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Contractor and Rubbish Crates
The more economical version of our premium stock crate. The hinged rear door opens from either side and allows easy access. Ideal for containing and restraining large and bulky loads. Also awesome as a rubbish crate. Very popular!
Contractor and rubbish crate sizes as follows ...
Stock and Calf CratesSKU : CRAT
Stock crates are available for every size of trailer we manufacture. They fit into the corner posts of the trailer and are strong and easily assembled.
Trailer Security LocksSKU : LOC-PIN
Secure your investment. Make it difficult if not impossible for someone to take your trailer without permission!


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This means one of two things:
- A DUNS number included on your provided file is unregistered or unrecognizable. These records will be removed from the analysis.
- A DUNS number in your provided file was a duplicate and the deal sizes were combined for analysis
To edit any of the DUNS numbers that are invalid, click the link under File Validation.

subset: commoncrawl


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The NICA PITZONE is a web tool used for League Registration and Race Registration (Race Fee Payment). The PITZONE guides the person registering through completion of the required information. Online Registration closes Tuesdays at Midnight for that week's race, in order to prepare rider lists for the upcoming race.
A link to the NICA PITZONE can be found here or at the bottom of any page on this website.
|The NICA Pitzone is the single source of information for the MN League Season about
*Be sure to enter information and spell correctly
How can I get access to the NICA PITZONE?
How do Student Athletes use the NICA PITZONE?
Student Athletes/Parents use the Pit Zone Online registration system for
Pitzone Registration Notes:
Race Ready:
Completion of all registration paperwork and payment of the race fee qualifies a racer as 'Race Ready'.
How do coaches use the NICA PITZONE?
Coaches use the NICA Pit Zone to:
Did You Know?
There is another PITZONE. The Infield or Race Pitzone at the race venue is the area where teams set up their tents and the registration trailer (onsite race registration), food trucks, vendors, volunteer checkin, and medical assistance are located..
See Race Infield – Pitzone for more information.


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Specialty Clinics at UHS are for health problems that cannot be addressed through our Primary Care Clinic, Women's Health Clinic and ancillary services.
Eligibility and costs:
UHS specialists are available only to currently enrolled U-M students and Prepaid Plan members, and at no additional fee for office visits.
Types of specialty clinics at UHS:
- Dermatology* for skin problems
- Eating and Body Image Concerns Clinic
- Psychiatry* (see also Mental Health Services at UHS)
- Sleep Clinic
- Sports Medicine
* These clinics require a referral (consultation request) from a UHS clinician.
Location and hours:
Locations and hours vary.


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07 Oct Chapter eNewsletter
Posted at 15:51h in eNewsletter 0 Comments
Welcome to the current issue of the NYCRAMA eNewsletter. NYCRAMA's monthly eNewsletter gives members and non-members a look at our upcoming events, interesting and relevant marketing articles, a note from our President, a link to jobs posted on our website for members, shout-outs to new members, and more!
We're always looking for useful, relevant content. Share with us today any interesting articles or blogs you or your company have authored, or have come across. If you would like to subscribe to our chapter eNewsletter, please fill out the Sign Up form found on the bottom left side of this page.
Deadline for articles is the 20th of the month: please submit via email.


