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By Jeff Schahczenski
NCAT Agriculture Specialist
Published 2007
Updated November 2014
This publication introduces federal working-lands conservation programs administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and the Farm Service Agency (FSA). It discusses the Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP), the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), and the EQIP Organic Initiative and explains the application and implementation processes for these programs. Examples of how these programs can benefit farmers and ranchers are included.
Photo: USDA-NRCS
Anna and Doug Crabtree are beginning farmers in their early forties who have returned to their agricultural roots and have benefited greatly from new programs offered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). With over 6,000 acres of certified organic cropland, Anna and Doug were awarded an Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) contract through a special initiative to assist organic farmers and ranchers. They are also enrolled in the Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP). As Doug explains, "Farming is the only thing I ever wanted to do. I believe farming is the most important avocation. I grew up on a farm that did not make it through the farm crisis of the '80s and have been waiting for the right time and opportunity to return to the land ever since." NRCS programs were critical to the couple's ability to begin organic farming. As Anna relates, "The EQIP Organic Initiative came at just the right time for us, as we literally started our operation from scratch in 2009. The EQIP Organic Initiative provided additional financial support as part of our start-up package. Practices we are implementing include organic transition, nutrient management, pest management, flex-crop, cover crop, field borders, and seeding pollinator species. Because we are considered beginning farmers, we were able to be included in the beginning farmer set-aside for the EQIP program." This publication assists readers in understanding how they can capture benefits like these that help the bottom line and promote more sustainable agriculture.
The federal government has provided significant benefits to American farmers and ranchers by both retiring marginal and environmentally sensitive lands and supporting the adoption of improved conservation practices on working lands. Since 1996, working-lands conservation support has accelerated. Programs that support agricultural land preservation (Figure 1) have also been initiated. Learning how to take advantage of these important, but often complicated, programs can help farmers and ranchers lower operational risk; provide tangible rewards for the contribution that conservation practices provide in improving soil, air, and water quality; increase profitability; and in general make farming and ranching more rewarding.
Figure 1. Working land conservation programs—the Environmental Quality Enhancement Program and Conservation Security Program—capture an increasing share of conservation funding. Source: Claassen, 2014
Another important reason to take advantage of expanding federal conservation resources is that the application process itself helps farmers and ranchers see their operations from new perspectives. This can alert farmers and ranchers to new market opportunities. For example, transitioning to an organic production system on your farm or ranch may lead to higher value for your crops and livestock.
Engaging in federal conservation programs can also move your farm or ranch in a more sustainable direction. (See the ATTRA publication Sustainable Agriculture: An Introduction.) "Whole" farm or ranch planning—which assesses the goals and potential resources of the farm or ranch—will likely be necessary for farmers or ranchers interested in maximizing the benefits of these federal conservation programs. Even those unable to take advantage of a particular program will come away with a valuable learning experience through the very process of applying. Learning how federal conservation programs work and going through the application process usually helps agricultural producers better understand current innovative farming and ranching practices. Also, by engaging in federal conservation programs, you learn to be a more active citizen by making these programs work better for all farms and ranches in your community, state, and nation.
Finally, if you are of limited resources, socially disadvantaged, or a beginning farmer or rancher, most federal assistance programs provide either a competitive advantage or higher levels of support. The definitions of these special categories are very specific, however, so make sure you meet the definitions before assuming eligibility. When in doubt regarding eligibility requirements, check with the local office of the federal agency in charge of the specific program. You can find contact information for your NRCS state and local offices at www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/about/org.
The complexity of federal conservation programs—and in particular the application process itself—is perhaps one of the biggest reasons many farmers and ranchers do not access these resources. The programs are voluntary, and many opt out of using them simply because the process is often difficult and intimidating. The programs contain an "alphabet soup" of acronyms and bureaucratic jargon particularly difficult for first-time applicants to understand. The goal here is to present a simplified overview that outlines the essential step-by-step process to access these resources and benefits. The intent is also to help you understand the general purpose of the programs.
This publication specifically concentrates on resources available from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). This U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) agency is the one most engaged with agricultural conservation practices. The other major USDA agency involved in conservation efforts is the Farm Service Agency (FSA). The FSA shares administrative responsibility with the NRCS for the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). The FSA also has responsibility for the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP), the Emergency Conservation Program (ECP), and the Emergency Forest Restoration Program (EFRP). Table 1 provides an overview of the major conservation programs for working lands.
Organic Production and New NRCS Programs
Doug and Anna Crabtree farm organically in Montana.
Photo: Anna Crabtree
The Crabtrees are also pursuing support from the new Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP). However, conflicts between organic and historical NRCS conservation practice standards can cause problems. As Doug relates, "One practice, which we would like to have implemented, 'Non-chemical methods to kill cover crops (WQL17),' illustrates how NRCS needs to better understand organic cropping systems. The practice, which would otherwise be perfect for our system, includes the requirement that 'cash crops must be no-tilled or strip-tilled after cover crop is terminated.' No one with any understanding of dryland organic farming would include such an impossible requirement. We would really like to experiment with mowing and undercutting as less-invasive means of terminating our green manure crops. But, due to this requirement, the NRCS practice will not be of any help to us."
The Crabtrees experienced a couple of challenges in EQIP implementation:
• Soil testing requirements for the nutrient management practice. The NRCS contract required soil testing at three depths–and specifically for nitrogen. This is because surface application of fertilizer tends to stratify, and without tillage there isn't any mixing of the applied substance in the soil profile. Therefore NRCS's use of this specification was to help inform fertilizer application rates. The Crabtrees' organic system includes tillage, and they wanted to use soil tests to determine the baseline of the soil nutrients as a place to inform rotational practices, rather than inform application of fertilizer. There does not seem to be any flexibility in tailoring practices and specifications to fit alternative farming systems, such as organic.
• Coordination between NRCS and the Farm Service Agency (FSA). Although the two offices were located in the same building, the Crabtrees had to obtain documents from one agency to take to the other. Additionally, as beginning farmers it was challenging for them to understand what paperwork to fill out for all of the programs.
Although the Crabtrees overcame these challenges, it has been a bit frustrating for them, trying to implement conservation activities that are outside of the traditional practices in a systems approach. As they relate, "There needs to be more NRCS staff overall. And specifically more staff training and understanding of the whole-farm system approach that is inherent in organic is crucial for NRCS to be able to provide a higher level of technical support. The NRCS field staff need to receive some basic training in organic agriculture, if they are going to be helpful to farmers trying to use these programs. Our hope is that by increasing their knowledge we will not only help producers who want to move to organic systems but also inform NRCS's practices and standards to support conservation activities that do not include the use of off-farm fertilizers and pesticides."
The first step in accessing these federal resources should be developing a Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) comprehensive conservation plan. An NRCS conservation plan is helpful because it involves the funding agency early in the process. Even if you have done prior planning, it is still important to get NRCS assistance in translating your existing planning efforts into agency language. The local NRCS agent can evaluate the programs and practices available to you and suited to your needs.
While this may be the ideal process, finding available NRCS local staff to assist with this kind of planning is often difficult. The actual process often begins with a farmer or rancher contacting the local NRCS field staff office about a specific conservation program. The conservation planning begins with a discussion of the application process and eligibility requirements for that program, rather than with development of a comprehensive conservation plan. Indeed, NRCS recognizes its difficulty with assisting farmers and ranchers in preparing comprehensive conservation plans. In a brief attempt at addressing this lack of planning resources, in 2005 the agency began a special pilot project to bring additional resources to planning efforts. Unfortunately, the pilot project was only available in limited areas of nine states and lasted only one year. As a result of the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (otherwise known as the 2008 Farm Bill), the NRCS established support under the Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) to fund what is termed conservation activity plans or CAPs. Make sure you ask the local NRCS staff about such funding if applying for the EQIP or CSP programs discussed more in this publication.
Barring local NRCS staff availability, however, farmers and ranchers should still attempt to undertake farm or ranch conservation planning. Doing so prepares applicants to interact effectively with NRCS staff. ATTRA has several resources to help with the effort, available online at www.attra.ncat.org or by calling 800-346-9140.
|Table 1: Federal Working-Lands Conservation Programs
|USDA Agency
|Natural Resources
Conservation Service
|Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP)
|Financial support for specific conservation improvements and meeting regulatory requirements. Variable levels of financial support, depending on practices implemented.
|Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP)
|Financial support for current conservation performance and future improvements based on broad land-use categories (cropland, grassland, rangeland, and non-industrial private forest land). Maximum financial support is $40,000 per year for five years.
|Agricultural Conservation Easement Program (ACEP)
|Support for farm and ranchland protection through easements. Variable levels of support depending on nature of easement.
|Agricultural Management Assistant Program (AMA)
|16-state program for financial and technical assistance to improve water management or irrigation structures. Variable levels of support depending on project.
|Farm Service Agency (FSA) and NRCS
|Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
|Annual payments to keep sensitive land out of agricultural production.
|Farm Service Agency (FSA)
|Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP)
|Annual payments to keep riparian areas out of agricultural production (requires state matching funds).
|Emergency Conservation Program (ECP)
|Funding for rehabilitating farmland damaged by natural disasters and for carrying out emergency water conservation measures in periods of severe drought.
|Emergency Forest Restoration Program (EFRP)
|Financial and technical assistance to owners of non-industrial private forest land damaged by natural disaster to carry out emergency measures to restore damaged forests and rehabilitate forest resources.
