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Mathematics in St Andrews to 1700
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The University of St Andrews was founded by Bishop Henry Wardlaw. His charter of incorporation is dated 28 February 1412 (1411 according to the Scottish calender which had a year start of 25 March until 1600) and he set up the University partly for prestige but mainly so that students could be educated for the Church. Prior to this bishops in St Andrews had provided funds to send their students to the universities of Bologna, Paris and Oxford but the political situation at the time made it increasingly difficult to continue this practice. A Papal Bull of Foundation was issued on 28 August 1413 by Pope Benedict XIII who wrote:-
... considering also the peace and quietness which flourish in the said city of St Andrews and its neighbourhood, its abundant supply of victuals, the number of its hospices and other conveniences for students, which it is known to possess, we are led to hope that this city, which the devine bounty has enriched with so many gifts, may become the fountain of science...The first Rector, who was also Dean of the Faculty of Arts, was Laurence of Lindores. He was a scholar of some standing since his commentary on Aristotle's Physics was used in many centres of learning in Europe. Laurence of Lindores was a Nominalist. This means that he believed that the existence of a word describing a property of a set of objects did not mean that there were any objects satisfying this property. The opposing camp consisted of the Realists whose views were based on those of Plato and Aristotle. Albertus had written a Realist commentary on Aristotle which was widely used but the Faculty of Arts in St Andrews banned Albertus's book in 1418.
Little of originality came out of the first 200 years of the University, in fact 250 years was to pass before mathematical research was to flourish. The 4 year degree in Arts in the 15th Century took in pupils of 13 years of age and their main study was Aristotle. His works on Logic, Physics and Natural Philosophy and Metaphysics were studied in the second, third and fourth years respectively.
John Maior, renowned for his work in philosophy, logic and in particular on infinity, lectured in theology at St Andrews from 1531 until 1534 when he became the Provost of St Salvator's, a post he held until his death at the age of 80 in 1550.
Napier entered the University of St Andrews in 1563 at the age of 13. However although St Andrews gave him a versatile and international outlook he seems, like most students, to have learnt more about religion than mathematics at St Andrews. Reforms in 1574 meant that specific duties were allocated to professors in each college and a master in St Mary's College was to act as Professor of Mathematics. In 1579 further reforms, led by Andrew Melville a Protestant extremist, were brought in mainly with the motive of making the University a Presbyterian showpiece. For the first time professors with specialist subjects were appointed, and one of these was in mathematics, now attached to St Salvator's College and not to St Mary's College.
Mathematical research at the University of St Andrews really began in 1668. Sir Robert Moray, a graduate of St Andrews and a founder member of the Royal Society, and the Archbishop of St Andrews James Sharp, influenced the king, Charles II, to found a Regius Chair of Mathematics at St Andrews. James Gregory, who had been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 11 June 1668 and was a friend of Moray, was appointed the first holder of the chair. Gregory was not attached to a College, as were the other professors, but given the Upper Hall of the university library as his place of work. The building of the library had begun in 1612 but the work was only completed in 1643. It was, at that time and for the next 200 years, the only university building which was not part of a college so in a sense the only possible place for an unattached professor.
Gregory found that St Andrews was of classical outlook where the mathematical work of Newton and his continental colleagues was unknown. Gregory gave two public lecture each week which were not well received:-
...I am often troubled with great impertinences: all persons here being ignorant of these things to admiration.However Gregory was to carry out much important mathematical and astronomical work during his six years in the Regius chair. He kept in touch with current research by corresponding with John Collins. Gregory preserved all Collins' letters, writing notes of his own on the backs of Collins' letters. These are still preserved in the St Andrews University library and provide a vivid record of how one of the foremost mathematicians of his day made his discoveries.
Collins sent Gregory Barrow's book and, within a month of receiving Barrow's book, Gregory was sending Collins results which would give him an excellent claim to be a co-inventor of the calculus. In February 1671 he discovered Taylor's theorem (not published by Taylor until 1715), and the theorem is contained in a letter sent to Collins on 15 February 1671. The notes Gregory made in discovering this result still exist written on the back of a letter sent to Gregory on 30 January 1671 by an Edinburgh bookseller. Collins wrote back to say that Newton had found a similar result and Gregory decided to wait until Newton had published before he went into print. Had he not been so modest Gregory would have attained even more fame!
The feather of a sea bird was to allow Gregory to make another fundamentally important scientific discovery while he worked in St Andrews. The feather became the first diffraction grating but again Gregory's respect for Newton could have prevented him going further with this work. He wrote:-
Let in the sun's rays by a small hole to a darkened house, and at the hole place a feather (the more delicate and white the better for this purpose), and it shall direct to a white wall or paper opposite to it a number of small circles and ovals (if I mistake them not) whereof one is somewhat white (to wit, the middle which is opposite the sun) and all the rest severally coloured. I would gladly hear Mr Newton's thoughts of it.The Upper Room of the library had an unbroken view to the south and was an excellent site for Gregory to set up his telescope. A bracket on the wall beside a window, still with its adjustment screw, remains of where Gregory's telescope was set up. He drew a north/south line across the floor (the line was transferred to the present floor). He lined up his telescope on a wooden pillar he built on the ridge of a hill just over a mile to the south. Gregory hung his pendulum clock on the wall beside the same window. The clock, made by Joseph Knibb of London, was purchased in 1673 and originally hung on the library wall. A few years later it was made into a long-cased clock, in which form it remains today. It is important to realise what an early clock this is. Huygens patented the idea of a pendulum clock in 1656 and his work describing the theory of the pendulum was published in 1673, the year Gregory purchased his clock.
Here is the upper room of the library.
Gregory's clock and its clockface.
