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conquered only as a despised and tolerated superstition, its ecclesiastical organization only as a convenient mechanism for governing a subject and tributary population. It is true that the Eastern Church made up in some sort for her losses by missionary conquests elsewhere. Greek Christianity became the religion of the Slavs as Latin Christianity became that of the Germans; but the Orthodox Church never conquered her conquerors, and the historian is too apt to enlarge on her past glories and forget her present strength.
Early History.—The early history of the Eastern Church is outlined in the article Church History. Here it is proposed only to give in somewhat more detail the causes of division which led (i) to the formation of the schismatic churches of the East, and (2) to the open rupture with Latin Christianity.
The great dogmatic work of the Eastern Church was the definition of that portion of the creed of Christendom which Coatn- concerns Ihcolofy proper—the doctrines of the essential nature of the Godhead, and the doctrine of the Godhead in relation with manhood in the incarnation, while it fell to the Western Church to define anthropology, or the doctrine of man's nature and needs. The controversies which concern us are all related to the person of Christ, the Thcanthropos, for they alone are represented in the schismatic churches of the East. These controversies will be best described by reference to the oecumenical councils of the ancient and undivided church.
All the churches of the East, schismatic as well as orthodox, accept unreservedly the decrees of the first two councils. The schismatic churches protest against the additions made to the creeds of Nicaea and Constantinople by succeeding councils. The Nicaeo-Constantinopolitan creed declared that Christ was consubstantial (otioounos) with the Father, and that He had become man (ipvdpbfln^nif). Disputes arose when theologians tried to explain the latter phrase. These differencestook two separate and extreme types, the one of which forcibly separated the two natures so as to deny anything like a real union, while the other insisted upon a mixture of the two, or an absorption of the human in the divine. The former was the creed of Chaldaea and the latter the creed of Egypt; Chaldaca was the home of Nestorianism, Egypt the land of Monophysitism. The Ncstorians accept the decisions of the first two councils, and reject the decrees of all the rest as unwarranted alterations of the creed of Nicaea. The Monophysitcs accept the first three councils, but reject the decree of Chalcedon and all that come after it.
The council of Ephesus (a.d. 431), the third oecumenical, had insisted upon applying the term Thcotokos to the Virgin Mary, and this was repeated in the symbol of Chalcedon, which says that Christ was born of the Virgin Mary, the Theotokos, "according to the manhood." The same symbol also declares that Christ is "to be acknowledged in two natures . . . indivisibly and inseparably." Hence the Ncstorians, who insisted upon the duality of the natures to such a degree as to lose sight of the unity of the person, and who rejected the term Theotokos, repudiated the decrees both of Ephesus and of Chalcedon, and upon the promulgation of the decrees of Chalcedon formally separated from the church. Nestorianism had sprung from an exaggeration of the theology of the school of Antioch, and the schism weakened that patriarchate and its dependencies. It took root in Chaldaea, and became very powerful. No small part of the literature and science of the Mahommcdan Arabs came from Nestorian teachers, and Nestorian Christianity spread far and wide through Asia (sec Nestorius and Nestoeians).
The council of Chalcedon (451), the'fourth oecumenical, declared that Christ is to be acknowledged "in two natures— unconfuscdly, unchangeably," and therefore decided against the opinions of all who either believed that the divinity is the sole nature of Christ, or who, rejecting this, taught only one composite nature of Christ (one nature and one person, instead of two natures and one person). The advocates of the one nature theory were called Monophysites fo.r.), and they gave rise to numerous sects, and to at least three separate national
churches—the Jacobites of Syria, the Copts of Egypt and the Abyssinian Church, which are treated under separate headings.
The decisions of Chalcedon, which were the occasion of the formation of all these sects outside, did not put an end to Christological controversy inside the Orthodox Greek Church. The most prominent question which emerged in attempting to define further the person of Christ was whether the will belonged to the nature or the person, or, as it came to be stated, whether Christ had two wills or only one. The church in the sixth oecumenical council at Constantinople (680) declared that Christ had two wills. The Monothclitcs (o.v.) refused to submit, and the result was the formation of another schismatic church— the Maronite Church of the Lebanon range. The Maronites, however, were reconciled to Rome in the I2th century, and arc reckoned as Roman Catholics of the Oriental Rite.
Later History.—The relation of the Byzantine Church to the Roman may be described as one of growing estrangement from the sth to the nth century, and a series of abortive attempts at reconciliation since the latter date. The Sj**** estrangement and final rupture may be traced to the Rome. increasing claims of the Roman bishops and to Western innovations in practice and in the doctrine of the Holy Spirit, accompanied by an alteration of creed. In the early church three bishops stood forth prominently, principally from the political eminence of the cities in which they ruled—the bishops of Rome, Alexandria and Antioch. The transfer of the seat of empire from Rome to Constantinople gave the bishops of Rome a possible rival in the patriarch of Constantinople, but the absence of an overawing court and of meddling statesmen did more than recoup the loss to the head of the Roman Church. The theological calmness of the West, amid the violent theological disputes which troubled the Eastern patriarchates, and the statesmanlike wisdom of Rome's greater bishops, combined to give a unique position to the pope, which councils in vain strove to shake, and which in time of difficulty the Eastern patriarchs were fain to acknowledge and make use of, however they might protest against it and the conclusions deduced from it. But this pre-eminence, or rather the Roman idea of what was involved in it, was never acknowledged in the East; to press it upon the Eastern patriarchs was to prepare the way for separation, to insist upon it in times of irritation was to cause a schism. The theological genius of the East was different from that of the West. The Eastern theology had its roots in Greek philosophy, while a great deal of Western theology was based on Roman law. The Greek fathers succeeded the Sophists, the Latin theologians succeeded the Roman advocates (Stanley's Eastern Church, ch. i.). This gave rise to misunderstandings, and at last led to two widely separate ways of regarding and defining one important doctrine—the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father or from the Father and the Son. Political jealousies and interests intensified the disputes, and at last, after many premonitory symptoms, the final break came in 1054, when Pope Leo IX. smote Michael Cerularius and the whole of the Eastern Church with an excommunication. There had been mutual excommunications before, but they had not resulted in permanent schisms Now, however, the separation was final, and the ostensible cause of its finality was the introduction by the Latins of two words FUioqtu into the creed.1 It is this addition which was and which still remains the permanent cause of separation. Ffoulkes has pointed out in his second volume (ch. 1-3) that there was a resumption of intercourse more than once between Rome and Constantinople after 1054, and that the overbearing character of the Norman crusaders, and finally the horrors of the sack of Constantinople in the fourth crusade
1 After the words "and in the Holy Ghost " of the ApostleV Creed the Constantinopolitan creed added "who proceedeth front the Father." The Roman Church, without the sanction of an oecumenical council and without consulting the Easterns, added "and the Son." The addition was first made at Toledo (5801 in opposition to Arianism. The Easterns also resented the Konvan enforcement of clerical celibacy, the limitation of the right of ccafirmation to the bishop and the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist.
(1*04), were the real causes of the permanent estrangement. It is undeniable, however, that the Fitioque question has always come up to bar the way in any subsequent attempts at intercommunion. The theological question involved is a very small one, but it brings out clearly the opposing rtrv' characteristics of Eastern and Western theology, and so has acquired an importance far beyond its own worth. The question is really one about the relations subsisting between the persons of the Trinity and their hypostatical properties. The Western Church affirms that the Holy Spirit "proceeds from" the Father and from the Son. It believes that the Spirit of the Father must be the Spirit of the Son also. Such l theory seems alone able to satisfy the practical instincts of the West, which did not concern itself with the metaphysical ispect of the Trinity, but with Godhead in its relation to redeemed humanity. The Eastern Church affirms that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father only, and takes its stand on John xv. 16. The Eastern theologian thinks that the Western double procession degrades the Deity and destroys the perfection of the Trinity. The double procession, in his eyes, means two active principles (afrku) in the Deity, and it means also that there is a confusion between the hypostatical properties; a property possessed by the Father and distinctive of the First Person a attributed also to the Second. This is the theological, aad there is conjoined with it an historical and moral dispute. The Easterns allege that the addition of the words Filioque was made, not only without authority, and therefore unwarrantably, but also for the purpose of forcing a rupture between East and Wat in the interests of the barbarian empire of the West.
Attempts at reconciliation were made from time to time afterwards, but were always wrecked on the two points of papal supremacy, when it meant the right to impose Western .iftaiiviri usages upon the East, and of the addition to the creed. JJ^^ First there was the negotiation between Pope Gregory IX. (1227-1241) and Germanus, patriarch of Constantinople. The Roman conditions were practically recognition of papal jurisdiction, the use of unleavened bread and permission to omit Filicque if all books written against the Western doctrine were burnt. The patriarch refused the terms. Then, later in the I3th century, came negotiations under I nnocent IV. and Clement IV., in which the popes proposed the same conditions as Gregory IX., with additions. These proposals were rejected by the Easterns, who regarded them as attempts to enforce new creeds on their church.
The negotiations at the council of Lyons (1274) were, strictly speaking, between the pope and the Byzantine emperor, and were more political than ecclesiastical. Michael Palacologus ruled in Constantinople while Baldwin II., the last of the Latin emperors, was an exile in Europe. Palacologus wished the pope to acknowledge his title to be emperor of the East, and in return promised submission to the papal supremacy and the union of the two churches on the pope's own terms. This enforced union lasted only during the lifetime of the emperor. The only other attempt at union which requires to be mentioned is that made at the council of Florence. It was really suggested by the political weakness of the Byzantine empire and the dread of the approach of the Turks. John Palacologus the emperor, Joseph the patriarch of Constantinople, and several Eastern bishops came to Italy and appeared at the council of Florence— the papal council, the rival of the council of Basel. As on former occasions the representatives of the East were at 6rst deceived by false representations; they were betrayed into recognition of papal supremacy, and tricked into signing what could afterwards be represented as a submission to Western doctrine. The natural consequences followed-—a repudiation of what bad been done; and the Eastern bishops on their way home took care to make emphatic their ritualistic differences from Rome. Soon after came the fall of Constantinople, and with this event an end to the political reasons for the submission of the Orthodox clergy. Rome's schemes for a union which meant an unconditional submission on the part of, the Orthodox Church did not cease, however, but they were no
longer attempted on a grand scale. Jesuit missionaries after the Reformation stirred up schisms in some parts of the Eastern Church, and in Austria, Poland and elsewhere large numbers of Orthodox Christians submitted, either willingly or under compulsion to the see of Rome (see Rohan Catholic Church, section Uniat Oriental Churcnes).
