text:
ERCC4 is a protein designated as DNA repair endonuclease XPF that in humans is encoded by the ERCC4 gene. Together with ERCC1, ERCC4 forms the ERCC1-XPF enzyme complex that participates in DNA repair and DNA recombination.[5][6]
The nuclease enzyme ERCC1-XPF cuts specific structures of DNA. Many aspects of these two gene products are described together here because they are partners during DNA repair. The ERCC1-XPF nuclease is an essential activity in the pathway of DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER). The ERCC1-XPF nuclease also functions in pathways to repair double-strand breaks in DNA, and in the repair of "crosslink" damage that harmfully links the two DNA strands.
Cells with disabling mutations in ERCC4 are more sensitive than normal to particular DNA damaging agents, including ultraviolet radiation and to chemicals that cause crosslinking between DNA strands. Genetically engineered mice with disabling mutations in ERCC4 also have defects in DNA repair, accompanied by metabolic stress-induced changes in physiology that result in premature aging.[7] Complete deletion of ERCC4 is incompatible with viability of mice, and no human individuals have been found with complete (homozygous) deletion of ERCC4. Rare individuals in the human population harbor inherited mutations that impair the function of ERCC4. When the normal genes are absent, these mutations can lead to human syndromes, including xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome and Fanconi anemia.
ERCC1 and ERCC4 are the human gene names and Ercc1 and Ercc4 are the analogous mammalian gene names. Similar genes with similar functions are found in all eukaryotic organisms.
- 1 Gene
- 2 Protein
- 3 Structure-specific nuclease
- 4 Clinical significance
- 5 ERCC4 (XPF) in the normal colon
- 6 ERCC4 (XPF) deficiency in the colon epithelium adjacent to and within cancers
- 7 Notes
- 8 References
- 9 External links
The human ERCC4 gene can correct the DNA repair defect in specific ultraviolet light (UV)-sensitive mutant cell lines derived from Chinese hamster ovary cells.[8] Multiple independent complementation groups of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been isolated,[9] and this gene restored UV resistance to cells of complementation group 4. Reflecting this cross-species genetic complementation method, the gene was called "Excision repair cross-complementing 4"[10]
The human ERCC4 gene encodes the XPF protein of 916 amino acids with a molecular mass of about 104,000 daltons.
Genes similar to ERCC4 with equivalent functions (orthologs) are found in other eukaryotic genomes. Some of the most studied gene orthologs include RAD1 in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and rad16+ in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
One ERCC1 molecule and one XPF molecule bind together, forming an ERCC1-XPF heterodimer which is the active nuclease form of the enzyme. In the ERCC1–XPF heterodimer, ERCC1 mediates DNA– and protein–protein interactions. XPF provides the endonuclease active site and is involved in DNA binding and additional protein–protein interactions.[8]
The ERCC4/XPF protein consists of two conserved areas separated by a less conserved region in the middle. The N-terminal area has homology to several conserved domains of DNA helicases belonging to superfamily II, although XPF is not a DNA helicase.[11] The C-terminal region of XPF includes the active site residues for nuclease activity.[12] (Figure 1).
Most of the ERCC1 protein is related at the sequence level to the C terminus of the XPF protein.,[13] but residues in the nuclease domain are not present. A DNA binding "helix-hairpin-helix" domain at the C-terminus of each protein.
By primary sequence and protein structural similarity, the ERCC1-XPF nuclease is a member of a broader family of structure specific DNA nucleases comprising two subunits. Such nucleases include, for example, the MUS81-EME1 nuclease.
Structure-specific nuclease[edit]
The ERCC1–XPF complex is a structure-specific endonuclease. ERCC1-XPF does not cut DNA that is exclusively single-stranded or double-stranded, but it cleaves the DNA phosphodiester backbone specifically at junctions between double-stranded and single-stranded DNA. It introduces a cut in double-stranded DNA on the 5′ side of such a junction, about two nucleotides away[14] (Figure 2). This structure-specificity was initially demonstrated for RAD10-RAD1, the yeast orthologs of ERCC1 and XPF.[15]
The hydrophobic helix–hairpin–helix motifs in the C-terminal regions of ERCC1 and XPF interact to promote dimerization of the two proteins.[16][17] There is no catalytic activity in the absence of dimerization. Indeed, although the catalytic domain is within XPF and ERCC1 is catalytically inactive, ERCC1 is indispensable for activity of the complex.
Several models have been proposed for binding of ERCC1–XPF to DNA, based on partial structures of relevant protein fragments at atomic resolution.[16] DNA binding mediated by the helix-hairpin-helix domains of ERCC1 and XPF domains positions the heterodimer at the junction between double-stranded and single-stranded DNA.
Nucleotide excision repair (NER)[edit]
During nucleotide excision repair, several protein complexes cooperate to recognize damaged DNA and locally separate the DNA helix for a short distance on either side of the site of a site of DNA damage. The ERCC1–XPF nuclease incises the damaged DNA strand on the 5′ side of the lesion.[14] During NER, the ERCC1 protein interacts with the XPA protein to coordinate DNA and protein binding.
DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair[edit]
Mammalian cells with mutant ERCC1–XPF are moderately more sensitive than normal cells to agents (such as ionizing radiation) that cause double-stranded breaks in DNA.[18][19] Particular pathways of both homologous recombination repair and non-homologous end-joining rely on ERCC1-XPF function.[20][21] The relevant activity of ERCC1–XPF for both types of double-strand break repair is the ability to remove non-homologous 3′ single-stranded tails from DNA ends before rejoining. This activity is needed during a single-strand annealing subpathway of homologous recombination. Trimming of 3' single-stranded tails is also needed in a mechanistically distinct subpathway of non-homologous end-joining, independent of the Ku proteins[22][23] Homologous integration of DNA, an important technique for genetic manipulation, is dependent on the function of ERCC1-XPF in the host cell.[24]
Interstrand crosslinks repair[edit]
Mammalian cells carrying mutations in ERCC1 or XPF are especially sensitive to agents that cause DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICL)[25] Interstrand crosslinks block the progression of DNA replication, and structures at blocked DNA replication forks provide substrates for cleavage by ERCC1-XPF.[26][27] Incisions may be made on either side of the crosslink on one DNA strand to unhook the crosslink and initiate repair. Alternatively, a double-strand break may be made in the DNA near the ICL, and subsequent homologous recombination repair my involve ERCC1-XPF action. Although not the only nuclease involved, ERCC1–XPF is required for ICL repair during several phases of the cell cycle.[28][29]
Clinical significance[edit]
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP)[edit]
Some individuals with the rare inherited syndrome xeroderma pigmentosum have mutations in ERCC4. These patients are classified as XP complementation group F (XP-F). Diagnostic features of XP are dry scaly skin, abnormal skin pigmentation in sun-exposed areas and severe photosensitivity, accompanied by a great than 1000-fold increased risk of developing UV radiation-induced skin cancers.[5]
Cockayne syndrome (CS)[edit]
Most XP-F patients show moderate symptoms of XP, but a few show additional symptoms of Cockayne syndrome.[30] Cockayne syndrome (CS) patients exhibit photosensitivity, and also exhibit developmental defects and neurological symptoms.[5][7]
Mutations in the ERCC4 gene can result in the very rare XF-E syndrome.[31] These patients have characteristics of XP and CS, as well as additional neurologic, hepatobiliary, musculoskeletal and hematopoietic symptoms.
Fanconi anemia[edit]
Several human patients with symptoms of Fanconi anemia (FA) have causative mutations in the ERCC4 gene. Fanconi anemia is a complex disease, involving major hematopoietic symptoms. A characteristic feature of FA is the hypersensitivity to agents that cause interstrand DNA crosslinks. FA patients with ERCC4 mutations have been classified as belonging to Fanconi anemia complementation group Q (FANCQ).[30][32]
ERCC4 (XPF) in the normal colon[edit]
ERCC4 (XPF) is normally expressed at a high level in cell nuclei within the inner surface of the colon (see image, panel C). The inner surface of the colon is lined with simple columnar epithelium with invaginations. The invaginations are called intestinal glands or colon crypts. The colon crypts are shaped like microscopic thick walled test tubes with a central hole down the length of the tube (the crypt lumen). Crypts are about 75 to 110 cells long. DNA repair, involving high expression of ERCC4 (XPF), PMS2 and ERCC1 proteins, appears to be very active in colon crypts in normal, non-neoplastic colon epithelium.
Cells are produced at the crypt base and migrate upward along the crypt axis before being shed into the colonic lumen days later.[34] There are 5 to 6 stem cells at the bases of the crypts.[34] There are about 10 million crypts along the inner surface of the average human colon.[33] If the stem cells at the base of the crypt express ERCC4 (XPF), generally all several thousand cells of the crypt will also express ERCC4 (XPF). This is indicated by the brown color seen by immunostaining of ERCC4 (XPF) in almost all the cells in the crypt in panel C of the image in this section. A similar expression of PMS2 and ERCC1 occurs in the thousands of cells in each normal colonic crypt.
The tissue section in the image shown here was also counterstained with hematoxylin to stain DNA in nuclei a blue-gray color. Nuclei of cells in the lamina propria, cells which are below and surround the epithelial crypts, largely show hematoxylin blue-gray color and have little expression of PMS2, ERCC1 or ERCC4 (XPF). In addition, cells at the very tops of the crypts stained for PMS2 (panel A) or ERCC4 (XPF) (panel C) have low levels of these DNA repair proteins, so that such cells show the blue-gray DNA stain as well.[33]
ERCC4 (XPF) deficiency in the colon epithelium adjacent to and within cancers[edit]
ERCC4 (XPF) is deficient in about 55% of colon cancers, and in about 40% of the colon crypts in the epithelium within 10 cm adjacent to the cancers (in the field defects from which the cancers likely arose).[33] When ERCC4 (XPF) is reduced in colonic crypts in a field defect, it is most often associated with reduced expression of DNA repair enzymes ERCC1 and PMS2 as well, as illustrated in the image in this section. Deficiencies in ERCC1 (XPF) in colon epithelium appear to be due to epigenetic repression.[33] A deficiency of ERCC4 (XPF) would lead to reduced repair of DNA damages. As indicated by Harper and Elledge,[35] defects in the ability to properly respond to and repair DNA damage underlie many forms of cancer. The frequent epigenetic reduction in ERCC4 (XPF) in field defects surrounding colon cancers as well as in cancers (along with epigenetic reductions in ERCC1 and PMS2) indicate that such reductions may often play a central role in progression to colon cancer.