Federal conservation programs can be divided into two broad categories: working-lands programs and land-retirement or easement programs.
The working-lands programs provide financial resources for farmers or ranchers to implement particular practices or conservation structures on working agriculture lands. NRCS offers extensive information on quality criteria for managing natural resources, to help in assessment and planning of future conservation efforts. In addition, NRCS has a list of technical practice standards and conservation enhancements that define varying levels of conservation performance.
Understanding these technical standards can be complicated for many people who are not familiar with NRCS protocols and jargon. However, if you are serious about taking full advantage of the programs, some understanding of these standards and the systems of resource management is important. The major resource that offers help in understanding technical standards and the general program evaluation processes is the Field office Technical Guide (FOTG). This document is available online at www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/efotg as the eFOTG. This document is "localized" down to the county level, so obtain the copy relevant your farm or ranch locale. The NRCS prides itself in soliciting local input for program development. Consequently, there is some variation among available programs across states and even locales, particularly for working-lands programs.
Land-retirement or easement programs, on the other hand, are those that either permanently or temporarily pay farmers or ranchers to keep land out of agricultural production. Some programs do allow certain productive uses of easement land, but generally these programs were established to take land out of substantial agricultural productive use.
Note: Check with both local and state-level NRCS staff. Sometimes local staff do not know that funding differences exist between areas. State-level staff often have that information.
As noted, program details can change substantially from state to state and even county to county. The logic behind this approach makes some sense. Land use for agriculture varies dramatically between different parts of the country. For instance, the best conservation grazing management practices for southwest Montana are substantially different from those in central Florida.
On the other hand, local determination of program criteria is often a source for confusion about what programs can and do offer. In Montana, for instance, some NRCS programs provide resources for ranchers to improve fish passage around irrigation diversions. But the programs apply only to certain areas of the state, despite the fact that most areas have important fish-passage issues. The best way to avoid confusion is to go to the respective state NRCS website to pursue specific details of a program for that state. Another way to clear up confusion is to talk with local and state-level NRCS staff.
This program is unique because it rewards farmers and ranchers for current conservation practices and for putting in place additional new conservation practices and enhancements over a five-year contract period. The program allows all farmers and ranchers to apply at any time, but to begin a contract in any particular federal fiscal year there are specific deadlines announced by NRCS.
As noted earlier, this program was substantially changed by Congress in 2008 with the passage and subsequent implementation of the Food Conservation and Energy Act, or Farm Bill. In the recent 2014 Farm Bill the program was not significantly changed, but the legislation did authorize continued support for the program through 2018. The key point of this program is that it provides payment on a per-acre basis for conservation performance, rather than an incentive payment for the adoption of specific practices and structures.
Below is a basic step-by-step outline for application, with important information and forms that can help in getting ready to apply for this program.
The Conservation Stewardship Self-Screening Checklist can help producers determine whether CSP is the right program for them.
If you have any questions about the questions or your answers, contact your local NRCS staff person. You can find contact information for your local office at www.nrcs.usda.gov/about/organization/regions.html.
This screening tool introduces an important term called the "stewardship threshold." The stewardship threshold is defined as the level of natural resource conservation and environmental management required to conserve and improve the quality and condition of a natural resource. This threshold is measured by the Conservation Measurement Tool (CMT) devised for the program, which is discussed below. Meeting these stewardship thresholds is important because an applicant must demonstrate that at the time of application he or she is meeting the stewardship threshold for at least two resources of concern and is committed to meeting the stewardship threshold for one additional resource of concern during the five-year contract term.
The basic application form is NRCS-CPA-1200, available online through the CSP website and also from local NRCS offices.
If you have not accessed federal agriculture funding in the past or are a brand-new farmer or rancher, you will need to establish yourself as a legal farm by registering with the Farm Service Agency (FSA) and acquiring a Federal Farm ID number. NRCS and FSA field offices are usually located together in what is known as a Farm Service Center.
Some additional forms will likely be needed to establish basic eligibility:
• AD-1026 Highly Erodible Land Conservation and Wetland Conservation Certification (available at local NRCS offices)
• CCC926 Adjusted Gross Income Certification (available at local NRCS office)
In addition, you will need to obtain a DUNS number and sign up with Central Contractor Registration (CCR). See "How to Get a DUNS Number and Register with CCR" on the NRCS website.
• Address particular resources of concern in a given state or region of a state
• Assist farmers and ranchers to improve soil, water, and air quality
• Provide increased biodiversity and wildlife and pollinator habitat
• Sequester carbon and reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change
• Conserve water and energy
However, each state NRCS office has chosen specific priority resources of concern, and these will impact the ranking system in each state. To find out the priorities for an individual state, contact your NRCS office or look for that information on your state's NRCS website. You can find your state office's contact information at www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/about/org.
The CMT resource inventory questions and a description of the scoring process are available online at the CSP website. Note that the CMT is complicated. Consequently, it is important that you ask many questions of your local NRCS office staff to make sure that you understand the questions in the CMT and the information being entered into the tool.
NRCS has provided a list of conservation and enhancement activities that are part of the CMT. This CSP Enhancement Information can be examined online at www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/programs/financial/csp/?cid=stelprdb1240690.
Also, your ranking and ultimate level of financial support is dependent upon which enhancements and practices you choose to implement. Not all enhancements are of equal conservation benefit, and NRCS has established a ranking of the enhancements and practices available in CSP. So, if you select enhancements or practices with a low conservation-benefit ranking, your application may not be ranked as high as other applicants and you may not receive a CSP contract. Remember, CSP is a competitive program: not all applicants receive support. Of course, to undertake certain enhancements or practices may not make sense for your farm, so you have to carefully review and understand the available enhancements and weigh the value of practices with your ability and desire to adopt them.
The National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition has provided a ranked list of the CSP enhancements and practices available for the 2014 CSP sign-up period. This can be found online at http://sustainableagriculture.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/CSP-Enhancements.doc.
Once all applicants for a particular period are ranked, applicants will be selected for funding by moving down the list of ranked applicants until the program acreage limits for each state are reached. The total national program acreage available is 10 million acres for each of the five years (2014-2018) of the program as established by Congress.
Payment amounts will be determined by these three factors:
• Expected environmental benefits as indicated by the Conservation Measurement Tool.
• Costs incurred by the farmer or rancher associated with the planning, design, materials, installation, labor, management, maintenance, or training for conservation activities.
• Income forgone by the producer as a result of conservation activities that are undertaken.
Overall, CSP payments will vary by land type, the extent of existing conservation that will be managed and maintained, and the extent of new conservation practices and activities to be implemented. Individual CSP payments will depend on the details of each contract. Payments to contract holders will be made after October 1 of the year the conservation has been accomplished (i.e., if the terms of the contract are fulfilled during the spring and summer, the accompanying payments will be made in the fall).
As part of contract development for each successful applicant, NRCS is required to visit each applying farm and ranch to verify information provided in the application. In addition, the development of a conservation stewardship plan is required. A conservation stewardship plan is defined as a record of the participant's decisions that describes the schedule of conservation activities to be implemented, managed, or improved during the contract life.
The implementation rules for the new CSP commit NRCS to make a special effort to provide technical assistance to organic and specialty crop producers. In particular, NRCS has provided the Organic Crosswalk to help organic farmers and ranchers applying to the program. This document offers an explanation of how producers can use CSP Conservation Enhancements to aid them during the "transitioning" period to organic farming. The Organic Crosswalk is available online at www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/.
In the CSP, special emphasis and supplemental funding is available for applicants who undertake a resource-conserving crop rotation. The understanding of what constitutes such a rotation is still less than clear and will require careful discussion with NRCS field staff.