Doctrines and Creeds.—The Eastern Church has no creeds in the modern Western use of the word, no normative summaries of what must be believed. It has preserved the older idea that a creed is an adoring confession of the church engaged In worship; and, when occasion called for more, the belief of the church was expressed more by way of public testimony than in symbolical books. 'Still the doctrines of the church can be gathered from these confessions of faith. The Eastern creeds may thus be roughly placed in two classes—the oecumenical creeds of the early undivided church, and later testimonies defining the position of the Orthodox Church of the East with regard to the belief of the Roman Catholic and of Protestant Churches. These testimonies were called forth mainly by the protest of Greek theologians against Jesuitism on the one hand, and against the reforming tendencies of the patriarch Cyril Lucaris on the other. The Orthodox Greek Church adopts the doctrinal decisions of the seven oecumenical councils, together with the canons of the Concilium Quinisextum or second Trullan council (692); and they further hold that all these definitions and canons are simply explanations and enforcements of the Nicaeo-Constantinopolitan creed and the decrees of the first council of Nicaca. The first four councils settled the orthodox faith on the doctrines of the Trinity and of the Incarnation; the fifth supplemented the decisions of the first four. The sixth declared against Monothelitism; the seventh sanctioned the worship (SouXela, not &\rj6tv^ Xarpcta) of images; the council held in the Trullus (a saloon in the palace at Constantinople) supplemented by canons of discipline the doctrinal decrees of the fifth and sixth councils.
The Reformation of the i6th century was not without effect on the Eastern Church. Some of the Reformers, notably Mclanchthon, expected to effect a reunion of Christendom by means of the Easterns, cherishing the same j^,*^, hopes as the modern Old Catholic divines and their and the English sympathizers. Mclanchthon himself sent a Orthodox Greek translation of the Augsburg Confession to ctlunltJoasaph, patriarch of Constantinople, and some years afterwards Jacob Andreae and Martin Crusius began a correspondence with Jeremiah, patriarch of Constantinople, in which they asked an official expression of his opinions about Lutheran doctrine. The result was that Jeremiah answered in his Ccnsura Orientalis Ecclesiae condemning the distinctive principles of Lutheranism.
The reformatory movement of Cyrillos Lucaris (9.5.), patriarch of Constantinople (1621), brought the Greek Church face to face with Reformation theology. Cyril conceived the plan of reforming the Eastern Church by bringing its doctrines into harmony with those of Calvinism, and by sending able young Greek theologians to Switzerland, Holland and England to study Protestant theology. His scheme of reform was opposed chiefly by the intrigues of the Jesuits, who in the end brought about his death. The church anathematized his doctrines,- and in its later testimonies repudiated his confession on the one hand and Jesuit ideas on the other. The most important of these testimonies are (i) the Orthodox confession or catechism of Peter Mogilas, confirmed by the Eastern patriarchs and by the synod of Jerusalem (1643), and (2) the decree of the synod of Jerusalem or the confession of Dosithcus (1672). Besides these, the catechisms of the Russian Church should be consulted, especially the catechism of Philaret, which since 1839 has been used in all the churches and schools in Russia. Founding on these doctrinal sources the teaching of the Orthodox Eastern Church is':—
1 This summary has been taken, with corrections, from G. B. Winer, Comparative Dantcllunt des Lehrbctrijfs der versckiedtnen Kirchtnpartricn (Leipzig, 1824, Eng. tr., Edin., 1873). Small capitals denote differences from Roman Catholic, italics difference! from Protestant doctrine.
Christianity is a Divine revelation communicated to mankind
through Christ; its saving truths arc to be learned from the Bible and tradition, the former having been written,
Compart' Qn(^ fa fatffj. maintained uncorrupted through the influcnce of the Holy Spirit; the interpretation of the Bible Mangy to tke Church, which is taught by the Holy Spirit.
Praflibut every believer may read the Scriptures.
jLLj * According to the Christian revelation, God is a Trinity, ^ f L | (fjatis, tne Divine Esscnceexists in Three Persons, perfectly
equal in nature and dignity, the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost;
The Holy Ghost Proceeds From The Father Only. Besides the
Triune God there is no other object of divine worship, but homage
(£>ircp£ovXla) may be paid to the Virgin Mary, and reverence (iowWa) to
the saints and to their pictures and relics.
Man is born with a corrupt bias which was not his at creation;
the first man, when created, possessed Immortality, Perfect
WISDOM, AND A WILL REGULATED BY REASON. Through the first sin
Adam and his posterity lost Immortality, And His Will Received A Bias Towards Evil. In this natural slate man, who evrn before he actually sins is a sinner before God by original or inherited sin, commits manifold actual transgressions; but he is not absolutely without power of will towards good, and is not always doing evil.
Christ, the Son of God, became man in two natures, which internally and inseparably united make One Person, and, according to the eternal purpose of God, has obtained for man reconciliation with God, and eternal life, inasmuch as He by His vicarious death has made satisfaction to God for the world's sins, and this satisfaction Was PERFECTLY COMMENSURATE WITH THE SINS OF THE WORLD.
Man is made partaker of reconciliation in spiritual regeneration, which he attains to, being led and kept by the Holy Ghost. This divine help is offered to all men without distinction, and may be rejected. In order to attain to salvation, man is justified, and when so justified Can Do No More Than The Commands Of God. He may fall from a state of grace through mortal sin.
i Regeneration is offered by the word of God and in the sacraments, which under visible signs communicate God's invisible grate to Christians when administered cunt intentione. There are seven mysteries or sacraments. Baptism entirely destroys original sin. In the Eucharist the true body and blood of Christ are substantially present, and the elements are chanted into tke substance of Christ, whose body and blood are corporeally partaken of by communicants. All Christians should receive the bread and the Wine. Tke Eucharist is also an expiatory sacrifice. The new birth when lost may be restored through repentance, which is not merely (i) sincere sorrow, but also (a) confession of each individual sin to the priest, and (3) the discharge of penances imposed by the priest for the removal of the temporal punishment which may have been imposed "by Cod and the Church. Penance accompanied by the judicial absolution of the priest makes a true sacrament. The Church of Christ is the fellowship of All Those Who Accept
Apostles And Approved By General Synods. Without this visible Church there is no salvation. It is under the abiding influence of the Holy Ghost, and therefore cannot err in matters of faith. Specially appointed persons are necessary in the service of the Church, and they form a threefold order, distinct jure divino from other Christians, of Bishops, Priests and Deacons. The FOUR Patriarchs, Of Equal Dignity, Have The Highest Rank Among The Bishops, And The Bishops united in a General Council represent the Church and infallibly decide, under the guidance of the Holy Ghost, all matters of faith and ecclesiastical life. All ministers of Christ must be regularly called and appointed to their office, and are consecrated by the sacrament of orders. Bishops must be vnmarried, and Priests And Deacons Mit Not Contract A Second Marriage. To all priests in common belongs, besides the preaching of the word, the administration of the six Sacraments—Baptism.
The SICK. The bishops alone can administer the sacrament of orders.
Ecclesiastical ceremonies are part of the divine service; most of
them hare apostolic origin; and those connected with the sacrament
must not be omitted by priests tinder pain of mortal sin.
Liturgy and Worship.—The ancient liturgies of the Eastern Church were very numerous, and have been frequently classified. J. M. Neale makes three divisions—the liturgy of Jerusalem or of St James, that of Alexandria or of St Mark, and that of Edcssa or of St Thaddaeus; and Daniel substantially agrees with him. The same passion for uniformity which suppressed the Galilean and Mozarabic liturgies in the West led to the almost exclusive use of the liturgy of St James in the East. It is used in two forms, a shorter revised by Chrysostom, and a longer called the liturgy of St Basil. This liturgy and the service generally are cither in Old Greek or in Old Slavonic, and frequent disputes have arisen in particular districts about the language to be employed. Both sacred languages differ from the language of the people, but it cannot be said that in
the Eastern Church worship is conducted in an unknown tongue —" the actual difference," says Neale, "may be about that t>ctween Chaucer's English and our own." There are eleven chief service books, and no such compendium as the Roman breviary. Fasting is frequent and severe. Besides Wednesdays and Fridays, there are four fasting seasons, Lent, Pentecost to SS. Peter and Paul, August 1-15 preceding the Feast of the Sleep of the Theotokos, and the six weeks before Christmas. Indulgences are not recognized; an intermediate and purificatory state of the dead is* held but not systematized into a doctrine of purgatory. The Virgin receives homage, but :he dogma of her Immaculate Conception is not admitted. While ikons of the saints are found in the churches there is no 'graven image" apart from the crucifix. There is plenty of singing but no instrumental music. Prayer is offered standing towards the East; at Pentecost, kneeling. The celebration of the Eucharist is an elaborate symbolical representation of the Passion. The consecrated bread is broken into the wine, and both elements arc given together in a spoon.
The ritual generally is as magnificent as in the West, but of a more archaic type. (For the liturgical dress see Vestments and subsidiary articles.)
Monastic Life.—Monasticism is, as it has always been, an important feature in the Eastern Church. An Orthodox monastery is perhaps the most perfect extant relic of the 4th century. The simple idea that possesses the monks is that of fleeing the world; they have no distinctions of orders, and though they follow the rule of St Basil object to being called Basilians. A few monasteries (Mt Sinai and some on Lebanon) follow the rule of St Anthony. K. Lake in Early Days of Monasticism on Mount Athos (1900) traces the development through three well-defined stages in the oth and loth centuries— (a) the hermit period, (b) the loose organization of hermits in lauras, (c) the stricter rule of the monastery, with definite buildings and fixed rules under an ^yorjiecos or abbot. The monasteries now have taken over the name lauras. They arc under the jurisdiction of the metropolitan; a few of the most important deal direct with the patriarch and arc called Stateropegia. The convent on Mt Sinai is absolutely independent. Apart from hermits there are (i) KotvofitaKoi, monks who possess nothing, live and eat together, and have definite tasks given them by their superiors; (2) I8to,pv8fiojtoi, monks who live apart from each other, each receiving from the monastery fuel, vegetables, cheese, wine and a little money. They only meet for the Divine Office and on great feasts, and are the real successors of the laura system. The most famous monasteries arc those on Mount Athos; in 1002 there were twenty lauras with many dependent houses and 7522 monks there, mainly Russian and Greek. The monks are, for the most part, ignorant and unlettered, though in the dark days of Mahommcdan persecution it was in the monasteries that Greek learning and the Greek nationality were largely preserved. Since priests must be married and bishops must not, only monks are eligible for appointment to bishoprics in the Eastern Church. Sec further, Monasticism. The Branches of the Church.—In addition to the ancient churches which have separated themselves from the Orthodox faith, many have ceased to have an independent existence, owing either to the conquests of Islam or to their absorption by other churches. For example, the church of Mount Sinai may be regarded as all that survives of the ancient church of northern Arabia; the autoccphalous Slavonic churches of Ipek and Okhrida, which derived their ultimate origin from the missions of Cyril and Methodius, were absorbed in the patriarchate of Constantinople in 1766 and 1767 respectively; and the Church of Georgia has been part of the Russian Church since 1801-1802. At the present day, then, the Orthodox Eastern Church consists of twelve mutually independent churches (or thirteen if we reckon the Bulgarian Church), using their own language in divine service (or some ancient form of it, as in Russia) and varying not a little in points of detail, but standing in full communion T\ iih one another, and united as equals in what has been described &s one great ecclesiastical federation. However, in using such language it must be remembered that we are not dealing with bodies which were originally separated from one another and have now entered into fellowship, but with bodies which have grown naturally from a single origin and have not become estranged.
A. The Four Ancient Patriarchates I. Tkt Patriarchate of Constantinople or Nero Rome.—The ancient patriarchate of Constantinople included the imperial dioceses of rontus, Asia. Thrace and Eastern Illyricum—i.e. speaking roughly, the greater part of Asia Minor, European Turkey, and Greece, with a smaJI portion of Austria. The imperial diocese of Pontus was governca by the exarch of Caesarea, who ruled over thirteen metropolitans with more than 100 suffragans. Asia was governed by the exarch of Ephesus, who ruled over twelve metropolitans with more than 350 suffragan bishops. In Asia Minor the church maintains but a small remnant of her former greatness; in Europe it is otherwise. The old outlines, however, arc effaced wherever the Christian races have emancipated themselves from the Turkish rule, and the national churches of Greece, Servia and Rumania have reorganized themselves on a new basis. Where the Turkish rule still prevails the church retains her old organization, but greatly impaired. Still, the Oecumenical Patriarch, as he has been called since early in the 6th century, is the most exalted ecclesiastic of the Eastern churches, and his influence reaches far outside the lands of the patriarchate. His jurisdiction extends over the dominions of the Sultan in Turkey, together with Asia Minor and the Turkish islands of the Aegean; there are eighty-two metropolitans under him, and the " monastic republic " of Mount Athos. He has great privileges and responsibilities as the recognized head of the Greek community in Turkey, and enjoys also many personal honours which have survived from the days of the Eastern emperors.