Although epigenetic reductions in ERCC4 (XPF) expression are frequent in human colon cancers, mutations in ERCC4 (XPF) are rare in humans.[36] However, a mutation in ERCC4 (XPF) causes patients to be prone to skin cancer.[36] An inherited polymorphism in ERCC4 (XPF) appears to be important in breast cancer as well.[37] These infrequent mutational alterations underscore the likely role of ERCC4 (XPF) deficiency in progression to cancer.
The 2015 version of this article was updated by an external expert under a dual publication model. The corresponding academic peer reviewed article was published in Gene and can be cited as:
Mandira Manandhar; Karen S Boulware; Richard Dean Wood (12 June 2015), "The ERCC1 and ERCC4 (XPF) genes and gene products", Gene, 569 (2): 153–161, doi:10.1016/J.GENE.2015.06.026, PMC 4536074, PMID 26074087, Wikidata Q35663361
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000175595 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022545 - Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b c Friedberg EC, Walker GC, Siede W, Wood RD, Schultz RA, Ellenberger T (2006). DNA Repair and Mutagenesis. ASM Press. ISBN 978-1555813192.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: ERCC4 excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency, complementation group 4".
- ^ a b Gregg SQ, Robinson AR, Niedernhofer LJ (Jul 2011). "Physiological consequences of defects in ERCC1-XPF DNA repair endonuclease". DNA Repair. 10 (7): 781–91. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.04.026. PMC 3139823. PMID 21612988.
- ^ a b Westerveld A, Hoeijmakers JH, van Duin M, de Wit J, Odijk H, Pastink A, Wood RD, Bootsma D (1984). "Molecular cloning of a human DNA repair gene". Nature. 310 (5976): 425–9. doi:10.1038/310425a0. PMID 6462228.
- ^ Busch D, Greiner C, Lewis K, Ford R, Adair G, Thompson L (Sep 1989). "Summary of complementation groups of UV-sensitive CHO cell mutants isolated by large-scale screening". Mutagenesis. 4 (5): 349–54. doi:10.1093/mutage/4.5.349. PMID 2687628.
- ^ Brookman KW, Lamerdin JE, Thelen MP, Hwang M, Reardon JT, Sancar A, Zhou ZQ, Walter CA, Parris CN, Thompson LH (Nov 1996). "ERCC4 (XPF) encodes a human nucleotide excision repair protein with eukaryotic recombination homologs". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 16 (11): 6553–62. doi:10.1128/mcb.16.11.6553. PMC 231657. PMID 8887684.
- ^ Sgouros J, Gaillard PH, Wood RD (Mar 1999). "A relationship between a DNA-repair/recombination nuclease family and archaeal helicases". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 24 (3): 95–7. doi:10.1016/s0968-0004(99)01355-9. PMID 10203755.
- ^ Enzlin JH, Schärer OD (Apr 2002). "The active site of the DNA repair endonuclease XPF-ERCC1 forms a highly conserved nuclease motif". The EMBO Journal. 21 (8): 2045–53. doi:10.1093/emboj/21.8.2045. PMC 125967. PMID 11953324.
- ^ Gaillard PH, Wood RD (Feb 2001). "Activity of individual ERCC1 and XPF subunits in DNA nucleotide excision repair". Nucleic Acids Research. 29 (4): 872–9. doi:10.1093/nar/29.4.872. PMC 29621. PMID 11160918.
- ^ a b Sijbers AM, de Laat WL, Ariza RR, Biggerstaff M, Wei YF, Moggs JG, Carter KC, Shell BK, Evans E, de Jong MC, Rademakers S, de Rooij J, Jaspers NG, Hoeijmakers JH, Wood RD (Sep 1996). "Xeroderma pigmentosum group F caused by a defect in a structure-specific DNA repair endonuclease". Cell. 86 (5): 811–22. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80155-5. PMID 8797827.
- ^ Bardwell AJ, Bardwell L, Tomkinson AE, Friedberg EC (Sep 1994). "Specific cleavage of model recombination and repair intermediates by the yeast Rad1-Rad10 DNA endonuclease". Science. 265 (5181): 2082–5. doi:10.1126/science.8091230. PMID 8091230.
- ^ a b Tripsianes K, Folkers G, Ab E, Das D, Odijk H, Jaspers NG, Hoeijmakers JH, Kaptein R, Boelens R (December 2005). "The structure of the human ERCC1/XPF interaction domains reveals a complementary role for the two proteins in nucleotide excision repair". Structure. 13 (12): 1849–1858. doi:10.1016/j.str.2005.08.014. ISSN 1633-8413. PMID 16338413.
- ^ Faridounnia M, Wienk H, Kovačič L, Folkers GE, Jaspers NG, Kaptein R, Hoeijmakers JH, Boelens R (August 2015). "The Cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal Syndrome Point Mutation F231L in the ERCC1 DNA Repair Protein Causes Dissociation of the ERCC1-XPF Complex". J Biol Chem. 290 (33): 20541–20555. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.635169. ISSN 1083-351X. PMC 4536458. PMID 26085086.
- ^ Wood RD, Burki HJ, Hughes M, Poley A (Feb 1983). "Radiation-induced lethality and mutation in a repair-deficient CHO cell line". International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine. 43 (2): 207–13. doi:10.1080/09553008314550241. PMID 6600735.
- ^ Ahmad A, Robinson AR, Duensing A, van Drunen E, Beverloo HB, Weisberg DB, Hasty P, Hoeijmakers JH, Niedernhofer LJ (Aug 2008). "ERCC1-XPF endonuclease facilitates DNA double-strand break repair". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 28 (16): 5082–92. doi:10.1128/MCB.00293-08. PMC 2519706. PMID 18541667.
- ^ Sargent RG, Rolig RL, Kilburn AE, Adair GM, Wilson JH, Nairn RS (Nov 1997). "Recombination-dependent deletion formation in mammalian cells deficient in the nucleotide excision repair gene ERCC1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (24): 13122–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.24.13122. PMC 24273. PMID 9371810.
- ^ Al-Minawi AZ, Saleh-Gohari N, Helleday T (Jan 2008). "The ERCC1/XPF endonuclease is required for efficient single-strand annealing and gene conversion in mammalian cells". Nucleic Acids Research. 36 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1093/nar/gkm888. PMC 2248766. PMID 17962301.
- ^ Bennardo N, Cheng A, Huang N, Stark JM (Jun 2008). "Alternative-NHEJ is a mechanistically distinct pathway of mammalian chromosome break repair". PLoS Genetics. 4 (6): e1000110. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000110. PMC 2430616. PMID 18584027.
- ^ Ahmad A, Robinson AR, Duensing A, van Drunen E, Beverloo HB, Weisberg DB, Hasty P, Hoeijmakers JH, Niedernhofer LJ (Aug 2008). "ERCC1-XPF endonuclease facilitates DNA double-strand break repair". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 28 (16): 5082–92. doi:10.1128/MCB.00293-08. PMC 2519706. PMID 18541667.
- ^ Niedernhofer LJ, Essers J, Weeda G, Beverloo B, de Wit J, Muijtjens M, Odijk H, Hoeijmakers JH, Kanaar R (Nov 2001). "The structure-specific endonuclease Ercc1-Xpf is required for targeted gene replacement in embryonic stem cells". The EMBO Journal. 20 (22): 6540–9. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.22.6540. PMC 125716. PMID 11707424.
- ^ Wood RD (Jul 2010). "Mammalian nucleotide excision repair proteins and interstrand crosslink repair". Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 51 (6): 520–6. doi:10.1002/em.20569. PMC 3017513. PMID 20658645.
- ^ Sargent RG, Rolig RL, Kilburn AE, Adair GM, Wilson JH, Nairn RS (Nov 1997). "Recombination-dependent deletion formation in mammalian cells deficient in the nucleotide excision repair gene ERCC1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (24): 13122–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.24.13122. PMC 24273. PMID 9371810.
- ^ Klein Douwel D, Boonen RA, Long DT, Szypowska AA, Räschle M, Walter JC, Knipscheer P (May 2014). "XPF-ERCC1 acts in Unhooking DNA interstrand crosslinks in cooperation with FANCD2 and FANCP/SLX4". Molecular Cell. 54 (3): 460–71. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.015. PMC 5067070. PMID 24726325.
- ^ Rahn JJ, Adair GM, Nairn RS (Jul 2010). "Multiple roles of ERCC1-XPF in mammalian interstrand crosslink repair". Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 51 (6): 567–81. doi:10.1002/em.20583. PMID 20658648.
- ^ Clauson C, Schärer OD, Niedernhofer L (Oct 2013). "Advances in understanding the complex mechanisms of DNA interstrand cross-link repair". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 5 (10): a012732. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012732. PMC 4123742. PMID 24086043.
- ^ a b Kashiyama K, Nakazawa Y, Pilz DT, Guo C, Shimada M, Sasaki K, Fawcett H, Wing JF, Lewin SO, Carr L, Li TS, Yoshiura K, Utani A, Hirano A, Yamashita S, Greenblatt D, Nardo T, Stefanini M, McGibbon D, Sarkany R, Fassihi H, Takahashi Y, Nagayama Y, Mitsutake N, Lehmann AR, Ogi T (May 2013). "Malfunction of nuclease ERCC1-XPF results in diverse clinical manifestations and causes Cockayne syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum, and Fanconi anemia". American Journal of Human Genetics. 92 (5): 807–19. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.04.007. PMC 3644632. PMID 23623389.
- ^ Niedernhofer LJ, Garinis GA, Raams A, Lalai AS, Robinson AR, Appeldoorn E, Odijk H, Oostendorp R, Ahmad A, van Leeuwen W, Theil AF, Vermeulen W, van der Horst GT, Meinecke P, Kleijer WJ, Vijg J, Jaspers NG, Hoeijmakers JH (Dec 2006). "A new progeroid syndrome reveals that genotoxic stress suppresses the somatotroph axis". Nature. 444 (7122): 1038–43. doi:10.1038/nature05456. PMID 17183314.
- ^ Bogliolo M, Schuster B, Stoepker C, Derkunt B, Su Y, Raams A, Trujillo JP, Minguillón J, Ramírez MJ, Pujol R, Casado JA, Baños R, Rio P, Knies K, Zúñiga S, Benítez J, Bueren JA, Jaspers NG, Schärer OD, de Winter JP, Schindler D, Surrallés J (May 2013). "Mutations in ERCC4, encoding the DNA-repair endonuclease XPF, cause Fanconi anemia". American Journal of Human Genetics. 92 (5): 800–6. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.04.002. PMC 3644630. PMID 23623386.
- ^ a b c d e f g Facista A, Nguyen H, Lewis C, Prasad AR, Ramsey L, Zaitlin B, Nfonsam V, Krouse RS, Bernstein H, Payne CM, Stern S, Oatman N, Banerjee B, Bernstein C (2012). "Deficient expression of DNA repair enzymes in early progression to sporadic colon cancer". Genome Integr. 3 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/2041-9414-3-3. PMC 3351028. PMID 22494821.
- ^ a b Baker AM, Cereser B, Melton S, Fletcher AG, Rodriguez-Justo M, Tadrous PJ, Humphries A, Elia G, McDonald SA, Wright NA, Simons BD, Jansen M, Graham TA (2014). "Quantification of crypt and stem cell evolution in the normal and neoplastic human colon". Cell Rep. 8 (4): 940–7. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.019. PMC 4471679. PMID 25127143.
- ^ Harper JW, Elledge SJ (2007). "The DNA damage response: ten years after". Mol. Cell. 28 (5): 739–45. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.11.015. PMID 18082599.
- ^ a b Gregg SQ, Robinson AR, Niedernhofer LJ (2011). "Physiological consequences of defects in ERCC1-XPF DNA repair endonuclease". DNA Repair (Amst.). 10 (7): 781–91. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.04.026. PMC 3139823. PMID 21612988.
- ^ Lee E, Levine EA, Franco VI, Allen GO, Gong F, Zhang Y, Hu JJ (2014). "Combined genetic and nutritional risk models of triple negative breast cancer". Nutr Cancer. 66 (6): 955–63. doi:10.1080/01635581.2014.932397. PMID 25023197.


