of relativity. Although the Western viewpoint of the matter may be rather mechanical and perhaps too linear to adequately assess the subject. Einsteins seminal paper, also published in 1905, on the electromagnetics of moving bodies, although widely frowned upon became a fast step in the progression of understanding space-time. Conclusively, his equations had enabled one to comprehend how two observers, moving relatively to each other in a smooth and unaccelerated manner, could come to differing conclusions in regards to the when and where of an event that they had both observed. As physicists began to gradually accept that space and time are inseparable, the term proper time began to be developed. It describes the time experienced by a clock travelling along a space-time trajectory when compared with the time shown by other clocks that are not and were not travelling on the trajectory. Subsequently, space-time geodesics mark the most profound proper time between events when compared with any other trajectories having the same endpoints. However, once one leaves behind the scientific outlook on the matter, one arrives at the inference that within the true self, there is no space-time. If all is one and all is an illusion, then that which is considered to be "out there"would in actuality be situation in one location at all times. In view of the concept of psychophysics, in an article published around the time of 1979, Ben Libet observed a number of patients post-operatively with the aid of implanted electrodes, which eventually led to his paper of subjective referral. For instance, Libet discovered that human beings are mostly unconscious. That the choices that are made and the sensation that are responded to originate within the unconscious. As a matter of fact, during his experiments associated with the temporal referral, he carefully applied physical stimuli to the brains of numerous patients. Henceforth, it was found out that the delay between the individuals conscious awareness and external stimuli can last up to half a second. It was then argued by Libet that the individual may not even be fully consciously aware of their response at the time, nor the actual reasons why. Furthermore, he concluded that the reaction is faster than the perception. Conclusively, that which is considered to be the present moment may appear is if it moves unidirectionally forward in space-time, however this would only be probable, if one applies a linear perspective. Yet, within the nature of mythical time, all events in the past and future are equally present. They may appear as events of chronological time, however it is merely the nature of consciousness to experience the phenomenal world in a progression of moments.
It is a widely held misconception that the laws of physics prevent time travel, however, in truth they may actually require it. Although one may easily fall into circular reasoning, the paradoxes do not usually lead to logical inconsistency. For instance, if a future action (A) leads to a consequence (action B) in the past that prevents that action A from taking place, then how could action A occur to begin with? This type of inconsistency paradox is also referred to as the grandfather paradox. Although classical physics really has no problem with events appearing in a reversed time order, which arises as the classical physicist insists that time and space are immutable. In addition, the autonomy principle and the grandfather and creativity paradoxes constitute an unstated assumption called the chronology tenet concludes that one cannot travel backward through time. This assumption was constructed out of a rather narrow common-sense viewpoint. It should be noted that according to that outlook, travel into the future would not violate the viewpoint, whereas travel to the past for even the briefest of times seemingly does. However, in essence, time-travel into the past does not violate the laws of causality, as previously expected. Yet, in contrast to classical physics, in which a single outcome of any experiment is determined by the implicit laws of causality implied, all outcomes of any experiment are predicted to actually occur each weighed by a probability. The possession of multiple outcomes, as it may, is a significant feature of quantum physics. However, it is that which happens to these alternatives after an observed outcome that remains in question. The reason would be that each time an observation occurs, the observer splits and enters into each of the six world predicted. In addition, the presence of parallel universes and closed timelike lines actually aid in the resolution of paradoxes in the chronology tenet. For instance, in the grandfather paradox, if the bright young scientist could make use of a closed timelike line to go backward in time, as she would appear in the past, the universe would split into two nearly identical copies. Instead of unconnected parallel universes, each containing its own paradoxical closed time-like line and a copy of the time-traveller. There would be two parallel universes threaded by a single closed time-like line. Conclusively, the paradoxes do eventually resolve themselves, often by construction two version of a reality, which would seem almost identical.
Each parallel world contains a single future event that connects with the present event through the modulation effect. This is seemingly how parallel worlds become separate. Once the modulation takes place, the parallel worlds split off and no longer interfere with each other. It should be also be stated that if both, the possibility wave and the complex conjugate wave, are a part of physical reality, time would not merely be a one way stream. Additionally, it is possible for the brain to naturally tune in with the future and resonate with the past. And for most, it already occurs within the mind without conscious realization. Those that are known as visionaries may as well be those who are able to tune into other worlds, besides the current one. The past and future are merely reference points on a larger, much more complex amount of timelines. For instance, the present moment can be defined as the sequence of adjacent events that are most meaningfully connected time wave clash, as it may.
