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Throughout the history of the Turkish Republic, the telephone has collectively been perceived as a technology of modernity, progress, wealth and cultural capital. Yet due to a deteriorated infrastructure, which has hindered penetration of the telephone to the entire country, only a small segment of society was able to install a telephone in their private dwellings as well as in their place of business. Particularly throughout the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, the social practice of the telephone was marked by the resentment, frustration and envy of those who could not possess a telephone line due to various factors such as location, lack of social relations with the relevant authorities, or lack of financial capital to purchase a line and a telephone. While a small segment of society enjoyed the ownership and use of the telephone in their daily lives and businesses, many people remained on the waiting lists of the related state department for long periods to acquire a telephone line (5-20 years), even in the major cities of Istanbul and Ankara.
Our two-year project funded by TUBITAK in 2011 is entitled: "Telephony and Turkish Modernizatıon: The Social History of the Telephone since the Ottoman Era (1881-2010)." As researchers, we were interested in the ways in which the telephone has been represented in popular media, how it has become part of the state-run modernization process, and how Turkish people have experienced this technology in their everyday lives. To investigate these issues, we analyzed primary sources (archives of the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic, science and technology journals, popular newspapers and magazines, and lobby cards and film posters where the telephone is represented), and compared and contrasted the statistical data of telephone ownership from different periods. We also looked at the oral history by interviewing telephone users, collecting their memories of using and owning a telephone, as well as their recollections of how it felt not owning a telephone line, and of waiting for years to get a telephone, especially during the 1960s and 1970s.
Our approach is interdisciplinary, bringing the project in line with the general tendency in cultural studies and communications research. In this context, historical documents were analyzed, quantitative and qualitative data, which display changes in the social structure were studied together with our findings from in-depth oral interviews of individuals. The project incorporated history-based research by utilizing concrete data for analyzing past events in their concrete settings, as well as using a sociological approach by gathering general data, which could display the characteristics of social structure. Our approach could also be called anthropological, as we gathered and analyzed specific data in order to understand the world of the individual as well as that of the collective. Our project made use of the research methodologies of these three disciplines.
Our findings compiled from the oral history of the telephone presents the telephone variously as a status symbol, a necessity, and sometimes as a nuisance. Some of the interviewees said that there was no need for a telephone before the technology was introduced - the lifestyles they were leading easily accommodated communication without a telephone. Some argued that even when it was introduced, they did not feel the need to use it. Migration to the big cities crops up as a general stimulus to purchase a telephone. In big cities like Istanbul or Ankara, the need to communicate with family who remained back home in the village or provincial town forced some of our interviewees to purchase or use telephone technology. However, another problem was that there was no telephone at home in the village. Furthermore, the introduction of the telephone did not immediately excite the general population, as for many it was an alien technology and time was needed to appropriate it into the everyday lives of people in Turkey.
In this article, we will discuss the outcome of the oral history research, based on in-depth interviews with users/non-users in Istanbul, Ankara, Kayseri and Diyarbakir, conducted during 2011-2012. In each section, the reasons for our choice of these particular cities will be presented. However, our main aim was to follow the rule of representativeness criteria, which changed according to each city.
Oral history requires an approach that recognizes technology as a social experience. Answers to questions posed during interviews, or in a conversation, is limited to the individuals' own perception of history. Therefore, the social structure of the respondents plays an important role in constructing the narrative of the past, which is dominant today. The people who were interviewed have a political stance, an opinion of the telephone services provided by the state, and a narrative of how they perceive their relationship with this technology.
Indeed, the narratives of people from different classes can be completely at odds with each other. In the context of experienced cultural values, a study conducted by Wilma Esmer, called the Cultural Values Survey (2012), illustrates quantitative divisions, and provides a basis for the population geography of Turkey which emphasizes the fragmented nature of such an axis made up of secular versus conservative (religious) lifestyles, and others who find it difficult to describe themselves as "Turkish." It was important for our research that we chose cities and respondents who reflected this diversity.
Oral history study consists of a compilation of data based on verbal narratives about people's lives. The researchers, members of a particular situation or event, in order to understand what they experienced as individuals attribute meaning to the particular situation or event and help to save these experiences and meanings (Starr 1973, Grille 2003, Popular Memory Group 2003). In other words, oral history is built around the people, incorporating life into history, so researchers delve into new areas of reality, which expand the scope of the research history (Thompson 1999). The historical study of human social experience recognizes technology for its own historical narrative, and this narrative is also obliged to examine the relationship between social conditions (Fischer 1994).
The oral history interviews we conducted provide historical information that is retold today (i.e interviewees are here with us today and they recall their memories of their experiences with the telephone in Turkey). While such recollection is always the basis of oral history, it is the job of the historian to extract information about past times and values with a measured dose of scepticism. This is not to say that oral history cannot provide relevant clues about telephone usage in Turkey, but it often comes bathed in a nostalgia about the past; at least in our case, it certainly did. Our interviewees talked about sharing a telephone, about a telephone as something shared among other things like the television.
Oral history research is effective when open-ended questions are asked rather than conducted through semi-structured surveys because people have their own world which they relate with as little prejudice as possible (Ritchie 2003. Yow 2005). Therefore, we interviewed the people in the cities in which they live, at a location and time they themselves chose. In-depth interviews were conducted using a voice recorder. In the four cities we selected (Istanbul, Ankara, Diyarbakir and Kayseri), 127 people were interviewed who were at least thirty years of age. We met with them at locations they themselves selected in these cities.
Of the cities surveyed, several factors played a role in the selection of Istanbul. Istanbul is Turkey's most populous city, the most diverse in terms of socio-economic values, and recognized as an international center of commerce and culture. Over the years, Istanbul has been immersed in social, economic, political and cultural change, becoming both a passage for immigration and a stable residence. The first telephone exchanges and lines in the country were established in Istanbul. Furthermore, the most important of the relevant factors are social class, gender and ethnic differences which provide a stratification of phone use with regard to ownership, and these factors can clearly be seen in Istanbul.
Our reasons for choosing the city of Kayseri were the following: as well as being geographically located in the center of Turkey, its social, political and especially economic life which helped to transform it into a city were key factors. Kayseri is also perceived as a culturally and religiously conservative city, another factor in our selection.
Diyarbakir is Turkey's largest city in terms of population in the east as well as one of the largest. Throughout the history of the Republic, the city has been scene of migration to and from upper and lower income groups of the regional population, which has created a city of deep socio-economic differences. The identity politics that were established in Turkey after 1980 and the discourse on ethnicity, which developed around the actors that make up the city were other reasons to choose Diyarbakir.
Ankara was chosen for this project in accordance with the recommendations made by the panel of TUBITAK, considering its importance as the capital of the Republic.
The extent of phone use in these four cities was examined in accordance with prevalence, meaning and value given, and a total of 127 people were interviewed using the snowball technique. The distribution of the 127 individuals was: 41 in Istanbul, 26 in Kayseri, 34 in Diyarbakir and 26 in Ankara. The number of people interviewed in Istanbul was more than those interviewed in the other cities partly due to its population size, as well as demographic characteristics (age, gender, socio-economic class), and in terms of its diversity factor. At least forty percent of the respondents were sixty years of age. In terms of gender distribution we aimed for an equal distribution (half of the people interviewed were women, half were men). We designed and carried out our sampling, keeping the key issue of religious and ethnic diversity in mind in order to allow for income group and world view (religiously or culturally conservative, secular, liberal, nationalist, or leftist) as variables.
Istanbul was the subject of our most comprehensive oral history research project. The reason for this is that as well as being Turkey's largest metropolis, it is the center of gravity for internal and external migration. Out of the people we interviewed, at least a portion of them spent their childhood outside Istanbul. Thus, Turkey's largest city can be perceived as a city of migration, a notion which helps us not only to understand an Istanbuli's relationship to the phone, but also that of people from different regions of Turkey. Several points should be made about the choice of Istanbul as a location for oral history. Istanbul provides demographic variety which no other city in Turkey can provide. The interviewees that we chose came from a range of ethnic, financial and social backgrounds. The rich demographic structure of Istanbul enabled us to reach to a variety of users of telephone technology as well as those who were deprived of it.
