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Embryology History
|Embryology - 19 Jan 2020 Expand to Translate
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- 1 Introduction
- 2 Essays on the History of Embryology
- 3 Contributions to Embryology
- 4 Historic Textbooks
- 4.1 Educational History of the Genitalia
- 4.2 A Study Of The Critical Period And Its Effects In Mammalia
- 4.3 A Very Young Ovum In Situ
- 4.4 The Elements of Embryology
- 4.5 Fathers of Biology
- 4.6 Text-Book of the Embryology of Man and Mammals
- 4.7 Ectopic Pregnancy
- 4.8 A Critical Period in the Development of the Horse
- 4.9 Human Embryology
- 4.10 Human Embryology and Morphology
- 4.11 The Embryology Anatomy and Histology of the Eye
- 4.12 A Text-book of Embryology
- 4.13 Atlas of the Development of Man (Vol 1 and 2)
- 4.14 Contributions to the Study of the Early Development and Imbedding of the Human Ovum
- 4.15 Normal Plates of the Development of Vertebrates
- 4.16 Stoehr's Histology
- 4.17 Manual of Human Embryology
- 4.18 Vertebrate Embryology
- 4.19 Outlines of Chordate Development
- 4.20 The Development of the Human Body - A Manual of Human Embryology
- 4.21 The Development of the Albino Rat - Mus Norvegicus Albinus
- 4.22 Contributions to the Development of the Human Brain
- 4.23 Extra-uterine Pregnancy
- 4.24 The Frog Its Reproduction and Development
- 4.25 A Laboratory Manual and Text-book of Embryology
- 4.26 The Early Embryology of the Chick
- 4.27 Text-Book of Embryology
- 4.28 Human Embryology and Morphology
- 4.29 Congenital Cardiac Disease
- 4.30 The Eggs of Mammals
- 4.31 Anatomy of the Human Body
- 4.32 Quain's Elements of Anatomy
- 4.33 The Hormones in Human Reproduction
- 4.34 Vertebrate Zoology
- 4.35 On the Origin of Species
- 4.36 Evolution and Genetics
- 4.37 Developmental Stages in Human Embryos
- 4.38 The Emergence of Experimental Embryology in the United States
- 4.39 A History of Science
- 5 Historic Papers
- 6 Timeline
- 7 History - Models
- 8 History - People
- 9 Embryology Textbooks
- 10 Nobel awards in Medicine
- 11 References
- 12 External Links
- 13 Glossary Links
These notes are intended to give some historic background to Embryology. Historically, say pre-20th century, Embryology was not easily separated from Medicine, Anatomy and Physiology and other biological sciences. I have also divided, for brevity, into pre-20th century, pre-molecular (lets call it 70's) and the current molecular embryology.
This page also links to full versions of historic embryology textbooks and papers.
|Historic Disclaimer - information about historic embryology pages
|Embryology History | Historic Embryology Papers)
|Embryologists: William Hunter | Wilhelm Roux | Caspar Wolff | Wilhelm His | Oscar Hertwig | Julius Kollmann | Hans Spemann | Francis Balfour | Charles Minot | Ambrosius Hubrecht | Charles Bardeen | Franz Keibel | Franklin Mall | Florence Sabin | George Streeter | George Corner | James Hill | Jan Florian | Thomas Bryce | Thomas Morgan | Ernest Frazer | Francisco Orts-Llorca | José Doménech Mateu | Frederic Lewis | Arthur Meyer | Robert Meyer | Erich Blechschmidt | Klaus Hinrichsen | Hideo Nishimura | Arthur Hertig | John Rock | Viktor Hamburger | Mary Lyon | Nicole Le Douarin | Robert Winston | Fabiola Müller | Ronan O'Rahilly | Robert Edwards | John Gurdon | Shinya Yamanaka | Embryology History | Category:People
|Embryology History: 1600-1699 | 1700-1799 | 1800-1899 | 1900-1909 | 1910-1919 | 1920-1929 | 1930-1939 | 1940-1949 | 1950-1959 | 1960-1969 | 1970-1979 | 1980-1989 | 1990-1999 | Historic Papers | Embryologists
|Students by definition are learning about a topic, so it would seem contrary to the function of an educational site to include information that may be either incorrect or inaccurate. On the other hand, I think it is also important to understand how we achieved our current understanding of embryology and the researchers, discoverers and educators who have made important contributions.
I therefore offer the following student study suggestions: Beginner | Intermediate | Advanced
Beginner students
- You are just starting your studies and trying to understand basic embryology and development concepts.
Should probably avoid any content on the site labeled "Historic". The content may confuse or mislead your understanding of basic concepts in embryology and development. Begin with the notes pages linked from the image on the Main Page, or from the Site Map (excluding the history section of site).
Also be careful when viewing images and descriptions that appear as "additional images" or when using the "category" links at the bottom of pages.
Intermediate students
- You have a general understanding of embryology and development concepts.
This means you have attended some lectures and practical classes, worked through some of the site notes pages, or studied an embryology textbook. I would still suggest caution when approaching historic material, be sure that you understand the current embryology theories. General observations of how long development takes and the appearance of the human and animal models embryos at different times will not have changed!
Historic images are generally more accurate than some of the accompanying notes pages where the images appear. Some of the labeled structures may have historic names that have been updated or changed in current descriptions, if in doubt use the Glossary. You may also note how many of the textbook images have been based upon some of these historic drawing.
Advanced students
- You have a good understanding of embryology and development concepts.
This means that you not only understand, but can also explain clearly to others key developmental concepts. This also implies you understand the differences between recent findings, current controversies and research directions. Now is the time to confidently look back through the historic materials.
These historic materials will provide a context of how we arrived at our current understanding. Importantly, note the date on the page and consider what scientific techniques were available at that time and concurrent discoveries in biology and science.
How will I know that I am an advanced student? You should be able to identify concepts that remain and are applied today as well as those which have been updated or proved to be incorrect. Please also feel free to contact me with mistakes you have identified on this educational site.
Standing on the shoulders of giants.
Essays on the History of Embryology
A series of short paper published by Arthur William Meyer (1873 – 1966) between 1931 and 1932.
This series of essays by Arthur William Meyer published in the 1930's give an excellent overview of embryology through time.
Meyer AW. 1932 - Essays on the History of Embryology: Part I | Part II | Part III | Part IV | Part V | Part VI | Part VII | Part VIII | Part IX | Part X | Part XI | Arthur Meyer | Historic Embryology Papers
Needham J. A History of Embryology. (1959) Cambridge University Press, London.
Contributions to Embryology
- Contributions to Embryology - Carnegie Institution of Washington Series
A historic series of papers published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington early in the 20th Century.
Historic Textbooks
These historic textbooks are listed chronologically below.
Educational History of the Genitalia
|Educational History of the Genitalia of Anatomica Studies on Embryos of Humans and Animals By Johannes Müller (1850)
A Study Of The Critical Period And Its Effects In Mammalia
Beard J. The span of gestation and the cause of birth - A study of the critical period and its effects in mammalia. (1897) Jena. Gustav Fischer, Leipzig.
A Very Young Ovum In Situ
Leopold G. A Very Young Ovum In Situ (1907) translated by Vogt WH. CV Mosby and Co. St Louis.
The Elements of Embryology
Volume 1
By Foster, M., Balfour, F. M., Sedgwick, A., & Heape, W. (1883) The History of the Chick: Egg structure and incubation beginning | Summary whole incubation | First day | Second day - first half | Second day - second half | Third day | Fourth day | Fifth day | Sixth day to incubation end | Appendix
Volume 2
By Foster, M., Balfour, F. M., Sedgwick, A., & Heape, W. (1883) The History of the Mammalian Embryo: General Development | Embryonic Membranes and Yolk-Sac | Organs in Mammalia | Organs from Mesoblast | Alimentary Canal | Appendix | Figures
Fathers of Biology
Fathers of Biology By Charles McRae (1890)
Text-Book of the Embryology of Man and Mammals
Ectopic Pregnancy
Webster, GJ. Ectopic Pregnancy - Its Etiology, Classification, Embryology, Diagnosis , and Treatment (1895)
A Critical Period in the Development of the Horse
|A Critical Period in the Development of the Horse
by Ewart, J.C. (1897)
London: Adam and Charles Black.
Human Embryology
Human Embryology and Morphology
Human Embryology and Morphology by Arthur Keith (1902) first edn.
|Human Embryology and Morphology by Arthur Keith (1921) fourth edn.
Human Embryology and Morphology: 1 Early Ovum and Embryo | 2 Connection between Foetus and Uterus | 3 Primitive Streak Notochord and Somites | 4 Age Changes | 5 Spinal Column and Back | 6 Body Segmentation | 7 Spinal Cord | 8 Mid- and Hind-Brains | 9 Fore-Brain | 10 Fore-Brain Cerebral Vesicles | 11 Cranium | 12 Face | 13 Teeth and Mastication | 14 Nasal and Olfactory | 15 Sense OF Sight | 16 Hearing | 17 Pharynx and Neck | 18 Tongue, Thyroid and Pharynx | 19 Organs of Digestion | 20 Circulatory System | 21 Circulatory System (continued) | 22 Respiratory System | 23 Urogenital System | 24 Urogenital System (Continued) | 25 Body Wall and Pelvic Floor | 26 Limb Buds | 27 Limbs | 28 Skin and Appendages | Figures
The Embryology Anatomy and Histology of the Eye
|By Brown, E.J. (1906) The Embryology Anatomy and Histology of the Eye: Embryology | Anatomy | Histology | Figures
A Text-book of Embryology
|A Text-book of Embryology by John Clement Heisler (1907)
Heisler JC. A text-book of embryology for students of medicine. 3rd Edn. (1907) W.B. Saunders Co. London.
Atlas of the Development of Man (Vol 1 and 2)
|Handatlas der entwicklungsgeschichte des menschen By Kollmann, J. (1907)
Contributions to the Study of the Early Development and Imbedding of the Human Ovum
Book - Contributions to the Study of the Early Development and Imbedding of the Human Ovum (1908)
Paper No I. An Early Ovum imbedded in the Decidua
Normal Plates of the Development of Vertebrates
Normal Plates of the Development of Vertebrates series
series editor Franz Keibel
Stoehr's Histology
Lewis, FT. Stoehr's Histology. (1906) P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia.
Manual of Human Embryology
|by Franz Keibel and Franklin P. Mall (1910)
Keibel F. and Mall FP. Manual of Human Embryology I. (1910) J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
Manual of Human Embryology I: The Germ Cells | Fertilization | Segmentation | First Primitive Segment | Gastrulation | External Form | Placenta | Human Embryo and Fetus Age | Ovum Pathology | Integument | Skeleton and Connective Tissues | Muscular System | Coelom and Diaphragm | Figures | Manual of Human Embryology 1 | Manual of Human Embryology 2 | Franz Keibel | Franklin Mall | Embryology History
Keibel F. and Mall FP. Manual of Human Embryology II. (1912) J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
Vertebrate Embryology
J. W. Jenkinson (1913)
- Vertebrate Embryology 1913: 1 Introduction | 2 Growth | 3 The Germ-Cells, their Origin and Structure | 4 The Germ- Cells, their Maturation and Fertilization | 5 Segmentation | 6 The Germinal Layers | 7 The Early Stages in the Development of the Embryo | 8 The Foetal Membranes of the Mammalia | 9 The Placenta | Figures
Outlines of Chordate Development
by Kellicott, W.E. (1913)
Outlines of Chordate Development: 1. Amphioxus | 2. Early Frog | 3. Later Frog Organogeny | 4. Early Chick - Embryonic Membranes and Appendages | 5. Later Chick - Organogeny | 6. Early Mammal - Embryonic Membranes and Appendages | Figures
The Development of the Human Body - A Manual of Human Embryology
McMurrich JP. The Development Of The Human Body. (1914) P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The Development of the Albino Rat - Mus Norvegicus Albinus
|By G. Carl Huber
Contributions to the Development of the Human Brain
|Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des menschlichen Gehirns
By Ferdinand Hochstädter
Contributions to the History of Development of the Human Brain
Extra-uterine Pregnancy
|Schumann EA. Extra-uterine pregnancy (1921) D. Appleton And Company, New York London 1921.
The Frog Its Reproduction and Development
|By Roberts Rugh, Ph.D.
A Laboratory Manual and Text-book of Embryology
|By Charles William Prentiss (1917)
Prentiss CW. and Arey LB. A laboratory manual and text-book of embryology. (1918) W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia and London.
The Early Embryology of the Chick
|By Patten, B.M. (1920) The Early Embryology of the Chick: Introduction | Gametes and Fertilization | Segmentation | Entoderm | Primitive Streak and Mesoderm | Primitive Streak to Somites | 24 Hours | 24 to 33 Hours | 33 to 39 Hours | 40 to 50 Hours | Extra-embryonic Membranes | 50 to 55 Hours | Day 3 to 4 | References | Figures
Text-Book of Embryology
|By Bailey, F.R. and Miller, A.M. (1921) Text-Book of Embryology: Germ cells | Maturation | Fertilization | Amphioxus | Frog | Chick | Mammalian | External body form | Connective tissues and skeletal | Vascular | Muscular | Alimentary tube and organs | Respiratory | Coelom, Diaphragm and Mesenteries | Urogenital | Integumentary | Nervous System | Special Sense | Foetal Membranes | Teratogenesis
Human Embryology and Morphology
Human Embryology and Morphology by Arthur Keith (1921)
Note this textbook by Arthur Keith has the same name as his earlier 1902 edition Human Embryology and Morphology. This later edition incorporates new findings mainly from Mall and Keibel's work.
Congenital Cardiac Disease
|By Maude E. Abbott (1915) Congenital Cardiac Disease Philadelphia and New York: Lea & Febiger 1915.
Abbott ME. Congenital Cardiac Disease (1915) Osler & Mccrae's Modern Medicine 6, 2nd Edition.
The Eggs of Mammals
|By Gregory Pincus (1936) The Eggs of Mammals New York, The Macmillan Company 1936.
Anatomy of the Human Body
|By Henry Gray (1918) Gray's Anatomy Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918.
Quain's Elements of Anatomy
|By Jones Quain Elements of Anatomy edited by Sharpey, Thompson and Schäfer 1878.
The Hormones in Human Reproduction
Corner GW. The Hormones in Human Reproduction. (1942) Princeton University Press.
Vertebrate Zoology
Vertebrate Zoology by G. R. de Beer (1928)
On the Origin of Species
|By Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species 1859.
Evolution and Genetics
|By Morgan, T. H. (1925). Evolution and genetics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Morgan (1925) Evolution and Genetics: 1 Different Kinds of Evolution | 2 Four Great Historical Speculations | 3 Evidence for Organic Evolution | 4 Materials of Evolution | 5 Mendel's Two Laws of Heredity | 6 Chromosomes and Mendel's Two Laws | 7 Linkage Groups and the Chromosomes | 8 Sex-Linked Inheritance | 9 Crossing-over | 10 Natural Selection and Evolution | 11 Origin of Species by Natural Selection | 12 Non-Inheritance of Acquired Characters | 13 Human Inheritance | Figures
Developmental Stages in Human Embryos
BY O'Rahilly, R. and Müller, F. (1987).
Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 637.
- 1987 Stages: Introduction | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | References | Appendix 1 | Appendix 2 | Historic Papers | Embryonic Development
The Emergence of Experimental Embryology in the United States
|The Emergence of Experimental Embryology in the United States by S. Robert Hilfer, Ph.D. 1990.
A History of Science
|A History of Science by Henry Smith Williams, M.D., LL.D. assisted by Edward H. Williams, M.D. (1904) Arabian Medicine | Mediaeval Science in the West | The Great Anatomists | The coming of Harvey | Leeuwenhoek Discovers Bacteria | Medicine in the 16th and 17th Century | Philosopher-Scientists and new Institutions | 18th Century Anatomy and Physiology Part 1 | 18th Century Anatomy and Physiology Part 2 | 18th Century Anatomy and Physiology Part 3 | 19th Century Anatomy and Physiology Part 1 | 19th Century Anatomy and Physiology Part 2 | 19th Century Anatomy and Physiology Part 3 | Theories Of Evolution Part 1 | Theories Of Evolution Part 2 | 18th Century Medicine | 19th Century Medicine Part 1 | 19th Century Medicine Part 2 | Brain and Mind | Brain Structure
Historic Papers
See new page - Historic Embryology Papers
|More Historic Papers
- Historic Paper Links: 13-14 Somites | 22 Somites | 23 Somites | 25 Somites | 27 Somites | Mall Human Embryo Collection | Embryology History | Carnegie stage 11 | Carnegie stage 12 | Journal of Anatomy | Embryonic Development | Category:Historic Embryology