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R.H. Young Cooling & Heating, Inc.
Excellence in Installation & Service
55 High Street, Unit 5
North Billerica
(978) 663-8875
Excellence in
Installation & Service
North Billerica, MA 01862
(978) 663-8875
(978) 663-8875
Schedule an Appointment
Leave Us A Review
Answers & Information
General Information
Selecting an HVAC Contractor
Interpreting the Sound Ratings of a Unit
How BTUs and EERs Work
Extended Warranty FAQs
Heating & Cooling Systems
High Bills? Thinking to Replace?
Sizing Heating and Cooling Systems
Limitations When Replacing Existing Heating Systems
Keeping Your Equipment Tuned
Cooling Systems
Understanding Air Conditioning
A Not-so-Technical Explanation of How Air Conditioning Works
Types of Cooling Systems
Ductless: Advantages & Disadvantages
Sizing and Installation
Central Air Conditioner Definitions
Money & Energy Saving Air Conditioning Tips
Heating Systems
Types of Heating Systems
When is it Time to Replace?
Why Good Furnaces Go Bad
Purchasing a New Heating System
Selecting Heating Fuel & System Types
Central Gas Furnace Terms & Definitions
Odor at Furnace Start Up?
Popular Misconceptions about Furnace Care & Safety
Home Heating Tips & Trivia
Lowering Home Heating Costs
Money & Energy Saving Furnace Tips
DOE Standards Increase Furnace Costs
Heat Pumps
Heat Pumps: Efficient & Ecological
Advanced Features to Look for in a Heat Pump
Heat Pump Replacement Tips
Air-Source Heat Pumps
Dual Fuel Heat Pumps
Operating & Maintaining Your Heat Pump
Indoor Air Quality
Biological Pollutants in Your Home
Controlling Indoor Air Pollution
Combustion Appliances - Indoor Air Pollution
Asthma Causes & Triggers
Residential Air-Cleaning Devices - A Summary
Guide to Indoor Air Quality
System Support & Accessories
Designing a Zoning System Properly
Programmable Thermostats
Dehumidifying Heat Pipes
Blower Door Tests
Air Sealing Your Home
Moisture Control
How to Read Residential Meters
Ducts & Insulation
Should You Have Your Ducts Cleaned?
Duct Insulation
Duct Sealing
Air Distribution System Design
Use a Professional for Duct Improvements
Mini-Duct Air Distribution Systems
Use & Care of Home Humidifiers
Energy Efficiency
How to Read the EnergyGuide Label
Heat Pump Efficiency Tips
Cooling Equipment Efficiency Criteria
Energy Efficiency Ratings & Terms
Test Your Energy IQ
New Furnace Can Reduce Heating Costs
Related Health & Safety Issues
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide Q & A - Espanol
Carbon Monoxide Q & A
What Carbon Monoxide Detectors Will & Won't Do
Symptoms & Management of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Examples of Bad Heat Exchangers
Tax Credits
Available Tax Credits
Products & Services
Service Pages
Ductless Heating/Air Conditioning
Comfort Client
The Importance of Furnace Filters
Comfort Products
Whole House Humidifiers
Ductwork Modifications
Whole House Temperature Zoning
Air Quality Products
Duct Cleaning
High Efficiency Filters
Solving Special Problems
Kool Kap
Condensate Drainage
Hard Start Kit
Protecting Your Compressor
Home Safety
Carbon Monoxide Detector
Ways to Save Energy
Additional Return Air Runs
Digital Setback Thermostat
Special Needs
Easy-to-See Thermostats
Our Guarantees
Light Commercial Systems
About Us
Who We Are
What You Can Expect
A Positive Working Environment
Practical Advice & Suggestions
Flexible Payment Options
Peace of Mind
Cutting Edge Technology
A Commitment to Safety
Headache-Free Maintenance
A Dedication to Service
Technical Excellence
Your Feedback Counts
Financing Options
Customer Testimonials
Contact Us
Phone, Hours & Location
Email Us
Schedule Quote or Service Request
Satisfaction Survey
Employment Inquiry
What Carbon Monoxide Detectors Will & Won't Do
Carbon Monoxide Alarms
What they can and cannot do
CAN - sense unacceptable levels of CO in the air
CAN - provide early warning, before a healthy adult might show symptoms
CAN - act as round-the-clock monitor of CO
CAN - only sense CO that reaches it - Where you hang a detector is important
CAN - breakdown like any other electronic device
CANNOT - work without electrical power (batteries, AC)
CANNOT - sense smoke, natural gas, propane, etc. (It is not a smoke detector!)
Where to put (or not put) your detector
PUT - near a bedroom, or other room where people spend most of their time; where its alarm can be heard.
READ the instructions that come with your Detector.
DO NOT PUT - in garage, furnace room, near cooking stove, etc.
DO NOT PUT - in dead air space, corner of room, near the floor, in the peak of a vaulted ceiling.
DO NOT PUT - near open windows or doors.
DO NOT PUT - in excessively hot or cold areas, or excessively damp or dry areas.
DO NOT PUT - a cloth or plastic cover over the detector.
Used with permission from the author David G. Penney, PH.D
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Meet Our Partners
Working together for Success.
"At Patch of Land, we continue to expand our investor community and our focus on high-yield, asset-backed, real estate debt. We also seek out and align ourselves with strategic partners for optimum success for all participants."—Jason Fritton, Co-Founder
- Compliance & Security
- |
- Investor Accreditation
- |
- Self-Directed IRA
- |
- Automated Investing
- |
- Associations & Groups
- |
- Services
Compliance & Security
CrowdCheck offers a weapon against potential fraud and helps investors make good investment decisions. CrowdCheck does the basic "due diligence" that a reasonable person would do when investing small amounts of his own funds, and lets investors see the results of this due diligence in an easy-to-understand Report. This helps the entrepreneurs seeking funding too: they can show they mean business.
The Better Business Bureau (BBB), founded in 1912, is a nonprofit organization focused on advancing marketplace trust, consisting of 112 independently incorporated local BBB organizations in the United States and Canada, coordinated under the Council of Better Business Bureaus (CBBB) in Arlington, Virginia. The BBB collects and provides free business reviews on more than 4 million businesses to over 100 million requests from consumers in 2012, helping make the BBB's website rank among the top 300 most-visited websites in the United States.The BBB serves as an intermediary between consumers and businesses, handling nearly 1 million consumer disputes against businesses in 2012. The BBB also alerts the public to scams, reviews advertising, and assists when donating to charity.
Engine supports the growth of the technology entrepreneurship through economic research, policy analysis, and advocacy on local and national issues. Their work is built on data; Engine's Tech Starts report highlights the geographical diversity of startups and their importance to the economy. Engine's members are entrepreneurial high-growth businesses, pioneers, innovators, investors, and technologists committed to taking action on policy issues in Washington. Engine Advocacy was an integral partner in defeating SOPA and PIPA in 2012. Since then, Engine members have met with hundreds of policymakers, in D.C. and around the country, to talk about the laws that impact their business.
Investor Accreditation
Founded in 1998, Veri-Tax, LLC provides a full array of verification and ability-to-pay solutions to the mortgage, lending and consumer credit industries, helping financial institutions more quickly and securely verify consumer income, identity, employment, and accounts. Veri-Tax, along with its subsidiary, Verification Bureau, provides 4506-T income verification, Social Security Number verification, verification of employment and verification of financial accounts. The company is based in Irvine, California. For more information, call 1-800-969-5100 or visit www.Veri-Tax.com.
VerifyInvestor.com is the resource for accredited investor verifications trusted by broker-dealers, law firms, companies, and investors who insist on safety and reliability. VerifyInvestor.com enables legally-compliant verifications for every type of accredited investor from anywhere in the world. VerifyInvestor.com provides a fast, easy, and cost-effective method of compliance for parties seeking to verify investors as accredited investors or for investors seeking to verify themselves. With its robust technology and industry leading practices on security and privacy, VerifyInvestor.com gives investors peace of mind that their information is confidential and protected.
Self-Directed IRA
The Kingdom Trust Company is a South Dakota chartered public trust company that specializes is the custody of alternative assets in Individual Retirement Accounts. It is a passive, non-discretionary custodian that does not provide tax, legal or investment advice. In addition, it does not provide, promote or endorse any investment products and does not promote or endorse any investment sponsors or investment advisors. Information available at: www.kingdomtrustco.com.