On the other hand, life experiences related to telephones show a diversity of cases in Istanbul due to this migration. As we discovered when we researched the archives, the phone was not evenly distributed throughout the various districts of Istanbul, and the prevalence ratio was not the same. We listened to the oral history interviews, which capture a spirit of population diversity inherited from the Ottoman Empire to the Republican era. One could say, for example, that in 1970s Istanbul one would experience neighborhoods living in close quarters, but dissimilar in practical terms, that is in different levels of material wealth. In the best examples, Sisli and Beyoglu districts, electricity and telephone services had reached a certain saturation point, but in some parts of neighboring Mecidiyeköy, telephone, electricity and water infrastructure was not yet provided. As part of our interviews, we talked to two people who were roughly the same age (over sixty), one woman and one man, and their telephone stories are quite different from each other. Here is L.V's story (a businessman born and raised in Istanbul):
L.V.: "I was born in Tepebasi. The name of the street in
Tepebasi where I was born was Minare Street. But there was no minaret. It was
just the street of the U.S. consulate. At that time not many people had a
telephone in the house as you know. Certain houses had a phone. [The number of]
our first house phone was 495 746."
A: "Can you remember the year?"
L.V.: "It probably was 55 or something. Was 55."
A lady who moved from the village of Sivas to Mecidiyeköy in the early 1960s and preferred to wear the hijab is K.C.:
K.C.: "What phone in houses! Was there a telephone in every
house in Istanbul?"
A: "No, wasn't there?"
K.C.: "Of course not."
A: "When did you come here?"
K.C.: "We do not know - has it been 45 years? It is also history. It was 45 years ago. In 1963, 62 we arrived here. I suppose salt was five cents. We moved to Mecideyeköy. There was no electricity, we were carrying water. If you are not in need of others that is enough [...] From then on, we think about this. The world's goods, how to get by, what we will do as such in shortage and stress."
A: "When did you have your first phone then?"
K.C.: "We had it when it first arrived, we got it immediately. Infidels have made it, but God blesses. Nevertheless, I say God bless."
A: "What was the year you received the phone?"
K.C.: "How do I know, I do not know how many years it has been. It arrived early. I know that. Bedriye got it and then we got it. That was 1980 or 85, I suppose. We were in Ümraniye, the connection was established there."
The absence of the telephone was felt, as can be seen in the following interview, but felt as long as the people were in their own environment. In other words, if a person's social and physical surroundings did not have a phone facility, if popular culture products are not generally followed such as periodicals, newspapers, movies and so on, the absence of phone technology was not felt acutely. On the other hand, if a home in the neighborhood has a phone, the absence of a phone can produce a sense of deprivation. Most of those interviewed in this city provide an enthusiastic narrative of the existence of the phone; the absence of the phone was described with sadness and longing.
In our study we interviewed many people who have come to Istanbul as part of a process of internal migration which emerged as a factor determining their relationship with the phone. People living on the periphery of the city did not view their location as an urban district. Rather, they saw their neighborhood as a town in its own right; hence, they did not feel the absence of the phone. Putting aside the feeling of deprivation, people who migrated to the city did not put phone ownership on their priority list simply because of the economic difficulties they experienced. Even an attempt to inquire into the place of the phone in their personal histories seems ridiculous to these people. Born in 1960, a mobile kokorec vendor (S.S.) who has lived in Istanbul for twenty-five years, explains:
S.S.: "I do not remember in my childhood a phone or something. I saw the TV through the windows of the coffee place, I thought how did people get into it? I was working in a coffee place in Izmir the first time I spoke by telephone. 'The devil's work,' I thought. How did the sound come from the cable? My story is unlike any other [...] My dad used to spread straw beneath us, we used to sleep in the barn with donkeys [...] I do not know about childhood. I did not know what money was useful for, let alone the phone. If you have someone on the inside, we used to wait outside. Nylon shoes until the age of 14, I could not ask my father to get me shoes. Our childhood was to work endlessly carrying goods with five donkeys. When we played in front of the door, we were afraid that my father would see us play. I went to school for a few days. That is why the questions you are asking seem so strange. Forget it, brother, what phone? Some would say."
People who lived in the city's periphery and were born and raised in one neighborhood for life or in the business environment locally did not necessarily feel the need for a phone. In one of the interviews, Y.K. started to work in 1976 as a laborer, organized in unions, and lived in the neighborhood of Paşabahçe. Y.K. talks about neighborhood relations and communications:
Y.K.: "We talked to people when there were people we needed to get in contact with, or in case of emergency, or we sent messengers. We met at the Union outside certain hours, moreover in this region, people of certain local identity live together, which is also the case for the factory. For example, 3 thousand people in the factory, for example 800 people from Giresun, 500 people from Kastamonu, and there were 300 people from Thrace. And the neighborhoods where people lived were also congregated, and this was evident; so for example, Giresun a collective neighborhood, Kastamonu bulk unit. These people lived so, for example there were certain coffeehouses, everybody knew who went to which coffeehouse, and news was sent to those coffeehouses or people congregated there, this is how we did it."
The spirit of the past came across in our interviews, and which was admittedly not always remembered with happiness and solidarity. In this respect, the presence of non-Muslims in the early phone stories is very interesting. For example E.A., a 63-year-old retired soldier told us about his childhood in the district of:
E.A.: "Now my daughter, let me give my earliest memories of
the phone to you, I was born in Balat, Do you know Balat?"
A: "I know."
E.A.: "It was a neighborhood with the Greeks of old Istanbul, Jews, Armenians being the majority. In fact, on our one street, eighty percent of the Greeks, Armenians and Jews were citizens, twenty percent were Albanians. We were also Albanians. Aunt Ester in our street had one. There was one phone in the house of Aunt Ester."
A: "What year is this?"
E.A.: "What I've said was 1962-63. The whole neighborhood would go to Aunt Esters home, in case of an emergency or if there was a need to call someone. Her phone was just a phone like that burgundy color. You turn the keys as follows, a sound, then turn it again blah blah blah."
As stated above, we included the city of Kayseri in our study largely due to the economic development of this city in Turkey, and its central role in the representation of conservative culture. In Kayseri during the 1920s and 1930s, public investment was made in the Sumer Textile Factory, and the Kayseri Aircraft Factory was founded as a trading center. Many rich business-oriented families are from Kayseri including the first representatives of the national bourgeoisie. (i.e. the Koc family). Kayseri industrialists and traders emerged after 1980 as the city managed to keep pace with the liberalization policies of the 1990s, when neo-liberalization policies were adapted.
We interviewed M.O. in this city, who is one of the city's oldest industrialists:
M.O.: "[...] so, Kayseri businessmen. Why businessman? As if Allah does not have any other occupation, here in the heart of Anatolian province of Kayseri and gave people business intelligence [...] There's no such thing. There are two kinds of places in this world: one where bird goose grass becomes reeds, one for the herb thyme, where birds are partridges [...] Now what is Kayseri? There are no earnings that come from nature. Now let's look at the environment. Black Sea has honey and nuts, even now they grow citrus. State of Cukurova is known. What does Kayseri have? Nothing. Barley is sown once a year. If Almighty Allah gives you a bit of rain it will grow. Ah, then we did not have the technology, when we set up our Union Textile, three and a half meters below water came flowing rivers such as we listened to the sound that I remember. That water has flowed there for years, for centuries, and on most of the time in a field of barley, dry, burned, gone. It's a matter of opportunity."
Kayseri was one of the city's commercial centers throughout the history of the Republic. In terms of the telephone, Kayseri was also one of the places where the first expansion took place. M.O., the industrialist quoted above, commented on this subject:
M.O.: "I think ... now it's a matter of opinion. So we just said the communication and transportation. I put it down to the awareness of Kayseri people on the importance of communication in commercial life. Because even the most affluent wealthy families had a shop phone, but later, probably five years, eight years, ten years later, it came [into the home]. Why they are not at home but in the shop? They were aware of the pros that it will bring business to life. So at home, I suppose it arrived twenty or something years later than our shop phone."
The rapid development of the phone in between 1970s up to the early 2000s in Kayseri was explained by a retiring employee (R.T.) who worked at Kayseri and Telecom PTT, who was also involved in management, explained:
R.T.: "Look, we've considered strategies in Kayseri. Istanbul for instance, has from time to time cables the size of the human body [...] We could not do it in Kayseri [...] we've kept a lot of the number of plants. Thirteen to twenty-three units in the Kayseri plant made by charitable people. Building, because it was having building work [...] building was done. So when I did not make it to Kayseri, the building was handed over all underground [...] You were forced to allocate a place to underground stations when you were building plants. Less network, keeping it brought relief from plant to service both economically because the most expensive items are cables, cable rates have attracted less people, we accelerate the flow of business. Look, let us say that one of the provinces was a precedent: Izmit. Turkey's industrial sector has two in the province which are feeding stations where we nourish our twenty-three plants."
Another significant characteristic of Kayseri as far as social studies research is concerned is the fact that it is a hub of conservative culture. Starting from 1990, Kayseri has been seen as one of the centers of conservatism in the area of economics as well as in the political sphere. In this regard, one of the city's few female industrialists (G.Z.) gave her insight into the city which was quite enlightening:
A: "What's it like to be a woman working in Kayseri?"
G.Z.: "A native of Kayseri would not like a working woman. I first came here in 1975 or something, women' place was for going to the market or the shop, there were not many women working, but now there is immigration. The local population of Kayseri is reduced. Migration much from the outside."
A: "How did you start your business, did you meet with a reaction?"
G.Z.: "They [women] cannot do it, men already thought, what can she understand about work? I give the sheet order, the materials we use, I phone the company that sold sheet, 'ma'am did you call the wrong place? This is not a hairdresser,' he tells me. So the simplest example of this [...]"
We also gained information about the then-existing non-Muslim minorities of Kayseri through our interviews, C.M. explained:
A: "Talas, if I learned right, was inhabited by non-Muslim
minorities. Were they there during your childhood?"
Ç.M,: "Top of our neighborhood the Armenians had families. They were occupied with tailoring or something. They were poor people, some of them also raised livestock. Within the city there was a group of Armenians in our neighborhood. All in all fifteen to twenty or thirty to forty families or so. "
A: "Were there Greeks?"
Ç.M.: "No, there were none. In the fight, completely gone."
One of the four provinces in which we conducted our research was Diyarbakir. We chose Diyarbakir because of the major role it plays in the context of identity politics in Turkey, especially over the last thirty years. Furthermore, we wanted to understand the relationship of the Kurds as an ethnic minority with the telephone. Throughout the history of Diyarbakir, it has been multicultural and multi-lingual, and for our research, this was one of the features most frequently encountered. In particular, until the end of the 1970s the city was a hub of ethnic diversity, hosting extensive Syriac, Armenian, and Jewish populations, Kurdish and Turkish population living intertwined. A business man (H.B.) living in Diyarbakir, explained:
H.B.: "Urfa, Diyarbakir has a culture very different from the
culture of Elazig."
A: "What is it that makes Diyarbakir different in this sense?"
H.B.: "That is, so I remember. For example, people from Diyarbakır are more democratic, more social as a people. Behold, when we look at it, like I'm giving my own opinion. We are in the same neighborhood, Muslims and Christians, Assyrian, Armenian, with these families and their children who grew up together. Also from our Syrians, Armenians also, the fact that all of them were our masters."
In one of the interviews with an engineer from the NET-AS factory about the difference of distribution of telephone technology in Turkey, N.K. explained
A: "Diyarbakir?"
N.K.: "Diyarbakır obviated or too."
A: "How obviated?"
N.K.: "For example, let's just say I had a lot of labor in the application of first of these village-type plants in Turkey, the village power plants [...] it began in 1987 already, I was there with my very serious effort [...] I've worked hard to make their communications. Unfortunately, Ankara has done such a thing. Did something negative. I know that. For example, in the district of Diyarbakir, which in one place, there was a large village. There were villages. Isik village they say. I forget the Kurdish name. One plant would be set up in the village, it did not come."
What is especially important in Diyarbakir, is the problem of language which relates to phone usage. Particularly following the 1980 coup (in 1983), a prohibition on the Kurdish spoken language was introduced, ongoing for decades in the area of Emergency applications. This issue highlighted the problem of which language would be used in phone conversations.
In our interviews with cleaning worker women in Diyarbakir (K.İ.), we learned that their village was burned down in 1995-1996 so they moved to Diyarbakir:
K.İ.: "My brother had gone out (to the mountains) [...] so [...] my father got the line. He said that so maybe I hear his voice."
Ankara, the capital of Turkey has also been the capital of modernization programs. While Ankara is demographically more homogenous, it has one advantage that no other city has: it is the city of public servants. The civil servants of the city can and did provide information about the governmental projects on telephone technology, which helped us analyze the modernization paradigm in relationship to the state.
The nature of our oral history interviews in Ankara in particular was slightly different from the other cities, as the city is and was a hub of governmental workers, and we had our fair share of interviews. In these interviews, several aspects about the state's attitude towards the telephone are revealed. One interviewee who worked in the communications and transportation ministry at one time argued that "[c]ommunication services of a nation's overall structure are manifested as a major force in the basic structure. Progress in terms of developing the country in terms of communication is gaining weight."
This quotation has some points to discuss, for one it vividly displays the states assumed role as the implementer of modernization in Turkey. This view has shown itself in practice starting with the 1960s in Turkey and it is well documented. The implementation of telephone technology all over Turkey fits in perfectly with this paradigm. What we found during our interviews in Istanbul and Ankara was the fact that some of our interviewees who owned a telephone felt like they were providing some sort of service to the rest of the neighborhood by letting others use it every now and then. It felt as though they thought of themselves as agents of modernization. However, cultural and religious differences (i.e. chasms in society) prevented this being a more involving service or experience. One Alawite interviewee said that when they did not own a phone, they never went to other peoples houses for fear of 'otherization,' but when they owned one, they let the non-Alawites in the neighborhood use their phone. One can also read this as a reverse attempt at cultural otherization rather than a modernization effect. That is why it would be wrong to assume that all layers of society were united around a goal of modernization - it was not as straightforward as it is often assumed to be.
Another example is that of an academic who was involved with the student movements of his day. He mentions that they frequently used the telephone to organize their demonstrations. This also runs against the state's intention to control its citizens with the help of telephone technology, i.e. assimilation in the form of modernization. Telephone technology can be and indeed was used for reasons that the state did not anticipate, which ran counter to its own projects. Practices of telephone use do not display the picture-perfect modernity that was anticipated or presented as such. Rather, it was a fragmented, multi layered and sometimes non-existent modernity. One should perhaps raise the issue that cultural identities more often than not showed some resentment towards modernizing projects, and time was needed to normalize what was introduced as new and modern in the shape of this new technology.
In other words, regarding the capital Ankara, Turkey's economic difficulties such as poverty, lack and deprivation should be taken into account. In Ankara, paying attention to these features, and to reflect the diversity of class and identity, we mainly talked with people who have worked in the state bureaucracy. Our respondents in the Ministry of Transport, General Directorate of PTT and in institutions such as the upper or mid-level management included individuals who have come to our attention. However, as Ankara's bureaucracy is central to our study, it is important to take the profession of journalism into account, which our sample from Ankara contained. But we also interviewed education and health sector workers, who in the past have been involved in active politics, some becoming MPs or party administrators, as well as those working in state security institutions and intelligence, as directors and officers and workers, housewives and the unemployed.
When the government took the initiative in the 1950s to generally develop Turkey, the telephone became a vehicle for the modernization projects for the state. Even then, our research has shown that the telephone has been perceived less as a technological device and more like a piece of expensive furniture. The first reaction to the telephone was hesitance towards something unfamiliar. When we asked about where the telephone was located, the answer was invariably: in the living room, covered with lace doilies. People who had a telephone said that they did not use it very often, and even if they did, they kept the conversations short. Instead, letter writing was an important element in communication, and people suggested to each other to keep the phone conversations short and put important information in a letter instead.
One of our interviewees said that when she was away for her studies, whenever she phoned the house, her parents kept the conversations short and told her to write everything down instead. This also shows some kind of resentment towards "excessive" use of the telephone in the past, and whatever this excess meant, it should be analyzed. But what is clear about this example is that people did not perceive the telephone as a conversational tool, rather, it was still alien to them, something they had to get used to over time. The question to ask here is: did the practice of everyday life telephone usage go hand in hand or in sync with the project of modernization? Technology transfer does not necessarily translate itself into modes of social life as modernity, as our project illustrates, at least not uniformly so. Hence we put the mainstream discourse to one side, and dealt with experiences. So far, this method revealed to us a picture of modernity that is beyond the theoretical framework that has been provided to date. Our oral history study displays a variety of modernities, which existed side by side.
Esmer, Yilmaz 2012. Türkiye Değerler Atlası. Istanbul: Bahçeşehir Üniversite Yayınları.
Fischer, Claude 1994. America Calling: A Social History of the Telephone to 1940. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Grele, R. J. 2003. Movement Without Aim: Methodological and Theoretical Problems in Oral History. In The Oral History Reader, Robert Perks and Alistair Thomson, eds. Pp. 38-52. London: Routledge.
Popular Memory Group 2003. Popular Memory: Theory, Politics, Method. In The Oral History Reader, Robert Perks and Alistair Thomson, eds. Pp. 75-86. London: Routledge.
Ritchie, D. A. 2003. Doing Oral History: A Practical Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Starr, Louise 1973. The Oral History Collection of Columbia University. http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/record/Details/detailmini.jsp, accessed February 14, 2015.
Thompson, Paul 2000. The Voice of the Past: Oral History. Oxford: Oxford Univeristy Press.
Yow, V. R. 2005. Recording Oral History: A Guide for the Humanities and Social Sciences. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press.