text: (Hi, folks - sorry for peeking in as a non-list-member, but I hope some of you will appreciate this - ) PyCon 2010 (Atlanta, Feb. 19-22) has issued its Call for Proposals, due Oct. 1: http://us.pycon.org/2010/conference/talks/ Please spread the word. PyCon is a fantastic conference - honestly, it's the highlight of every year for me, professionally speaking. I also think it's always been a great conference for women, but this year, there's a strong desire among the organizers to reach out to women and minorities specifically, and generally to make sure we're doing our part to broaden participation. If you needed one more reason to nudge you to submit a talk (or otherwise get involved), there you have it. Hope to see some of you there! -- - Catherine http://catherinedevlin.blogspot.com/ *** PyOhio * July 25-26, 2009 * pyohio.org ***

subset: commoncrawl


text:
GET 15 TIMES MORE SURVIVABILITY THAN WITH VEGGIE CAPSULES. With a patented delivery method, the probiotic organisms in this formula are released over an 8-10 hour period so they bypass your stomach acids and reach deep into your intestinal tract alive (where they are needed most) so you can experience the benefits that probiotics have to offer.‡
PRIORITIZE YOUR BABY'S HEALTH. Babies are meant to be inoculated with the good bacteria they need for a healthy life both as they travel through the birth canal and when they consume breast milk. The problem: modern lifestyle factors may have damaged the good flora you were meant to pass on. PRO-Moms was mindfully formulated with strains that help moms maintain a healthful balance of bacteria and to encourage a healthy start for their little ones.
GIVE YOUR BODY THE BEST TOOLS AVAILABLE. Probiotics encourage regularity along with proper nutrient absorption—and the more nourishment mom gets, the more the baby can get too. With better absorption, it's more possible to maximize the goodness from your foods and other supplements for both yourself and baby.
PRODUCE MORE FOLATE NATURALLY. Folate is the natural (non-synthetic) version of folic acid and is an important vitamin when it comes to supporting the development of your baby's brain and spinal cord. Studies show that probiotic strains like B. infantis and L. plantarum may help produce natural B vitamins, including folate! A wonderful complement to your prenatal vitamin, PRO-Moms may help you produce even more of the good stuff for your growing child.
FEEL GOOD & STAY WELL. Probiotics help make short-chain fatty acids, which help to encourage overall health and support immune function. Probiotics help support glucose levels already within a normal range, offer postpartum support for mental and emotional function, and help to support your weight management efforts. With PRO-Moms, you can be proactive, and focus on enjoying your pregnancy and your new baby.
6 Targeted Probiotic Strains specifically chosen for the support they can provide to pregnant and breastfeeding moms, such as encouraging nutrient absorption, supporting the production of natural (non-synthetic) folate, and breastfeeding and immune system support.
Kiwifruit Powder is a whole food, superfruit ingredient, derived entirely from the New Zealand kiwifruit, that helps your probiotics colonize, and naturally supports regularity, a common concern during pregnancy. This nutritious ingredient is naturally comprised of prebiotics, polyphenols, a kiwi-unique enzyme called actinidin, and insoluble fiber.
Only Once per Day. That's it. Because with time-release delivery, the benefits are being delivered deep inside your gut hour by hour.
5 Billion Colony Forming Units† per BIO-tract® tablet, which is equivalent to 75 Billion CFU (colony forming units) of probiotic veggie capsules!‡
Long Shelf Life & No Refrigeration Necessary. With the patented LiveBac® manufacturing process, we offer a guaranteed, extended shelf life with zero refrigeration. Many probiotics don't provide a date of any kind because their organisms die so quickly after being manufactured.
Premium Probiotic Supplement. This formula is vegetarian, non-GMO, and free of dairy, gluten, and yeast. There is also no soy, sugar, nuts, artificial flavors, artificial colors, or preservatives.
Made in the USA. Our probiotics are manufactured in Washington and Colorado in facilities that are GMP certified through NSF. We adhere to the strictest quality control and FDA guidelines and perform rigorous testing on every lot to ensure they are survivable and as the label states.
PRO-Moms does not contain any strains that are not resident to the human gut, like Soil Based Organisms (SBOs) or active yeasts.
Hyperbiotics PRO-Moms Has 15x More Survivability Than Capsules.‡
Let us explain…
Probiotics help replenish the beneficial gut bacteria that may have been depleted as a result of modern life and they help support overall health and well-being.
However, studies show that without protection most probiotics entering the stomach won't survive to reach optimal sites within the gastrointestinal tract. Most probiotic products retain only 4% of these sensitive organisms during passage through the stomach's harsh environment.
The good news: with the patented BIO-tract® protection and time-release delivery, we have increased this number to a remarkable 60%.
When the tablet is moistened by gastric fluids, a gel matrix forms that creates a protective layer, shielding beneficial organisms from stomach acids and directing them to release later in their journey.
Once inside the gastrointestinal tract, probiotics begin to release at consistent levels from the tablet core, delivering a potent percentage of our living organisms throughout the day and throughout your gut, traveling deep into your intestinal tract where they are needed most.
This is the only controlled-release delivery available for probiotics on the market today and is patented in 31 countries (US Patent 8,007,777 and 7,150,623).
Most probiotic supplements are in veggie capsules that offer no protection from a harsh stomach environment, meaning that many of the beneficial organisms do not survive long enough to deliver the full benefit.
Enteric coated probiotic capsules offer some protection from stomach acids with a few drawbacks. Most enteric coatings are made of a synthetic chemical that the capsule is then dipped into. In addition to unwanted added chemicals, the capsule contains air and the coating contains moisture that may be detrimental to the probiotic organisms. You see, freeze-dried probiotic powder is 'hygroscopic,' meaning that it seeks out moisture. The beneficial flora will start wicking the moisture away from the air and the coating, which may start killing the living probiotics inside. Essentially, the air inside both veggie capsules and enteric coated capsules can cause the living organisms inside to self-destruct, leading to a far less potent product.
Instead of a coating or a capsule, we tablet our formulas using a patented manufacturing process called LiveBac® and a patented delivery method called BIO-tract®, which provide protection for the beneficial flora while on the shelf (as there is minimal air and moisture) and as the tablet travels through the harsh environment of your stomach acids. Simply put, this leads to greater probiotic delivery to your gut, and potentially greater health benefits for you. Furthermore, BIO-tract® ensures that the active organisms are released slowly over an 8-10 hour period while making the journey through the intestinal tract, successfully bypassing your stomach acids so that they can colonize in your small and large intestine, where you need them.
Hyperbiotics formulas have a guaranteed, extended shelf life with zero refrigeration.
† At the time of manufacture.
‡ Patented BIO-tract® delivery method consistently delivers as many as 15 times, or more, the number of live, viable probiotic organisms past simulated stomach acids than veggie capsules as demonstrated through in vitro lab testing.
A shelf life you can count on. We use a patented manufacturing process called LiveBac® that increases the stability of PRO-Moms without refrigeration and enables us to guarantee its shelf life until the date of expiration found on the bottom of your bottle.
Store in a cool, dry place. Really. If you don't live in a cool, dry place or keep your home below 78 degrees, it is best to store your bottle in the fridge or even better, in the freezer, when/if you can. PRO-Moms is only susceptible to extreme heat and humidity once the bottle has been opened (our probiotics are very well protected until then). PRO-Moms has a guaranteed, extended shelf life with zero refrigeration.
It's OK to take on an empty stomach (though not required). Our patented BIO-tract® delivery ensures that the living organisms are delivered throughout your day and throughout your gut – so you don't need to buffer it with food as you may with other capsules.
Use earlier rather than later. The reason we never have too many tablets per bottle at Hyperbiotics is that CFUs begin to slowly die off once the bottle is opened (this applies to all probiotics, not just PRO-Moms. In fact, our patented technology makes our die-off drastically slower than that of others!). We want you to get the highest potency possible, so we simply don't pack hundreds of tablets into one bottle.
Increase your dosage when needed. If you are looking for a more intense approach to probiotic supplementation or have just completed a round of antibiotics, you can take 2-3 tablets each day. It's also a good idea to increase your dosage just before and during travel as it can exposes you to added digestive and immune stress.
Recycle your bottle when you're done. We're committed to minimizing our ecological footprint, and we'd love for you to join us by recycling your empty bottle whenever possible. In fact, we're taking action to reduce negative impacts on our planet's natural resources and improve ecosystems around the world.
An additional tip is to eat a whole food diet, high in fruits and vegetables. Studies show that the microorganisms in our gut change relatively quickly based on the food we eat. Foods that are rich in prebiotics will also help your probiotics colonize and "set up shop" in your GI tract.
When you combine a clean, whole food diet with probiotic supplementation, you are giving your body the tools it needs to maintain its balance. Make sure to stay hydrated and to stay as active as you can to support your body as your probiotic colonies are being replenished.
What strains are in PRO-Moms?
PRO-Moms contains the following probiotic strains:
• Bifidobacterium infantis
• Lactobacillus acidophilus
• Lactobacillus fermentum
• Lactobacillus plantarum
• Lactobacillus reuteri
• Lactobacillus rhamnosus
What are the benefits of taking PRO-Moms?
Probiotics replenish the good bacteria in your gut and can support expectant and nursing moms by:
• Supporting mother and child's immune system
• Supporting healthy glucose levels
• Supporting digestion and regularity during and after pregnancy
• Helping to support the production of folate
• Supporting your weight management efforts
• Supporting proper nutrient absorption
• Supporting mental and emotional function
• Added support for successful breastfeeding
Is PRO-Moms safe to take during pregnancy and while I'm breastfeeding?
While we always recommend checking with your healthcare provider first, PRO-Moms is designed to take during pregnancy and while breastfeeding. Studies show that it's possible to pass the probiotics on to your baby through the birth process and through your breast milk.
What is kiwifruit powder and why do I need it?
Kiwifruit powder is a whole food superfruit ingredient, derived from the New Zealand kiwifruit, that supports digestion and colon health. It's rich in enzymes that support the health of your gut environment and has been studied for its ability to reduce digestive discomfort associated with occasional constipation, something that often happens during pregnancy and after childbirth.
What makes Hyperbiotics probiotic formulas unique?
We use a patented time-release delivery method called BIO-tract® that protects the beneficial organisms from stomach acids so they make it deep within your intestinal tract alive, where they can set up shop and get to work at keeping you healthy. This delivery method also ensures that our formulas have 15x more survivability than veggie capsules and powders, allowing you to finally experience the benefits that probiotics have to offer.
What makes Hyperbiotics probiotics superior?
Our formulas are exceptional because they meet these four criteria:
• Survival on the shelf
• Survival past stomach acid
• The right strains (human resident strains as opposed to SBOs or active yeasts)
• A variety of strains
How quickly can I expect to feel a difference?
Probiotics are much like vitamins, some people notice a difference almost immediately while others may need a few weeks or more. It's also possible to simply notice a subtle shift in a healthier direction. From the day you start taking PRO-Moms, it gets to work colonizing in your digestive tract.
How long should I take a probiotic?
We believe that taking a probiotic on a daily basis is one of the most proactive things that you can do to support your immune and digestive health. Because aspects of modern life can continuously deplete the beneficial bacteria in the gut, we suggest taking probiotics daily over the course of several months or more. PRO-Moms is perfectly safe to take even if you aren't pregnant or nursing.
Do I need to refrigerate these?
With patented LiveBac®, we are able to guarantee our formulas with zero refrigeration - so you can be confident that your probiotics are viable when you take them.
Will my probiotics survive being shipped in the heat?
Yes! LiveBac® enables our products to withstand higher temperatures for up to seven days.
Need help understanding the microbiome?
Check out our Microbiome Glossary to learn more about this world beneath the microscope.
Have additional questions? We've got answers! View our complete FAQ list here!
• Continental U.S. orders: We offer FREE standard shipping on all continental U.S. orders, which takes 1 business day for processing and 2-7 business days for shipping. We also offer FREE expedited shipping for orders over $100. If your order is less than $100, you can choose expedited shipping for $8. Expedited shipping takes 1 business day for processing and 2-5 business days for shipping.
• All other U.S. orders (HI, AK, U.S. territories, and APO addresses): We offer FREE standard shipping for orders over $45. If your order is less than $45, you can choose standard shipping for $5. Standard shipping takes 1 business day for processing and 3-7 business days for shipping. We also offer FREE expedited shipping for orders over $100. If your order is less than $100, you can choose expedited shipping for $8. Expedited shipping takes 1 business day for processing and 2-6 business days for shipping.
• International Orders (outside of the USA): We offer a flat fee of $10 to the countries listed below. For countries not on the list, we can ship via USPS or DHL and the cost varies by country. Please note we are not responsible for duties, taxes, or customs clearance in your country. Please check your local requirements before placing your order.
Great Britain
|Hong Kong
New Zealand
South Korea
We offer a 100% Satisfaction Guarantee or your money back!
"This product is amazing. It has done wonders during my pregnancy." - Tracy W.
"I bought this for my pregnant sister who suffers from constipation. This has really helped her regularity. Prior to getting pregnant she took digestive enzymes and probiotics but stopped once she became pregnant for fear that some of those ingredients would be unhealthy for the baby. It is great that there is a product out there specifically made for pregnant/nursing moms." - Erika
"I noticed a huge difference taking these while nursing. My LO was having some gas issues and within a week she had little to no symptoms. I also like how gentle it is on my system." - Shawna
"I'm a new mom who has been using your PRO-Moms product for the past couple of months and I love it! It has helped me regulate and feel more energized. Thank You!" - Desiree M.
"I bought this for our daughter, who is pregnant. I have been telling her about Hyperbiotics forever, but she really didn't get the gist of it until I gave this to her and she loves it! Hyperbiotics truly help by replenishing the good gut bacteria in your system that is often killed off by antibiotics and diet. Every expecting mom should try these!" - Amazon Customer
"These are probably some of THE best probiotics I have tried. They have helped aid in slowed digestion during pregnancy and I wasn't sure quite how effective they were until I ran out over the holidays (lag in shipping times) and was without them for 2-3 days. There was a notable difference in how I felt and once I started back up again my indigestion and bloated feeling while 26 weeks pregnant improved. I will be sticking to these and have suggested them to a recently pregnant friend as well." - Heather B.
"I felt compelled to write a review about this awesome product! I am so glad that I found this right away when I got pregnant. It keeps me regular and I haven't had any bowel issues for the majority of my pregnancy. I plan on continuing to take them for a good while after pregnancy too." - Maggie
"Awesome product. As a breastfeeding mom this really helps me with my energy. Great buy!" - Sra
"This is definitely helping with the early pregnancy bloat. I think it is also slightly raising my energy level. In addition, I feel more regular than my last pregnancy. Probiotics are a crucial part of maintaining your health, especially during pregnancy. This is a great brand." - Lauren
We are dedicated to you and your journey toward greater health.
We expect you will love our formulas. If for some reason you don't, you are protected by our no-questions-asked, money back guarantee!
Our 100% Money Back Guarantee
We will go above and beyond to help you however we can. Just say the word if you're not fully satisfied—for any reason—and we'll replace your bottle for another formula or we'll fully refund your purchase. No questions asked.
You have everything to gain and absolutely nothing to lose.