Equity Trust, with its corporate headquarters in Westlake, Ohio and operations in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, is at the forefront of the self-directed retirement plan industry, specializing in the custody of alternative assets in self-directed IRAs, Coverdell Education Accounts, Health Savings Accounts and qualified business retirement plans. Equity Trust provides services to more than 130,000 individuals and businesses nationwide with $12 billion in assets under custody.
Millennium Trust Company is a leading financial services company offering niche alternative custody solutions to institutions, advisors and individuals. They serve as a complement to traditional services offered by other custodians. Their innovative solutions include rollover solutions, alternative asset custody, private fund custody and advisor support services. In every case, Millennium Trust offers a wide array of investment choices and the highest levels of expertise and service.
Because holding alternative assets in retirement accounts requires special knowledge and handling, many broker dealers don't offer alternatives as an option for IRAs, that's where they come in. Founded in 1989, PENSCO Trust Company is a regulated, self-directed IRA custodian with more than $10 billion in assets under custody and 45,000 clients.
PENSCO is the leading alternative asset custodian, with more than two decades of expertise in holding private equity, real estate, notes, and other non-exchange traded assets. Their services don't end with individual investors, though. PENSCO Trust also provides solutions and services to Registered Investment Advisors, financial planners, investment sponsors, crowdfunding platforms and professional service providers seeking an alternative asset custodian for their clients.
Automated Investing
Lendvious provides the powerful tools and detailed information needed to make informed peer finance decisions. With Lendvious, Crowdnetic leverages its past success in equity crowdfunding infrastructure to provide peer-lending investors and borrowers with a positive and consistent experience across funding portals by providing greater transparency and sophisticated analysis tools.
Orchard Platform (Orchard App, Inc) is a technology company passionate about building the systems and infrastructure that will allow the Direct Lending space to scale into a major financial market. The Orchard Platform enables Direct Lending originators and institutional investors to optimize and scale Direct Lending at a global level. Orchard Platform Advisors, LLC (a wholly owned subsidiary of Orchard Platform (Orchard App, Inc)) is a Registered Investment Advisor with the SEC and is committed to promoting transparency and understanding of the space as well as creating technology that facilitates further product innovation and investment in direct lending.
Nickel Steamroller's mission is nothing short of rebuilding the fabric of our economy. They do this by providing a direct, guided connection between investors and borrowers, eliminating the fat middle layer of our bloated financial system. They enable financial advisors to offer plug-and-play Marketplace Lending investment opportunities to their clients. The impact is enormous, not only on client wealth, but on the economy on which we depend, and the society in which we live.
Associations & Groups
The National Real Estate Investors Association is a 501 (c) 6 trade association. National REIA is a federation made up of local associations or investment clubs throughout the United States. They represent local investor associations, property owner associations, apartment associations, and landlord associations on a national scale. Together, the association represent the interests of approximately 40,000 members across the U.S. National REIA is the largest broad based organization dedicated to the individual investor.
MBA seeks to create an environment that enables its members to invest in communities and achieve their business objectives. The association creates this environment by developing innovative business tools, educating and training industry professionals, providing a gathering place for the sharing of ideas, acting as the industry's voice on legislative and regulatory issues, and developing open and fair standards and practices for the industry.
Formed in 2009, the American Association of Private Lenders (AAPL) is the national organization representing the private real estate and peer-to-peer lending industry. Their membership includes private money lenders, hard money lenders, mortgage fund managers, brokers and service providers from around the United States. They believe their principles – excellence, ethics, and education – are the cornerstone for success in the industry. AAPL members are leaders and embody the character, dedication and experience critical for success.
Meetup is the world's largest network of local groups. Meetup makes it easy for anyone to organize a local group or find one of the thousands already meeting up face-to-face. More than 9,000 groups get together in local communities each day, each one with the goal of improving themselves or their communities. Meetup's mission is to revitalize local community and help people around the world self-organize. Meetup believes that people can change their personal world, or the whole world, by organizing themselves into groups that are powerful enough to make a difference.
Bill.com, the fastest-growing business payments network with over 500,000 businesses, is disrupting the payments space and changing the way businesses pay, get paid, and collaborate with their customers and vendors. Bill.com serves customers through its direct, accountant, and bank channels, bringing together people, systems, and documents to redefine how business payments are made.
Reality Crowd TV Media Corporation operates two main business segments as follows:
Reality Crowd TV Media Corporation is hosting the 1st annual virtual crowdfunding summit 2015 for the purpose of bringing together the best and brightest minds in the crowdfunding and entrepreneurial industry for a 3 week long event to educate entrepreneurs from around the world about the new funding options available to them through the crowdfunding movement. Reality Crowd TV Media Corp. is developing a Virtual Incubator & Crowdfunding Network for Startups to learn how to crowdfund. Our program is designed to bring startups from start to successful crowdfunding finish in 6 months or less! The platform allows entrepreneurs to easily track their progress, share their progress, get the latest growth hacking tricks from community mentors, or ask the integrated startup community for help..
Onboard Informatics helps people make the right real estate decisions by providing a single access point to the best local data available. Since 2001, Onboard has consolidated data and turned into useful information so top real estate, media, and technology companies can answer questions their customers care about like: "What schools are best for my child?" and "Is this neighborhood safe?"
The local data Onboard provides includes School data, Community data, Market and Property Information, Online Listings Management, Listings Search Engine, Lifestyle Search Engine, and more. By offering the full spectrum of local data from a single source, Onboard Informatics is changing the way traditional real estate information is delivered to those who need it most. For more information about Onboard Informatics, or to request a demo, visit http://www.onboardinformatics.com.
SeedInvest is a leading equity crowdfunding platform which connects accredited investors to entrepreneurs. The SeedInvest platform features a curated list of highly vetted investment opportunities, with only 2% of startups passing SeedInvest's due diligence process. By stimulating and streamlining the early-stage capital formation process, SeedInvest plays a pivotal role in cultivating early-stage companies, fostering economic growth, and helping entrepreneurs bring innovative ideas to market.
Are you ready for the best real estate investing advice EVER? Join Joe Fairless as he talks to successful real estate professionals and they give you their best advice ever with none of the fluff. Joe controls over $7,000,000 in real estate but started with $0 in 2009. He went from buying single family homes worth $35,000 and moved up raising money and buying large apartment communities with investors. He has made mistakes, money and friends along the way. So click play now and see why this is one of the top investing shows in iTunes!