The patriarch under the old Ottoman system had his dwn court at Phanar, and his own prison, with a large civil jurisdiction over, and responsibility for, the Greek community. In ecclesiastical affairs he acts with two governing bodies—(a) a permanent Holy Synod ('I«pd Z6rofct rift 'Em.Xijjiar KbWrojTU'OLnr&Xcbn), consisting of twelve metropolitans, six of whom are re-elected every year from the whole number of metropolitans, arranged in three classes according to a fixed cycle; (6) the Permanent National Mixed Council (Aiopaii 'Effvufo Murdr Zo^o&Xuw). a remarkable assembly, which is at once the source of great power by introducing a strong lay element into the administration, and of a certain amount of weakness by its liability to sudden changes of popular feeling. It consists of four metropolitans, members of the Holy Synod, and eight laymen. All of these are chosen by an electoral body, consisting of all the members of the Holy Synod and the National Mixed Council, and twenty-five representatives of the parishes of Constantinople. The election of the patriarch is also, to a considerable extent, popular. An electoral assembly is formed for the purpose consisting * of the twelve members of the Holy Synod, the eight lay members of the National Mixed Council, twentyeight representatives of as many dioceses (the remaining dioceses having only the right to nominate a candidate by letter), ten reprc?«-nuti\ es of the parishes of Constantinople, ten representatives of all person* who possess political rank, ten representatives of the Christian trades of Constantinople, the two representatives of the secretariat of the patriarchate, and such mctropolitansj to the number of ten but no more, as happen to be in Constantinople at the time for some canonical reason (VapfrtiiKtovvrtt). On the death or deposition of the patriarch, the Holy Synod and the National Mixed Council at once meet and elect a temporary substitute for the patriarch (ToT<mjp»fr$t). Forty days afterwards the electoral assembly meets, under his presidency, and proceeds to make a list of twenty candidates (at the present day they must be metropolitans), who may be proposed either by the members of the electoral assembly or by any of the metropolitans of the patriarchate by letter. This list is sent to the sultan, who has by prescription the right to strike out five names. From the fifteen which remain the electoral assembly chooses three. These names are then submitted to the clerical members of the assembly, i.e. to the members of the Holy Synod and the ropmJwiovrrtt, who meet in church, and, after the usual service, make the final selection. The patriarch-elect is presented to the Porte, which thereupon grants the berat or diploma of investiture and several customary presents; after which the new ruler is enthroned. The patriarch has the assistance and support of a large household, a survival from Byzantine times. Amongst them, actually or potentially, are the grand steward (jAyax tAxtvopm), who serves htm as deacon in the liturgy and presents candidates for orders; the grand visitor (jikyia traxcAX&ptot). who superintends the monasteries; the sacristan (o««po^6Xot); the chancellor •, i.-r>i.>>af i, who superintends ecclesiastical causes; the deputyvisitor (A rov <ra*fXXlov), who visits the nunneries; the protonotary (rpvrBwriptof); the logothete (Xofvftnp}, a most important lay officer, who represents the patriarch at the Porte and elsewhere outside; the censer-bearer, who seems to be also a kind of captain of the guard (*a*wTpf<ruw or <ajwrp4»<ru>0; the referenda ); the secretary (famtunivovp&fatir); the chief syndic
1 The numbers have varied from time to time. XX 6*
who is a juoge of lesser causes; the recorder (bpopwbtu*): and so on, down to the cleaners of the lamps (Xo/iroJdpioO. the attendant of the lights (rtpuurcpx^poot). and the bearer of the images (0a0ra-rdptor } and of the holv ointment (ju/paHmfi).
2. The Patriarchate of Alexandria, consisting of Egypt and its dependencies, was at one time the most powerful, as it' was the most centralized, of all, and the patriarch still preserves his ancient titles of " pope" and "father of fathers, pastor of pastors, arch
Bnest of archpnests, thirteenth apostle, and oecumenical judge." ut the secession of the greater part of his church to Monophysitism I Coptic Church], and the Manommedan conquest of Egypt, have eft him but the shadow of his former greatness; and at tne present time he has only the bishop of Libya under him, and rules over some 20,000 people at the outside, most of whom are settlers from elsewhere.
3- The Patriarchate of Antioch has undergone most changes in extent of jurisdiction, arising from the transfer of sees to Jerusalem, from the progress of the schismatic churches of the East and from the conquests of the Mahommedans. At the height of his power the patriarch of Antioch ruled over 12 metropolitans and 250 suffragan bishops. In the time of the first crusade 153 still survived* now there are scarcely 20, 14 of which are metropolitan sees. The patriarch, though he is " father of fathers and pastor of pastors," thus retains little of his old importance. His jurisdiction includes Cihcia, Syria (except Palestine) and Mesopotamia. Cyprus has been independent of Antioch since the council of Ephesus.
4. The Patriarchate of Jerusalem.—In the earlier period of the church, ecclesiastical followed civil divisions so closely that Jerusalem, in spite of the sacred associations connected with it, was merely an ordinary bishopric dependent on the metropolitan of Caesarea. Ambitious prelates had from time to time endeavoured to advance the pretensions of their see, but it was not until the council of Chalcedon, in 451. that Jerusalem was made a patriarchate withjurisdiction over Palestine. From this time on to the inroad of the Saracens the patriarchate of Jerusalem was highly prosperous. It ruled over three metropolitans with eighty suffragans. The modern patriarch has under his jurisdiction 5 archbishops and 5 bishops. The chief importance of the patriarchate is derived from the position of Jerusalem as a place of pilgrimage.
B. The Nine National Churches
G. Finlay, in his History of Greece, has shown that there has been always a very close relation between the church and national life. Christianity from the first connected itself with the social organization of the people, and therefore in every province assumed the language and the usages of the locality. In this way it was able to command at once individual attachment and universal power. This feeling died down to some extent when Con«antine made use of the church to consolidate his empire. But it revived under the persecution of the Arian emperors. The struggle against Arianism was not merely a struggle for orthodoxy. Athanasius was really at the head of a national Greek party resisting the domination of a La tin-speaking court. From this time onwards Greek patriotism and Greek orthodoxy have been almost convertible terms, and this led naturally to revolts against Greek supremacy in the days of Justinian and other emperors. Dean Stanley was probably correct when he described the heretical churches of the East as the ancient national churches of Egypt, Syria, and Armenia in revolt against supposed innovations in the earlier faith imposed on them by Greek supremacy. In the East, as in Scotland, the history of the church is the key to the history of the nation, and in the freedom of the church the Greek saw the freedom and supremacy of his race. For this very reason Orthodox Eastern Christians of alien race felt compelled to resist Greek domination by means of independent ecclesiastical organization, and the structure of the church rather favoured than interfered with the coexistence of separate national churches professing the same faith. Another circumstance favoured the creation of separate national churches. While the Greek empire lasted the emperors had a right of investiture on the election of a new patriarch, and this right was retained by the Turkish sultans after the conquest of Constantinople. The Russian people, for
tiave produced various national churches which are independent or autocehalous and yet are one in doctrine.
Rus, Church Of.
, frc
lucntly resides in Egypt. It has, however, a few branch houses [JMTixta) in Turkey and Greece. The archbishop is chosen, from a list of candidates submitted by the monks of St Catherine, by the patriarch of Jerusalem and his Synod; and the patriarch consecrates lim.
3. The Hellenic Church.—The constitution of the Church of Modern Greece is the result of the peculiar position of the patriarch of Constantinople. The war of liberation was sympathized in, not nerely by the inhabitants of Greece, but by all the Greek-speaking Christians in the East. But the patriarch was in the hands of the Turks; he had been appointed by the sultan, and he was compelled
who desired to join it within the vilayet of the Danube («^. the subsequently-formed* principality of Bulgaria), and those of Adrianople, Salonica, Kossovo and Monastir (i.e. part of Macedonia, Eastern Rumelia and a tract farther south). The members of this Church were to constitute a millet or community, enjoying equal rights with the Greeks and Armenians; and its head, the Bulgarian exarch, was to reside at Constantinople. Naturally, this was- resented by the patriarch Anthimus, who stigmatized the racial basis of the Bulgarian Church as the heresy of Pnyletism. A local synod at Constantinople, in August 1872,, pronounced it schismatic?!; Antioch, Alexandria and Greece followed suit; Jerusalem pronounced a modified condemnation; and the Servian and Rumanian churches avoided any definite expression of opinion. Russia was more favourable. It never actually acknowledged the Bulgarian Church, and Bulgarian prelates may not officiate publicly in Russian churches; on the other hand, the Holy Synod of Moscow refused to recognize the patriarch's condemnation, and Russian ecclesiastics have secretly supplied the Bulgarians with the holy oil. Above all, when Prince Boris, the heir-apparent of the principality, was received into the Bulgarian Church on I4th February 1896, the emperor of Russia was his godfather. The position is further complicated by the fact that many Bulgarians, both within and without the kingdom of Bulgaria, still remain subject to the patriarch. Nevertheless, the Bulgarian Church has made great headway both in Bulgaria itself and in Macedonia. The curious thing is that the Russian Church is in communion with both sides. Tne patriarch of Constantinople dares not excommunicate Russia, but the chief of its many grievances against that country is its patronage of the Bulgarian exarchate. The Bulgarians of course say they are not schismatics, but a national branch of the Church Catholic, using their sacred right to manage their own affairs in their own way, They have never excommunicated the Patriarchists. On the whole it seems likely that the patriarch will ultimately have to yield, io spite of the strong Greek feeling against the Bulgars.1
Present Position of the Orthodox Church.—Although the signs of weakness which have characterized the past are still present, there are some indications of improvement. The encyclical on unity of Pope Leo XIII. (1895) called forth a reply from the patriarch Anthimus V. of Constantinople and his Synod, which was eminently learned, dignified and charitable.1 The theological school of the patriarchate, at Halite", is not undistinguished, and the university of Athens has a good record. Whilst the parochial clergy are still as unlearned as ever, there are not & few amongst the higher clergy who are distinguished for their learning beyond the limits of their own communion: for elample, the metropolitan Ph. Bryennios, who discovered and edited the 'Didachi; the archbishop N. Kalogeras, who discovered and edited the second part of the commentary of Euthymius Zigabenus (d. c. 1118) on the New Testament; the archimandrite D. Latas, author of a valuable work on Christian archaeology (Athens, 1883); and the logothcte S. Aristarchi, who edited a valuable collection of 83 newly discovered homilies of the patriarch Photius. This was published in 1900 at the Phanar press, erected as a memorial to Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Canterbury, by Greek and English churchmen, which was set up by the patriarch Constantine V. in 1899. An authorized version of the Scriptures in ancient Greek is also one of the works undertaken by this institution. On the other band, the attempt made in 1001 by the Holy Synod at Athens, with the co-operation of Queen Olga of Greece (a Russian princess), to circulate a modern Greek version of the Gospels was resented as a symptom of a Pan-Slavist conspiracy, and led to an ebullition of popular feeling which could only be pacified by the withdrawal of the obnoxious version and the abdication of the metropolitan of Athens. The patriarch Constantine V. was deposed on the i:th of April 1001, and was succeeded on the 28th of May by Joachim III. (and V.), who had previously occupied the patriarchal throne from 1878 to 1884, when he was deposed through the ill-will of the Porte and banished to Mount Athos. His re-election had therefore no little importance. His progressive sympathies, illustrated by his proposals to reform the monasteries and the calendar, to modify the four long fasts and to treat for union (especially with the Old Catholics), were not very well received, and in 1905 an attempt was made to depose him. The sultan Abd-ul-Hamid, to whom the different parties appealed,
1 H. Brailsford in Macedonia. (London, 1906) brings a crushing indictment against the Patriarchist party.
* For a different opinion sec A. Fortescuc, The Orthodox Church, 435 sqq.