Nonetheless, the phenomenal world as it is perceived depends on the subtle relationship between the possibility wave and a probability curve. Possibility waves determine when and with what likelihood events occur, also they are able to reinforce as well as cancel one another out, thus affecting that which is perceived. The "odds", which would be displayed as probability curves, which determine the probabilities of the events in question. In consequence, probability curves arise when two related possibility waves multiply each other. Through this process, time itself emerges, as do ones immediate experiences. The causal relationship that is observed between events also arise from this deeper order, in which the possibility waves reside. Conclusively, if one were to attempt to merge with corresponding times in each and every moment of ones time bound existence, there would be no sense of time for that particular individual. Although it is the true state of our existence, timelessness according to countless spiritual doctrines, one has to gradually attain that state of being in order to come closer to the true nature of the phenomenal world. In addition, one may be capable of attaining glimpses of other existences, dimensions or parallel worlds, yet it would still be increasingly difficult to discover the location of the sequence of events. However, as the psyche of each individual differs, each individual responds differently to the vibrations of the past or future. Although they are most likely constant, each individual copes differently. Yet, Wolfs observation on the matter appears highly accurate, illustrating the fact that the future in truth ripples backwards through time, affecting the present, and thus affecting the individual. As well as the past rippling forward. Nonetheless, the visionary thus focuses on a constant amount of progress in order to attain the envisioned goal, whereas others that may be lacking that type of vision may struggle to cope without a similar type of passion towards a particular form of achievement.
The natural course of possibility waves, without the intervention of consciousness to construct a focused point, is to move from a more focused to a less focused pattern. Hence, the perception of reality appears to blur and spread out after an instance of focus. In consequence, this process can be used to the individuals advantage. Once a living being lets go, they unfocus and free up space that had been previously filled with judgements, expectations and so forth. The observer and the observed become one. Moreover, once an object is freed, as it may, the possibilities associated with it increase at any particular location in space-time. The unfocused object spreads out, which means that one is no longer seeking possible positions that the object may hold in the future. Overall, the abilities to focus and to let go constitute the basic binary activity of conscious life. Through attention and repetition, one gains knowledge. It is the manner by which the mind functions. Furthermore, the individual can learn to let go of memories or focus on possibilities, allowing a specific events to come into being. Nonetheless, it should be noted that through the practice, time is actually created. Although in technicality, it is at all times created by the mind.
Throughout the ancient teachings, it appears as if God, Krishna or "All That Is" requires a large number of focal centres, perhaps even an infinite amount, in order to awaken from the trap of material existence. In addition, it is stated that the material existence or illusion of existence merely continues due to the bondage of desire. An illusion that appears as the divine play, connecting objective time and subjective mind. However, the entrapment of the mind of the absolute does not only stabilize the universe, yet is also enables the Mind to experience itself as other beings. It provides a common awareness of the physical world, providing all living beings with a sense of objective time and space. Time becomes that which it is perceived to be through common experiences. The choice that is eventually made by the individual are displayed as possibility waves that exist in a sub-spacetime realm, moving around and existing in several locations simultaneously throughout past and future. Furthermore, when consciousness acts, possibility waves travelling backward through time modulate waves travelling forward through time. This modulation results in the squaring process that yields a probability curve, which appears as entirely logical within the physical world. In conclusion, the Yoga Sutras describe that the pure soul awareness of a true yogi is, in essence, changeless and non-moving, its form having accomplished its own intelligence, assuming the identity of knowing. Time, the sequence of modifications of the ego mind, likewise terminates, giving place to the Eternal Now. In consequence, total liberation becomes possible when three qualities of matter (light, inertia and vibration) no longer exercise any hold over the yogi as well as having discharged the four-fold aims or duties of self, family, society and country. Once established in ones own true nature, the power of pure soul awareness, only then shall one truly experience the silent truths of the universes.


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Courses at CES are eligible for Erasmus+ funding under Key Action 1.
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What to Do If You Get Injured on the Job
There is a chance that you might get injured while you are working at your job. If this happens, the minutes after you suffer the injury could determine if you will be able to get a workers' compensation settlement. It is crucial that you know exactly what to do. Forgetting a step could cost you money that you are rightfully entitled to. This is why it is better to educate yourself in advance so you do not ruin your chances of getting the workers' compensation that you deserve. Here are the steps you will need to take if you suffer an injury in your workplace.
1. Obtain the necessary medical care.
The first thing you will need to do is have all of your injuries taken care of. You should make an appointment with a doctor or go to an emergency room if you feel that your injuries are serious … Read More


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Controversial drama Blue Is The Warmest Color looks set to dominate France's upcoming Cesar awards after securing eight nominations.
The movie, about a lesbian couple, is up for a raft of top prizes including Best Film, Best Director for Abdellatif Kechiche, and Best Actress for Lea Seydoux.
The movie will vie for Best Film with Me, Myself and Mom, 9 Month Stretch, Stranger by the Lake, Jimmy P., The Past, and Venus in Fur.