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Antique Diamond Rings
If sitting on the dresser jewelry box around some antique diamond rings? Not sure what to do with them? Why would I want to wear them and it's not something more modern remodeled? You just make more beautiful, wearable piece of Grandma's diamond ring will be remodeling, you may be surprised, but so can increase its value. The four most common types of ancient cut diamond called as antique diamonds are listed old European cut diamond, Diamond Mines, rose cut diamond and single cut diamonds.
Old European Cut Diamonds
Old European cut diamond is considered to be one of the most popular, traditional. This is a very small at the bottom of the table top (facet), high Crown and usually on the Culet (central circular window are visible in the middle of the diamond). This was the precursor to the modern round brilliant cut diamond cutting. Unlike most of the old European modern round brilliant diamonds, circular shape is somewhat irregular. At the same time have a few inclusions of these stones are quite common. This modern round brilliant cut diamond, you're looking at some who wonder, though, that I believe there are some just adds character.
Every old cut diamond is unique with the perspective of antique engagement ring designs.. One way diamond recut in deciding whether or not the right option for you, is to have a diamond cutting should be evaluated by an expert.
Antique Diamond Ring Tips
If you're looking to breathe new life and antique diamond ring, here are a few tips;
- Set framework setting diamonds. Because of their irregular cutting and belt (external environment), sometimes a frame environment, this might be a good idea to hide the flaws. This will make you appear more round diamonds and on a large scale.
- White Gold Diamond set that most color range as white gold, antique diamond rings at the same time is a great place to enhance the color of the stone.
Recutting Diamonds for Designs from Antique Diamond Rings
They leave some antique diamond rings in its current form is generally better. Old European cut diamond represents the external shape and internal with modern bright cut diamond, diamond, often taking them could lose up to 25% of its own weight recut. Diamonds may become shiny from recut while the original diamond cut diamond unless it is fairly large Culet or large if you have high crown, usually is not recommended.


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Bobby came into the surgery to have a lump removed from his
leg, the surgery went very well and Bobby was sent home with a buster collar,
and had strict instructions to rest.
Unfortunately, Bobby had other ideas and had removed his
Buster collar and was running around like a wild thing. Due to Bobby's playful
nature he managed to get his wound very mucky this unfortunately lead to his
wound not healing properly. The wound broke down and opened up.
Bobby returned to the surgery to have his wound cleaned
daily however this alone was not enough and it was still taking a long time to
heal even with his Buster collar now back on. It was then decided the only way
to ensure Bobby was cage rested was for him to be admitted to the hospital for
strict rest and twice daily wound cleans.
Luckily for us Bobby was a dream to have around, the perfect
inpatient, he rolled over onto his side to have his wound cleaned and was
always offering his paw in exchange for treats. He was a good boy and gobbled
up all his antibiotics in his food and was very well behaved. His exercise was
limited to slow lead walks for a toilet break in the garden only.
Bobby's Grandma visited him while he was in with us, as Bobby
gets far too excited when he sees his mum and Dad, but we kept them informed on
how well he was doing on the phone. His Grandma treated him to a brand new toy
which he loved to carry around in his mouth everywhere he went.
After a week of cleaning his open wound twice daily, it had finally
healed enough that we could operate on it again to close up the wound. He was
ever so sleepy and comfortable after the surgery this meant he received even
more belly tickles than usual!
Bobby still needed to rest following the second surgery, as
we were all concerned that if he went home too soon and ran about again it
would re-open. So Bobby spent a further five days here at the surgery before he
had the all clear to go home. Bobby carried his toy up to the waiting room
thinking it was just another slow lead walk he was going on, then he met his
Dad and he was so happy to see him he danced around whining at him!. We were
all very pleased to see he was able to go home but we definitely miss his happy
face. We hope Bobby is enjoying life at home again- without his dreaded Buster
Homepage •
Contact •
©2020 Ardmore Veterinary Group Ltd Registered in England, company number 5937255
01787 372588 firstname.lastname@example.com


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Millennial Reign - Carry The Fire
This vinyl edition is strictly limited to 300 copies worldwide. Includes an insert with lyrics.
Shipping now!
Delivery times looks something like this:
Within Europe: Less than one week
North America: 1-2 weeks
The rest of the world: 2-4 weeks
Track listing:
Side A
01. Forever Changed
02. Way Up High
03. Millennial Reign
04. Men Stand Alone
05. Save Me
Side B
06. This Day
07. Will You
08. Innocent Cry
09. Not On My Own
10. I'll Try
Impressive new album from the US heavy metal band Millennial Reign. Fans of Iron Maiden, Queensryche, Judas Priest and Crimson Glory will not be disappointed with this new album. Millennial Reign should be in any collection of melodic or traditional powermetal.
Artwork by Felipe Machado Franco [Blind Guardian, Iced Earth, Theocracy].