text:
I know this blog has been on the very, very quiet side lately. Sort of taking an unintended sabbatical, even though hundreds of little ideas keep jumping into my head to write about. No promises on doing better since I will be away from a computer a bit this summer, but there is always hope!
On the farm, I am pretty giddy to have my very own project. Sort of like a room of my own within the larger farm operation. For a little history, my husband and I started out farming as equal partners. But after children, I pretty much retreated inside to keep the little ones away from too much sun, too many ticks etc. And I am slowly finding my way back into farm work, partly by telling the farm's stories, engaging in farm advocacy and by hatching my very own project to reduce waste on the farm by dehydrating vegetables, flowers and herbs. I am the proud recipient of a very nice grant from Northeast region of USDA's SARE (Sustainable Ag Research and Education) to test two dryers on our farm. One will be completely solar and very low tech and low cost and the other has an electric heating element and fan. Both were based on designs from the University of California at Davis and have never been tested in the muggy, humid Chesapeake Bay region.
So introducing the dryer diaries, I will use that category on this blog to track what is happening with the driers this summer and fall. So far, I have experimented with drying bachelors buttons, some herbs and cabbages. As tomato season kicks in, I plan to test tomatoes and many more greens especially the trendiest member of the brassica family — kale. I hope the driers will help us to reduce waste and develop some new value added products and possibly inspire other farmers to do the same (or at least not make the same mistakes I do). My solar dryer needs some adjustments before I post a photo but below is the awesome chest dryer which should be capable of drying lots and lots of tomatoes. I bought stainless steel donut frying trays for my drying surface because I don't think plastic should be used as a drying surface. This dryer contains a heater and a fan and is a slightly scaled down version of this design.
The blue bachelors button dried with color intact in the solar dryer in under three hours! It is edible, has medicinal uses and is just so pretty. I have also dried calendula, lavender, cabbage, boc choy and a few other herbs. The boc choy did not work, it blanched out white and became tasteless but everything else came out great so far. It will be a fun adventure, I will let you know how it takes shape.