Seydoux is facing competition for Best Actress from screen icon Catherine Deneuve for her turn in She Goes, Fanny Ardant (Les Beaux Jours), Berenice Bejo (The Past), Sara Forestier (Suzanne), Sandrine Kiberlain (9 Month Stretch), and Emmanuelle Seigner (Venus in Fur).
The Best Actor fight will be between Bond baddie Mads Mikkelsen, who receives a nod for his role in Age of Uprising: The Legend of Michael Kohlhaas, Mathieu Amalric (Venus in Fur), Michel Bouquet (Renoir), Albert Dupontel (9 Month Stretch), Gregory Gadebois (Mon Ame Par Toi Guerie), Guillaume Gallienne (Me Myself & Mom), and Fabrice Luchini (Alceste a Bicyclette).
Meanwhile, in the Foreign Film category, Oscar-nominated Gravity and Woody Allen's Blue Jasmine are shortlisted, alongside Alabama Monroe, Blancanieves, Dead Man Talking, Django Unchained, and La Grande Bellezza.
The winners will be announced at a ceremony in Paris hosted by Francois Cluzet on 28 February.
Controversial drama Blue Is The Warmest Color looks set to dominate France's upcoming Cesar awards after securing eight nominations.


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Over at Conversion Diary (a fellow Catholic's blog) I found a true gem of a post. It's called the Saint's Name Generator, and it was posted around New Years with the premise that you can journey the year with a particular saint that is 'chosen for you'. Check it out - my husband and I both did and the saints which came up were very poignant saints for each of us.
It was definitely 'my saint' that prompted me to write this post.
So there I was - sitting there spinning the 'saint wheel' - thinking "oh boy, I hope I get a GOOD saint". First lesson in humility - failed! All saints are good - what I was actually saying to myself was, "I hope the saint chosen for me is an important, knowledgeable, intelligent saint that has much to say to me about myself".
Photo credit
Well, I got my wish. Blessed Margaret of Castello spoke to me very clearly about myself. My immediate reaction when I saw her name was "ok, vaguely heard of her, kinda boring, I want to choose another one".
Could I get any more un-humble?
No I couldn't.
But I convinced myself to just click on the link which told the story of Blessed Margaret's life, and out poured a heartache of a story about an ugly, blind, lame, forgotten girl who's parents quite literally abandoned her, not just once, but several times during her life. Her parents (being beautiful and well-reknowned, nobility sorts) refused to even name their hunchback daughter. So, as any parent is wont to do, they gave her to one of the servants who raised her for 6 years. Then, after a visitor almost discovered her in their home, her father walled her up into a small, two-windowed cell that was attached to a very small church where she spent 13 years.
13. Years.
Walled up.
And even hundreds of years after her death, she is still unimportant to me! *shakes head*
Her story does not end there though. Margaret's life positively oozes with saintliness. From her earliest years, she learned to pray and loved communing with the Lord. The parish priest realized she had "a brilliant mind that was hungry for the things of God" and so he taught her and she grew rapidly in knowledge, faith and devotion. At 19 years of age, with an attack on their home and town looming, her father took her out of her walled cell and brought her with the family to a safer town, only to throw her back into another underground vault to be forgotten about once more.
After a few years there, Margaret's parents heard of the tomb of a Franciscan Friar where many people had been cured of illnesses. They decided to take a trip there to see if Fra Giacomo would "work" for their daughter - and pushed her out into the sea of pilgrims hoping for healing. When nothing happened, mother and father took off and went home without her.
Yeah, you read that right. They left their girl in a church and cleared out.
Can you guess what she did then? Went into psychotherapy for anger issues and to combat the effects of her parents actions on her self-esteem??
The 4-foot crippled hunchback eventually joined the Third Order of Saint Dominic and devoted her small and humble life to serving the poor and marginalized people of Castello. Amidst reports of levitation and extraordinary miracles, little Margaret was often found hobbling around bringing food, clothing and medicine, especially to prisoners who were particularly ill-treated.
She died at the age of 33 in 1320 and her incorrupt body is housed still in Castello. Hundreds of miracles have been attributed to Blessed Margaret's intercession, including a crippled child's healing at her funeral bier.
By this time, I was awed by the beauty and grace unexpectedly present in her life story. Blessed Margaret has inspired me to look deeper into myself to root out prideful judgement of others, but also to look deeper into the brothers and sisters whom I don't find particularly attractive in looks or attitude. She's humbled me...and although being humbled smarts a bit, these moments are gifts from God showing a person where they should do some work on themselves.
I'm thankful and grateful to God - not only for the fact that my parents didn't abandon me - but for the example of Blessed Margaret's life. She likely would not have been given life had she been concieved today and humanity would have been deprived of such a lovely, and loving, woman.