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subset: commoncrawl


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For those whose memory of Christian rock spans further back than, say, Switchfoot, Horrendous Disc by Daniel Amos holds a special place. Few albums have ever been as controversy-raising without actually being released, as for three years debate raged on multiple fronts as to why the album, originally planned for a 1978 debut, didn't see the light of retail day until 1981, finally hitting the shelves a whole six weeks before the band's fourth album ¡Alarma! announced its complete transformation from country/rock ensemble to new wave edgemeisters. Horrendous Disc was a bridge between the two; while not entirely abandoning the softer melodic side of Daniel Amos' eponymous debut or followup Shotgun Angel, it also discarded the country flavor of these releases in favor of an ofttimes Beatlesesque rock vibe. Not a lot of fans remained faithful during these artistic twists, but for those who did, or who came on board when the twang was traded for thunder, Horrendous Disc was sweet meat indeed.
Fast forward four decades or so, and has become the wont of many Christian classic rock albums Horrendous Disc has been given the remastered rerelease treatment. This time through, the project's popularity was such that additional items kept being added to the available versions. True to the album's spirit, the project was a year late in release. It is now here, though, which is a good thing. Unfortunately, it is perilously close to being far too much of a good thing.
Starting with the album itself, the remastered sound is packed with power. The late Mike Stone, who produced the original recordings, did a masterful job of capturing the band at full throttle, giving everything a crisp, deep, rich sheen. While parts of the album have not aged well, particularly, with the exception of the title track, all of the second side which suffers from hewing too closely to the aforementioned Beatlesesque influence at the expense of strong tunemanship, overall Horrendous Disc is still well worth a listen.
Where things start noticeably fraying is in the bonus material, which in addition to the usual alternate takes and such of known songs includes a bumper crop of songs recorded throughout the time period when Horrendous Disc sat in mystery-shrouded limbo. There are also two songs recorded during the album's original sessions that were dropped prior to its eventual release. Finally having these long rumored but never heard twenty tracks available is a joy. The problem is they reveal a band in transition that would not regain its full stride until the transition was complete. The songs individually and collectively are okay, but Daniel Amos whenever it was riding high — which was most of the time — wasn't okay. It was brilliant. The newly released material is interesting historically and definitely not unlistenable, but it's far from showcasing the band at its best.
It seems strange to think a set of five CDs could be missing several possible configurations and songs, yet the compilation left more than a few moments that could have, and should have, been included either scattered hither and yon or on the table altogether. Ranging from elusive to absent altogether are such items as all of the original mix versions Mike Stone assembled for the album, all of the track variations that appeared on the original US, Canadian, and British releases, and everything planned for unreleased projects such as an 1979 EP entitled Pointless Blazing Wrath. As exhaustive as the compilation is, having these items missing is quite frustrating.
In addition to a lengthy CD booklet, a companion book titled (what else?) Horrendous Book is available. The book does a good job covering the basic facts regarding the album and assorted struggles that delayed its release, but suffers from weak graphic design and a painfully obvious lack of proofreading. A personal note: while I can and do mangle the written language on a regular basis, I am very good at proofreading the work of others. Also, I'm in no way knocking John J. Thompson, Bruce Brown, or Brian Quincy Newcomb, each of whom penned essays for the CD booklet. They were all vital parts of Christian music journalism's early days. But I can write a little too, and I also was there. How about asking me to contribute something once in a while, people? Okay, got that off my chest; back to the review.
The final element is the project packaging. The discs come in individual cardboard sleeves contained inside an oversized box that also includes individual band member photos taken during a time when Daniel Amos utilized satirical costumes as part of its assault on religious cults. It's nice, but for archival reasons it would have been preferable to have the discs housed in digipacks for better protection and the box replaced by a open-ended version in which all the digipacks would snugly fit.
It's not that the Horrendous Disc release is bad. It's not. It is a mammoth effort and something over which all Christian rock fans young and old can, and should, rejoice. However, in its mammoth approach it missed several opportunities to be truly great. Sure beats not having it at all, though.