To constrain total spending on the program, the new CSP limits the total acreage available to 10 million in each of the five years of the program. In addition, the law sets a target of an average of $18 per acre nationwide for expenditures. These limitations may make it difficult for very small farms to be able to justify the effort of participation with the ultimate benefit. This issue is a concern for NRCS, and they have stated in the implementation rules for the program that they do not want to limit producer participation because of size or type of operation. If you are a smaller farm, discuss this issue with your local NRCS staff. There is a minimum contract payment available of $1,000 per year for participants who are socially disadvantaged, beginning, or limited resource farmers.
The Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) is the largest NRCS working-lands program, with annual budgets around $1 billion since 2002. EQIP provides incentives to farmers and ranchers for two major purposes. First, the program helps farmers and ranchers reach improved levels of conservation practices. Second, the program helps farmers and ranchers to be in compliance (or stay in compliance) with federal environmental regulations such as the Clean Water Act.
EQIP has provided substantial federal resources to assist farmers and ranchers to stay in compliance with regulations in regard to the operation of Confined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) and Animal Feeding Operations (AFOs). This has raised controversial issues involving large-scale dairies and commercial feedlots. Since 2002, NRCS has been required to try to achieve a target of 60% of EQIP expenditures for livestock conservation practices. While not all of that livestock-related EQIP funding has gone to resolve CAFO/AFO issues, a large percentage has. However, despite these environmental regulatory aspects to EQIP, there have been many farmers and ranchers who have improved conservation practices and their bottom lines by participating in this program.
EQIP has from time to time allocated resources to special initiatives. Currently (2014) there are six national EQIP special initiatives as shown in Table 2.
The bottom line is that EQIP is a very competitive program that is under-funded relative to demand by farmers and ranchers. This means that for your application to be competitive, you must make sure to develop a comprehensive plan of the conservation practices integrated into your farm and ranch before you apply. Also, pay close attention to those elements of your plan that fit with the priorities that NRCS has identified as important for funding in the year you wish to apply.
|Table 2. National EQIP Initiatives
|Air Quality Initiative
|Provides financial assistance to implement approved conservation practices to address significant air-quality resource concerns for designated high-priority geographic locations throughout the nation.
Priority States are designated each fiscal year based upon Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) designations of non-attainment for particulate matter and ozone pollutants. Legislation requires that $37.5 million of EQIP be targeted to this initiative each fiscal year.
|On-Farm Energy Initiative
|Enables the producer to identify ways to conserve energy on the farm through two types of Agricultural Energy Management Plans (AgEMP) for headquarters and/or for landscape, also known as an on-farm energy audit (headquarters and/or landscape); and by providing financial and technical assistance to help the producer implement various conservation practices recommended in these on-farm energy audits.
|Organic Initiative
|Provides financial assistance to help implement conservation practices for organic producers and those transitioning to organic, to address natural resource concerns. Also helps growers meet requirements related to National Organic Program (NOP) requirements and certain program payment limitations.
|National Water Quality Initiative
|Helps farmers and ranchers implement conservation systems to reduce nitrogen, phosphorous, sediment, and pathogen contributions from agricultural land in specific approved watersheds. Contact your local NRCS field office to see if you are eligible.
|Colorado River Basin Salinity Project
|Helps producers in this river basin reduce salinity by preventing salts from dissolving and mixing with the river's flow. Different states apply varying criteria. Contact your local NRCS field office to find out more.
|Seasonal High Tunnel Initiative
|Helps producers plan and implement seasonal high tunnels, which are steel-framed, polyethylene-covered structures that extend growing seasons in an environmentally safe manner.
There are three conditions for EQIP eligibility. First, the applicant must be in compliance with highly erodible land and wetland conservation practices. Known commonly as "sodbuster" and "swampbuster" provisions, these prevent EQIP from extending benefits to producers who have previously brought highly erodible land and converted wetlands into agricultural production.
Second, individuals or entities with an Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) of $1 million per year or more are not eligible for EQIP unless two-thirds of that money is derived from agriculture, ranching, or forestry operations. The limit is based on the three tax years immediately preceding the year of the approved application.
Third, a person or entity cannot apply for EQIP if they have exceeded $300,000 for all EQIP contracts entered into during any six-year period.
All categories of land usage are eligible, including non-industrial forest lands. Interestingly, any land determined to pose a serious threat to soil, air, water, or related resources is also eligible.
Finally, applications are accepted by state NRCS offices all year round, but there are specific dates by which you must be in-application to be eligible in any particular funding year. Each state sets its own deadlines, so check with your local NRCS agent or state office for the deadlines for your state.
EQIP Program in Reeves County, Texas, 2006
The Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) offers cost-share assistance to agricultural producers to implement on-farm conservation practices. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) determines eligible producers for the EQIP program and determines eligible land. Eligible producers may apply for cost-share assistance on conservation practices that will address the resource concern identified by the Local Work Group (LWG).
Reeves County office Information
Interested agricultural producers may apply in person at the Reeves County USDA Service Center. Applicants may also request EQIP assistance by telephone, fax, e-mail, or letter.
|State Resource Concerns Priority Areas that include part of Reeves County
|Specific State Concern
|State Resource Concern
|Water Quality/Air Quality
|Water Quality/Air Quality
|Water Quality/Air Quality
|Water Quality/Air Quality
|Salt Cedar
|Invasive Species
|Limited Resource Farmer or Rancher
|(AFO—Animal Feeding Operation) (CAFO—Confi ned Animal Feeding Operation)
The objective of the Reeves County Local Work Group (LWG) is to promote the use of conservation practices for improving natural resources throughout the county with major emphasis on improving plant health and water quantity.
County EQIP Resource Concern:
In Reeves County for 2006, the LWG has identified Plant Health and Water Quantity as the major resource concerns.
Priority for Funding:
Water Quantity—High Priority for funding
Land leveling, concrete ditch lining, irrigation water conveyance, sprinkler, sprinkler conversion, and drip irrigation.
Plant Health—High Priority for funding
Fencing, livestock water development, brush management, range ripping and seeding. All practices receive 50 points.
Eligible Practices and Cost-Share Rates:
Limited Resource Farmers and Ranchers—90 percent
Beginning Farmers and Ranchers—75 percent
Other—50 percent
Benefits are determined by an NRCS evaluation of the farmer's or rancher's application against a set of funding priorities known as the "ranking criteria." These criteria are set at the national, state, and county levels. In some larger states, such as California, or where demand for program benefits is high, a "pre-screening" set of selection criteria is often used. As noted, this is a competitive program and each state has the ability to prioritize which resources are of special concern, even down to the county level.
The NRCS gets advice on setting these priorities from two governance committees: the state technical advisory committee (state-level) and the "local working groups." (See the Conclusion for more information on how these groups provide input.)
Thus, each state's set of priorities is different and in any given year may not reflect the needs you have identified in your planning efforts for your farm or ranch. However, there is often a fairly wide variety of conservation practices available to applicants and it may be hard to tell without going through the process how your planned changes will be "ranked."
The box above shows a copy of just one part of the ranking criteria from Reeves County, Texas. This illustrates several aspects of EQIP in Texas. First, the state NRCS—at least in this county—has identified Animal Feeding Operations (AFO/CAFO) issues and salt cedar removal as high-priority concerns. The local county group has added priorities related to conservation practices that promote plant health and water-use efficiency. Both the state and county clearly recognize that when limited-resource or beginning farmers or ranchers apply, they are entitled to higher benefits. Finally, the county has placed limits on the extent of funding by identifying specific priority practices and assigning points to those practices. Thus, in Reeves County, Texas, a farmer or rancher is clearly at a funding advantage for EQIP if CAFO-AFO issues, salt cedar removal, plant health, and water-quantity issues are important to the applicant's farm or ranch conservation plan.
Practices will be supported based on the regionally established average cost of the practice. The amount of support earned will be the number of units certified after completion, multiplied by the average cost, multiplied by the support percentage.
However, it is important to understand that even if particular conservation measures prioritized locally are relevant to the applying farmer or rancher, there is still no guarantee that the producer will ultimately be provided EQIP benefits. This is true because the applicant is still competing with every other applicant in all other counties. Ultimately, the state NRCS office places every applicant on a list in order of total ranking criteria points with associated total benefits requested. Producers are funded starting at the top of the list and proceeding until that year's state allocation of EQIP resources is expended.
What this example shows is that applying for EQIP benefits is a little like applying for a grant. The grantor (NRCS) gets to decide the criteria for grant awards and the applicant must match those criteria in order to increase the probability of acceptance. Also, an application for a single practice change is unlikely to be funded. It is useful to have a holistic plan of all the changes you wish and can afford to make on your farm or ranch and then apply for relevant changes that will garner the highest level of ranking criteria points possible. While NRCS does not want to encourage what it often refers to as "point shopping," farmers and ranchers must put together the best package possible to be competitive and realize any benefit.