Long Ago
- Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) Greek philosopher and scientist De generatione animalium (On the Generation of Animals).
- Arabian Medicine
- Mediaeval Science in the West
- The Great Anatomists
- Gabriel Fallopius (1523-1562) - Fallopian tube (uterine tube, uterine horn) named after.
- Francesco Redi (1626-1698) - refutes " spontaneous generation" by showing origin of insects within decaying matter.
- The coming of Harvey
- Leeuwenhoek Discovers Bacteria
- Medicine in the 16th and 17th Century
- Philosopher-Scientists and new Institutions
- 17th and 18th Century Anatomies
1626 Spiegel and Casseri: De formato foetu liber singularis (1626) Adriaan van den Spiegel (1578-1625) Published posthumously by Spigelius' son-in-law, the physician Liberalis L. Crema of Padua.
1668 Regnier de Graaf (1641 - 1673), a Dutch physician and anatomist. Doctoral thesis on the pancreas, identified the function of the ovarian follicle (named Graafian follicle), the final mature antral follicle released by ovulation.
- De Graaf R. De virorum organis generationi inservientibus, de clysteribus et de usu siphonis in anatomia. Ex officina Hackiana, Lugd. Batav. et Roterod. 1668.
- De Graaf R. De mulierum organis generationi inservientibus tractatus novus. Ex officina Hackiana, Lugd. Batav. 1672.
- R. De Graaf. Alle de wercken, Abraham Abrahamse, Amsterdam (1686).
- Houtzager HL. Reinier De Graaf and his contribution to reproductive biology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2000 Jun;90(2):125-7. No abstract available.
- Jay V. A portrait in history. The legacy of Reinier de Graaf. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000 Aug;124(8):1115-6. No abstract available.
- Setchell BP. The contributions of Regnier de Graaf to reproductive biology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1974;4(1):1-13. No abstract available.
- Wiesemann C. [Regnier de Graaf (1641-1673)] Pathologe. 1991 Nov;12(6):352-3. German. No abstract available.
- Mann RJ. Regnier de Graaf, 1641-1673, investigator. Fertil Steril. 1976 Apr;27(4):466-8. No abstract available.
- Modlin IM. Regnier de Graaf: Paris, purging, and the pancreas. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2000 Mar;30(2):109-13. No abstract available.
1690 Bidloo, Govard (1649 - 1713) Ontleding des menschelyken lichaams, Amsterdam: By de weduwe van Joannes van Someren, de erfgenaamen van Joannes van Dyk, Hendrik en de weduwe van Dirk Boom, 1690. (More? NLM - Historical Anatomies)
18th Century
- 18th Century Anatomy and Physiology Part 1 | 18th Century Anatomy and Physiology Part 2 | 18th Century Anatomy and Physiology Part 3
- 18th Century Medicine
- 17th and 18th Century Anatomies
1705 "Paul Portal (1630-1703), The Compleat Practice of Men and Women Midwives (1705). A French obstetrician, originally published this important treatise in Paris in 1696. It includes his demonstration of turning a fetus during childbirth using one foot and contains his teaching that face presentation runs a normal course during the labor process." (More? Historical Medical Digital Library)
1754 William Smellie: A sett of anatomical tables, with explanations, and an abridgment, of the practice of midwifery (1754). He also helped develop the delivery forceps which by the late eighteenth century were a well-known standard obstetrical instrument. (More? NLM - Historical Anatomies)
1774 William Hunter (1718-1783) Anatomia uteri humani gravidi tabulis illustrata = The anatomy of the human gravid uterus exhibited in figures (1774). Caspar Friedrich Wolff (1733-1794) Theoria Generationis new theory of epigenesis, the gradual building up of embryonic structures, countered the existing theory of preformation.
1770 - 1775 A series of models commissioned by Giuseppe Galletti (? - 1819) currently held in the Institute and Museum of the History of Science (Italy) Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza (IMSS). Giuseppe Galletti and others used terracotta and wax models that he had commissioned in Florence between 1770 and 1775 to train surgeons and midwives. Week 10 Fetus Model | Week 16 Fetus Model | Week 24 Fetus Model | Stage 1 Terracotta Model 1 | Stage 1 Terracotta Model 2 | Stage 1 Wax Model | Breech Birth 1 | Breech Birth 2 | Breech Birth 3 | Breech Birth Wax Model | Placenta Previa | Category:Galletti1770
Institute and Museum of the History of Science "Specimens of obstetric models: the wax models are life-sized; the terracotta versions are reduced to a 1:3 scale. Together with the anatomical waxes in the Specola Museum in Florence, these models are among the most significant examples of the use of artistic techniques for teaching medicine and obstetrics to midwives and surgery students in Florentine hospitals at the end of the eighteenth century."
19th Century
- 19th Century Anatomy and Physiology Part 1 | 19th Century Anatomy and Physiology Part 2 | 19th Century Anatomy and Physiology Part 3
- Theories Of Evolution Part 1 | Theories Of Evolution Part 2
- 19th Century Medicine Part 1 | 19th Century Medicine Part 2
- Brain and Mind | Brain Structure
1824 - Rolando cut chemically hardened (fixed) pieces of brain tissues into thin sections for microscopical examination.
1851 - Prize Essay on the Corpus Luteum
1859 Evolution Darwin
1867 Braune, Wilhelm (1831-1892): Topographisch-anatomischer Atlas : nach Durchschnitten an gefrornen Cadavern, Leipzig: Verlag von Veit & Comp., 1867-1872. (Topographic-anatomical Atlas)
1879 The Morphology of the Vertebrate Olfactory Organ.
1880 - image excerpts from a historic study of German embryologist Wilhelm His (1831-1904) Anatomie menschlicher Embryonen (1880).
Leydig cells named after german zoologist Franz von Leydig (1821 - 1908).
1883 - Michael Foster textbook on chicken development The Elements of Embryology - Volume 1 The History of the Chick: Egg structure and incubation beginning | Summary whole incubation | First day | Second day - first half | Second day - second half | Third day | Fourth day | Fifth day | Sixth day to incubation end
1887 - W. H. Caldwell The Embryology of Monotremata and Marsupialia Part I.
1889 - Camille Golgi discovered a method of silver staining hardened brain tissues.
- Charles Minot Uterus And Embryo (1889) - I. Rabbit II. Man
1892 - Franklin Mall Paper - A Human Embryo Twenty-Six Days Old
1892 - Oscar Hertwig Text-Book of the Embryology of Man and Mammals
Early 20th Century
1906 - Earl J. Brown textbook on The Embryology Anatomy and Histology of the Eye.
1906 - Albert Gray article Observations on the Labyrinth of Certain Animals
1907 - Peter Thompson article Description of a Human Embryo of Twenty-three Paired Somites[3]
1908 - Alexander Low article Description of a Human Embryo of 13-14 Mesodermic Somites[4]
1914 - image excerpts from a historic study of The Anatomy of a 17.8 mm Human Embryo by Thyng, FW 1914.
1914 - Observations upon Young Human Embryos Wilson JT. J Anat Physiol. 1914 Apr;48(Pt 3):315-51.[5]
1916 - The Typical Form of the Cochlea and its Variations Watt. H.J.
1917 - "On Growth and Form" D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1860-1948) publishes this book on the application of mathematics to growth in nature.
1918 - links to images from the historic textbook Anatomy of the Human Body by Henry Gray.
1918 - Streeter G.L. (1918). The histogenesis and growth of the otic capsule and its contained periotic tissue-spaces in the human embryo.
1935 - Hans Spemann Nobel Prize in Medicine.
1920 - Bradley M. Patten textbook on The Early Embryology of the Chick.
1921 - Bailey, F.R. and Miller, A.M. Text-Book of Embryology.
1928 - Aschheim, S., and Zondek, B. Introduce first hormone based test for pregnancy.
1937 - West CM. A human embryo of twenty-five somites. (1937) J. Anat., 71(2): 169-200.1. PMID 17104635 A Human Embryo of Twenty-five Somites[6]
1941 - Dible, JH and West CM A Human Ovum at the Previllous Stage[7]
1949 - Morton WRM. Two early human embryos. (1949) J. Anat., 83: 308-314. Two early human embryos.
1951 - Patten BM. Embryology of the Pig. (1951) The Blakiston Company, Toronto.
Development in the early 20th century can also be seen in some Historic Movies 1920-1960.
Late 20th Century
Much of the modern history of Medicine/Embryology is documented in the Nobel Prizes for Medicine. There are either text extracts included or links to external texts or references in these notes. Some key women in development Virginia Apgar and Nicole Le Douarin.
1951 - Dr Viktor Hamburger and H L Hamilton publish "A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo."
1953 - Apgar test - historic neonatal test designed by Dr Virginia Apgar.
1965 - Neural Crest Research Nicole Le Douarin.
1978 - First IVF baby born (The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010 Awarded to Robert G. Edwards "for the development of in vitro fertilization")
1996 - "Dolly the sheep" First adult somatic cell cloning using the process of nuclear transfer.
Nobel Prizes
Much of the modern history of Medicine/Embryology is documented in the Nobel Prizes for Medicine. Remember that these award dates reflect findings that have proven to be scientific key breakthroughs from earlier dates.
21st Century
2000 - Human Genome Complete
2001 talk given by Robert Winston "Engineering Reproduction: Will We Still Be Human At The End of the 21st Century".
Nobel Prizes
Much of the modern history of Medicine/Embryology is documented in the Nobel Prizes for Medicine. Remember that these award dates reflect findings that have proven to be scientific key breakthroughs from earlier dates.
- 2002 cell cycle
- 2002 cell death
- 2007 embryonic stem cells Stem Cells
- 2010 - Development of in vitro fertilization (IVF) Awarded to Robert G. Edwards Assisted Reproductive Technology | Nobel Prize 2010)
- 2012 - induced stem cells Discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka Stem Cells
Also see other History of Medicine Resources, particularly Dr. Ian Carr's brief paper on The History of Childbirth, and Neonatology on the Web has a long list of historic Classic Papers in Neonatal Medicine.
History - Models
Galletti Models
(late 18th century)
Ziegler Models
(19th to early 20th century)
Ziegler Freiburg workshop (c 1912). Ziegler Models | Embryology Models
|Ziegler Models (1860's - )
Carnegie Models
|Osborne O. Heard (1891–1983) produced over 700 wax-based embryo reconstructions models for the Carnegie Institute.
Models were produced by the lost-wax casting process and were more detailed than the earlier Ziegler (1880's) embryo models.
Blechschmidt Models
|Blechschmidt Models
Erich Blechschmidt (1904–92) independently developed new methods of embryo reconstruction, 200,000 serial sections of embryos and 64 models. (University of Goettingen, Germany)
History - People
|Embryologists: William Hunter | Wilhelm Roux | Caspar Wolff | Wilhelm His | Oscar Hertwig | Julius Kollmann | Hans Spemann | Francis Balfour | Charles Minot | Ambrosius Hubrecht | Charles Bardeen | Franz Keibel | Franklin Mall | Florence Sabin | George Streeter | George Corner | James Hill | Jan Florian | Thomas Bryce | Thomas Morgan | Ernest Frazer | Francisco Orts-Llorca | José Doménech Mateu | Frederic Lewis | Arthur Meyer | Robert Meyer | Erich Blechschmidt | Klaus Hinrichsen | Hideo Nishimura | Arthur Hertig | John Rock | Viktor Hamburger | Mary Lyon | Nicole Le Douarin | Robert Winston | Fabiola Müller | Ronan O'Rahilly | Robert Edwards | John Gurdon | Shinya Yamanaka | Embryology History | Category:People
- Embryology History - William Hunter
- Embryology History - Wilhelm His
- Franklin Mall
- Embryology History - Santiago Ramón y Cajal
- Embryology History - Hans Spemann
- Embryology History - Nicole Le Douarin
- Embryology History - Robert Winston
Embryology Textbooks
Most Textbooks include Embryology Historic issues in the preface, opening chapter or within each chapter as a special section or highlighted text box. Therefore no specific chapter or page reference is shown for the texts below.
- Human Embryology (2nd ed.) Larson
- The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (6th ed.) Moore and Persaud
- Before we Are Born (5th ed.) Moore and Persaud
- Essentials of Human Embryology Larson
- Fitzgerald
- Links: Embryology Textbooks
Nobel awards in Medicine
- The Nobel Prize Homepage has a searchable database and an annual table of awards.
- The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 - discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death' Summary: "The human body consists of hundreds of cell types, all originating from the fertilized egg. During the embryonic and foetal periods, the number of cells increase dramatically. The cells mature and become specialized to form the various tissues and organs of the body. Large numbers of cells are formed also in the adult body. In parallel with this generation of new cells, cell death is a normal process, both in the foetus and adult, to maintain the appropriate number of cells in the tissues. This delicate, controlled elimination of cells is called programmed cell death."
- The discovery of Hox genes and other genes related to body pattern formation. The fly Antennapedia mutant during development the embryo incorrectly positions two legs (pedia) where antenna should have been positioned. The discovery of this mutant in opened up the field of developmental genes and this field has recently (1995) been rewarded with a Nobel prize in Medicine. See also Fly Development
- Award Details: "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"
- LEWIS, EDWARD B., U.S.A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, U.S.A., 1918
- NUSSLEIN-VOLHARD, CHRISTIANE, Germany, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tubingen, Germany, 1942
- WIESCHAUS, ERIC F., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, U.S.A., * 1947
- ↑ Pritchard, U. The Cochlea of the Ornithorhynchus platypus compared with that of ordinary Mammals and of Birds Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1854-1905). (January 1, 1880) 31:149–153.
- ↑ <pubmed>17232695</pubmed>| PMC1287457
- ↑ Thompson P. (1907). Description of a Human Embryo of Twenty-Three Paired Somites. J Anat Physiol , 41, 159-71. PMID: 17232726
- ↑ Low A. (1908). Description of a Human Embryo of 13-14 Mesodermic Somites. J Anat Physiol , 42, 237-51. PMID: 17232769
- ↑ Wilson JT. (1914). Observations upon Young Human Embryos. J Anat Physiol , 48, 315-51. PMID: 17233002
- ↑ <pubmed>17104635</pubmed>| PMC1252340
- ↑ <pubmed>17104860</pubmed>
<pubmed>11417885</pubmed> <pubmed>9260153</pubmed> <pubmed>8850558</pubmed> <pubmed>8735912</pubmed> <pubmed>9007209</pubmed> <pubmed>9511981</pubmed> <pubmed>9949997</pubmed> <pubmed>9284643</pubmed> <pubmed>8921131</pubmed> <pubmed>8735920</pubmed> <pubmed>8735918</pubmed> <pubmed>8735910</pubmed> <pubmed>7669542</pubmed> <pubmed>9061232</pubmed> <pubmed>7981025</pubmed> <pubmed>7981024</pubmed> <pubmed>8153264</pubmed> <pubmed>1478173</pubmed> <pubmed>1627471</pubmed> <pubmed>1627468</pubmed> <pubmed>1502140</pubmed> <pubmed>1804216</pubmed> <pubmed>1804214</pubmed> <pubmed>1804212</pubmed>
Search Pubmed
August 2010 "Embryology history" All (5271) Review (756) Free Full Text (799)
Search Pubmed: Embryology history
External Links
External Links Notice - The dynamic nature of the internet may mean that some of these listed links may no longer function. If the link no longer works search the web with the link text or name. Links to any external commercial sites are provided for information purposes only and should never be considered an endorsement. UNSW Embryology is provided as an educational resource with no clinical information or commercial affiliation.
- Hippocrates on the Web
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Manitoba. Histories of Medicine on the web by Manitoba Authors | DYING TO HAVE A BABY - THE HISTORY OF CHILDBIRTH by Dr. Ian Carr, Professor of Pathology
- Hannah Chair, History of Medicine, Queen's University
- Karolinska Institute- History of Biomedicine
- Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine
- WWW Virtual Library - History of Medicine
- Antique Medical Instruments- Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
- Online Microscopes
- Neonatology on the Web | Classic Papers in Neonatal Medicine- (A large list of historic texts available online) | An Essay upon Nursing and the Management of Children, from their Birth to Three Years of Age, Third Edition, by William Cadogan, 1749.
Glossary Links
- Glossary: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Numbers | Symbols | Term Link
Cite this page: Hill, M.A. (2020, January 19) Embryology Embryology History. Retrieved from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Embryology_History
- © Dr Mark Hill 2020, UNSW Embryology ISBN: 978 0 7334 2609 4 - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G