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Christmas in Charlotte is a wonderful time for celebration! The Queen City celebrates the holidays all through December with a constant variety of food, fun and entertainment.
Christmas Eve is a time of reflection and a time for festivities! Families can enjoy partaking a Christmas meal without the hassle of clean up and hours of cooking at several restaurants in the Charlotte area.
An Italian Feast is a tradition for many families on Christmas Eve and there is no better place than Villa Antonio to sit back and enjoy some Italian delicacies. A Little Italy will be sure to be included in your holiday traditions for years to come! Buon Natale! Villa Antonio will be open Christmas Eve, with live entertainment, at an early 4:00 p.m.
Ruth's Chris Steakhouse is a steak lover's idea of a delicious Christmas heaven! This upscale restaurant will be open Christmas Eve from 4-9p.m. and will offer a children's menu for your chicken finger and French fry picky eaters on Christmas Eve.
McCormick and Schmick's is open Christmas Eve for a sumptuous seafood supper in Charlotte! Offering a variety of fish entrees, steak and chicken, McCormick and Schmick's can be counted on as a go-to restaurant with great food and service.
The Ballantyne Hotel and Lodge offers a Winter Social Package that will include hors d' oeuvres, three-course plated dinner and complimentary bartender service. Gallery Restaurant will be open for dinner on Christmas Eve, 4pm – 9pm. The restaurant will feature its regular menu as well as offer a prime rib dinner special on Christmas.
Family activities and entertainment are easy in Charlotte through the holiday season. Bundle the family and guests into the car and find the many holiday cheer venues offered throughout the Charlotte area!
On December 19 Red Green & Bluegrass Holiday Benefit will be performing at Museum of the Waxhaws. Located at 8215 Waxhaw Hwy.,in the quaint town of Waxhaw, North Carolina. Families will laughing and clapping to the beat of folk music and fiddlers! Charlotteans will be surprised to hear about the rich bluegrass musical history of their fine city!
Cheer on The Charlotte Checkers, Charlotte's hockey team on December 21st at Time Warner Cable Arena, 333 East Trade Street in Uptown. The Checkers will be playing against the Toronto Marlies. Tickets start at $15. The fun begins at 12:00 p.m.
Also on December 21st, sports enthusiasts can enjoy basketball at the Time Warner Cable Arena when the Charlotte Bobcats take on the Utah Jazz. The game begins at 7:30 p.m. and on December 23rd; the Bobcats will take on the Milwaukee Bucks at 7:00 p.m. at Time Warner Arena.
The Carolina Panthers will provide some holiday football entertainment on December 22, at 1:00 p.m. The Panthers will be playing the New Orleans Saints at Bank of America Stadium, 800 South Mint Street in Uptown. Go Cats!
Theater enthusiasts can enjoy holiday stage productions over the holidays. The Children's Theater of Charlotte through December 22 will perform Miracle on 34th Street. Performances will be at the McColl Family Theater in ImaginON, 300 E. 7th Street.
A Commedia Christmas Carol will be performed at the Wells Fargo Playhouse at ImaginOn, through December 29th. This traditional story starring Ebenezer Scrooge will be sure to keep you in the Christmas spirit!
Christmas Town USA is the quiet little town of McAdenville. Every Christmas this sleepy town puts on a light display with more than 375 trees, with as many as 5,000 lights on just one tree! Homes and streets are all decorated with enthusiasm each year since 1956. Enjoy the Christmas light spectacle with more than 600,00 other people! Lights are on timers and automatically go off at 9:30 p.m. Monday-Thursdays and at 11:00 p.m. Saturdays and Sundays. Arriving in town by 5:30 p.m. and finding a parking space to enjoy the town while walking is strongly recommended.
Also decked out for the holidays is the Charlotte Motor Speedway! Speedway Christmas returns for a spectacular holiday light show through December 30th. Three million lights in 800 displays will be shining the speedway along with a Christmas village, Santa and movies played on the worlds largest HDTV! The light show is open daily from 6-10p.m.
Daniel Stowe Botanical Garden will celebrate Christmas with a festive display of Christmas trees, Santa and nature-based crafts. Enjoy the display of 500,00 lights while strolling the beautiful gardens!
The North Carolina Transportation Museum will have a Santa Train with Santa riding the rails and passing out treats through December 22. Families can also take a 25-minute evening train ride to the Roadhouse where Santa and his elves will be waiting at Cookies With Santa, which runs through December 21st.
http://www.billygrahamlibrary.org/ The Billy Graham Library celebrates the Christmas season with horse-drawn carriage rides, live music from carolers, a beautiful display of lights and a live nativity scene. Christmas dinner will be served at the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association headquarters. Christmas at the Billy Graham Library runs through December 23rd.
Christmas in the Carolinas is filled with fun, love and good cheer! Merry Christmas Charlotte!