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~"No Collection ~ No Charge!"~
- No increases in rate for Skiptracing.
- No increases in rate due to age of the account.
- No charge to report accounts to the Credit Bureau
To receive a proposal for collections, complete the RFP form and a Client Representative will contact your office.


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About –
As long term collaborators for Hello Beautiful, we were delighted to work on a commission of WOOBS (Wooden Boobs) for the Hello Love Festival taking place at Gallery Six from the 8th-11th October which is 4 days of cancer prevention workshops and holistic practise.
The festival is in collaboration with Stella McCartney who has designed and produce a mastectomy bra (as you may have seen modelled by Cara Delevinge). Jane Hutchison, who runs charity Hello Beautiful, caught the attention of the daughter of former Beatle Sir Paul, when they were introduced last summer.
Now Ms McCartney has designed some underwear especially for women who have had a double mastectomy which will be sold exclusively online.
All proceeds will go to the Hello Beautiful Foundation to help fund a new centre in London for women with breast cancer and their families.
Following on from our previous commission we worked on the strapline 'There's beauty in change' – which quickly went on to become the mantra of everything for Hello Beautiful.
We created a mould of our original WOOB, and made an acrylic replica and fitted this over the laser engraved strapline 'There's beauty in change' – the new WOOB enhancing the strapline and reinforcing the message.
All Woobs are up for auction – dig deep and lets make some good money for a very relevant and good cause. Everyone here at Planning Unit is very proud to help out such a great cause. Keep your eyes peeled for Hello Beautifuls plans in the coming months.
Its lovely to see our original great to see our original breast cast back out supporting the cause also.


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Based in Oregon, this organization offers support nationally and internationally. They seek to assist teenagers and children who are experiencing gried, through the death of a sibling, parent, or family member.
Teens: Conquering Cancer Network provides resources and inspiring stories for teens.
Works to ensure that the nation's 15 million children, adolescents and adults with learning disabilities have every opportunity to succeed in school, work and life.
This site provides pain resources, a pain library, and answers to many question.
This link provides search capability to find a Ronald McDonald House closest to the treatment facility you may be traveling to.
Hosts for Hospitals provides free lodging at volunteer-host homes as a caring response to the housing needs of patients and their families who come to the Greater Philadelphia area for specialized medical care.
A homelike environment is provided to persons who must travel to be with a patient or to receive necessary outpatient care.
Fertile Hope is a national, nonprofit organization dedicated to providing reproductive information, support and hope to cancer patients and survivors whose medical treatments present the risk of infertility.
Provides support, education, and advocacy to people whose lives have been touched by hydrocephalus and to the professionals who help them.
A program that helps cancer patients (pre scool/elementary) stay connected to their classmates. A kit is provided to each child, inclusive of a teacher guide, class book, and backpack.
Page 1 of 2
Copyright © 2012 The Childhood Brain Tumor Foundation, 20312 Watkins Meadow Dr, Germantown, MD 20876. All Rights Reserved.


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So first I want to thank everyone who entered my Wilson Jones giveaway! And now for the moment everyone has been waiting for - The WINNER.
And the WINNER is... Monique Ohl Rizzo. Winner has been emailed and has 48 hours to respond. If not, I will select another winner.
SO CONGRATULATONS to Monique!


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8.30am-7pm MON-FRI / 9.30am-1pm SAT-SUN
QuickClaim Hotline
0800 028 2060 or 01752 334 469
Occupiers' liability claims arise from accidents that happen on private property or land and typically arise from slipping, tripping or generally hurting ones self on something that is not safe and that is the responsibility of the occupier.
An example of this might be slipping on a wet step or flooring in a pub, school or other privately owned establishment. Generally speaking, if the property or land owner has not shown diligence in keeping their environment safe to those using it then there is liability and an occupiers' liability claim can be made.
Under the occupiers' liability act 1957, lawful visitors of a premises should expect to be safe when visiting such a site. This law was then extended in 1984 to include unlawful visitors (or trespassers).
If you have been injured on someone else's premises and you believe that they may be liable then please get in touch with one of our friendly claims assistants to determine whether you have a claim. There is no charge for this initial assessment and if you do decide to pursue the claim with us it will more than likely be on a No Win No Fee basis.
Interestingly, the Occupiers' Liability Act acknowledges that "…an occupier must be prepared for children to be less careful than adults…"
When it comes to occupier's liability claims, children are treated slightly differently in the assessment stages, as they are obviously less aware of their surroundings and more likely to find themselves in danger if measures have not been taken to prevent such accidents from happening.
As an occupier, there are many things you can do to mitigate the risk of a claim being made against you. Below are some examples:
For your free Claim Assessment please call us now on 0800 028 2060 or complete our Online Claim Assessment.
Excellent helped me with my claim, made me feel comfortable the whole time
If you are a cyclist yourself you will no doubt be aware that not all motor vehicle drivers are considerate of cyclists nor alert to their presence. Our client, Mark, found this out himself last year when on his... Read More