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Firefox fans who must have upgraded to the latest Firefox 2.0 would have been disappointed over the incompatibility of Macfox theme. The developer of Macfox theme has updated it now to be compatible with Firefox 2.0.
Above you can see Macfox theme in action. (click on the image to enlarge it)
Get Macfox theme for Firefox 2.0 from here. If any of you are still using Firefox 1.5 then you can get Macfox theme here.
Do you use Macfox? If not then what theme do you use?
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There's something about Ruben de Ronde and Rodg that makes them stand out. When apart, they dish out boundary-busting tunes left and right as the most prolific luminaries in the Progressive Trance scene. But when paired up, they come up with songs so special it puts shame to even the most on-point productions. And that is why their brand-new body of work will leave everyone speechless.
With 'TogetheRR', the two Dutchmen form a twister with their signature sounds and churn out sixteen records that set the bar insanely high. Composed of stellar originals and head-turning collaborations with the likes of Ben Gold, Genix, Hal Stucker, Orjan Nilsen, Patrick Baker and more, the album is not just a testament to their game-changing production skill, but also to their ever-positive can-do attitude.
'TogetheRR' is not just an album from two excellent artists. It's a synergistic body of work that unites worlds. 'TogetheRR' is where two great minds collide. 'Togetherr' is where it all comes full circle.


