text:
Mall Scares
The other day, in broad daylight, one of our local malls was terrorized by armed gunmen who held up security guards and employees of a money changer just around the time the mall opened. It was quite a shock to hear about it. This came at the heels of news the day before of a woman who also shot someone in the mall several months ago being declared mentally incompetent to face trial. It also reminded me of another tragic shooting that happened in another mall involving two young boys. It's scary. Malls are supposed to be fun places where people can relax, have fun and just let their cares go but lately, the mall scares have been escalating. I know the mall security tries, but I can understand that the guards at the entrances don't really get to check the patrons quite well. For one, there's just too many people. Secondly, the patrons themselves get pissed when the guards try to frisk them and look through their bags. It's high time, I think, that mall operators invest in something more tangible to protect customers. Perhaps they can check out metal detectors sales and other means of beefing up security. I think CCTV's aren't enough…hopefully these incidents don't happen much anymore.


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text:
The Cinematography of "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" (2009)
- At December 30, 2010
- By Evan E. Richards
- In Cinematography
- 1
The Cinematography of "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" (2009)
Cinematographer: Bruno Delbonnel
Nominated for the 2010 Academy Awards for Best Cinematography
One comment
[…] Hogwarts Express – King's Cross Station What more could you want from an American theme park than an authentic experience of London commuting from the 1980s. The train carriages are exact in almost every detail to those which I'm sure that majority of my readership would regularly take to and in London. But I'm getting ahead of myself. Inside the replica of King's Cross (complete with faulty ticket barriers), passengers head past stacks of out-of-place luggage with a faintly wizardy feel, between queue railings (which provide the only clue that you are in a theme park), past a poster from the sixth Harry Potter film ('from' not 'of', it's actually a prop), and into Platform 9 3/4. They even found a way of making people vanish into the wall. Source of top photo: http://evanerichards.com/2010/1062 […]June 29, 2015


text:
Prezi as an alternative to PowerPoint for great story telling.
By Manoj Raheja
Now don't get me wrong, I love PowerPoint as much as the next guy…and right off the bat, let's get one thing straight – I'm not saying you should step away from it completely. PowerPoint is still one of the most effective and widely accepted tools to create a presentation. Heck I've even written a blog about how to use it more effectively. Having said that – sometimes you have a story to tell that is different from the rest. It's a special story…and it deserves to be told with impact! It's a story that has the power to inspire, to excite, and cannot be constrained by the shackles of the "linear slide based presentation" that is PowerPoint!
Sometimes – you need a presentation tool that isn't so linear. Sometimes you need a tool that can deliver on the real elements of story telling (i.e. twists, turns, and surprise endings!). Click this link to see an "example presentation" I put together that will hopefully strike a chord. Use the right arrow button to click through the presentation.
This is just a very small sample of what Prezi can do for you. I won't lie – it will take an investment in time to learn how to use it, but I can assure you that if you really need to deliver a WOW presentation – this tool can help you do it!
If you like what you read – click the "like" button, or spread it around amongst other story tellers!