text:
If you've been injured in a car accident in the State of Georgia, you may have questions about how the laws will affect your property damage and/or personal injury claim. In this article, we'll review the laws most commonly associated with car accidents. To read the entirety of each law, use the section number (only the numbers) provided under each law to search the Georgia code of laws database.
Here are the Georgia car accident and traffic laws we'll cover:
Pedestrian Laws
Pedestrians and Crosswalks
The driver of a vehicle must stop and yield the right of way to a pedestrian crossing the roadway within a crosswalk when the pedestrian has reached the halfway point of the crosswalk, or when the pedestrian is approaching so closely from the opposite half of the crosswalk as to be in danger.
Section 40-6-91
Restrictions on Pedestrians Crossing Roadways
No pedestrian is allows to suddenly leave a curb or other place of safety and walk or run into the path of a vehicle which is so close that it is impractical for the driver to yield.
Section 40-6-91
Pedestrian Control Signals
Whenever special pedestrian control signals, exhibiting the words Walk or Don't Walk are in place such signals shall indicate as follows:
- Walk. Pedestrians facing such signal may proceed across the roadway in the direction of the signal and shall be given the right of way by the drivers of all vehicles.
- Don't Walk. No pedestrian shall start to cross the roadway in the direction of such signal, whether flashing or steady. Any pedestrian who has partially completed the pedestrian's crossing on the Walk signal shall complete the crossing to a sidewalk or safety island while the Don't Walk signal is showing.
Section 40-6-22
Crossing at Other Than Crosswalks
Pedestrians intending to cross a roadway at any point other than within a marked crosswalk or within an unmarked crosswalk at an intersection shall yield the right-of-way to all vehicles on the roadway.
Section 40-6-91
Pedestrians on Roadway
Where a sidewalk is provided, it is unlawful for any pedestrian to stand or walk on an adjacent roadway unless there is no motor vehicle traveling within 1,000 feet of the pedestrian or the available sidewalk presents an imminent threat of bodily injury.
Where sidewalks are not provided, pedestrians are permitted to walk only on or along the left side of the roadway or on its shoulder facing traffic from the opposite direction.
Section 40-6-96
Pedestrians' Right of Way on Sidewalks
The driver of a vehicle emerging from or entering an alley, building, private road, or driveway shall yield the right of way to any pedestrian approaching on any sidewalk extending across the alley, building entrance, road, or driveway.
Section 40-6-144
Drivers to Exercise Due Care
The driver of a vehicle shall exercise due care to avoid colliding with any pedestrian upon any roadway and shall give warning by sounding the driver's horn when necessary and shall exercise proper precaution upon observing any child or obviously confused, incapacitated or intoxicated person.
Section 40-6-93
Pedestrians Under the Influence of Alcohol or Controlled Substance
The driver of a vehicle shall exercise due care to avoid colliding with any intoxicated person upon any roadway and shall give warning by sounding the driver's horn when necessary.
A person who is under the influence of an intoxicant to a degree which renders him a hazard must not walk or be upon any roadway or the shoulder of any roadway
Sections 40-6-93 and 40-6-95
Driving Laws
Obedience to Traffic Control Devices
A driver must obey any traffic control devices applicable to the driver, unless directed by a traffic or police officer.
Section 40-6-20
Driving on Right Side of Roadway
Drivers must drive in the right lane of roadways with the following exceptions:
- When passing another driver in the same direction
- When there is an obstruction in the right lane
- Upon a roadway with three marked lanes of traffic
- Upon a roadway restricted to one way traffic
Section 40-6-40
Passing On the Left
Driver proceeding in the same direction must pass to the left at at a safe distance and shall remain in the passing lane until it is safe to return to the right lane. Drivers being passed must not increase the speed of their vehicle until their vehicle is completely passed by the overtaking car.
Section 40-6-42
Limitations on Overtaking on the Left
Drivers may drive to the left side of the center of the roadway in overtaking and passing another vehicle only if the left side is clearly visible and the overtaking vehicle can return to its lane without coming within two hundred feet of oncoming traffic.
Section 40-6-44
Passing On the Right
Drivers may pass on the right under the following conditions:
- When the driver about to be passed is about to make a left turn. However, the driver attempting to pass on the right must not do so without driving off the pavement of main-traveled portion of the roadway.
- When the roadway has two (2) or more lanes of traffic moving in the same direction.
Section 40-6-43
Following Too Closely
A driver must not follow another driver more closely than is "reasonable and prudent", having due regard for the speed of other drivers and traffic conditions along the roadway. A driver who is towing another vehicle must leave sufficient space ahead of their vehicle to allow an overtaking vehicle to enter and occupy this space without danger.
Section 40-6-49
Drivers and Mobile Electronic Devices
Except for emergency purposes, no person who has an instruction permit or has a Class D license and is under 18 years of age is permitted to use a wireless mobile device while driving.
Except for emergency purposes, no person who has a Class C license and 18 years of age or older is permitted to use a wireless mobile device to write, send or read text-based communication while driving.
Sections 40-6-241.1 and 40-6-241.2
Drivers and Intersections
When two (2) drivers approach an intersection at approximately the same time the driver on the left must yield to the driver to their right.
Section 40-6-70
Drivers Intending to Turn Left at Intersections
A driver who intends to turn left at an intersection, or into an alley, private road or driveway must yield the right of way to drivers approaching from the opposite direction.
Section 40-6-41
Drivers Entering or Crossing a Roadway
A driver about to enter or cross a roadway from any place other than another roadway must yield the right of way to all vehicles on the roadway to be crossed.
Section 40-6-73
Bicycling Laws
Bicyclists must obey the same traffic laws as drivers of cars, and are subject to the same penalties as are drivers for violating traffic laws.
Section 40-6-291
Motorcycling Laws
Motorcyclists must obey the same traffic laws as drivers of cars, and are subject to the same penalties as are drivers for violating traffic laws.
Section 40-6-310
Motorcyclists and Lanes of Traffic
Motorcyclists are entitled to the full use of a traffic lane and drivers must not take any action to deprive a motorcyclist of his or her right to use a full lane on a roadway. A motorcyclist must not pass another driver in the same lane.
Motorcyclists must not ride more than two (2) abreast in a single lane.
Section 40-6-312
"Lane Splitting"
Motorcyclists must not pass another driver in the same lane. Commonly known as "lane splitting," motorcyclists sometimes attempt to pass other drivers when traffic is slowed, or bumper to bumper. To move forward through traffic motorcyclists sometimes drive between cars. Doing so is not only illegal, but quite dangerous.
Section 40-6-312
Helmet Law
All motorcyclists must wear helmets while riding on roadways. If the motorcycle is not equipped with a windshield, then motorcyclists must also wear protective eyewear while riding on roadways.
Section 40-6-315
Motorcycles and Headlights
Every motorcycle riding on a roadway must its headlights and taillights turned on at all times.
Section 40-6-312
Driving Offenses and Accident Requirements
Reckless Driving
A driver who drives in reckless disregard for the safety of persons or property is guilty of reckless driving, and can be fined and imprisoned.
Section 40-6-390
Driver's Duty to Give Information and Render Aid
A driver involved in an accident resulting in injury, death, or damage to a vehicle must give their name, address and vehicle registration number, and must upon request, exhibit their driver's license to any persons involved in the accident.
Moreover the driver must render to any person injured in the accident reasonable assistance, including making of arrangements to transfer the injured person to a physician, surgeon, or hospital for medical or surgical treatment if it is apparent medical treatment is required.
Section 40-6-270
Accidents Involving Death, Personal Injury, or Substantial Bodily Injury
A driver involved in an accident resulting in injury or death must give their name, address and vehicle registration number, and must upon request, exhibit their driver's license to any persons involved in the accident. THe driver must also immediately by the quickest means of communication give notice to the nearest police office.
Moreover the driver must render to any person injured in the accident reasonable assistance, including making of arrangements to transfer the injured person to a physician, surgeon, or hospital for medical or surgical treatment if it is apparent medical treatment is required.
Sections 40-6-270 and 40-6-273
Accidents Involving Only Damage to Another Car or Property
A driver involved in an accident resulting in property damage must give their name, address and vehicle registration number, and must upon request, exhibit their driver's license to any persons involved in the accident. If the total damage to all property is $500 or more, the driver must immediately by the quickest means of communication give notice to the nearest police office.
