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Author Affiliations
- Fiona M. Ross1,
- Hervé Avet-Loiseau2,
- Geneviève Ameye3,
- Norma C. Gutiérrez4,
- Peter Liebisch5,
- Sheila O'Connor6,
- Klara Dalva7,
- Sonia Fabris8,
- Adele M. Testi9,
- Marie Jarosova10,
- Clare Hodkinson11,
- Anna Collin12,
- Gitte Kerndrup13,
- Petr Kuglik14,
- Dariusz Ladon15,
- Paolo Bernasconi16,
- Brigitte Maes17,
- Zuzana Zemanova18,
- Kyra Michalova18,
- Lucienne Michau19,
- Kai Neben20,
- N. Emil U. Hermansen21,
- Katrina Rack22,
- Alberto Rocci23,
- Rebecca Protheroe1,
- Laura Chiecchio1,
- Hélène A Poirel3,
- Pieter Sonneveld24,
- Mette Nyegaard25 and
- Hans E. Johnsen25⇓
- on behalf of the European Myeloma Network26
- 1Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK
- 2Clinical Hematology Department and the Hematology Laboratory, University Hospital, Nantes, France
- 3Human Genetic Center of UCL Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc Brussels
- 4Hematology Department, University Hospital Salamanca, Spain
- 5University Hospital of Ulm, Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm, Germany
- 6HMDS, Bexley Wing, St James's Institute of Oncology, Leeds, UK
- 7Department of Hematology, Ibni Sina Hospital, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- 8Medical Sciences Department, University of Milan and Hematology 1, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- 9Department Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Milano
- 10Department of Hemato-oncology University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- 11Department of Haematology, Haemato-Oncology Laboratory, Belfast HSC Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
- 12Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- 13Department of Clinical Genetics, Vejle Hospital, Denmark
- 14Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics, Babak Research Institute Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- 15Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College, London, UK
- 16Division of Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
- 17Molecular Biology, Clinical Laboratory, Virga Jesse Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
- 18Center of Oncocytogenetics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General Teaching Hospital and 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- 19Center for Human Genetics, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- 20Medizinische Klinik V, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- 21Department of Haematology, the National Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- 22Centre for Human Genetics, Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Gosselies, Belgium
- 23University of Turin, Department of Hematology, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
- 24Dept of Hematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- 25Department of Haematology, the Research Laboratory, Aalborg Hospital Science & Innovation Center, Aarhus Universityhospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
- 26The European Myeloma Network (www.myeloma-europe.org), Secretariat, Aalborg Hospital Science & Innovation Center
- Correspondence: Hans E Johnsen MD DMSc, Professor, Clinical Haematology Aalborg Hospital Science and Innovation Centre (AHSIC), Aarhus University Hospital Sdr Skovvej 15, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark. Phone: international +45.99.326875. Mobil +45.41.180053. E-mail: haej{at}rn.dk Home page: www.blodet.dk
The European Myeloma Network has organized two workshops on fluorescence in situ hybridization in multiple myeloma. The first aimed to identify specific indications and consensus technical approaches of current practice. A second workshop followed a quality control exercise in which 21 laboratories analyzed diagnostic cases of purified plasma cells for recurrent abnormalities. The summary report was discussed at the EHA Myeloma Scientific Working Group Meeting 2010. During the quality control exercise, there was acceptable agreement on more than 1,000 tests. The conclusions from the exercise were that the primary clinical applications for FISH analysis were for newly diagnosed cases of MM or frank relapse cases. A range of technical recommendations included: 1) material should be part of the first draw of the aspirate; 2) samples should be sent at suitable times to allow for the lengthy processing procedure; 3) most importantly, PCs must be purified or specifically identified; 4) positive cut-off levels should be relatively conservative: 10% for fusion or break-apart probes, 20% for numerical abnormalities; 5) informative probes should be combined to best effect; 6) in specialist laboratories, a single experienced analyst is considered adequate; 7) at least 100 PC should be scored; 8) essential abnormalities to test for are t(4;14), t(14;16) and 17p13 deletions; 9) suitable commercial probes should be available for clinically relevant abnormalities; 10) the clinical report should be expressed clearly and must state the percentage of PC involved and the method used for identification; 11) a retrospective European based FISH data bank linked to clinical data should be generated; and 12) prospective analysis should be centralized for upcoming trials based on the recommendations made. The European Myeloma Network aims to build on these recommendations to establish standards for a common European data base to define subgroups with prognostic significance.
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an orphan disorder of end-stage plasma cells with acquired genetic abnormalities of clinical importance not captured by conventional cytogenetic analysis.1
The acquired genetic evolution progresses through a stepwise transformation process initiated in half of the cases by a reciprocal translocation involving the IGH gene (14q32). Translocations involving this region show an array of promiscuous target genes including cyclin D1, D3, FGFR3/MMSET, MAF, and MAFB.2–9 In addition, secondary translocations have been observed in 50% during disease progression.2,3,10–13
The introduction of high-dose therapy and a range of new promising agents have changed the prognosis and extended the therapeutic possibilities. In parallel, the use of molecular cytogenetic techniques has led to the identification of recurrent genetic abnormalities with major prognostic impact and predictive information.14–18 However, the fact that the malignant clone in MM differs from other hematologic malignancies due to a high fraction of low proliferating malignant PC and multiple marrow infiltrates has been a challenge for standardization of cytogenetic analysis. Comparative genomic hybridization studies have confirmed that nearly all myelomas have karyotypic changes and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has emerged as the most useful current cytogenetic assessment.18,19 However, the identification or selection of the malignant cells by morphology, immunophenotyping or through sorting of PC is required before FISH probes can give reliable results. Therefore, the European Myeloma Network (EMN) sponsored two technical workshops attempting to identify specific indications and to resolve outstanding technical issues and develop consensus approaches for interphase FISH analysis based on current practice.
This report combines the practical guidelines derived from consensus views and group data analysis performed at these workshops. Final recommendations for which FISH tests must be carried out are those of the IMWG as these are considered the most up to date data,18,19 although chromosome 1 probes are also strongly recommended.20,21
Co-ordinating strategy and the quality control exercise
The first workshop in London, organized by Fiona Ross, involved 31 European laboratories each of which had returned a questionnaire on local analysis methodology. Reports focused on clinician needs (Brian Durie), the advantages and disadvantages of PC purification (Hervé Avet-Loiseau), the advantages and disadvantages of simultaneous immunostaining (Johannes Drach), identification of PC by morphology in FISH preparations (Sheila O'Connor) and finally a presentation of the questionnaire results (Fiona Ross). The rest of the meeting was devoted to the drawing up of recommendations.
Quality control results
Twenty-one laboratories took part in the quality control (QC) exercise. Hervé Avet-Loiseau shipped purified plasma cells from 10 diagnostic cases and asked the laboratories to test for t(4;14), t(11;14), t(14;16), del(13)(q14) and del(17)(p13), provided that they had the requisite probes. The QC exercise, therefore, only tested probe scoring ability without giving any information about the ability of the laboratories to select or identify PC. The results were presented and discussed at a second workshop in Nantes, which led to further refinement of the recommendations.
With 6 tests and 21 laboratories there was a theoretical total of 1,260 tests in the exercise. However, 3 laboratories did not have the t(14;16) probe and a number of other tests were not attempted, probably due to a perceived shortage of material by those who normally used identification rather than purification and so were not used to handling extremely small numbers of cells. Therefore, 1,173 tests were actually undertaken (Tables 1 and 2). Although there was good general agreement, the results emphasized the difficulties of myeloma FISH. Twenty-one tests failed. There were 15 false negative results: 3 missed the major abnormalities of IGH break-apart, t(4;14) and t(11;14), plus one 17p deletion was only recorded as being below the conservative cut-off level, and 11 numerical abnormalities were not recorded in fusion probe tests. Eleven false positive results were reported, even using the conservative cut-off levels (1 del(13q), 3 del(17p), 3 IGH break-apart, 1 t(4;14), and 3 cases with CCND1 gains). In addition, 3 IGH simple deletions were reported as rearrangements.
As well as these incorrect results, there was a considerable range in both the proportion of abnormal cells reported in abnormal cases (up to 66% difference) and in the exact signal patterns for fusion and break-apart probes. Most of the problems were shared out between 16 of the 21 laboratories rather than any one laboratory performing consistently poorly. One laboratory consistently recorded low numbers of affected cells in the abnormal cases but this did not translate into a high false negative rate. It is notable that at the time of the QC exercise, several of the laboratories had only recently started performing MM FISH. It is to be hoped that greater familiarity with procedures and QC exercises will result in greater consistency in abnormality levels and fewer incorrect results.
EMN consensus for FISH assays in monoclonal gammopathies
Discussions of the key issues for FISH on BM samples at diagnosis are summarized with identification of consensus approaches where available. Unless otherwise stated, the methods refer to the characterization of PC in bone marrow samples.
Diagnostic material, handling and plasma cell identification
Accurate quantitation of the plasma cell burden in bone marrow is essential for the correct diagnosis of plasma cell disorders. This is usually assessed from morphological examination of stained bone marrow aspirate smears or trephine sections. There are some discrepancies with other techniques as the marrow samples taken for morphological review are often the highest quality 'first-pull' marrow aspirate samples while those sent for laboratory investigations are often secondary aspirate samples with a higher degree of peripheral blood contamination.
The commonly low median proportion of plasma cells, ranging from 1–20%, within the bone marrow aspirates experienced by the InterGroupe Francophone du Myelome (IFM), LLR UK Myeloma Forum Cytogenetic Database and the Nordic Myeloma Study Group (NMSG) indicate that the FISH technique cannot be performed directly as in other hematologic malignancies. The plasma cells need to be selected, either by flow cytometry or immunomagnetic-bead based PC sorting or by the concomitant labeling of the cytoplasmic immunoglobulin light chain, allowing unambiguous identification. More recently, image analysis systems allowing morphological assessment of plasma cells and FISH scoring only in those cells designated as PC have become available. All of these methods give good results and the choice should be left to individual laboratories. However, cell sorting provides a pure PC population that enables further analyses to be performed by, for example, global gene expression, copy number analyses and methylation. A significant fraction of samples will have too few PCs to allow such analyses to be made and will censor some patients in subsequent clinical evaluation. A small proportion will be too poor to yield enough purified cells even for FISH analysis, so it is advisable to have alternative methods available where comprehensive results are essential.
Although laboratories involved in providing the FISH analysis for clinical trials will make every effort to 'rescue' poor samples, it is strongly recommended that referring clinicians should also maximize the chances of adequate results being obtained. This means that the material sent must be part of the first draw of the aspirate or the needle must be repositioned for further aspiration, rather than continuing to withdraw marrow blood from the puncture.