subset: commoncrawl


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We Can Help You Get to College.
But, we won't help you move in.
But, we won't help you move in.
At UMassFive, we want to help with your educational goals as economically as we can. That's why we encourage our members to explore all other avenues (grants, scholarships, and FSA) before they consider taking out a loan with us. If you wind up needing a private student loan, we are here to help. All of our student loans are approved using UMassFive underwriting criteria and are owned by us, not some huge bank.
Made possible through our collaboration with Credit Union Student Choice.
Made possible through our collaboration with Collaborative for Educational Services (CES).
A special mortgage available to UMass Memorial Medical Residents.


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Wedding Band Playlist
We always enjoy making your wedding as big a success as possible.
Feel free to pick out your favourite Wedding Band Ireland playlist from the past 5+ decades and we will tailor your night just for you. You can also leave it to us & we'll deliver something for everyone to fill the floor from start to finish. We watch the crowd and work hard to play what they want to hear. Every night is very different and we always tailor the wedding playlist as we go so that everyone is up having a blast. Whether is modern chart hits to Golden Oldies or Country and Jive, we aim to fill the floor every night.
Have your 1st dance as husband & wife played live by the band. If you let us know in enough time we can prepare your first dance and perform it live on the night. We have played hundreds of first dances and love to perform your special moment. Also, if you prefer, we will happily play the original version from cd.
Our Wedding Band Music Playlist
Songs are selected on the night to suit the crowd on your wedding night.
You can't hurry love / Various
Daydream Believer / The Monkees
I'm a believer / The Monkees
Riverdeep Mountain High / Tina Turner
Be my baby / The Ronettes
You never can tell / Chuck Berry
Happy together / The Turtles
Ring of fire / Johnny Cash
Jackson / Johnny Cash
Twist and shout / The Beatles
Rescue Me, Knock on Wood / Fontella Bass
Respect / Aretha Franklin
I feel good / James Brown
Shout / Lulu
Fever / Peggy Lee
Cant take my eyes off you / Andy Williams
Natural Woman / Aretha Franklin
Son of a preacher man / Dusty Springfield
Signed sealed delivered / Steve Wonder.
Superstition / Steve Wonder
Waterloo / Abba
Blame it on the boogie / Jackson 5
Proud Mary / Ike and Tina
Le Freak / Chic
Everybody dance / Chic
We are Family / Sister Sledge
I want you back / Jackson 5
I will Survive / Gloria Gaynor
Venus / Shocking Blue
Don't stop me now / Queen.
Solsbury Hill / Peter Gabriel
Dancing in the Moonlight / Thin Lizzy
Moondance / Van Morrison
1999 / Prince
I Just Can't Get Enough / Depeche Mode
Don't Go / Yazoo
Don't you Want me Baby / The Human League
Gimme Gimme Gimme / Abba
Dancing on the ceiling / Lionel Richie
We Built This City – Starship
Footloose – Kenny Loggins
You Can Call Me Al / Paul Simon
I'm still standing / Elton John
Jump / Pointer Sisters
I'm So Excited / Pointer Sisters
Got my mind set on you / George Harrison
Aint Nobody / Chaka Khan
9-5 / Dolly Parton
I love Rockn' Roll / Joan Jett
Call Me / Blondie?
Everywhere / Fleetwood Mac
Boys of Summer / Don Henly
Betty Davis Eyes / Kim Carnes
Smalltown boy / Bronski Beat
Lets Dance / David Bowie
Rhythm is a dancer / SNAP
What Is Love / Haddaway
Rhythm Of The Night / Corona
Free From Desire / Drenchill ft. Indiiana
Dub be good to me / Beats International
Remember me / Blue Boy
You're not alone / Olive
Born Slippy / Leftfield
No Good / Prodigy
Massive attack / Unfinished Sympathy
Light my Fire / The Doors / Shirley Bassey Version
Groove is in the heart / D-Lite
Shotgun – George Ezra
Mr Brightside / The Killers
Valerie / Amy Winehouse
Uptown Funk / Bruno Mars – Mark Ronson
Love runs out / One Republic
Shut Up and Dance – Walk of the moon
Shake It Off – Taylor Swift
Cake by The Ocean – D.A.N.C.E
Rolling in the deep / Adele
Sex on Fire / Kings of Leon
Ghost / Ella Henderson
Get Lucky / Daft Punk
Titanium / David Guetta feat. Sia
Show me love / Robin S
Kids / Mgmt
When Love Takes Over / Kelly Rowland/David Guetta.
I need a miracle / Fragma
Sweet Dreams / Eurythimics
Please Dont Stop the music / Rhianna
Insomnia / Faithless
Back to Black / Amy Winehouse
Black horse in a Cherry tree / Kt Tunstall
Seven Nation Army / The White Stripes
Blue Monday / New Order
You've got the love / Candi Staton
Lady Marmalade / Patti Labelle / Christina Augileira
Black and Gold / Sam Sparrow
Locked out of heaven / Bruno Mars
Crazy / Gnarls Barkley
Burn / Ellie Goulding
Make you feel my love / Adele
Fav 1st dances
All of me – John Legend
Your Song – Ellie Goulding / Elton John
Better – Tom Baxter
A Thousand Years – Christina Perri
You do something to me – Paul Weller
Into my arms – Nick Cave
Be my baby – The Ronettes
Baby I love you -The Ramones
Kentish town waltz – Imelda May
One Day like this – Elbow
At last – Etta James
Chasing cars – Snow Patrol
Secret garden – Bruce Springstien
Moondance – Van Morrison
Happy together – The Turtles
The 2 of us – The Beatles
We are young – Fun
I will – The Beatles
We've only just begun – The Carpenters
Eternal Flame – The Bangles
Crazy love – Van Morrison
Everywhere – Fleetwood Mac
And then he kissed me – The Crystals
Lay Lady Lay – Bob Dylan
Grow old with you – The Wedding Singer
True Colors – Cindy Lauper
For the older guests
Jive / Swing / Waltzes / Country…
(Available on request but often in the set!)
Twist & Shout
Hound Dog
Blue Suede Shoes
That's Alright Mama
Dancing in the Moonlight
Red Rose Cafe
Annies Song
Galway Girl
Wagon Wheel
+ plenty more to please the aunties and uncles.
Hit after hit all night long and even more in the pipeline!!


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Prev | Next | Travel Tips Index | Practical Nomad Home Page
- The world is big. You can't see it all in a lifetime, much less a few months or years. Narrow your choices. Most people try to do too much in too little time.
- Contrary to what you might think, the best way to start your planning may be to choose a list of specific destinations, not to draw lines on a map.
- Make your own choices. Don't go somewhere just because someone else liked it, or tells you to go there.
- Your daily activities and the people you meet have more influence on the quality of your travel experience than the sites you visit or sights you see.
- Travel in the present. Learn about contemporary life and current affairs in the places where you are going. (The Internet makes this much easier than ever before.)
- Think about who is giving you advice and what their knowledge is based on. Many resources for travelers are propaganda, designed to sell travel "products" rather than to inform. Many of the most useful resources for choosing destinations aren't intended primarily for travelers.
- Look to resources from and by people in the places you are thinking of going for the most accurate picture of what travel in those places will really be like.
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Copyright © 1991-2017 Edward Hasbrouck, except as noted. Use of any information obtained from this site for the purpose of sending unsolicited bulk e-mail is expressly forbidden, and is a violation of your license to use this copyrighted material.


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Nnoli Chidiebere
The downward slide of the naira against the dollar and the difficulties it presented forced the country into a somewhat frantic search for remedy. Though the president has affirmed that the naira will not be officially devalued, debate on the appropriateness or otherwise of devaluation have not completely ceased. I'll leave that to economists. Among the various measures for strengthening the naira being proffered, the idea of buying made in Nigeria goods interests me most.
Senator Ben Bruce has been the major promoter of the current campaign to patronize locally made goods. Commendably, he backed his call by buying from Innoson Motors. The campaign has since caught-on with many citizens preaching the necessity of patronizing local goods. There are indeed many benefits to be derived from buying locally made goods. Among them is reducing the pressure on our foreign reserve and thus strengthening our currency.
But preaching 'buy Naija to grow the naira' alone will not achieve the desired result. At the moment, the campaign is driven mostly by shallow patriotic fervor and to some extent hypocrisy. These of course are insufficient to engineer a radical change of the people's mentality and consumption habit. Two main factors are responsible for the reluctance of citizens to patronize locally made goods. They also will constitute the major challenges to actualizing the objective of the current campaign. On one hand is the mentality of consumers and on the other, the irresponsibility and shortsightedness of producers.
I do not know exactly how it happened or when it began, but the reality is that we have developed a seemingly insatiable appetite for foreign goods. Ours is a rather hubristic society. The worth of a person is often measured by how much foreign goods he or she consumes. Hence, for the sake of ego alone, most citizens would want to identify with foreign brands. The country's leadership and elite has unfortunately failed to show leadership. In fact they constitute the worst culprit, recklessly advertise their obsession with everything foreign. As the call to patronize local goods continues, ordinary citizens will be looking at the leadership to lead by example. It is not enough to exhort citizens to be patriotic and patronize local goods; the leadership must demonstrate sincerity by leading the way.
Besides the reluctance of consumers, the mentality of local manufacturers is one of their worst enemies. Cronyism is a major feature of our society. One of the easiest routes to affluence is through government patronage. Hence, many manufacturers set out not really to service the need of the public but mostly to draw patronage from government. Depending on the manufacturer's political influence, he might indeed attract the patronage and make quick wealth. However, since the business is not quite set-up to survive a competitive environment, it flounders or folds-up once government patronage reduces or is not forthcoming.
Many local manufacturers demonstrate depressing shortsightedness. Wealth should flow from value delivered and needs met. But many local manufacturers set up businesses not really with intention to properly meet a need but to make quick money. Hence, they are not averse to delivering substandard goods to maximize profit. The implication is that sooner than later, consumers come to associate the brand with poor quality and patronage drops or even ceases entirely.
An Aunty of mine resolved to exclusively consume locally produced rice after she was told that they are more nutritious than the imported ones. But she is increasingly becoming frustrated by having to spend much time removing chaff and stones from the rice before cooking, and most times not entirely succeeding. Many years ago, a friend whose father ran a rice mill told me of how stones and chaff are deliberately mixed with the rice to easily fill a bag. Of course, in the long run this is bound to alienate consumers. Local manufacturers must up their game, ensure the quality of their products and services. Mere appeal to patriotism will hardly succeed in making one buy substandard good if he or she can afford a quality alternative.
Every adversity carries with it the seed of equivalent or greater benefit. The slump in oil price certainly presents real challenge to the country. However, it also offers amazing opportunities. This is a propitious time for local manufacturers and anyone hoping to go into manufacturing. Nigerians more than at any other time are willing to try locally made goods. Hence, this is a wonderful time for manufacturers to introduce and etch their products in the consciousness of Nigerians. Smart manufacturers and would-be manufacturers ought to ride on the wave of positive sentiments generated by the buy Naija campaign. But will this great opportunity be seized?