Table 3 is an example from Maine NRCS of how actual dollar amounts are calculated to come up with the total contract benefits. Essentially, if an application is selected based on ranking criteria, then each practice is contracted and calculated and a total contract benefit package is awarded.
|Table 3. 2006 Androscoggin/Sagadahoc Counties, Maine, EQIP Cost Lists
|Practice Code
|Practice Name
|Unit Type
|Unit Cost $
|Support Rate %
|Access Road
|All components excluding crossings
|Access Road
|Stream crossing
|Agrichemical Handling Facility
|All components
|Animal Trails and Walkways
|All components excluding crossings
|Animal Trails and Walkways
|Stream crossing
|Barnyard Water Management
|All components
|Brush Management
|Brush Management
|Clearing and Snagging
|Clearing and Snagging
|Composting Facility
|All components
|Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plan
|Development of CNMP (one-time payment)
|Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plan
|Implementation of CNMP (one-time payment)
|Conservation Cover
|Grass establishment
|Conservation Crop Rotation
|Conservation crop rotation
|Contour Buffer Strips
|Grass establishment
|Contour Farming
|All components
|Cover Crop
|Cover Crop
|Critical Area Planting
|All components with heavy site prep
|Deep Tillage
|Deep tillage
|All components
For example, if one of the applicant's "practices" was installation of a composting facility, then the applicant, if successful, would receive $75,000 (60%) to build the facility—assessed by NRCS to cost $125,000. For a successful candidate, this valuation would continue until all practices were assessed and a total contract amount set. It is important to remember that "contracts" can be made for up to 10 years. Payments are made when the practice is completed (adopted) or installed. Thus, the development of, for example, a compost facility might take several years to be complete and would likely require a multi-year EQIP contract.
The benefits of obtaining an EQIP contract can be substantial, but doing so requires real work and financial commitment by the applicant farmer or rancher. Again, careful planning and optimization of program criteria are critical for success.
Authorized by Congress in 2008 and first implemented in 2009, this special EQIP initiative has assisted current organic farmers and ranchers as well as those who want to transition to organic production. This initiative was the result of the recognition that organic production systems have inherent conservation benefits. The initiative was also adopted because it was recognized by NRCS that they had not served organic farmers and ranchers adequately.
In general, the process for application is fairly similar to the general EQIP, but deadlines for application can be different so it is best to contact your local NRCS office or check the website of the state NRCS office for details. Like the general EQIP, payments are set up by a contract that can last several years. However, there are four significant differences between the EQIP Organic Initiative and the general EQIP.
First, the funding pool nationwide has been limited to $50 million, and thus funding can be especially competitive. Also, the total pool of funding is further divided into support for transitioning and currently certified organic producers.
Second, by law, the amount of support a transitioning or certified organic producer can receive under the Organic Initiative is significantly less than under the general EQIP. The maximum payment for your efforts is $20,000 per year, with no more than $80,000 over a six-year period. To make it a little more confusing, however, if you are an existing certified organic producer, then you can opt-out of the special initiative and compete for general EQIP funds with all other non-organic farmers and ranchers in your state. As noted earlier, the general EQIP is very competitive, but the maximum payment for the general EQIP can be as high as $300,000 over a six-year period (or even up to $450,000 if the applicant can justify the application as having unique and significant environmental benefit). Thus, each applicant needs to decide in which arena to compete.
Third, the range of conservation practices for Organic Initiative applicants is less than for the general EQIP and also varies by state. According to NRCS policy, each state is expected to provide support for any conservation practice that is likely to be needed by certified or transitioning producers, but the specific list does vary by state. The only way to know for sure what is offered is to check with your local or state NRCS office for details.
Finally, each state NRCS office provides a separate payment schedule to support practice adoption by certified organic and transitioning producers. In many cases, there are increased costs to conservation practice adoptions in organic systems, and each state estimates these different amounts. Again, it is necessary to check with the local or state NRCS to understand these cost differences.
Being awarded an NRCS working-lands conservation program contract is really only the beginning of the process. NRCS working-lands "contracts" are legally binding and commit you to fulfilling your end of the bargain. With contracts lasting in some cases 10 years, it is important to be absolutely clear on your commitments. By the same token, NRCS has also made significant commitments. During the implementation phase, there will be a need to work regularly with your local NRCS agent to make sure you are making timely progress on your contract.
It is possible that disputes may arise about either the fairness of the application process or your obligations during the implementation of the contract. Federal law does provide for a formal processes of appeal. Although NRCS works hard to make sure you understand the details of a program contract prior to implementation, knowing your rights for appealing decisions is important.
The appeals process—like the programs themselves—is complex. The first question to be clear about is the basis for your appeal. For instance, if you appeal the rejection of your application for program benefits, remember first that the programs are competitive and that losing in competition is not itself a reason to appeal. The general basis for an appeal includes the following:
• Denial of participation in a program.
• Compliance with program requirements.
• The payment or amount of payments or other program benefits to a program participant.
• Technical determinations or technical decisions that affect the status of land even though eligibility for USDA benefits may not be affected.
There are specific reasons that an appeal can be rejected by NRCS:
• General program requirements applicable to all participants; that is, you cannot make your farm or ranch a "special" case.
• Science-based formulas and criteria; for example, eligibility for CSP is based on a certain minimum Soil Conditioning Index (SCI) score. You cannot appeal your eligibility on the basis that the SCI index is the wrong criteria to use. (However, if you think the wrong information was used to calculate the score, then an appeal may be warranted.)
• The fairness or constitutionality of federal laws; for example, arguing that it is unfair because you think the CSP should provide greater than $40,000 per year for your conservation efforts when the program is not authorized to offer more.
• Technical standards or criteria that apply to all persons.
• State Technical Committee membership decisions made by the State Conservationist.
• Procedural technical decisions relating to program administration.
• Denials of assistance due to the lack of funds or authority.
Once you have established a basis for an appeal, determine whether you are appealing a "technical determination" or a "program decision." An appeal of a technical determination challenges the correctness of "the status and condition of the natural resources and cultural practices based on science and best professional judgment of natural resources professionals concerning soils, water, air, plants and animals" (NRCS). For example, the stocking rate of cattle on a particular range or pasture could be a contested technical decision.
An appeal of a program decision, on the other hand, challenges the correctness of the determination of eligibility, or how the program is administered and implemented. For example, if the local NRCS field staff entered information incorrectly into the Conservation Management Tool in assessing your application to the CSP, then you could appeal on the basis of this error.
After you have decided the basis for an appeal and the type of appeal, the next step is to make sure the program you applied for is a "Chapter XII" program. Chapter XII refers to the title of the Food Security Act of 1985, where the current appeals process was established. All the programs outlined in this publication are Chapter XII programs. Check with your local or state NRCS office for a list of non-Chapter XII programs.
To begin the preliminary phase of the appeal process, ask in writing for one of three actions to take place within 30 days after notification of the decision you wish to contest.
• Make a request for a field visit and reconsideration of an NRCS decision.
• Ask for mediation of the contested decision.
• Appeal directly to the local Farm Service Agency (FSA)—usually county-based—for a reconsideration of a decision.
Which of these three routes to take in the appeals process is up to you. It may be hard to evaluate which is of greater benefit. Even though the first choice explicitly provides for a "field visit," all others will require a field visit anyway. The reconsideration and mediation routes should be completed within 30 days of the request.
Finally, even after these appeal routes are exhausted, you can still appeal a decision to the National Appeals Division (NAD) of the USDA. This agency is independent of the other USDA agencies and provides participants with the opportunity to have a neutral review of an appeal. The NAD can make independent findings but also must apply laws and regulations of the respective agency to the case.
The conservation programs outlined in this publication are complex; accessing these resources requires significant effort and an investment in time and energy by producers. The complexities of the programs are in part due to sincere efforts by a large federal agency to make the programs locally relevant and to assure careful expenditure of federal resources. If you do not like the way programs are designed and implemented, the NRCS is unique in that it also provides at least two ways for you to be engaged in changing them.