All methods require immediate processing of samples when received by the laboratory, which should be with minimum delay. They are also all time consuming so that referring clinicians must take into account how the sample is to be transported (ideally arriving the next morning) and not to arrive after midday on Fridays, or at weekends for obvious reasons.
Given the problems with obtaining good specimens from diagnostic and relapse myeloma samples, it was agreed that FISH in plasma cell disorders with very low level marrow infiltration, such as MGUS, AL amyloidosis and myeloma disease monitoring should remain firmly a research activity. In fact, there is already evidence that some abnormalities have a different prognosis when the patient relapses; the workshops did not discuss whether probe selection should change at relapse.
Material and identification consensus
Sample quality is a key factor and it is essential to use a 'first-pull' or repositioned aspirate sample for FISH and other molecular studies to reduce sampling artefact.
Timing of samples should take into consideration processing which is time-consuming.
Morphological assessment of plasma cell percentage is necessary for concordance with the current diagnostic criteria and is helpful in providing a global assessment of the sample. The morphological assessment of the bone marrow smears cannot be used to decide whether or not to purify the sample for FISH; this must be made on the part sent for analysis.
Purification or identification of PC is essential but the method used should be decided by each laboratory from their own expertise and requirements in accordance with the EMN based technical recommendations.
Cytogenetic analysis by FISH is reproducible with care and sufficient expertise and may provide reliable information predicting outcome in myeloma. However, further studies are required before it is routinely used to make treatment decisions outside the context of a clinical trial. The evidence is good enough to suggest that clinical trials ought to incorporate diagnostic FISH analysis in order to interpret outcomes correctly. Routine analysis should be confined to diagnostic or relapse myeloma samples, with earlier stage disease and myeloma disease monitoring remaining, for the present, a subject for research only.
Probe selection
It was the experience that all 13q probes give similar results and there was no justification for recommending any particular probe or set of probes.
Everyone had experience with the IGH break-apart probe. Its main benefit is to determine whether there is significant loss of the der(14) but this was not felt to be sufficiently important to insist on the use of this probe in the light of the significant problems that it poses for the interpretation of results. Although everyone was satisfied with the various dual fusion probes used, there were significant variations between laboratories in the proportion of single and dual fusions reported in the positive t(4;14) and t(11;14) results on the quality assessment exercise. These differences were not simply due to using probes from different manufacturers.
Most laboratories using 1q probes had developed them in-house. Where laboratories had used more than one probe, the results confirmed that the majority of abnormalities are gain of the whole arm but several different probes showed discordant amplification in a few cases. The Cytocell Aquarius CDKN2C/CKS1B probe is, therefore, a suitable commercial probe for chromosome 1.
Many laboratories were using the Vysis 5/9/15 combination to estimate ploidy but no-one took a strong position on this. Subsequent work has suggested that 5q, rather than 5p, may be important for prognosis, therefore laboratories investigating ploidy may wish to reconsider their choice of probe sets.
The objections to using two 'deletion' probes to control for each other expressed at the first workshop were withdrawn at the second workshop and, in fact, use of a 13q probe with a 17p probe was recommended as a sensible way to maximize the small amounts of material involved.
Most laboratories were using Vysis probes that meant that we could not make any useful comments about choice of probe manufacturer.
The determination of cut-off levels was the most controversial issue. At the first workshop, there was an agreement of 10% for fusions and 20% for numerical abnormalities on the basis of plasma cell controls run by the few groups able to obtain such material. At the second workshop, there was less agreement; a few laboratories prefered to use their own in-house established mean +3 standard deviation, (SD) from normal bone marrow controls and report anything above this as abnormal. The significant variation in reporting levels seen on the QC exercise would appear to support the argument for conservative cut-off levels, as does the frequent need to use two probes which may be abnormal to control for each other due to the shortage of material. It should also be noted that in purified or selected populations, diagnostic myeloma samples are expected to show essentially all cells with the primary abnormality.
However, other suggested prognostic markers are clearly secondary changes and may only be present in subpopulations. Hervé Avet-Loiseau reported that the IFM group used a 30% cut off for del(13) and 50% for del17p on the basis of their own previous results. It was agreed that EMN should take the initiative by running survival curves on data and varying cut-off levels to establish whether the size of the clone is important.
Discussion about the number of cells to analyze was primarily concerned with suboptimal samples. It was agreed that, wherever possible, 100 cells should be scored, but there was disagreement about the minimum number of cells that could be reported. Where high purity/identified PC were being used, 50 cells should be adequate to report a normal result for a primary abnormality in a diagnostic situation, but for potential secondary changes the report should be qualified. In some situations, a uniformly abnormal result on as few as 10 cells could be reported, but the uncertainty due to the low number should be clearly stated.
Probe selection consensus
Abnormalities to test for are: t(4;14)(p16;q32), t(14;16)(q32;q23) and 17p13 deletions. The recent availability of a 1p/1q commercial probe means that these areas should also be tested. An extended panel may include testing for t(11;14)(q13;q32), t(14;20), ploidy status, and chromosome 12 and 13 abnormalities. In the context of clinical validation trials, attempts should be made to test for more than just the 3 essential probes.
Positive cut-off levels should be relatively conservative.
A single experienced analyst is considered adequate to examine the majority of cases but all those with low-level positive results or a low level of selected PC should be checked by a second analyst. At least 2 analysts should be used when laboratories first start performing FISH analysis.
In general, 100 PC should be scored.
Clinical reporting and use of results
Each national or regional myeloma group has its own data registration system that is activated during clinical trials. There is no current standard minimal data set, thus inter-study comparability is hampered. One objective for EMN has been to construct a minimal set of clinical data to be collected from clinical trials available from different sources. This data set will be used to investigate correlations between results from laboratory investigations, clinical disease characteristics and results of therapeutic intervention.
In the absence of uniform reporting systems, the report to clinicians must be expressed clearly. Use of full FISH ISCN is likely to complicate the report and make it more difficult for clinicians to understand and, therefore, this is not recommended. The report should include the method used for PC identification, the probes used, the number of cells scored for each abnormality, and the percentage of abnormal cells.
Clinical reporting consensus
Reports should be clearly expressed and include the method used for PC identification, the probes used, and the number and percentage of cells scored for each abnormality.
A full set of EMN case report forms (CRF) should be defined with a minimal set of data that is required to describe the state of disease, relevant characteristics of diagnosis and clinical course, treatment effects and outcome, and include demographic data of late effects.
A European based FISH data bank linked to clinical data should be generated from the recommendations given in this report.
Central laboratories have to perform the analysis in common clinical trials.
Clinical validation trials
In general, the implementation of new tests into clinical practice suffers from the lack of a formalized stepwise system to evaluate their role and accelerate implementation from the laboratory bench to the clinic. New diagnostic, prognostic and predictive assays will have to pass different stages before they are successfully validated. Similarly to therapeutic trials, four different phases (phases 1–4) are necessary for clinical validation of laboratory data and techniques. In phase 1, the technique is established in the laboratory and analyzed for specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility and accuracy. Phase 2 documents the likely clinical influence in single centers analyzing retrospective data. Phase 3 prepares convincing single center prospective evaluation evolving into the most important phase 4, a multi center prospective evaluation based upon important clinical end points. Ideally, phases 2 and 3 document the usefulness of an assay convincing one or more centers to participate in a prospective phase 4 validation trial. However, no phase 4 studies have yet been performed. Similar development of evidence based recommendations for good clinical practice will benefit from streamlined strategies and form the basis for trials focusing on improving health care.
Clinical validation trials consensus
Participation in prospective phase 4 validation trials is recommended.
Slides should be prepared for central analysis to reduce technical and interlaboratory variations.
Since its introduction, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis has revolutionized genetic analysis and enabled a more precise determination of the presence and frequency of genetic abnormalities. In particular, it is indispensable in myeloma where metaphase cytogenetics has proved problematic given the largely quiescent cells.
FISH probes have been used extensively in myeloma to detect non-random abnormalities in interphase nuclei and the true incidence of chromosome abnormalities has been proven to be much higher than that detected by conventional chromosomal analysis. The availability of a comprehensive line of commercial probes for rapid identification of critical genetic aberrations has contributed to the widespread use of this technique. This has started to identify high-risk populations in myeloma that can be targeted for aggressive therapy; however, more work is needed before this goal is achieved.
Wherever possible, testing should carried out for t(4;14)(p16;q32), t(14;16)(q32;q23), 17p13 deletions, 1q gains (and 1p deletions in patients suitable for autograft). An extended panel may include testing for t(11;14) (q13;q32), t(14;20)(q32;q12), ploidy status, and chromosome 12 and 13 abnormalities. In the context of clinical validation trials, attempts should be made to test for the entire first group of abnormalities.
For a proper understanding of the pathogenesis of plasma cell dyscrasias, it should be realized that the most benefit will come from coordinating and integrating the present and future activities in the various countries.
This document provides some specific recommendations for performing FISH in myeloma and related disorders. The European Myeloma Network aims to build on these initial workshops to provide further education, define standard approaches for specific protocols and establish a common European database, with the aim of defining the emerging molecular genetic subgroups with prognostic and predictive significance.
Funding: this project has been supported by the European Myeloma Network an independent organization supporting research in Europe and in part by the Danish Research Council #2101-07-0007. HEJ was supported by the EU 6th FP to MSCNET (LSHC-CT-2006-037602). The workshops were supported by unrestricted grants to HA-L from Abbott Molecular, Janssen-Cilag and Celgene.
Authorship and Disclosures
The information provided by the authors about contributions from persons listed as authors and in acknowledgments is available with the full text of this paper at www.haematologica.org.
Financial and other disclosures provided by the authors using the ICMJE (www.icmje.org) Uniform Format for Disclosure of Competing Interests are also available at www.haematologica.org.
- Received October 5, 2011.
- Revision received January 26, 2012.
- Accepted February 16, 2012.
- Copyright© Ferrata Storti Foundation