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All our Guides are 100% Irish born and bred. They are the real deal. Master storytellers, yarn-spinners, tall tellers and total legends.
Our Crew
Our Guides are living proof that kissing the Blarney Stone really does mean you will have the gift of the gab for the rest of your life! Whenever you meet one of our crew there will be that sparkle in their eye that tells you to expect the unexpected. These guys know and love their country beyond words. Shenanigans are guaranteed and as we say over here, the craic will be mighty!
Here's a few of our Guides and their 'Wow' Moments – the reasons why they love their job!
Ryan Guide
I'm the newest Guide in the crazy Shamrocker crew. I love to have a great craic with my passengers when I show them everything Ireland is about. We explore the epic landscapes of the Emerald Isle, its hidden gems, cosy pubs with lively music, we discover the history, myths and legends. I think it's the best job in the world!
Conor Guide
As we traverse the lush green landscape of Ireland, I will tell you the history of the Emerald Isle, the myths & legends, the bloody battles, the wildlife, the folk tales and culture. If given the chance, I'll take you off the beaten track to an Irish gem hidden away in the countryside! Irish blood runs through my veins and it gives me a great sense of pride showing off my little island to travellers from near and far.
Jamie Guide
What I love about being a Guide is that I can regularly be in my favourite place in Ireland - the Slea Head on the Dingle Peninsula. I can enjoy the absolute beauty of this fantastic place and have a bit of 'craic' with those I am privileged to show around Ireland. Star Wars, vampires, fertility stones and Mediterranean looking beaches. It has it all........


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Politique de retour
Returns outside Europe incl. Switzerland
We accept returns and refund of original payment for the product(s) within 30 days of purchase.
Please allow up to 2 weeks for our warehouse to receive and process your refund.
How to return a product?
Let us know what product(s) you wish to return by sending us an email including your order number to email@example.com
We will provide you with further instructions and documents by email.
The product you return must be unused, unwashed and in its original state with hangtag attached.
The customer covers the return shipping cost, tracking is recommended.
You can exchange the product into other product(s) in our official Norrøna stores, but not get a refund.
Exchanges is only for full price products (not outlet products), and no products can be exchanged in other retailers of Norrøna or in Norrøna Outlets.
Outlet products can only be returned online, through the process described above.


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April 27, 1994, Section A, Page 3Buy Reprints
At least 261 people died Tuesday night when a Taiwan jet crashed on landing at Nagoya Airport and burst into flames. It was the second-worst airline disaster in Japan's history.
The plane, a China Airlines Airbus A300 on Flight 140 from Taipei, was carrying 257 passengers and 14 crew members when it crashed near the edge of the runway at 8:16 P.M, the Japanese Transport Ministry said.
Officials at the airport, in central Japan, said 261 people were confirmed dead and 10 were being treated in hospitals.
It was the most deadly accident involving a commercial airliner since July 11, 1991, when a Nigerian DC-8 crashed on the tarmac in Jidda, Saudi Arabia, also killing 261 people. The two crashes rank jointly as the 10th worst on record.
It was Japan's worst plane disaster since Aug. 12, 1985, when a Japan Air Lines Boeing 747 crashed into a mountain northeast of Tokyo, killing 520 of the 524 people on board. That was the deadliest accident ever involving a single commercial plane. Most Passengers Japanese
The authorities said 158 of the passengers who boarded the 1,180-mile flight on Tuesday were Japanese, most of them returning from package tours. A China Airlines official said 63 were Taiwanese.
The fire on board was extinguished in about 45 minutes, but most passengers never had a chance to get out. Hundreds of rescue workers spent the night going through the wreckage.
Junji Nagamori, head of a local fire department, said he arrived at the scene about 15 minutes after the crash. "I could see many dead people lying on the ground," he said. Mr. Nagamori said that rescuers carried out people who seemed like they would have a chance to survive. He said that many of the bodies were burned beyond recognition.
The pilot tried to abort the landing just a minute before the crash, according to a transcript of his communications with the control tower. The transcript was released Tuesday night by the Transport Ministry.
Just before 8:14 P.M., the flight control tower cleared the plane to land. "Roger, CAL 140 cleared to land," the pilot replied.
But in his next communication, at 8:15 P.M., the pilot radioed, "CAL 140 going around" to try again. The airport's single runway is shared by civilian and military aircraft. Confusion at Last Moment
The pilot gave no reason for trying to begin the landing again. The tower told him to stand by for further instructions. Details of what happened next are sketchy. A flight control official said at a news conference that he saw the plane lift its nose and that its engines were on fire.
Some witnesses quoted on television also said they saw flames shooting out of the engines. Some reports said the plane apparently tried to abort the landing and take off again, but failed.
Masumi Inazumi, who had just arrived on another flight and was in a bus to the terminal, told a television station that she had watched the China Airlines plane descend.
"Suddenly, when the plane was just at the edge of the runway, it began to move strangely and wobble and its nosed crashed into the ground," she said. "Mushroom-like flames came out." 'Flashes From the Wings'
Another witness, Minoru Furuta, told a television station that he saw "flashes from the two wings." The plane rolled to the right and crashed on its right side, he said. Then he saw flames and heard explosions.
This morning, about 30 police officers and transportation officials combed through vast piles of steel fuselage and other debris about 100 yards from the runway and helicopters hovered overhead. The Government opened a formal investigation.
The weather was said to have been calm. The plane, an Airbus A300-600R, was less than four years old and had 7,701 flying hours as of December, the Transport Ministry said.
Airport officials were quoted by Japanese television and newspapers as saying they had recovered the plane's flight recorder, which may yield further information.
In France, the Airbus Industrie consortium said it was the first crash involving the A300-600R. But other Airbus A300 models have been involved at least six accidents, including a Pakistani airliner that crashed in September 1991 on an approach to the Katmandu, Nepal, killing 167.
China Airlines has been involved in several accidents. Last November a Boeing 747 with 300 passengers skidded off the runway into the harbor in Hong Kong, but there were no deaths. In October 1989, a China Airlines Boeing 737 crashed into a mountain minutes after takeoff from Hualien, Taiwan; all 54 people on board were reported killed.


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I was wanting to try a ham in my instant pot. I found a ham on the small side. It was about 5 lbs. It was sliced, which was a bonus! It turned out great. I'm certainly going to make my next holiday ham this way. I used a can of crushed pineapple, a… Continue reading Instant Pot pineapple and brown sugar Ham
Instant Pot Cheeseburger Mac
You will need: Ingredients Instructions Enjoy!
Chili Cheese Baked Potatoes
I made a huge pot of chili the other day. I had so much leftover and wanted to use it up. Why not chili cheese baked potatoes? I baked some potatoes, split them open and put them in a cast iron skillet. I spooned some chili on the potatoes and topped them with cheese. Put… Continue reading Chili Cheese Baked Potatoes
Instant Pot Baked Sweet Potatoes
I was never a fan of sweet potatoes. I recently tried a baked sweet potato and yum! I have been making baked sweet potatoes in the instant pot. The easy and fast way. Ingredients 1 Cup of water Sweet potatoes, I used 3 large sweet potatoes Directions Place trivet or steam… Continue reading Instant Pot Baked Sweet Potatoes
Baking Pantry Organization
I'm not the baker. I will make the occasional birthday cake and will bake for the holidays. So I don't have a lot of baking supplies. I have two cabinets, very small, above my cook top, I store all my dry baking goods, oils and vinegars. It was time to clean out the cabinets when… Continue reading Baking Pantry Organization
Backyard birding on a cold day
It had been so cold today. In the teen's. It has seemed like 100's of birds have visited our bird feeders today. To cold to go outside, so it was an out the window birding kinda day. Two different woodpeckers showed up in the backyard. The first one was a red bellied woodpecker. I believe… Continue reading Backyard birding on a cold day
Cheesy and Chunky Instant Pot Potato Soup
Ingredients 5 lbs of Potatoes peeled and cubed 1 Onion, diced 48 oz of chicken broth 1/4 tsp of garlic powder 1/8 tsp of red pepper flakes 4 tbs of butter 8 oz brick of cream cheese 8 oz of sour cream 2 cups of shredded cheddar cheese salt and pepper to taste 1… Continue reading Cheesy and Chunky Instant Pot Potato Soup