Local working groups are essentially a form of local governance of federal conservation programs. Their meetings are open to the general public, but formal membership is limited to federal, state, tribal, or local government representatives. The meetings are convened by the local conservation district in each state and the purpose of the group is to provide advice to the NRCS on conservation programs. Contact your local NRCS office about the meeting schedule in your area. As a farmer or rancher, you can attend these meetings and offer public comment on the decisions being made. Incumbents of any of several local government offices usually serve as leaders of these groups. The local working groups also provide representatives to serve on a multi-state committee. The working groups provide advice in the following general areas:
• Conditions of the natural resources and the environment
• The local application process, including ranking criteria and application periods
• Identifying the educational and training needs of producers
• Cost-share rates and payment levels and methods of payment
• Eligible conservation practices
• The need for new, innovative conservation practices
• Public outreach and information efforts
• Program performance indicators
The STC has an extensive list of conservation programs that they are responsible to address. The list is available on the Internet at http://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/default.aspx. or by contacting your local or state NRCS office. However, it is important to remember that the STC is only an advisory body and has no legal enforcement or implementation authority. Nonetheless, even without statutory authority, members of the STCs are generally the leaders of agriculture in a particular state. It would be difficult for any State Conservationist to not give strong consideration to the recommendations of this important group.
There are some farmers, ranchers, and agricultural and conservation organizations who have had philosophical issues with the very intent of working-lands conservation programs. For example, the CSP concept of rewarding farmers and ranchers for their ongoing conservation efforts is fundamentally different from all other federal conservation programs. Some have argued that if some farmers and ranchers are already providing these benefits without public support, then why should scarce public resources be provided to continue these efforts (Batie, 2006)? Others have argued that good stewardship by farmers and ranchers provides a public good or investment. It is argued that we all benefit from these stewardship efforts, and that public incentives are required for continued good stewardship of the land and—more importantly—to encourage those who do not provide these public benefits (Kemp, 2005).
EQIP supports farmers and ranchers in moving toward improved conservation practices that protect natural resources and the environment. The immediate additions to social benefits seem clearer than with CSP. However, EQIP also has a role to regulate environmental damages resulting from agriculture by changing farming and ranching practices that damage the environment or degrade natural resources before governmental enforcement actions are imposed. In this regard, EQIP is often criticized for rewarding the worst environmental actors in the agriculture system.
These issues—like many others in our democratic system—strike at the broader issue of the proper role of government engagement in protecting both the environment and the future productive capacity of natural resources. Even with the substantial federal resource increases in conservation since 2002, federal conservation programs still only represent about 8% of all USDA expenditures. So even at this higher level of activity, the federal government is far more engaged in other aspects of our agriculture and food systems than in protection of our agricultural resource base and natural environment. Perhaps conservation efforts could garner higher priority in the United States.
2014 Farm Act continues most previous trends in conservation
Claassen, Roger. 2014. Amber Waves. May.
Green payments discussion continues [PDF]
Batie, Sandra. 2006. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. January/February. Vol. 61, No. 3. p. 6A.
Conservation investments: Green payments can replace a broken policy [PDF]
Kemp, Loni. 2005. The Conservation Planner. Vol. X, No. 3. p. 6.
National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition
This 100+ member coalition offers the latest information on federal conservation policy. A recent (2011) publication, Farmers' Guide to the Conservation Stewardship Program, is particularly useful for more information on CSP.
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)
If you do not have Internet access, your phone book should list your local county NRCS office in the "blue" federal government sections. If not, call the state office to get the phone number of your local office.
NRCS has an excellent intranet-based information system. The national NRCS website links to all state NRCS websites. In turn, state websites link to local NRCS office websites, if the local office maintains a site. Starting at the national NRCS site is the best way to begin a search of all the programs and services NRCS provides.
Federal Conservation Resources
for Sustainable Farming
By Jeff Schahczenski, NCAT Agriculture Specialist
Published 2007, Updated November 2014 ©NCAT
Tracy Mumma, Editor
Amy Smith, Production
Diane Warthen, HTML Production
Slot 290
Version 112514
This page was last updated on: November 28, 2018


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Lady Diana De Vere Beauclerk, daughter of the ninth Duke of St. Albans, who survives him. His widow presented two portraits of him in May 1891 to the judges' common room at the Royal Courts of Justice.
[Times, 6, 9, and 12 Dec. 1890; Law Times, 20 Dec. 1890; Men of the Time, 10th edit.; Inns of Court Cal. 1878; Ann. Reg. 1848, Chron. p. 121; 1850, Chron. p. 39; new ser. 1868, Chron.p.159; Law Reports, 12, App. Cases xvii.; Hansard's Parl. Debates, 3rd ser. clxxxii. 1853; Burke's Peerage, St. Albans; Ballantine's Some Experiences of a Barrister's Life, ed. 1890,p.29.]
HUDDLESTON or HUDLESTON, RICHARD (1583–1655), Benedictine monk, born in 1583 at Farington Hall, near Preston, Lancashire, was the youngest son of Andrew Hudleston, esq., of Farington Hall, by Mary, third daughter of Cuthbert Hutton of Hutton John, Cumberland. He studied under Thomas Sommers, a catholic schoolmaster at Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire, and was subsequently sent to the English College at Douay. Afterwards he studied philosophy and divinity for some years in the English College at Rome. Returning to Douay he was ordained priest in 1607, and in the following year was sent on the English mission. Again visiting Italy he was professed as a Benedictine monk at Monte Cassino. In 1619 he came back to the mission, and was instrumental in converting many of the chief families in Lancashire and Yorkshire to the Roman catholic faith. He died at Stockeld Park, the seat of the Middletons, on 26 Nov. 1655.
He left several pieces in manuscript, which appear to have been lost, and a 'Short and Plain Way to the Faith and Church,' published by his nephew, Father John Hudleston [q. v.], London, 1688, 4to; reprinted in the 'English Catholic Library.' vol. ii., London, 1844, 8vo, under the editorial care of the Rev. Mark Aloysius Tierney; and again, London, 1850, 8vo. Charles II, while concealed at Moseley after the defeat at Worcester, perused this treatise in manuscript, and declared that he had seen nothing clearer upon the subject. [For appendices to the printed copy see Hudleston, John.] 'An Answer to Father Huddleston's Short and Plain Way' was published by an anonymous writer; and at a later period another 'Answer,' by Samuel Grascome [q. v.], appeared at London, 1702, 8vo; 1715, 8vo.
[Dodd's Church Hist. ii. 141; Foley's Records, v. 445, 584n., 587-91; Gillow's Bibl. Dict.; Oliver's Catholic Religion in Cornwall, p. 517; Snow's Necrology, p. 55; Weldon's Chronicle, p. 190, App. p. 5.]
HUDSON, GEORGE (1800–1871), the 'railway king,' son of a farmer and constable, who died in 1806, was born at Howsham, a village near York, in March 1800, and after an education at local schools was in 1815 apprenticed to Bell & Nicholson, drapers, College Street, York. His apprenticeship over, he received a share in the business. Bell soon afterwards retired, and the firm became Nicholson & Hudson (Richard Nicholson was found drowned in the Ouse at York on 8 May 1849, aged 56). At the age of twenty-seven Hudson, already a wealthy man, received from a distant relative, Matthew Bottrill, a bequest of 30,000l., which he invested in North Midland Railway shares. In 1833 he had risen to be the head of the conservative party in York. In 1835 he was a town councillor, in January 1836 an alderman, and in November 1837 lord mayor. He was the originator of the York Banking Company in 1833, and as manager for some time afterwards made it a permanent success. In 1833 also he spoke at a meeting held to consider the construction of a railway from York to certain portions of the West Riding, and subscribed for five hundred shares. The scheme was not carried out till 1837, when a capital of 446,666l. was raised under an act of parliament, and Hudson was appointed chairman of the company—a joint association known as the York and North Midland. By good management the railway was made at a moderate cost, and was opened on 29 May 1839. Hudson was presented on the occasion with a testimonial. His next enterprise was to assist the Great North of England Company to complete their line to Newcastle. In 1841 he vigorously supported the plan of opening an eastern communication with Edinburgh by way of Newcastle and Darlington, and he was elected chairman of the company formed to carry out this project in June 1842. He subscribed five times as much as any other director, and personally guaranteed the payment of six per cent. dividend. To obviate the inconvenience of transferring passengers and freight from one train to another at junctions, Hudson suggested the railway clearing system, originally devised by Mr. Morrison in 1841. It first came into operation on two roads in January 1842. Three competing lines were at the time approaching Derby. Hudson undertook to counteract the fatal principle of competition by amalgamating the three schemes. This he successfully accomplished, bringing together a capital of 5,000,000l., and became chairman of the amalgamated directory of what soon became the Midland Railway Company. In conjunction with George Stephenson he then planned

subset: commoncrawl


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cyber-Wear left the competition trailing behind at the Promotional Gift Award 2017 in the category Custom-made Designs with a high-end travel bag it produced for Ford. The Ford Vignale Weekender features a timeless, urban-look design and reflects the luxurious vehicle extras, comfort, exclusivity and sophistication of the Ford Vignale models perfectly.