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subset: commoncrawl


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No, that noise you hear as the calendar flips to November isn't the sound of leaves blowing in the fall wind. Rather, it it a collective sigh of relief coming from BC Law 2Ls that the OCI process has finally come to a close. OCI, short for "on campus interviewing," serves as the major recruitment tool for most large, national firms looking to hire summer associates. Over the summer, 2L students may submit resumes, cover letters, and transcripts to all of the firms that they are interested in interviewing with. The firms then select students they wish to meet with for screener interviews on the law school campus. These initial interviews are about twenty minutes long and are generally a way for firms to get a feel for whether or not the candidate is a good "fit."
Want to Practice in New York?
In the summer of 2016, I was faced with a dilemma: should I attend law school at BC, a school that I absolutely love, and at which I know I'll receive a quality education? Or should I attend law school in New York – my home city, and the city where I want to eventually practice law – even though the school has a lower ranking?
After months of deliberation, speaking with lawyers and law students, and prayer, I decided to attend BC Law. I was convinced that it was the best place for me to receive the education I need to be a good lawyer, and to also enjoy the law school experience (and as a rising 3L, I can say that I was right!). However, a concern still lingered in my mind throughout my 1L year: will I be able to find a job back at home in New York City once I graduate? This blog post is for any prospective or current students who are wondering the same thing.
Our Alumni Association Network
I'm pleased to host today's blog from Kenneth Sanchez '03 and Dionna F. Shear '14, the co-chairs of the Los Angeles chapter of the BC Law Alumni Association. Our alumni network is one of the strongest in the country, and I think their post gives you a sense of our alumni's commitment to each other and to new generations of students.
Life after law school can get very busy, very fast. After three years of law school and the associated neurosis, stress, and countless nights of no sleep, you get to do it all over again. Life as a practicing attorney can be even more stressful when balancing the needs of your clients, meeting minimum billables, and trying to maintain some kind of social life outside of work.
Who has the time to do anything else? Who wants to mingle with other lawyers after spending the entire day dealing with them? What could my law school possibly have to offer me beyond a legal education? The answer to all that is very simple. Alumni should be involved with their alumni association because besides your education, the most valuable thing your law school offers you—and the students who come after you—is a network.
Meet the Ambassadors: Hanna and Lauren
The BC Law Student Ambassadors program launched last year. It is designed to enhance the on-campus experience for every prospective student who visits BC Law. The Ambassadors lead campus tours, help out at Admitted Students Day, and serve as a resource for applicants and admitted students who are considering enrolling at BC Law.
I'll be profiling the dozen or so new Ambassadors during the next few months. Here are the first two! You can read through our archives to see previous profiles. If you are a prospective student and notice something about any of our Ambassadors that you'd like to discuss with him or her – whether it's a shared alma mater, an interesting extracurricular, or an appealing summer job – do not hesitate to reach out. After all, that's what we're here for!
Name: Hanna Lipman
Year: 2019
Undergraduate institution: Tulane
Experiences between college and law school: Worked in luxury fashion marketing in Dallas, CSR marketing in NYC, at Equinox in NYC, and helped open an Orangetheory in Brooklyn.
A Time for Reflection
Note: I'm pleased to host a guest blog today from Ed Hanley, Class of 1986. Ed is tax director of a regional accounting firm in San Francisco. He started being involved as an alumnus in 1989 when he joined the Alumni Board as the young alumni representative. When he moved to Washington DC, he joined with Carroll Dubuq (Class of 1962) to co-found the BC Law Club of Washington, DC. He is active in alumni events on the West Coast and recently rejoined the board of the Alumni Association, taking partial responsibility for reunions.
Ed and his partner Bill split their time between San Francisco and Popponesset Beach, Cape Cod.
Reunion Weekend is an excellent opportunity to catch up with old friends, take in the sights and sounds of a campus so similar and yet so very different from years ago, and to remember why BC Law is such a special place. This year's Reunion brought up so many memories for me—and a few surprises, too.
Toward Inclusivity and Cultural Competence
Hi everyone and happy summer! I am very pleased to be able to host a guest blog today from the BC Law Alumni Board member Ingrid Schroffner, Assistant General Counsel at the Executive Office of Health and Human Services.
I am passionate about—and feel fortunate to be able to work on—diversity and unconscious bias issues at the Executive Office of Health and Human Services (EOHHS). My cross-cultural upbringing and my experience as an Asian-American lawyer contribute to my interest in this area.
My maternal grandfather immigrated from Okinawa to Hawaii in the first part of the 20th century to work in the sugarcane fields. I attended Japanese school when I was a child, and my household was filled with Japanese culture.
I also have a cross-cultural, East-West perspective. My father is a first-generation immigrant from Salzburg, Austria. I learned German from my father (and later, in school) and spent a summer living and working in Austria with my relatives. None of my grandparents spoke English. These two diverse heritages comprise my background.
Why PILF's Annual Auction is Awesome
BC Law's Public Interest Law Foundation (PILF) hosted its 28th annual auction last Thursday at the offices of Morgan Lewis in downtown Boston. The auction is PILF's biggest event of the year and is always well-attended by students, professors, and alumni.
As a 1L attending my first PILF auction, I found it to be pretty awesome for two main reasons.
Things I Wish I Knew Vol. 16: You can come see the school, even if you can't come see the school
Hi everyone! It's been a while since my last post because I and the admissions committee have been hard at work on a few projects (one soon to come – stay tuned!) including this one.
We know that getting to campus for a visit may be cost-prohibitive or otherwise impossible for some of our students outside of the Northeast, and in conjunction with the Office of Admissions, we've made it so that you can take a tour from the comfort of your own home! Watch the replay on You Tube:
Things I Wish I Knew, Vol. 15: Mentors are basically life's "Google Search" feature
"Mom, Dad, why don't you just Google it?"
It's a phrase I must have said a million times in my short 23 years. The basic premise there is that someone out there in the big wide world has had the same question, and there is always someone who knows more than you who has the answer.
Okay, but it's one thing entirely to ask Google why a certain word you misspelled in a text once has suddenly become your phones default spelling, and another entirely to ask how to navigate law school or find a job doing what you want with the salary and work-life balance you want given all of your specific life experiences.
That's where mentorship comes in. And in a lot of ways, it's even better than a Google search.
Things I Wish I Knew, Vol. 12: Networking 101 – They can totally tell you just came for the food
(Let me preface this post by mentioning that I like food. A lot.)
So I figured I would post this now because, believe it or not, some of you have your first networking events looming on the immediate horizon. (Hint hint: orientation.) And I know many of you are probably a little nervous about diving in headfirst into the networking pool, so allow me to provide you some water wings:
The food is a trap.
Well, not entirely. You see, whenever you go to a networking event, you'll see delightful, delicious, and most importantly, free food laid out all ready to be eaten.
We college students are adept at eating anything that doesn't run away from us, so the temptation is almost unwieldily at times. But you must resist! I don't know why these employers torture us with food we can't possibly eat in a polite way, but I know that you too will be faced with your culinary kryptonite (for me, it was spare ribs), and have to just say no. Continue reading


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After a few hours of work, I now have a muslin mockup of my bikini fur. This involved a lot of tracing, cutting, clear nail polish (to seal the ends of the muslin so it doesn't unravel), pins, and poking myself with said pins (luckily, I didn't manage to get any of my, erm, sensitive spots, but it's literally a pain to remove a stretch garment with a ton of pins in it, which is what I had to do just now so I can make the final adjustments). I didn't have anyone to help me pin (Rando is at a LAN party over in Lock Haven), which is why it took a while. At least the result came out pretty well, so I'm just taking a short break before I use it to draft the patterns for the front and back white fur and animal-print side fur. I was kinda sorta hoping to get the entire garment sewn tonight, but I think I should at least be able to get the pieces cut, which is still pretty good.