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Limelight Networks is a leading provider of digital content delivery, video, cloud security, and edge computing services. We empower organizations to securely manage and globally deliver the highest quality video, to virtually any device, anytime. Limelight's QoS-enabled high-speed private content delivery network (CDN) enables companies to stream video in realtime or on-demand with the reach and scale they require, with minimal latency. Limelight's architecture and edge services provide a set of distributed edge computing, storage and analytics capabilities that allow data to be processed close to the source, eliminating latencies and uniquely enabling real-time and highly interactive applications.
Limelight Solution for Media and Broadcasters utilizes a variety of workflow capabilities to help you stay competitive. Limelight provides the tools and flexibility you need to manage and deliver live and on-demand video to a global audience.
Limelight Content Delivery Services enable the fast, available and secure delivery of your digital content anywhere, any time. Limelight provides the capacity, coverage, and performance to cost-effectively deliver a better experience for you and your customers.
Limelight Realtime, Live and On-demand Video Delivery services and online video platform integrate Limelight's massive global private network with advanced video delivery and management capabilities, helping you get your OTT video to virtually any device, anywhere at high quality and the lowest rebuffer rates in the industry.
Limelight Edge Cloud brings the power of the cloud to the edge while eliminating the cost and complexity of using traditional cloud computing environments for low-latency IoT and edge compute applications. Limelight's QoS-enabled high-speed private network provides the global scale and performance needed for the most demanding workflows.
Limelight Cloud Security provides a comprehensive suite of services to secure your digital assets and protect your infrastructure. They include DDoS and web application attack detection and mitigation, application security, and a range of features that enable you to control and protect your digital assets, without impacting performance.
Limelight Origin Storage offers automated regional replication that places content close to your audience and retrieves it from the fastest location, which improves user experience and reduces abandon rates.


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(MODEL RELEASED IMAGE). Kitchens do more than provide a room for cooking, eating, and food storage. Delphine Le Moine, 20, performs laundry duty using the modern laundry machine in her family's kitchen. (From a photographic gallery of kitchen images, in Hungry Planet: What the World Eats, p. 54)
- Filename
- FRA04_0005_xxf1rw.jpg
- Copyright
- © 2005 Peter Menzel / Hungry Planet: What the World Eats / www.menzelphoto.com
- Image Size
- 1024x682 / 339.5KB
- Contained in galleries


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Joy! My little boy is 12 days old today ... what love my husband and I have been feeling these days. My family left town today and we have a night to ourselves before more troops arrive. It's so nice to share our little Ernie with so many people who are so excited to see him!
I had some spare time (say whaaat?) so I thought I would put up a little post ...
It has been raining for what seems like days and day ... today, however, was GORGEOUS! Sunshine!
I had to step out and take some quick shots around the house in celebration!
So beautiful!
WHOOHOO! My new hooks! I'm not sure when I will be able to break these bad boys in, but WOW are the beautiful! I just received them in the mail today and I could hardly wait to hold them. I ordered these beauties from Polymer Clay Creations on Etsy. They were made just for me by Angela and I could not be more pleased with how they turned out! All I need is a hook in the shade of green and I've got my rainbow! LOVE!
Such great bright colors today! I love our peaceful hollow!
mmmmmmmmm ... some ripe tomatoes from the garden ...
So called "weeds" ... I think not.
Doot Doot the model ... Happy International Cat Day!
The best part of my day ... feeding, changing, snuggling and overall loving my little Ernie.


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Entrance Systems
All entrance systems installed by MJS Windows are supplied by Northern Lights and Doors located in Brampton Ontario Canada.
With over 20 years of manufacturing experience, Northern Light and Doors are one of the leading manufacturers of steel, insulated doors and fibreglass entry systems.
They offer a wide variety of door styles, glass designs, and in house painting to suite your every need...
To obtain additional information or if you have any questions regarding our Entrance Systems, we invite you to contact us or CLICK HERE to see more!


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Fully Licensed & Bonded
Property Location With a stay at Quip Bed & Breakfast, you'll be centrally located in Phuket, convenient to Robinson Department Store and Phuket Butterfly Garden and Insect World. This hotel is within close proximity of Chinpracha House and Saphan Hin Mining Monument.Rooms Make yourself at home in one of the 33 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and LCD televisions. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with showers feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Conveniences include phones, as well as safes and minibars.Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities Take in the views from a garden and make use of amenities such as complimentary wireless Internet access and tour/ticket assistance.Dining Satisfy your appetite at the hotel's restaurant, which features a bar. Dining is also available at a coffee shop/café. Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge. A complimentary continental breakfast is served daily.Business, Other Amenities Featured amenities include a 24-hour front desk and luggage storage. A roundtrip airport shuttle is provided for a surcharge (available on request).
Looking for something a bit different? Check out our selection of cultural & adventure holidays or if you're looking to go it alone then see our selection of solo holidays.


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Moving tributes have been paid to a football club stalwart, who died aged 72.
Trevor Hackett was one of Robin Hood Athletic Football Club's greatest servants and he held a number of roles at the club.
Mr Hackett started as a player and became the club's treasurer and president. He died on Monday night.
Robin Hood AFC chairman Martin Wilton said: "Trevor was Robin Hood through and through and loved the club. The world has lost a truly great man who can never be replaced."
Mr Hackett was heavily involved in the day-to-day running of the club and helped secure funding to build its stadium, changing rooms and tea room.
Mr Wilton said: "Trevor was always serving in the tea room and doing odd jobs around the ground.
"He took the club from having just the pitch and being based at the pub to having a stadium and a stand. He played a pivotal part through the whole process."
Robin Hood AFC's first team plays in the West Yorkshire Premier Division.
A minute's silence will be held before their game against Oxenhope Recreation on Saturday.


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"Enhancing Gardens for over 40 years..."
Welcome to Five Ways Garden Ornaments
A family-run business based in the Heart of "The Black Country", Five Ways Garden Ornaments has built a reputation for quality products at realistic prices for over four decades.
Our focus on customer satisfaction, we produce a varied range of high quality, hand-crafted garden ornaments and statues.
With over 400 unusual and interesting designs to choose from, we can help you bring that stylish, personal touch to your garden, large or small.
Enhance your garden with our delightful range of troughs to provide colour and foliage away from your main flower beds.


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When I tell people that I am due to give birth at the end of the Summer, many of them tell me how hot I'm going to get! I will be going through the third trimester at the height of Summer and I am under no illusion that I will most likely turn into a… Continue Reading
Style Edit: My Summer Wardrobe
Whilst the UK is enjoying a full on heat wave at the moment, I thought I would write about what my 2017 Summer wardrobe looks like. If you follow me on Instagram you'll no doubt have seen these outfits before. The Bardot Summer Dress This beautiful summery floral bardot dress is from Urban Outfitters and… Continue Reading
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7 UK Festivals Not To Miss This Year
Hello peeps! With summer just around the corner, this time of year always makes me lust after frolicking in a field at music festivals. I have attended a few in the past and so I thought I would blog a small run down of the best UK festivals to get to in 2017. Latitude |… Continue Reading
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Style Edit: What I'm loving in Zara's Spring/ Summer 2017 Collection
Hello you lovely lot Zara's Spring/ Summer 2017 collection has just dropped as my oh my is it pretty. Florals, frills and lots of yellow and green! Here are a few of my favourite pieces: I am eyeing up those pom pom shoes for a wedding I'm going to in June and those jeans would… Continue Reading


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Pretty much since the beginning of this adventure of creating a webseries (wait- "independent television" is the new word that we're using. It's less limiting and perhaps doesn't carry the stigma "web" content does. Sorry, side rant. More on that at another time.) we've been saying that one of our dreams is to someday be on a panel at a Con where fans know more about our show than we do. You know, like those Star Trek fans that are constantly correcting writers and producers who don't remember every … [ read more » ]
"There ain't no party like a time-traveler party, because a time-traveler party already hasn't stopped." "You can't de-rail a hovercraft." "A group of outsiders becomes a group of insiders." Welcome back for Part 2 of Episode IV, with co-creators Michael Montoure and Glynis Mitchell, composer Jesse Plack, and director and actor Ralph Fontaine. This time, we open the show by talking about how a discussion between Glynis and Montoure about thematic and practical concerns for a webseries led to the creation of CAUSALITY. We discuss how most science fiction … [ read more » ]
So I had a birthday the other day. Kind of a big one. For pretty much all of the past year, people have been asking "what are you doing for your birthday?" Because apparently, when you mark the beginning of a new decade, you're supposed to have a huge party so all of your friends can tease you about how old you are. I wasn't super into that idea, so I told everyone that I didn't want anything big, maybe a weekend trip with my wife (shameless plug-check out … [ read more » ]
So we're at that point. We need more things for this production (that has seemed to grow and grow-in a good way, but you know…) than we have the money for. Lots more things. I once wrote a post about how artists should support other artists creatively, emotionally and even financially when they can. I put (a little) money where my mouth is, and gave to a couple of shows that I thought were worthy. It wasn't that much, but it was something, and I felt good about giving a … [ read more » ]