Fine Italian leather, selected and processed by hand, lends the bag its visible and tangible luxurious quality. The trapezoidal contour picks up on the radiator grill of the Vignale models as a design element and the protruding side parts reflect the consistent design language of Ford – ingeniously adapted using small details such as the piping or the lining of the weekender, which picks up on the decorative pattern of the car seats.
The model that has already been distinguished with an iF Design and the ABC Award was developed as part of a premium luggage collection by Ford Design and cyber-Wear hand-in-hand. The production is carried out by small manufacturing companies in Turkey. A personalisation, i.e. the initials of the purchaser, is possible on request.
cyber-Wear Heidelberg GmbH


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DIR: Guillem Morales • WRI: Guillem Morales, Oriol Paulo • PRO: Mercedes Gamero, Joaquín Padró, Mar Targarona, Guillermo del Toro • DOP: Óscar Faura • ED: Joan Manel Vilaseca • DES: Balter Gallart • Cast: Belén Rueda, Lluís Homar, Pablo Derqui
Unlike Asian horror movieswhich enjoyed a flash-in-the-pan moment of popularity, Spanish horror remains steadily enjoyed by the English speaking market. This may be because it is more readily accessible and understandable than it's Asian counterpart, but a lot of the credit must also go to Guillermo Del Toro for championing the homegrown talent in his native tongue.
After hitting pay dirt with The Orphanage a few years ago, Del Toro presents another horror with a heart. Belen Rueda plays an astrophysicist who is suffering from a degenerative disease which will eventually leave her totally blind. Her twin sister, who suffered from the same disease, has apparently just killed herself on the eve of a sight-saving operation, but Rueda believes she was murdered, and takes it upon herself to find out what really happened.
Less out and out horror, more whodunit with some tense moments, the film takes the issue of blindness very seriously, wringing both true emotion and real fear from the topic. Rueda brings the same levels of strength and fragility she displayed in The Orphanage, and for the second half of the film when the camera seems to focus almost exclusively on her face, her performance is almost Oscar®-worthy.
But even though it runs in at two hours, the film feels about twenty minutes too long. And at one point, it does appear that every single character in the movie is out to get our leading lady. So when it comes to blindness based horror movies, Asian flick The Eye still leads the pack. But Julia's Eyes is a close second.
Rory Cashin
Rated 16 (see IFCO website for details)
Julia's Eyes is released on 20th May 2011
Julia's Eyes – Official Website


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Pretty views, large yard and a basement suite
Great home with suite in desirable neighborhood. 2 bedroom main level with 1 bed plus den basement suite. Upstairs living room enjoys a cozy wood burning fireplace and views through the large window. Kitchen is large with plenty of counter and cupboard space and has room for a table or island. Many recent renovations professionally done to update the home, including the new basement suite with separate laundry. Large pool sized yard with ample privacy from lush landscaping. Spacious covered deck is accessed from bright dining room and enjoys peak-a-boo lake and valley views. Carport has been modified to include a smart storage space. Parking pad in the front and large drive way leave plenty of room for cars, RV or boat.


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Boundary Demarcation: Bougainville Peace Agreement
5. Bougainville's jurisdiction will extend to sea-areas where the National Government has power.
6. The Constitutional Laws implementing the agreed autonomy arrangements will define Bougainville territory as extending to three nautical miles out to sea from the coasts of islands within the boundaries specified in the Organic Law on Provincial Boundaries.
7. The National Government and the autonomous Bougainville Government will develop agreed arrangements for co-operation in the exercise of their respective powers and functions at sea.


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Vinh Bang (1922– 2008)
Vinh-Bang Huê (Viet-Nam), 15 Nov 1922 - Genève (Suisse), 7 Nov 2008
Professor Vinh Bang has left us; he passed away towards the end of 2008, in his 86th year. He was called "Bang" by both Piaget and Inhelder, as well by most of his own colleagues; a familiarity that was a natural consequence of his openness. He was always open to discussion, and loved placing theoretical issues in the context of practical, everyday reality. Those close to him were struck by the unique blend of subtlety, ingenuity and pragmatism that characterized Bang's lifetime's work. Upon arriving at the Jean-Jacques Rousseau Institute in Geneva in 1948 to study educational psychology, Vinh Bang was immediately immersed in the vibrant intellectual environment of the time - that "golden age" of the rise of genetic psychology and epistemology. His academic training, concluded by a doctorate in 1955, took place when Piagetian theory provided both a formal description of behavior based on operational logic that was considered universal, complemented by a socio-historical perspective of the growth of scientific knowledge; these, taken together, provided a general framework for analyzing the genesis of human knowledge. As well, Prof. Vinh Bang was involved in the International Center for Genetic Epistemology - as a permanent collaborateur - from its very foundation until its dissolution with the death of its founder, Jean Piaget.
Bang's creativity expressed itself most fully, however, in his work on a set of developmental tests, an endeavor that had its roots not only in his initial interests in educational psychology but also in his personal disposition to analyze all psychological functioning in its specific, practical context. That's what drove Prof. Vinh Bang to develop his unique agenda of applied research which adopted a general epistemological framework of knowledge development as the starting point for devising a set of assessment instruments, based on Piagetian tasks, which placed subjects' behavior on a developmental scale. Of course, it is no secret that genetic psychology was developed on the basis of observations collected using non-standardized procedures; indeed, the deliberate intention to follow cognitive functioning as closely as possible inevitably led to large variations in experimental situations and interviewing methods, even in the same study. Now the challenge that Vinh Bang set himself was to design testing methods respecting Piaget's clinical-critical method, yet able to provide results that were comparable from one subject to another, and, ordered hierarchically in accordance with psychogenetic stage theory. This original idea of designing developmental measures based on a hierarchy of behaviors has since been elaborated further with more powerful statistical methods such as Rasch analysis. Vinh Bang carried out his project with perseverance and succeeded in providing psychologists with a new tool: standardized operational tests. These tests conformed to criteria of objectivity, validity, reliability and theoretical coherence, whilst allowing the examiner to make adjustments for individual differences and variations, thereby providing a flexible diagnostic instrument.
It was this deep, humanist respect for individuality in psychological development that shaped Vinh Bang's work in another field; that of education. For him, school learning should be conceived as the meeting point between the pupil's level of operational development and the structural-functional properties of the material to be learned. It followed quite naturally then that Vinh Bang's favored "psycho-pedagogy" called upon the same methods and modes of interpretation as those of genetic psychology. Professor Vinh Bang was an important identity in the Piagetian project to understand human development, not only through his direct contributions to fundamental research but also, and perhaps foremost, through his efforts to put formal descriptions of behavior to the test of applying them to real, situated tasks. For this reason, Vinh Bang's name should remain associated with the desire to relate fundamental research to practice in the field, whether that of the psychologist who wants "to understand (in order) to help" or the pedagogue who wants "to help to understand".
Sylvain Dionnet
© Jean Piaget Society • Updated: February 14, 2009 • Comments: firstname.lastname@example.com


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CBS News won't pay for photos
In light of a recent announcement by ABC News that it won't pay for photos in exchange for interviews, CBS News Chairman Jeff Fager told the press Wednesday that he, too, is against handing over cash for potentially newsworthy (or salacious) images.
"We've had people approach us at 60 Minutes regularly who say we want money for pictures, we want you to pay for video. We won't do it," said Fager, who also is the executive producer of the Sunday newsmagazine. "I know it's happened in stories in the past. For a certain sum, a small fee, pictures become available. I'm against it, I'm against it for our organization. Others want to do it? Fine. There are so many stories out there to tell. We don't need to get involved in that line of work. It goes against everything it stands for."
ABC News came under fire for giving Casey Anthony money in 2008 in exchange for photos of her daughter, Caylee. The network also reportedly copped to paying $15,000 for photos from a woman who allegedly had a relationship with former Rep. Anthony Weiner.


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Vanilla and sandalwood are surrounded by soft floral shades of whispers.
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Posted to MedZilla on 1/11/2020
US-NJ, Medical Director, Solid Tumor
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Medical Director, Solid Tumor
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East Hanover, NJ
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Novartis Pharmaceuticals
Functional Area
Research & Development
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Job Description
Serve as U.S. Medical Director for multiple global clinical development trials and/or U.S. Medical Affairs Trials (including phase I-IV, Expanded Access, Investigator Initiated, registries and Compassionate Use). Interface with the oncology therapeutic area Global and U.S. Clinical Team Members, Clinical Operations, Scientific Operations, Regulatory Affairs, Drug Supply, Data Management, Finance, Quality, Compliance, and other relevant functional areas.