In 1674 Gregory cooperated with colleagues in Paris to make simultaneous observations of an eclipse of the moon and he was able to work out the longitude for the first time. However he had already begun work on an observatory. In 1673 the university allowed Gregory to purchase instruments for the observatory, but (things have not changed much!) told him he would have to make applications and organise collections for funds to build the observatory. In fact Gregory went home to Aberdeen and took a collection outside the church doors for money to build his observatory. On 19 July 1673 Gregory wrote to Flamsteed, the Astronomer Royal, asking for advice and contemplated using St Rule's tower for some of his instruments. St Rule's tower still stands among the ruins of the Cathedral in St Andrews and must look exactly as it did in Gregory's day.
St Rules tower in about 1680 and St Rule's tower today.
A new observatory was built in St Andrews several hundred metres south of the university library, probably to Gregory's specification, but almost certainly Gregory had left St Andrews before it was completed. In fact Gregory left St Andrews for Edinburgh in 1674. His reasons for leaving again paint a sorry picture of prejudice against the brilliant mathematician. Writing after taking up his Edinburgh chair Gregory said:-
I was ashamed to answer, the affairs of the Observatory of St Andrews were in such a bad condition, the reason of which was, a prejudice the masters of the University did take at the mathematics, because some of their scholars, finding their courses and dictats opposed by what they had studied in the mathematics, did mock at their masters, and deride some of them publicly. After this, the servants of the colleges got orders not to wait on me at my observations: my salary was also kept back from me, and scholars of most eminent rank were violently kept from me, contrary to their own and their parents wills, the masters persuading them that their brains were not able to endure it.William Sanders was appointed to the Chair of Philosophy at St Andrews in 1672. He actively supported Gregory in his plans for the new Observatory and, when Gregory left for Edinburgh, Sanders was appointed in 1674 to the Regius Chair of Mathematics. Sanders, although in no way of Gregory's stature, was at least also a believer in the new scientific ideas as he demonstrated in a book published in in 1674. During his period as Regius Professor he also published The Elements of Geometry in 1686.
Sanders resigned the Regius Chair in 1688 to become a schoolmaster in Dundee. It is unclear why he should have made such a move and it is equally unclear why James Fenton should have been appointed to the Chair in 1689. He is thought to have been a graduate of St Andrews but failed to bring distinction since he appears to have been sacked in 1690 and expelled from the University one year after being appointed. Whether there were then legal problems in filling the Regius Chair is unknown but it remained unfilled until 1707 after Fenton's death.
In 1707 Charles Gregory, the son of James Gregory's brother David, was appointed to the Regius Chair. Charles Gregory, only 26 years old when appointed, held the Chair for 32 years. A graduate of Oxford where he had an excellent reputation, he followed Newton's ideas and was a good teacher, but was far from his uncle in research ability or inclination. In 1714 the University Senate introduced a new course 'Experimental Philosophy' which was to teach the
great improvements made in late years in Natural Philosophy and Mathematics by means of experiments.New apparatus was specially bought for the course which was taught by Charles Gregory. The Senate, looking to bring in funds to help with the purchase of the apparatus, allowed subscribers to the apparatus fund to attend the experiments free of charge!
The observatory set up by James Gregory was dismantled in 1736 and does not seem to have been used by Charles. Charles Gregory held the Regius Chair until his son was old enough to succeed him, which he did in 1739.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson


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Whenever we think of business or any venture that requires taking a risk, the terms "assets" and "liabilities" always come to the forefront. Accounting guru's like Jim Bourke and Jean Caragher often define an asset as anything of value that you or a company owns Whereas, liabilities are any debts or payments that you owe to someone else.
In comparison to love and relationships, many of us run into this crossroad of not knowing our self-worth or net worth when it comes to the one who holds your heart. This common mistake of falling for Mr. or Mrs. Wrong happens to the best of us simply because we blindly follow our hearts instead of assessing someone's "portfolio of love".
Much like with business, in order to make a decision for financial gain, you must reevaluate the situation at hand to see if you are biting off more than you can chew. When forming any new relationship with someone whether it be platonic or romantic, this same approach should be taken into consideration when reviewing both assets and liabilities in a potential partner or friend.
Prior to writing this, I had a conversation with a good friend of mine and the emphasize of knowing your worth when dealing with people came to the surface as it most commonly does. I remember referencing the concept of liabilities and how in some instances people do more harm than good in more areas than one, and instead of letting them go before things get worse we continue to deal with them based on our feelings rather than facts.
For example, when you're stuck at work (or any location) and your significant other or friend cannot pick you up. Yes, it sounds petty, but in essence, that person has now become a liability to your current situation. That is just one of many ways that a person can exhibit liable behaviors.
Let's talk about the rest.
Late payments and Arrangements
In a perfect world, I would like to think that we've all been blessed enough to help out a friend or two when it comes to loaning out money, paying a late bill, or doing someone a favor without expecting anything in return.
In hindsight, I may have done these generous gestures out of the kindness of my existence, or because of love, but the fact of the matter is that when I saw someone in need, I continued to help. Endlessly…
Now when it comes to "looking out" and overextending yourself, I am that girl. I'm that friend that will come up with a plan to help you solve your debt issues, life crises, or man/woman troubles, without blinking twice. What can I say, I genuinely enjoy helping people get through shit, but in the end, I always find myself asking the question "who can I turn to for help"?
There was this one time that I loaned a guy I was dating at the moment some money for a debt that he owed on a car payment. Not thinking twice, I graciously gave him the amount with no hidden agenda or i.o.u's. Fast forward a month later and down on my luck, I reached out to this same man for assistance, and let's just say that was the end of that relationship.
The issue wasn't that he didn't pay me back because that's not the reason why I helped him in the first place. But now this man has become a liability due to his lack of resources, and as a woman who knows her net worth, I can't afford to have people around me who I cannot depend on, no matter the cost.
Moving on and Letting Go
It might sound selfish and cold but think about it, would you rather be surrounded by friends and partners who you both can benefit from, financially and emotionally? Or are you okay with having a group of people in your life who you always have to save?