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Rated 1 out of 5 by 2Bandaidswereused from Very painful for me I bought these for a wedding. I tried them on and wore them around the house for a little while and thought they were okay. After standing and walking in them for maybe 20 minutes my toes were hurting, the strap was cutting into my big toe. I now have scabs on both my big toes from these shoes. I couldn't even wear them past dinner at the wedding. I do not recommend them. If you wear them before your event around the house, make sure you wear them for at least 20 -30 minutes to make sure what happened to me doesn't happen to you. [This review was collected as part of a promotion.]
Date published: 2019-05-01
Rated 1 out of 5 by laurie99 from Disappointing I am returning these shoes. Sad about that as they are very nice looking. But I need a wide width which was ordered and delivered. However they are far from wide. Ive bought many shoes in wide from Lifestride and they've been perfect. Yolo is the 2nd pair however which has not been in the least a wide width.
Date published: 2017-10-31
Rated 5 out of 5 by Josie from So comfortable! The shoes look great and feel great! I would say this is a great buy for anyone that is looking fr comfort and style.
Date published: 2017-11-16
Rated 3 out of 5 by MRdr from Stylish I love the look of this shoe, but it was uncomfortable to wear all day. [This review was collected as part of a promotion.]
Date published: 2019-05-31
Rated 5 out of 5 by Doreen5 from Comfy Very comfortable shoe and true to size. I have trouble getting comfortable shoes that fit and don't look like grandma shoes! Nice looking, cute and comfortable. Win win [This review was collected as part of a promotion.]
Date published: 2019-04-07
Rated 5 out of 5 by JJ4UT from You will love these go-to sandals! Love these sandals! Can't describe how comfortable they are! Am buying 3 more pairs- one in the blue, one in the cream color and one extra, back-up pair of the black ones. I am definitely a fan!
Date published: 2019-05-17
Rated 4 out of 5 by teachergirlIN from comfy and cute Very cute and comfortable. Heel is small, so you could wear these all day. My only con is that the 2 small straps are so close together, when you put them on, you can't really tell that they are two straps. I think they would be cuter if you could see the gap between the 2 straps. Also, I wish the back strap was one with a clasp. You have to squeeze your foot into the shoe, which may stretch the strap out over time. [This review was collected as part of a promotion.]
Date published: 2019-08-03
Rated 4 out of 5 by Loreem from Yolo Sandal - Great looking sandals! I love the looks of these shoes. Unfortunately I have a problem with LifeStride. I have to have the Wide width because of arthritis issues such as misplaced toe position and can only wear open toe and mostly open shoes. LifeStride "Wide" shoes are never wide enough in that area of the toes. Because I really like the looks of these, I'm keeping them hoping to break them in and stretch a bit in 5-minute wearing sessions. Many probably.
Date published: 2019-03-13


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Why Is My Vagina Drier Suddenly? 9 Possible Culprits, Explained
We at Bustle love giving you tips for how to tap into your sexual potential and troubleshoot when things aren't going your way in the bedroom. But what about finding solutions to those stressful sexual health situations that inevitably crop up when you're getting down? Emma Kaywin, a Brooklyn-based sexual health writer and activist, is here to calm your nerves and answer your questions. No gender, sexual orientation, or question is off limits, and all questions will remain anonymous. This week's topic: reasons why your vagina is suddenly drier.
Q: Lately, my vagina has been suddenly dry. This isn't normal for me — I'm usually not the wettest (unless I'm turned on of course!) but this feels different. Like, sandpaper dry. It's super uncomfortable, and I'm not sure what to do. What could be causing this? Do I have to go to the doctor or can I fix it myself? Could it be reversible or is this my new normal?
A: Your vagina is naturally lubricating, which you may know from dealing with normal vaginal discharge on the daily. A healthy vagina is coated with lubrication that your body makes for itself. These natural juices are made in the glands by your cervix and they drip down to coat your vaginal walls. This lubrication keeps your vagina healthy by moving dead cells and other unwanted things (like bacteria) out. Note that this is different than how your body makes the sexual lubrication that happens when you are turned on. That wetness comes from your Bartholins glands, which are at the entrance of your vagina.
If you don't have your natural everyday lubrication, your vaginal walls will feel dry. Dryness can also lead to other unpleasant feelings including itchiness, burning, mild bleeding, and pain during sex due to chafing or tearing of the vaginal lining, and frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs).
Sudden vaginal dryness can happen for a number of reasons. But the good news is once you figure out why your pussy is parched, you can fix it! So just what are those potential culprits for your southern desert?
You're Taking An Antihistamine
Lots of medicine can make your vagina dry. One of these medicine classes are antihistamines, which are generally found in allergy and cold medications. You probably didn't read the side effects before you took this medicine, and even if you did, chances are vaginal dryness isn't listed on that tiny little bottle — but it's a real reaction your body can have to this medication.
You Started Taking An Antidepressant
Another medicine type that can cause vaginal dryness is antidepressants. Not all of them have this side effect, but some antidepressants do. Actually, certain antidepressants can impact your vagina and sex life in a bunch of different ways, decreasing libido and making it harder to orgasm. If you notice any of these side effects, you might want to talk to your doctor about changing up your medications.
You're Taking Anti-Estrogen Medication
Your natural vaginal lubrication is maintained in great part by the hormone estrogen. If your levels of estrogen are low, your vagina is going to be dry. Low estrogen levels are the reason why dryness happens so often to folks during menopause, because estrogen levels drop at this point in life. Your estrogen can also be made to drop with anti-estrogen medications, which you might be taking to treat your endometriosis or uterine fibroids (if you have either of those medical conditions). If you're on these meds, you might be experiencing a suddenly dry vagina.
You Started Taking The Pill
Estrogen is likely also the reason why oral birth control can result in vaginal dryness. Low libido is a side effect of the Pill that your gynecologist might have told you about, but a lesser discussed side effect is a lessening of natural vaginal lubrication. The good news is that if this is happening to you, there are lots of other contraceptive options (including other pills) to try that might not have the same reaction in your body. Your gynecologist will help you find the right fit for you.
You're Taking Asthma Medication
The final class of meds that have the side effect of a dry vagina are some asthma medicines. If you have asthma and are taking medication for it, that might be the reason for your dry vagina. Luckily, not all asthma meds have this side effect, so you definitely have the opportunity to maintain your lung health without sacrificing your vaginal happiness.
You're Allergic To Chemicals In Your Soap
Did you know that lots of people are actually allergic to the things they put in or around their vaginas? There can be harsh chemicals in douches, soaps, and lubricants that can cause tons of vaginal problems, such as yeast infection and bacterial vaginosis — and vaginal dryness. Using natural products without these intense chemicals can clear up the problem in no time.
You Just Smoked Lots Of Cigarettes
Smoking actually has tons of negative consequences for reproductive health. For instance, did you know that smoking cigarettes messes with your circulation? That's why smokers have such cold hands and feet. This is relevant to reproductive health because if your circulation isn't great, it can make your vagina dryer. This is more relevant to chronic smokers, but if you went out with that one friend of yours last night (you know the one I'm talking about) and ended up smoking far more than you're used to, that could be a reason why your netherbits aren't feeling great this morning.
What about smoking marijuana, you ask? The jury is still out (probably because there isn't really enough well-funded research on the health impacts of cannabis products) — some research has found that smoking weed not only gives you cottonmouth, but "cotton vagina" too! However, some professionals have debunked these findings, because the reason your mouth gets dry when you smoke something is different than why your vagina gets dry. So does smoking weed make your vagina dry? We need more well-funded research to know for sure.
You Just Drank A Lot
Alcohol dehydrates your body, which you may have noticed from your need to slam a tallboy of water when you come home after a night of heavy drinking. This dehydration can affect your vagina, leading to less lubrication. If you're planning to drink alcohol (particularly before you want to have sex), make sure you drink lots of water so you don't get too dehydrated. Your vagina, not to mention your head, will thank you.
You're Stressed
Stress can wreak havoc on your reproductive system. It does this in great part because it lowers your immune system. This might be the reason that if you're stressed, you may notice that your vagina feels itchy, burning, or dry. If you're feeling stressed, it's a good idea to figure out what helps you personally calm down — because everyone's different. De-stressing is one of the most important things you can do to protect your overall health, including ensuring your vagina stops feeling so dry!
The Bottom Line
The good news is that just because you woke up with a dry vagina this morning, that doesn't mean this is your new normal. You will have to do some sleuthing to figure out your particular cause for vaginal dryness. Working with a trusted doctor or gynecologist can help a lot. But once you know the culprit, you can fix it! And in the meantime: lube, lube, lube. No one should have to experience the discomfort of a dry vagina when there are so many personal lubricant options on the market.
If you notice that your dryness isn't going away or that you aren't getting wet when you're preparing to have sex, a more long-term reason for vaginal dryness may be the culprit. For instance, anxiety and depression are main reasons why it's hard for people to get wet during sex. If this sounds like you, definitely seek the help you need! There's no reason to be embarrassed or to suffer in chafing silence.
Images: Pexels; Giphy