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US8051211B2 - Multi-bridge LAN aggregation - Google PatentsMulti-bridge LAN aggregation Download PDF
- Publication number
- Authority
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- network device
- lan
- intermediate network
- port
- bridge
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0 abstract claims description title 75
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0 abstract description title 52
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- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. local area networks [LAN], wide area networks [WAN]
- H04L12/46—Interconnection of networks
- H04L12/4604—LAN interconnection over a backbone network, e.g. Internet, Frame Relay
- H04L12/462—LAN interconnection over a bridge based backbone
- H04L12/4625—Single bridge functionality, e.g. connection of two networks over a single bridge
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. local area networks [LAN], wide area networks [WAN]
- H04L12/46—Interconnection of networks
- H04L12/4641—Virtual LANs, VLANs, e.g. virtual private networks [VPN]
- H04L12/4645—Details on frame tagging
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
- H04L45/24—Multipath
- H04L45/245—Link aggregation, e.g. trunking
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
- H04L49/25—Routing or path finding through a switch fabric
- H04L49/253—Connections establishment or release between ports
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
- H04L49/35—Application specific switches
- H04L49/354—Support for virtual LAN, VLAN tagging or multiple registration, e.g. according to IEEE 802.1q
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to computer networks and, more specifically, to a multi-bridge LAN aggregated method and system for use in a computer network.
2. Description of the Related Art
Computer Networks
Generally, a computer network is a group of computers (or hosts) coupled to each other in a way that allows information to be exchanged between the computers. A local area network is a common example of a computer network. As its name implies, a LAN is a computer network which is organized within a given geographic area or locale, such as a college campus, a site of a corporation, a single building, etc. Various types of LANs include Ethernet, FDDI, and Token Ring. The LAN type refers to the physical medium and connections over which traffic (i.e., data) is carried using hardware specific to the LAN type. Data on LANs are carried in frames. As used herein, a frame refers to information which is transferred between a host and a bridge and/or between multiple bridges. Each frame includes, at least, a destination link layer address, a source link layer address, a frame type indication, and data. Each frame transmitted to a given LAN can be observed and/or received by every other computer or intermediate network device attached to that LAN.
A number of individual LANs may be coupled together with bridges to create a Bridged LAN. Bridges are intermediate network devices which can be used to interconnect LANs at the link layer to enable computers on one LAN to communicate with the computers of another LAN. Bridges forward frames, as necessary, from one LAN to another, using the destination link layer address of the frames. Bridges learn which LAN Segments to forward the frames on based on the source link layer addresses of the frames. In general, a Bridged LAN can connect many more computers together, and cover a much wider geographical range, than a single LAN. The term "LAN Segment" is often used to refer to a non-bridged LAN (a LAN that includes no bridges). Although a LAN may refer to a computer network organized in a given locale, as used herein, the term "LAN" is used to refer to a physical connection between one or more hosts (e.g., a LAN Segment). Also, as used herein, the term "host" refers to an end-station which is the source of, or destination of, frames transmitted over a network.
A router is an intermediate network device which also interconnects a number of LANs and/or other types of transmission media. For example, a router may be used to connect one Ethernet LAN (or Bridged LAN) to another, or to connect a FDDI LAN to a digital satellite link. Routers generally forward packets, which are essentially data coupled with header information which describes properties of the packet such as a source network layer address, a destination network layer address, and a packet length. The router forwards packets from one LAN to another, adding or removing frame information such as link layer addresses, as needed. A router knows which LAN to send the packets on based on information within the packet itself and a configuration table accessible by the router which correlates address information to LAN information. The term "switch" is sometimes used for an intermediate network device that combines some or all of the functions of both a router and a bridge.
Often, it is desirable to have redundant physical connections to a computer network (e.g., redundant physical connections to multiple intermediate network devices) to improve availability. Unfortunately, some current methods of providing redundancy are inefficient, limited in use, and create undesirable consequences.
Link Aggregation
Unfortunately, a consequence of utilizing multiple network interfaces 110 of host 102 to connect to LAN 104 is an increase in the number of IP addresses which host 102 is associated. This increase results from an internet protocol (IP) address being associated with each network interface of a host. Having multiple IP addresses associated with a single host is disadvantageous for a number of reasons. Initially, confusion results as to which IP addresses should be used to communicate with the host and management of the host is made more difficult. Further, use of multiple IP addresses for a host creates inefficiency due to the time it takes to determine the IP addresses associated with the host, and the space consumed in storing the multiple IP addresses.
Link aggregation (also known as trunking) alleviates some of the problems associated with multiple IP addresses by grouping LANs of the same medium type and speed together to form a link aggregation group, which is treated as a single link with the capacity of all the links combined. Commonly known protocols and software may be used to enable link aggregation on bridge 106 and host 102. For example, Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) is a common link aggregation protocol defined in IEEE Std.802.3-2000, clause 43. Similarly, Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) is a well known protocol developed by Cisco Systems, Inc. and useful for dynamically aggregating redundant links connecting two or more devices.
With bridge 106 and host 102 configured for link aggregation, the multiple links between them are seen as one link, and consequently host 102 may be seen from a network as having one IP address, even though multiple interfaces of host 102 may be connected to the network. Additionally, aggregating the multiple links through link aggregation has the advantage of increasing the bandwidth between host 102 and bridge 106 to twice that of what the bandwidth would be without link aggregation. Further if one of the links between host 102 and bridge 106 were to fail, communication would resume on the remaining links. Unfortunately, although link aggregation provides a redundant coupling to bridge 106, no redundancy is provided between LAN 104 and bridge 106. Thus, if bridge 106 were to fail, host 102 would lose communication with LAN 104.
Another method of providing redundant connections between a host and a LAN is to couple a host to multiple bridges with multiple wires.
The advantages provided by the configuration illustrated in
Another traditional implementation of providing redundant physical connections to a network involves stacking multiple bridges together and configuring the multiple bridges to appear as one bridge. In order to accomplish this, however, the bridges must be configured to communicate with each other for sharing and learning network and frame information. Although this configuration may be a reasonable solution for providing redundancy if the bridges are in close proximity to each other (e.g., stacked on top of or next to each other) and the necessary cabling and configuration is provided, it has many pitfalls. If one of the bridges and or cables connecting the bridges were to fail, the network connection would be lost, since the bridges could no longer "learn" from each other (e.g., learning link layer addresses from each other). Additionally, such a configuration is not desirable if the bridges are to be at arms length from each other and independent of each other (i.e., not have to depend on other bridges for learning network and address information).
In one embodiment of the present invention, a method of multi-bridge LAN aggregation is disclosed. The method includes aggregating a plurality of LANs coupling a host to a first and a second intermediate network device.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a system is disclosed. The system includes an intermediate network device. The intermediate network device includes a multi-bridge engine. The multi-bridge engine includes a tunnel engine coupled to a bridge interconnect port and a first physical port.
The foregoing is a summary and thus contains, by necessity, simplifications, generalizations and omissions of detail; consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. As will also be apparent to one of skill in the art, the operations disclosed herein may be implemented in a number of ways, and such changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention and its broader aspects. Other aspects, inventive features, and advantages of the present invention, as defined solely by the claims, will become apparent in the non-limiting detailed description set forth below.
The present invention may be better understood, and its numerous objects, features and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings. The use of the same reference number throughout the figures designates a like or similar element.
The present invention generally enables link aggregation to be utilized on redundant physical connections between a host and multiple network devices, thus improving reliability and availability of data transmitted to and from the host. As used herein, link aggregation is used to refer to implementations of link aggregation such as IEEE Standard 802.3-2000, clause 43 and Etherchannel. The following is intended to provide a detailed description of an example of the invention and should not be taken to be limiting of the invention itself. Rather, any number of variations may fall within the scope of the invention which is defined in the claims following the description.
Exemplary Network Architecture
It is desirable that a host, host 356 for example, be coupled to network 300 such that if one path connecting host 356 to network 300 were to fail, including the failure of an intermediate device (e.g., bridge 342), an alternate path would be available. Additionally, it is also desirable that such a configuration provide host 356 on network 300 with a single IP address, and also utilize any redundant links coupled to host 356 to increase the bandwidth of information sent to and from host 356. Accordingly, host 356 is coupled to network 300 in a multi-bridge LAN aggregation configuration in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Similarly, host 358 is also coupled to network 300 in a multi-bridge LAN aggregation configuration in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
As seen from
In similar fashion, host 358 is coupled to LAN 310 via, at least, LANs 316-318 and bridges 342-344. If bridge 344 and/or LAN 318 were to fail, host 358 would still be able to communicate with LAN 310 via LAN 316 and bridge 342. A similar situation would result if bridge 342 and/or LAN 316 were to fail. Additionally, bridge 342 and host 358 are configured for link aggregation, allowing both LANs 316-318 to be simultaneously utilized for transmitting information to and from host 358 and allowing host 358 to be seen from LAN 310 as having a single IP address.
It should be understood that network 300 is provided as an exemplary network in which multi-bridge LAN aggregation in accordance with the present invention can be implemented. Other embodiments of the present invention may be implemented in networks other than network 300, and consequently the present invention should not be limited to network 300.
Exemplary Multi-Bridge LAN Aggregation Configuration
Host 356 is connected to both bridges 342 and 344 through network interfaces 360 (e.g., S0 and S1). Together, network interfaces 360 are configured as one virtual network interface 362 (having one IP address for virtual network interface 362) in accordance with the present invention. In the described embodiment, network interfaces 360 are Ethernet interfaces. In accordance with the present invention, bridge 342 is configured with a pass-through path 353 between port A0 and sub-port A99.0 (a description of how this configuration is accomplished is described in greater detail below). Any frames transmitted to port A0 are sent directly to sub-port A99.0 without any examination by bridge 320. Similarly, any frames transmitted to sub-port A99.0 are sent directly to port A0 without any examination by bridge 320. As used herein, tunneling is used to refer to transmitting a frame without examination. For example, when a bridge receives a frame, it generally examines the frame to determine the corresponding LAN Segment to forward the frame to. Additionally, a bridge will process the frame according to a number of protocols. However, in accordance with the present invention, bridge 342 is configured to internally transmit a frame between bridge inter-connect port 366 and port A0 directly, without such examination. Thus, port A0 on bridge 320 is slaved through sub-port A99.0 to sub-port B99.0 of bridge 344. Bridge 342 is essentially transparent to bridge 344 and host 356.
From the perspective of bridge 344, sub-port B99.0 is treated as a separate interface, and link aggregation is configured on bridge 344 for port B0 and sub-port B99.0. Additionally, from the perspective of host 356, LANs 312 and 314 are "seen" as being directly connected to bridge 344, by virtue of the pas-through path 353. Thus, in the described embodiment, there are two paths between host 356 and LAN 310, with one of the paths transparently traversing bridge 342 (e.g., via pas-through path 353).
Redundancy and Failure Recovery
With the benefits of Link Aggregation, one IP address, represented by virtual network interface 362, is associated with host 356, even though both network interfaces S0 and S1 are coupled to LAN 310. The present invention thus provides the benefit of bridge redundancy and link redundancy between host 356 and LAN 310 with host 356 seen by LAN 310 as having a single IP address via Link Aggregation. If LAN 312 and/or bridge 342 were to fail, link redundancy on host 356 would detect the failure and "shift" all communications to LAN 314 and bridge 344.
In response to the loss of LAN 314 and/or bridge 344, however, bridge 342 would reconfigure port A0 as a "normal" bridge port, discard the use of sub-port A99.0, and also begin executing Link Aggregation (i.e., port A0 would no longer be slaved through sub-port A99.0 to sub-port B99.0 of bridge 344). With the reconfiguration of port A0 as a bridge port, and without pas-through path 353, host 356 (i.e., the link aggregation on host 356) no longer sees LANs 312 and 314 as being directly coupled to bridge 344. Rather, LAN 312 would be seen as coupled to bridge 342, and LAN 314 would be seen as coupled to bridge 344, or not seen at all, depending on the extent of the failure. Host 356 (via a link redundancy protocol such as LACP or PagP) would see this as a re-connection of network interface S0 to another device, and abort the aggregation. Host 356 would then choose either LAN 312 or LAN 314 for its virtual IP interface, according to the usage of the aggregation protocol. A similar reconfiguration would occur if inter-bridge link 364 connecting bridges 342 and 344 were to fail. Because bridges 342 and 344 are able to operate independently from each other (e.g., no "learning" is required between bridges 342 and 344), host 356 can preferably remain in communication with network 310 even if inter-bridge link 364 were to fail.
In addition to the benefits of bridge redundancy and link redundancy between host 356 and LAN 310, the present invention also provides for the advantages of link redundancy in a multi-bridge configuration. In other words, even though host 356 is configured to utilize multiple network interfaces 360 in communicating with LAN 310, host 356 is preferably able to interface with LAN 310 with a single IP address as a result of virtual network interface 362 configured by link aggregation. Being associated with a single IP address provides for easier management of host 356 (and network 300), and eliminates any confusion as to which address IP address should be in communicating with host 356. Further, with link redundancy, the bandwidth between host 356 and LAN 310 is increased (e.g., doubled) since LANs 312 and 314 are able to share the load of the traffic.
Once any failures of bridge 342, bridge 344, LANs 312 and 314, and/or inter-bridge link 364 are corrected, Link Aggregation protocol would resume utilizing both bridges 342 and 344 in accordance with the present invention (e.g., bridge 342 is able to automatically reconfigure port A0 as a pass-through port once a failure on bridge 344, for example, has been corrected.) Although the present embodiment is described as including LANs 312 and 314 for use in link aggregation, it is recognized that any number of LANs (and ports and network interfaces) may be used. Additionally, the LANs may pass through any number of bridges, and in order to increase bandwidth without a corresponding increase in reliability, multiple paths may be tunneled through one bridge.
Exemplary Bridge Architecture
Multi-bridge engine 404 includes a bridge-forwarding engine 406, aggregated-bridge ports 408, tunnel engines 410, and a bridge-interconnect port 412. It will be recognized that a number of different types of mux/demux technologies may be used in the present invention. For example, Layer 3 tunnels, a number of dedicated Ethernets, and/or an array of ATM emulated LANS. Bridge-forwarding engine 406 receives data on one or more ports (e.g., P1-PN), examines the data according to a number of protocols, and forwards the data out the one or more ports P1-PN. Aggregated bridge ports 408 provide link aggregation support for bridge 400 in accordance with the present invention. Tunnel engines 410 are utilized for transparently passing data through bridge 400 (e.g., tunnel engine 410 may strip of an encapsulated header on a frame passed through bridge 400). It will be recognized that bridge forwarding engine 406, aggregated bridge ports 408, and tunnel engines 410 may be implemented in hardware or software.
Bridge-interconnect port 412 internally routes data to bridge forwarding engine 406, aggregated bridge ports 408, and/or tunnel engine 410 depending on, for example, information associated with the data (e.g., an encapsulation tag 506 such as that shown in
Bridge 400 is coupled, via inter-bridge link 418, to a bridge 420 (similar to bridge 400, and not shown for simplicity of illustration). Within bridge 400, sub-port 0 is coupled to P1 of bridge forwarding engine 406. P1 represents a LAN linking bridge 400 to bridge 420. A similar configuration is provided in bridge 420. In addition, P1 is utilized to transmit a frame between bridge 400 and 420 at a periodic frequency in order for bridge 400 and 420 to detect a failure in communication (e.g., the loss of inter-bridge link 418) between bridge 400 and bridge 420. For example, in one embodiment of the present invention, bridge 400 is configured, via P1 of bridge forwarding engine 406, to transmit a keep-alive frame to bridge 420. Similarly, bridge 420 is configured to receive the keep-alive frame, and transmit the keep alive frame back to bridge 400. This process is repeated with a frequency of preferably 1 second or less. The loss of three keep-alive frames (either consecutively or within a defined time) results in a reconfiguration of bridges 400 and 420. The home bridge (which is the bridge not configured as the tunneling bridge) will consider the encapsulated link over inter-bridge link 418 as failed. The tunneling bridge will cease pass-through capabilities (but only temporarily, since automatic configuration of pass-through is possible once communication be re-established) and operate with forwarding capabilities.