All great business owners look at their ROI, or "return on investment" before they decide on pursuing any new ventures. Shouldn't we do the same before letting anyone new into our lives?
This particular advice is also suitable for family members especially. At times I feel obligated to help my love one's out because we are related and that I know that they would do the same if they had it, but f*ck that! There's been plenty of times where someone in my family was in a position to save me and did my boat ever come? Hell no! I'm still waiting til this day. But I love them regardless.
In my twenty-four years of living, I'm finding it increasingly easier to move on from relationships, friendships, and kinships, that no longer add to my assets of life. I'm sure this comes with years of experience and heartwrenching stories to tell, but the more that I grow into the woman that I plan to be through positive interactions with like-minded individuals, and captivating conversations in tow, things get better when you get rid of the deadweight.
Learning to let people go no matter what phase of life you're in is essential to growth and productivity. Granted, you just can't start cutting people off because they couldn't pick you up from work, or they weren't there for your trying times, but by looking at someone's actions and behaviors towards you will let you know if they're worth the investment.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Frequently Asked Questions About Becoming Catholic & RCIA
I think I want to become a Catholic. How do I go about it?
If you are ready to seriously pursue this possibility, you will want to contact Deacon Chris Schmelzer at 257-5000 or firstname.lastname@example.com. He is in charge of RCIA (Rite of Christian Initiation for Adults), the process by which adults who are thinking about becoming Catholic discern and prepare to enter the Church. He would love to meet you and speak with you about your journey towards Jesus and His Church! He will also able to help answer any questions you have about the process.
What if I'm not ready to talk to someone quite yet?
Whether or not you are ready to send that first email, you are always welcome to begin experiencing the life of the parish.
Central to the life of the Church is the liturgy (Mass) and the Sacraments. You can learn a lot about what it means to be Catholic by coming to Mass on Sunday. There is no need to be self-conscious... Catholics are notoriously low-key about visitors. No one will start asking you a lot of personal questions; you won't have to stand up and introduce yourself. You can just watch what is going on and pray in your own words during the quiet parts of the Mass. The one thing you should know is that when people go forward to receive Holy Communion, you should not do so. If you decide to become a Catholic, you will be preparing for the great day when you will enter the Church and receive Holy Communion for the first time.
You may also consider attending Catholicism 101 (a three session introduction to the Catholic Faith), or a session of Encountering Jesus or the Main Event (in which a particular topic is presented and discussed each week). Please see the Encountering Jesus, Main Event and Catholicism 101 pages on this website for more details.
Finally, for the ultimate low-key and comfortable first experience of parish life, people in their 20's or 30's can try our monthly Theology on Tap. Again, see the webpage for full details.
What is RCIA, the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults?
RCIA is a process of conversion to faith in Jesus Christ and his Church. Based on the practice of the early Church, RCIA consists of various stages by which adults (generally 18 years and above) are prepared to receive the Sacraments of Initiation: Baptism, Confirmation and Eucharist.
What do we do in the RCIA process at the Cathedral Parish?
The RCIA process is one of learning what it is to believe and live as a Catholic through prayer and study within the context of the Catholic community. This process begins annually around the beginning of September.
The two main components of RCIA are 1) regularly participating in Mass on Sundays and Holy Days, and 2) Weekly Tuesday evening gatherings centered around prayer, teaching, and small group discussion. Please see the Encountering Jesus and Main Event page for more details. In addition, there are several special meetings in the course of the RCIA process, which usually occur on Saturdays or Sundays.
Who can participate in RCIA?
The RCIA process is open to all people who are unbaptized and who express a desire to study Catholic Christian beliefs and practices. Unbaptized persons who are in this process are called "catechumens."
RCIA is also open to those persons who have been baptized in another Christian denomination and who wish to explore membership in the Catholic Church. These participants in the process are called "candidates (for admission to full communion with the Catholic Church)."
Finally, the RCIA process is open to Catholics who have been baptized but who have not received the Sacraments of Confirmation and/or Holy Eucharist. These are "candidates for Confirmation."
In many places below, "candidates" is used generically to refer to all catechumens and candidates for admission to full Communion with the Catholic Church.
What difference does it make whether someone has already been baptized in another Christian denomination?
Catholics believe that the Sacrament of Baptism joins the person baptized to Jesus Christ in a unique and irrevocable way. Once a person has been validly baptized, that person has a Christian identity that can never be taken away. Baptism need not be and cannot be received more than once.
The Catholic Church recognizes the validity of many Baptisms that take place in other Christian denominations. If one has been baptized with water (by immersion or pouring), with the Trinitarian formula ("in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit"), by someone intending to confer the Sacrament (believing in the effects of the sacramental action), then that person is validly baptized and is never re-baptized.
Those who have been previously baptized are asked to provide us with an official record of the Baptism – it may be a document given at the time, or may be in the form of a letter from the congregation where it took place. The Catholic Church respects your Christian upbringing and the faith experiences that are part of your life. Becoming Catholic does not mean rejecting your previous experiences in the Christian life. All those experiences are part of the process by which God in His providence has brought you to this point.
What if I cannot find a record of my Baptism?
In cases where we cannot be certain whether someone was previously baptized (or where the validity of a Baptism is in doubt), a person may be baptized conditionally – "If you are not baptized, I baptize you... " (This is technically not re-baptism: if the person was not previously baptized, it is Baptism; if the person is already baptized, it is nothing.)
Once I begin this process, am I obligated to become Catholic?
There is no obligation that those who enter the RCIA process become members of the Catholic Church. The RCIA process allows you to clarify your intentions and to continue discerning God's call. Participants are encouraged to ask questions and dialogue with the material. Everything shared during the sessions will be treated with confidentiality and respect.
Is there any cost to participate in RCIA?
No, none at all.
What is expected of me?