Account of Blessed Margaret of Castello's life read from Priests for Life website:http://www.priestsforlife.org/testimony/castello.html
January 21, 2011


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Reviewed by: Cheryl LaGuardia, Research Librarian, Widener Library, Harvard University
The International Journal of Role-Playing (IJRP) aims to be a hybrid network for exchanging knowledge and research about role-playing games among the varied groups interested in role-playing. These groups include academe, the games and creative industries, and role-playing communities [which number among their members actors, larp'ers (live action, role-playing gamers), computer game players, and artists]. With international editorial and review boards, the journal's stated primary aims is "to facilitate and promote inter-network communication."
Each issue of IJRP contains an editorial (which usually speaks to the development of the journal and special themes in certain issues) and four to five in-depth articles, mostly by academic authors (from such widely-distant institutions as the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; the Interactive Institute, Sweden; IT University of Copenhagen; Macquarie University, Australia; the University of Heidelberg, Germany; the University of Tampere, Finland; the University of Texas, Dallas; and Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego, Bydgoszcz, Poland). They are heavily footnoted and referenced, and are written mostly for an academic audience, with articles such as: "Social Conflict in Role-Playing Communities: An Exploratory Qualitative Study," "A Hermeneutical Approach to Role-Playing Analysis," "Playing House in a World of Night: Discursive Trajectories of Masculinity in a Tabletop Role-Playing Game," and "Immersion as a Prerequisite of the Didactical Potential of Role-Playing."
The journal's submission guidelines note that each submission must contain a "popular abstract," that is, "an abstract (which is set aside in an independent text box in the published article), which is written in non-technical, popular language, which addresses the key points of the publication. This abstract is designed as a tool for aiding the cross-platform functionality of the IJRP." Here is the popular abstract for the article, "Between Game Facilitation and Performance: Interactive Actors and Non-Player Characters in Larps":
"The challenge of combining narrative and gameplay in live action role-playing games (larps) has been successfully negotiated with the use of runtime game mastering and interactive actors (ractors) performing non-player characters (NPC). Based on expert interviews six functions for the interactive actors (facilitating, content creation, character portrayal, entertaining, playing, safeguarding) are identified and explored. The paper also reviews existing literature on NPCs in larps, and goes on to offer design insights for runtime game mastering. In addition, certain practical aspects of separating non-player characters from the actors who perform them in pervasive games are considered."
This journal is for those interested in role-playing games on a professional level, and librarians in public libraries and academic libraries will do well to recommend it to researchers active in game development and analysis and those seeking to work in those fields.


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> Research > Teaching & research
The link between research and teaching is a reality at Grenoble Institute of Technology. All high-level academic teaching must be backed up with research laboratories, to promote knowledge transfer, and enable researchers to learn their trade.
The research-based master (ex DEA) is a year-long course to initiate students into research via high level scientific teaching and a research-focused placement.
A doctorate is a course that aims to teach the discipline of research, leading to careers either in the public or private sector as a researcher or research/teaching fellow. Doctorate courses are overseen by the Doctorate Schools.
The "Diplôme de Recherche Technologique" (technological research diploma - DRT offers a vocational training course (in engineering or an equivalent), with a research placement in a company or laboratory.
Date of update February 9, 2014


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"A stunning work of historical fiction just right for our times!"
Ābtin journeys for a whole year, across deserts and mountains to the sea. The young Zoroastrian hopes to come to terms with his harsh father and his own ambivalence about the art of carpet weaving. He dreams of Mitrā, a Muslim girl who waits for him back home, gathering medicinal plants in the barren lands, struggling with her family's pressure to marry and a stranger's accusations of sorcery. Once reunited, Ābtin and Mitrā realize that both of their religions will forbid their marriage. Gossip is rampant and persecution of Zoroastrians is on the rise.
Faraj: A Space of Possibility is set amidst the mud-brick houses, wind towers, and tiled mosques of 17th century Yazd—a crossroads on the Silk Road. We follow Ābtin and Mitrā as they work to reconcile their communities, often at risk to themselves. Together they experience mysticism, danger, and the ups and downs of young love. Gaining confidence in their callings as carpet weaver and healer, Ābtin and Mitrā search for a way to be together.
They yearn for a space of possibility – faraj.
How do shape-shifting shamans, a giant cannibalistic bumblebee, and human marriage with animals speak to Canadian Inuit and Siberian indigenous peoples today? How can artists present ancient legend in live performance and film with sensitivity to the source? Why are long multi-layered stories essential for adults and children in an age of commercial television?