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Summer is a period for vacations and holidays. But it's also a good time for planning your personal professional growth by visiting different IT conferences.
Startup conferences are becoming the most popular and the most visited conference in the IT world. There are usually 10 typical types of visitors to such events. If you have ever visited such an event, you probably have met one or more of these types of people described below.
The Job Seeker
A conference is a good place for finding new opportunities. HR managers are common visitors to these conferences. Sometimes it's better first to get the much needed experience of working with a well-known company before starting your own.
The Entrepreneur
All startups are searching for resources that they need (especially investments), but it's also a good point to be in touch with anything that may interest you in the future. So take your business cards and go to the meetings. Do not think of other companies just as your competitors. Partnerships, useful contacts, and friendly advice can open up new horizons and keep you from making unnecessary mistakes.
The Sales Person
Do not just sell, but help others – introduce someone to someone else, send applicants to the appropriate person, help promote the event – doing all these things can help increase your sales in the future.
The Suit / Corporate
If you can't improve the project by yourself, you have other plans or you just got tired of working on your startup then these guys are ready to talk about a possible partnership or merger and acquisition.
The Model Who's Paid to be There
Actually, they are not models there but they are good marketing specialists who are practicing two main marketing functions: communication and merchandising.
The Social Media Addict
He knows everything and everybody at the conference. His main functions are twitting, sharing, and liking all the time. The first sign that you have found this person is he will have a couple of devices in his hands.
The KeyNote Speaker
If you're a successful entrepreneur, it does not mean that you're a good speaker. The more you practice – the better result.
The Stressed Out Guy
Keep calm and feel better.
The Event Organizer
The conference world is in their hands.
The Sponsor
Spending money for sponsorships (positioning and advertising) is not the key for the success of a campaign. The main thing is to describe the advantages of what you own.
Softheme is always opened for startup teams. If you're interested then check out our special offers: https://softheme.com/company/special-offers/start-ups
Related articles
- 8 Ideas Every Startup Person Should Know (davidcummings.org)
- IT Conferences that are Worth Visiting (softheme-blog-2017)