What is needed most of all is a sincere desire to grow, learn, and listen to God's call. As noted in an earlier question, the two main expectations are weekly Mass attendance and participation in the weekly Tuesday gatherings. There are also several special meetings (retreats) that offer a longer period for prayer, reflection and discussion.
In addition, there are three special liturgical events RCIA members attend: the Rite of Acceptance & Welcoming, Rite of Election & Call to Continuing Conversion, and the Easter Vigil, which is when the Sacraments of Initiation are received (Baptism, Confirmation, Holy Communion).
The Rite of Election brings all the catechumens and candidates from around the diocese together with Bishop Morlino, and is held in some of our larger parish churches around Madison. The Rite of Acceptance and Easter Vigil take place at St. Patrick Church.
I understand that I need a sponsor, is this true?
Yes, each RCIA candidate needs a sponsor. As Jesus taught his disciples the importance of community, it is significant that we walk this faith journey with companions, who participate in the process and help you find the resources and answers that you may have on your journey.
What is a sponsor?
A sponsor is a practicing Catholic who has received the three Sacraments of Initiation (Baptism, Eucharist and Confirmation), who is a spiritual companion and support on the journey, and serves as a mentor in the Christian life.
Ideally, your sponsor would not be your spouse or fiancé. The intensity of that relationship makes it difficult to relate to the other person as a sponsor or candidate.
What do sponsors do?
Ideally, a sponsor actively participates in the Main Event and helps the RCIA candidate to become familiar with the Mass as they attend together.
The sponsor converses regularly with the RCIA participant about his or her ongoing process of faith development. The sponsor should be a good listener and should help a candidate to know where God is leading without being a salesman.
At the Easter Vigil where the Sacraments of Initiation are celebrated, the sponsor has a particular role in the liturgy. A sponsor likewise takes part in the preparatory ceremonies that occur in the course of the RCIA process.
How do I get a sponsor?
Some people who come to enter the Church have done so because of the example and influence of a Catholic relative or friend. It would be very appropriate to ask such a person to be your sponsor.
You are free to ask any confirmed and practicing Catholic to be your sponsor.
If you don't have a Catholic friend who can serve as your sponsor, we supply one for you by matching you with a member of the parish.
What materials do I need to participate in the RCIA?
The main material you will need is a pen, Bible, and copy of the Catechism of the Catholic Church. Through the course of the RCIA process, you will receive materials used as tools for reflection.
How much will I be expected to learn in the RCIA process?
Your faith journey is a time of formation that is much more than education. Faith formation is a time for you to grow in the awareness of your relationship with Christ, with God, and with the Catholic Church. There are no tests; there are no grades. Certainly even "cradle Catholics" don't know everything about the Catholic Faith. Learning is a lifelong process, and people are encouraged to make the journey at their own pace.
The RCIA process is a time of exploration, where people can ask questions and learn about the Church. People coming from a different Christian tradition may have many specific questions about Catholic Faith and practice, and this is a place where they can feel free to ask them. Those who come with little religious background will feel they have even more to learn. All participants will find the opportunity to question, to think for themselves, and to take all the time they need to make a decision about joining the Church.
Will I feel comfortable in this group and with this process?
RCIA candidates come from all walks of life, all backgrounds and all ages. Feel free to speak with Deacon Chris Schmelzer, Director of the Rite of Christian Initiation, at firstname.lastname@example.com or 257-5000, and he can help connect you with current participants, sponsors, and people who have gone through RCIA in recent years. They would all love to share their experiences with you and listen to yours.
How long does it take to become a Catholic?
There is no single answer for everyone. Here at our parish, the process is designed so that someone in touch with us by September would normally be ready to receive the Sacraments at the following Easter. But there is no need to rush your faith journey.
If you have very little background whatsoever in Christianity, you may feel you need more time to learn. There may be personal or family considerations that make you hesitate to take the final step even if you have sufficient information.
It would generally be your own decision that you need more than the approximately seven months allowed for the RCIA process as it is organized in our parish.
I am getting married in May. Will I be able to complete the RCIA by then?
Maybe yes, and maybe no. The faith journey to become a Catholic takes time and energy. The timeline of a faith journey does not always coincide with that of a wedding.
If you are engaged, the deepening of your relationship with your fiancé and the preparation for your wedding take time. The deepening of your relationship with the Church and the preparation for Sacraments of Initiation also take time. It may or may not be possible to give both adequate attention simultaneously.
Since the Sacraments of Initiation take place at Easter, the timing may not work out even if you are planning your wedding a year in advance. (For example, if you decided at Christmas 2018 to be married at Christmas 2019, it would be too late to join the group receiving the Sacraments at Easter 2019.)
Why does the RCIA process take such a long time?
Faith is something that takes time to grow, like a flower takes time to grow from a seed and bloom. RCIA is a process by which the seed of faith is nurtured, and it takes different amounts of time for different people. Someone wanting to become Catholic must learn about the Faith before they can make a decision, and that learning takes time.
Like any relationship, a person's relationship with God develops, and it can't be rushed. Everyone has their own pace, and their own particular needs and questions. Most people end up truly appreciating the time they had to learn, pray, and get to know other people through the RCIA process. People often wish it could have lasted longer!


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Steve Kuo
's Mainland China Trip
Hong Kong, Kunming, Jinghong, Dali, Lijiang, Tiger Leaping Gorge, Zhongdian
April 29 - May 30, 2002
Jump directly to the pictures
After learning Chinese during my 2001 Taiwan trip, I decided finally to visit Mainland China. I've always wanted to visit China, with airfare relatively low and my friend already there encouraging me to come, I committed to the trip.
China is large country, and similar to the United States, it cannot all be seen in one trip. I decided to visit the popular destination of Yunnan province. Yunnan is located in the Southwest corner of China, bordering Myanmar (Burma), Laos and Vietnam. It offers a diverse range of scenery, from the tropical South, to urban Kunming, all the way to the high mountains bordering Tibet region. Yunnan is also known for its rich diversity of ethnic minorities.