After decades exploring Siberian cultures, Kira Van Deusen turned to the Canadian north to ask many such questions, looking at them through the versions of one of their most respected legends—that of hero/shaman Kiviuq, an Inuit counterpart to Homer's Odysseus—told by forty Inuit elders. The elders' voices engage us directly, inviting us to look at the unique qualities of arctic heroism and its application to present-day concerns. Rich details from each of the elders' families help explain interpersonal challenges to survival in the north and offer both practical and spiritual lessons. Van Deusen also points out intriguing cultural connections across the Bering Strait, past and present.
The first in-depth book on Inuit oral literature to appear in English in nearly a century, Kiviuq is a must-read for those interested in northern cultures, shamanism, oral storytelling, and cultural change.
"Endlessly fascinating, often moving, and a must read for anyone interested in the cultures of Siberia." Adele Barker, Comparative Cultural and Literary Studies, University of Arizona
Storytelling bridges culture, history, and spirituality. In The Flying Tiger Kira Van Deusen takes us into the world of the female shamans of the Amur, presenting over fifty traditional stories she recorded in the 1990s from the people of the taiga forest in the Russian Far East. More than a collection of tales, the reader learns about the lives of the story-tellers and their history, their spiritual traditions, adaptation to the environment, relationships with animals, and sense of humour.
Outsiders to the culture have long focused on the physical artifacts of shamanism—like the costume and drum—and on ritual healing practices, but far less is known about the images shamans and storytellers use to entertain, heal, and educate. Van Deusen describes the lives of the people of the Amur during a period of dramatic transition, as they attempt to find some way to relate ancient traditions to an uncertain future. She emphasizes the contributions of women—often overlooked in the literature on shamanism—in traditional and contemporary society, and their concerns with ecology and the education of children. Their magnificent embroidery, illustrated by the author's photographs, echoes these women's stories.
The Flying Tiger will appeal to anyone interested in shamanism, storytelling and folklore, Russia, indigenous people, women's studies, and spirituality.
For centuries native Chukchi and Yupik elders in Chukotka, the northeastern-most part of Siberia, have spent endless winter nights recounting tales of the trickster Raven and of how people and places came to be created, of evil spirits and sorcerors, or transformation and magic. This collection contains twenty five tales from present-day Chukotka where indigenous people are reclaiming their traditions and identity after years under the assimilative forces of Soviet policy.
These are traditional Khakass tales, prepared by Galina Kazachinova of the Khakass Writer's Union and Kira Van Deusen. They are printed in Khakassian and English. To get a taste, here is the table of contents and an introduction.
Table of Contents
Long before the days of Genghis Khan, women warriors were fighting battles on the Asian steppes to protect family and friends. The warrior's spiritual path leads to an opening of the heart, allowing the bold an compassionate heroine to defeat her enemies, restore peace and prosperity to the land, find her life's partner, and bring her father back to life. Tuva is a small republic located at the center of Asia, world-famous for throat-singing and shamanism. Woman of Steel is one of Tuva's best-loved epic tales.
Shyaan Am! With these words a Tuvan storyteller begins tales of magic and adventure! The eight colourful tales in this book come from Tuva, a small republic located at the geographic centre of Asia. Tuvans are traditionally master horsemen, caring for large herds of cattle, sheep, yaks, and camels in the steppes of Central Asia. Their history is long and their culture rich in story and music.
MUSIC CDs
Mountain Journey carries you from the mountain-steppe landscapes of southern Siberia through the pathways of the human heart, inspired by an ancient epic story. Horse-riding rhythms, warm cello melodies and enticing vocal sounds evoke the path through danger, adventure and love to wholeness.
1. Shyaan Am! (4:22)


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Silver Screen Series: Atlanta Jewish Film Festival
Silver Screen Series will highlight Atlanta's prominence as the No. 3 film production location in the U.S. during Georgia Tourism's Year of Film. Check news.atlanta.net regularly for the latest on Atlanta's film industry.
Atlanta's single largest film festival, Atlanta Jewish Film Festival (AJFF), is a showcase of international cinematic features and shorts that broadly explore themes of identity, history and culture within the Jewish community. The 17th annual AJFF will present a festival record number 202 screenings beginning Tuesday, Jan. 24 through Wednesday, Feb. 15, 2017.
Founded in 2000 by the Atlanta Regional Office of American Jewish Committee, the inaugural festival welcomed more than 1,900 filmgoers. Six years later the number had grown to 7,500, doubling to 15,000 in 2008. AJFF closed out its first decade with attendance of more than 20,000. To keep up with its burgeoning attendance, AJFF began exhibiting more than 70 narrative and documentary features and shorts over the course of 23 days across half a dozen venues. In 2015, AJFF made history as it was recognized as the largest Jewish film festival in the world, attracting more than 38,600 moviegoers.