Each tunneling sub-port of bridge 400 corresponds (is remoted to) an aggregated sub-port on bridge 420. Similarly, each aggregated sub-port on bride 400 corresponds (is remoted to) a tunneling sub-port on bridge 420. For example, sub-ports 1 and 3 of bridge 400 are configured to be remoted by sub-ports of bridge 420. In other words, sub-port 1 (or sub-port 2, or sub-port 3) of bridge 400 is coupled to a sub-port of bridge 420 that is configured to tunnel the frames through bridge 420. Similarly, sub-ports 4 and 5, which are configured on bridge 400 as pass-through ports via tunnel engines 410, are remoted to sub-ports of bridge 420, which, on bridge 420, are configured as aggregated bridge ports.
It will be noted that the variable identifier "N" is used in several instances in the figures described herein to more simply designate the final element of a series of related or similar elements. The repeated use of such variable identifiers is not meant to necessarily imply a correlation between the sizes of such series of elements, although such correlation may exist. The use of such variable identifiers does not require that each series of elements has the same number of elements as another series delimited by the same variable identifier. Rather, in each instance of use, the variable identified by "N" (or any other such identifier) may hold the same or a different value than other instances of the same variable identifier.
Moreover, regarding the signals described herein, those skilled in the art will recognize that a signal may be directly transmitted from a first block to a second block, or a signal may be modified (e.g., amplified, attenuated, delayed, latched, buffered, inverted, filtered or otherwise modified) between the blocks. Although the signals of the above described embodiment are characterized as transmitted from one block to the next, other embodiments of the present invention may include modified signals in place of such directly transmitted signals as long as the informational and/or functional aspect of the signal is transmitted between blocks. To some extent, a signal input at a second block may be conceptualized as a second signal derived from a first signal output from a first block due to physical limitations of the circuitry involved (e.g., there will inevitably be some attenuation and delay). Therefore, as used herein, a second signal derived from a first signal includes the first signal or any modifications to the first signal, whether due to circuit limitations or due to passage through other circuit elements which do not change the informational and/or final functional aspect of the first signal.
The foregoing described embodiment wherein the different components are contained within different other components (e.g., the various elements of bridge 400). It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In an abstract, but still definite sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively "associated" such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as "associated with" each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermediate components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being "operably connected", or "operably coupled", to each other to achieve the desired functionality.
In the present embodiment, frame 500 includes destination media access control (mac) address 502 and source mac address 504, representing the address of a destination host and the address of a source host of frame 500. Frame 500 also includes tags 506 and 508, length/Ethertype field 510, data field 512 and cyclical redundancy check (CRC) field 514.
Tag 506 is a multi-bridge tag preferably used to indicate the sub-port number to which frame 500 should be sent. In one embodiment of the present invention, tag 506 is a 4-byte virtual local area network (VLAN) tag as defined in IEEE std 802.1Q-1998. In one embodiment of the present invention, tag 506 includes 2-byte ethertype field 506(a), 3 bit priority field 506(b), 1 bit canonical format indicator (CFI) field 506(c), and 12-bit VLAN-ID field. It is preferable that etherytype field 506(a) be set to 0x8100 and priority field 506(b) be set according to the relative priority of the corresponding sub-port. Additionally, CFI field 506(c) is preferably set to 0 and VLAN-ID field 506(d) field is preferably used to indicate the sub-port of a bridge (e.g., bridge 400) which should transmit/receive frame 500. Although tag 506 is a VLAN tag, it is not necessary for a bridge or host to be VLAN-aware in order to process tag 506. A tag 508, optionally included in frame 500, is also preferably a VLAN tag, however the settings of tag 508 are dependent upon, inter alia, the topology of the virtual local area network.
Port A0 of bridge 610 is tunneled to port A3, and port A1 of bridge 610 is tunneled to port A2. In other words, bridge 610 configures ports A0 and A1 to be slaved to bridge-inter-connect ports A2 and A3 and ports B2 and B3, respectively. Bridge 612 and host 602 are to aggregate LANs 606 and 608 and inter-bridge LANs 624. In other words, LANs 606 and 608 and inter-bridge LANS 624 appear as a logical LAN between bridge 612 and host 602, with bridge 610 being transparent to both bridge 612 and 602.
As can be seen from the presently described embodiment of
Configuration and Operation
Initially, a tunneling bridge (e.g., a first intermediate device, bridge 342) is configured (step 702). The tunneling bridge is a bridge which provides a pass-through path. A tunneling bridge may also be a home bridge, which is a bridge that is configured for link aggregation with respect to a given host. To configure the tunneling bridge, the virtual ports (e.g., sub-ports 414) are configured (step 704) and a pass-through path (e.g., pass-through pass 353) is configured (step 706). In configuring the virtual ports, one or more physical ports of the tunneling bridge are mapped to a number of virtual ports. Each virtual port may then be mapped to a number of internal destinations with the tunneling bridge (e.g., bridge forwarding engine 406, aggregated bridge ports 408, or ports 402). To configure the pass-through path, a virtual port is mapped directly to another physical port of the tunneling bridge via a tunnel engine (step 708). For example, referring to
A host (e.g., host 356) is configured in step 710. Initially, to configure the host, a number of network interfaces (e.g., S0 and S1) are aggregated (i.e., collectively joined or mapped) to provide a virtual network interface (e.g., network interface 362) (step 712). In one embodiment of the present invention, Link Aggregation is used for the aggregation. Next, an internet protocol (IP) address is generated for the virtual network interface (step 714). With the generated IP address, data addressed to the same IP address may be received on either network interface S0 or S1.
In step 716, the home bridge (e.g. a second intermediate device, bridge 344), is configured (as mentioned above, a home bridge can also serve as a tunneling bridge). To configure the home bridge, the virtual ports (e.g., sub-ports 414) are configured (step 718) and the ports (e.g., ports B0 and bridge-interconnect port 366) are aggregated (step 720). In one embodiment of the present invention, Link Aggregation is used for the aggregation.
As a result of the configuration of the tunneling bridge, Link Aggregation on bridge 344 sees bridge-interconnect port 366 as directly coupled to host 356, even though bridge 342 is coupled between bridge-interconnect port 366 and host 356. Similarly, Link Aggregation on host 356 sees virtual network interface 362 as directly coupled to bridge 344, even though bridge 342 is coupled between virtual network interface 362 and host 356.
The tunneling bridge de-encapsulates the frame (step 736). In de-encapsulating the frame, the virtual port number is determined (step 738) and the frame is received by the virtual port corresponding to the determined virtual port number (step 740). Next, the frame is transmitted directly to the physical port to which the virtual port is mapped (step 742) (e.g., port 5, which is mapped to sub-port 4) and the frame is then transmitted to the host (step 744).
As noted,
The operations referred to herein may be modules or portions of modules (e.g., software, firmware or hardware modules). For example, although the described embodiment includes software modules and/or includes manually entered user commands, the various example modules may be application specific hardware modules. The software modules discussed herein may include script, batch or other executable files, or combinations and/or portions of such files. The software modules may include a computer program or subroutines thereof encoded on computer-readable media.
Additionally, those skilled in the art will recognize that the boundaries between modules are merely illustrative and alternative embodiments may merge modules or impose an alternative decomposition of functionality of modules. For example, the modules discussed herein may be decomposed into submodules to be executed as multiple computer processes, and, optionally, on multiple computers. Moreover, alternative embodiments may combine multiple instances of a particular module or submodule. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that the operations described in example embodiment are for illustration only. Operations may be combined or the functionality of the operations may be distributed in additional operations in accordance with the invention.
Alternatively, such actions may be embodied in the structure of circuitry that implements such functionality, such as the micro-code of a complex instruction set computer (CISC), firmware programmed into programmable or erasable/programmable devices, the configuration of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), the design of a gate array or full-custom application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or the like.
Each of the blocks of the flow diagram may be executed by a module (e.g., a software module) or a portion of a module or a computer system user. Thus, the above described method, the operations thereof and modules therefor may be executed on a computer system configured to execute the operations of the method and/or may be executed from computer-readable media. The method may be embodied in a machine-readable and/or computer-readable medium for configuring a computer system to execute the method. Thus, the software modules may be stored within and/or transmitted to a computer system memory to configure the computer system to perform the functions of the module.
Such a computer system normally processes information according to a program (a list of internally stored instructions such as a particular application program and/or an operating system) and produces resultant output information via I/O devices. A computer process typically includes an executing (running) program or portion of a program, current program values and state information, and the resources used by the operating system to manage the execution of the process. A parent process may spawn other, child processes to help perform the overall functionality of the parent process. Because the parent process specifically spawns the child processes to perform a portion of the overall functionality of the parent process, the functions performed by child processes (and grandchild processes, etc.) may sometimes be described as being performed by the parent process.
Such a computer system typically includes multiple computer processes executing "concurrently." Often, a computer system includes a single processing unit which is capable of supporting many active processes alternately. Although multiple processes may appear to be executing concurrently, at any given point in time only one process is actually executed by the single processing unit. By rapidly changing the process executing, a computer system gives the appearance of concurrent process execution. The ability of a computer system to multiplex the computer system's resources among multiple processes in various stages of execution is called multitasking. Systems with multiple processing units, which by definition can support true concurrent processing, are called multiprocessing systems. Active processes are often referred to as executing concurrently when such processes are executed in a multitasking and/or a multiprocessing environment.
The software modules described herein may be received by such a computer system, for example, from computer readable media. The computer readable media may be permanently, removably or remotely coupled to the computer system. The computer readable media may non-exclusively include, for example, any number of the following: magnetic storage media including disk and tape storage media optical storage media such as compact disk media (e.g., CD-ROM, CD-R, etc.) and digital video disk storage media nonvolatile memory storage memory including semiconductor-based memory units such as FLASH memory, EEPROM, EPROM, ROM or application specific integrated circuits volatile storage media including registers, buffers or caches, main memory, RAM, and the like and data transmission media including computer network, point-to-point telecommunication, and carrier wave transmission media. In a UNIX-based embodiment, the software modules may be embodied in a file which may be a device, a terminal, a local or remote file, a socket, a network connection, a signal, or other expedient of communication or state change. Other new and various types of computer-readable media may be used to store and/or transmit the software modules discussed herein.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of this invention. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the invention is solely defined by the appended claims.
Claims (32)
Priority Applications (1)
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|Dynamic link aggregation
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|CN1708963B (en)
|EP1557015B1 (en)
|US20120076151A1 (en)
|AT527785T (en)
|CN1708963A (en)
|AU2003287253A1 (en)
|AU2003287253B2 (en)
|CA2503963C (en)
|WO2004040844A2 (en)
|US20150244542A1 (en)
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|US20040098501A1 (en)
|CA2503963A1 (en)
|EP1557015A2 (en)
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text:
WASHINGTON (AP) — The White House says President Barack Obama has ordered intelligence officials to carry out a "deep dive" into election-season cyberattacks.
The review includes email hacks that rattled the presidential campaign and raised fresh concerns about Russia's meddling in U.S. elections.
A White House spokesman says the study, due to be completed before Obama leaves office next month, will examine possible patters of increased "malicious cyber activity."
Meanwhile, The Washington Post is reporting that the CIA has concluded that Moscow aimed specifically to help Donald Trump win the presidency. The paper reports that key senators in both parties were given a closed-door briefing last week.
The Kremlin and Donald Trump have repeatedly dismissed reports about Russian influence during the campaign.
Reacting to latest The Washington Post report, the Trump transition team released a statement saying intelligence agents were "the same people that said Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction."
"The President has directed the Intelligence Community to conduct a full review of what happened during the 2016 election process. It is to capture lessons learned from that and to report to a range of stakeholders," White House Homeland Security and Counterterrorism Adviser Lisa Monaco said at a Christian Science Monitor breakfast with reporters Friday. "This is consistent with the work that we did over the summer to engage Congress on the threats that we were seeing."
White House spokesman Eric Schultz added later that the review would encompass malicious cyber activity related to U.S. elections going back to 2008.
Monaco said the administration would be mindful of the consequences of revealing the results of their review publicly, and Schultz said they will make public "as much as we can." All of the Democratic senators on the Senate Intelligence Committee have called on Obama to declassify intelligence on Russia's actions during the election.
"You want to do so very attentive to not disclosing sources and methods that would impede our ability to identify and attribute malicious actors in the future," Monaco said of disclosure.
In response to the news, the Russian government called for evidence of its involvement, denying claims made by the U.S.
"We are also very interested in understanding what they accused Russia of," said Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova. "Many times the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Minister Lavrov have asked Americans to provide full information. But never had any response."
The US government before the election publicly blamed senior levels of the Russian government for cyberattacks designed to influence the outcome, including hacks of Democratic groups like the Democratic National Committee.
A steady stream of documents and internal emails from Democratic groups and from Hillary Clinton's campaign chairman were released in the weeks and months leading up to the election, with damaging consequences for Democrats.
There was also concern about attempted attacks on voter registration systems at the state and local level, though the intelligence community never said there was strong evidence that was tied to the Russian government. Voter registration databases are attractive targets for financially motivated hackers, as well.
Questions have remained about the extent of the hacking and Russians' motivations. While the intelligence community has not suggested the attacks were designed to bolster President-elect Donald Trump, the impact of the hacks were much more damaging to Democrats and to Clinton.
Trump has continually denied a Russian role in the hacking, despite the overwhelming consensus from private sector cybersecurity firms that investigated the hacks and from the various US government intelligence agencies.
Members of his own party have strongly pointed the finger at Russia, and Republican Sens. John McCain and Lindsey Graham are reportedly leading the charge among Republicans to investigate the hacking, according to The Washington Post, and Graham has told CNN he intends to be unrelenting.
"I'm going after Russia in every way you can go after Russia," Graham told CNN. "I think they're one of the most destabilizing influences on the world stage, I think they did interfere with our elections, and I want Putin personally to pay a price."
House Intelligence Committee Chairman Devin Nunes said Russian interference was real, but dinged the administration for being slow to react.
"Russia's cyber-attacks are no surprise to the House Intelligence Committee," Nunes said in a statement. "Unfortunately the Obama administration, dedicated to delusions of 'resetting' relations with Russia, ignored pleas by numerous Intelligence Committee members to take more forceful action against the Kremlin's aggression. It appears, however, that after eight years the administration has suddenly awoken to the threat."
Democrats were quick to praise Obama on Friday and pressured Trump to change his tune.
"Defending our elections from foreign meddling is more important than any political party's advantage or disadvantage," House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi said in a statement. "Any Administration should be deeply troubled by Russia's attempt to tamper with our elections."
The top Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee, California Rep. Adam Schiff, praised the administration for its move and called on the White House to declassify as much as it could.
"Given President-elect Trump's disturbing refusal to listen to our intelligence community and accept that the hacking was orchestrated by the Kremlin, there is an added urgency to the need for a thorough review before President Obama leaves office next month," Schiff said in a statement. "More than that, the administration must begin to take steps to respond forcefully to this blatant cyber meddling, and work with our allies in Europe who have been targets of similar attacks to impose costs on the Kremlin; if we do not, we can expect to see a lot more of this in the near future."
Oregon Sen. Ron Wyden, a Democrat on the Senate Intelligence Committee, called the President's move "constructive" and said he has no doubt about the Moscow's role.
"Let's put it this way: I have no reason to doubt the assessment made by the intelligence community back in October," he said on CNN. "The intelligence community was very explicit."
Monaco declined to draw conclusions before the review was complete.
"We'll see what comes out of the report. There will be a report to a range of stakeholders, including Congress," she said.