Why haven't I been journaling my workouts? Because I'm lazy. Bleh.


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January 12, 1956 - February 22, 2012
"A Woman of Valor"
Friday, February 22, 2013 marked the one year anniversary of the tragic death of East Norwich native Marie Colvin, an award-winning journalist and correspondent for The Sunday Times of London. Marie was killed during a rocket attack in the city of Homs, Syria as she covered a fierce government crackdown on rebel forces.
Marie Catherine Colvin was born on January 12, 1956 in Oyster Bay, New York, to William and Rosemarie Colvin, both school teachers. Her father was a former US marine who had served in World War II. Marie, who attended Oyster Bay High School was the eldest of five children, and is survived by her mother, two sisters and two brothers.
Marie started her career in New York City as a reporter for United Press International (UPI), a year after graduating from Yale. In 1984, she became the Paris bureau chief for UPI, moving to The Sunday Times in 1985. From 1986, she was the newspaper's Middle East correspondent, and later became its Foreign Affairs correspondent.
Specializing in the Middle East, she also covered conflicts in Chechnya, Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka and East Timor. In 1999 in East Timor, she was credited with saving the lives of 1,500 women and children from a compound besieged by Indonesian-backedforces. Refusing to abandon them, she stayed with a United Nations force, reporting in her newspaper and on television. They were evacuated after four days. She won the International Women's Media Foundation award for Courage in Journalism for her coverage of Kosovo and Chechnya. She wrote and produced documentaries, including Arafat: Behind the Myth for the BBC. She is featured in the 2005 documentary film Bearing Witness.
Marie lost the sight in her left eye due to a blast by a Sri Lankan Army rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) on April 16, 2001 while crossing from a LTTE controlled area to a Government controlled area; thereafter she wore an eye patch.
HER WAY Marie Colvin takes notes in a bombed-out house in Homs, Syria, on her last assignment. The photograph was taken by Paul Conroy, who was with her when she died, days later. Right, a 2008 portrait of Colvin by the photographer and musician Bryan Adams.
Marie had a reputation as one of the most courageous foreign correspondents of her generation. She noted the importance of shining a light on "humanity in extremis, pushed to the unendurable", and stating "My job is to bear witness. I have never been interested in knowing what make of plane had just bombed a village or whether the artillery that fired at it was 120mm or 155mm."
In her last interview, speaking with Anderson Cooper of CNN, she described the "horrific" experience of watching a two-year old Syrian boy die from shrapnel wounds. "That baby probably will move more people to think," she said. "What is going on and why is no one stopping this murder in Homs that is happening every day?" When asked about the Syrian regime claims of not hitting civilian targets and only going after terrorists, Marie's response revealed the chilling, untold truth. "Every civilian house on this street has been hit. We're talking about a very poor popular neighborhood. The top floor of the building I'm in has been hit, in fact, totally destroyed. There are no military targets here…so it's acomplete and utter lie that they're only going after terrorists. There are rockets, shells, tank shells, anti-aircraft being fired in parallel lines into the city. The Syrian Army is simply shelling a city of cold, starving civilians." Just hours later, Marie was killed.
Marie's funeral took place in Oyster Bay, New York on March 12, 2012, in a service attended by over 300 mourners including those who had followed her work, friends and family.
The Colvin family established a memorial fund in memory of Marie at the Long Island Community Foundation. The fund makes donations to charitable and educational organizations that reflect Marie's life long dedication to humanitarian aid, human rights, journalism and education. The humanity of Marie's work was greatly admired all over the world. The Long Island Community Foundation is honored to host the memorial fund of such a profoundly talented and courageous journalist.
In April 2012, On the Front Line, a collection of Marie's finest work, was released last year in the UK and in the US Fall of 2013. Publisher Harper Collins donated proceeds from book sales to the Marie Colvin Memorial Fund at LICF. On the Front Line, among other extraordinary accounts, includes her various interviews with Yasser Arafat and Colonel Gadaffi and reports from the strongholds of the Sri Lankan Tamil Tigers. It's a street-view of historic events that have shaped the last 25 years from an award-winning foreign correspondent and an outstanding journalist of her generation.
On February 5th of this year, Stony Brook University officially opened the Marie Colvin Center for International Reporting. The center's mission is to train a new generation of international reporters. "That is the ultimate price that people who are dedicated to tell you the truth sometimes pay," Christine Amanour, chief international correspondent for CNN and ABC News, Marie's friend and colleague, said during a keynote address at the opening.
You can learn moreabout Marie's life and work at www.mariecolvin.org. If you are interested in donating to the fund you can do so by sending a check payable to the Long Island Community Foundation, reference "Marie Colvin Memorial Fund" on the memo line, and mail to:
Melville, NY 11747
Listen to the WNYC Leonard Lopate radio interview where Marie's sister Cat Colvin and colleague Paul Conroy discuss Marie Colvin's life and work.
28 Nonprofits are ending 2019 on a high note thanks to LICF
New York State Census Equity Fund Awards $275,000 for Long Island efforts - $1.4 Million total to Community Organizations for 2020 Census Outreach
LICF Presents $20,000 to Services for the UnderServed
New Report Reveals the Economic Impact of Long Island's Opioid Crisis
The Long Island Unitarian Universalist Fund Awards $218,000 in Social Change Grants to Nonprofits
Long Island Community Foundation | A Division of The New York Community Trust 900 Walt Whitman Road | (Rt. 110) Suite 205 | Melville, NY 11747 P (631) 991-8800 | Directions | Staff | Comments on the Website


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The bestselling author describes her creative process and explains why she was always determined to have a career.
ALISON BEARD: Welcome to the HBR IdeaCast from Harvard Business Review. I'm Alison Beard. In every issue of our magazine, we publish a feature we call "Life's Work." It's an interview with someone who's been wildly successful outside the traditional corporate world.
For our May edition, I spoke with the author Isabel Allende. Her first novel, The House of the Spirits, she wrote at age 39 while living in Venezuela as a political exile from Chile. It began as a letter to her dying grandfather and became an international bestseller. She's since written more than 20 books, the latest of which is The Japanese Lover. Here are some excerpts from our conversation.
You always start your novels on the same date that you started The House of the Spirits. Why do you do that?
ISABEL ALLENDE: At the beginning, I suppose it was superstition because the first book had been so lucky. And it was like a lucky day. But now it's just discipline. I need to organize my life.
My life is really busy. And there's much more than just sitting in front of the computer. So I need to save some months in the year to be in a sort of retreat. I need time and silence that I don't usually have in my normal life. So if I don't set aside those months, I would never be able to write.
Having a starting day is good for me and everybody around me. Everybody knows that by January 8 I'm not available anymore. And that gives me the time I need.
ALISON BEARD: Right. Does that mean that you always have to have a book idea in mind by January 8? Or do you sometimes sit down with no specific idea or direction?
ISABEL ALLENDE: Often I have something in mind, but very vaguely. I never have a script. I may have something that I have researched, like a time and a place that I have researched.
For example, I wrote a story about the slave revolt in Haiti 200 years ago. So I had researched the time and the place and the event, and I had some information. But I had no characters, no story, no ending, nothing. So that is– when I have at least that, it's a good starting point.
Other times, I just sit in front of the computer and let a first sentence come out of the belly. And that's the opening line for a story that I don't even know what the story's about.
ALISON BEARD: And how does your writing process progress from there?
ISABEL ALLENDE: Ha. Slowly. Very slowly. The first few weeks are terrible because I have not found a narrative voice. I don't have the tone of the book yet. I don't have the groove.
And so at the beginning, it's just very jerky. And I know that all those pages will be lost. They will all end up in the trash. But it's part of the training that I need to get in form and start writing.
So after a few weeks, then the characters start to appear, to talk by themselves, to tell me their stories. The story unfolds slowly. And then I feel that I'm going on the right path. It's just a matter of showing up and keep doing it.
ALISON BEARD: What do you do when it's taking a very, very long time for that path to emerge? Is there anything you do to sort of jump-start yourself?
ISABEL ALLENDE: Sometimes I feel that maybe it's not the right story, that I'm not supposed to write that story if it's not happening. But most of the time, I just show up and keep doing it. And sooner or later, it will happen. I've learned that. And I have learned to trust my skill. But this is taking a very, very long time.
At the beginning I always had the idea that each book was like a gift from heaven, and it would not happen again. But now I know that I have the skill. I have acquired it after 30 years of writing. And if I give myself a subject and enough time to research, I can write about almost anything. So that gives me some self-confidence that I didn't have before. And I can write more relaxed and enjoy the process more.
ALISON BEARD: Right. The House of the Spirits was so widely acclaimed and became so popular around the world. Is that difficult when that happens to your first novel? Do you ever feel as if you're chasing that success?
ISABEL ALLENDE: I haven't felt it. But when my agent, who unfortunately died very recently–
ALISON BEARD: Oh, I'm so sorry.
ISABEL ALLENDE: Yeah. Carmen Balcells was the godmother of every book that I have written. She got the manuscript of The House of the Spirits in Spain. And she read it and called me to Venezuela. And she said, everybody can write a first good book because they pour into it everything they have– all their past, their memories, their expectations, everything. The writer is proven on the second book.
And so I started writing my second book on January 8 the following year to prove to this agent that I had never met that I could write, that I could be a writer. But I had not perceived yet the success of The House of the Spirits because all the success was happening in Europe, and I was living in Venezuela. And I didn't realize– I wasn't aware. And by the time I became aware of the success, I had already finished the second book.
And so in a way, every book is different. Every book has a different way of being told, a different rhythm, tone, narrative voice. Each one is a different challenge. So I'm never comparing. I'm never saying, is this better or worse than The House of the Spirits or better or worse than Paula? I feel that every book is an offering, and you just put it on the table and see who will accept it.
ALISON BEARD: You have described yourself as a complete feminist who was always determined to work. Why was having a career so important to you?
ISABEL ALLENDE: Because I wanted to support myself, first of all. I'm not good at staying at home. I never was. I had two children, and I adored them. But I trusted my mother-in-law and an adopted grandmother to help me raise them because I needed to get out. I needed to be in the world.
But mostly, as a very, very young woman, I didn't want to depend. I wanted to pay my own bills. So working was really essential for me.
I think that one of the things that shaped me mostly was that I saw my mother as a victim. My mother was a beautiful young woman who married the wrong man and was abandoned by that man with three babies. She had a kid every 11 months. And she had three babies in four years. And my father abandoned us.
And so my mother went to live in her father's house. I grew up in my grandparents'– in that house. And my grandmother died. And my mother didn't have any money. She didn't have proper education. She didn't have a skill to work.
She depended completely on her father and her brother– her older brother. She didn't have anything– no independence. All the privileges– the money, the car, the freedom– was for the men in the family– my grandfather and my uncles– but not for my mother. And I didn't want to be like my mother.
I adore my mother, and we've been very, very close all our lives. But I didn't want to be like her. I never trusted that someone would take care of me, ever. And that was a very important factor to make me a feminist very soon, very early in my life, when feminism was not something that people were even talking about in Chile.
I already had the anger and the ideas and everything. But I couldn't express them. It was later, when I was a teenager, when I started reading American and British feminists, that I realized that there was a movement, that there was a language to express all this.
ALISON BEARD: You obviously come from an important political legacy in Chile. Did you ever consider becoming a political leader?
ISABEL ALLENDE: No. No. I have a cousin who has my name. She's called Isabel Allende Bussi. And she is the politician in the family, not me. I– no. No, I'm not made for that.
ALISON BEARD: And why aren't you made for it?
ISABEL ALLENDE: Because I'm a writer. I mean, I like to be alone. Like, I don't want to– I want to be quiet, alone, creating my own stories in my head and in my heart. I can't be out there compromising and dealing and wheeling with politicians. Are you crazy? No.
ALISON BEARD: Ms. Allende, it was such a pleasure speaking with you.
ISABEL ALLENDE: Oh, thank you, Alison. Thank you very much.
ALISON BEARD: That was the author Isabel Allende. For more "Life's Work" interviews, go to hbr.org.