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Research Article | Open Access
Participatory Resource Mapping for Livelihood Values Derived from the Forest in Ekondo-Titi Subregion, Cameroon: A Gender Analysis
Increasingly, the multiplicity of products, services, and values, and the diversity of interests from different resource users and groups, is being acknowledged as vital for sustainable use. This calls for a shift from protection to sustainable use and to resource-user focus. The aim of this study is to identify the spatial occurrence of livelihood values through participatory resource mapping, their changes over time and alternatives for sustainable management. A participatory resource mapping study was conducted with local community, including important stakeholders in Ekondo-Titi subregion of Cameroon. The research technique which focused on gender revealed different patterns of forest resources and changes on the landscape. The study concludes that the importance of resources varies between men and women in Ekondo-Titi subregion of Cameroon, implying that resources may have multipurpose functions, but its exact role depends on the needs of the user groups that utilize them. The divergence of opinion on certain resources is a clear indication of preferences that are gender motivated. The study also revealed that the greatest impact of land use change is the conversion of forest land into agriculture.
1. Introduction
The forest ecosystem just like other ecosystem provides humanity with a wide range of resources and services which are necessary for our survival. These services have been categorized as provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services which interact with the direct and indirect drivers of change to affect human well-being [1–4]. Though there is much awareness as to the potentials of the forest ecosystem, having a match between policies and practice is the root cause of poor management of resources. This erodes the capacity of the forest to provide necessary services not only to the local community but the nation as a whole [5–10].
Much of the debate on how to conserve forest resources while protecting biodiversity and meeting the demands for community development at the same time has been very challenging [11, 12]. This is because conservation initiatives have often been limited to a protected area of which that is not the case in reality because there is the need for conservation for development and not the other way round [13]. Those who advocate for conservation, designating parks under strict protection often accuse the local communities as threat to biodiversity conservation [4, 11, 14, 15]. Such an approach towards conservation explains why most conservation projects in West Africa have failed in the past [16]. The local population is aware and well connected with their surrounding landscapes thus being the best suited for shaping the future of their landscapes and contributing meaningfully towards a successful management plan [12, 17].
The emphasis on a participatory approach arises from the wisdom that local communities not only understood their problems best but also had solutions. This made them be able to participate as beneficiaries and also as providers [18, 19]. Within the natural resource sector, the participatory approach argument became a focal point and attracted a great deal of attention, following the Rio Earth Summit, where it was accepted as an integral part of the sustainable development process [20]. By involving all key stakeholders in the process of resource management, understanding their needs and situations, allowing them to influence decisions and receive benefits, and increasing transparency [21], participatory research will go a long way to secure local promote sustainable resource management [22, 23]. Conservation and development have often been addressed as separate issues which are not the case in reality because a balance must be established to achieve both objectives [15, 24]. Building upon indigenous knowledge is no longer an option but imperative for sustainabl resource management [25]. The active involvement of the indigenous knowledge holders in the decision-making process in as far as it affects them reinforces indigenous knowledge systems for sustainable natural resource management and local livelihoods [17]. Stakeholders are involved in a joint participation in which they share their problems and also share the benefits [26]. Collective analysis of problems will stimulate that sense of belonging which will contribute to sensitivity of the local community and also create collaboration in resource planning as power is shared among stakeholders [22].
Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) has emerged as a new approach that is invaluable to community development planning and resource management. This practice advocates for sustainable resource management through the active participation of local communities with the aim of improving livelihood, empowerment (access rights and security), and enhancing environmental conservation [27–29]. PRA is multidisciplinary and multidimensional in its approach and has gained attention in almost all fields of studies be it the humanities, sciences, arts, social sciences, health, and so forth [30, 31]. PRA has moved from a more general to specific levels that focus on issues such as gender, ethnic diversity, age groups, and structure. Communities are not homogenous but rather heterogeneous in nature [32] which creates problems for resource management as different ethnic groups have different cultural values that affect access and control rights to forest resources [33–35].
Hardin [37] puts forward the following views that "the users of a commons were trapped in inexorable tragedy and unable to engage in sufficient collective action to extract themselves from drastic overuse and destruction". This view has received a lot criticism from scholars since the 80s [38–41] on the grounds that it is too general and some local examples have proven otherwise. Notwithstanding these criticisms, Hardin's view still holds true in some regions where resource management has not been sustainable. It has been estimated that approximately 200,000 ha of forests are being lost to agriculture each year in Cameroon [42]. Other studies give similar estimates which reveals that in a ten-year-period (1990–2000) in Cameroon, forest loss to other land uses per annum was approximately 221,763 ha [43]. Devolution of forest rights will have an effect on access and users right which will improve on forest management approaches and local livelihoods [44, 45].
The aim of this study was to conduct a participatory resource mapping exercise with the local community of Ekondo-Titi in attempts to identify and locate the different forest resources and uses in the area. Participatory Resource Mapping (PRM) is a tool used by practitioners of participatory methods to obtain a systematic and graphic [46] overview [17] and understanding [46] of the resources available with the community in the form of social, economical, demographical, and geographical details of the area where the community lives [17, 47, 48]. The aim of the mapping exercise with the villagers was to produce a resource map of the present situation and the situation in the past on a landscape level. The issue of gender was of greater concern to evaluate the different way
s men and women can appreciate their resources on a landscape level. The investigators choose this method because of its many advantages (e.g., [19, 46, 48–51]). One argument is that the PRM tool serves as the base for discussions for the entire group of villagers. It also serves to elucidate important points and helps to verify and check the accuracy and validity of information gathered from household questionnaire, key informants' interview, and literature review [17].
Another argument rests on the justification that participatory methods and approaches with local people who utilize the resources on a daily basis, who are knowledgeable about its constraints and limits, its diversity and its opportunities, can increasingly be a practical and effective means of obtaining and managing people-centred natural resources management data [46]. Chambers enumerated wide range of uses of PRM: uses include land use and resource planning and management, wildlife conservation, identifying tenure and rights, negotiating boundaries and resources uses, resolving conflicts, and participatory monitoring and evaluation.
2. Study Site and Methods
2.1. Study Site
Ekondo-Titi subdivision consists of thirty-four villages and one urban center which are all located in Ndian division in the South West province of Cameroon. This area was carved out from the Kumba division in 1966 by presidential decree No. 66/08/66. It is bounded by Mundemba to the north, to the west by the rural district of Kumbo Etindi, to the south by Bamusso subdivision, and to the east by Meme division (Figure 1). It is situated in the equatorial rainforest zone of Cameroon and experiences both the rainy and dry season. This area is characterized by lowlands of vast extent with fairly undulating hills that rises to the Rumpi range of mountains with the highest peak at the Rata Mountain in Dikome Balue (1900 m). The high lands of this region are located between latitudes 4° and 7° north of the equator. The estimated population of this region is 55,000 people distributed over a surface area of 5.602 km2 and projected at 100,000 people by 2015 [36].
The geology of the area shows precambrian basement gneisses overlain unconformably
by cretaceous shaly sandstones. Volcanic extrusions are said to have formed the Rumpi range of Mountains that constitutes a series of plateaus separated by gorges and narrow valleys [52]. The soil types that dominate this region are sandy and clay soils. Clay soils have developed from the volcanic ashes that were deposited during periods of active sequence of volcanic eruptions that took place in the past [53].
Located in the equatorial forest zone of Cameroon, this area is very rich in floristic composition with varieties of plant species that range from simple fungi to complex angiosperms found in the terrestrial ecosystem. Notwithstanding, significant variation do occur in the distribution of the forest ecosystems in this area which is a true reflection in the changing agricultural landscape. Oil palm plantation forms a new vegetation type though there are tree species such as Rhizophora racemosa, Nypa frauticans, Guibourtia demensei Acrostidum aureum, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Guibourtia demensei, Drepanocarpus lunatus, Pandanus candelabrum, and Phoenix reclinata [5, 54].
Subsistence food cultivation is the main source of livelihood to approximately 85% of the population in 33 out of the 36 villages in the study area. Food crops such as cassava, yams, cocoa yams, maize, groundnuts, plantains, vegetables, and other spices are cultivated extensively in this area. The collection of nontimber forest products (NTFPs) is also widely practiced in this area which is considered as an offseason job when pressure on crop cultivation is reduced. Some of the villagers are employed as labourers by Pamol Plantations Plc (PPP) which is the second largest employer after the government in the South West region of Cameroon. Locally made craft with NTFPs from the forest such as loose fruit baskets are of high demand by PPP and other common initiative groups (CIG) that are involved in oil palm cultivation.
2.2. Methodology
2.2.1. Participatory Resource Mapping with Men and Women
Participatory resource approach in form of participatory resource mapping was employed in collecting information. The period of data collection was in the month of June to August 2009 [55] and the month of December 2010 in which the mapping exercise was conducted with both men and women from the local communities in this region. The mapping exercise was conducted in two phases: at the landscape level which was for the whole region (this was done by a member of the Ekondo-titi traditional council) and at the village level. The villages considered for the mapping exercise were Ekondo-Titi and Bafaka Balue that are located in the center and north-east of the region. The reasons for selecting the above villages are that, Ekondo-Titi is located on gentle undulating land with high population density, cultural diversity and surrounded by oil palm plantations. Bafaka on the other hand, is mountainous, dominated by indigenous population and the physical environment has favored the creation of protected areas (site with the highest biodiversity in the study area), it is the main water catchment of the region and supplies food crops to the former and other villages. In Ekondo-Titi, 10 men and 8 women were involved in the mapping exercise while in Bafaka Balue, 8 men and 6 women were involved.
During the mapping exercise that lasted for 2-3 hours, the participants were given a brief lecture about what is required of them in this exercise. Samples of related works such as Glover, "Tropical dryland rehabilitation: case study on participatory forest management in Gedaref," Sudan and Kalibo and Medley, "Participatory resource mapping for adaptive collaborative management at Mt. Kasigau, Kenya" [17, 19] provided a guide for the subject matter. The villagers were given the opportunity to construct a resource map on the open ground using local materials such as stones, leaves, and back of trees. After this phase, the participants were given a cardboard paper with pencils and erasers to transfer the map drown on the ground. They were later given a hundred seeds each per group (men and women's group) to place on the cardboard where they obtain water, where they practice agriculture, where they collect forest products such as fish, bush meat, building materials, and fuel wood. The maps were later recopied on an A4 paper by the investigators, scanned and reduced for better presentation.
Field visit was also carried out in some villages such as Masore, Lobe, and Lipenja that are located at the outskirts of Ekondo-Titi village. During such visit that received a lot of support from forestry and agricultural extension workers, some photographs were taken and farmers were able to express their views in terms of resource management in the area.
2.2.2. Historical Resource Mapping and Analyses
This exercise was conducted with the help of 15 men drawn from the Ekondo-Titi traditional council, including the paramount chief for the whole region. This council is madeup of men only but with a brief discussion the investigators had with the paramount chief, three women were asked to join the mapping exercise. The three women that were included just like the members of the traditional council were all indigenous and have lived in this village for all their lives (the youngest amongst them was 62 years old).