text:
TORONTO, ONTARIO–(Marketwired – March 27, 2014) – MoPals.com Inc. ("MoPals") (OTCQB:MOMO), the world's first community-driven, crowd-sourced loyalty program that bridges the gap between social media and reward platforms is pleased to announce that it has received the first "COLLOQUY Recognizes" award, a new program that honors the companies, programs and initiatives that exemplify the most innovative advancements and forward-thinking strategies in loyalty marketing. In addition to Mopals, Tesco, Starbucks and Bloomingdales also were honorees of the award. The winners were announced in the March 2014 COLLOQUY issue published yesterday.
"We are excited about the recognition received by our program since this award highlights loyalty programs and initiatives that best exemplify the most forward-looking strategies in marketing today," said Alex Haditaghi, CEO and Founder of MoPals.com. "To win this award along with industry leaders such as Starbucks, Bloomingdale and Tesco is an honor and privilege."
"For 25 years COLLOQUY has been the voice of the loyalty-marketing industry providing publishing, education and research that has informed and inspired marketers around the globe," noted COLLOQUY Research Director Jeff Berry. "It's from this unique vantage point that we're thrilled to recognize these four companies for their outstanding contributions and innovations."
COLLOQUY Recognizes Tesco PLC (LSE:TSCO.L) for Innovative Use of Personalization
Tesco, a UK-based multinational grocery and general merchandise retailer, learned from members of its Club card loyalty program that the product coupons they were receiving were not always relevant or timely. So Tesco set out to rejuvenate its coupon program using a new targeting algorithm based on previous purchases. As a result, the Club card Bonus Coupon Mailer is on track in 2014 to increase same-store sales by 0.4% as well as significantly increase in-store spending per member.
COLLOQUY Recognizes Starbucks (NASDAQ:SBUX) for Innovative Mobile App
The Starbucks Mobile App connects customers directly to My Starbucks Rewards, making transactions – and engagement – much easier. Starbucks invested significantly in proprietary digital, social, mobile payment and card technologies to keep that competitive edge. That investment includes a test run of a mobile-phone service for customers to order items ahead of time, and updating its Mobile App to include barista tipping and a new shake-to-pay function. Nearly 10 million Starbucks customers use the mobile app to make close to five million mobile payments a week.
COLLOQUY Recognizes MoPals (OTCQB:MOMO) as Loyalty Program to Watch
MoPals.com Inc., a community-driven, crowd sourced loyalty program rewards its members for their social media influence and brand ambassadorship. Bridging the gap between traditional reward incentives and the social media landscape, the program's target market, Generation Y, demands a modern approach to loyalty, resulting in a unique program that recognizes and appreciates customer loyalty by investing in its members. MoPals' partner businesses reward members with MoCoins, the company's digital rewards currency before, during and after the purchase process which helps to grow the MoPals community.
COLLOQUY Recognizes Bloomingdale's (NYSE:M) for Multi-Tender Retail Program
Like many merchants, the luxury chain Bloomingdale's recognized that a small percentage of its customers generated a large percentage of its sales. So when the merchant decided to revamp its loyalty program in 2012, it wanted to include elements that appealed to all guests, while providing extra perks to those highest-spending customers. The result is Loyallist, a tender-neutral program that is available to anyone who shops at Bloomingdale's.
To review the complete press release, visit: http://www.colloquy.com/article_view.asp?xd=11141
MoPals.com Inc. (OTCQB:MOMO) is a publicly traded company and the world's first community-driven, crowd sourced loyalty program that bridges the gap between social media and reward platforms. With a mobile-based, experiential and Big Data-driven platform, MoPals rewards its members for both social and transactional behaviors. MoPals uses an exclusive digital currency, MoCoins(TM), to foster an exciting community where consumers are rewarded for making purchases at participating businesses, as well as engaging in a wide range of social media activities that enhance brand value. For more information, visit the company website at www.MoPals.com.
This press release contains forward-looking statements as defined within Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These statements relate to future events, including our ability to raise capital, or to our future financial performance, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements since they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which are, in some cases, beyond our control and which could, and likely will, materially affect actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Any forward-looking statement reflects our current views with respect to future events and is subject to these and other risks, uncertainties and assumptions relating to our operations, results of operations, growth strategy and liquidity. We assume no obligation to publicly update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future. For a discussion of these risks and uncertainties, please see our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our public filings with the SEC are available from commercial document retrieval services and at the website maintained by the SEC at http://www.sec.gov.