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In episode four of NG Meets we speak to Labour Party parliamentary candidate selection Greg Marshall.
Greg was the Labour candidate for Broxtowe in the 2017 snap-General Election and, despite having just five weeks from selection til election – he managed to cut Conservative incumbent Anna Soubry's majority from the 4,500+ established just two years prior to under 900.
Now Greg has already been selected to run for Labour in Broxtowe whenever the next election is called and is already out knocking on doors to find out what matters to the people of Broxtowe – find out what those things are as we speak to him about the current state of British politics, the Labour movement under Jeremy Corbyn, and of course the ongoing issue of Brexit.
You can find out more about Greg by visiting his official website


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Keeping the Frame Assembly Table Clean
Forum Resposnes
From the original questioner:
Is the melamine surface something you added, or did it come that way? My Ritter is bare metal, so I am concerned about using a wet rag. I don't want it to start rusting. Maybe I could spray a clear coat over it?
From contributor R:
I had a Ritter frame and door clamping table for about 15 years. I put a white film on it that is used as a carpet protector. Bad idea that was. The clamps scratched it up every time I actuated one, and it was time consuming to scrape off with a paint scraper. I found just wiping the glue off each time I took a unit off the table was the best way to go. I often thought about applying paste wax, but never got around to it. I wouldn't worry too much about the table rusting from wiping it down after each clamp-up.
From contributor I:
You could try a piece of 1/4" melamine cut the same size as your table and just lay it in there. If you don't have enough extra room under the clamps, you could even get a piece of 1/8" masonite and either clear coat it or even laminate a piece of vertical grade laminate or cabinet liner to it.
From contributor M:
We added the melamine. On other pieces of equipment, we wax the metal surfaces. It makes sheetgoods glide over the surfaces, plus it halts or slows rusting. I even wax some of the support tables by my table saw and planer that are made of melamine. Makes cleanup easier too.
From contributor T:
We also have a Ritter face frame table. We solved this same problem by laying a sheet of 1/2 inch white melamine over the table. This is not only easier to clean, but it refracts light well and helps make the district a little brighter.
From contributor J:
I use booth coating on my RF gluer platen and JLT door clamp. I lightly spray it on with a pump up garden sprayer. Keeps the clamps and slides lubed as well, making them easy to move around.
From contributor G:
I use Waxilit from Lee Valley. I use this on the pressure roller of the edgebander also for those occasions when the banding hangs up and the roller gets covered in glue. The glue just peels off. The down side is it needs to be reapplied occasionally. I would like to purchase the Waxilit in larger containers but have not been able to find it anywhere else.
From contributor T:
The wax lift stuff is possibly re-bottled Bates Glue Release. This stuff paints out like milky thin Vaseline, then dries sort of like a very thin candle wax. The main use of the product is for sealing the end grain of trees after they get cut down. We use something like this for our door clamp.
From contributor G:
It looks very much kike the Waxilit. I think I'll order a gallon and give it a try. The Waxilit is also used to reduce friction on jointers, table saws, etc. Do you think the Bates Glue Release would be suitable for that purpose?
From contributor T:
I'm not sure whether Bates Glue Release is a good idea for all those purposes. I'm okay with using it for our door clamp because the door is going to be widebelt sanded after glue up and the edges are going to be trimmed. I would be concerned about mixing the wax with anything that might later receive finish.
From contributor E:
Waxlit and Bates glue release are two different animals. Waxlit is sold by Weinig in 5 gallon pails and is used as bed lubricant on moulder tables as well as planer and jointer tables. It does not affect the surfaces for gluing. Bates glue release is what I use on my clamps and door clamp as well. That's what I would recommend for a face frame table.
From contributor G:
It seems Waxilit that Lee Valley sells is made in Germany while Bates is American made, so they are probably a different formula. Waxilit is sold as both a table lubricant and a glue resist to protect areas of wood where you don't want glue to stick.
From the description, "Sparingly apply Waxilit to squeeze-out areas next to dry assembled joints and, using a dry cloth, quickly polish off all but the thin film left behind. Dried glue can be easily lifted from the wood that has been so treated. After gluing, scrub the area with an old toothbrush dampened with methyl hydrate or other alcohol to remove any traces of Waxilit and your wood is ready for finish."
I would be interested to know if this is the same Waxilit product Weinig is selling for table lube.
From contributor E:
I just hit the Weinig site and read up on Waxilit again, and I'm probably mistaken about it not effecting your gluing. They say it contains no silicon so it will not affect your finishes.
After I posted my last response I realized that was the main purpose of the 5th head on a moulder - to take that .020" cut on the bottom to remove the Waxilit. Waxilit is made in Germany so it is the same stuff Lee Valley sells.
From contributor G:
I use the Waxilit on my jointer, table saw and thickness planer and have never had a transfer problem with my finishing or gluing. I don't leave a heavy layer on them, though. I'll check out Weinig for the Waxilit.
Would you like to add information to this article?
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The Awakening
In detail, explain how the flashbacks to Edna's past function. How does her father compare to the other men in her life?
Edna's had flash backs of her past
Edna's had flash backs of her past
The flashbacks develop Edna's character. We get a glimpse into her inner feelings and motivations that we don't see because of the social/emotional constraints of her reality. Consider chapter 16. In this chapter, Mademoiselle Reisz asks Edna if she misses Robert, which causes her to have a series of flashbacks, each having some sort of connection to how she feels about Robert's absence. Everyone takes it for granted that Edna misses Robert because they assume that their relationship had simply been one of married woman/adoring young man. That type of relationship fits seamlessly into the Creole social order. However, with Robert and Edna's relationship, there is not the same kind of gap between external appearances and emotional reality. Robert and Edna feel things for each other, which is unusual in their Creole culture, which mandates that the married woman/young man relationship be one of one-sided adoration, innocent flirtation, and chastity. Because everyone assumes that their relationship was of the conventional sort, Edna is able to talk about Robert constantly, even with her husband.I suppose the Colonel (Edna's father) is the opposite of men in her life like Edna's mild husband (consumed with making money) and the adoring Robert. The Colonel is reckless with money and domineering to his wife.


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Red Hot Chili Peppers announced today that BABYMETAL will be their support band during their UK Tour in December. BABYMETAL will be playing in London, Glasgow, Birmingham and Manchester from December 5 to December 18! See more details below.
BABYMETAL joins Red Hot Chili Peppers on UK tour!
Grammy Award-winning Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame inductees Red Hot Chili Peppers will return in December for their first U.K. tour in five years, their Tour in December will feature BABYMETAL as support band. RHCP will be touring in support of their 11th studio album, "The Getaway", out now on Warner Bros. Records, which was #1 in ten countries across Europe and was produced by Danger Mouse and mixed by Nigel Godrich.
Supporting the band across their U.K. tour will be BABYMETAL. This is the second time BABYMETAL supports an artirst's tour. First time was in 2014 supporting Lady Gaga's artPop Tour in North America in July and August (See details).
December. 05 - London, UK @ The O2
December 06 - London, UK @ The O2
December 08 - Glasgow, UK @ The SSE Hydro
December 10 - Birmingham, UK @ Genting Arena
December 11 - Birmingham, UK @ Genting Arena
December 14 - Manchester, UK @ Arena
December 15 - Manchester, UK @ Arena
December 18 - London, UK @ The O2
Tickets for the U.K. shows go on general sale 10 a.m. on Friday, September 2.
You can purchase your tickets (HERE). Be warned tickets are between £55.80-£88.80 and are strictly limited to four per person.
WOW that is such good news for BABYMETAL and UK! Don't they need a rest though? The ladies must be absolutely exhausted.
On a side note. how does ANY band go on stage after BABYMETAL? Good luck, guys. I used to love you, but BM is going to blow your socks (!) off the stage. You are going to seem so boring! Flea is going to have to do his flea stuff but pumped up 200%. LOL. Sorry guys, this is just a bad situation for you. BM is a headline act. You are a support act. This will be apparent after your first show. Pray they don't play for 90 minutes, THEN bust out IDZ, or Resistance, showing they have unearthly stamina.
You're absolutely right. I had the luck to see BM live in Cologne in June, and now I find EVREY other stage act boring, no matter how good or exciting the music is. But there's simply nothing happening on stage. Poor RED HOT CHILI PEPPERS...
Also: The show to see is MANCHESTER!!! If any city on Earth knows how to dance to rock music, it's MANCHESTER... Joy Division, HAPPY MONDAYS.. you know Shaun Ryder is going to be right there headbanging hard! If I knew one single person there I'd go to both shows (hint hint!! I'll pay the tix of any Manchester fan who can keep me out of trouble, I'm not joking. Floor seats. Both Nights.. Contact me here. AND - I'll sort YOU out in NYC, when BM come back!.)
Glasgow. Birmingham, Manchester. This is just amazing. I want to tour with BM so bad! UK (and Ireland!) has the best rock fans on Earth. They are gonna party so hard. then BM is gonna feed off that, causing the parting to get harder... UK may just totally melt into the ocean.
RCHPs show has the well-deserved reputation for being high-energy, I've seen them twice, but back in the 90's. They own the stage, and can get the crowd pumped, but c'mon. RHCP has one Flea. BM is Fleas from top to bottom! The hair scrunchy designer is a Flea. The caterer is a Flea. The whole BM crew is like.. 150 Fleas, all on a mission to get you headbanging.
I can't wait to see the coming interviews with RHCP about what they think about BM's live show.
(Scene: Glasgow, SSE Final SuMetal scream, after 90 minutes of kicking everybody's butt who's ever been on a stage before,)
Su: WEEEEEEEEEEEEEE AAAAAAAAAAAARRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRREEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE?
Crowd: BABYMETAL!!
Anthony K: WE ARE, sooooooooooo screwed right now. What do we open with? Power of the Equality maybe? Higher Ground? Can Chad Smith play Amen breaks super fast for 5 minutes maybe.. then we'll have Flea jump off a quadruple Marshall stack? Bring us a few barrels of Red Bull please! Wow you guys remember the time Fishbone opened for Simon and Garfunkel? Not good. Not good at all. People got crazy. We are boned.