"We are proud to continue a 17-year tradition of excellence by bringing audiences the most compelling, diverse, high-caliber films from around the globe," says Kenny Blank, executive director, AJFF. "This cultural celebration of foreign and independent films will inspire, entertain, challenge and provoke. These are films that touch the heart and expand the mind, and speak to moviegoers of all backgrounds."
AJFF is expecting nearly 40,000 attendees for this year's festival featuring 75 films representing 24 countries. Each festival screening will include post-film Q&A conversation with filmmakers, actors, academics and experts to further AJFF's mission of generating community dialogue through film. Filmgoers can find screenings intown at Woodruff Arts Center, Atlantic Station and Atlanta Symphony Hall.


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Like most geeks I'm not too big on television. In my non-working hours I'm typically on my computer, gaming in some form or another, reading, or trying to get as far as possible away from a backlit display of any kind. The one show that I'll never pass up, that I watch over and over again, and that has a complete, DVR-owning hold over me is How It's Made.
The show, which is delightfully made in Quebec, is on the Science Channel here in the US. It goes into factories and other manufacturing facilities in order to follow the production of an item, step by step. Both factory-made and artisanal goods are featured, giving watchers insight into how a plant can make thousands of jawbreaker candies in minute or how a craftsmen can produce a single steering wheel for a luxury sailboat over the course of a few days. It's all about the complex tools that do incredibly simple jobs time and time again. The show doesn't romanticize the end result or the hard work of the factory workers, it just gives us a peek at the amazing processes that pump out the items we use everyday.
For me, it's all about the factories. The machines that do tasks as simple as opening a plastic bag or folding a box are endlessly fascinating, especially when operating at full speed. A few simple operations done at exactly the perfect time, in the same way over and over again is the key to perfect factory production. It might not sound too interesting but each process is mesmerizing to watch. I can't recommend the show highly enough.
Six seasons (1-5 and 7) and 122 episodes of How It's Made are currently available on Netflix. Below is a sample of the video quality. Sorry no HD!
How It's Made wasn't the only science-y show to hit Netflix streaming today. There also was the terrible Mythbusters clone Smash Lab, How Stuff Works: Food and Beverage (watchable, but not great), and How the Universe Works. Mythbusters, the holy grail of science television, is available, but only seasons 1-7.
More at How It's Made on Netflix


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Hall of Famer and Phoenix Suns star forward Connie Hawkins, who played seven seasons in the NBA, has died at the age of 75.
Hawkins, nicknamed "The Hawk" and a Brooklyn playground legend, played four All-Star seasons with the Suns from 1969 to 1973. He also played for the Los Angeles Lakers and Atlanta Hawks.
The Suns, who retired Hawkins' number 42 jersey, on Saturday announced that he had passed away on Friday.
"'The Hawk' revolutionized the game and remains to this day an icon of the sport and one of basketball's great innovators," the Suns said in a statement. "His unique combination of size, grace and athleticism was well ahead of its time and his signature style of play is now a hallmark of the modern game."
"Connie's passion for the game was only matched by his desire to give back to the Phoenix community, a role which he played proudly as a Suns community ambassador, spreading warmth and kindness to everyone he encountered. We will miss Hawk dearly. Our thoughts and prayers go out to his family and friends as we mourn the passing of a true Suns legend," it added.
Hawkins averaged 16.5 points, 8 rebounds, 4.1 assists and 1.2 steals during his NBA career.
Before joining the NBA at age 27, Hawkins played two seasons in the American Basketball Association, winning the league title and MVP honors with the Pittsburgh Pipers in the 1967 to 1968 season. He also played four seasons with the Harlem Globetrotters in the 1960s.
He became the first Suns player to be enshrined in the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1992.


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Scientific educating is a pedagogical method utilized in undergraduate science school rooms whereby teaching and learning is approached with the identical rigor as science itself. To make quality, the defining component of upper training in India by means of a mixture of self and exterior high quality evaluation, promotion and sustenance initiatives. We aren't capable of gadget an appropriate strategy for the training of science and to accommodate newest improvement and trends within the area.
A few examples of the self-educational supplies and multi-media packages are (i) the In-service Teacher Schooling Packages" for major faculty teachers and secondary school teachers, and (iii) the multi-media packages developed for operationalizing the operation blackboard scheme.
College students completing the requirements for an endorsement in biology, chemistry, earth science, or physics could also be endorsed in a second of these areas of science by completing a minimum of 18 semester hours within the second endorsement area, provided the coursework specified above for that individual endorsement is included.
The Education Sciences major will present preparation to enter a instructing credential program upon commencement however it isn't an expert instructional diploma. The main intention of science schooling is to equip a pupil with a scientific thoughts which is able to allow him/her to deal with the problems logically and to take decisions.