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13 days in New York City, Florida & Atlanta Itinerary
13 days in New York City, Florida & Atlanta Itinerary
Created using Inspirock United States Trip Planner
Route & dates
13 days in New York City, Florida & Atlanta Itinerary
Start: Chennai
Fly + Bus: 31h
New York City— 5 nights
Find places to stay »
Fly: 6h 15min
Orlando— 4 nights
Find places to stay »
Fly: 3h 45min
Atlanta— 2 nights
Find places to stay »
Fly: 28h
End: Chennai
View full calendar
Learn more about your trip
New York City
Big Apple
Writer Pearl Buck once called New York City "a place apart," and this giant urban center remains unlike any other in the world.New York City is known for sightseeing, museums, nightlife, shopping, and historic sites. Your plan includes some of its best attractions: make a trip to Central Park, admire the striking features of Rockefeller Center, take in panoramic vistas at Empire State Building, and see the interesting displays at 9/11 Memorial.
To find traveler tips, photos, other places to visit, and tourist information, you can read our New York City trip generator.
Chennai (Madras), India to New York City is an approximately 31-hour flight. The time zone difference when traveling from Chennai (Madras) to New York City is minus 10 hours. Prepare for a bit cooler weather when traveling from Chennai (Madras) in July: high temperatures in New York City hover around 35°C and lows are around 26°C. Finish up your sightseeing early on the 8th (Sat) so you can travel to Orlando.
Things to do in New York City
Find places to stay Jul 3 — 8:
Highlights from your plan
Central Park
12:00pm, Tue Jul 4
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1:00pm, Wed Jul 5
Empire State Building
10:00am, Wed Jul 5
Theme Park Capital of the World
For most people, any mention of Orlando immediately conjures up images of sprawling theme parks filled with characters plucked right out of popular animated movies.Pack the 9th (Sun) with family-friendly diversions at Walt Disney World Resort. Have a day of magic on the 11th (Tue) at Magic Kingdom Park. There's still lots to do: get in on the family fun at Universal's Islands of Adventure, enjoy some diversion at E.T. Adventure, and try out the rides at Wishes Fireworks.
For reviews, photos, where to stay, and tourist information, go to the Orlando vacation trip planner.
Traveling by combination of flight and train from New York City to Orlando takes 6.5 hours. Alternatively, you can drive; or do a combination of bus and shuttle. In July, daily temperatures in Orlando can reach 38°C, while at night they dip to 28°C. Finish your sightseeing early on the 12th (Wed) so you can travel to Atlanta.
Things to do in Orlando
Find places to stay Jul 8 — 12:
Highlights from your plan
Magic Kingdom Park
10:30am, Tue Jul 11
Universal's Islands of Adventure
10:00am, Mon Jul 10
Happily Ever After Fireworks
5:00pm, Sat Jul 8
The Capital of the South
Georgia's largest city and capital, Atlanta is a thriving metropolis anchored by its southern roots.Start off your visit on the 12th (Wed): admire nature's wide array of creatures at Georgia Aquarium. Keep things going the next day: explore and take pictures at Turner Field, then contemplate the long history of Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site, and then have fun at SkyView Atlanta.
For more things to do, traveler tips, where to stay, and more tourist information, you can read our Atlanta trip generator.
You can fly from Orlando to Atlanta in 4 hours. Other options are to drive; or take a bus. In July in Atlanta, expect temperatures between 38°C during the day and 26°C at night. On the 14th (Fri), you're off tohome.
Things to do in Atlanta
Find places to stay Jul 12 — 14:
Highlights from your plan
Georgia Aquarium
1:30pm, Wed Jul 12
Turner Field
10:00am, Thu Jul 13
Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site
2:30pm, Thu Jul 13


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Just 100 cod left in North SeaThen the subtitle said:
Overfishing has left fewer than 100 adult cod in the North Sea, it was reported.
This is different than "100 cod" - not all are adult. Perhaps the author changed his or her mind as he/she went along writing the article. Perhaps by fewer than 100 adults he/she meant to say something like 98 adults, which leaves 2 juveniles... Nevermind. The caption under the figure in the article said:
Not a single cod aged over 13 was caught in the North Sea last year.
Most cod is mature before the age of six.


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Daily math review is a critical component to every math classroom. Imagine learning something new and then never revisiting it. I bet you'd be pretty rusty if you ever had to actually use your newly learned skill, wouldn't you? This is exactly why I feel so passionate about incorporating some time in each and every day for review of previously taught concepts. Once I started doing this in my own classroom, the results were astounding. In this post, I'm going to go over the benefits of daily math review and my favorite ways to actually incorporate it into the classroom.
Why Make Time for Reviewing
Daily math review doesn't have to be time-consuming. It can simply take just a few minutes of your day and be incorporated in ways to where you don't even feel like you are spending your instructional time doing it. Here are just a few benefits you will see once you begin.
1. Students will STOP forgetting what you've taught!
That's right! No more frustrating conversations with students who just don't remember what you taught them last week, let alone last month.
2. Students will gain confidence.
Consistent practice over time can be the key to helping many students master a concept. As students are briefly exposed in small doses to what they have learned, they will have the opportunity to practice, master, and retain the grade level math skills they have learned. The better they get, the more successful they feel. Students who typically struggle in math can now feel prideful in their work.
3. Less need for strenuous Test-Prep!
Test-Prep is a terrible word! It is something all teachers and students dread. Instead of focusing on reviewing prior to "high stakes testing", using a daily math review program can be way less stressful. By the time you get to "the test", your students will already know everything they need.
To read this entire post with all the great tips, tricks and freebies, head on over to Upper Elementary Snapshots! CLICK HERE
Also, check out this blog post about Why ALL Teachers Should Spiral!


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Friday, March 6 – Sunday, March 8, 2020
Kick off the spring season with the 10th annual Orchid Show & Sale at the Botanical Garden of the Ozarks, co-sponsored by the Orchid Society of the Ozarks. There will be hundreds of plants in bloom to look at and purchase. Stop by to shop the beautiful orchids and enjoy the garden while you're here!
The show will be held indoors, so you can stay warm while you browse and shop. It will feature displays of orchids from regional orchid societies and individuals, which will be judged by American Orchid Society accredited judges.
The Orchid Show & Sale Hours:
Friday, March 6 | 5:00 to 7:30 pm
Saturday, March 7| 9:00 am to 5:00 pm
Sunday, March 8 | 12:00 to 4:00 pm
Orchid Show Admission* is $7.00 for adults, $4.00 for children ages 5-12, children 4 and under are free. (*All guests, including garden members, must pay admission to attend this special exhibit)
Enjoy free entry into the Garden with admission to the Orchid Show & Sale!
For questions about the Orchid Show & Sale or the Orchid Society of the Ozarks, contact Steve Marak at 479-310-9444 or at email@example.com.
Images courtesy of Cathy Marak


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This exemption is available for the primary residence of a person or persons with certain documented disabilities and limited income. All owners must have disabilities except in the case of a spouse or siblings as defined by law.
Proof of disability (see Informational Brochure), residency and income are required. The amount of the exemption depends on the limits set by each taxing jurisdiction (subject to change) and the combined income of all owners and their spouses for the specified year. Exemptions may be applicable to school, town, county and village taxes.
The maximum income allowed for the Town of Ogden, Monroe County and the Village of Spencerport taxes is currently $37,400 and is subject to change. The maximum income allowed by the school districts vary.
Income for the Persons With Disabilities and Low Incomes exemption includes, but is not limited to: gross Social Security wages, railroad retirement, disability payments, workers' compensation, veterans disability payments, all interest income (exempt and taxable), dividends, all pensions/annuities (exempt and taxable), unemployment compensation, alimony, rental income, business income, capital gains, and contributions from adult residents (even if it is in the form of rent/mortgage, utility payments, etc. - see worksheet section below).
This exemption must be renewed annually. Renewal applications are mailed from the Assessor's Office late September.
All new applications, renewal applications and supporting documentation must be received by the Assessor's Office by Taxable Status Date (March 1st).
Additional Residents Contribution worksheet (when applicable)
Net rents paid by an adult child or other adult resident to the owner is considered income, even if those rents are in the form of the payment of expenses of maintaining the house in exchange for the person's right to occupy the premises. Please complete the worksheet provided in the application packets below or click the worksheet link above, complete the form and submit it with the application.
New applications for Persons With Disabilities and Limited Income:
New applications - Click on the link(s) below to download / print forms
- 2020 Checklist and Income Information
- Form RP-459-c (application form)
- Income Affidavit and Disclosure (must be completed and submitted with each application)
- Form RP-459-c-Ins (form instructions)
- Additional Residents Contribution Worksheet (if/when applicable)
Renewal Application for Persons With Disabilities and Limited Income: (renewal forms are mailed late September)
Renewal applications - Click on the link(s) below to download / print forms
- 2020 Checklist and Income Information
- Form RP-459-c-Rnw (renewal application form)
- Income Affidavit and Disclosure (must be completed and submitted with each application)
- Additional Residents Contribution Worksheet (if/when applicable)
Additional Links:
Brochure: Exemption for Persons With Disabilities and Limited Incomes
Located on the Erie Canal, we are a community in upstate New York just west of Rochester, Monroe County, the Town of Ogden has exactly what you have been looking for, and exactly what you need to locate your business here. A pro-business attitude, business sites, and an unsurpassed quality of life focused on family, friends, and the outdoors. Combine this with a lower cost of doing business relative to adjacent metropolitan areas, our strategic location, a qualified workforce, and incentives to expand or locate your business, and you have the foundation for success. Our strategic location, just minutes from NYS Interstate 90, expressways (390, 490 and 590), and 15 minutes from the Rochester International Airport make our community very accessible and is within one hour to metropolitan areas to the West and just a few hours of most metropolitan areas to the East. The citizens of Ogden are skilled workers, dedicated to their jobs, homes and families. Abundant educational opportunities exist at nearby schools and universities, SUNY Brockport, Roberts Weslyan College, Monroe Community College, Rochester Institute of Technology, University of Rochester to mention a few. These are bold statements and we stand ready to deliver on every one of them. The Town of Ogden is about committment and we're committed to attracting new business. We invite you to browse our website to gain a better insight as to what we have to offer, and we encourage you to contact us for any additional information.