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LOS ANGELES–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Sigue Corporation founder and CEO, Guillermo de la Viña, was honored
with a Community Hero Award from the Los Angeles Dodgers on Sunday, July
3. The honor is given to leaders in the Hispanic community as part of
the Dodgers' Viva Los Dodgers and Cuban Heritage Day.
With 25 years of experience in the banking and financial services
industry, de la Viña led Sigue to become the fourth largest money
transfer company globally. Sigue
serves more than 100 countries on six continents.
"Sigue connects Latino communities throughout the world, and the Dodgers
connect us all in Los Angeles," said de la Viña. "The Los Angeles Latino
community is particularly close to my heart because it's where I've
built my business. I am very grateful for the way the community has
welcomed me and for this special recognition from the Dodgers'
Community Hero Award is presented to an individual with a tireless
involvement in the Latino community. The general public nominates
individuals that they think have provided continued support to the
Latino community in Los Angeles.
De la Viña was recognized as one of the most successful and creative
individuals in the Latino community by Poder Hispanic Magazine, which
included him on the list of the nation's 100 Most Influential Hispanics
of 2011.
In 2014, de la Viña received the Community Service Award from the
Soledad Enrichment Action (SEA), a Southern California non-profit
organization, for his public service. He has supported many
organizations and non-profit groups, including White Memorial Medical
Center, Providence Holy Cross Medical Center, the Salvation Army and the
American Red Cross.
About Sigue Corporation
Headquartered in Sylmar, California, Sigue is a leading financial
services company providing international electronic money transfer
services to over 100 countries. The company is privately held and
operates through a comprehensive network of retailers. Learn more at www.sigue.com.
for Sigue Corporation
Tracy Williams, 310.824.9000


text:
simPRO Enterprise is built for businesses managing complex project and maintenance work, including large multi-stage projects. Extensive features for estimating, work orders, project management, billing and invoicing and more guide your business to provide exceptional service, and maximize your efficiency and profitability.
Take control of projects & track your workforce efficiency, budgets & profitability.
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Keep field technicians connected with the office through the simPRO Connect mobile app. Your field employees can update times, materials, job details, and photos in real time, as well as issue invoices and collect payment on site as soon as a job is complete, and you'll be able to see all this information in the office through simPRO Enterprise. The seamless office-to-field connection reduces travel time and increases billable hours.
"I love simPRO because I have the freedom to run my business from anywhere in world from any device as long as I'm connected to the internet. I can also keep track of every piece of equipment my field engineers work."
Ray Paz, Owner - Laundry Svc Tech LLC


text:
Websites, apps, designs, writing, product development, sales and more.
Whatever your idea needs, we can help you get it done.
You will receive competitive bids from our expert freelancers within minutes.
Payments for work are secured. Only make payment when you are satisfied with the work done.
© 2018 eBrang.com


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This is a Sponsored post written by me on behalf of Bahama Breeze for SocialSpark. All opinions are 100% mine.
Big and I went to Miami about a year ago. Big had to work and I tagged along and spent time visiting an old friend. It was a great trip!
We stayed at a hotel that was close to a restaruant that we had never tried before. We both enjoy eating at new places and decided that Bahama Breeze would be a great new restaruant to try. We we so glad we decided to stop by and have our dinner there! I tried the Seafood Paella and Big had the Coconut Shrimp! We are big lovers of shrimp and the Coconut Shrimp meal didn't let us down.
For a beverage, I tried a Painkiller! Now they have a great new drink called the Bahama Breeze Ultimate Pineapple! Yum! This great drink is served in a Pineapple! I know I would feel like I was on the beach sipping a great drink and relaxing.
When we came home, I searched to see if we had a Bahama Breeze restaruant close to us. I was so happy to find out that there is one a short drive from our house! We will be heading there this weekend. They have a great Bahama Breeze Summer Beach Bash going on right now until August 3rd. Bahama Breeze is the summer desination for good times so I suggest you get to one soon! The party has started, and you are invited! Head over there and order the Bahama Breeze Ultimate Pineapple and take a selfie. You can enter the #MyBBSelfie Instagram contest and win #BahamaBreeze Gift cards and swag!
So what are you waiting for? Head on over to Bahama Breeze, grab a few friends while your at it and have some fun! If you head over on a Saturday, you can enjoy live music and get a custom drink created at the Mojito Bar! Maybe I will see you there!
Latest posts by Cynthia (see all)
- Roasted Sweet Potatoes and Apples - September 29, 2017
- Easy Fried Apples - September 27, 2017
- Nutmeg-Apple Conserve, a canning recipe - September 26, 2017


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p. 250-592-1622
e. firstname.lastname@example.com
Our Team
Our Team has many years experience in all aspects of residential construction and renovations….. totalling more than 50 yrs.
We have developed many proprietary methodologies for use in our waterproofing and building envelope work.
We are trusted by many local Builders and Property Managers since 1988.
We were going to delete this section from the page, however, it seems folks continue to be blinded by price and cool talkers…… so we left it in.
More often than not, this means poor workmanship, inferior material, and lots of grief. The job MAY look OK to the untrained eye if and when completed, but likely won't last, will cause problems and is not well finished.
"The bitterness of poor quality remains long after the sweetness of low price"
As much as you would expect people to understand this concept thru experiences with familiar things such as furniture, cars, clothing, etc., etc., thinking they are saving a dollar over rides their senses.
"You ONLY get what you pay for" is true almost all the time and that goes for both materials and workmanship. There are some pretty smooth talkers out there and as you would expect, all comers will say they have the best product and are professional. What else would they say?
Because of this you have to use your own reasoning coupled with some research. With regard to materials. often you can just look at a product and tell if it is poor, especially if you have others to compare.
Get other opinions from friends, family or neighbors.
Trying to determine professionalism is more difficult. Don't depend entirely on references, these can be arranged. Checking with the BBB helps but not always, they do not vet their prospective members enough in my opinion.
Other considerations are: Is the contractor or sub-contractor local; how long in business; member of local organisations such as BBB, Chamber of Commerce or professional organizations and if you can, physically look at some jobs the contractor has done.
Determine if your contractor is going to use sub-trades, if so check them out in the same way. This is important because contractors will cut costs here to improve their bottom line. Look at and ask for details on the materials and methods being used. If the contractor provides references, make sure they are legitimate.
Don't depend on the contractor entirely. The contractor is NOT an expert on everything and may have different tastes, but get their advice and YOU make the final decision. Is the contractor complying with building standards and bylaws?
Don't be talked into bypassing a permit or try to save money this way. There are some instances where permits are not required, but, a permit may be your only assurance, like buying insurance protection.
Talk to the inspectors when they come by and make them understand you are keen on getting a good job. They are only human and will generally discuss any of your concerns and will often offer constructive ideas and suggestions.
Although you may have hired a general contractor, get involved and don't be afraid to ask questions even if you think they may be stupid questions. Contractors can be hired to "do it all" so to speak or can be hired to do certain things. A lot depends on how much control you want which is directly related to how much time you have, your budget and how much confidence you have in the contractor.
A very popular method is for supervision only which includes the contractor getting all the estimates in for your final decision. This works well and is recommended because the contractor knows the trades in the industry and can get a good cross section of estimates.
Once you have the estimates, samples and background on the sub-trades, you can make a decision with input from the general contractor.
Then there is a contract that includes everything. Here it is very important you know exactly what your getting. Know the minimum's and or maximums and make sure you communicate with your contractor regularly. Surprises after the fact can be costly.
Remember, no matter what their experience, they are all human and their tastes may differ from yours dramatically.
Most contracts should require no more than 25% deposit. 35% or more may be asked for if a lot of custom made material is required for the job. If more than 50% is requested, a red light should come on. Now you really need to know what you might be getting into.
More safe guards need to be considered. Talk to more people who know the contractor. On large jobs, the assistance of a lawyer would be worth while. Make sure your contract has a finish date for the job and outline remedies should this not be complied with. Nothing ever runs according to the best laid plans, so an extension is OK for anything you deem reasonable. ie. weather, strikes, design changes, etc.
Most deficiencies show up in the first 30 days from finish, so unless you are completely assured of the integrity of your contractor, a HOLD BACK of 10 to 15% is prudent. Any good contractor wouldn't object to this.
If your contract includes supervision, make sure things are clear about what is to be done before each payment period.
The following payment schedule is common:
- foundation completed
- home is framed including, building paper, rain screen, interior stairs and buttoned up (windows, doors are in and roof is completed, decks waterproofed)
- gutters/soffits, cladding, fireplace, rough wiring, rough plumbing, rough heating, insulation and drywall complete
- trim, finish paint, cabinets, finish electrical/plumbing/heating, floor coverings, driveway/sidewalks/stairs/railings completed
- occupancy permit