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Geek dating in the Windy City: Nerds of a Feather
If Sean Hannity can run a dating site just for his fans, surely there's enough interest out there for a geek-friendly "Match.com." (Please note, the only reason I would ever visit Hannidate would be to screen for people NOT to date. Fortunately the Hanni-pickings in Massachusetts are pretty slim).
Geek-friendly scifi blog io9.com has given some link love to a Chicago Sun-Times article about "Nerds at Heart," a series of Windy City geek gatherings where men and women herd together and look for potential mates. io9 highlighted a couple choice paragraphs about these gatherings that I just have to include here.
The game of Risk may not sound romantic to everybody. "I was playing; he was knocking my cavalry over into the ocean," remembers Flaherty. But it led to a first date at a book fair. And, eventually, love.
In April, their wedding-cake topper will depict them holding Wii controllers.
Now, I'm not aware of any geek dating websites out there, but surely there's a market for one. I'd love to find a woman who appreciates my passion for the Star Wars universe and George RR Martin books… someone who would help me sell off some of my 6,000 comic books on Craigslist for some extra money.


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I decided early on that I would attach the CPU, it's pullout holder, the keyboard pullout, and possibly the UPS, to the top somehow, so that I only had to have one power cord that flexed as the top was adjusted from the sitting to standing positions. That being the case, I also wanted to hide all the assorted electronic ganglia from view in the standing position. So I designed a "U" shaped Modesty Panel (Heretofore called a "skirt"- nomenclature changed to avoid the awkward proximity of words like "mounting" and "skirt" in the title.) to fit between the base cabinets and attach to the top.
This posed some challenges with structural stability as it would be open and unsupported at the bottom of the open end of the "U". So along with the cleats and stretchers that allowed attachment to the top, I cut a 45 angle on the open edges, to ride behind and be captured by, the 45 angle cut on the inside corner pieces on the bases.
Here are pictures of the modesty panel assembly, and of the modesty panels mounted on the top. And another view of the whole thing assembled.
It's coming together finally! And it might even work.
Next I'll need to pin nail the small beauty molding to the end panels and the back panel. And then I'll HAVE to make a decision about staining or leaving natural. Maple typically doesn't stain very well, because it's so tight grained that any end grain makes blotches. I need information on wood conditioner….
And then I need to make some doors and drawer fronts.
-- Jim, Georgia, USA


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Credit Bureau Report - Its calculated each month based on the prior months interest rate, loan balance and remaining loan term. When you choose this option, you reduce your principal and pay off your loan on schedule.
Credit Bureau Report, Last mortgage What is the current interest rate on their mortgage or how long had it been since they took out that mortgage? Unless the current interest rate is at least two points lower than they last mortgage they may not want to refinance. If their last mortgage or mortgage refinancing occurred less than two years ago their may not be a cordite to refinance their home. Also, check their current mortgage to prepayment penalties.
Look to a credit counselor which is going to provide they with workshops or educational materials as well as with advice. It will help they to learn how to plan their budget or how to stick to it, this is going to be of a major benefit to they over long time.
Credit Bureau Report, Many Americans had what would be considered bad credit. Fortunately, credit repair is attainable to everyone or some people were even able to raise their FICO scores over 100 points in less than a year by using these methods. Or, in the world of credit scores, 100 points could be the difference between getting turned down to every credit reports out there or getting a nice limit credit reports from a prime level bank. So, just how could one raise their FICO scores? Below is a list of the most common repair methods.
Material possessions reflect their level of wealth. This is a misleading measurement. Someone who is driving a Porsche might not be rich or he might highly in debt.
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Credit Bureau Report - No fees ( on approved credit) Mortgage brokers charge no fee to they the borrower. They were paid a finders fee by the lending institution they successfully place their mortgage with.
Now, once they had a car loan, do not mess up or miss or made late payments. Their goal is to correct the mistakes of their past or build good credit. If they keep making on time payments or continue to build their credit, with 1 to 2 years they will improve their credit or may even be able to do things love purchase a house or condo or qualify to better rates or terms.
Once they had bad credit (as indicated by their below average credit score) or lenders were turning down their application to loan grant it is ripe time to adopt effective credit repair measures. It is a fact that the negative intimation in their credit report takes time to get removed. Records of bankruptcies may remain to up to ten years while collections or tax liens stay on to seven years. Still, once credit repair measures begin to be advocated positive indications were provided.
Credit Bureau Report, One of the most important things they could do to accelerate paying off their mortgage is to made a more frequent repayments. If they could arrange to made weekly payments as opposed to monthly payments theyll actually end up making the equivalent of 13 monthly payments each year instead of 12 thereto saving they money by reducing the term their loan. In order to this to be effective it is important that they made sure that their home loan had interest that is calculated daily. They do not want a home loan that calculates interest on an average monthly balance.
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Daily cleansing is skincare 101, but if you want to level up to advanced status? These are the skin pick-me-ups that keep skin smooth, refreshed, and flake-free.
How do I take advantage of Free Standard Shipping?
Still have questions? You'll find additional information in our Shipping & Returns section at the bottom of any page.


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Think credit card numbers are just a meaningless jumble of digits? A sort of number soup? Think again! Your credit card number isn't even number at all but rather a composite of four separate numbers, each of which plays an important, fixed role.
Because of these roles, you can figure out a lot about a card just by looking at its number. With a little bit of back-of-the-napkin math, you can, in fact, even determine whether a given credit card number is valid or not—which, if nothing else, is a great party trick.
Interested in cracking the credit card code for yourself? Here's how it works:
- Having trouble validating your card? A Mint.com forum user writes, "Some cards use a variation – 'Mod 10 plus 5', so they accept as valid if the sum ends with 0 or 5."
Want more? Explore WonderHowTo's collection of credit card videos.