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Author: Matthew West
Title: Forgiveness: Overcoming the Impossible
Publisher: Thomas Nelson
Show me how to love the unlovable
Show me how to reach the unreachable
Help me now do the impossible
That's the chorus to Matthew West's aptly named song "Forgiveness", and those four lines of music are perhaps the best way to summarize his new writing project, Forgiveness: Overcoming the Impossible. For years, West had made it his mission to collect stories of God's power from Christians all across the world. After receiving over twenty thousand stories from people throughout the United States and several countries, West began to see a common theme emerging from each of these letters: forgiveness. Part devotional, part testimonial, Forgiveness spotlights a few of these personal stories to remind Christians of the freedom we have in Christ. It's easy to see West has poured a great deal of personal thought into this book, but how does the completed project hold up?
The book's formula is pretty simple. Each chapter begins with a story, then West follows up with some of his own reflections and personal commentary. With eighteen stories in all, you might think the theme of forgiveness would run stale after a few chapters, but each testimony is unique and offers different perspectives for readers to take in. In one section, a woman recounts her journey to forgive the drunk driver that killed her daughter. In another, a man talks about the forgiveness he received after his affair almost destroyed a marriage.
In the end, it's very hard to be critical of Matthew West's literary endeavor. With such a simple outline, the book accomplishes its goal without overcomplicating things. The only potential issue readers may have with the book is its pacing. Forgiveness was designed to be read in short increments, and speed-readers will find the chapters running together if they're not careful. As for the message, it will resonate load and clear with anyone who picks up the book.
The moment we choose to forgive is the moment we are set free.
*This Review Published 9/26/2013


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How To Become An Entrepreneur
You know when you see entrepreneurs who are hugely successful? It's easy to think that things have always been that way for them. It wasn't like that for me though…
When I became an entrepreneur, I started my online business and I was clueless. And flat out BROKE! In fact, I was worse than broke. I was in DEBT {major debt}.
I had maxed out my credit cards investing in every program on the planet promising me riches. My business was a MESS.
But anyone who knows me knows I believe in myself and I KNEW I was destined for greatness – AND I was not going to stop until I achieved everything I dreamed of!
Have you ever noticed that when you hit the wall like that, if you can move through the pain and {uncomfortableness} you break through whatever was stopping you and you actually start to rise?!
Well, that's exactly what happened to me. It was during this time that I met Vic, a world class online marketer, and that chance meeting changed the direction of my business, and my life.
Why am I telling you this? Because the lessons I learned have shaped my future. They made me stronger as a person, they made me a better entrepreneur, and I want YOU to be able to learn from lessons like this…without having to get yourself into $50,000 worth of debt like I did.
How To Become A Successful Entrepreneur
From all my years of working online, gaining experience building and re-building businesses, I have honed it all down to just 3 P's: Powerful Why + Product + Plan
You Need a Powerful Why
Call this what you want…desire, drive, raison d'etre…you have to have a reason you want to become an entrepreneur. It's as simple as that. Back when you were working a job, this piece wasn't as important. For most of us, our reason for working a job was because if we didn't, we didn't eat. Pretty good reason.
But now you have embarked on your own. It's all you. You're the boss. You're the hat wearer. And if you've been an entrepreneur for any length of time, you know there are "down" days. You know the ones…
…where nothing seems to go right
…nobody's buying
…your computer is just begging to be thrown out the window
…the webinar software *said* it was recording, but…um, not so much
…you just found out you put the wrong link in your guest post…and they aren't responding to your frantic requests to change it out #facepalm
…it seems like everyone ELSE is able to make money…people who aren't nearly as smart, funny, creative, or caring as you {{{hugs}}}
These are the days, my love, when your powerful why serves to bring you back to something that's more powerful than these momentary glitches. We've all got different why's because we are all motivated by different things. Yours might be stopping that dang one-hour commute each way into the city, or maybe it's that you were laid off and would rather die than search for another demeaning job in your field, or maybe you've got little ones that need full-on attention and your arms around them…often.
For me, my why is because no one could pay me enough to be away from my kids as they were going through school. I'm a homeschool mom at heart, and when unforeseen circumstances dictated that I join the workforce temporarily, I screamed from deep within my soul and bucked against this "reality" with everything I had, because for me it was so.wrong. to live a life separate from my small children.
What's your why? And how deeply do you know it?
You Need a Product
Congratulations! You've got a bouncing baby biz!! Awwww, it's a cutie!
So. What are you selling?
You'd be surprised at how many people are running their own business, but don't know what their product is! If you're a coach, your product is YOU – you're selling your unique service. If you're a creative, you're selling your soap, or art, or energy readings. If you're an online marketer, you're selling other people's products, or you've developed your own stuff and are selling that. If you're in network marketing, you're selling the line of products your company has developed.
The point is, be extremely clear about what you're selling. This was a tough one for me for a long time. I've got tons of talent, I can do tons of things, but trying to do everything meant I was doing nothing. And I couldn't tell you what I was selling on any given day, because I was so caught in the hamster wheel of wearing all the hats!
I'm a little more clear these days 😉 . My business is made up of my own super fly products that I develop, plus affiliate marketing for my favorite business products around the interwebs. This is my favorite product for people that want to make money online.
You Need a Plan
OK, so you've got your Powerful Why, you've got your Product (shoot me an email, I want to know what you're selling!). So now you need a plan. Many an entrepreneur has set up shop online and spent the rest of their days listening to crickets.
It's not enough for you to know what you're doing. You've got to get in front of eyeballs. And not just any eyeballs – they have to belong to people who MUST HAVE WHAT YOU'RE SELLING!! #shutupandtakemymoney
This is where you're going to need some help.
In order to sell your product, there are so many different skills and tasks that you must know…this is what tripped me up. I tried to learn them all myself, from anyone and everyone. I didn't have a plan.
Thankfully I finally stopped the hamster wheel of busy and realized I needed to focus on TWO things only: converting products and TRAFFIC.
Once I introduced endless automated traffic into my business, and drove that traffic to proven converting products, everything changed. I am now currently on a mission to create a million dollars over the next 12 months using these methods.
Wanna join me?
The only thing you've got to bring is your powerful why, and your work ethic.
Let us help you on your journey to becoming an entrepreneur. You don't have to do it alone.


text: This briefing note is only intended as a general statement of the law and no action should be taken in reliance on it without specific legal advice. In August 2017, the prison sentence of Ian Paterson, the disgraced breast cancer surgeon, was increased to 20 years. His acts have been likened to those of Harold Shipman and he has been described as carrying out the "systematic mutilation of vulnerable victims"[1]. Paterson was employed by Spire Healthcare. In the recent decision of Spire Healthcare Limited v Royal & Sun Alliance Insurance Plc [2018] EWCA Civ 317, the Court of Appeal considered how much of Spire's contribution towards a £37 million settlement fund (established for distribution amongst the claimant victims) could be recovered from Spire's insurer, Royal & Sun Alliance Insurance Plc ("RSA"). The central issue was one of aggregation. The Background Spire Healthcare Limited ("Spire") operates a number of private hospitals across the UK. More than 700 former patients of Ian Paterson, a surgeon employed by Spire, claimed that he had carried out operations which were unnecessary, inappropriate and negligent. Spire entered into a settlement agreement, pursuant to which a £37 million settlement fund was established; Spire's contribution to that fund was £26.9 million. Spire sought to recover an indemnity from RSA under a combined liability insurance policy ("Policy"). It argued that aggregation did not apply in respect of the Policy's medical negligence limits of cover, so that the applicable limit of cover was £20 million. RSA contended that aggregating language wording applied reducing the limit of cover to £10 million. Policy Wording Two sections of the Policy were central to the dispute: Policy Schedule: this provided a limit of £10 million for any one claim and an overall limit of £20 million in respect of damages costs and expenses arising during the insurance period; and Proviso 5A: this provided that the total amount payable in respect of all damages costs and expenses arising out of all claims …consequent on or attributable to one source or original cause …shall not exceed the limit of indemnity stated in the Schedule. Decision The Court found in favour of RSA. It considered the combined effect of the Schedule and Proviso 5A on the assumption that the reader of the Policy had "the characteristic of a sophisticated assured who is assisted by professional advice". Despite the alleged ambiguity of the Policy's wording, the Court held that the combined effect of these provisions created three categories of claims, each with its own limit of indemnity/amount payable: (i) a limit of £10 million for single claims; (ii) a limit of £10 million for linked claims; and (iii) a limit of £20 million for all claims in any period of cover, irrespective of their sources or original causes. Agreeing with the first instance Judge, the Court held that Spire's claim fell into category (ii) above on the basis that the £26.9 million settlement was in respect of a number of linked claims arising from one source, and therefore subject to a cap of £10 million. Comment Despite an acknowledgement by the Court that the Policy wording could have been clearer, there was also an acknowledgment that aggregation clauses can operate in favour of the insured - by capping the amount of the deductible per claim - as well as in favour of the insurer - by capping the total sum insured. As such, language of this type is not to be approached with a predisposition towards either a broad or a narrow interpretation. Further, in circumstances where a policy is written in respect of corporate risks, courts are likely to assume insureds are more sophisticated and have a better understanding of policy terms into which they enter. Higher standards tend to apply to corporate policyholders. In this case, unsurprisingly, the Court interpreted the wording as drafted, rather than how it might have been drafted. It found that the words used in proviso 5A were "plainly words of aggregation"; having looked at the meaning and operation of the Policy in the round, it held that the Policy was clear and the limit of cover language used was aggregating language: Spire's recovery was therefore limited to £10 million. [1] Solicitor General, Robert Buckland, 3 August 2017


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KERRVILLE, Texas – Centenary (4-7, 1-0 Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference) fell to #7 Trinity (8-2, 2-0 SCAC) in straight sets, 25-16, 25-19, 25-20 in the first conference cross-divisional at Schreiner Friday afternoon, September 14.
In the final set after falling behind 9-3, Centenary scored four straight to pull within two thanks to a kill by senior Michaela Brantley, two kills from freshman Lauren Kelley, and a kill from classmate Lauren Kelley.
In the second set down 3-2, a kill from Brantley put junior Marissa Sandoval on serve. Kills from freshman Alyssa Davis and senior Makenzie Shaw around a Trinity hitting error gave Centenary its biggest lead of the match at three.
Shaw led Centenary with six kills, while freshman Rachel Demerjian tallied her fifth straight double-double with 22 assists and 10 digs.
Trinity raced out to an 8-1 advantage to begin the match. A kill from Jade Schoenberger and Madeline McKay, combined with a Ladies hitting error, put the Tigers up three. After a Trinity hitting error, two errors by Centenary pushed the lead to 5-1. Another Schoenberger kill, a Madeline McKay ace, and a block by Sarah Williammee gave Trinity a seven-point lead.
Lindsey Lubianski paced Trinity with six kills.
Centenary returns to action for a pair of matches Saturday, September 5. The Ladies take on host Schreiner at 10 a.m., finishing the day with Texas Lutheran at 2 p.m.