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Netflix Dropping BBC Shows, Movies in February
Bad news for fans of British telly: an expiring contract means some of your favorite BBC series and movies will be disappearing from the Netflix library at the end of the month.
Reportedly, Netflix will be removing most of its BBC programming by January 31st, meaning no more Doctor Who, Luther, House of Cards (the original British version), Blackadder, Top Gear, Wallander, A Bit of Fry and Laurie, Coupling, Torchwood, Red Dwarf, Primeval, or Survivors. However, the list does not appear to include two other popular BBC hits, Sherlock and Call the Midwife. So it looks like there's still hope for those in the middle of getting caught up on past seasons.
Netflix has not commented on any negotiations that might be underway with the BBC, although one would hope Ted Sarandos and the rest of the bigwigs at Netflix would do their damndest to keep BBC in the family. There's a lot of value in that brand, considering the popularity of Doctor Who. Hell, I'm still working my way through all of Top Gear as we speak. It'd be a shame to lose any of these shows, particularly to another streaming service. With any luck, the expiring contract and the vow to remove most programming is simply a power play, and a new contract will be hammered out once cooler heads prevail. Yet Netflix seems far less interested in British television these days than they used to be, considering Downton Abbey is no longer in the streaming library. Okay, so technically that's an ITV show, but it just seems like a no-brainer of a show to hold onto, considering its popularity. With any luck, Netflix won't make the same mistake with its BBC shows.
Via: The Wrap


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Tag Archives: The Championships Wimbledon
Hip Hip Murray – The Scot rules Britain!
The Last time a German male won Wimbledon was 22 years ago, a Dutchman 17 years back, a Frenchman 67 years back , a Serbian just 2 years from now, a Swiss 1 year back and a Britisher ? – 77 years … Continue reading
Posted in Sports, Tennis Tagged Andy Murray, Greg Rusedski, Ivan Lendl, Murray, Novak Djokovic, Roger Federer, The Championships Wimbledon, Wimbledon Leave a comment


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Blog Archives
Can Meatloaf Ever Be A Lemon Sorbet?
Tonight I had an absolute blast listening and singing along to old songs whilst I was writing. Which led me to wonder what other people listen to when they write. Read the rest of this entry
My first blog
The pressure of a post… Thinking about all of the things that have happened to me today that I could blog about, the pressure begins to mount. Especially when it also happens to be my first personal blog post ever. I feel like the reading of this blog should have some kind of accompanying trumpet fanfare heralding the arrival of yet another new blogger's search for attention in cyberspace. Read the rest of this entry


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The Dynavision D2 vision training board has had a tremendous impact at Gold in the Net Hockey Schools! The D2 has provided our goaltenders access to vision training at an entire new level and for the first time at a goaltending program. We are able to combine off-ice training on the D2 with innovative on-ice tracking and reading drills. The D2 gives Gold in the Net goaltenders the edge to succeed!...
An elite goaltender must excel at eye-hand coordination, peripheral awareness, cognitive processing ability, visual reaction time, decision making under stress and concentration under fatigue. The D2 trains this and so much more! We see a substantial difference both mentally and physically between our goaltenders that combine D2 training with our on-ice programs compared to those that just participate on-ice. Goaltenders that train on the D2 track pucks better, have the ability to read the play more consistently, react to rebounds faster, have improved focus, increased field of vision to see opposing players and perform better under stress.
Our clients love the challenge of the D2 and are excited for every session. Athletes enjoy getting a score. The tracking capabilities of the D2 allow our clients to compete against themselves and on our weekly leaderboard. All of our clients improve and are driven by the rush of reaching new bench marks. The D2 is very diverse and limitless in providing a challenge that is never-ending. Goaltenders of all ages and skill levels have been on our D2 vision training board. All of our clients leave wanting more of this cutting-edge technology.
Thanks Dynavision!
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Treviso, the garden of Venice
Treviso, just half an hour train ride from Venice, was once considered "the Garden of Venice". This town, unfairly ignored by tourists who prefer the nearby town of Venice, has much to offer to visitors. Enjoy this half-day tour and discover its wonderful and hidden corners, beautiful shops, narrow canals and waters.
Find out its 15th c. frescoed houses, medieval arcades and typical barbacani, arches without a column support; See the magic corner where the town stands at the confluence of Botteniga with the Sile (mentioned in Dante's Divina Commedia: "dove Sile e Cagnan s'accompagna", Dante, Paradise). We will visit Piazza dei Signori, the medieval center till the Pescheria, the daily fishmarket on a little island, we'll walk through Via Calmaggiore, the best shopping street in town, to go to Duomo, where we'll see the crypt, with beautiful fragments of coloured frescoes as well as the fine Titian altarpiece. We'll go to Chiesa di San Nicolò and above alla to the adjacent Seminario to see what most valuable in town: a whole room with astonishigly well preserved, brithly coloured frescoes painted in 1352 by Tomaso da Modena. Here the monk Ugo da Provenza is wearing a pair of glasses for the first time in history.
- at 9.30 am or at 3.30 pm, every day; just contact us!
Meeting point:
- in front of Treviso Train Station
If you're staying in Venice, it's an easy half-day trip. You can go to Treviso by train! Click here to find your train from Venezia Santa Lucia train station.
If you want, we can come and pick you up at Piazzale Roma or wherever you're staying outside Venice. You'll be given a private transfer either by a mercedes sedan or, if more than 3 people, by a minibus. Just let us know.
Tour costs:
- 125 euros p. group
Price includes:
- a two and half hour walking tour in Treviso together with a licensed tour guide
Click here to see more pictures about this tour


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France coach Patrick Gonfalone made three changes to the side that beat Argentina 3-0 in their opener, and the new-look squad failed to hit the high notes in their 1-1 draw with Japan at the Estadio Universitario in Monterrey. The two sides now share top spot in Group B with one game to go.
The game began at a slow tempo, with neither side able to stamp their authority on the middle of the pitch. The Japanese, as ever, were clever on the ball and moved it well, but they seemed to have a hard time coming to grips with the superior physical strength of the Europeans.
After a few half chances at both ends, the French grabbed the game by the scruff of the neck in the 24th minute, scoring a goal thanks to that very same superior strength and athleticism. Their hulking centre-back Kurt Zouma raced out of defence and up into the attack, laying the ball out wide for Timoue Bakayoko, on for two-goal hero from the first game Yassine Benzia. The winger cut inside from the left and delivered the ball at the edge of the box for Abdallah Yaisien, who controlled well and fired a looping shot over the head of the out-of-position Japanese Kosuke Nakamura goalkeeper, who could do nothing to keep it out.
From there on out the French took control and pressured the East Asians incessantly, but they were unable to add to their lead before the interval. The Japanese, in fact, had the best chance in the dying moments of the period when Ryuga Suzuki nearly curled his shot from the edge of the box just over the crossbar.
The Japanese picked up right where they left off as the second half started, equalising only four minutes after the restart, Hideki Ishige slotting home from the spot after himself being sandwiched between two French defenders in the area. The Asians should have added another goal in the 65th minute, but Ishige could only guide his effort from 12 yards wide of the post after a nice pull-back from Suzuki.
There were good chances for both sides towards the final whistle, but neither could provide the knockout punch and now share top spot in Group B with one game to go. The French will next face off with Jamaica in their final game in Monterrey, while Japan stay put in Morelia and meet Argentina. Both games will be played simultaneously.


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You will need:
- 1 carrot grated
- 1 medium onion sliced thin
- 1 lb cooked spaghetti noodles
- 1 teaspoon sesame oil
- 1/2 head cabbage
- 2 teaspoon oil
- 6 Tablespoons soy sauce
- 1 Tablespoon sugar
Recipes, Crafts, Book Reviews and More
This looks yummy..and perfect for leftovers!
Scott says
I didn't realize these were so easy to make. I have all the ingredients in the house already!
bxcrochet says
Vegetable Lo Mein is one of my favorite things to get that the Chinese place. I should start making it myself since it's so easy to make.
Michelle F.
Masshole Mommy says
That sounds absolutely delicious. I can't wait to make this for my family!
Lydia Filgueras says
A favorite dish and as mentioned a great way to use up little bits of vegetables. Have you tried with whole wheat noodles? I like the nutty flavor.
Looks delicious! I bet my family would love it. Excited to try it out!
Jeannette says
I have some Chinese noodles that I could do this with! I am going to try this tonight! My family would be all over this!
Janet Krugel says
I don't think I've ever had these before, but it sounds easy enough to make. I might have to try it now that I have to cook for my family.
Nicky Omohundro says
This looks delicious and so easy to make.
Beth@FrugalFroggie says
I haven't made lo mein before. I bet my family would gobble it down.
kristi dominguez says
This looks like a dinner winner for sure! I can't wait to see how the family likes it!
Taylor Speikers says
Oh my gosh! My husband is obsessed with Lo Mein but I've never seen a recipe for it until now! He will be so happy I found this!
MikiHope says
Now I am wanting some Lo Mein–my fav is Roast Pork Lo Mein but I would love to try and make it myself. Thank you for the recipe.
Amy Stenehjem-Kelsch says
I love how easy this looks to make. Great for lunch the next day too!
Amanda says
This looks so yummy! It's my fave thing to order, so I can't wait to try it at home!
Chari says
Loving this recipe! Yummy!
Karissa Ancell says
These seem really easy and I bet they do taste great!
Lexi D says
I love Lo Mein. I will have to try this recipe…soon!
Anonymous says
Excellent recipe and easy to make.I used low sodium soy sauce and I think next time I'll use regular soy sauce, but other than that it's very good and very easy.
Moms Don't Sleep says
I made this to go with my slow cooker korean beef and it was so delicious and easy to make. I shared this recipe on my blog with a link back to your site http://momsdontsleep.com/2015/12/15/7-crockpot-meals-try-week/
Anonymous says
I have made this recipe and it was a hit with my family…my daughter said momma fix it everyday…. lol .. Rochelle from ohio
Anonymous says
I found this and had to try it. My granddaughter is vegetarian so I thought this would be perfect. This was a HUGE hit in my house. I was a little worried about the sesame oil but it wasn't over powering. Will definitely make this again. Sooooo much better than take-out.
Cynthia Rusincovitch says
Great recipe! My husband and I would love this since lo mein is one of our favorites! Thanks for linking up with Delicious Dishes Recipe Party!
Allison Hymel says
How many servings does this make?
Michelle says
I've made this, it is really yummy. Going to make it again tonight requested by my husband and 19 yr old. This time I'm going to be adding cooked cut up prices of chicken to it. I didn't use the cabbage as I'm not a fan of cabbage. Id recommend it.