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Global Indian International School (GIIS) - established under the guiding principles of the Global Schools Foundation – is an international network of award-winning institutions, with 20 campuses in 7 countries. Known for their learner-centric and skill-based teaching methodology, GIIS schools offer holistic learning and personality development opportunities for students. Headquartered in Singapore, GIIS offers scholarship to deserving students as a stepping stone for future growth by providing them an unmatched learning experience.
The "No strings attached" GIIS Global Citizen Scholarship is offered to Class 10 academic toppers from around the world for Junior College CBSE (11th- 12th) or an IB Diploma at GIIS Queenstown Campus in Singapore.
A students of Class X who has secured above 80% in Class IX examination can apply for the scholarship.
The scholarship being offered is for senior secondary level; Classes 11 and 12 for both, IB Diploma Programme and CBSE. However, students undertaking any Board in India can apply for the scholarship.
Number of Scholarships
The number of scholarships will be decided by the Committee of the Scholarship programme.
S$ 90,000* per student, which includes tuition fees, boarding, lodging and travel expenses for the two-year scholarship programme.
The scholarship amount includes a onetime return airfare & visa fee, tuition fee, and boarding & lodging at the hostel, one-time settling allowance and pocket allowance per month for daily expenses.
Scholarship selection
April 2017: Written test
May 2017: Results of the Written Test and call for interviews to successful candidates only.
End May/Early June 2017: Interviews
End June 2017: Final list of students selected for scholarships Please check the website www.giisscholarships.org for regular updates.


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Hi in non reducing condition my actin signal is low (alpha actine)
any idea why? is because it's in non reducing condition?
beta actin is it better?
Submit your paper to J Biol Methods today!
Started by ulujm, Nov 12 2009 09:40 AM
1 reply to this topic
Posted 12 November 2009 - 09:40 AM
Posted 12 November 2009 - 03:06 PM
Possibly, it would depend on your antibody as to whether the epitope is exposed under non-reducing conditions.


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The 1975
morrison, CO - Red Rocks Amphitheatre
The 1975 tickets can be purchased here where you'll discover a massive choice of affordable concert tickets.
Booking your The 1975 tickets here is easy and secure. Either choose the The 1975 concert above to purchase them online, or call us at 1-866-837-0608.
You can search the times and dates in the tour schedule above to find the specific The 1975 concert you want to attend.
Click on the red 'View Tickets' button to see all the available seats for that The 1975 show, along with an interactive seating chart that will help you locate the best seats for your price.
You'll have to choose how many tickets you want to purchase for the The 1975 concert tour, and then you'll be brought to our secure checkout.
The 1975 ticket prices may be above or below face value and can fluctuate. You'll find cheap The 1975 tickets here at relatively affordable prices.
To find the current pricing, click the red 'View Tickets' button above. You'll be brought to that venue's seating chart where you can sort from the cheapest pricing to the highest.
Discover a wide range of The 1975 tickets available depending on the venue, including cheap discount seats or last-minute tickets, center stage tickets, floor seating, front row tickets, balcony seats, group tickets, general admission, VIP tickets, backstage passes (sometimes with meet-and-greets), discount tickets, parking passes, e-tickets or sold out concert tickets too.
You can rest easy because all our concert tickets are 100% guaranteed.
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You can choose either standard or express delivery and you can specify special delivery instructions if necessary. Your live music concert tickets will be shipped to you using Federal Express.
Also, some tickets to the The 1975 tour may be available for immediate download as e-tickets, or electronic tickets, that you can print right from your device.
My friend suggested I try another tickets site for concert tickets called ClickitTicket and I had a really good experience with them... Afterwards, I looked up the same section on a couple of other ticket sites just to see if I got a decent deal or not, and the ones I got were significantly cheaper.
I tried this place out a little while ago (I am a concert junkie!!) and I remember that when I called, they had a nice customer service guy. Don't remember his name. He helped me with the seating charts and answered a bunch of questions, was an all around sweet person. And the concert we went to was pretty sweet too!
Got Great Kendrick Lamar Tickets Good Price. I got sweet seats to Kendrick Lamar and Travis Scott for their show at the Wells Fargo Center from these guys and it went smooth. I used them because they had the best price period.
-Rex N.
About The 1975
The 1975, a British alternative rock band, is an energetic and engaging live act. A 1975 concert is made even more enjoyable by the band's deep respect and admiration for their fans.
The 1975 tours often. If their route comes close to your domicile, you need to make every effort to see them. Yet, to see them live you'll need The 1975 tickets. You can get all your 1975 tickets right here at Clickitticket.
The 1975 is an alternative rock band with a bit of pop and R&B thrown in. Their sound is reminiscent of The Neighbourhood, Bad Suns, Bastille, Arctic Monkeys, and Ed Sheeran.
Their self-titled debut album dropped in 2013. It went to the top of the album charts in the U.K. but stalled at #28 in the States.
Their biggest singles are "Chocolate," "Girls," "Love Me," and "UGH!"
As we alluded to earlier, The 1975 are from England. Specifically, the band formed at the Wilmslow High School in Wilmslow, Cheshire just south of Manchester.
The previously mentioned school was where band members—Matthew Healy, Ross MacDonald, Adam Hann, and George Daniel—all met.
Before settling on The 1975, the band used a variety of other appellations including "Talkhouse," "The Slowdown," and "Drive Like I Do."
The band eventually selected "The 1975" as their designation. They drew inspiration from a date written on the back page of a Jack Kerouac book. The date was written as "1 June, The 1975."
Yes, Matthew Healy's parents are famous actors. His mother is Densise Welch and his father is Tim Healy. His mum was on Coronation Street while his pop starred in the comedy-drama Auf Wiedersehen, Pet.
Not everyone hates The 1975, but they do seem to be one of those bands that attracts a lot of detractors.
Maybe it's because in 2014 they received the "Worst Band" award from NME. Winning that award sort of made it "cool" to hate The 1975.
To the band's credit, they hold no animosity towards the publication. They do, however, want their award. Apparently, NME never actually gave The 1975 a physical "Worst Band" award.
ClickitTicket offers The 1975 ticket prices that are economical and right for you. Concert ticket prices may be above or below face value and fluctuate based on supply and demand. Choose the The 1975 show above to view the price range.
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We're often more affordable than others, see for yourself.
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You're covered by our no-risk, 100% money-back guarantee.


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On an international basis, often the US and Canadian UL approvals (Underwriter Laboratories) and CSA (Canadian Standards Association) or their combination CUL are demanded.
In addition to UL and CSA, many Knick Interface products contain CE, GL, SIL, KTA, ATEX and/or GOST approvals.
Knick isolators have proven in strict approval tests that they fulfill the respective requirements for electrical safety and fire protection.


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Symmetry Fun - Math and Art
To help students practice their symmetry skills, here are 2 pictures that you can download and print so that students can decorate and color using symmetry.
Students could use their art supplies: crayons, pencils, paints, glitter glue, etc.
The pictures are on my free worksheets page on my website. Click on the link below then go to Free Worksheets.
Have fun with symmetry!