Design and optimize clinical trial design and ensure clinical trials meet ethical and regulatory standards including:
o Write and review protocols that are in-line with the overall indication strategy.
o Conduct medical review and interpretation of efficacy and safety data from clinical trials.
Responsible for the quality, coordination, medical accuracy, and timeliness of clinical study reports, clinical sections of INDs, Investigator Brochures, CTAs, ISS s, ISE s, clinical expert reports, and label reviews.
Review and provide US feedback to Global Protocols and Global Development Plans.
Develop strategy for US Medical Affairs including exploratory indications and integrate US plan with overall Global Medical Affairs strategy. Oversee the review and approval of IIT concepts. Oversight during the conduct of trials including safety monitoring. Review of interim and final publication, manuscripts, or abstracts.
Provide strategic input to individual clinical trial strategy and participate in strategy setting for clinical trial program.
Supervise and manage individuals on the US CDMA team as appropriate. Lead the Clinical Team, including interactions with Safety, HEOR, Marketing, Regulatory, Research, and other functions.
Work with Clinical Team and other functions to prepare abstracts, manuscripts and presentations for external meetings as well as author clinical sections of regulatory documents (i.e. IB, IND sections), for Company Sponsored project.
Review and approve abstracts publications & manuscripts for Investigator Initiated Trials to ensure clinical accuracy and appropriate safety review.
Present and discuss data and findings at relevant internal and external meetings.
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Lead US cross functional Medical Product Teams and activities.
Support and participate in FDA meetings including presentations, briefing books, and responding to FDA inquiries as needed.
Assist in the development and appropriate spending of clinical budget.
Extensive interactions with academic thought leaders to optimize clinical trial strategies.
Extensive interactions with other functional teams including HEOR, Medical Information, Scientific Communication, Commercial, Regulatory and others, to refine compound strategy and projects.
Coach and train internal colleagues as requested.
EEO Statement
The Novartis Group of Companies are Equal Opportunity Employers and take pride in maintaining a diverse environment. We do not discriminate in recruitment, hiring, training, promotion or any other employment practices for reasons of race, color, religion, gender, national origin, age, sexual orientation, marital or veteran status, disability, or any other legally protected status.
Minimum requirements
MD required. Board Certified or board eligible in either Oncology, Hematology or relevant Medical Specialty required.
At least 4 years of experience in Hematology/Oncology clinical research in the pharmaceutical industry OR experience in clinical research or medical affairs is preferable or a combination of experience in academic medicine with clinical research and or clinical development experience in collaboration with the pharmaceutical industry.
Scientific medical research experience in Oncology and or Hematology(or relevant specialty) with demonstrated record of scientific medical publications.
Experience leading the design, conduct, analysis and reporting of clinical studies is strongly preferred.
Superior leadership, networking, collaboration and communication skills.
Successful interactions with Medical Experts and investigators.
Demonstrated the capability for strategic planning along with operations skill and experience related to clinical research involving both single and multiple centers.
Ability to work across multiple functions is essential.
Effective oral and written communications skills and strong leadership are essential for success in the role.
Please visit our website at www.novartis.com
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How To: Hollywood Waves for Straight Hair
Posted by Team John Paul Mitchell Systems® on Sep 18th 2017
Learn from the pros and master any hairstyle with Paul Mitchell's Virtual Stylist series! Watch now to find out how to give fine to straight hair movie-star waves for a Hollywood Glam look.
- Apply an egg-sized amount of a body-building foam and glide through hair. Brush to ensure distribution.
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proMINat: Insights into Research
Jülich, 3 July 2018 – Have you obtained your university entrance qualification (Abitur) and are now wondering what career path to take? proMINat is here to help. The ProMINat academy helps to promote graduates of North Rhine-Westphalia's (NRW) further education schools in the fields of mathematics, computer science, and natural sciences. The project is a cooperation between Forschungszentrum Jülich and NRW's ministry of education and training.


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Artefacts Resources Bring the Curriculum to Life!
Treat your class to hands-on resources with our amazing, themed artefacts resources! Bring Roman, Mayan, Egyptian, Saxon and Viking curriculum themes to life!
These can be used for display purposes or for pupils to handle in the classroom. These artefacts complement the curriculum perfectly and enhance learning for children.
Durable High Quality Artefacts
Each resource box contains ten high-quality items ranging from a Mayan mask and Roman helmet to Viking shield and Egyptian artwork.
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Mrs. & Mrs. Tiny Word
Bright and playfully modern, "Mrs. & Mrs." desk mate/magnet, is a great way to add decoration to your desk, fridge, or magnetic frame.
Desk Mates are deep enough to sit sturdily on a desk, shelf, mantel, or any flat surface.
Magnetic Tiny Words have two powerful magnets attached to the back of the design.
5"W x 1"T x .25"D
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Cut from sturdy, carpenter-grade 1/4" birch plywood and hand-painted with NO VOC paint. Tiny Magnets are secured with a sleek Neodymium magnet for a high-end finish.
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This weekend I did a bit of vlogging as (for once) I actually had some exciting plans. Here's what I got up to:
On Thursday evening I met up with Gillian, Laura & Kirsty for burgers and cocktails at 56 North - a nice wee "Galentines" dinner to kick off the Valentines weekend. I've been here a few times now for food and it's always been really good - they do a 2 courses for £10 offer and they even have a selection of cocktails for just £3.95 so it's a pretty cheap night. After stuffing ourselves and having a good old gossip we met up with Lianne and walked along to The Southsider for their relaunch event. Now stupidly we didn't think we would be getting fed here, hence the burgers beforehand, but once we were seated (drinks tokens in hand - wahey) they started bringing us out tasting platters from the menu with things like chicken wings, mini burgers, pizza, sweet potato fries and hot dogs....hello food coma!
I used to go here quite a lot back when I was in uni, mainly for their pub quiz, and I even lived pretty much round the corner for a while so it was nice being back in my old stomping ground for the night. The place has been totally spruced up since I was last there though, thanks to a recent £100,000 refurbishment - although it still has that nice traditional pub feel.
I don't really buy into the whole Valentines Day thing and in the 5.5 years Blair and I have been together I think we've only gone out for a Valentines meal like once or twice. So instead of paying a fortune for a candlelit meal in a restaurant surrounded by other couples we stayed in and enjoyed a 3 course meal with cocktails in the flat. I made up scallops and chorizo to start, followed by spinach and ricotta pasta, then chocolate and caramel tart for dessert. Yum yum yum!
I didn't do anything of note on Saturday but on Sunday afternoon we went to our first ever drive-in movie experience at Ingliston (next to Edinburgh Airport). I'd been invited by Itison to come to their Top Gun showing and having never been to a drive-in before I jumped at the chance (despite Top Gun not really being my cup of tea!). A full write up is coming soon, but in brief it was really cool and I hope they do more of them through the year.


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David Russell (b. 1953) classical guitarist
To see more photos of the sky around the world visit here!
david russell giving a "tiny desk concert" on npr - the vid mixes interviews and music. watch a little, watch a lot, but give yourself a gift and catch david action - one musical bridge you won't regret crossing!
photo: another view from the lorain avenue bridge, cleveland 17 november 2010


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SEE ALL POSTS FROM BRYAN'S BLOG Blog
- January 9th, 2018
18 Retail Facts Involving The Number 18, For 2018
All in all, 2017 didn't end too poorly for retail. Sure, roughly 20 major chains filed for bankruptcy and closed thousands of stores, but online retail purchases rose 18% over last year's Thanksgiving Day and Black Friday, and that generated $8 billion in sales.
That's just one way the number 18 describes the frenzied and resilient world of retail. Following are 17 more facts that will shape the retail world in 2018 and beyond.
180,000: The average square footage of a Walmart Supercenter, rounded up, according to Walmart's most recent quarterly square footage report.
18 million: The number of people in 2018 who will use voice payments through devices such as Amazon Alexa, voice-initiated person-to-person payments and voice-controlled bill payments, according to BI Intelligence.
$18 billion: The amount that mobile video ad spending is expected to reach in 2018, representing a 49% increase, according to Recode. No doubt a good percentage will be by retailers.
18th: Where Nike ranked in Interbrand's Best Global Brands 2017 ranking. That represents a brand value increase of 8% from 2016.
Dec. 18: The day that Overstock.com, one of the first retailers to accept bitcoin, launched a $250 million Initial Coin Offering to raise funds. It made the coin offering through its exchange, tZero, according to CNN Money.
18 states: That's how many are increasing the minimum wage in January 2018. Nationwide demonstrations by fast-food employees are reported to have contributed to the hikes, according to USA Today, but retailers also see the increase as a chance to retain talent.