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reprinted from thehrdifference.com
There are generally two kinds of people who inhabit organizations: those that are there to earn a paycheck and those that are there to make a difference.
This post is targeted to those who want to make a difference, because they have the hardest time leaving an organization behind. Ironically, the reason why they find it hard to leave has to do with their greatest strength: a strong sense of responsibility to the organization. These people made a commitment to make a difference and it's very hard for them to admit defeat.
Still, it's better to admit that the organization is making it impossible for you to make a difference instead of burning yourself out by becoming a martyr to the cause. You haven't been defeated and you're not a failure. Sometimes organizations become so dysfunctional and stupid that they refuse to listen to any input that doesn't validate the self-destructive course they've chosen to follow. Here's how to tell when an organization is on that course so you can take your valuable talents elsewhere, to a place that will appreciate what you have to offer:
- It's impossible to get a straight answer from anyone. Top leadership becomes secretive and starts speaking in unintelligible code. Your colleagues think carefully about what they're going to say before they say it, and what comes out is full of hints, suggestions and innuendos because everyone's afraid that telling the truth will get them into hot water. Conversations are conducted in whispers and occur behind closed doors. Resistance cells form, but instead of challenging the process publicly, they live a meager existence sharing rumors and speculation with trusted dissidents. People are terrified of making a mistake, so there's extensive cover-up activity and finger-pointing to divert people away from the truth.
- You feel that you're fighting more frequently for things that should be obvious to anyone. No one has told you that things have changed, so you keep generating ideas to make things better. Now, however, your ideas are met with surprising resistance from colleagues who used to be open-minded but whose fear has led them to play it safe. What's happened is that your colleagues have correctly perceived that the environment is becoming more political and exclusive while you're still working under the assumption that the environment is apolitical and inclusive. The final stage of this sad transition is when you hear that people are labeling you a troublemaker or a "pain in the ass." If you hear someone telling you that you're not a team player, what they probably mean is that you're not cut out to be an obedient, compliant team member, which makes you a "problem child."
- You think you're right and everyone else is wrong. One possibility is that the organization is simply moving in a different direction and you either don't perceive that or are in denial about it because you were happy with the way things were. Whatever the cause, if you find yourself constantly arguing for what was, you really need to consider the possibility that the problem is you simply don't want to play under the new rules and it's time to go somewhere more compatible with your values.
- You're excluded from certain groups and people stop coming to you for input on matters that involve your area of expertise. If you find yourself frequently surprised by decisions that have been made without your involvement, what is likely happening is that people have chosen to work around you rather than with you. It could be because they don't have the courage to give you honest feedback; it could be that they know that you won't like the idea and don't want to deal with opposition; or it could be that they're hoping you'll get the hint and move on. For whatever reason, the people in power have decided that you are not part of the future, and either don't have the courage to tell you or they feel your functional job talents are useful but don't value your ideas.
- The organization is operating more out of fear than intent. All of these signals indicate an organization that is likely running on fear rather than intelligent strategy. Leadership doesn't know what it's doing but can't admit it for fear of losing face. Instead, they begin suppressing the truth and begin classifying people into two camps: those who are willing to maintain the conspiracy of silence and those who can't be trusted to keep the cover-up going. When the organization starts acting more like a victim of its environment and stops experimenting with new ideas, it creates a very difficult environment for a person who wants to make a difference.
As a great philosopher once said, "You've got to know when to hold 'em, know when to fold 'em, know when to walk away, know when to run." Often when faced with these circumstances, we blame ourselves and our self-confidence withers. Rid yourself of such nonsensical thinking. Strong organizations encourage diverse thinking and face reality. If you're truly trying to make a difference in the world, you deserve to work for an organization with enlightened leadership that isn't afraid of either new ideas or the truth.
Go find one and be happy!


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Product Description
Lifebuoy Polyethelene 24 inch – 57 centimetre approx fitted with Grab Lines.
Features: Rugged Lifebuoy, weight is 1.8Kg and is Foam filled. Robust, Durable.
Applications: Designed for use in both Commercial and Lesiure activities, for use in either Fresh or Salt Water.
Comment: One of our most popular Lifebuoys.
For our comprehensive range of Lifebuoy mountings and floating Life-Lines, see the Lifebuoy Housings section.
Colours Available: BRIGHT ORANGE
Sizes Available: 57cm (approx 24 inch)


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Twelfth Night Wednesday 23rd August, 7pm. (Gates open 6.0 p.m. for picnics)
Folksy Theatre production of one of Shakespeare's most famous comedies. Two twin siblings, Viola and Sebastian, are separated in a shipwreck and Viola takes on the appearance of a man to be accepted to work in Duke Orsino's household. It is here that the fun begins.
It is a play about mistaken identities, about love and the madness it can drive us to. The production will be filled with Folksy's touch of live music, bold characters and audience interaction.
Bring along your picnics, blankets and folding chairs to enjoy this wonderful open-air performance.
Prebooking – £13.50 adult, £10 concession, £8 child, £38 family. For tickets contact Bishops Wood or buy online at www.folksytheatre.co.uk
On the gate – £15 adult, £12 concession, £10 child, no family ticket on the night.


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A Guide to
Key questions to ask when considering District Thermal Energy
- What is the cost to transition my building from boilers to District Thermal Energy?
- How long does the conversion to District Thermal Energy take?
- Does RDH make sure the underground piping network is in proper working condition?
- How reliable is the thermal energy generation plant?
- We are, or are planning to use, hot water. Can RDH accommodate this?
- What are some of the other uses of District Thermal Energy?
- How do the costs compare to operating our own equipment?
- What are the benefits of joining the cooperative?
- Does RDH have enough capacity to support my building?