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In todays day and age it is very important what it says about a business online. Most people have access to the internet and perform most of their research and fact finding using the world wide web as their tool. For this very reason if business's want to be successful they need to ensure that their reputation online is positive and does not frighten away potential or existing customers. One expert on this matter is Don Sorensen. Don is the owner of a technology company known as Big Blue Robot. During an interview on Forbes.com, Don explains some of the steps business's or brands can take to ensure their business remains profitable by ensuring that the reputation online remains positive.
One of the important steps to consider is to own multiple domains. Don recommends business's and brands buy up brand domain names. If the business name or brand name is not available to purchase the owner can simply use simple variations of the name and brand. Don also recommends that the domain extensions are also bought up. Extensions such as .org, .com or .net. This ensures that other competitors cannot pick the name and mislead from your business or brand name. Another very effective tool is to buy up exact domain names which when searched link up to the business or brand. An example would be a motorbike retailer based in New York. This retailer would buy domain names such as newmotorbikeNY.com. In this way the Google search results would direct the user to your product or brand. Using searchcleanup.com will assist in cleaning up bad news online and finding out exactly what users will search for when looking for the product or service that is provided. In this way the business or brand owner can find a suitable domain name.
Companies such as searchcleanup.com is a professional service that can clean up negative news and assist anyone in the management of online reputation. Many companies and brands today need to ensure their product or service is seen in a positive light online and there are many ways to approach this.
Twitter: @search_cleanup


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We are in Crescent City, Trinidad, Redding, and in the Redwood Forest… it is a good po boy vacation, and it is our second time here, so we need a new spot!
Want your tips!
Ideas Workshop
I like Glenwood Springs, Colorado.
so, errr, convince me, why should one go to this place?
Pacific Northwest Council for Languages
Traveler, there is no road, the road is made by walking.
Curriculum Vita
Ideas Workshop
Ideas Workshop
Ideas Workshop
Life, Learning, and Language in a Grace-full World
mostly unedited Creative Writing and Poetry


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Takuya Onishi interview
On the eve of his Mission Report in Sendai, organized by the Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Japanese astronaut Takuya Onishi spoke to Tohoku University's International PR team about being an astronaut and what life was like on the International Space Station
Were you always interested in space? What fascinated you about it?
When I was 8 or 9 years old, my father took me to the movie theatre to watch Star Wars and I became interested in space. Then when I was 18, I watched Apollo 13 and was impressed by the fact that astronauts carry the dreams and hopes of so many people.
When you applied to JAXA you had already been flying commercial planes for 10 years. Did your experience as a pilot help with the transition?
Working as a pilot was very challenging and I had to go through serious training. When I was a pilot, I had the goal of becoming a captain for ANA, and I was so focused on that goal that I rarely thought about being an astronaut. It was just coincidence that one day I read an article in the newspaper that said that JAXA was having an astronaut selection. I thought I should not miss the opportunity, so I applied. I was lucky because the training I had as a pilot helped me a lot.
You were in the ISS for 115 days. I've heard that the initial adjustment period is quite rough on the body. How long did it take you to settle in?
It took me about two weeks to get comfortable. It is always a drastic change when you first go up into space because all the fluids in your body try to move upwards. So you feel like your head is stuffy and you cannot think clearly. Your eyes become dry and tired at the end of the day. Also for me, I quickly felt full every time I tried to eat. The differences between life in space and life on Earth are very small, but when there are so many differences at the same time, the stress level can get very high, especially in the first stage of adaptation.
What did you miss the most while you were up there?
I missed my family. I have two small kids and the only time I could talk to them was the weekend. And I missed ramen noodles! JAXA has a list of certified Japanese space food - like Japanese curry, rice balls and fish - and I took most of them with me. But I missed the real food.
How did you feel looking down at Earth for the first time?
The Cupola module of the ISS has seven windows and you can go in there and look down at Earth. Every time I looked, I felt like I was falling into Earth, so it was a little bit scary. But it was also really beautiful. There are many astronauts who are very good at taking pictures, but even they cannot capture the feeling. The real view of Earth is beyond description.
You kept a blog and regularly shared the amazing things you saw up there. What was your favourite?
Everything was great but if had to pick the best one, I would say I really liked seeing Africa from space. Africa has deserts, lakes and jungles, so you see a lot of green, reddish sands, crystal blue lakes. It's very colourful and beautiful. Before that, I thought Africa was a very dry area with not much to see. But I was totally wrong.
Being in close quarters with people is difficult. In the ISS, there were cultural and language differences as well. How did everyone get along?
I didn't have any problems. We spent a lot of time together during training so we already knew each other quite well before the mission. Up there, if there's a problem, we talked. We always had dinner together and that was the time when we talked about the job, our tasks and other things.
How much has Japan's contribution to the global space programme grown?
Each country brings its own strength to the space station programme. Russia has a very reliable vehicle called Soyuz. The US is very good at infrastructure. They built a high grade electrical power system as well as the environment controlled, life support system. Japan is very good at experiments, and KIBO has the JEM Airlock and Remote Manipulator System. With that combination, we can deploy small satellites from the KIBO module.
Like the DIWATA-1 microsatellite which Tohoku University helped to develop?
Yes, exactly. It's a very unique capability.
Let's talk about the experiments you did on board.
We have an ageing society in Japan, so developing treatment for the elderly is an important task for us. In space, without gravity, you don't use your muscles as much, so you lose muscle and bone density very quickly and the aging process is much quicker. With the experiment, we divided 12 mice into two groups, one in a microgravity environment, and the other with artificial gravity, to study the effects of ageing on muscle and bone.
You also grew protein crystals?
There's a very famous saying - the proteins that cause illness to human bodies is like a keyhole and creating good medicine is like making a good key. In order to make a good key, you need to know the shape of the keyhole. In space where there's no gravity, there's no thermal convection or sediment, so protein crystals grow into a very clear, nice shape. We brought them back for analysis and hopefully the data of the protein structures can be used in research to develop new drugs.
The Try Zero-G event last September ( in which students from Asia submitted proposals for microgravity experiments ) looked fun. How important is engaging young people?
I always like those educational events, and children always have the best questions and ideas. It is very important to engage them, without a doubt. I hope that many young people get interested not only in space but also science, so that they become great scientists and continue to raise our level of knowledge.
Is Asia getting more involved in space?
At the moment, Japan is the only Asian country which participates in the space station programme. But China has a big space programme, so I think things are changing. If you look at history, the space programme started with the Soviet Union and the United States, two of the strongest countries in the world at that time. Things are changing.
What's the best advice you can give students and researchers?
Looking at my experiences, I think everybody can do great when they are doing things that they like or want to do. But sometimes, we have to do things we don't want to, or which we are not good at. Those are the experiences that really help us grow and develop important skills. So don't run away from those things, keep challenging yourself.
For enquiries about this article:Public Relations Division, Tohoku University
Email: email@example.com


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Judith Reichenbach
Stuart A. Ruddell
Dr Mario González-Jiménez
Julio Lemes
Dr David A. Turton
Dr David J. France
Prof Klaas Wynne
Phonon-like hydrogen-bond modes in protic ionic liquids
Ionic liquids are molten salts that have relatively low melting temperatures because of the use of large and "floppy" ions. They have become popular for applications in synthesis, catalysis, electrochemistry, batteries, and—in the case of protic ionic liquids—hydrogen-based fuel cells. The properties of ionic liquids are strongly dependent on intermolecular forces, in particular, coulombic and hydrogen-bonding interactions.
The role of hydrogen bonding has remained bit of a mystery because the spectral bands in Raman or IR spectra that could tell you something about them are in the gigahertz and terahertz range, where there are many other overlapping bands from a range of molecular motions.
We have use a trick by using highly symmetric ions in which many of the spectral contributions are "switched off". By gradually and systematically reducing the symmetry again, we could glean more information about those hydrogen bonds in protic ionic liquids.
We found for the first time that ionic liquids have optical phonon modes, that is, terahertz-frequency sound-like waves that are delocalised throughout the liquid. These modes split into distinct longitudinal and transverse optical (LO and TO) phonons in the presence of hydrogen bonding.
This shows that protic ionic liquids share many properties with liquid water. We could also show that the optical-phonon bands will be important in the spectra of all ionic liquids, requiring a reinterpretation of all ionic liquid spectra (including, sadly, our own…). On the upside, this provides a future handle to quantify the hydrogen-bonding and coulombic interactions in ionic liquids.
The work was published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society: J. Reichenbach, S.A. Ruddell, M. González-Jiménez, J. Lemes, D.A. Turton, D.J. France, and K. Wynne, "Phonon-like hydrogen-bond modes in protic ionic liquids", JACS 139, 7160–7163 (2017). (http://bit.do/ILphonon, open access)