Greg Kelly 's analysis investigates classroom discourse, epistemology, and science studying. Once you have that basis, then you may pursue a doctoral degree program in instructional research and analysis, or one thing comparable. Training in Science (EiS) is ASE's quarterly house magazine with further material accessible on-line.


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As I have mentioned previously in other posts, my wife and I are in our 60's, our plans have always been to eventually release some equity from our home to give us some financial help when we are older.
My query is, should we at some stage be unlucky enough to have a charging order put on the house, what would my options be then?
It's a worrying thought because without that equity our monetary future would be very bleak.


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PC gamers who want a game that requires a bit of thought and strategy instead of just a twitchy trigger finger should check out Company of Heroes 2. The sequel to the 2006 original is out this week (either at your local retailer or downloadable via Steam) and the battles between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany take place on the Eastern Front during World War II.
We talked to principal designer Quinn Duffy at the SEGA booth during this month's E3 show in Los Angeles and he gave us the rundown on the new game.
Tell us about the research that went into game.
We did an extensive amount of visual and historical research: movies, documentaries, books. I have literally 50 books on my desk right now about military history. Not just World War II and the Eastern Front but broad-based interest in the subject matter. I think for the first time in our history at Relic we took a big research trip.
Four of us went to Russia and to Berlin, Germany to see the bookends of the war. At the start, we went to St. Petersburg in February (of course it was Leningrad at the time of the war) to experience the winter and the snow and we ended up in Germany. So that's sort of the bookends of the game, the beginning and end of the war on the Eastern Front.
So that was spectacular, to walk the ground, to see the machinery and the tools of war that these forces were using in various museums in both locations. To be on the battlefield and see Berlin in particular is covered in the marks of war. The buildings are pockmarked with bullet holes. You can see little stories that have happened. The Essband lines have formed almost natural walls. You can see windows where somebody turned it into a fighting position. They're all pockmarked and surrounded by bullet holes. It's just that kind of history is really, really compelling.
Did anyone learn to read Russian?
No one learned to read Russian but we have a couple of Russian speakers on the team. They helped out quite a bit where they could. We arranged some museum tours locally with some Russian weapon collectors in the Vancouver area where we're from. We went to handle all the small arms of both sides in the conflict, the Russian Nagants and the German K98s and MG42s and all this kind of stuff. We actually recorded all the audio from those weapons for the game. The authentic audio in the game really adds to the experience.
How accurate is the shooting experience?
Because we're a strategy game, a little bit of it is abstract but the guys actually go through a firing sequence, they reload. We have different terms for it. It's to balance out the amount of firepower and damage each squad will do. You know rifles are better at long range and assault rifles are kind of intermediate damage and accuracy. Submachine guns like the PPSh are right up close, devastating short-range weapons. We're trying to capture all the qualities of those weapons. We also model suppression as a tool in the game.
So being able to shoot at an enemy squad and force them to ground, you can kind of pin them in place and use your mortars and grenades and those kinds of things. So we're trying to utilize the tactics of small squad combat and put control in the player's hands.
Does a first-time player choose between playing as a German or a Russian?
We have a few different modes in the game. The campaign is told from the Russian perspective so you play through the narrative arc of the war on the Eastern Front and experience all the brutality and callousness, the scale of the war, which was massive.
In multiplayer, you can play as Germans or Soviets. We also have a Theater of War mode, which allows you to explore history a little more and take you to specific battles. You can play against the computer or co-op with your friends against the computer in specific scenarios that are historically based. So there's a good amount of gameplay in there.
My brother was in the Canadian army. A lot of guys he served with played the original game. There's a strong history and regimental tradition going back to World War II so these guys want to experience a little bit of what their grandfathers and great uncles went through. Part of our goal in the game is to try and deliver some of that authenticity, feel and intensity.
How much do you deviate from actual historical events to make the game work?
In some ways, it's how we tell the story. Russians lost badly for the first year-and-a-half or two years. That's a challenge to tell that story and have players experience that loss without getting disappointed or dejected. I think we found a good balance there. The scale is a little bit different. We're not fighting on battlefields that are hundreds of square kilometers. They're smaller but we try and keep that intensity.
You know you couldn't have worn that t-shirt most places in the U.S. as recently as twenty years ago.
We got some looks coming down here. We took the train. One guy asked me if we were communists. I said, "No. We're Canadians, we're socialists."


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South Bend Elkhart Welcomes Startup Weekend
In the renaissance of South Bend, Indiana, community leaders, groups of people with common efforts, and organizations with broad influence have helped align the ship we call home. Situated at the southern bend of the St. Joseph River, our city is home to great industry of the 20th century, infrastructure of the 21st century, and the people who will shape the future.