I initially flew to Taipei, Taiwan to visit my father, family and friends there. After a short stay in there, I went to Hong Kong for a few days to obtain a China visa and forward travel to Yunnan. Since the end of the Chinese civil war in 1949, there have not been any direct flights between Mainland China and Taiwan, so transfer via a third country is necessary.
I traveled in China backpacker style, carrying everything I needed for the one month trip on my back. This actually proved to be quite convenient as you quickly realize you don't need that much stuff. Lodging was in hostels and guesthouses with shared rooms (3-4 beds) and communal bathrooms. Food and other supplies could be purchased on the spot.
With Yunnan being the most visited Chinese providence, its people are still amused by the sight of foreigners. You quickly get use to the constant staring and English greetings of "hello" and "goodbye". Prices are incredibly low; typical meals are $1, guesthouse bed $2.50 and 100 mile luxury coach transport of $10. It is actually cheaper to travel in Yunnan than it is to pay rent living in the US.
China's cities are connected by frequent bus and train schedules. Even the smallest city has a bus station with hourly service to nearby locations. The roads on the other hand aren't so well developed. Many cities are connected by nothing more than a bumpy gravel road. The 250 mile trip from Kunming to Lancang took 19 hours on a windy dirt road. Air travel on the other hand has been modernized. Gone are the old Soviet aircraft, which have been replaced with modern Boeing and Airbus equipment. Airfare rivals that of the US, not affordable by most Chinese.
Language proved to be not an issue. I speak and read intermediate Chinese so getting around was easy. For the non-Chinese speaking traveler, it's surprisingly easy to get by using a phrase book or just pointing to things. Some travelers arrived "fresh off the plane" not able to speak a single word of Chinese.
Once in Yunnan, it was easy to meet and hookup with other travelers. I spent about half the time with my friend Greg, and the other half traveling by myself. Most travelers are headed in the same direction doing the popular circuits, so you end up bumping into the same people.
The Pictures
Jump to top
Pictures were taken with my trusty old Nikon Coolpix 990 digital camera. I took over 400 pictures have and organized them down to the 200 best (still a lot!). All pictures are hosted by the
Photo Album
application that I developed. Each link below is a photo album of a city or area visited. Albums are listed in somewhat chronological order.
Hong Kong
Bamboo Temple trip near Kunming
Octagonal Pavilion in Jingzhen
Pagodas and mosque East of Menghai
Pagodas near Manbang
Tour near Dali
Cormorant fishing on Erhai Lake near Dali
Yak Meadows trip near Lijiang
Tiger Leaping Gorge trek
Chinese Airplanes
Copyright © 2002
Steve Kuo
. All rights reserved.


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Happy Father's Day lovies! Bebe's favorite thing in the world is her daddy... she is THE ultimate daddy's girl! When he is around, I am like chopped liver! Some of my favorite pics of these two....
And of course I can't forget my OWN dad!
And my awesome father-in-law (who I don't have enough pictures of!)
Happy Father's Day :)


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Pew Trusts Call for New Industry Contract
Steven Covey
Zero Defects
Kindergarten Teachers Say
Check out the Adapted High Quality Knowledge and the kindergarten teacher survey above.What is necessary so that the present community capacities to deliver early reading skills can guarantee the K-12 schools that 100% of the children will be delivered ready to read? This would change everything and the savings can be pledged to the bridge loan and then innovation.
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Economist Learning the right lessons Not rated yetEconomist 9-11-10 page 16
Don Graham, of the Washington Post Company that owns Kaplan University suggested that colleges should refund all fees to a …
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Rubber ducky, you're the one… the one we celebrate today! While this holiday may be more fun for the kids, Rubber Ducky Day is a perfect excuse to get out the most famous of bath toys and have some splish-splashy fun.
This ubiquitous symbol of bath time can be seen in all sorts of places: baby shower invitations, bath decor, even jewelry! I also love that rubber duckies have a built-in blue and yellow color palette, though you can certainly have your duckies in any color of the rainbow. I can't even pick out a favorite item, they're all so cute!
Take a peek at the treasury, and visit and favorite all the shops and items! And remember to check out my other Every Day is a Holiday treasuries here. *Quack!*_____
Click on the image to see the treasury on Etsy, complete with links to the featured shops and items!


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Whether you're half-acre vegetable operation or a large-scale rancher, we're here to help!
We've got lots of great resources specific to Georgia, but these groups are also doing incredible work and have lots of helpful information for the organic producer.
Southern SARE
SARE's goal is to support farmers, researchers, and educators as they explore practices that improve stewardship, profitability, and the social and economic health of farm communities.
The Natural Resources Conservation Service
NRCS provides America's farmers and ranchers with financial and technical assistance to voluntarily put conservation on the ground, which helps the environment and agricultural operations. Farmers, ranchers and forest landowners can receive financial assistance from NRCS to make improvements to their land.
Growing for Market
GFM keeps you informed about the business of growing and selling vegetables, fruits, cut flowers, plants, herbs, and other food products. "I cannot recommend Growing For Market as a holistic resource for all of these issues highly enough," says Joe Reynolds of Love is Love Farm at Gaia Gardens.
The Rodale Institute
For more than sixty years, the Rodale Institute has researched best practices of organic agriculture and shared their findings with farmers and scientists throughout the world.
The National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service – ATTRA
ATTRA services are available to farmers, ranchers, market gardeners, Extension agents, researchers, educators, farm organizations, and others involved in agriculture, especially those who are economically disadvantaged or belong to traditionally underserved communities.


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Can we have more faith sharing conversations as an ordinary part of our lives?
In this 60 minute webinar on personal evangelism, you don't have to travel or spend any money (though a donation is helpful).
Ray Jones will join Chris Walker of EvangelismCoach.org and will help
- you see the the conversational opportunities and people around you
- pastors help their churches see those opportunities around them.
In this 60 minute webinar, you can expect to learn
- how evangelism is a natural part of disciple making.
- six essentials to growing as a disciple of Jesus Christ.
- how to see the people around you
- that evangelism is not about "giving" information to people you have no relationship with.
Free Webinar
Tuesday, March 9, 2010
Time: 9:00pm Eastern US Time
Register on line :
Seminar has passed.
Seminar has passed.
Who is Ray Jones?
He is the Coordinator for Evangelism for the Presbyterian Church USA.
He has served the church as a pastor for twenty-five years, and has a heart for helping people claim, live into, and share their stories of transformation in Christ.
Registration is Free but Required.
Date doesn't work for you?
To be automatically informed as to our next webinar, sign up for our Free Evangelism Newsletter and the a 5 part course on Church Hospitality.
Help Us Promote this Webinar:
Use the bookmark features to promote on Twitter or Share this link on Facebook.
Include a link to this page in your emails and blog postings.


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Hi and welcome..to 'The electronic press kit' page.. It's the todays modern way o promoting your song demo, and this promotion goes quickly and easy by e-mail marketing. A&R people can watch your web site,web page...as they like. The biggest advantage for these people: No more CD-crushing.
The biggest advantage for you, the songwriter, musician..
Done with wasting time and money on sending demo packages with the mail to record labels,and music publishers..although, there are still a lot music industry people who wish to receive a package on the old conventional way.., the use of EPK wins rapidly on importance.
Because not every record label are accepting Electronic submissions, so try to find out wish labels are accepting Electronic submissions.
Sending an E.P.K. with an E-mail is easy, and cost you nothing. Just right an outstanding introduction e-mail and include the right URL of your EPK. Easy and fast.
Most of the work lays in..
The making of quality looking videos. Also, the making of a web site, designing your myspace or Youtube that looks very creative and attractive.
Online demo submissions and demo promotion
No doubt, it will become more and more important to the future and will in the future probably overtake the demo submissions and the mail package .
Why it shouldn't be like this? After all, there are a lot of advantages and it's an easy and fast way of doing your music promotion. Isn't it?
Today,most of the Electronic press kits are existing as Myspace or Youtube pages. But in fact, you can also create your own web site to promote your music.This doesn't always mean that your website has to be loaded with videos. A video can help, but is not necessarily needed. Audio samples of your songs will do, and they take less space.
When you make a video...
Use a quality camera to make a video . Snot video of bad and low quality could harm your credibility by the music business executives.
Don't make the videos too long, Max 10 minutes
If you're not that great in making videos, then hire some people to do the filming and deliver a professional product.
Include the same info as you would do with the normal press package.
To end with...
Wish you all the best with your future music promotion, and wish you a lot of success with creating a super Electronic press kit.
Return to "Music promotion" page!
Thanks for the visit. Feel free to re-visit to follow the up-dates..
Paul F Webmaster
From 'electronic press kit' page Back to 'Songwriting' Home page


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BTIO Educational Products, Inc., formerly Baby Think It Over, Inc., is a Wisconsin based educational products company founded in 1994 (www.btio.com). They developed many different programs that are intended to teach youth and young adults the responsibilities of life, such as the Baby Think It Over program, The Empathy Belly Pregnancy Simulator, and the NICoteen program.
In the NICoteen program, teens are asked to carry a NICoteen Pack smoking simulators throughout a weekend. The Pack requires teens to simulate the estimated time an addicted smoker spends smoking each day. To simulate a puff on a cigarette, the teen must say one of the seven special NICline phrases into the microphone. The Pack uses voice recognition technology to ensure that only the approved phrases are used and uses a student ID to ensure only the assigned teen is participating in the smoking simulation. Throughout each smoking session, the teen hears informative and thought-provoking statements related to smoking. (www.btio.com)
On the other hand, with the Empathy Belly Pregnancy Simulator, teens are given the opportunities to experience "20 typical symptoms of pregnancy including:
· Weight gain of 30-33 pounds
· Pregnant profile of enlarged breasts and protruding abdominal belly
· Change in physical and personal self-image
· Continual pressure on the abdomen and internal organs
· Postural change in the back with an increase in lordosis or "pelvic tilt"
· Shift in one's center of gravity; low backache
· Mild fetal kicking and stroking movements
· Shallow breathing capacity and shortness of breath
· Increase in body temperature, pulse and blood pressure
· A flushing sensation and increased perspiration
· Awkwardness in all body movements
· Bladder pressure and increased sense of urgency and frequent urination
· Increased fatigue, slowed pace and restricted activity
· Changes in sexual self-image and abilities" (www.btio.com).
Finally, the most popular education product that has been used by many Canadian high school family studies program is the Baby Think It Over Program. This program is designed to give youths or young adults the knowledge they need to make informed decisions about parenting. The parenting simulation uses the Baby Think It Over infant simulator to offer an experience that simulates the parenting of an infant. By attaching an ID to a participant's wrist, the instructor may ensure that only the assigned teen can care for the electronic baby. Then, the baby cries for care according to schedules selected by the instructor. When the electronic baby cries, it is the teen's responsibility to determine and provide the type of care the baby needs: feeding, rocking, burping, or diapering. Sometimes the baby is just fussy and cannot be quieted by the teen. (www.btio.com)
The electronics in the baby back monitor the quality of care the baby receives. The electronic baby reports the number of times each type of care was provided, as well as wrong positioning, rough handling, Shaken Baby Syndrome, and more. (www.btio.com)
Unquestionably, these products have their educational values and seem to have prevented the participants from making impulsive decisions in the later years of their lives. However, it is questionable that whether these products depict the actual experiences of smoking, getting pregnant and having babies. There are probably more than 20 symptoms of pregnancy and there are perhaps more than a dozen financial and social problems associated with raising children. But such electronic simulators have acquired "more legitimacy, value and power than the originals themselves" (Taylor 183). These simulators look real and they are given out by health-care professionals or academic institutions.
After all, one could now share their pregnancy or parenting experiences without actually having to go through pregnancy. This is hyppereality.
See bibliography for photo credits.
Baby Think it Over Program:
Electronic Baby Simulators:
Young adults taking care of their simulated babies:
The Empathy Belly Pregnancy Simulator:
The NICoteen program:
Go back to see other flying postmodern virtual pets...


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2.20.12 – Hipster Fashion ShootPosted: February 21, 2012 Filed under: Uncategorized 1 Comment
Staining Watercolors and Ink on 140 lb Cold Press
Trying out a different style, using staining pigments – Windsor Yellow, Alizarin Crimson, Pthalo Blue, Permanent Rose, Sap Green, and Pthalo Green.
Spring Hawaiian Tuberose in Painted Terra Cotta PotPosted: February 20, 2012 Filed under: Uncategorized Leave a comment
Acrylic and Permanent Marker on Terra Cotta
Photo Courtesy of Carlos Lopez Photography: www.carloslphotography.com
2.6.11- Fire on Maple Hill.Posted: February 7, 2012 Filed under: Uncategorized Leave a comment
Watercolor and Ink on 300 lb Cold Press Acquarelle Arches Paper
Wanted to try a painting with only sedimentary colors, marrying some traditional Asian styles with Western ones, which turned out to be quite beautiful. Left the subject matter on the hill blank per Maria's suggestion, as it almost "appears as if something or someone had just left."
2.1.12 – Transparent SpheresPosted: February 1, 2012 Filed under: Uncategorized Leave a comment
Watercolor on 300 lb Fabriano Softpress Paper
Ugh, even washes are totally not easy. Layered three colors of the limited transparent pigment group: Aureolin, Cobalt Blue, and Rose Madder Genuine. Definitely need more practice here.


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developing the idea of using my locale to practice 'seeing anew in a familiar environment'
getting back to La Serenissima?
I'm doing this in the context of developing a work project, part of a proposition for an artist's residency in Venice:
working with individuals exploring the watery city from a 'below the parapet perspective', the result might
be handmade, or perhaps digital, using a tablet or smartphone, maybe making a short moving image work?
I envisage the details becoming clearer and it'll be good to see its form emerge and to name the project…
How the idea started: you may have seen these images (below/left), the fresh things garnered from looking &
seeing in my local neighbourhood
next, the words evoked by the images, affixed to separate cards;
and the images affixed to their cards, making a deck of both text & visual images
the whole deck could go in this tin, or I might make a container, wrap-around perhaps?
we now have a pocket game to play:- perhaps arranging words and pictures to create random mash-ups,
or consciously constructing new personal narratives
above is a friend's fast, non-thought-out response to the cards, which he states reads
the tiny motorbike leaves the peeling banana tree standing
the the bench is waving at the steps near home
coloured ice-cream tree lights the community
through a blue vista


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Every Friday, the Expert Ops team will recap the latest enhancements and bug fixes, contributions from the Expert community, customer compliments, and preview the week ahead.
Latest Enhancements and Bug Fixes
Below are the latest enhancements and bug fixes for this week:
|Additional service accepted email notification: We've updated the additional service accepted email to include a link that will take you directly back to the appropriate question page.
|Payment failure issue for Auto Phone Calls: We've updated the payment fail page to inform Experts that we will attempt to remedy the issue with customers. Note: Do not fulfill the phone call request or attempt to assist customers with payment issues.
This Week's Best Of
We want to highlight a few standout Experts from this week.
Coming Up Next Week
|Collar Professionals in the Gig Economy: We share some insights into how Experts on JustAnswer can thrive in the gig economy.
|Launch of Expert Mobile Web: We're excited to introduce a mobile web version for Experts to find, lock and respond to questions.
|More enhancements and bug fixes!


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About Us
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Children's entertainers in Milton Keynes
1 and 2 Hour
Balloon drop,
prizes & lots more
All included!!!
Looking for children's entertainers? Look no more!
Jaded events have got what it takes to make your special day one to remember. Your little one will be the star of the show in our non stop fun and laughter full works packages. We provide dancing,music, games, props prizes,and much more. Your guests are guaranteed to leave with a smile from a day they won't forget.
Our experienced entertainers have been hosting children's parties for over 5 years and will keep your children entertained from start to finish. We know how important your children's party is and we guarantee smiles all round!Have a look at our entertainers section for more information on our FULL WORKS PARTY PACKAGES, Quality, high end, entertainment!
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Providing fun parties, supplies and children's entertainers in the Milton Keynes area
Why book with Jaded Events?
Our goal is to ensure your party has the very best children's entertainer. We know exactly what it takes to host the perfect children's party and our entertainers are here to help every step of the way. We pride ourselves in our 100% customer satisfaction and all of our parties have recieved brilliant reviews and happy parents. Seeing your child's face light up when they become the star of the show is every parents dream. A happy child is a happy parent and we can guaruntee smiles all round! Read some of our testimonials below...
"FANTASTIC! The kids loved it! I have used Jaded events for both my girls birthday parties and I highly recommended"
Jane- Olney, Milton Keynes
"So much fun, Everyone was involved and laughing, the children were so happy with their prizes, thank you so much."
Tamzin- Willen Park, Milton Keynes
"Thank you! Layla had such a great party"
Melanie- Newport Pagnell, Milton Keynes
"Brilliant, thank you! Bella had a great party,everyone was happy and everything ran smoothly, even the weather held out!"
Stephanie-Oakgrove, Milton Keynes
"Thank you for hosting Mathews birthday party, could not of kept the kids contained without you! Absolute natural, have referred you to all our mummy friends."
Donna & Will, Pennyland, Milton Keynes
"Thank you for the face painting, the children loved it"
Meleesha Richards- Luton
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Top quality children's entertainers in Milton Keynes bursting with fun and laughter for boys and girls of all ages.
Full works package
Our full works entertainment packages last for 1 or 2 hours and cater for up to 30 children (but can be tailored to suit your party needs). Our expirienced entertainers will keep your bundles of excitment entertained for the full duration of the party making sure everyone stays involved, upbeat and full of smiles. Entertainment includes:
Entertainment is tailored to suit child's age. We specialise in children's parties from age 3-10 years
Music and dancing (favourite songs and requests can be suggested before hand)
Face painting for the birthday girl boy
Exciting, fun filled party games with prizes
Prizes include, disney sticker sheets,inflatables,colouring books,Sticky men,princess/dinosaur/football/butterfly pencils, rubbers, bouncy balls,blowouts,princess wands, mini maracas, crayons, bubbles, dinosaur/princess/jet gliders,whistles, keyring makers,LED finger torches,noise makers, loom bands, alien/flip flop/monster notepads, glow bracelets,stretchy frogs/lizards, rings and much more
Coloured balloons on sticks to take home
Pinata filled with sweets and treats
Helium filled foil birthday balloon for the birthday boy or girl.
Birthday boy and girl sash, to make your little one feel extra special
Entertainers can come in prefered mascot or fancy dress to fit particular theme (subject to availability and fee)
Props including pom poms, ribbon dancing, ball bit games, parachute games and much more.
Bubbles and bubble wands
Available to vist home, halls and all other locations
Visit Entertainers section for more info
For all your children's entertainment and party needs in Milton Keynes
What to remember when planning your child's birthday party!
Location and venue
-Is your venue close to your guests and easy to find? Have you had a look around? Is it big enough for all your party plans? Include set up and clean up time in your booking so you are not rushed! Always have a look around at a few venues before you book, have expections of what you need from your venue and do this well in advance and halls will book up months in advance. If your having a party at home its important to think about space, maybe move bulky furniture into a different room,keep expensive or fragile things out of site and be clear on on house boundaries.
Party guests
-Have you remembered to invite everyone? Keep numbers sensible, sometimes inviting the whole class is not always the best idea!Remember to get contact numbers of parents who are not staying, just in case. Urge parents to R.S.V.P so you know how many children you will be catering for.
Party food should be light, easy and a variety for all. Remember to consider veggie options ect and always check for alergies. Sometimes hiring outside catering is the best option but children are always imperessed with sandwiches and nibbles. Ensure you have enough food to cater for all of your guest whilst making sure you are not left with a mountain of wasted food. Where possible use packaged sweets/crisps ect or foods which you take home if not consumed.
-Nothing says party time like balloons and banners! Decorating your venue is sure to impress your guests, think about party poppers, balloons,banners,bunting, plates and cups ect. Picking a theme is a great and will no doubt put a smile on the birthday girls/boys face.
Hand out invites well in advance, 4 weeks prior at least is best! Make sure all the details are correct and consider e-mail invites. Home made invite are also a lovely idea for small parties.
Entertaining your guests-
It always best to hire in enetrtment to ensure your party is full of fun and stress free for you. Make sure you advise the entertainer of all your party essentials so all goes as you have planned.
What's a party without a cake. Its probably best to have the cake at the end of the party. Use this oppertunity to gather the children for the birthday singing then they are all in one place when the parents arrive.
Party bags
- Party bags are the perfect party finish and a great way to hand out cake with no fiddling. Ensure you have enough for all you guests, both boys and girls, you could also pop a thanks for coming note inside.
Catering to the following areas in Milton Keynes:
Old Bletchley Far Bletchley West Bletchley Central Bletchley Fenny Stratford Denbigh North Denbigh West Denbigh East Brickfields Water Eaton Eaton Manor Bradwell Heelands Rooksley Bradwell CommonBradwell Abbey Two Mile Ash Wymbush Kiln Farm Fishermead Oldbrook Winterhill Springfield Woolstone
Willen Lake Campbell Park Newlands Willen Central Milton Keynes Great Linford Giffard ParkBlakelands Bolbeck ParkNeath Hill Pennylands
Tongwell Conniburrow Downs Barn
Donwhead ParkKents Hill Monkston Brinklow Loughton Loughton Lodge Great Holm Knowl hill
National Bowl
Middleton Milton Keynes
Atterbury Brook Furlong Fox Milne Northfield Oakgrove Milton Keynes (village) Pineham New Bradwell Passmore Woughton on the Green Woughton ParkShenley Brook End
Furzton Emerson Valley Tattenhoe Kingsmead Snelshall Tattenhoe Park Crownhill Grange Farm Hazeley Shenley Church End Medbourne Oxley Woodhill Ashland West Ashland Simpson Bancroft Bancroft Park Blue Bridge Bradville Linford Wood Stantonbury Stantonbury Fields Stony Stratford
Fullers SladeGalley Hill Brown's Wood
Caldecotte Old Farm Park Tilbrook Walnut tree Walton Walton Hall Walton ParkWavendon Gate Greenleys Wolverton Stonebridge Wolverton Old Wolverton Beanhill WoughtonBleak HallCoffee Hall
Eaglestone Elfield Park Leadenhall Netherfield Peartree Bridge RedmoorTinkers Bridge Granby Denbigh Hall Hodge Lea Kingston Kents Hill Mount Farm Shenley Lodge Stantonbury Willen Park Hodge Lea Stacey Bushes Wolverton Mill Wolverton Mill South Wolverton Mill East Newport
Pagnell Stony Stratford
Jaded Evets and Entertainment are a fully insured company and all of our enertainers are subject to a fulll DBS disclosure.
Please do not hestitate to contact us if location is not listed so we may attempt to cater to your needs.
Contact Hours
Monday - Saturday 9:30am - 8:00pm Sunday
10:00am - 7:00pm
Providing Top Quality Party Planning and Entertainers In The Milton Keynes Area
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