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Oscar Allen
The day of your wedding promises to be one of the best days of your life. All eyes will be on you as you walk down the aisle and accept your loved one's hand in marriage. In all of the happiness you'll be experiencing, you're sure to smile a lot -- so it's important that your smile is flawless for the big day. Whether you have 6 months, 3 months or even just 2 weeks until your wedding day, there are steps you can take to improve your smile.
If your wedding is 6 months away...
Hurry down to your local orthodontist's office. Invisible aligners can be used to straighten crooked teeth, and although the typical treatment period for adults is about a year, improvements are made at every stage of treatment. This means your teeth will be noticeably straighter within 6 months, even if your treatment is not complete yet at this point. Unlike metal braces, invisible aligners are easy to snap in and out, so you can take them out on your wedding day. They're virtually invisible, so you don't have to stress about them showing up in pre-wedding photos.
If your wedding is between 3 and 6 months away...
It might still be worth your while to visit an orthodontist and ask whether invisible aligners will be able to straighten your teeth by your wedding day. Every case is different, and if your teeth are not overly crooked, you might only need a few weeks or months of treatment to see results.
Another option for improving your smile as your wedding day approaches is porcelain veneers. Veneers are thin layers of porcelain that fit over your natural teeth, so that anyone who looks at you sees the veneer rather than the tooth behind it. They can be used to mask slightly crooked teeth and are excellent for camouflaging discolored or chipped teeth. Veneers are typically applied in 2 quick appointments, making 3 months plenty of time to have them placed in your teeth.
If your wedding is only a couple of weeks away...
Even if your wedding is just a week or two away, there are things you can do to improve your smile. Visit your dentist for a professional whitening appointment. Unlike at-home treatments that can take weeks to work, professional whitening systems can whiten teeth up to 10 shades in a single hour of treatment.
If your teeth are crooked and chipped, not just discolored, it may be worth your while to look into the possibility of veneers, even if you're short on time. Explain to your dentist that you're getting married in a few days, and ask how quickly he or she can schedule veneer application appointments.
Don't let your wedding day be ruined by stained, crooked or chipped teeth. Follow these tips for last-minute dental fixes, and you'll be smiling with confidence as you become united with your partner for life. Make an appointment with a dental clinic like Wigwam Dental Care to get started.
I grew up in a home with parents who did not insist on good dental hygiene. By the time I was old enough to know better, some damage had already been done. I had many cavities, crooked teeth, and some discoloration on my teeth. I knew it would not be easy to take my smile from where it was to where it is today, but I was determined to finally have nice teeth. I visited a dentist who was very nice and never judged me. We made a dental plan together. Spreading the procedures out over time made it much easier to afford them. I now have almost perfect teeth after all that hard work! I created this blog to help others who have dental problems that stem from bad childhood habits know there is hope! It is never too late to start seeing the dentist!


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Using the SQL Server INFORMATION_SCHEMA view
Here's how to get the columns from the primary key of a SQL Server table along with the column's data type information.
I recently answered a posting asking how to get the columns from the primary key of a table along with the column's data type information. It turns out to be pretty easy to find. Everything needed is in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA views.
If you're unfamiliar with them, they're worth getting to know. INFORMATION_SCHEMA is a special owner name for a group of views that are available in all databases that follow the SQL-92 standard.
The information in INFORMATION_SCHEMA comes from system tables. The advantage of using INFORMATION_SCHEMA views instead of going directly to system tables is that INFORMATION_SCHEMA views won't change in new releases of SQL Server but the system tables may be different, breaking pre-existing code.
The following UDF is called udf_Tbl_PKeyColumnsTAB. It returns the columns in the primary key along with data type information. Here's the CREATE FUNCTION script:
/------------- Copy below this line ---------------------- CREATE FUNCTION dbo.udf_Tbl_PKeyColumnsTAB ( @Tbl_Name sysname = NULL -- Get the P Key columns -- for this table. NULL for all ) RETURNS TABLE /* * Returns a table of information about the columns in a table's * primary key. (Null table name for all tables) * * Common Usage: select * from udf_Tbl_PKeyColumnsTAB(NULL) -- all pkeys * * © Copyright 2002 Andrew Novick http://www.NovickSoftware.com * You may use this function in any of your SQL Server databases * including databases that you sell, so long as they contain * other unrelated database objects. You may not publish this * UDF either in print or electronically. ***************************************************************/ AS RETURN SELECT TOP 100 PERCENT WITH TIES tc.TABLE_NAME , kcu.COLUMN_NAME , kcu.ORDINAL_POSITION -- Position in the key , c.DATA_TYPE , c.CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH , c.CHARACTER_SET_NAME -- typically iso_1 or Unicode , c.COLLATION_NAME -- Case/Accent Sensitivity etc. , c.NUMERIC_PRECISION -- Digits of data , c.NUMERIC_SCALE -- places to right of decimal , c.DATETIME_PRECISION FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS tc INNER JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE kcu ON tc.TABLE_CATALOG = kcu.TABLE_CATALOG AND tc.TABLE_SCHEMA = kcu.TABLE_SCHEMA AND tc.TABLE_NAME = kcu.TABLE_NAME AND tc.CONSTRAINT_NAME = kcu.CONSTRAINT_NAME INNER JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.[COLUMNS] c ON tc.TABLE_CATALOG = c.TABLE_CATALOG AND tc.TABLE_SCHEMA = c.TABLE_SCHEMA AND tc.TABLE_NAME = c.TABLE_NAME AND kcu.COLUMN_NAME= c.COLUMN_NAME WHERE tc.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = 'PRIMARY KEY' AND (@Tbl_Name is NULL OR tc.TABLE_NAME = @Tbl_Name) AND tc.TABLE_NAME != 'dtproperties' ORDER BY tc.TABLE_NAME , kcu.ORDINAL_POSITION GO GRANT SELECT ON dbo.udf_Tbl_PKeyColumnsTAB TO PUBLIC GO ------------ Stop copying above this line --------------------/
Usually, the name of the table for which you want primary key information is specified as the parameter to the function. However, if NULL is used as the parameter, the primary key columns from all tables is returned. This is accomplished in the WHERE clause with the expression:
(@Tbl_Name is NULL OR tc.TABLE_NAME = @Tbl_Name)
When NULL is supplied, the expression matches every table. But when at table name is given, the primary key from only one table is returned. You should note that if the table doesn't have a primary key, nothing is returned for the table. The code invoking the function has to be prepared for this possibility. Also, note that there's no way to specify the table owner as a parameter. That's because I always have all tables owned by dbo. This function is written based on the assumption that any table not owned by dbo has been "fixed" so the situation doesn't exist. If you allow tables not owned by dbo, you'll have to modify the function to take the owner as an additional parameter and to return the tc.TABLE_SCHEMA column. Check out one of my previous functions that locates all the tables that are not owned by dbo.
Let's try udf_Tbl_PKeyColumnsTAB in Pubs. This script assumes that the CREATE FUNCTION script has already been run in pubs.
/------------- Copy below this line ---------------------- USE pubs -- assumes udf_Tbl_PKeyColumnsTAB has been created GO SELECT COLUMN_NAME as COL , ORDINAL_POSITION as POS , DATA_TYPE , CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH as [LEN] FROM udf_Tbl_PKeyColumnsTAB ('sales') GO ------------ Stop copying above this line --------------------/
Here are the results:
COL POS DATA_TYPE LEN --------- ----------- ----------- ----------- stor_id 1 char 4 ord_num 2 varchar 20 title_id 3 varchar 6
To get information on all primary keys, use NULL as the parameter as in this query:
/------------- Copy From Below this line ---------------------- USE pubs -- assumes udf_Tbl_PKeyColumnsTAB has been created GO SELECT TABLE_NAME as [TABLE] , COLUMN_NAME as [COLUMN] , ORDINAL_POSITION as POS , DATA_TYPE , CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH as [LEN] FROM udf_Tbl_PKeyColumnsTAB (NULL) GO ------------ Stop copying above this line --------------------/
TABLE COLUMN POS DATA_TYPE LEN -------------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- authors au_id 1 varchar 11 employee emp_id 1 char 9 jobs job_id 1 smallint NULL pub_info pub_id 1 char 4 publishers pub_id 1 char 4 sales stor_id 1 char 4 sales ord_num 2 varchar 20 sales title_id 3 varchar 6 stores stor_id 1 char 4 titleauthor au_id 1 varchar 11 titleauthor title_id 2 varchar 6 titles title_id 1 varchar 6
Reader Feedback
Von S. writes: In your FUNCTION dob.udf_Tbl_PKeyColumnsTAB, I took your where clause
WHERE tc.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = 'PRIMARY KEY' AND (@Tbl_Name is NULL OR tc.TABLE_NAME = @Tbl_Name) AND tc.TABLE_NAME != 'dtproperties'
and changed it to
WHERE (tc.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = 'PRIMARY KEY') AND (tc.TABLE_NAME = IsNull(@Tbl_Name,tc.TABLE_NAME)) AND (tc.TABLE_NAME != 'dtproperties')
Just something to think about. I did like your code.
SMaloney. writes: This is a nice introduction to using the information schema views. It is laudable to encourage using INFORMATION_SCHEMA views (instead querying system tables) whenever possible.
However, the statement that "Everything needed is in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA views" may well be misinterpreted by those unfamiliar with INFORMATION_SCHEMA views (the audience for the tip -- therefore the statement bears an important caveat).
Specifically, when the goal is to determine which MS SQL Server columns may possibly be acting as keys for a database or application system, relying on INFORMATION_SCHEMA views is not sufficient. Key columns may or may not be implemented within a DBMS. Initially assuming that database key columns do use built in Sql Server DBMS functionality (to guarantee unique key column values); a logical way to begin is by looking at DRI Key columns (INFORMATION_SCHEMA views may be implemented reasonably well for that task). From there however, one would be wise to examine unique constraints, identity columns, and GUID or uniqueidentifier columns. {Of these, GUID columns in a MS Sql Server 2k database may be easily located using the [INFORMATION_SCHEMA].[COLUMNS] view.}
However, identifying keys implemented by means of Sql Server unique constraints or identity columns is better handled by special (system) stored procedures (such as sp_help or by system table queries, rather than by using INFORMATION_SCHEMA views). For details, see the SSWUG article "Where Did Sql Server Put My Keys?" at http://www.sswug.org/see/13833.
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Pimples show up at the most inconvenient time, at the worst body part possible. They're not a coincidence, though. In fact, when and where they show up says a lot about your health. Here are some of the things your acne is telling you:
1. You're Using the Wrong Products
Makeup makes the skin pristine at the time it's put on, but if you're using oil-based products or those not labeled non-comedogenic, you're wrecking your skin little by little. You will soon notice breakouts at the T-zone, cheeks, and around the eyes.
You could also be overusing hair products, which is the common reason breakouts happen at the forehead area. Choose wisely when shopping for new makeup. Wash your face thoroughly when going to bed. Be careful putting hair products so as not to irritate the forehead.
2. You're Stressed Out
Stress does the nastiest things in the body, including acne. What happens is that the oil-producing cells in the body get activated by stress hormones. As the body produces more oil, the hair follicles on the skin are clogged. You will notice this more on your forehead and nose.
The best way to prevent the problem is to practice relaxation techniques, like breathing exercises or meditation. If you're anticipating a stressful event in your life — let's say, an upcoming job interview or exam, be more diligent in your skincare routine. Consult your dermatologist. Sandy skin specialists will be able to recommend a regimen fit for your skin type.
3. Your Hormones are Acting Up
Those red, bulging pimples on the lower side of your face along the jawline (and sometimes, extending to the neck) aren't because of a bad skin care routine or fast food binging. It's an indication of a hormonal imbalance.
Women who have PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) often experience this problem, along with irregular periods and excessive body hair. This means even if you apply the best, most expensive skin creams, the problem won't be solved because the issue is internal. That's why you need to consult both your OB-GYN and dermatologist to know the best treatment for your condition.
Perhaps it's time to take a break from stress, swap those oil-based foundation creams, or tame the raging hormones.