Every 18 seconds: The frequency at which one package of The Body Shop's classic Vitamin E Moisture Cream was selling worldwide just before Christmas 2017, according to the Australian website Byrdie.
18 feet: The length of the average parking spot, including those in shopping malls, according to some municipal codes. The width is a minimum of 9 feet.
18.6%: The percentage of retail and apparel companies Moody's rates, representing 26 U.S. companies, that have a credit rating of Caa or lower, according to USA Today.
1.8.18: The date through which consumers can return Apple products purchased and received between Nov. 15, 2017, and Dec. 25, 2017, according to Apple's extended holiday return policy. Products usually get a two-week return window.
18th place: Where TJX Cos., operator of T.J.Maxx and Marshalls, ranked on the Stores annual Top 100 Retailers list. The chain generated $33.3 billion in global annual sales, a 4% year-over-year increase, placing it behind Macy's at No. 17.
$180,000: The price tag for a high-end version of Tesla's new all-electric tractor trailer, which has garnered orders from Walmart, PepsiCo and Anheuser-Busch, to name a few, according to Investor's Business Daily.
$18 million: The combined amount Walmart invested in advertising in 2017 to promote its efforts to buy American products and to train its workforce at its Walmart Academy, according to The New York Times.
$18 billion: The projected spending by U.S. consumers on Valentine's Day gifts, goods and services in 2017, by the National Retail Federation. No word yet on 2018.
18%: The percentage of people who rank the availability of product information as important for online shopping, according to a survey by CNBC.
18 hellos: The number of low-priced Nordstrom Rack stores opened by upscale merchant Nordstrom in 2017, according to California ApparelNews.
18 goodbyes: The number of locations Ann Taylor closed in fiscal 2017, as sales at stores open at least a year fell 7%, according to securities filings by its parent company, Ascena Retail Group.
18 hours: The amount of time it took to find 18 retail-specific facts using the number 18. Can't wait until 2019!
Happy New Year, all, and happy shopping.
This article originally appeared in Forbes. Follow me on Facebook and Twitter for more on retail, loyalty and the customer experience.


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BCHS Meaning - What does BCHS mean?
BCHS meaning is Baker County High School and other full form of BCHS definition take part in below table. There are 57 different meaning of BCHS acronym in the table which are compilation of BCHS abbreviation such as Florida, California, Alabama, Kentucky, Virginia etc. terminologies. Unless you can not find the meaning of BCHS acronym which you look for in 57 different BCHS meaning table, please search again as using question model like "What does BCHS mean?, BCHS meaning" or you can search by typing only BCHS abbreviation in the search box.
Meaning of BCHS acronyms are registered in different terminologies. Especially, if you wonder, all meanings belonging to BCHS acronyms under a terminology, click related terminology button at the right side(bottom for mobile phones) and reach BCHS meanings which recorded to only that terminology.
BCHS Meaning
- Baker County High School Florida
- Bakersfield Christian High School California
- Baldwin County High School Alabama
- Barren County High School Kentucky
- Bath County High School Kentucky, Virginia
- Battery Creek High School South Carolina
- Bay City High school Texas
- Bear Creek High School California, High school, School
- Beau Chene High School Louisiana
- Bell County High School Kentucky
- Belle Chasse High School Louisiana
- Bennett County High School South Dakota
- Benton Consolidated High School Illinois
- Berea Community High School Kentucky
- Berean Christian High School California
- Bergen Catholic High School New Jersey
- Berkeley County Huguenot Society Hobbies
- Bessemer City High School North Carolina
- Better Care Higher Standards British medicine
- Bibb County High School Alabama
- Big Creek High School Washington
- Bishop Canevin High School Pennsylvania
- Bishop Carroll High School Pennsylvania
- Bishop Chatard High School Indiana
- Bishop Connolly High School Massachusetts
- Bledsoe County High School Tennessee
- Bloom-Carroll High School Ohio
- Boca Ciega High School Florida
- Boone County High School (Florence, KY) Kentucky
- Boston College High School Massachusetts
- Boulder Creek High School Arizona
- Bourbon County High School Kentucky
- Bourgade Catholic High School Arizona
- Boyd County High School Kentucky
- Boyle County High School Kentucky
- Boyne City High School Michigan
- Bracken County High School Kentucky
- Bradley Central High School Tennessee
- Braxton County High School Washington
- Breckinridge County High School Kentucky
- Bridge City High School Texas
- Bristol Central High School Connecticut
- Brookfield Central High School Wisconsin, High school, School
- Brookland-Cayce High School South Carolina
- Brooklyn Center High School Minnesota
- Brown County High School Illinois, Indiana
- Brownstown Central High School Indiana
- Buckingham County High School Virginia
- Bucks County Historical Society Museums
- Buhach Colony High School California, High school, School
- Bullitt Central High School Kentucky
- Bullock Creek High School Michigan
- Bureau of Community Health Services British medicine
- Burlington City High School New Jersey
- Business Careers High School Texas
- Butler County High School Kentucky
- Byron Center High School Michigan
Please also find BCHS meaning in other sources.
- Click and read BCHS in Wikipedia.
- For find questions and answers, look at search results BCHS in Yahoo Answers.
- And finally again and again search BCHS in Google.
What does BCHS stand for?
We have compiled queries on search engines about BCHS acronym and we gave place them in our website by selecting the most frequently asked questions. We think you asked a similar question to the search engine to find meaning of the BCHS abbreviation and we are sure the following list will take your attention.
What does BCHS meaning stand for ?BCHS meaning stands for Bakersfield Christian High School.
What is the meaning of BCHS abbreviation ?The meaning of BCHS abbreviation is "Bay City High school" .
What is BCHS definition ?BCHS definition is "Big Creek High School".
What does BCHS mean ?BCHS mean that "Battery Creek High School".
What is BCHS acronym ?BCHS acronym is "Berea Community High School".
What is shorthand of Boone County High School (Florence, KY) ?The shorthand of "Boone County High School (Florence, KY)" is BCHS.
What is the definition of BCHS acronym ?Definitions of BCHS shorthand is "Bucks County Historical Society".
What is the full form of BCHS abbreviation ?Full form of BCHS abbreviation is "Battery Creek High School".
What is the full meaning of BCHS ?Full meaning of BCHS is "Bledsoe County High School".
What is the explanation for BCHS ?Explanation for BCHS is "Bakersfield Christian High School".
What is the meaning of BCHS Abbreviation in Astrology ?
We did not give any place only meanings of BCHS definitions. Yes, we know that your main purpose is the explanation of BCHS abbreviation. However, we thought, you can consider the astrological information of BCHS acronym in Astrology. Therefore, astrologic description of each word are available at the bottom.
BCHS Abbreviation in Astrology
- BCHS (letter B)
Sensitive, fragile and withdrawn. When it is located as first letter in the name, it gives its all power to other letters. People whose their names start with B have strong intuition. Peace and consensus are only purpose for them. They want peace where they are stay on. These people are friendly, loving domestic life, sempatic and also laggard. However, what they do is reliable and robust.
People who has B as last letter in their names, finish their works late. But, they usually do the best. They are fond of beauties and being loved.
- BCHS (letter C)
Have a finger in every pie, Low concentration, diffident, vivacious and cheerful people. People whose their names start with C are creative, amusing and have strong communication skills. Especially, their hand skills are improved.
C resembles semicircle and these people feel themselves deficient. Change is inevitable for them. Being impatient is their most insufficiency for them. People who has C as last letter in their names are slog on what they do since they get bored quickly. Not to finish a job is so common.
- BCHS (letter H)
The letter H people are success-oriented and workaholic. Since numerological H corresponds to 8 number, it is observed that they are creative and powerful. At first glance, already you can say what they are strong and they have a strong character.
Making money and own fortune are the greatest desire to them. They want to be always ahead of curve. Their disciplined structures can easily carry them to the top.
- BCHS (letter S)
The S letter person which managed by Saturn, is known for his strong and study . He does not hesitate to fight and indomitable in the face of difficulties. He makes a difference at every job since he is productive. He wants to be known by the public, it wants to be recognized.
Their charismatic structure and friendly behaviors make them sympathetic. They are emotional and afraid of being broken. They may be forced to make decisions, they tend to immediate response. They have natural ability for earning money.


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Moving Tips for a Smooth Summer Relocation
As summer approaches, it's easy to get lost daydreaming about the fun, seasonal activities coming up during our time off for vacation. Barbecues, beach days and short overnight trips are marked on the calendar, and before we know it, school is out and vacation begins. As we anticipate these su...Continue reading →