This exercise was able to produce two historical maps that covered the period 1940–1960 and 1960–1980. The three women gave valuable contributions since they have more access to the forest especially for fuel wood collection and food crop cultivation. Questions such as where was the first settlement in this region and why? What were sites for different forest products? Have the sites changed? What about the water resources? where questions were asked. The elders were asked of some of the significant events that have taken place with much impact on the landscape and also how the availability of resources has changed.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Participatory Resource Mapping with Men and Women in Ekondo-Titi Village
The mapping of resources concentrated on two villages in which men and women mapped their resources based on the values attached to them and also by using their local knowledge (Figure 2: Ekondo-Titi village and Figure 3: Bafaka village). In the case of Ekondo-Titi, both men and women mapped a narrow forest zone to the north. The difference in the women's map is that the forest covers the boundary of the entire village except a narrow strip of land towards the north-west which is considered as oil palm plantations (Figure 2(a)). The women also indicated the sites for fuelwood collection which is given a higher value by women since it is considered as a woman's duty to collect wood for the household. Areas of subsistence crop cultivation were identified close to the homes and major roads while agroforestry is said to be fast developing towards the south due to land scarcity. Both men and women identified almost similar area occupied Pamol Plantations with its oil palm plantations but the women went further to identify the buffer zones of the company which they use for food crop cultivations. The women view the landscape to be more expanded in terms of the resources that it provides. They went further to identify the areas very close to the river that is used all-year-round for vegetable cultivation. The women did not consider the rivers just for fishing but as a means of transport of fuelwood from the mangrove forest.
A study by Glover [17] incorporated this finding that the importance of various functions of natural resources may vary between different user groups. This study also found in Elrawashda area in the Sudan that women were more interested in the role of trees for domestic fuelwood supply or food production while men regard commercial gum arabic production as major role of trees. Related works by Campbell [56]; Dei [57]; Falconer [58]; Rocheleau [59]; Nabanoga; Gombya-Sembajjwe [60] and Mogaka et al. [61] also found that trees and forests in subsaharan Africa constitute a major source of income and livelihoods. A study by Kaimowitz [62] found that losing access to these forest products and markets can have negative impacts on rural households and even threaten their survival. Other studies recorded by FAO [63] found out that focusing on one aspect of forest products and benefits, even on such a major one as fuelwood, at the expense of others can be gravely misleading. Trees are considered a major source of support for rural community at the times of vulnerability; therefore, analysis of the main causes of depletion of the forest resources must be based on these needs of rural communities. Extension programmes may bring men who perceive rivers as a source of only one benefit towards accepting the rivers for more than one benefit and towards believing that the river is for multiple uses. The more the people perceive resources (also trees and forests) as for multiple uses, the better can be the acceptance of a multiple land use system [17].
While the women considered the homes and resources to be concentrated in smaller areas, the men on the other hand considered it to be more expanded (Figure 2(b)). Women were interested in resources such as water for domestic use, fuelwood, home garden, and fruit trees. The concentration of these resources by the women is to reduce travel time but culture plays a major role. Cash crop cultivation and hunting of games are considered as activities for men according to the tradition and customs of the land. This explains some of the reasons why the men had an extended view of resources on the landscape when compared with the women. The men were able to locate their cocoa farms and hunting sites which are considered as men's job. In the men's map, the water catchment sites were identified while the agroforestry farms were located to the south, west, and center. The men paid little attention to areas used for food crop but more to cash crops and agroforestry (trees on farms). According to the men building materials came from the north and western part of the village and that the forest to southen west was the major supplier until the 80s.
When Cameroon gained her independence in 1960, resource exploitation took a different dimension as the forest was seen as the only mean to consolidate the fragile state. The number of villages increased from 6 to 36 while the area under agriculture continued to increase. The present-day Ekondo-Titi region is dominated by oil palm plantation while subsistence agriculture, relying on slash-and-burn also brought about some changes in the forest ecosystem (Figure 5). The slash-and-burn agriculture coupled with oil palm plantations has resulted in a number of environmental impacts such as fast conversion of the forest lands in this region to grasslands. This situation has resulted in the loss of livelihoods for local people and the deterioration of the environment in which they live. There is need to find alternatives to monocultural plantations that reflect more environmentally friendly approaches to land use patterns in the region [64].
3.2. Participatory Resource Mapping with Men and Women in Bafaka Village
The situation in Bafaka (Figures 3(a) and 3(b)) portrays a different situation because this area is mountainous and highly inaccessible until 1995 when a secondary road was constructed by the government. This situation explains why the influence of oil palm plantation that dominates this region is not favorable in this area because of the topography. The men's map identified the homes to the south east which is similar to that of the women with much of the forest still intact in the north, west, and south. According to Figure 3(a), the center is dominated by agroforestry with a mixture of cocoa, cocoyam, plantains, banana, maize, and cassava. The south-west is the protected area under the Rumpi Hills conservation project while the rivers take their rise from the Rata Mountain in the north and flow over the entire village and the region as a whole. Hunting, fishing, and the collection of nontimber forest products such as medicinal plants, fruits, and thatches for building are dominated but not restricted to men.
The women were able to identify similar features just as the men but more attention was given to sites for fuelwood collection and food crop cultivation. The major difference in these maps is that, the area identified as protected areas by men (Figure 3(a)) was identified as agroforestry farms by the women (Figure 3(b)). The women gave the protected area a restricted range to the east while food crop cultivation was located to the center, south, and south east. In tropical forest areas, people normally apply specific practices for utilization and management of forest and/or trees [65]. In the study area, women are responsible for collecting firewood and fruits, but men own property and are in charge of agricultural production.
Men in both villages are unlike women who were more concerned with food crops, fuelwood, water, and so forth, the men were concerned with the forest (hunting of games and collecting NTFPs), cash crops, and building materials from the forest. In Ekondo-Titi the men consider the trees on farm in agroforestry system as fodder for animals. The situation in Bafaka tells a different story as both men and women consider agroforestry as an adaptation to the difficult environment. Wiersum [66] incorporated the above facts and confirmed recognition of gender issues as an important aspect in resource management and implications for planning of interventions in resource use. It should be recognized that the inclusion of both men and women is vital in analyzing the feasibility of a social forestry intervention in a specific situation, in order to be able to assess the dynamic factors that determine the existing divisions of labor, decision making, the allocation of profits and incentives and the potential for change in these dynamics [Ibid.]. Similar findings have been reported by Seniloli et al. [67], regarding gender differences in patterns of resource use. They observed that lack of adequate knowledge or consideration with regard to gender issues can hamper development efforts. The foregoing statements have confirmed that involving gender issues in environmental programmes and the various ways in which men and women utilize their natural resources is crucial if development programmes are to be relevant and sustainable. Thus, formulating policy or project interventions from a gender perspective coupled with collaborative resource management; "a partnership by which various stakeholders agree on sharing among themselves the management functions, rights and responsibilities for a territory or a set of resources" [68], have implications in environmental and poverty reduction strategies and imperative for sustainable resources management.
3.3. Changes in the Landscape Over Time (1940–1960 and 1960–1980)
According to the members of the Ekondo-Titi traditional council, the very first settlers in this region were in Ekondo-nene which lies approximately 25 km away from Ekondo-Titi. Figure 4 shows the historical maps of the past landscape of the Ekondo-Titi subregion between 1940–1960 (a) and 1960–1980 (b). When the Germans established the banana plantation in the 1920s in Lobe, job opportunities were available to the people of Ekondo-nene as labourers in the plantation. The banana plantation was later replaced with oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantation by 1930. Ekondo-Titi which literally means "small ekondo" started as a dormitory village. This was due to its suitable location which was closer to the road and closer to the plantation in Lobe (2.5 km) Ekondo-nene on the otherhand, which means "big ekondo" gave birth to the former due to its distance from the plantation site in Lobe (27.5 km). The forest was still intact with footpaths being the main means of transportation since the crops were transported through the sea to the present-day economic capital of the country, Douala. The council reveals that streams and rivers were flowing across the village and wildlife was abundant. Most people depended on the forest and collected NTFPs from the forest with the authority of the traditional ruler. When the secondary road was constructed in the 1960s, the forest began to disappear and oil palm plantation was dominating as a form of land security to the indigenous from outsiders. The council stated that is the reason why almost all the native own hectares of oil palm plantations because the seedlings were available and at a cheaper rate.
4. Conclusion
The understanding of resource diversity, their values, and distribution within a community is best known through participatory research and mapping of resources within the landscape. Though the concept of landscape can be considered from different view points, this study considered the distribution of forest resources and other ecosystem services in the whole region with reference to two local examples for better understanding. The findings of this study focus on how men and women give preferences to different resources use and how they consider the distribution of such resources within the community. While the women valued their lands for food crop cultivation, sites in the forest for fuelwood collection, men on the other hand paid more attention to cash crops such as oil palm and cocoa plantation, forest reserves where they hunt games, and forest area for building materials and the rivers for fishing. Considering the various ways in which men and women utilise their natural resources, collaborative resource management has implications for the planning of interventions in environmental and poverty reduction strategies, if rural development programmes are to be relevant and sustainable.
The historical map of the region which was drawn by members of the traditional council reveals a number of changes that has taken place in the past. While the council stated that the region was a forest area with little evidence of cash crop cultivation in the colonial administration. They described the present-day Ekondo-Titi villages, Lobe, Masore, Bogongo 1 and 2, Bekora, and Lipenja villages as "palm cities." This is a clear indication that the greatest impact of land use change has been agriculture especially through the cultivation of oil palm which remains a constant reminder of a colonial inheritance in this region and other parts of the country and Africa as a whole.
The participants in Ekondo-Titi village show in both the men's and women's map that oil palm plantations are dominating the landscape which has limited the land available for food crop cultivation. Subsistence farming was identified very close to the roads, in agroforestry systems and even in buffer zones. The participatory mapping also reveals that a greater proportion of fuelwood used in Ekondo-Titi village is harvested from the mangrove forest in the maretime region and from neighbouring villages. The participants also complaint that the forest policies by the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife donot meet the demands of the local communities. Resource management must always take a community-based approach if it has to succeed which must also take into account conservation and development objectives. We therefore recommend that this region should design its own resource map based on local knowledge on how the community perceives its resources can be managed. This is because the landscape is changing all the time and a human-resource relation that is flexible which involves cooperation of the government with the local communities will cope with the changing landscape.
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