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IT'S A SET: T-SHIRT + PANTS. Who said making exercise or any sport means to sacrifice fashion and style? Diamante Sportwear offers you comfort and quality while you look and feel beautiful! This yoga pants are the perfect sportwear for any girl.
-Grey and neon green sport SET: sleeveless crop top + Long style pants
-Neon green beautiful details
-Neon green Amazin Fit band that it fits smoothly on your waist, offering comfort and confidence
-Maximum quality, the fabric of this yoga pants is super soft, breathable and flexible: shapes your figure and embraces your curves
-These yoga pants are a must be in your wardrobe for their versatility for any type of physical activity. Flexible and resistant fabric: 55% Polyester, 40% Nylon, 5% Spandex


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Blue Jean Babies
Denim is everything right now. With so many different variations on trend, you can definitely find a pair or two or three that suit your shape and style! Continue reading Blue Jean Babies
Models Streetstyle 2
Some inspirational looks for all seasons here. High waisted denim, iron on patches, rubber soled loafers are items I would like to acquire. Images from various sources, all on my Tumblr. Continue reading Models Streetstyle 2
Estée Lauder, Emoji's & Kendall
Estée Lauder embraces mobile video showcasing Kendall Jenner and some of the new emoji's. See the entire video here on Instagram. Continue reading Estée Lauder, Emoji's & Kendall
Sooo Camp
These images make me feel peaceful inside. I wish I was doing more of this. Continue reading Sooo Camp
Emmanuelle Alt – Paris & Milan Fashion Week
There's StreetStyle at fashion week in Paris and Milan and then there's Emmanuelle Alt…the epitome of effortless Parisian style and cool. Never too trendy, never trying too hard, she stands out as individual and authentic. I ❤ her style. Here are a few of her looks from fashion week. Continue reading Emmanuelle Alt – Paris & Milan Fashion Week
Navajo Nation
Each year as Summer approaches I find myself inspired by Native American trends…especially the colours and jewellery. Continue reading Navajo Nation
StreetArt Love Stories – Unknown Artist
I saved these amazing pictures of StreetArt about a year ago but cannot remember the artist. If you know his/her name or even recognise the locations, please comment. Otherwise enjoy these colourful urban love stories. Continue reading StreetArt Love Stories – Unknown Artist
New York Fashion Week SS15 – BACKSTAGE
Some cool backstage looks from NYFW SS15 shows…. Gigi Hadid & Kendall Backstage @ Marc Jacobs Backstage @ Jeremy Scott Backstage @ Michael Kors Backstage @ Phillip Lim Kendall Backstage @ Tommy Hilfiger Backstage @ Calvin Klein Backstage @ Alexander Wang Continue reading New York Fashion Week SS15 – BACKSTAGE
Spring Summer Street Style
Some amazing outfit inspiration for this Spring-Summer in Melbourne. Leather Jacket + Awesome sneakers = Absolute essentials. Continue reading Spring Summer Street Style
She Plaid It Safe
American Apparel SS14-15
"Timeless pieces you'll keep wearing again…" Their stuff is always very well made and I like how they introduce fashion forward essentials each season. I'm thinking about a pair of white denim overalls from there at the moment. Here are some cool shots from their latest online campaign. SEE MORE HERE American Apparel. Continue reading American Apparel SS14-15


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Search Results
Forum CX SF 2019
The Rise of XD: Master the New Art (and Science) of Experience DesignOctober 17, 2019 | San Francisco | Andrew Hogan
Just what we need: another abbreviation. But this one is for real. Experience design — or XD — is rapidly emerging as the discipline to rule them all. If exceptional CX is the goal, XD...
Forum CX NYC 2019
Change The Game: Leading Radical CX InnovationJune 11, 2019 | New York City | Harley Manning, Rick Parrish, Maxie Schmidt-Subramanian
First, the good news. Customer experience (CX) leaders have successfully elevated and transformed the practice of CX over the past decade. We've become more professional, more analytical, and...


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On November 2, 1999, President Clinton signed into law the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA). GLBA eliminates legal barriers among the securities, insurance, and banking industries, but retains the oversight roles of federal and state agencies within their particular areas of expertise.
One of the major components of GLBA is the creation of new privacy laws
and regulations. The new privacy requirements went into effect on November
13, 2000, and compliance will be mandatory on July 1, 2001.
The Massachusetts Securities Division is providing this document to you and to other investment advisers in Massachusetts to assist you in complying with the new privacy laws and to inform you of your privacy obligations under the Massachusetts Uniform Security Act. It is not legal advice. You may want to consult an attorney regarding the applicability of GLBAs privacy provisions to you.
GLBAs new privacy laws regulate what you are allowed to do with the confidential personal information that you collect in connection with your investment advisory activities. Specifically, these provisions govern how you collect, use, and maintain this personal information and under what circumstances you may share it with someone else. The law requires that you adopt written policies for handling confidential personal information and that you properly distribute those written policies.
In general, GLBA prohibits you from sharing an individuals confidential information with non-affiliated third parties unless:
950 CMR 12.205(9)(c)(13) states that for the purposes of M.G.L. c.110A, it is deemed a dishonest and unethical business practice for an investment adviser to:
[disclose] the identity, affairs or investments of any client to any third party unless required by law to do so, or unless consented to by the client
The current regulation prohibits the state registered investment adviser from sharing non-public personal information with non-affiliated third parties unless the customer specifically consents to the disclosure. Hence, unlike the GLBA, a state registered investment adviser must give its customers an opt-in option to share information with any unaffiliated third parties. An opt-in requires the investment adviser to obtain from its customers and consumers a signed statement in which the person makes an affirmative declaration of permission to disclose such information. Without this affirmative affirmation from the person, investment advisers are prohibited from sharing this information with non-affiliated third parties.
Some definitions are in order, so that you can decide which people, and what information you obtained from or about those people, are included in the concept of confidential personal information.
GLBA distinguishes between a customer and a consumer. A customer is a person with whom you have developed a continuing relationship to provide products or services to be used for primarily personal, family, or household purposes. A customer would not include a person who met with someone from your firm, but then decided not to establish a business relationship with your firm. So we can distinguish the difference between the two types, we will call the latter person a consumer.
Non-public personal information (NPI) is any personal information that cannot be found in public sources. Publicly available information would be details available from federal, state, or local government records; widely distributed media (such as telephone directories or newspapers); or information disclosed to the public as required by federal, state, or local law. NPI is usually obtained directly from the individual. It includes such details as the persons date of birth, social security number, financial account numbers and balances, sources and amounts of income, credit card numbers, information obtained about visitors to your Internet web site, and sometimes could include home addresses and telephone numbers.
An affiliate is a company that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with your firm. A non-affiliated third party is any person or entity other than your firm, your employee, or an affiliate.
Opt-in is a concept requiring you to give consumers and customers notice that NPI may be disclosed to third parties. It requires that you obtain from customers a signed statement in which the person makes an affirmative declaration of approval to share this NPI with unaffiliated third parties.
A joint marketer is a person or company who markets your products or services under a joint agreement with one or more financial institutions. A service provider is a person or company who assists your firm in administrating, processing, or servicing a customers account.
Under GLBA, each investment adviser must give its customers either a full notice or simplified notice of the firms privacy policies. In addition, your firm may be required to give consumers a limited type of notice called a short form initial notice. In order to determine which notice requirements apply to your firm, you should answer the following questions:
The answers to these questions will help you determine which of the following types of notices is needed.
A. When Consumer NPI IS Not Disclosed (No Notice)
You are not required to give notice of your privacy policy to consumers as long as you do not disclose NPI to any non-affiliated third party.
B. When Consumer NPI Is Disclosed (Short Form Initial Notice)
You may use abbreviated disclosure to tell consumers that you may disclose their NPI to non-affiliated third parties. The notice should be easily readable and describe how the consumer may request a copy of the firms privacy policy.
A. When Customer NPI Is Not Disclosed (Simplified Notice)
You may provide simplified notice to customers if you neither disclose nor reserve the rights to disclose their NPI to any third party, including affiliates as well as non-affiliates. The simplified notice should include: (1) the categories of NPI you do collect; (2) your policies and practices intended to protect the confidentiality, security and integrity of NPI in your office (i.e., your safeguarding procedures); (3) your statement you do not disclose and do not reserve the right to disclose NPI; and (4) your statement that you will make disclosure to non-affiliated parties only as permitted by law.
B. When Customer NPI Is Disclosed (Full Notice Plus Opt-In Disclsoure)
You must provide a more comprehensive notice to customers if you disclose or reserve the right to disclose their NPI to third parties. If third parties include non-affiliates you must also include an opt-in form. This notice must include the following:
With each short form or full notice, you must provide a clear and concise statement that a person must provide you with a signed statement in which the person makes an affirmative declaration allowing you to share confidential information with non-affiliated third parties and that without this authorization you are prohibited from sharing this information with non-affiliated parties.
There is no opt-in requirement for any disclosure of NPI you make to service providers or joint marketers, but you must disclose the nature of any information to be shared with a service provider or joint marketer and must enter into contractual arrangements to require the third party to maintain confidentiality of the information. The opt-in requirement also does not apply to disclosure of confidential information in the following circumstances:
Reasonable methods of providing a notice include hand delivering a printed copy, mailing a printed copy to the last known mailing address, and for a person who conducts business with you electronically, positing the notice on the electronic site and requiring the person to acknowledge receipt.
You must provide the notice to customers not later than the time you establish that on-going relationship. For any person who is already a customer, GLBA requires you to provide the notice as of July 1, 2001. Be advised that the Massachusetts Securities Division will not take any administrative action against investment adviser who unintentionally fails to meet the July 1, 2001 deadline.
Any time you change your privacy policy concerning disclosure of any category of nonpublic private information, or any category of non-affiliated third party that would receive information from you, you must revise the notice and provide a new opt-in form.
Finally, you must annually provide your privacy notice to customers.