Sections 40-6-270 and 40-6-273
Accidents Involving Damage to Unattended Car or Unattended Property
A driver who collides with a parked car or who collides with other property which is unattended must immediately stop at the scene of the accident or as close to it as possible and must attempt to locate and notify the driver or owner of the damaged car or damaged property.
Once located the driver who caused the accident must give their name, address and vehicle registration number.
If the driver or owner of the damaged car or property cannot be located, the driver who caused the accident must attach a written note to the damaged property in a conspicuous place giving the name and address of the driver and owner of the vehicle.
Section 40-6-271
Driver's Duty to Notify Police Department
A driver involved in an accident resulting in injury, death, or total damage to all property resulting in $500 or more must immediately by the quickest means of communication give notice to the nearest police office.
Section 40-6-273
Accident Reports Filed By Police Departments
By the tenth day of each month, every sheriff and head of a law enforcement agency must report any deaths caused by traffic accidents in the previous calendar month to the Department of Transportation.
Section 40-6-277
Accident Report Forms
The commissioner of transportation is responsible for uniform motor vehicle accident reports and reporting procedures that are used by all police officers, whether state, county, or municipal.
Section 40-6-278
Open Alcohol Container Law
A driver or passenger must not be in possession of an opened container of an alcoholic beverage or consume a controlled substance while the car is traveling or parked on Georgia roadways.
An opened alcoholic beverage container can be kept only in a locked glove compartment, the trunk of a vehicle, or behind the rearmost seat in place where a passenger would not normally sit. Passengers of a motor home or a hired vehicle can consume and possess an opened container.
Section 40-6-253
Driving Under Influence of Alcohol or Controlled Substance
A driver must not drive after drinking an alcoholic beverage or consuming an intoxicant in an amount which renders the driver incapable of driving safely along roadways. In Georgia, a driver is guilty of the offense of driving under the influence of an intoxicant if the driver has a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is 0.08% or higher.
Section 40-6-391
Ignition Interlock Device
A driver who is guilty of driving while under the influence of an intoxicant might be ordered to have installed at his or her own expenses an ignition interlock device. The ignition interlock device will serve to restore the driver's driving privileges during the pendency of the driver's probation. If an ignition device is installed, it must be installed in every car owned or operated by the driver.
An ignition interlock is a device which measures any amount of alcohol contained in a driver's body. Before starting the car the driver must blow into a tube emanating from the ignition interlock device. If the device then detects a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) higher than is permitted by law the car will not start and the violation will be reported to the prosecutor, the probation officer, and/or the judge. At that point the driver may be subject to loss of driving privileges, immediate arrest and incarceration up to the maximum term provided by law.
Section 40-5-64
Liability Laws
Georgia Dram Shop Law
Georgia has a modified Dram Shop Law. Dram Shop Law refers to the liability of private social hosts, bars, hotels nightclubs and other commercial establishments who serve alcohol to patrons or to minors for injuries intoxicated patrons or minors cause to third parties such as in car accidents.
A private social host is the host at a private party, such as a wedding reception, a corporate sponsored event, a gathering of friends at a private residence, where alcohol is served not for profit.
Under Georgia law, a person who sells or provides alcohol is not liable for the personal injuries or property damage caused by the intoxicated person. Though, the person who sells or provides alcohol is liable for the actions of the intoxicated person if they knowingly sold or provided alcohol to an obviously intoxicated person who they knew would soon be driving or to a minor who they knew would soon be driving.
Sections 51-1-40, 33-3-22 and 33-3-23
Financial Responsibility Car Insurance Minimum Limits
In the State of Georgia, each motor vehicle must be covered by an insurance policy that includes liability coverage of the following amounts for all damages resulting from an accident:
- At least $25,000 per person
- At least $50,000 for two or more people
- $25,000 per occurrence for property damage
Section 33-7-11
Georgia Insurance Information
For information about auto insurance requirements, see the Georgia State Office of Insurance and Safety Fire Commissioner.
Comparative Negligence (51% Rule)
In Georgia, the victim in a car accident can sue the negligent driver for compensation. The victim's liability in causing the accident, their comparative negligence, affects the amount of compensation the victim receives.
If the victim contributed less than 51% of the negligence that caused the accident, then their compensation is reduced by the amount they contributed to the accident. If the victim contributed 51% or more of the negligence that caused the accident, then the victim is barred from receiving any compensation.
Section 51-12-33
Example of Comparative Negligence (51% Rule)
One morning, Jackson was driving north on his way to work. At an intersection, he pulled into the left turn lane. At the same time, Melanie approached the intersection from the opposite direction. Suddenly, Jackson turned left into Melanie's lane and their cars collided.
Melanie sustained serious brain injuries and damage to her car, totalling in $100,000 dollars worth of damages.
After their investigation, the police determined that Jackson had failed to yield according to traffic laws. A pedestrian witness told police he saw Melanie texting at the time Jackson's car crashed into Melanie's. As a result, the police issued Melanie a citation for using a mobile device while driving.
Melanie sued Jackson for $100,000 and claimed he was 100% at fault for the accident because he did not yield to her right-of-way. At trial, the jury found Jackson liable for failing to yield the right-of-way. However, the jury also found Melissa liable for using a mobile device while driving and partially responsible for the accident.
The verdict stated Jackson's negligence equaled 70% of the accident, and Melanie's equaled 30%. The jury awarded Melanie only $70,000 dollars.
In the event the jury had found Jackson's negligence equaled 49% of the accident, and Melanie's equaled 51%, the jury would be barred by law from awarding Melanie any compensation for the damages.
Comparative Negligence: Section 51-12-33
Right of Way: Section 40-6-41
Drivers and Mobile Electronic Devices: Sections 40-6-241.1 and 40-6-241.2
Georgia's No Fault Car Insurance
In Georgia, a victim of a car accident can seek compensation by filing a claim with the insurance provider of the at-fault driver or by filing a lawsuit directly against the at-fault driver. For information about auto insurance, see the FAQ page on the Georgia State Office of Insurance and Safety Fire Commissioner.
Statute of Limitations
Georgia has a four year statute of limitations for property damage and a two year statute of limitations for personal injuries. This means a victim of a car accident who seeks compensation must file a lawsuit within four years of the accident for property damage and within two years of the accident for personal injuries.
Sections 9-3-31 and 9-3-33
Small Claims Courts
In Georgia, victims of car accidents can choose to sue the negligent driver in small claims court. The jurisdiction of a small claims court regarding personal injury and property damage is limited to a maximum of $15,000, exclusive of filing fees and court costs. For information about small claims court, see the Georgia Department of Law website.
Georgia Government Tort Claims – Sovereign Immunity
In Georgia, it is possible to submit a claim against a governmental agency or its employees for personal injury or property damage as a result of negligence on the part of the governmental agency or its employees. The claim must refer to an lawful action on the part of the governmental agency or employee performed in the scope of their duties. If the injury or property damage occurred as a result of an unlawful action, then the claimant can sue only the person(s) who caused injury or property damage individually. The governmental agency would not be liable.
Constitution of Georgia, Section 1-02-09
If Melissa, an engineer with the Atlanta Planning Department, ran a red light on her way to a worksite and caused an accident, then the City of Atlanta would be liable for the property damage and personal injuries caused her.
If Melissa stopped for a few drinks and became intoxicated before heading to a worksite and causing an accident, then the City of Atlanta can claim sovereign immunity. Melissa performed an unlawful act and was not acting in the scope of her duties when she became intoxicated on her way to the worksite.
To seek compensation for damages, injured parties would have to sue Melissa personally. The determination of whether or not Melissa was acting within the scope of her duties would have to be decided during a trial.
Constitution of Georgia, Section 1-02-09
Georgia Department of Transportation
Georgia Department of Public Safety
Georgia Department of Public Safety
Governors Highway Safety Association
National Conference on State Legislature
How Much is Your Injury Claim Worth?
Find out now with a FREE case review from an attorney…


text:
This week is a big week at meat markets everywhere as it seems they all have corned beef brisket on sale for the upcoming St. Patrick's Day holiday.
It is a very good time to stock up – and when doing so, one will need to find some recipes for all that beef. Of course, there is always the usual braised corned beef, but sometimes, something a little different, delicious and a bit unexpected is always welcome.
Far from being Irish, the Reuben sandwich has some disputed origins (as usually happens when something really great occurs and it seems everyone wants to take credit). One account has it that Reuben Kulakofsky, a Lithuanian immigrant to Omaha, Nebraska, and grocer, created this gem. Another account holds that the German owner of Reuben's Delicatessen in New York City (Arnold Reuben) created it around 1914. This does seem to be substantiated in part by a magazine article around 1924 mentioning it, but others deny it and say the Reuben from the deli didn't even have corned beef in it.
All arguing aside, corned beef on bread and grilled hot can't be such a far-fetched idea and may have had, in fact, many origins. Who is to say who first put it together? Perhaps it is more important to hope that no one will ever be the last. In time, there will be many incarnations of this sandwich, perhaps made as many different ways as there are stars in the sky. But for now, this is pretty much the basic recipe.
And whether you make it to use up some leftover corned beef, find it a great addition to your football parties, or like a little change of pace for New Year's food, or just … because! Because it is delicious and in fact, very easy and quick to make. Combined with a cold vegetable salad it makes a simple and satisfying lunch or dinner.
Reuben Sandwich
4 ounces lean thinly sliced deli corned beef
2 (1 ounce) slices swiss cheese
2 slices rye bread
1/3 cup sauerkraut, well drained
1-1/2 to 2 tablespoons Thousand Island dressing (to taste)
2 tablespoons butter, softened
1. Bring corned beef and Swiss cheese to room temperature; squeeze kraut dry then heat until it is warmed to about 120 to 140 degrees F.
2. Butter both sides of bread.
3. Place cheese on bread, then corned beef on each side so the kraut can be in the middle; this helps keep the sandwich dry. Put about a tablespoon of Thousand Island dressing inside the sandwich on the corned beef.
4. Put sandwich together and griddle over med-low heat until crisp and golden, turning once.


text: Enjoy the hometown hospitality at this Baymont Inn and Suites Decatur is just off Highway 27 and convenient to local restaurants, Fort Wayne, the Fort Wayne International Airport, St. Marys River and the charming shops of downtown Decatur. This hotel is also quite close to the corporate HQs of Bunge North America and Fleetwood RV. Pets are welcome at this lodging, which offers complimentary wireless Internet and complimentary breakfast as well as indoor pool, and fitness center. For your convenience this hotel offers large-vehicle parking and business center with meeting rooms. Rooms feature flat-screen TV, ergonomic chair and guest-controlled heating and cooling, and there is no charge for kids 17 and under when staying with adults.


text:
Web design in Malta, Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) that yields truly impeccable results, and custom software development engineered with passion, are three flagship services that we provide with pride and quality which very few other local companies can boast of. The software services team, which has fast grown over the past three years is lead by Alan Darmanin, a software developer by profession with a passion for agile software methodologies, testing automation and software quality assurance. Read more about the team and our areas of expertise.
Indicates required fields
Address: 169, Guze` D'Amato Street, Tarxien, Malta, Europe.


text:
Are you seeking a better smile? Did you know that it can be easier to clean and care for if your teeth are all in the proper position? The straight smile you desire can be yours with orthodontic braces. Not only are braces designed to straighten your teeth, they can lower your risk of oral ailments that come with teeth rubbing together.
If your teeth are out of alignment, the chance for oral injury increases. If your teeth consistently rub together, a likely accident will occur often in the form of chips and cracks in your teeth. Protect your teeth from rubbing together by removing malocclusions and straightening your smile. Orthodontic braces are designed to accomplish these tasks no matter how severe the malocclusions may be.
Orthodontic braces are designed to make basic functions of your mouth easier to accomplish, including eating, speaking, and chewing effectively. When your teeth are in their proper alignment, food can be chewed much more thoroughly, thus increasing the health benefits they can provide for your body.
If you would like Dr. Wendy Chen and our team at Wendy Chen Orthodontics to bring you in for an orthodontic exam, please contact our orthodontic office in Colleyville, Texas, by calling us at 817-581-4031. Have a fantastic day!


text:
Contrary to media reports this morning, the tunnel under the Phoenix Park was used by passengers prior to today's launch of the new scheduled service .
The Irish Times online edition mentioned a hiatus of 100 years, others implied it was never used for passengers except by VIPs on their recent trip prior to the tunnel's official opening this morning. I was under the impression that along with its use by freight trains the tunnel was also utilised to reposition passenger rolling stock between Heuston and Connolly stations. Special Services were run through it on All Ireland days back in the 1990s. The difference today is the establishing of a scheduled service as opposed to an occasional chartered special service.
Surprise! Myself and my brother along with hundreds more travelled through the tunnel on our way to and from Belfast on a chartered CIE train in 1964.
It was the occasion of the Saint James' CBS primary school annual educational trip. Our classes were marched two abreast from the school in Basin Lane to Kingsbridge (Heuston) Station where we boarded the train. The train left the station and turned right and slowly entered the tunnel. The carriage lights did not turn on until we were well into the tunnel so everyone held onto their sweets. It was a "modern" radio train and some carriages had tables fitted. One of the Christian Brothers informed us over the speakers that we were passing beside Croke Park on our way into Amien Street (Connolly) Station. The train stopped out from the actual station and the engine decoupled and proceeded on a parallel track to the opposite end of the train and brought us all to Belfast and back.
Check your records again Iarnród Éireann. The boys from Jambo (pronounced Jame Bo) did it just over 50 years ago!


text:
Otoplasty — also known as cosmetic ear surgery — is a procedure to change the shape, position or size of the ears.
You might choose to have otoplasty if you're bothered by how far your ears stick out from your head. You might also consider otoplasty if your ear or ears are misshapen due to an injury or birth defect.
Otoplasty can be done at any age after the ears have reached their full size — usually after age 5 — through adulthood.


text:
The beautiful Municipality of Vouliagmeni, the area that hosted the triathlon venue at the 2004 Olympic Games will host the 7th edition of XTERRA in Greece.
Boasting a rich cultural heritage since it is the cradle of western civilization, Athens is a glorious, seductive city, fascinating visitors year-round. Vouliagmeni is the jewel of the Athenian Riviera and athletes will enjoy excellent weather conditions, calm and clear open water swim, a picturesque bike and run course and of course the famous greek cuisine.


text:
Tale of a Tiger who can't come to grips with his game
TIGER WOODS:The 14-time Major winner seems to hit a brick wall when it comes to producing the goods in foursomes or fourballs, writes PHILIP REID
HOW DO you explain what happens to Tiger Woods once he stands on the tee – in foursomes or fourballs – in a Ryder Cup? His drives become wilder (he hit three different spectators in three days up to Saturday's fourballs!); his aura is diminished. He has a haunted look.
Even on a team that looked to be heading for victory, he became a beaten docket; transformed into the quiet boy in the corner while everyone else was high-fiving, and yahooing. It's incomprehensible.
Nobody can doubt his willingness tocontribute to the cause. This was evident in yesterday's singles. As Bubba Watson drove wildly into the galleries down the right – a la Woods, admittedly – who walked down the fairway,to see how he had fared? Woods.
The 14-time Major winner then trooped back up to the tee box, meeting Jack Nicklaus on the tee, and hung on to watch Webb Simpson tee off before going off to make his own preparations to be the last man out for the USA.
From first to last, a different kind of transformation. So often the player entrusted in leading the Americans from the front, he had been changed into the anchor role.
How did it come to this?
Medinah is a course tailor-made for Eldrick. It was here in 1999 that he won the US PGA and he repeated the feat on its return inn 2006. Course and distance winner. And, yet, in this 39th edition of the Ryder Cup, Woods's dreadful record was compounded by losing all three of his matches on Friday and Saturday – one foursomes, two fourballs – and being given a rest session for the first time since making his Ryder Cup debut in 1997.
Woods benched. Now, that's something that no other captain dared do. Kudos to Davis Love III. Even Woods admitted that he deserved it, although the lie-in on Saturday – permission granted by Love for the player not to get to the course too early in the morning chill – didn't appear to have worked when the player air-mailed the third green and hit a drive on the fourth that needed a GPS system to find.
In the end, though, Woods showed his mettle – claiming five birdies on the back nine – in what turned out to be a futile chase, with Steve Stricker, in pursuit of Luke Donald and Sergio Garcia.
But it was another loss, a third straight defeat and brought his Ryder Cup record to 13(wins)-17 (losses)-2 (halved). " Feeling good about my game but just unfortunately haven't got a point," said Woods on Saturday. Still in the negative. But still trying.


text:
Small and intimate hotel, friendly and personal service, quiet and scenic neighbourhood, restaurants and all landmarks within walking distance, honest and correct rates for good quality, unique renovated rooms with authentic high wooden-beamed ceilings, healthy Flemish buffet-style breakfast, cosy vaulted cellar bar with jazz and whisky!See you soon ?
Hereby conditions and cancellation policy.The applied amounts en percentages are to be paid by the guest.
Special conditions are prior to the main cancellation conditions when applied.
Main conditions and policy (Individual booking)
Special conditions (groups*)
(*) groups = Every booking of 3 or more rooms


text:
Dynamic peaceful change must occur to stop and fix the profoundly negative consequences plaguing the election process in America.
InterOccupy Organizers,
Thank you for your insight into change in America. Too many Americans do not know nor understand that they are under assault by enemies of a 'domestic' nature, supported by a "Fifth Column" of multinational and foreign interests, to the continued and growing detriment to this country and our society.
Can you read this email request and help institute the single most important solution for the U.S. political system by fixing the election process in this great country of ours?
I've started the petition "Vote to create Constitutional Amendment protecting Public Campaign Financing as the sole method for campaign finance. Overturn the disastrous 2010 US Supreme Court (split) decision ?Citizens United? v. FEC. " and need your help to get it off the ground.
Will you take 30 seconds to sign it right now? Here's the link:
Here's why it's important:
Description of Petition:
Why is this important?
Wouldn't you rather see a set amount of public campaign finance money spent on State and Presidential elections in the low $Billions, than the $5+ Trillion in waste and spending of your money by the players manipulating the current system? Money with proper oversight that can be retained for public use, for the good of the country?
With 126,849,269 registered voters casting their ballot during the 2012 Presidential election, by setting aside in annual tax revenue only $100 per voter to support Public Campaign Financing, this initiative raises over $12 Billion dollars for the new election process in both State and Federal elections in this country. Why cannot the system be this transparent and fair? Break this down further to the State level, and this model allows for $3 Billion allotment (Federal Level), and $180 Million per State election process (in proportion to Census statistics per State). With only a 57% registered voter turnout, this model clearly shows the initial $100 per voter allotment could decrease, when spread across a larger voter turnout. Why waste time fundraising when not needed?
Approximately 30% of an elected official's 'official' time is spent fundraising to stay in office. Not to mention what allotment of their personal time is also spent in this never-ending and Quixotic quest? Who has the kind of money to gain even a fraction of your elected official's daily time and attention? Enough is Enough; Stop the buying of elections by special interest groups, corporate lobbying groups, the '1%' getting more than one vote through Citizens United and now potentially another judicial push in front of the Supreme Court as you read this petition! 'Productivity' becomes the new catchword in Washington! What more could be accomplished by Congress with less time and effort spent fundraising and voting the way 'money' wants?
The skewed and irresponsible influencing of the media from all sides during the U.S. election process must stop as well. 'Politics' should not be 'big business'; 'Politics' should be about governing wisely, sustainable, with correct and properly funded oversight. Let's get this great Nation back on the tracks and 'we the people' again in control of 'our' Government.
Why now?
The time is now to start a support group in your State, City, and community areas. Mid term elections are coming up and we the people need to take control of the election process, and the workings of our elected officials once voted into 'public service' positions. Yes, 'Public Service' positions; not 'Corporate' or 'Special Interest' positions. Create referendum measures in your State that can make it onto the election ballots to be voted into law by YOU THE PEOPLE. Collect signatures on petitions and force your State Legislature to include a PUBLIC CAMPAIGN FINANCE referendum measure in the 2014 Elections. Once presented at this level the movement can be made ready for use to protect and support public campaign finance efforts in the 2016 National Elections, and beyond.
How can I make a difference?
Help your elected official do the right thing. Take the onus of having to play the current election process 'game' away from your elected officials by demanding only publicly funded campaign financing. Transparent and Open. Period. Grant all opponents equal and limited media airtime, and cap media spending to a small percentage of what are current election spending levels. The people win!
Give your elected officials and those striving for the coveted positions tighter parameters to operate from within. Even the most stalwart and well-meaning politician is being forced by the current election process 'rules' to accept campaign finance funds from private sources. Funds not necessarily sought after, only agreed upon by necessity. They are only human. Forgive them any weakness, for they know what they shouldn't be doing, and what they would rather be doing. In the instance they do not, vote them out. Period.
Weaving in and out of the Truth:
"Oh what a tangled web we weave, When first we practise to deceive" – Scottish Author Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) in Marmion, Canto VI Stanza 17
The current 'campaign finance game' is stacked against us 'the people' once again. Current campaign financing law and process is similar in byzantine complexity to the horrific financial derivative programs, along with the toxic sub-prime loan schemes created by the banking industry throughout the George W(md) Bush Administration years. Where was the oversight?!? These two aberrations, created by special interest groups and individuals helped cripple this nation and poison the world! The weapon of mass destruction here was domestically deployed; unchecked and secretive election campaign finance money that put that Administration in office to do their bidding.
Trust in yourselves. Support Publicly Funded Campaign Financing over corporate and special interest group creations such as 'Citizens United'.
Vote out the 2010 'Citizens United' Supreme Court decision. Why should the money influence our, OUR elections? Win this one, once and for all by Constitutional Amendment, do not trust this sitting court to overturn their own decision. See current (in conjunction with the RNC?) 'McCutcheon v. FEC' case in front of the Supreme Court to see how far these conservative (Bush) appointed Judges and the RNC will go in allowing money to buy anything it wants. Even your elections. Odd, they aren't 'conservative' when it comes to spending your taxpayer money with their multinational/foreign/crony contractor companies?
The dominoes blocking transparency in the election process start falling here in favor of the people with Election Campaign Finance Reform! Special interest candidates will no longer be able to influence the spending of our tax dollars with their lobbyist funded backers for the sole interest of their shareholders, wherever, whomever these secretive investors may be.
"Of the People, By the People, For the People"
"Of the special interest groups, By the marginalized politician, Against the People."
Thank you for researching further and making the correct decision.
See you at the ballot booth! VOTE!!! Fight and win in the Ballot Box.
The K.I.S.S. principle at its' finest!! Thanks Kelly Johnson!
*Tangled Web of Campaign Finance" chart available with expressed permission of The Sunlight Foundation (11/25/13)
Will send copy of "The Tangled Web of Campaign Finance" provided with expressed permission of The Sunlight Foundation (11/25/13) for use in disseminating this petition request to those wanting positive and lasting change in America, for America, and the World.
Thank you for your time in review.
John Lorello


text:
We look forward to earning your business!
We work hard to deliver excellent service to our clients and meet all of your expectations. Please use the contact form below to get in touch with us or if you prefer you can stop by our shop or simply call us at: (909)-527-4990
We're glad you're here and we look forward to hearing from you!


text:
We use cookies to improve your experience on our website. By clicking OK or by continuing to browse the website, you consent to their use.
Click here to review our Cookie Use Policy.
by QSR
Supports robust qualitative and mixed methods research for virtually any data source and any research method.
Learn more
Intuitive data analysis software designed for public policy experts analyzing surveys.
Creating software to help you discover the rich insights from humanised data.
The most advanced analysis tools for your qualitative research needs.
Your automated transcription assistant – quick, easy, precise.
Meet some of NVivo's typical users
#1 software chosen by academics for qualitative research
Powering business and government decisions with deeper analysis
Learn how others use NVivo and get useful tips from experts
Find and connect with us on social media
Explore our research hub celebrating qualitative research projects
Access the community knowledge base about NVivo
Join the NVivo user testing community
Download a free trial of NVivo
Get the best out of NVivo - online, onsite, or virtually
Beginner guides for NVivo versions
Find everything you need to succeed with NVivo
Read the latest Whitepapers from Nvivo
Apply to become a Certified NVivo Expert or Trainer.
If you hold a current NVivo 10 for Windows license key, you can download and use NVivo for Mac at no extra charge for the duration of your license. However, if you hold an NVivo for Mac license key, you cannot use this license to install and use NVivo 10 for Windows.
NVivo for Mac projects have a different file format from those created in NVivo 10 for Windows:
27 February 2014
NVivo 10 for Windows
FAQ Id
Who uses NVivo
Explore our range...


text:
About Custom Cool
Custom Cool is a luxury design company that produces bespoke, custom rugs and decorative accessories for the interior design market. Our distinctive designs are on the leading edge of interior trends and pioneer the way for visual and material innovation. We provide our clients with superior quality and craftsmanship, exclusive design work and highly personalized customer care. Individual homeowners and professional interior designers are offered elegant solutions for personalizing an existing custom cool design or for creating their own rich design which best reflects their unique personal style.
Custom Cool rugs and accessories are made by combining traditional materials and techniques with innovative and fresh design and color combinations. All our products are made to the highest of standards and if cared for properly will become heirlooms to be passed down for generations to come.
Custom Cool is committed to core themes of innovation, flexibility and sustainability in all our design and manufacturing. We encourage green practices as integral to our work. All Custom Cool products are manufactured with the highest ethical standards. This aspect of our work is not a footnote in our company but is woven into all our design and creative mandates. Our suppliers all adhere to fair labor practices and given the sad history of child labor within the South East Asian textile industry we work in partnership with GoodWeave to ensure that only adults are employed in the workplaces our rugs are produced.
Custom Cool supports a variety of non profit organizations through financial support as well as donated time and work. Please visit us on Facebook and friend us and find out more about Custom Cool community work.
Copyright 2014 Custom Cool LLC
58 Old Country Rd, Quogue, NY 11959
Phone: 631.996.2900 | Fax: 631.899.3814
14 Gingerbread Lane, East Hampton, NY 11937
Phone: 631.996.4046
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com