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The Alternative: A Cottage LLC Plan.
A good alternative to leaving your children a direct interest in cottage real estate is to create a limited liability company (LLC), a form of business entity similar to a corporation, to own the property. Then, instead of transferring interests in real estate to your children, you can transfer the membership interests in the LLC to them. As a result, your children's rights and obligations (and those of future owners) are governed by the LLC "operating agreement." That agreement, a document you draw up, covers scheduling, contributions to expenses, permissible owners, renting, maintenance, and whether the property can be mortgaged. It prevents forced sales but allows for graceful exits. You'll need an attorney's help to draw it up, but you and family members can decide on the important matters after discussing them. Your cottage plan doesn't have to be perfect (and you can change it during your lifetime if you want to). But even a good-enough plan can prevent costly and bitter strife among your descendants. They will thank you for it.
I have been using LLC's to buy my real estate for years now. Stuart Hollander makes excellent points in this article about using an LLC for your vacation home or second home. The question is, should you use it for your retirement home?
This will depend on your entire estate plan. A plan like this is going to require some planning for a second or retirement home, and I would not attempt this with out a capable attorney.
Whether for retirement or a vacation home, I always suggest getting an experienced attorney involved.


text: This beautiful new Elegance Center speaker has been developed for home cinema use to be placed just below your flatscreen television. With its 4 drivers + HF driver it has the power to convert your Elegance AV system into a real 3D- soundfield enriching your AV experience with added detail and dynamics. The cabinet is finished in high gloss Kharma colours and will blend in easily in your living room. In combination with an Elegance front speakers, the new Elegance Surrounds and Elegance Subwoofer this will create the ultimate experience, just in your living room.


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Strawberry recipes are perfect to create during this fresh strawberry season. Here are 10 of the best strawberry recipes, making use of the juicy ripe berries.
Hey there! It's Maryanne from The Little Epicurean. Spring is on the way and summer is on the horizon. That means strawberry season! Today we're sharing 10 of the best recipes that use fresh strawberries. Enjoy!
Easy Puff Pastry Strawberry Tart | The Cookie Rookie Because it only takes minutes to make, this strawberry tart is destined to become a summer staple! It's even better with a scoop of vanilla ice cream.
Strawberry Basil Granita | The Little Epicurean Granita is a mix between shaved ice and sorbet. This strawberry basil granita is easy to make and a refreshing way to end a meal!
Grilled Salmon with Strawberry Salsa | The Roasted Root This grilled salmon arugula salad is dressed with a delicious strawberry balsamic vinaigrette. This colorful and vibrant meal is sure to brighten any lunch.
Strawberry Cheesecake Ice Cream | Like Mother Like Daughter Strawberry cheesecake in ice cream form. Genius! Can you think of a better way to combine two desserts into one?!
Lemon Strawberry Shortcake Cups | The Cookie Rookie This simple layered dessert is the perfect little sweet treat to enjoy any time of day. The combination of lemon mini cakes and fresh strawberries is both refreshing and tasty! On of the easiest strawberry recipes for a spring brunch!
Strawberry Crumb Bars | Flavor Mosaic Whether you're looking for an afternoon pick-me-up or a dessert to share with friends, this strawberry crumb bar is sure to delight. Made with a buttery crust, fresh strawberry filling, and a crunchy crumb topping, it's a winner!
Strawberry Cupcakes | The Little Epicurean These strawberry cupcakes are naturally colored with freeze dried strawberries and strawberry puree. It's tastier than any boxed strawberry cake mix you can find!
Strawberry and Rhubarb Breakfast Oat Crisp | Foolproof Living While it's technically called a "breakfast crisp," this baked dish could easy be served for dessert. Add a scoop of ice cream, maybe a dollop of whipped cream, or pile on the fresh strawberries!
Spinach Salad with Grilled Chicken and Strawberries | Half Her Size It's easy to eat healthy when the food is beautiful. This colorful spinach salad has fresh strawberries, sliced shallots, crumbled blue cheese, and flax seeds. It's topped with a low-fat strawberry vinaigrette.
Strawberry Rhubarb Fool | Neighbor Food This classic no bake dessert is super simple and easy to make. It is light, airy, and delicious! Best of all, you can't go wrong by pairing strawberries and rhubarb together.


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Holiday Matinee
Submitted on: 02 Mar 10
Website Address: http://www.holidaymatinee.com
Category: Design Agency
Website Rating:
Holiday Matinee's Description:
Holiday Matinee began in a bedroom and then outgrew it. It started in 1999 to get recognition for talented friends – musicians, artists, entrepreneurs, people doing cool stuff. Ten years later it's a mission-driven company specializing in good design, creative consulting, a trendspotting blog and philanthropic efforts. Holiday Matinee's formula is simple: we only partner with people, projects and revolutions we give a damn about. Then we go to work. (And we don't sleep much).


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A simple bequest in your will is a great way to make a gift that you might not otherwise be able to give. Establishing a charitable trust will often allow you to utilize assets that are currently producing less personal income than desired, while also avoiding capital gains taxes. In many cases the effects of making such gifts are very positive in regard to your retirement income, your estate value, and/or in reducing your federal income taxes.
Annual gifts are also an easy way to establish a giving pattern with Ronald McDonald House Charities of the Southwest. Annual gifts can be used for any of our three programs and can be set up by credit card, bank draft or email reminders. Once the annual gift is in place it is an excellent way to receive tax credit for giving and helping others! An annual gift can be arranged to be paid out over the year or can be paid in one payment.
"I just want to thank you and your very hospitable staff for the wonderful way you treated me and my family during our stay at your facility."
-God Bless all of you! Alice Jones
For more information, please contact: Dina Jeffries President & CEO [email protected]
The following trademarks used herein are owned by McDonald's Corporation and its affiliates; McDonald's, Ronald McDonald House Charities, Ronald McDonald House Charities Logo, RMHC, Ronald McDonald House, Ronald McDonald Family Room, and Ronald McDonald Care Mobile.


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Putting smooth cushions on these benches present attractive accents to the dining area. It additionally makes the dining expertise comfortable as one sits and enjoys a meal. In any room, the addition of pure components reminiscent of greenery and different crops and even a small aquarium would deliver an individual closer to nature. Dining Room.
5 Piece Dining Set Design
Gorgeous Table For Your Pleasing Dining Expertise
Monday, February 06th 2017, 20:18:37 PM|


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Camila Mendes Goes Make-Up Free for People's "The Beautiful Issue"
Camila is Gorgeous Make-Up Free and Shares Her Skincare Routine. Riverdale's gorgeous Camila Mendes portrays sassy yet still classy, Veronica Lodge, on the hit the hit CW drama based on Archie comics. Camila is featured alongside stars Megan Mullally, Yara Shahidi… Continue Reading


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Are you wondering where to attend college? Have you ever considered what the difference between public and private schools is? Is one better than the other? Does one cost more than the other? Figuring out all the nuances can sometimes be a bit overwhelming, so here to assist you is a brief consideration of the benefits and drawbacks of public and private colleges.
Name Recognition
Private schools have the upper hand here, as they typically have a reputation for high prestige, established professors, and are much harder to get into than their public counterparts (a factor which likely adds to their exclusive aura). On the other hand, public schools typically lack that crucial element of name recognition but usually have classes and professors that provide just as stellar of an education.
The Cost Factor
As one would guess, private schools cost much more than public in terms of annual tuition. However, one should take into account (and take advantage of) the number of grants and scholarships made available because of tuition. Conversely, public schools charge much less, both in terms of in-state and out-of-state tuition, making them the more ideal choice if you are on a budget and still want a quality education.
Access to Professors
It's a well-known fact that most private schools have much smaller class sizes. Therefore, students get more individualized access to professors. This also means that professors can exert a greater influence on students, as they will be getting to know them more personally. In the case of public schools, gaining access to one's professors can be quite the task. Unless you take the time to schedule a meeting with them sometime during their office hours, expect to be just another face in a one-hundred-person class.
Additionally, public colleges receive most of their money through the state. That means that their student body will likely consist of a large sample of in-state students, rather than the diverse array of students you will likely encounter at a private college. In this sense, the cost of both public and private is a trade-off–do you want to save a few thousand dollars or enable yourself to network with a wider array of connections? Whether you're attending Brandeis University or going for UAB's mba degree online, the answer is dependent on your personal situation, preferences, and learning style. There is no one-size-fits-all solution.
Believe it or not, public colleges have a wider array of available majors and minors than private colleges. Public colleges typically have a wide range of options, extending from more well-known degrees to more specialized ones. Private colleges focus on more specialized degrees where students would benefit from the individualized environment and time with their professors.


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Four new Limited Quantity medium roasts! Call in your order while they last.
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