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Monday, February 2, 2009
Philosophy as a way of life
Many professional philosophers would argue that philosophy is a particular discipline practiced within academia, and some have told me that they don't think what I do (with pre-college students) is real philosophy. Certainly, philosophy is a discipline with a history, and knowledge about the philosophical tradition deepens and expands thinking about philosophical questions. What I do with pre-college students is to focus on the discussion of philosophical problems: What is truth? What are the elements of a good life? What can we know about the world? These are all ways of approaching the study of philosophy, but what about philosophy as a way of life?
Pierre Hadot, the French philosopher, talks about philosophy as a way of seeing, and being in, the world. It is "love of the good," developed through dialogue and maintained through self-examination and questioning. So philosophy as a way of life would be a life devoted to questioning and the search for understanding. That seems to me close to what this student meant when he referred to philosophy as a way of life. It's an appealing idea. I do think about my work with young people as a way of helping them become critical thinkers and people actively engaged in trying to understand the world. But are all people who seek understanding of the right way to live through questioning and self-examination, and who think about the fundamental questions of human existence in dialogue with others, philosophers?
1 comment:
I wonder if your student was using context clues from areas he has likely heard the word philosophy come from. I know I often here teachers say this is my philosophy, this is the classroom's philosophy, etc. In context with that, he may have concluded it to mean it is "their way of life."
I teach a class called Inquiry Skills, which is part of IB prep at my high school. The class requires students to learn writing skills and grammar skills, but I decided to teach them tolerance by using examples in history of intolerance.
I've always thought of myself as a person who questions, and, in my usually routine, realized how philosophy needs to play a major role in my classroom. At the very least, teaching them to question things, especially dealing with ethics.
I stumbled upon your blog while looking for resources of topics that would be appropriate for a public school (basically nonreligious topics) that we could discuss. I look forward to reading more of your entries...whether old or new!
- October 5, 2011 at 8:13 AM


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Have you thought about regular giving?
Here at Katharine House Hospice, we are so grateful for the amazing support that we receive from people in our local communities. However, we can only continue to guarantee FREE care if we can guarantee our income. We receive wonderful support in many ways, but it arrives irregularly and we never really know from one month to the next how much support we will receive. We need regular, secure income that we can rely on, and YOU can help!
Your monthly donation could provide...
- £7 a month will provide a day patient with time to relax and enjoy the company of others whilst giving their carer a break.
- £10 a month will provide a visit to support a patient in their own home.
- £17 a month will pay for an hour of specialist care for an in-patient and their family.
Any amount that you are able to give will be greatly appreciated and will allow us to look ahead with confidence, knowing that we can continue to provide the best care for those who are suffering life-limiting illnesses in our community.
To set up your donation...
Click Here to set up your monthly donation quickly and securely online.
Or, you can download the monthly donation form at the bottom of this page and send your completed form to Katharine House Hospice, Weston Road, Stafford ST16 3SB.
For further information, you can contact our Fundraising team on 01785 270808 or email email@example.com


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Dr. Kanade, a U.A. and Helen Whitaker University Professor of Robotics and Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon will provide technical guidance to DENSO engineers on image recognition and machine learning, and will also speak at lectures and seminars organized by DENSO for a variety of purposes, such as recruiting, relationship building, etc. These activities will be held mostly in Japan.
Dr. Kanade and DENSO have worked together from 2002-2009 on a joint research of image recognition technology. In addition, he has been a lecturer of DENSO's high talent program organized by DENSO E&TS Training Center.
DENSO expects to use artificial intelligence technology in more areas of its business. Currently, it uses machine learning in its sensing technologies and applies them to its sensing products.
DENSO has developed technologies and products to help create a society free from road traffic accidents. Based on its accumulated technologies, DENSO will continue to contribute to building a safe and secure automotive society for all people around the world, not just for drivers and pedestrians.


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Search Engine Optimization
Search Engine Optimization is the heart and sole to being found on the internet. Without it, your website might as well not exist. If your customer base can't find you, then what's the point? The Siteman SEO Solutions is not satisfied with just a first page ranking…we want to fill the entire page with our results and Dominate the Competition!
Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
So what exactly is Search Engine Optimization, or SEO? Well according to WikiPedia, "Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of affecting the visibility of a website or a web page in a search engine's unpaid results – often referred to as "natural," "organic," or "earned" results. In general, the earlier (or higher ranked on the search results page), and more frequently a site appears in the search results list, the more visitors it will receive from the search engine's users. SEO may target different kinds of search, including image search, local search, video search, academic search, news search and industry-specific vertical search engines."
I like to think of SEO more as an "art" or "craft". It takes a special person to fully understand SEO and everything that is involved with ranking web properties. The funny thing is, Search Engine Optimization isn't taught in colleges across the world. No one has a Bachelors or Masters Degree in SEO. It just doesn't exist. The only way to truly learn it is over a great amount of time studying and testing different theories. Even then its difficult, considering the constant changes by Google on a daily basis.
The Siteman SEO Solutions has mastered search engine optimization over the years and continues to learn every day. We are partnered with the world's greatest SEO masterminds and share daily the things that are working, and the methods that we need to step away from. We hold each other accountable and are just one message or phone call away. So whether you need search engine optimization, video marketing, online reputation management, or social media marketing, we can help.
Short and simple video explaining search engine optimization (SEO) and why you need it!
We do national SEO campaigns but local SEO is our "bread and butter". A lot of times local businesses are focused on "business" and unfortunately their website gets put on the back burner and somewhat forgotten about. For this reason alone, SEO can really make your business stand out and shine brighter than your competitors because of their lack of attention and detail to their online presence.
A good social media marketing campaign tied in with video marketing and SEO can really explode your business. You'd probably be surprised at the amount of online searches for certain local businesses and capturing this traffic is always important. These people are looking for a product or a solution to their problem and if they can't find you on the internet then their business is going somewhere else! Why not have them come to you instead?!?
To get started with SEO is pretty simple and straight forward. We need to learn just a little about your business so we can show you exactly how we can help the most. Please head over to our Discovery Page so you can stop losing customers to your competition already!!
Front Page Domination!
This is what we call "Front Page Domination"! Not only do I have the main page ranked, but other social properties are ranking to fill the front page!
This is the ideal situation for all of our clients and it's what we strive for constantly. Ranking a client's main website for a competitive search term can bring in tons of business, but when you have multiple properties ranked for the search terms its just "Game Over" at that point. Customers see your company as the "authority brand" and want to do business with you. Plus, you really don't give them many other options on who to go to!
There's many different types of web properties that we can rank and we've had success with just about all of them.
Here's a few of the most popular:
- Main website
- Inner pages of website
- Facebook Page
- Twitter Page
- LinkedIn Page
- Local Map Listing (7 Pack)
- YouTube Video
- Vimeo Video
- Yelp! Page
- Better Business Bureau (BBB) Page
- and more…
If you're tired of reading and want to start DOMINATING YOUR COMPETITION then head over to my Discovery Page Now!
"Alaska SEO Expert" Google search. This is dominating the front page!


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Monet Single Bike Rack - $39.99
Your bike's a work of art, it's time to treat it that way. The Monet rack lets you stylishly hang your beautiful bike on any wall, and keeps it off the floor to save you the square-footage. With a built-in shelf for your helmet and out-the-door goodies, it's easy to keep your kit organized, and the whole thing folds down and out of the way when you're out for a ride!
- Folds down to save space when not in use
- Convenient two point fixing (hardware included)
- Rubber coated arms support bike
- