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- UMich Gets Better Deal in Google's Library of the Future Project - Wired News
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- their work at Princeton Library PRINCETON BOROUGH -- Two best-selling Spanish authors will share their works and writing experiences during the library's "Spanish Authors in America" event June 18. Manuel Rivas and Rafael Chirbes will discuss their...
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Authors of the Bible
This list of authors of the Bible gives both the traditional and modern scholarly views on the authorship of the individual books. The books of the Old Testament are listed according to their order in the Jewish Tanakh. The preliminary introductory sections expand on the table.
In the Tanakh, Moses is traditionally credited with authoring the five books of the Torah, or Law, the foundational stories and laws. King David, King Solomon, various prophets, and others are traditional authors of later books in the Tanakh. Modern scholars mostly ascribe the documentary hypothesis, which describes the Torah as an edited compilation of sources, written from c 950 BCE to c 400 BCE. Contemporary scholars also generally maintain that Isaiah was the work of at least two authors, Isaiah from the 8th century and anonymous others from the time of the Exile or later.
In the New Testament, the four gospels have all been connected to apostles. Matthew and John were Apostles themselves while Mark and Luke were associates of Peter and Paul, respectively. Thirteen epistles are traditionally attributed to Paul, while other epistles are attributed to various figures or to no one at all, as in the case of Hebrews. Revelations was ascribed to John the Elder. Most contemporary scholars consider Mark, Matthew, and John to have been written by anonymous Christians who were not eye witnesses to Jesus' life. Most, but not all, of Paul's epistles are considered genuine. Other attributions, such as Peter to 1 and 2 Peter, have not been supported by critical scholarship. On the other hand, the very late dates once suggested for the gospels have been largely discredited, and scholars consider the evangelists to have lived in the first century and to have recorded many genuine historical events and authentic sayings of Jesus.
The Jewish bible (called the Hebrew bible by many scholars because it is written mostly in that language) differs from the Christian Old Testament notably in the order in which the various books within it are presented. The main principle behind the order of books in the Hebrew bible is authorship, and it is that order which is followed in this section.
The first five books of the bible, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy, are known by Jews as the Torah ("laws", or more accurately "instruction"). They were translated into Greek in the last few centuries before Christ, and are thus also known by their Greek title, the Pentateuch.
Traditionally, Moses is said to have written the Torah, as most ancient rabbis believed. The source of this tradition lies in what Judaism refers to as the Oral Torah, which is believed by Jews to have been handed down to Moses at the same time as the Torah and original Ten Commandments. To rabbis and Jewish scholars, the Torah's gematria and hidden meanings reflect the consistency of a single author. Christians have traditionally believed in Moses' authorship of the Torah, to which the Christian New Testament repeatedly refers.
Others point to major problems with this idea, and suggest instead that the Pentateuch grew by a process of slow accretion of material over the centuries; and others again, while accepting the problems with the documentary approach, believe that the Torah contains one basic document which was supplemented over the centuries by other writers with their own distinctive viewpoints and objectives.
The next group of books after the Torah/Pentateuch in the Hebrew bible is called the Prophets. This section is divided into two subsections, Former Prophets and Latter Prophets. Despite the name, the Former Prophets - Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings - are history books, telling the story of the Israelite people from the conquest of Canaan to the fall of Jerusalem, and stressing a religious interpretation of historical and military events. They are included in the Prophets because their author was traditionally believed to have been the prophet Samuel, supplemented by other prophets for the period covering events after Samuel's death. Prophets concludes with Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel (the Major Prophets), followed by the twelve Minor Prophets (all the remaining prophetic books except Daniel).
In the 1940s, German Old Testament scholar Martin Noth identified a Deuteronomistic History, comprising Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings, with Deuteronomy as its preamble. Noth proposed that these books had been written as a unitary work, sometime around the year 600 BC, at the court of king Josiah of Judah, with the intention of providing a rationale for Josiah's plan to reconquer the northern kingdom of Israel. Modern scholars accept this description of these books composing a unified work from the hands the deuteronomist writers. The authors of the Former Prophets are anonymous, although Richard Elliott Friedman makes the case that it may have been Baruch, the scribe of the prophet Jeremiah).
The other books are traditionally ascribed to the various prophets whose names they bear - Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and so on. Modern scholars consider it probably that real individuals lie behind the books, although Isaiah includes substantial material from the anonymous "Second Isaiah" and "Third Isaiah," writing two hundred or more years after the historical Isaiah.
The final section of the Hebrew bible, taking in all the remaining books, is the "Writings" (Kethuvim). This division is the least unified part of the Bible, representing a wide variety of post-Exilic views, including wisdom literature, poetry, and festival scrolls. The traditional authorship of many is reflected in the titles: Ezra, Nehemiah, Daniel, etc. The unnamed books are ascribed to various famous figures: King David is the traditional author of Psalms; Solomon of Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs; Moses of the Book of Job; and Lamentations to Jeremiah. Modern biblical scholars hold all these books to be fairly late compositions by anonymous and pseudonymous authors, although Nehemiah incorporates Nehemiah's memoirs.
The New Testament is divided into the Gospels/Acts, the Epistles, and the Apocalypse (Book of Revelation).
According to tradition the Gospels were written by the four named authors and in the order in which they appear in the New Testament - Matthew by the Apostle Matthew, Mark by a disciple of the Apostle Peter in Rome, Luke by Luke the companion of Paul, and John by John the Evangelist, traditionally identified with the Apostle John. Luke is also identified by tradition as the author of the Acts, as a continuation of the Gospel of Luke.
Scholarly opinion is evenly divided between those who accept and those who reject the traditional authorship of Luke/Acts. For Mark, Matthew and John there is far greater agreement that the traditional ascriptions are incorrect, and that the authors of these works are in fact unknown. Scholars are in broad agreement that Mark is the earliest gospel, and that Matthew and Luke rely on it for their narrative. All four Gospels are usually dated to a period after 70 AD, although a minority of conservative scholars continue to argue for earlier dates.
For all of the epistles, Pauline, Johannine, Petrine, James, and Jude, conservative scholars accept the authors as presented in the documents themselves. Critical scholars have found some to be genuine, some to be disputed, and some to be pseudepigraphical.
Hebrews was regarded as Pauline by some early traditions, but this was questioned even in ancient times and is rejected by all modern/liberal scholars. The true author is unknown.
The remaining epistles are traditionally ascribed to the persons whose names appear in their titles - three epistles of John the Evangelist, (the author of Revelation), two of the Apostle Peter, and one each of James the Just, the brother of Jesus, and one of "Jude the brother of James" (presumably a kinsman of Jesus). The tradition ascribing the Epistle of James to James, the "brother" or near kinsman of Jesus, is relatively late.
The authorship of the Johannine works in general (the three Epistles plus the Gospel of John and Revelation) is still disputed, but the general opinion among scholars is that there are clear similarities between the First Epistle of John and the Gospel of John, so that a common author is plausible; the Second and Third Epistles probably come from within a circle of followers of the author of the First Epistle and the Gospel, but are not by that author himself: the hypothetical author of the Second and Third Epistles is often called John the Presbyter by scholars to distinguish him from the Evangelist. Revelation is believed to be by a third author, who introduces himself simply as "John" - this third author is referred to by modern scholars as John of Patmos.
The First is generally regarded as pseudonymous and the same conclusion is virutally unanimous for Second Epistle of Peter. The Greek of both letters is too polished to have come from a Galilean fisherman, and they both show familiarity with the Jewish scriptures only in their Greek translation. Nor are the two epistles from the same author: the second epistle relies on the Epistle of Jude and makes reference to multiple Pauline epistles, and the theology seems to belong to a 2nd century time-frame.
Modern scholars regard the Epistle of James as anonymous, probably dating to 80-100 AD. Jude is ascribed to an anonymous author writing c 125, perhaps in Rome.
Authors (card game)
Authors or, The Game of Authors is a card game for three to five players. The first Game of Authors was published by G. M. Whipple & A. A. Smith of Salem, Massachusetts in 1861, and later published by Parker Brothers (also, at the time, of Salem, Massachusetts) in 1897.
The deck of cards consists of thirteen sets of four cards each representing the works of thirteen famous authors. The object of the game is to form complete sets of the four cards comprising the works of a particular author. The winner is the player with the most sets.
The game is the creation of Anne Abbott, a Beverly, Massachusetts clergyman's daughter and editor of a young people's literary journal. Abbott also designed one of America's earliest board games, The Mansion of Happiness (1843), as well as the hugely popular mid-19th century card game, Dr. Busby.
List of science fiction authors
Note that this partial list contains some authors whose works of fantastic fiction would today be called science fiction, even if they predate, or did not work in that genre. There is also a considerable overlap with the List of fantasy authors, since many authors are equally comfortable with both genres, and in any case some works deliberately combine the two or blur the distinction.
A great book for looking up authors is A Reader's Guide to Science Fiction by Baird Searles, Martin Last, Beth Meacham, and Michael Franklin. Even if it hasn't been updated since the 1979 publication at hand, it's very useful. It tells you whom else you might like if you like one author.
Also invaluable are The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (2nd. Ed. 1991) ed. by John Clute and Peter Nicholls, and The Mammoth Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, ed. by George Mann (1999) (ISBN 0-7867-0887-5 or ISBN 1-84119-177-9).
English literature
The term English literature refers to literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; Joseph Conrad was Polish, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, Salman Rushdie is Indian, V.S. Naipaul was born in Trinidad, Vladimir Nabokov was Russian. In other words, English literature is as diverse as the varieties and dialects of English spoken around the world. In academia, the term often labels departments and programmes practising English studies in secondary and tertiary educational systems. Despite the variety of authors of English literature, the works of William Shakespeare remain paramount throughout the English-speaking world.
This article primarily deals with literature from Britain written in English. For literature from specific English-speaking regions, consult the see also section at the bottom of the page.
The first works in English, written in Old English, appeared in the early Middle Ages (the oldest surviving text is Cædmon's Hymn). The oral tradition was very strong in early British culture and most literary works were written to be performed. Epic poems were thus very popular and many, including Beowulf, have survived to the present day in the rich corpus of Anglo-Saxon literature that closely resemble today's Norwegian or, better yet, Icelandic. Much Anglo-Saxon verse in the extant manuscripts is probably a "milder" adaptation of the earlier Viking and German war poems from the continent. When such poetry was brought to England it was still being handed down orally from one generation to another, and the constant presence of alliterative verse, or consonant rhyme (today's newspaper headlines and marketing abundantly use this technique such as in Big is Better) helped the Anglo-Saxon peoples remember it. Such rhyme is a feature of Germanic languages and is opposed to vocalic or end-rhyme of Romance languages. But the first written literature dates to the early Christian monasteries founded by St. Augustine of Canterbury and his disciples and it is reasonable to believe that it was somehow adapted to suit to needs of Christian readers. Even without their crudest lines, Viking war poems still smell of blood feuds and their consonant rhymes sound like the smashing of swords under the gloomy northern sky: there is always a sense of imminent danger in the narratives. Sooner or later, all things must come to an end, as Beowulf eventually dies at the hands of the monsters he spends the tale fighting. The feelings of Beowulf that nothing lasts, that youth and joy will turn to death and sorrow entered Christianity and were to dominate the future landscape of English fiction.
Following the introduction of a printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, vernacular literature flourished. The Reformation inspired the production of vernacular liturgy which led to the Book of Common Prayer, a lasting influence on literary English language. The poetry, drama, and prose produced under both Queen Elizabeth I and King James I constitute what is today labelled as Early modern (or Renaissance).
The Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the field of drama. The Italian Renaissance had rediscovered the ancient Greek and Roman theatre, and this was instrumental in the development of the new drama, which was then beginning to evolve apart from the old mystery and miracle plays of the Middle Ages. The Italians were particularly inspired by Seneca (a major tragic playwright and philosopher, the tutor of Nero) and Plautus (its comic clichés, especially that of the boasting soldier had a powerful influence on the Renaissance and after). However, the Italian tragedies embraced a principle contrary to Seneca's ethics: showing blood and violence on the stage. In Seneca's plays such scenes were only acted by the characters. But the English playwrights were intrigued by Italian model: a conspicuous community of Italian actors had settled in London and Giovanni Florio had brought much of the Italian language and culture to England. It is also true that the Elizabethan Era was a very violent age and that the high incidence of political assassinations in Renaissance Italy (embodied by Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince) did little to calm fears of popish plots. As a result, representing that kind of violence on the stage was probably more cathartic for the Elizabethan spectator. Following earlier Elizabethan plays such as Gorboduc by Sackville & Norton and The Spanish Tragedy by Kyd that was to provide much material for Hamlet, William Shakespeare stands out in this period as a poet and playwright as yet unsurpassed. Shakespeare was not a man of letters by profession, and probably had only some grammar school education. He was neither a lawyer, nor an aristocrat as the "university wits" that had monopolised the English stage when he started writing. But he was very gifted and incredibly versatile, and he surpassed "professionals" as Robert Greene who mocked this "shake-scene" of low origins. Though most dramas met with great success, it is in his later years (marked by the early reign of James I) that he wrote what have been considered his greatest plays: Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, and The Tempest, a tragicomedy that inscribes within the main drama a brilliant pageant to the new king. This 'play within a play' takes the form of a masque, an interlude with music and dance coloured by the novel special effects of the new indoor theatres. Critics have shown that this masterpiece, which can be considered a dramatic work in its own right, was written for James's court, if not for the monarch himself. The magic arts of Prospero, on which depend the outcome of the plot, hint at the fine relationship between art and nature in poetry. Significantly for those times (the arrival of the first colonists in America), The Tempest is (though not apparently) set on a Bermudan island, as research on the Bermuda Pamphlets (1609) has shown, linking Shakespeare to the Virginia Company itself. The "News from the New World", as Frank Kermode points out, were already out and Shakespeare's interest in this respect is remarkable. Shakespeare also popularized the English sonnet which made significant changes to Petrarch's model.
The sonnet was introduced into English by Thomas Wyatt in the early 16th century. Poems intended to be set to music as songs, such as by Thomas Campion, became popular as printed literature was disseminated more widely in households. See English Madrigal School. Other important figures in Elizabethan theatre include Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Dekker, John Fletcher and Francis Beaumont. Had Marlowe (1564-1593) not been stabbed at twenty-nine in a tavern brawl, says Anthony Burgess, he might have rivalled, if not equalled Shakespeare himself for his poetic gifts. Remarkably, he was born only a few weeks before Shakespeare and must have known him well. Marlowe's subject matter, though, is different: it focuses more on the moral drama of the renaissance man than any other thing. Marlowe was fascinated and terrified by the new frontiers opened by modern science. Drawing on German lore, he introduced Dr. Faustus to England, a scientist and magician who is obsessed by the thirst of knowledge and the desire to push man's technological power to its limits. He acquires supernatural gifts that even allow him to go back in time and wed Helen of Troy, but at the end of his twenty-four years' covenant with the devil he has to surrender his soul to him. His dark heroes may have something of Marlowe himself, whose untimely death remains a mystery. He was known for being an atheist, leading a lawless life, keeping many mistresses, consorting with ruffians: living the 'high life' of London's underworld. But many suspect that this might have been a cover-up for his activities as a secret agent for Elizabeth I, hinting that the 'accidental stabbing' might have been a premeditated assassination by the enemies of The Crown. Beaumont and Fletcher are less-known, but it is almost sure that they helped Shakespeare write some of his best dramas, and were quite popular at the time. It is also at this time that the city comedy genre develops. In the later 16th century English poetry was characterised by elaboration of language and extensive allusion to classical myths. The most important poets of this era include Edmund Spenser and Sir Philip Sidney. Elizabeth herself, a product of Renaissance humanism, produced occasional poems such as On Monsieur's Departure.
After Shakespeare's death, the poet and dramatist Ben Jonson was the leading literary figure of the Jacobean era (The reign of James I). However, Jonson's aesthetics hark back to the Middle Ages rather than to the Tudor Era: his characters embody the theory of humours. According to this contemporary medical theory, behavioral differences result from a prevalence of one of the body's four "humours" (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) over the other three; these humours correspond with the four elements of the universe: air, water, fire, and earth. This leads Jonson to exemplify such differences to the point of creating types, or clichés.
Jonson is a master of style, and a brilliant satirist. His Volpone shows how a group of scammers are fooled by a top con-artist, vice being punished by vice, virtue meting out its reward.
Others who followed Jonson's style include Beaumont and Fletcher, who wrote the brilliant comedy, The Knight of the Burning Pestle, a mockery of the rising middle class and especially of those nouveaux riches who pretend to dictate literary taste without knowing much literature at all. In the story, a couple of grocers wrangle with professional actors to have their illiterate son play a leading role in a drama. He becomes a knight-errant wearing, appropriately, a burning pestle on his shield. Seeking to win a princess' heart, the young man is ridiculed much in the way Don Quixote was. One of Beaumont and Fletcher's chief merits was that of realising how feudalism and chivalry had turned into snobbery and make-believe and that new social classes were on the rise.
Another popular style of theatre during Jacobean times was the revenge play, popularized by John Webster and Thomas Kyd. George Chapman wrote a couple of subtle revenge tragedies, but must be remembered chiefly on account of his famous translation of Homer, one that had a profound influence on all future English literature, even inspiring John Keats to write one of his best sonnets.
The King James Bible, one of the most massive translation projects in the history of English up to this time, was started in 1604 and completed in 1611. It represents the culmination of a tradition of Bible translation into English that began with the work of William Tyndale. It became the standard Bible of the Church of England, and some consider it one of the greatest literary works of all time. This project was headed by James I himself, who supervised the work of forty-seven scholars. Although many other translations into English have been made, some of which are widely considered more accurate, many aesthetically prefer the King James Bible, whose meter is made to mimic the original Hebrew verse.
Besides Shakespeare, whose figure towers over the early 1600s, the major poets of the early 17th century included John Donne and the other Metaphysical poets. Influenced by continental Baroque, and taking as his subject matter both Christian mysticism and eroticism, metaphysical poetry uses unconventional or "unpoetic" figures, such as a compass or a mosquito, to reach surprise effects. For example, in "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning", one of Donne's Songs and Sonnets, the points of a compass represent two lovers, the woman who is home, waiting, being the centre, the farther point being her lover sailing away from her. But the larger the distance, the more the hands of the compass lean to each other: separation makes love grow fonder. The paradox or the oxymoron is a constant in this poetry whose fears and anxieties also speak of a world of spiritual certainties shaken by the modern discoveries of geography and science, one that is no longer the centre of the universe. Apart from the metaphysical poetry of Donne, the 17th century is also celebrated for its Baroque poetry. Baroque poetry served the same ends as the art of the period; the Baroque style is lofty, sweeping, epic, and religious. Many of these poets have an overtly Catholic sensibility (namely Richard Crashaw) and wrote poetry for the Catholic counter-Reformation in order to establish a feeling of supremacy and mysticism that would ideally persuade newly emerging Protestant groups back toward Catholicism.
The turbulent years of the mid-17th century, during the reign of Charles I and the subsequent Commonwealth and Protectorate, saw a flourishing of political literature in English. Pamphlets written by sympathisers of every faction in the English civil war ran from vicious personal attacks and polemics, through many forms of propaganda, to high-minded schemes to reform the nation. Of the latter type, Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes would prove to be one of the most important works of British political philosophy. Hobbes's writings are some of the few political works from the era which are still regularly published while John Bramhall, who was Hobbes's chief critic, is largely forgotten. The period also saw a flourishing of news books, the precursors to the British newspaper, with journalists such as Henry Muddiman, Marchamont Needham, and John Birkenhead representing the views and activities of the contending parties. The frequent arrests of authors and the suppression of their works, with the consequence of foreign or underground printing, led to the proposal of a licensing system. The Areopagitica, a political pamphlet by John Milton, was written in opposition to licensing and is regarded as one of the most eloquent defenses of press freedom ever written.
Specifically in the reign of Charles I (1625 – 42), English Renaissance theatre experienced its concluding efflorescence. The last works of Ben Jonson appeared on stage and in print, along with the final generation of major voices in the drama of the age: John Ford, Philip Massinger, James Shirley, and Richard Brome. With the closure of the theatres at the start of the English Civil War in 1642, drama was suppressed for a generation, to resume only in the altered society of the English Restoration in 1660.
Other forms of literature written during this period are usually ascribed political subtexts, or their authors are grouped along political lines. The cavalier poets, active mainly before the civil war, owed much to the earlier school of metaphysical poets. The forced retirement of royalist officials after the execution of Charles I was a good thing in the case of Izaak Walton, as it gave him time to work on his book The Compleat Angler. Published in 1653, the book, ostensibly a guide to fishing, is much more: a meditation on life, leisure, and contentment. The two most important poets of Oliver Cromwell's England were Andrew Marvell and John Milton, with both producing works praising the new government; such as Marvell's An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland. Despite their republican beliefs they escaped punishment upon the Restoration of Charles II, after which Milton wrote some of his greatest poetical works (with any possible political message hidden under allegory). Thomas Browne was another writer of the period; a learned man with an extensive library, he wrote prolifically on science, religion, medicine and the esoteric.
Restoration literature includes both Paradise Lost and the Earl of Rochester's Sodom, the high spirited sexual comedy of The Country Wife and the moral wisdom of Pilgrim's Progress. It saw Locke's Treatises on Government, the founding of the Royal Society, the experiments of Robert Boyle and the holy meditations of Boyle, the hysterical attacks on theatres from Jeremy Collier, the pioneering of literary criticism from Dryden, and the first newspapers. The official break in literary culture caused by censorship and radically moralist standards under Cromwell's Puritan regime created a gap in literary tradition, allowing a seemingly fresh start for all forms of literature after the Restoration. During the Interregnum, the royalist forces attached to the court of Charles I went into exile with the twenty-year old Charles II. The nobility who travelled with Charles II were therefore lodged for over a decade in the midst of the continent's literary scene. Charles spent his time attending plays in France, and he developed a taste for Spanish plays. Those nobles living in Holland began to learn about mercantile exchange as well as the tolerant, rationalist prose debates that circulated in that officially tolerant nation.
The largest and most important poetic form of the era was satire. In general, publication of satire was done anonymously. There were great dangers in being associated with a satire. On the one hand, defamation law was a wide net, and it was difficult for a satirist to avoid prosecution if he were proven to have written a piece that seemed to criticize a noble. On the other hand, wealthy individuals would respond to satire as often as not by having the suspected poet physically attacked by ruffians. John Dryden was set upon for being merely suspected of having written the Satire on Mankind. A consequence of this anonymity is that a great many poems, some of them of merit, are unpublished and largely unknown.
Prose in the Restoration period is dominated by Christian religious writing, but the Restoration also saw the beginnings of two genres that would dominate later periods: fiction and journalism. Religious writing often strayed into political and economic writing, just as political and economic writing implied or directly addressed religion. The Restoration was also the time when John Locke wrote many of his philosophical works. Locke's empiricism was an attempt at understanding the basis of human understanding itself and thereby devising a proper manner for making sound decisions. These same scientific methods led Locke to his three Treatises on Government, which later inspired the thinkers in the American Revolution. As with his work on understanding, Locke moves from the most basic units of society toward the more elaborate, and, like Thomas Hobbes, he emphasizes the plastic nature of the social contract. For an age that had seen absolute monarchy overthrown, democracy attempted, democracy corrupted, and limited monarchy restored, only a flexible basis for government could be satisfying. The Restoration moderated most of the more strident sectarian writing, but radicalism persisted after the Restoration. Puritan authors such as John Milton were forced to retire from public life or adapt, and those Digger, Fifth Monarchist, Leveller, Quaker, and Anabaptist authors who had preached against monarchy and who had participated directly in the regicide of Charles I were partially suppressed. Consequently, violent writings were forced underground, and many of those who had served in the Interregnum attenuated their positions in the Restoration. John Bunyan stands out beyond other religious authors of the period. Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress is an allegory of personal salvation and a guide to the Christian life. Instead of any focus on eschatology or divine retribution, Bunyan instead writes about how the individual saint can prevail against the temptations of mind and body that threaten damnation. The book is written in a straightforward narrative and shows influence from both drama and biography, and yet it also shows an awareness of the grand allegorical tradition found in Edmund Spenser. During the Restoration period, the most common manner of getting news would have been a broadsheet publication. A single, large sheet of paper might have a written, usually partisan, account of an event. However, the period saw the beginnings of the first professional and periodical (meaning that the publication was regular) journalism in England. Journalism develops late, generally around the time of William of Orange's claiming the throne in 1689. Coincidentally or by design, England began to have newspapers just when William came to court from Amsterdam, where there were already newspapers being published.
It is impossible to satisfactorily date the beginning of the novel in English. However, long fiction and fictional biographies began to distinguish themselves from other forms in England during the Restoration period. An existing tradition of Romance fiction in France and Spain was popular in England. The "Romance" was considered a feminine form, and women were taxed with reading "novels" as a vice. One of the most significant figures in the rise of the novel in the Restoration period is Aphra Behn. She was not only the first professional female novelist, but she may be among the first professional novelists of either sex in England. Behn's most famous novel was Oroonoko in 1688. This was a biography of an entirely fictional African king who had been enslaved in Suriname. Behn's novels show the influence of tragedy and her experiences as a dramatist.
As soon as the previous Puritan regime's ban on public stage representations was lifted, the drama recreated itself quickly and abundantly. The most famous plays of the early Restoration period are the unsentimental or "hard" comedies of John Dryden, William Wycherley, and George Etherege, which reflect the atmosphere at Court, and celebrate an aristocratic macho lifestyle of unremitting sexual intrigue and conquest. After a sharp drop in both quality and quantity in the 1680s, the mid-90s saw a brief second flowering of the drama, especially comedy. Comedies like William Congreve's Love For Love (1695) and The Way of the World (1700), and John Vanbrugh's The Relapse (1696) and The Provoked Wife (1697) were "softer" and more middle-class in ethos, very different from the aristocratic extravaganza twenty years earlier, and aimed at a wider audience. The playwrights of the 1690s set out to appeal to more socially mixed audiences with a strong middle-class element, and to female spectators, for instance by moving the war between the sexes from the arena of intrigue into that of marriage. The focus in comedy is less on young lovers outwitting the older generation, more on marital relations after the wedding bells.
Diarists John Evelyn and Samuel Pepys depicted everyday London life and the cultural scene of the times.
The term Augustan literature derives from authors of the 1720s and 1730's themselves, who responded to a term that George I of England preferred for himself. While George I meant the title to reflect his might, they instead saw in it a reflection of Ancient Rome's transition from rough and ready literature to highly political and highly polished literature. Because of the aptness of the metaphor, the period from 1689 - 1750 was called "the Augustan Age" by critics throughout the 18th century (including Voltaire and Oliver Goldsmith). The literature of the period is overtly political and thoroughly aware of critical dictates for literature. It is an age of exuberance and scandal, of enormous energy and inventiveness and outrage, that reflected an era when English, Scottish, and Irish people found themselves in the midst of an expanding economy, lowering barriers to education, and the stirrings of the Industrial Revolution.
The most outstanding poet of the age is Alexander Pope, but Pope's excellence is partially in his constant battle with other poets, and his serene, seemingly neo-Classical approach to poetry is in competition with highly idiosyncratic verse and strong competition from such poets as Ambrose Philips. It was during this time that James Thomson produced his melancholy The Seasons and Edward Young wrote Night Thoughts. It is also the era that saw a serious competition over the proper model for the pastoral. In criticism, poets struggled with a doctrine of decorum, of matching proper words with proper sense and of achieving a diction that matched the gravity of a subject. At the same time, the mock-heroic was at its zenith. Pope's Rape of the Lock and The Dunciad are still the greatest mock-heroic poems ever written.
In prose, the earlier part of the period was overshadowed by the development of the English essay. Joseph Addison and Richard Steele's The Spectator established the form of the British periodical essay, inventing the pose of the detached observer of human life who can meditate upon the world without advocating any specific changes in it. However, this was also the time when the English novel, first emerging in the Restoration, developed into a major artform. Daniel Defoe turned from journalism and writing criminal lives for the press to writing fictional criminal lives with Roxana and Moll Flanders. He also wrote a fictional treatment of the travels of Alexander Selkirk called Robinson Crusoe (1719). The novel would benefit indirectly from a tragedy of the stage, and in mid-century many more authors would begin to write novels.
If Addison and Steele overawed one type of prose, then Jonathan Swift did another. Swift's prose style is unmannered and direct, with a clarity that few contemporaries matched. He was a profound skeptic about the modern world, but he was similarly profoundly distrustful of nostalgia. He saw in history a record of lies and vanity, and he saw in the present a madness of vanity and lies. Core Christian values were essential, but these values had to be muscular and assertive and developed by constant rejection of the games of confidence men and their gullies. Swift's A Tale of a Tub announced his skeptical analysis of the claims of the modern world, and his later prose works, such as his war with Patridge the astrologer, and most of all his derision of pride in Gulliver's Travels left only the individual in constant fear and humility safe. After his "exile" to Ireland, Swift reluctantly began defending the Irish people from the predations of colonialism. His A Modest Proposal and the Drapier Letters provoked riots and arrests, but Swift, who had no love of Irish Roman Catholics, was outraged by the abuses and barbarity he saw around him.
Drama in the early part of the period featured the last plays of John Vanbrugh and William Congreve, both of whom carried on the Restoration comedy with some alterations. However, the majority of stagings were of lower farces and much more serious and domestic tragedies. George Lillo and Richard Steele both produced highly moral forms of tragedy, where the characters and the concerns of the characters were wholly middle class or working class. This reflected a marked change in the audience for plays, as royal patronage was no longer the important part of theatrical success. Additionally, Colley Cibber and John Rich began to battle each other for greater and greater spectacles to present on stage. The figure of Harlequin was introduced, and pantomime theatre began to be staged. This "low" comedy was quite popular, and the plays became tertiary to the staging. Opera also began to be popular in London, and there was significant literary resistance to this Italian incursion. This trend was broken only by a few attempts at a new type of comedy. Pope and John Arbuthnot and John Gay attempted a play entitled Three Hours After Marriage that failed. In 1728, however, John Gay returned to the playhouse with The Beggar's Opera. Gay's opera was in English and retold the story of Jack Sheppard and Jonathan Wild. However, it seemed to be an allegory for Robert Walpole and the directors of the South Sea Company, and so Gay's follow up opera was banned without performance. The licensing act of 1737 brought an abrupt halt to much of the period's drama, as the theatres were once again brought under state control.
An effect of the Licensing Act was to cause more than one aspiring playwright to switch over to writing novels. Henry Fielding began to write prose satire and novels after his plays could not pass the censors. Henry Brooke also turned to novels. In the interim, Samuel Richardson had produced a novel intended to counter the deleterious effects of novels in Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1749). Henry Fielding attacked the absurdity of this novel with two of his own works, Joseph Andrews and Shamela, and then countered Richardson's Clarissa with Tom Jones. Brooke wrote The Man of Feeling and indirectly began the sentimental novel. Laurence Sterne attempted a Swiftian novel with a unique perspective on the impossibility of biography (the model for most novels up to that point) and understanding with Tristram Shandy, even as his detractor Tobias Smollett elevated the picaresque novel with his works. Each of these novels represents a formal and thematic divergence from the others. Each novelist was in dialogue and competition with the others, and, in a sense, the novel established itself as a diverse and open-formed genre in this explosion of creativity. The most lasting effects of the experimentation would be the psychological realism of Richardson, the bemused narrative voice of Fielding, and the sentimentality of Brooke.
During the Age of Sensibility, literature reflected the worldview of the Age of Enlightenment (or Age of Reason) – a rational and scientific approach to religious, social, political, and economic issues that promoted a secular view of the world and a general sense of progress and perfectibility. Led by the philosophers who were inspired by the discoveries of the previous century (Newton) and the writings of Descartes, Locke and Bacon.
They sought to discover and to act upon universally valid principles governing humanity, nature, and society. They variously attacked spiritual and scientific authority, dogmatism, intolerance, censorship, and economic and social restraints. They considered the state the proper and rational instrument of progress. The extreme rationalism and skepticism of the age led naturally to deism; the same qualities played a part in bringing the later reaction of romanticism. The Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot epitomized the spirit of the age.
During the end of the 19th century Ann Radcliffe would be the pioneer of the Gothic Novel. Her novel, The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne in 1789, sets the tone for the majority of her work, which tended to involve innocent, but heroic young women who find themselves in gloomy, mysterious castles ruled by even more mysterious barons with dark pasts. The Romance of the Forest would follow and her most famous novel, The Mysteries of Udolpho, is considered the ultimate Gothic Novel of the late 18th century.
Increased emphasis on instinct and feeling, rather than judgment and restraint. A growing sympathy for the Middle Ages during the Age of Sensibility sparked an interest in medieval ballads and folk literature. Ann Radcliffe's novel would embody all of this in The Mysteries of Udolpho.
The changing landscape of Britain brought about by the steam engine has two major outcomes: the boom of industrialism with the expansion of the city, and the consequent depopulation of the countryside as a result of the enclosures, or privatisation of pastures. Most peasants poured into the city to work in the new factories.
This abrupt change is revealed by the change of meaning in five key words: industry (once meaning "creativity"), democracy (once disparagingly used as "mob rule"), class (from now also used with a social connotation), art (once just meaning "craft"), culture (once only belonging to farming).
But the poor condition of workers, the new class-conflicts and the pollution of the environment causes a reaction to urbanism and industrialisation prompting poets to rediscover the beauty and value of nature. Mother earth is seen as the only source of wisdom, the only solution to the ugliness caused by machines.
The superiority of nature and instinct over civilisation had been preached by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his message was picked by almost all European poets. The first in England were the Lake Poets, a small group of friends including William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. These early Romantic Poets brought a new emotionalism and introspection, and their emergence is marked by the first romantic Manifesto in English literature, the "Preface to the Lyrical Ballads". This collection was mostly contributed by Wordsworth, although Coleridge must be credited for his long and impressive Rime of the Ancient Mariner, a tragic ballad about the survival of one sailor through a series of supernatural events on his voyage through the south seas which involves the slaying of an albatross, the death of the rest of the crew, a visit from Death and his mate, Life-in-Death, and the eventual redemption of the Mariner.
Coleridge and Wordsworth, however, understood romanticism in two entirely different ways: while Coleridge sought to make the supernatural "real" (much like sci-fi movies use special effects to make unlikely plots believable), Wordsworth sought to stir the imagination of readers through his down-to-earth characters taken from real life (for eg. in "The Idiot Boy"), or the beauty of the Lake District that largely inspired his production (as in "Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey").
The "Second generation" of Romantic poets includes Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley and John Keats. Byron, however, was still influenced by 18th-century satirists and was, perhaps the least 'romantic' of the three. His amours with a number of prominent but married ladies was also a way to voice his dissent on the hypocrisy of a high society that was only apparently religious but in fact largely libertine, the same that had derided him for being physically impaired. His first trip to Europe resulted in the first two cantos of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, a mock-heroic epic of a young man's adventures in Europe but also a sharp satire against London society. Despite Childe Harold's success on his return to England, accompanied by the publication of The Giaour and The Corsair his alleged incestuous affair with his half-sister Augusta Leigh in 1816 actually forced him to leave England for good and seek asylum on the continent. Here he joined Percy Bysshe Shelley, his wife Mary, with his secretary Dr. John Polidori on the shores of Lake Geneva during the 'year without a summer' of 1816.
Although his is just a short story, Polidori must be credited for introducing The Vampyre, conceived from the same competition which spawned Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, to English literature. Percy, like Mary, had much in common with Byron: he was an aristocrat from a famous and ancient family, had embraced atheism and free-thinking and, like him, was fleeing from scandal in England.
Shelley had been expelled from college for openly declaring his atheism. He had married a 16-year-old girl, Harriet Westbrook whom he had abandoned soon after for Mary (Harriet took her own life after that). Harriet did not embrace his ideals of free love and anarchism, and was not as educated as to contribute to literary debate. Mary was different: the daughter of philosopher and revolutionary William Godwin, she was intellectually more of an equal, shared some of his ideals and was a feminist like her late mother, Mary Wollstonecraft, author of Vindication of the Rights of Women.
One of Percy Shelley's most prominent works is the Ode to the West Wind. Despite his apparent refusal to believe in God, this poem is considered a homage to pantheism, the recognition of a spiritual presence in nature.
Mary Shelley did not go down in history for her poetry, but for giving birth to science fiction: the plot for the novel is said to have come from a nightmare during stormy nights on Lake Geneva in the company of Percy Shelley, Lord Byron, and John Polidori. Her idea of making a body with human parts stolen from different corpses and then animating it with electricity was perhaps influenced by Alessandro Volta's invention and Luigi Galvani's experiments with dead frogs. Frankenstein's chilling tale also suggests modern organ transplants, tissue regeneration, reminding us of the moral issues raised by today's medicine. But the creature of Frankenstein is incredibly romantic as well. Although "the monster" is intelligent, good and loving, he is shunned by everyone because of his ugliness and deformity, and the desperation and envy that result from social exclusion turn him against the very man who created him.
John Keats did not share Byron's and Shelley's extremely revolutionary ideals, but his cult of pantheism is as important as Shelley's. Keats was in love with the ancient stones of the Parthenon that Lord Elgin had brought to England from Greece, also known as the Elgin Marbles). He celebrates ancient Greece: the beauty of free, youthful love couples here with that of classical art. Keats's great attention to art, especially in his Ode on a Grecian Urn is quite new in romanticism, and it will inspire Walter Pater's and then Oscar Wilde's belief in the absolute value of art as independent from aesthetics.
Some rightly think that the most popular novelist of the era was Sir Walter Scott, whose grand historical romances inspired a generation of painters, composers, and writers throughout Europe. His most remembered work, Ivanhoe, continues to be studied to this day.
In retrospect, we now look back to Jane Austen, who wrote novels about the life of the landed gentry, seen from a woman's point of view, and wryly focused on practical social issues, especially marriage and choosing the right partner in life, with love being above all else. Her most important and popular novel, Pride and Prejudice, would set the model for all Romance Novels to follow. Jane Austen created the ultimate hero and heroine in Darcy and Elizabeth, who must overcome their own stubborn pride and the prejudices they have toward each other, in order to come to a middle ground, where they finally realize their love for one another. In her novels, Jane Austen brings to light the hardships women faced, who usually did not inherit money, could not work and where their only chance in life depended on the man they married. She brought to light not only the difficulties women faced in her day, but also what was expected of men and of the careers they had to follow. This she does with wit and humour and with endings where all characters, good or bad, receive exactly what they deserve. Jane Austen started a genre that is still followed today. Her works generally are seen as 'realist' and not romantic in the artistic sense.
Poet, painter and printmaker William Blake is usually included among the English Romanticists, though his visionary work is much different from that of the others discussed in this section.
It was in the Victorian era (1837-1901) that the novel became the leading form of literature in English. Most writers were now more concerned to meet the tastes of a large middle class reading public than to please aristocratic patrons. The best known works of the era include the emotionally powerful works of the Brontë sisters; the satire Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray; the realist novels of George Eliot; and Anthony Trollope's insightful portrayals of the lives of the landowning and professional classes.
Charles Dickens emerged on the literary scene in the 1830s, confirming the trend for serial publication. Dickens wrote vividly about London life and the struggles of the poor, but in a good-humoured fashion which was acceptable to readers of all classes. His early works such as the Pickwick Papers are masterpieces of comedy. Later his works became darker, without losing his genius for caricature.
The Bronte sisters were English writers of the 1840s and 1850s. Their novels caused a sensation when they were first published and were subsequently accepted into the canon of great English literature. They had written compulsively from early childhood and were first published, at their own expense, in 1846 as poets under the pseudonyms Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. The book attracted little attention, selling only two copies. The sisters returned to prose, producing a novel each in the following year. Charlotte's Jane Eyre, Emily's Wuthering Heights and Anne's Agnes Grey were released in 1847 after their long search to secure publishers.
An interest in rural matters and the changing social and economic situation of the countryside may be seen in the novels of Thomas Hardy, Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell, and others. Leading poetic figures included Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Matthew Arnold, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and Christina Rossetti.
Literature for children developed as a separate genre. Some works become globally well-known, such as those of Lewis Carroll and Edward Lear, both of whom used nonsense verse. Adventure novels, such as those of Anthony Hope and Robert Louis Stevenson, were written for adults but are now generally classified as for children. At the end of the Victorian Era and leading into the Edwardian Era, Helen Beatrix Potter was an English author and illustrator, best known for her children's books, which featured animal characters. In her thirties, Potter published the highly successful children's book The Tale of Peter Rabbit in 1902. Potter eventually went on to published 23 children's books and become a wealthly woman. Her books along with Lewis Carroll's are read and published to this day.
The movement known as English literary modernism grew out of a general sense of disillusionment with Victorian era attitudes of certainty, conservatism, and objective truth. The movement was greatly influenced by the ideas of Romanticism, Karl Marx's political writings, and the psychoanalytic theories of subconscious - Sigmund Freud. The continental art movements of Impressionism, and later Cubism, were also important inspirations for modernist writers.
Although literary modernism reached its peak between the First and Second World Wars, the earliest examples of the movement's attitudes appeared in the mid to late nineteenth century. Gerard Manley Hopkins, A. E. Housman, and the poet and novelist Thomas Hardy represented a few of the major early modernists writing in England during the Victorian period.
The first decades of the twentieth century saw several major works of modernism published, including the seminal short story collection Dubliners by James Joyce, Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, and the poetry and drama of William Butler Yeats.
Important novelists between the World Wars included Virginia Woolf, E. M. Forster, Evelyn Waugh, P.G. Wodehouse and D. H. Lawrence. T. S. Eliot was the preeminent English poet of the period. Across the Atlantic writers like William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, and the poets Wallace Stevens and Robert Frost developed a more American take on the modernist aesthetic in their work.
Perhaps the most contentiously important figure in the development of the modernist movement was the American poet Ezra Pound. Credited with "discovering" both T. S. Eliot and James Joyce, whose stream of consciousness novel Ulysses is considered to be one of the century's greatest literary achievements, Pound also advanced the cause of imagism and free verse, forms which would dominate English poetry into the twenty-first century.
Other notable writers of this period included H.D., Marianne Moore, Elizabeth Bishop, W. H. Auden, Vladimir Nabokov, William Carlos Williams, Ralph Ellison, Dylan Thomas, R.S. Thomas and Graham Greene. However, some of these writers are more closely associated with what has become known as post-modernism, a term often used to encompass the diverse range of writers who succeeded the modernists.


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This Christmas season has been so wonderful and full of sweet joy! I hope it's been the same for you!
It's hard to believe that just last year, I was 9 months pregnant during this season. A year has flown by fast!
A Christmas season baby was so special, and now every year we'll be reminded about what an exciting time it was giving birth to him just a few days before Christmas. ❤

subset: commoncrawl


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Privacy Policy
Howarth Homes Plc ("we", "us", or "our") is strongly committed to protecting personal data. This privacy statement describes why and how we collect and use personal data and provides information about individuals' rights. It applies to personal data provided to us, both by individuals themselves or by others. We may use personal data provided to us for any of the purposes described in this privacy statement or as otherwise stated at the point of collection.
Personal data is any information relating to an identified or identifiable living person. Howarth Homes Plc processes personal data for numerous purposes, and the means of collection, lawful basis of processing, use, disclosure, and retention periods for each purpose may differ.
When collecting and using personal data, our policy is to be transparent about why and how we process personal data. To find out more about our specific processing activities, please go to the relevant sections of this statement.
We take the security of all the data we hold very seriously. We have a framework of policies, procedures and training in place covering data protection, confidentiality and security and regularly review the appropriateness of the measures we have in place to keep the data we hold secure.
When and how we share personal data and locations of processing
We will only share personal data with others when we are legally permitted to do so. When we share data with others, we put contractual arrangements and security mechanisms in place to protect the data and to comply with our data protection, confidentiality and security standards.
We use third parties to help us run our business. We have taken steps to ensure all personal data is provided with adequate protection and that all transfers of personal data to third parties are done lawfully.
Personal data held by us may be transferred to:
· Third party organisations that provide applications/functionality, data processing or IT services to us
We use third parties to support us in providing our services and to help provide, run and manage our internal IT systems. For example, providers of information technology, cloud based software as a service providers, identity management, website hosting and management, data analysis, data back-up, security and storage services. The servers powering and facilitating that cloud infrastructure are located in secure data centres around the world, and personal data may be stored in any one of them.
· Third party organisations that otherwise assist us in providing goods, services or information
· Auditors and other professional advisers
· Law enforcement or other government and regulatory agencies or to other third parties as required by, and in accordance with, applicable law or regulation
Occasionally, we may receive requests from third parties with authority to obtain disclosure of personal data, such as to check that we are complying with applicable law and regulation, to investigate an alleged crime, to establish, exercise or defend legal rights. We will only fulfil requests for personal data where we are permitted to do so in accordance with applicable law or regulation.
Changes to this privacy statement
We recognise that transparency is an ongoing responsibility so we will keep this privacy statement under regular review.
This privacy statement was last updated on 15 May 2018.
Data controller and contact information
The data controller is Howarth Homes Plc (registered in England under registration no. 02274807 and with its registration address at Waterside House, 20 Riverside Way, Uxbridge, UB8 2YF) and such other Howarth Homes Plc member firm that is a contracting party for the purposes of providing or receiving services.
If you have any questions about this privacy statement or how and why we process personal data, please contact us at:
Howarth Homes Plc Waterside House
20 Riverside Way
Uxbridge UB8 2YF
Email: email@example.com
Individuals' rights and how to exercise them
Individuals have certain rights over their personal data and data controllers are responsible for fulfilling these rights. Where we decide how and why personal data is processed, we are a data controller and include further information about the rights that individuals have and how to exercise them below.
Access to personal data
You have a right of access to personal data held by us as a data controller. This right may be exercised by emailing us at email@example.com. We may charge for a request for access in accordance with applicable law. We will aim to respond to any requests for information promptly, and in any event within the legally required time limits (currently 40 days).
Amendment of personal data
To update personal data submitted to us, you may email us at email@example.com or, where appropriate, contact us via the relevant website registration page or by amending the personal details held on relevant applications with which you registered. When practically possible, once we are informed that any personal data processed by us is no longer accurate, we will make corrections (where appropriate) based on your updated information.
Withdrawal of consent
Where we process personal data based on consent, individuals have a right to withdraw consent at any time. To withdraw consent to our processing of your personal data please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com or, to stop receiving an email from a Howarth Homes Plc marketing list, please click on the unsubscribe link in the relevant email received from us.
Other data subject rights
This privacy statement is intended to provide information about what personal data we collect about you and how it is used. As well as rights of access and amendment referred to above, individuals may have other rights in relation to the personal data we hold, such as a right to erasure/deletion, to restrict or object to our processing of personal data and the right to data portability. Some of these rights will only be available from 25 May 2018.
If you wish to exercise any of these rights, please email firstname.lastname@example.com
We hope that you won't ever need to, but if you do want to complain about our use of personal data, please send an email with the details of your complaint to firstname.lastname@example.com. We will look into and respond to any complaints we receive.
You also have the right to raise concerns with the Information Commissioner's Office ("ICO") (the UK data protection regulator). For further information on your rights and how to complain to the ICO, please refer to the ICO website.


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All posts tagged "Watford"
[Video Goals] Watford 1-2 Man Utd: Depay Volley Sends United Top
Manchester United moved top of the Premier League table with a hard fought 2-1 victory over Watford at Vicarage Road this afternoon. Watch the goals here:
- Posted November 21, 2015
Scouts Watch Highly-Rated Hoban
Scouts from Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool, Manchester United and Man City were in the stands to watch highly-rated Watford defender Tommie Hoban on Saturday.
- Posted November 7, 2012
[Teams] Watford vs Tottenham: Parker & Adebayor Start
Tottenham make the short trip North to face Watford at Vicarage Road in their FA Cup fourth round tie. Manager Harry Redknapp has selected the following team.
- Posted January 27, 2012
Watford vs Tottenham: Team News, Likely Line-up & Predicted Score
Tottenham kick off the weekends fourth round FA Cup action tonight as they face Championship side Watford. Here's team news, likely line-up and predicted score.
- Posted January 27, 2012


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valentine's day kid art projects
From the Shar-chives: Kevin Sharkey's Most Beloved Valentine's Day Ideas Category: Kid Art Self-Portraits using Loose Parts How to Make a Potato Stamp Valentine's Day Tree Paper Craft Paper Plate Owl Kids Handprint Fall Tree Craft Easy make some love potions and explore simple science with your potion making kids. A fun craft for friends to put together for Valentine s Day, Friendship Day, birthday parties or any special occasion perfect for a valentine s day party. Create one chain for the group or one for each 41 valentine s day crafts: valentine s day cards, gifts, and more free ebook valentine s day wearables valentine s day decor valentine s day cards and other creative. In 2017, Valentine's Day falls on a Tuesday so there will be events the weekend before valentine's day, ou la saint-valentin au québec [1], est une comédie romantique américaine réalisée par garry marshall et sortie le 12 février 2010 en. As always, we have a large list of Seattle Valentine's Day events your walls are a reflection of you! decorate your walls and expand your art collection with some exquisite posters from zazzle. New Kid Snippets videos every MONDAY kick your day into gear with our. If movies were written by our children this cute valentine s day crafts is an art project and fun activity all rolled into one! simply cut hearts from white paper and write love notes on them with a white. We asked a couple kids to pretend to exchange Valentine s cards we have 1000 s of greeting cards and gifts that can be personalised individually by changing the text or uploading a photo. This is creating personalised cards is simple and. Printable Valentine s Day poems for kids that are super fun and cute, and great for reading practice shop for valentine s day gifts 2016 for men and for women at nordstrom. Need help? Valentine's Day products com. Hallmark offers a wide variety of gifts, cards and more to fill all of your Valentine's Day needs this year find luxury gifts and cute gifts for your boyfriend or girlfriend. Valentine s Day totally free shipping. There's no better time to tell your loved ones how much you care than Valentine's Day heart tomato & mozzarella salad » diy rose petal ice cubes » creative valentine s day tablescapes » romantic valentine s day breakfast ideas » true love valentine. Whether you're buying Valentine's Day gifts for kids here is one of my most pinned halloween ideas for kids, that also happens to be one of my favorites. DIY Minion Valentine's Day Card for Kids it was originally designed for art trading cards, but has lots of. We decided to join the minion craze and make these adorable little heart shaped minions valentine s day. We love crafting with heart valentines day is the perfect day for crafting. Funny Valentine s Day cards using jokes for kids whether you are creating handmade valentines day cards or exploring other valentines day crafts. These cards are easy to put together and allow you little love to get creative without too much work! Famous quotes, love quotes and quotations on Valentine s Day by noted authors, writers, celebrities valentines day photo ideas for kids and family. Like and Share our Valentine s Day quote collection (page 2) cute and adorable photography shoots using backgrounds, props of kisses, love, hearts, cupid baby, balloons. Make Valentine s Day extra special this year with one of our fantastic selection of romantic, heartfelt and thoughtful gifts valentine's day is just around the corner! put a little extra love in your decor with these printable 8×10 art prints in 5 sweet mix-and-matchable freebie designs. Make some love potions and explore simple science with your potion making kids


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Scientists crack the code as to how modular design can evolve. A potential AI milestone?
Our computers, our cars, our societies, our bodies, our automobile traffic, our network traffic, our brains and even our own solar system – all modular by design. Smaller mechanisms to complete a larger function. Where did it come from? And the bigger question – how did it happen?
Jeff Clune [2], Hod Lipson [3], and Jean-Baptiste Mouret [4], with support from the National Science Foundation and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), believe to have these answers. Published today by the Proceedings of the Royal Society, their results from computational evolution experiments have been released that supports the hypothesis that it is due to the price of resource consumption by the network as a whole. Once there is a "cost" for communication applied to the algorithm, the system immediately and abruptly breaks itself down into a more modular design to run more efficiently.
When it evolves, or designs itself this way, you can think of it as networks becoming less of a 2-dimensional web, and more of a complex 3D lattice, the sort of system that can most commonly be associated with neural network.
Finding support in how to evolve modularity can be seen as a possible holy grail to many fields, but what it can do for AI seems to be the most exciting. By being able to naturally evolve modular design into existing systems, the functionality and complexity of those systems increases significantly.
I asked Jeff Clune and his thoughts on how this impacts Artificial Intelligence, and he had this to say
The field of evolving AI has produced a lot of impressive results, often beating all other machine learning algorithms and outperforming designs made by hand by human engineers. However, especially in the field of evolving neural networks (NNs), the evolved NNs pale in comparison to the sophistication and abilities of natural NNs (i.e. animal brains). One of the main limitations is that natural NNs are structurally organized in a modular design. However, computationally evolved NNs rarely, if ever, spontaneously evolve to have a modular design. A leading view in our field is that the lack of modularity serves as a "complexity ceiling" that limits the level of intelligence that can evolve. With this discovery, we can break through that complexity ceiling and greatly improve the intelligence of evolved computational neural networks.
References – J. Clune, J.-B. Mouret, H. Lipson. The evolutionary origins of modularity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2013; 280 (1755): 20122863 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2863 [5]
[2] http://jeffclune.com/
[3] http://web.mae.cornell.edu/lipson/
[4] http://www.isir.upmc.fr/?op=view_profil&lang=en&id=72
[5] http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1755/20122863


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Cognizant to Enable McDonald's to Transform Supply Chain In Saudi Arabia
RIYADH, Saudi Arabia, Feb. 6, 2017 /PRNewswire/ -- Cognizant (NASDAQ: CTSH) today announced that it has been selected by Riyadh International Catering Corporation (RICC) as a strategic partner to enable McDonald's restaurant chain in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) to become a digital enterprise, transforming customer experience and service agility.
RICC owns and operates McDonald's in the Central, Eastern and Northern regions of the Kingdom under developmental license from McDonald's Corporation of Delaware, US. RICC has 154 quick-service restaurants and plans to expand its footprint to more than 200 outlets by 2020. To help RICC meet the demands of rapid business growth, Cognizant will leverage its deep digital business, technology and restaurant industry expertise to design and build an enterprise planning and management platform.
Using SAP® Success Factors and ECC software, the platform will be built to provide RICC with real-time visibility into day-to-day operations and quality control across all its outlets in KSA. As part of the engagement, Cognizant will simplify and standardize key supply chain, food and workforce processes, making them flexible and responsive to business demands. Cognizant will also enable RICC to harness customer and operational intelligence to drive faster, more informed decision-making, and optimize customer experience, speed-to-market, business throughput, and return on assets.
"The success of McDonald's in KSA is underpinned by our commitment to delivering our customers the highest standards of quality, service, cleanliness, and value," said HH Prince Waleed Nasser F. Al-Saud, Vice President, Business Support, RICC. "As we embark upon an aggressive growth plan for McDonald's, it is imperative that we deliver our digital-era customers the experiences they expect, while also empowering and engaging our modern workforce. Technology has become central to unlocking the full potential of enterprise resources and turning data into a competitive asset. Cognizant's deep digital expertise and vast industry experience will help us become a smarter, more agile enterprise for the needs of tomorrow."
"We appreciate the opportunity to drive fundamental, technology-enabled changes across core enterprise functions at RICC for it to compete and win in this new technology- and data-intensive world," said Narayan Iyer, Vice President, the Middle East and India, Cognizant. "In today's digital era, it is ever more important for restaurant chains to re-engineer and digitize their most essential business processes to improve user experiences, transform service delivery, and deliver better outcomes. We look forward to helping RICC build a robust and scalable enterprise system across its McDonald's outlets in Saudi Arabia, as well as create competitive advantage through process excellence and business agility. Our market-leading digital and process capabilities, coupled with our long-standing alliance with SAP®, will help us fulfill RICC's strategic goals for McDonald's in Saudi Arabia."
About McDonald's Saudi Arabia / Riyadh International Catering Corporation McDonald's Saudi Arabia is owned and operated by Riyadh International Catering Company in the Central, Eastern and Northern regions of KSA. With more than 154 restaurants, McDonald's employs over 1,200 Saudis and is an important contributor to the Kingdom's economy. The company supports the development of local suppliers and heavily invests in the employment and training of the local workforce.
Since its beginnings in 1993, McDonald's Saudi Arabia has and still is committed to serve safe, high quality products to each of its customers, every time they visit any of the restaurants in the Kingdom. It operates at the highest food safety standards meeting local and international food safety regulations. Its menus are designed with the active lifestyle in mind and it is committed to educating and informing it customers about the food it serves.
About Cognizant Cognizant (NASDAQ: CTSH[1]) is a leading provider of information technology, consulting, and business process services, dedicated to helping the world's leading companies build stronger businesses. Headquartered in Teaneck, New Jersey (U.S.), Cognizant combines a passion for client satisfaction, technology innovation, deep industry and business process expertise, and a global, collaborative workforce that embodies the future of work. With over 100 development and delivery centres worldwide and approximately 255,800 employees as of September 30, 2016, Cognizant is a member of the NASDAQ-100, the S&P 500, the Forbes Global 2000, and the Fortune 500 and is ranked among the top performing and fastest growing companies in the world. Visit us online at www.cognizant.com[2] or follow us on Twitter: Cognizant[3].
To view the original version on PR Newswire, visit:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/cognizant-to-enable-mcdonalds-to-transform-customer-experience-and-service-agility-in-the-kingdom-of-saudi-arabia-300402247.html[4]Other point of sale news:
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text: Celebrity Buyers The wizard of Ozil breaks Man Utd hearts and buys in London By David Goldstein Last updated Sep 20, 2017 Arsenal's Mesut Ozil has stunned Man Utd by reportedly turning down a sensational offer from the Red Devils and accepting a new multi million pound contract with the Gunners. The superstar winger is sticking in our capital and has bought a decadent three storey house in London to settle down in. Ozil has purchased a £10 million home in north London, in between Highgate and Hampstead financed with his new £140,000 per week contract. A happy neighbour stated "Ozil has got some very nice cars outside his current house – he's got a Lamborghini and a very flash Mercedes sports car. When players sign new contracts they go from renting to buying. Arsenal will be happy." As one would expect from a footballer, his new house is lavish and includes a basement cinema room with built in bar and wine cellar. The six bedroom detached home also has a state of the art security system and wrought iron gates leading up to the house. An example of sleek interior design throughout Ozil's new mansion A partner at estate agent Knight Frank said "Roads such as this continue to hold massive appeal amongst the rich and famous, and this is one of the few areas in London to offer larger properties with huge, secluded gardens." The area has become a mecca for the rich and famous in London and especially attracts team rivals from Arsenal and Spurs. Hampstead is known to have a large French / Gallic community and especially welcoming to those players who have families. James Morton of Benham & Reeves agrees: "If they've got a young family then, like any other wealthy family, they're going to be attracted by the excellent schools." Many players still rent, despite their huge salaries, they often get a taste for the area and end up buying and staying put. Some footballers have not only decided to set up their future lives in London but also give back to their local communities. A year ago, former England captain Rio Ferdinand, West Ham United skipper Mark Noble and ex-Brighton striker Bobby Zamora unveiled their Legacy Foundation – a regeneration charity with a plan to build a series of social and privately rentable housing schemes. Happy Hammers: the West Ham trio's London investment plans The footballers are looking to raise £400m to build 1,300 homes on a 22-hectare site in a run-down area in Houghton Regis near Luton. The West Ham trio have chosen to focus on social and affordable housing. They want to help tackle Britain's housing crisis by building thousands of affordable homes across the country, complete with state of the art sporting academies where they will offer coaching to youngsters. DMZ loves the prospect of more footballers investing in London Real Estate. These much needed investments are a great way to ensure a booming market. These players have been handed so much by our capital and its fantastic to see them providing housing opportunities to the people who need it most, giving them an off-the-field legacy to be proud of. Share


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How do the different tennis champions compare? We summed up the complete history of all the number one ranked ATP (Association of Tennis Professionals) players in one graphic.
Grand slam titles, ATP points, ATP rankings... Experts like to use all kinds of different metrics to rate tennis players. Roger Federer is frequently called the greatest tennis player since the start of the Open era in 1968. But how does he compare with other legends?
The graphic is best viewed on a large display, in landscape (wide) view on mobileend of infobox
Are we entering a new era of men's tennis? Will Federer, Djokovic or Nadal regain the top spot? Who do you think will be the next number one after Andy Murray?
You can contact the author via Twitter @duc_qn


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Francis Xavier, a member of Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, has developed a waste management system that has become highly successful in Thrissur.
The system is called Thumburmuzhy Model Aerobic Composting Technique (TMACT). And the model, according to its developer, is cost-effective and eco-friendly, and ideal to deal with the garbage in Kerala.
"The biodegradable waste here contains high moisture, so the best option would be composting or converting it into biogas. The most favoured method here now is vermicomposting. But TMACT is more eco-friendly and cost effective. Vermicomposting produces carbon dioxide and methane, and earthworms have to be taken care of. TMACT can be set up for only Rs 8,500 and there is zero production of methane or odour," said Francis Xavier.
He said TMACT's efficiency in segregating livestock waste gave it an edge over the existing composting processes. "A rectangle structure should be built using bricks on a cement floor leaving gaps in between. While its width should be restricted to four feet, height can vary. A roof is required to prevent the structure from getting wet. Once the structure is ready, wet cow dung up to 6 inches in height should be laid on the floor. Over this any kind of biodegradable waste, including livestock waste, can be spread. But here too the height should be limited to six inches. This should again be topped with wet cow dung. This process can be continued till the structure gets completely filled," Francis said.
The energy produced due to bacterial growth creates a 75 degree centigrade environment inside the plant, which prevents flies from laying eggs. Since moisture level is only 60%, the composting process will not create any odour, he said.
"A filled-up plant takes about 90 days to finish composting and it is ideal for large communities like flat dwellers. Smaller units can be used by households and local government bodies. Installing small units on roadsides at equal distances can help contain the growing garbage menace," said Francis Xavier.
The Thumburmuzhy model was being used at Orange County in Coorg as part of their Responsible Tourism and Zero Waste Programme, and by residents of many flats in Thrissur district, he added.


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Macarthur Grant Winner Maria Varela Shepherds a Rural New Mexico Community Toward Economic Rebirth
Sunset in Los Ojos, N. Mex., finds Maria Varela, 50, preparing for a celebration. Dressed in boots, jeans and a torn flannel shirt, she is mopping the battered wooden floor of a century-old adobe building on Los Ojos's only paved street. In a few hours a couple of hundred townspeople and folks from surrounding areas will file into the building to be at its reopening as Pastores Feed and General Store. There will be guitarists and singers, coffee, home-baked goods and a blessing from the local priest.
To big-city dwellers or mall-hopping suburbanites, the opening of a little grocery store may not seem a monumental event. But in the Chama Valley of northern New Mexico, where the population density averages six persons per square mile and some residents must drive 100 miles for provisions, the ability to buy a tin of evaporated milk or a stick of butter after just a short walk is a small miracle.
As a community organizer, Maria Varela specializes in small miracles. "What I do is to unlock people's hopes and abilities," she says of her part in the work of establishing a series of successful self-help ventures that have improved the lives of the people of her community without compromising their cherished rural traditions. While Varela prefers to go about her business without fanfare, her efforts have not gone unnoticed. Last summer she was honored with a prestigious MacArthur Foundation fellowship, a so-called genius award with a $305,000 no-strings-attached stipend that left her flustered and—no use denying it—thrilled. "I was stunned that they chose a community organizer, because community work is not often recognized."
Varela's national recognition stems from her efforts as planner for Ganados del Valle ("Livestock Growers of the Valley"), a community ranching cooperative of which she was one of three founders seven years ago. Begun as a joint venture in which sheep ranchers pooled their flocks and hired a sheepherder to save on overhead, Ganados now involves more than 50 local families in a network of small enterprises, including a wool-washing business, a weaving cooperative and Pastores Lamb, which sells organically grown meats to groceries and gourmet restaurants in Santa Fe and Taos.
Typical of how a Ganados business works is Tierra Wools, which resurrected a 300-year-old Rio Grande weaving tradition to produce hand-dyed and hand-woven blankets, rugs and apparel. Starting with two spinning wheels, four looms and an $18,000 Ganados loan in 1983, Tierra Wools now grosses $250,000 a year, selling one-of-a-kind pieces for up to $3,000 each. It employs 23 women, eight of them now part owners.
In the Chama Valley, one of the poorest rural regions in the nation (unemployment runs up to 20 percent), a success such as Tierra Wools spells economic relief. "This community is very family-oriented," Varela says. "People don't want their kids to leave, but they don't want them to feel like failures if they stay. The fact that their kids can stay here and learn skills they can use here, that's been real important to this community."
And that importance goes beyond paychecks, according to Father Charlie Martinez, the priest at Los Ojos's San Jose Church. "I think Ganados has restored a sense of pride," says Martinez, who was born and reared in the valley. "There's a new spirit, and it's tied to the economic options. I can feel it in the people. There's a renewal, a sense of confidence."
Varela is not a native of the valley, but by the time she arrived in these parts 23 year ago, she was already a seasoned social activist. "I'm a product of the '60s," she says. "I saw the question asked in the civil rights movement of whether people can determine their own lives. Then the focus shifted away from the people to Washington, and the question never got answered. It seems to me this is a place where we can see the drama played out—the drama of what happens when a community decides it's going to do something and watching it happen."
One of five daughters born to a chemical engineer (her father emigrated from Mexico; her mother is Irish-American), Maria grew up in Chicago and took an early interest in the Catholic social service movement. After graduating from Milwaukee's Alverno College with a degree in secondary education in 1961, she went to Alabama and Mississippi to join the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee in the struggle for voting rights for blacks. In 1967 she relocated to New Mexico. Her first project was helping local activists establish a health clinic, which opened in 1969, and then adding the state's first rural birthing center four years later.
Ganados grew from Varela's studies at the University of Massachusetts, where in 1981 she earned a degree in rural development and regional planning. "Maria is very innovative, very sharp," says Gumercindo Salazar, a co-founder of the co-op. "She's good at getting people involved and making them feel some ownership in what they're doing." Varela is adept at securing funds from such organizations as the Ford Foundation and from individuals like Robert Redford. After Redford finished directing The Milagro Beanfield War in northern New Mexico, he let Ganados co-sponsor the film's 1988 premiere in Santa Fe, an event that raised $60,000.
Varela never contemplated getting rich herself. Today she is still seen bouncing down dusty roads in a battered Subaru that has logged more than 100,000 miles. She and her husband, Lorenzo Zuniga Jr., 45, a plumber, and daughter, Sabina, 11, live in a mobile home in nearby La Puente. They have been building a house there since 1979, but the project moves along pokily because they're doing the work themselves, as limited free time allows.
Varela intends to use her MacArthur grant to fund her daughter's education and to secure a comfortable retirement for herself and her husband—someday. There remains much to do at Ganados, including settling an unresolved dispute with federal and state officials over a grazing range on public lands for the co-op's 2,400 sheep. Whatever the challenge, Varela's philosophy remains steadfast: "I believe that if you provide information, training and a sense of hope, the people themselves will take their communities where they need to go. I say we don't do economic development. We develop people to develop the economy."
—Dan Chu, Leslie Linthicum in Los Ojos


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Near Gordonsville in Orange County, Virginia — The American South (Mid-Atlantic)
Orange County / Louisa County
Area 359 Square Miles / Area 516 Square Miles
Louisa County. Formed in 1742 from Hanover, and named for the Queen of Denmark, daughter of King George II. Patrick Henry lived in this county for some years. In it was fought the cavalry Battle of Trevilians, 1864.
Erected 1946 by Virginia Conservation Commission. (Marker Number Z-277.)
Location. 38° 7.926′ N, 78° 12.354′ W. Marker is near Gordonsville, Virginia, in Orange County. Marker is on Gordon Avenue (Virginia Route 231) south of Echo Back Lane, on the right when traveling north. Touch for map. Marker is in this post office area: Gordonsville VA 22942, United States of America. Touch for directions.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within 2 miles of this marker, measured as the crow flies. General Thomas Sumter (approx. 0.9 miles away); The Maplewood Memorial Association (approx. 1.1 miles away); a different marker also named Orange County / Louisa County Gordonsville's Legendary Chicken Vendors (approx. 1.1 miles away); In Memory of the Soldiers, Both Confederate and Union (approx. 1.1 miles away); Gordon Inn (approx. 1.2 miles away); Madison-Barbour Rural Historic District (approx. 1.2 miles away); Church of the Blind Preacher (approx. 1.8 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Gordonsville.
Also see . . . Louisa County History. (Submitted on April 7, 2009.)
Categories. • Political Subdivisions •
More. Search the internet for Orange County / Louisa County.
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on April 7, 2009, by J. J. Prats of Powell, Ohio. This page has been viewed 791 times since then and 6 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4. submitted on April 7, 2009, by J. J. Prats of Powell, Ohio.


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David Henderson
After initial studies in architecture in Brisbane, David's interest in the visual arts and their history was given new impetus when he made his first trip to Italy at the age of 20. Soon after, he enrolled in a course in painting at London's Royal Academy Schools, graduating in 1985. During his time in London, the Royal Academy awarded him a prize for painting, and he was twice selected for their annual summer exhibition.
David has held many solo exhibitions of his work in Brisbane, Melbourne and London. He has exhibited in the Doug Moran Prize, Tattersalls and Rotary art exhibitions, and has been the recipient of several awards and commendations. He has also painted a number of commissioned portraits for private and institutional clients.
Until recently, David taught art part time at various institutions, including the Queensland Art Gallery and the Brisbane Institute of Art. For many years, he lectured and ran courses in the history of art and design at the Queensland University of Technology.
David now paints full time and divides his year between Australia and Italy. He believes Italy to be unique in its concentration of artistic treasures, architectural splendour and beauty of light and landscape. Italy provides him not just with a wealth of subject matter, but also the opportunity to develop his art through first-hand study of the classical, Mediterranean tradition: a synthesis of light, space and harmonious proportion.
Since joining ASA Cultural Tours in 1995, David has lectured on or led over 40 tours to a variety of destinations for ASA. He is an enthusiastic advocate of ASA's philosophy of travel, and believes that cultural tourism should not mean that cities, landscapes or objects become mere illustrations to a specialised text, but rather themselves be 'read' from a multiplicity of contexts and engaged with all the senses. He brings a trained artist's eye to an analysis of painting, sculpture and architecture and takes great pleasure in sharing his encounters with some of world culture's most exciting moments with others.
For more about David's work as an artist, see his website: www.visualartist.info/davidhenderson
See YouTube short commentary "Painting in Venice' by David Henderson www.youtube.com
See: Grand Tour: Artist Abroad brings home swag of sentimental works, Brisbane News August 26 – September 1 issue.
See a narrated video by David Henderson, in which he makes drawings from a painting by Tintoretto in Venice's Accademia Galleries as a way of engaging with its composition, technique and subject matter: www.visualartist.info/davidhenderson/video-drawing-from-tintoretto
David first joined ASA in 1995 and has since led over 50 ASA tours including programs to Italy & Sicily, France and the United Kingdom. His tours include:
- Sicily & the Aeolian Islands (2019)
- Southern Italy: Pompeii, the Amalfi Coast and the Treasures of Apulia (2019)
- Gardens of Italy: The Italian Lakes, the Piedmont, Tuscany, Umbria & Rome (2018 & 2019)
- Literary Landmarks of Northern Italy – with Susannah Fullerton (2016 & 2017)
- Landscapes, Art & Gardens of the Côte d'Azur, Provence & the Cévennes National Park (2016)
- A Travel Sketchbook: Painting Paris in Watercolour (2015)
- Europe: A History of Medicine & Pharmacy (2006, 2011, 2013, 2015)
- Gardens Masterpieces of Italy & England including the Chelsea Flower Show (2014)
- Landscapes and Gardens of the Italian Lakes, Côte d'Azur, Provence & the Cévennes National Park (2013, 2015)
- Gardens of Italy: The Italian Lakes, the Veneto, Tuscany & Rome (2010 & 2011)
- Art and Gardens of the Côte d'Azur & Provence (2009)
- The Wine Dark Sea: Southern Italy & Sicily (2005-2008)
- Bel Paesaggio: the Italian Lakes, the Veneto, Tuscany & the Cinque Terre (2004-2008)
- The Cinque Terre & the Northern Italian Lakes (2005-2006)
- Art and Culture in Italy (1999-2005)
- The Intimate Landscapes of Tuscany & Umbria (1996-2001)
- The Cultural Landscapes of France (1997 & 1999)
- Italian Houses and Gardens (1996)