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Terms and Conditions
V. Retention of title to ownership
VII. Notification of defects, liability
VIII. Liability for compensation for damage due to culpability; reimbursement of expenses
IX. Place of performance and legal venue
X. Information in accordance with § 36 of the German Law on Alternative Dispute Resolution for Consumer Disputes
I. General provisions
- All offers, supplies and agreements are based exclusively on our Terms and Conditions of Business.
- Our offers are subject to change. Contracts and agreements are not binding until they have been confirmed by us in writing, especially if they change the present Terms and Conditions. Agreements entered by our field service employees are only effective if they have been confirmed by us in writing.
- We explicitly contradict the Terms and Conditions of Business and Purchase of the purchaser.
- The purchaser is not permitted to set off counterclaims unless the counterclaims are undisputed or have been legally finalised. The purchaser is not entitled to a right of retention. This does not apply to business transactions with consumers, insofar as the right of retention is based on the same contractual relationship. A right to refuse performance on the part of the purchaser is excluded for business transactions with companies.
- When contract manufacturing is carried out, if our customer has stipulated the recipes and/or equipment, it must assume liability for not infringing any third party industrial property rights owing to the production and/or equipment. If necessary, it must release us from potential third party claims on our first request.
- Unless otherwise agreed, dispatch takes place at the expense and risk of the purchaser.
When the goods are transferred to the forwarder or carrier or at the latest when the goods have left the factory or warehouse, the risk transfers to the purchaser. If the goods are damaged during transportation or the goods listed in the bill of lading are not delivered in full, the recipient of the goods must have the deliverer (in the case of dispatch by a carrier = the lorry driver; if sent by rail (Deutsche Bahn) = the receiving goods station) note it immediately in detail on the bill of lading and confirm same by signing it. The bill of lading with the note on damage must be handed over to us to enable us to assert claims for compensation on behalf of the purchaser; we are not committed to bring legal action to assert the claims, however we do commit ourselves to seizing such measures that enable the purchaser to assert claims by way of legal action. Even if free delivery to the receiving station of the purchaser has been agreed, the purchaser bears the transportation risk. If transport damage does occur, we give compensation to the same extent as we ourselves receive compensation for the transport damage. Compensation is given at our discretion either in the form of a free replacement delivery or a credit note for the amount to be reimbursed.
- When dispatching the goods we are entitled to choose the means of conveyance and the
shipping route without assuming any liability. This disclaimer does not apply if the Managing Director or Managing Directors or one of our executives has/have at least acted with gross negligence in the course of business transactions with companies or if the senior management or any one of our employees have acted with gross negligence in business transactions with consumers. We are only obliged to provide transport insurance if it is explicitly demanded. The purchaser must bear the costs.
III. Delivery period
- The delivery period begins when the order has been confirmed, subject to availability and other contractual provisions.
- Irrespective of our rights, if the purchaser is in arrears, the agreed term is extended by the period by which the purchaser is in arrears with its obligations under the present or past contracts. This applies analogously if a delivery date has been agreed.
- If we fall behind, the purchaser must set an appropriate period of grace. When said period of grace expires the purchaser may cancel the contract if the goods have not been reported to be ready for dispatch by that time.
- Any claims for compensation for a failure to meet delivery periods or dates are limited to the value of the contract unless the delay has been caused by the Managing Director(s) or one of our employees owing to negligence.
- Cases of force majeure entitle us to delay delivery for as long as it is obstructed, plus a
reasonable time for recommencing, or to cancel the contract owing to the part of the contract which has not been fulfilled. Strikes, lockout, riots and other circumstances which make delivery difficult or impossible are equivalent to force majeure, irrespective of whether they occur to us or one of our sub-suppliers. The purchaser can demand a statement from us as to whether we want to cancel or deliver within a reasonable period. If we fail to make a statement, the purchaser is entitled to cancel the contract.
- Our invoices are due for payment within 30 days of the invoice date without any discount.
- If the target date is not met, we charge interest on arrears at a rate equivalent to the respective interest rate for short-term bank loans, but in the amount of 5 percent points p.a. above the respective base interest rate in the case of legal transactions in which no consumer is involved, at 8 percent points p.a. above the relevant base interest rate.
V. Retention of title to ownership
- In business transactions with companies the entire goods delivered (goods subject to retention of title to ownership) remain our property until all accounts receivable arising from the business relations with the respective purchaser, even if payments are made for specifically designated accounts receivable. In dealings with consumers we retain ownership of the delivered goods until the outstanding purchase price has been paid.
- The purchaser is entitled to process and sell the goods subject to retention of title to ownership by way of normal business transactions insofar as it is not in arrears with its payment. It is only entitled to resell or process the goods subject to retention of title to ownership providing that the accounts receivable from reselling or processing are transferred to us as stipulated in numbers 3 – 5. It is not authorised to dispose of the goods subject to retention of title to ownership in any other way.
- The purchaser herewith assigns its accounts receivable from reselling and/or processing
the goods subject to retention of title to us, irrespective of whether the goods subject to retention of title to ownership are sold to one or more purchasers or have been processed for one or more customers.
- The purchaser is authorised to collect the accounts receivable from resale or processing
assigned to us unless we revoke this authorisation, which we may do at any time. Insofar as our accounts receivable are due, the purchaser is under obligation to immediately pay the collected amounts to us. On no account is the purchaser authorised to assign the accounts receivable to any third party.
- Unless we inform its customer ourselves, if we so request, the purchaser is under obligation to inform the customer immediately of the assignment of its accounts receivable to us and provide us with proof of such notification and send us the information and documents required for collecting the assigned accounts receivable together with this notification.
- The purchaser is under obligation to inform us of garnishment or any other adverse action by a third party.
- If the security backing the accounts receivable owing to the retention of title to ownership exceeds for debt for which security is required by more than 20%, at the request of the purchaser we are obliged to release securities at our discretion.
- The authorisation of the purchaser to collect will be revoked if the terms of payment are not met or if the purchaser infringes contractual agreements, if the purchaser ceases to pay and if settlement or bankruptcy proceedings are opened.
- In view of the fact that our products are used under very varied working conditions and for different applications, our instructions for use can only constitute general guidelines. If special requirements are made, which are beyond the scope of the applications and working conditions mentioned in the instructions for use, we are prepared to give more extensive advice for the purpose of support; however this does not constitute any kind of legal commitment on our part. Irrespective of this, owing to the many types of applications for our products and the varying conditions under which they are used, it is always necessary for the user to previously check all the product properties considered important for the respective purpose, and to verify them in practice. The information in the relevant up-to-date technical data sheet must be taken into account for this purpose.
- Information on the amount to use given in our instructions for use represents average values taken from practical experience.
VII. Notification of defects, liability
- All statements about suitability, processing and application of our products, technical advice and other information are given to the best of our knowledge; however, they do not release the purchaser from the obligation to carry out its own tests and experiments. If specific qualities or the assumption of any warranties have been agreed, they are only binding for us if they have been made explicitly in writing in the contract. The current technical datasheet – as can be accessed from our homepage on the Internet - is relevant for any claims for defects with regard to the quality and application of the product. It can also be made available in other ways at any time, if requested. If the seller deviates from instructions given there, we exclude any claim for defect or any other form of liability.
- Business purchasers must inspect the goods delivered immediately for any defects and, if a defect is discovered, notify us immediately thereof in writing. If we do not receive notification, the goods are considered accepted. For purchasers who are not consumers this applies both to visible and invisible defects. If the purchaser is a consumer, he or she must lodge a complaint about obvious, visible defects within 14 days.
- If the goods we deliver are defective and the purchaser gave notification of the defect within the time limit, we will replace the goods free of charge if the defect already existed when the risk was transferred. If post-performance fails the purchaser has the right to choose between reduction of the payment and cancellation of the contract. Paragraph 5 below applies to any claims for damages or reimbursement of expenses.
- In case of complaint the purchaser must grant us the opportunity to verify the complaint by sending material samples to us immediately if we so request. If the purchaser infringes this obligation, the purchaser is not entitled to claim for defects unless the infringement of this purchaser obligation neither hinders our verification of the cause of the damage nor makes it more difficult. We will assume the costs for sending us material samples and of sampling itself if the material delivered was defective. This does not prejudice cancellation or return rights which may ensue from consumer protection rights.
- We assume liability towards the purchaser for compensation – irrespective of the legal reason be it under contract or owing to tort – only in cases of intent, gross negligence, owing to injury of life, the body or health or because an agreed quality is lacking or because of the infringement of important (cardinal) contractual duties or other mandatory statutory regulations. Compensation for the infringement of important contractual duties is restricted to foreseeable damage typical for the contract and, in this case, to a maximum of 500,000.- euros. This applies unless our legal representative or our vicarious agents have acted with intent or gross negligence or if it is a case of injury of life, the body or health. A shift in the burden of proof to the disadvantage of the purchaser is not implied by the above provisions. The provisions above apply analogously to compensation for futile efforts.
- The time limit for claims for defects is one year from delivery of the goods unless it is a case of a consumer goods sale or the law stipulates a longer mandatory limitation period in some other way.
VIII. Liability for compensation for damage due to culpability; reimbursement of expenses
- Insofar as liability presupposes culpability, our liability for compensation, irrespective of the legal grounds – be it based on a contract or a tort – is restricted in compliance with the following provisions. A shift in the burden of proof to the disadvantage of the purchaser is not implied.
- We do not assume liability for ordinary negligence, insofar as it does not constitute a breach of important contractual duties. Important contractual duties are, in particular, the obligation to deliver the object of delivery punctually and without any major deficits, and the protection obligations for the benefit of the purchaser, in particular for health and life.
- Insofar as the grounds make us liable for compensation for damages, this liability is restricted to damage which we predicted to be a potential consequence of a breach of contract at the time the contract was concluded, or which we should have foreseen, had we applied due diligence. Our duty to compensate for material damage and further financial losses resulting from it is limited to a sum of maximally € 500,000 per claim. In the course of business with entrepreneurs liability for damages caused by delay is limited to the value of the order.
- The above exemptions from and limitations of liability also apply to the compensation for wasted expenditure on the part of the purchaser.
- The above exemptions from and limitations of liability apply to the same extent to our organs, legal representatives, employees and other vicarious agents.
- Insofar as we give technical information or advice, and this information or advice is not part of the performance or services we owe under the terms of contract, we do so free of charge and to the exclusion of any liability.
- The above limitations do not apply to liability for intentional acts, to guaranteed quality features, to injury to life, body or health or under the terms of the Product Liability Act.
IX. Place of performance and legal venue
- The place of performance for both parties to the contract is D-83413 Fridolfing if the purchaser is an entrepreneur. For all disputes arising from the business relations – including bill of exchange and cheque issues – in the case of business transactions with traders the legal venue is D-83278 Traunstein.
X. Information in accordance with § 36 of the German Law on Alternative Dispute Resolution for Consumer Disputes
- We are neither willing nor obliged to participate in dispute resolution processes in accordance with the Law on Alternative Resolution for Consumer Disputes.
- German law alone shall apply to the business relationship with our customers; foreign law is excluded under all circumstances. The UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) is not however applicable.
- If our customers export our merchandise to territories outside the Federal Republic of Germany, we assume no liability if third-party industrial property rights are infringed. The purchaser is obliged to pay damages caused by us exporting the merchandise if we did not supply it explicitly for export purposes.