Our greatest asset has always been our people and our ingenuity is what has brought us prosperity. By harnessing the hydropower of the river, we created industry, with humble lands we have educated the leaders of tomorrow, and in our geography we have connected ideas. Through mass transit rail, our waterways, international aircraft, or digitally on the fiberoptic web, South Bend, Indiana embodies what it means to be the Crossroads of America.
Share in our enthusiasm as we embark on a broadening of our constituency base through 2020. In the next three years, our goal is to host Startup Weekend events four times per year, distribute deeper volumes of content in the Startup Digest, and host our annual Startup Week. Beyond Techstars' suite of programs our groups hopes to support others in various events throughout the community as well, such as and not limited to: TEDxSBE, IgniteMICHIANA, Kickstarter Film Festivals, SXSB, Art Festivals, Music Festivals, and much more. Send us an email at firstname.lastname@example.com, visit our community page http://communities.techstars.com/usa/southbendelkhart, and get involved any way you can. The sooner you start, the sooner you will learn what it takes to begin.


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GST will replace a welter of state levies that imposed heavy burdens on commerce that crossed domestic borders, creating a single market of 1.3 billion people.
India has backed a multi-tier national tax regime that even in its not-so-perfect form will be a game-changer for Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who is trying to revive manufacturing and boost foreign investment in the world's fastest growing major economy.
Moving away from the 'one market, one rate' tax model, the Goods and Services Tax Council decided on standard rates of 12 percent and 18 percent and two more rates of five percent and 28 percent for the tax's implementation. Officials are still meeting to finalize details of which goods and services will fall into each bracket.
Finance Minister Arun Jaitley said a zero tax rate would apply to 50 percent of items in the retail inflation basket to protect consumers from price rises on goods such as food grains. Tobacco products will continue to be taxed at 65 percent, he said, adding luxury goods will also be taxed at a higher rate.
The taxes will replace a welter of state levies that imposed heavy burdens on commerce that crossed domestic borders, creating a single market of 1.3 billion people.
And while the ideal single tax rate system is a long way off, a multiple-rate GST was the only way a complex, politically diverse country like India could proceed, Pratik Jain, Indirect Tax Leader, PricewaterhouseCoopers, said by phone.
"It will appear that the Indian government is serious about reforms and that gives confidence to investors," he said, noting many companies had put investment decisions on hold until the path of the GST was clarified.
"While it's not perfect, the government should attempt over a period of time to consolidate those four slabs into two."
The progressive nature of the GST structure should temper any adverse short-term inflationary and growth impacts, said Tamara Henderson, an economist with Bloomberg Intelligence.
"Excluding half of the items in the CPI calculation will protect the spending power of lower income households, which tend to have a higher propensity to consume disposable income than wealthier groups," she said.
Given Modi's earlier promises to reform India's land and labor laws had failed, the success of the GST was even more of a priority, said Michael Kugelman, a senior associate at the Washington, D.C.-based Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
"This is a big achievement for Modi's economic reform plan," Kugelman said. "Now that it's gone through, it's an important for the government to get it right. And that entails being appropriately pro-business while not penalizing the poor. The stakes are quite high."
The government confirmed it was intent on meeting its self-imposed April 1 deadline for the tax's implementation, close to the crucial elections in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
"Next year, we're going to see elections. At the moment, they made sure that the inflation basket –- one of the key worries –- would be impacted minimally with the implementation of the GST," said Tirthankar Patnaik, India Strategist with Mizuho Bank Ltd.
"Political exigencies have forced the divergence between essential goods and so-called 'sin' goods," he said, adding luxury and 'sin' products such as tobacco subsidize the tax exemptions on basic food, such as grains, for the poor.
However until the government releases the rate structure for the proposed list of goods it will be difficult to say who will gain and who won't, Krishan Arora, Partner, Grant Thornton India LLP, said by phone.
Ultimately, it is a significant reform that will allow India to form one common market, Arora said. "Indirect taxes today lead to multiple administrative burdens. A GST will make India a competitive market for exports globally."
Political bickering had held up the constitutional amendment in India's upper house of parliament for more than a year until it was approved in August. The GST, initially proposed by the main opposition Congress party a decade ago, is expected to lower the cost of doing business in India.
There will inevitably be teething problems, Patnaik said. "The first two years, you'll have mighty chaos. Once those basic troubles are ironed out, I think we should see a significantly easier flow of goods between states."
Do you know What is Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), Finance Bill, Fiscal Policy in India, Expenditure Budget, Customs Duty? FE Knowledge Desk explains each of these and more in detail at Financial Express Explained. Also get Live BSE/NSE Stock Prices, latest NAV of Mutual Funds, Best equity funds, Top Gainers, Top Losers on Financial Express. Dont forget to try our free Income Tax Calculator tool.