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Speaking of which, I still have the cake from last time.
At least I think that it was cake.<P>
All principles of gravity are negated by fear - Cartoon laws of physics
When you find yourself in the company of a halfling and an ill-tempered Dragon,
remember, you do not have to outrun the Dragon... you just have to outrun the halfling.
Our wines leave you nothing to hope for (Misunderstandhabilationist)


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German watch brand Rainer Brand which was established in 1992 for 20 years of work gained a firm place on the world's watch market. This is no accident, the watches are stylish pieces, not just accessory. It's not a secret that in the top-significant business situations the most important thing is style which helps to be more self-confident. Simplicity and classic elegance became dominate ideas in these watches. They are made not for everyone but for a person with high-aesthetic needs. Classic German style with bright lines, harmonic forms and simplify design makes every model in the collection a special piece of art and every owner of these pieces is unique.
Watches Rainer Brand are named after the name of the creator not without a reason. This symbolizes his thinking structure. Rainer Brand is a big fan of harmonic proportions. His timepieces have their own individual style, they are not for mass production because Rainer Brand personally participates in every step of watch making from the designing till the very latest stage. The first model of Rainer Brand was "Havana". Later in 1996 these watches were renamed to "Panama" (Cuba was against the using "Havana" in the name of watches). The debut of Rainer Brand in the watch-making area was very promising, right after the first model appeared the other " ticking followers" of this company. Many people with the exquisite taste reasonably wished to buy watches of these brand. Aesthetic principle is in every part of Brand's items even in details.
Watches Rainer Brand are equipped with automatic Swiss movement. This movement has Nivarox 1A balance spring and anti-shock system. High quality, reliability and durability are the result of the detailed tests of all pieces in different conditions and at different temperatures.
Watch cases of this brand are made in Germany and Switzerland with the help of latest technologies. To get the best result brand final-treatment is done by a person, after this the polished case gets the ideal shine. Cases are made of high-quality steel 316L.
The dial is guilloched with sapphire crystal treatment. Hands of watches are being polished till gloss and covered with luminescent material.
Besides of aesthetic side Rainer Brand pays special attention to the quality of products: straps for wrist watches are made from shark's leather. That makes them more resistant to water and sweat.
But besides the elegant classic watches Rainer Brand also produces sport chronographs. All watches consist from steel, white, yellow and pink gold and also types of gemstones for women collection.
Rainer Brand presents women and men wrist watches of different form: rectangular, square and oval.
The model "Ecco", which looks like a picture in a frame, belongs to rectangular. The model has a stainless steel case with silver-white or black dial. "Ecco" is men watches but it's very popular among women.
For ladies Rainer offers round automatic women watches "Sybaris" named after ancient Greek city on the coast of Gulf of Taranto. Judging by the name these watches are designed for ladies with a delicate taste who can appreciate the luxury. Classic design with 64 shiny-white encrusted diamonds makes watches perfect.
"Pezzo" is a square Brand's model. This watch is a beautiful accessory and a interesting toy at the same time.
The last model of Rainer Brand is Kerala. Steel case of these watches is fixed with three screws and the dial has sapphire crystal treatment.
"Don't hurry up to enjoy the beautiful things which makes our every day life more interesting and pleasant", - says Rainer Brand. His watches give us a possibilities of feeling the celebration of the Beauty every day.


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Welcome to Black Cotton, a company that is going to change the game for you, me, all of us. Black Cotton comes from us, and is meant for us! For many years, cotton was the number one crop our people produced in the South, by our hands and feet, for no wage or compensation. After the Emancipation Proclamation, many of our ancestors made mere pennies off of the cotton produced from sharecropping. What's worse, for the amount of money that's made in the same industry today, black cotton farms are still making just pennies compared to the billions earned by their counterparts.
I grew up in this system of poverty cotton farming. My farm home county of Northampton County in North Carolina is one of the poorest performers of economic health in the state by county, but it's also ranked number two in the state for cotton production. Are we raising crops for our communities to suffer? As a black farmer, it has been depressing to see each year go by with farming communities struggling and deteriorating, while our efforts continue to be exploited across the world for others to profit.
In the last two years, I have traveled across my state and region of the country, and I've realized that black cotton farmers are essentially extinct. At many of the conferences and workshops I went to that focused on farmers of color, I would quickly find out that I was the youngest cotton farmer attending, or worse, the only cotton farmer attending. It made me think that in the near future, I may be the last black cotton farmer left. How did we lose our industry, the values, and all the traditions our ancestors worked so many years to build, only to not be able to capitalize off the blessing that it is to be able to raise cotton? Rural black people need an opportunity to make money off of the resources that are taken from so casually from their environment and given so much more value elsewhere. It's time we take back control of our products.
We have lived in a society that has been controlled by systems we may not agree with for far too long. We have worn their clothes every single day when we should have been wearing our own. We have the ability to control this product, we can harvest it, and we can build our own working supply chain to develop our own goods. How can we expect to inspire change and foster opportunity in our own community if we don't take back what's rightfully ours? This product is to be worn in spirit with having the blood of a slave, and the heart of Queens and Kings. Black Cotton is not just a name, but it's what's right. Support our colored manufacturers and producers of this gift made from earth, and together, we can grow Black Cotton.
Julius Tillery, Founder of BlackCotton.US


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We love great windsurfing videos here at Boardseeker, and there's been so many great ones coming out over the last couple of days we thought...
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