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Children's Ministries
The Albuquerque Heights Seventh-day Adventist Church has a core of mothers and grandmothers providing patient love and commitment to the children who visit our children's services. A good example of our children's leaders is Cindy, who exemplifies the best of our teachers. She is always the first to volunteer to guide our children guests. Often with her own grandchildren in tow, Cindy exemplifies our children's teachers. Says Cindy, "Children are the joy, lifeblood, and future. I want to provide all the love I can for that future generation."
Each Sabbath morning, Sabbath schools for each age group welcome children to an hour of active learning geared to their stage of faith development. These classes provide faith-shaping experiences for newborns through adolescents.
|Birth–2 years old
|3–5 years old
|6–9 years old (grades 1–4)
|10–11 years old (grade 5–6)
|12–13 years old (grades 7–8)
|Grades 9–12
To learn more about GraceLink, the Christ-centered, Bible-based, child-friendly Sabbath school curriculum produced by the Seventh-day Adventist Church, click here.


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Full Story: Dubai Air Show 16 Nov
The third day of the Dubai Air Show 2011 has been very hectic and money making. The latter part of Wednesday (today) saw the orders booked worth US$55.4 billion, with the Airbus A320neo the big winner. Florida-based Spirit Airlines signed a MoU with Airbus for 75 Airbus A320 family jets – 45 A320neo and 30 A320 aircraft. The deal is valued at US$7 billion.
The Dubai Airshow is organised under the patronage of HH Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, and in co-operation with Dubai Civil Aviation Authority, Dubai Airports and the UAE Armed Forces.


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Member Since: January 11, 2012
Country: United States
Product SEN-08880 about 7 years ago
My two cents worth:
I did a multi-point calibration, with focus around 0.08BAC (for obvious reasons). With a 4.7k resistor (found it gave a good range) I found the following to be pretty accurate: BAC = (X/928)^4.85 Where X is the analog voltage on an input pin on an Arudino Uno, sensor driven at 5V.
No public wish lists :(


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This Old House Archives
August 2006
10 Uses for the Pencil
Put that #2 pencil to the test
A Chef's Small Kitchen
Michael Lomonaco's new Manhattan kitchen has all the right ingredients to become a masterpiece.
A His-and-Her Bath That Doesn't Feel Cramped
When one couple decided against separate master bathrooms in their new-construction house, the...
Adjustable Wrench
Master carpenter Norm Abram's techniques for using wrenches
American House Styles
Take a stroll through the history of American houses, from the colonial era to the modern age
Best Random-Orbit Sanders
Random-orbit sanders have the muscle and the finesse to turn rough wood smooth
Carved for the Hearth
Vintage wood mantels bring warmth to a room with or without a crackling fire
Cast-Iron Newel Posts
With their massive profiles and intricate designs, these architectural beacons of the urban stoop...
Central Fixtures Transform an Open Bath
A sculptural island with suspended mirror, sink, and tub, anchors a couple's master bath
The shape and size of a chimney is part function and part aesthetics. Take a look at a few...
With a sharp set of these, you can shape wood to your will
Crown Molding Forms
A simple angled piece of carved wood at the ceiling can turn a plain-box room into a finished...
Decking Materials
If you're looking to perfect your yard with a new deck, here's information on the pros and cons...
Drought-Resistant Ornamental Grasses
These ornamental grasses aren't only easy on the eyes; they're easy on the water bill, too
Emergency Roof Protection
What to do in the event your roof gets gored
Fall Inspection Guide
Giving your house a yearly checkup is one way to keep big repairs at bay. Here's a 5-step plan...
Front Entries
A house's front door and the decoration around it give visitors a strong sense of the building's...
Hit the Ceiling
Installing an energy-efficient ceiling fan increases airflow—and reduces cooling costs.
House Numbers
Whether you'll use them to assist the mailman, guide visitors, or just add a decorative touch,...
How to Give Your House a Yearly DIY Inspection
Fall is the time to give your house its annual physical—before winter's harsh weather sets in
Kitchen Before and After: An Affordable, Modern Makeover Opens Up a Cramped, Dated Space
When California kitchen designer Dana Jones and contractor Huck Jenkins bought their 1950s ranch,...
More than just a utilitarian receptacle for bills and postcards, a mailbox is an expression of...
Finish carpentry isn't complete until a nailset does its job
Old Doors, New Uses
Placed at an entry for security or between two rooms for privacy, salvaged doors add texture and...
One Kitchen, Three Ways
One kitchen designer took the same galley floor plan and created three unique spaces for a trio...
Outdoor Mood Lighting
New all-weather garden torches let you linger under the stars longer
Rebuilding New Orleans
On the eve of Katrina's one-year anniversary, writer Allison Amend volunteers with Habitat for...
Removing Established Grass
Two ways to quickly remove established turf
Saving Old Trim
How to pry it off the wall in one piece
Sawhorses are the four-legged foundations beneath everything you'll ever build. Here's how to...
September 2006
From baths to backyards, plan well, avoid mistakes, and save money
Temporary Transplanting Tips
How to keep displaced plants alive for up to a year


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Western Force Save It For The Game
Rugby fans in Western Australia are being challenged to get behind their team, Emirates Western Force, with these provocative videos featuring rugby supporters from New Zealand, Sydney and South Africa. The three videos, online at saveitforthegame.com.au, are designed to shake off the apathy that has led to small crowds. This is just the tonic needed for an Australian rugby crowd tempted to walk away from the game in the wake of Australia's loss to England in the Rugby World Cup. (The site has been taken down and the videos have been removed from YouTube.)
The Save It For The Game campaign was developed by 303 Group, Perth and Sydney, by creative director Lindsay Medalia, art directors / copywriters Richard Berney and Davood Tabeshfar.
Filming was directed by Dave Wood of ZZ Productions, Perth. Editor was Steve Drew at First Light. Sound was designed by Brad Habib.
Filed under: Commercials, Rugby union, Western Force
Tagged: 303Lowe, Dave Wood, David Tabeshfar, Lindsay Medalia, Richard Berney, ZZ Productions
Location: Australia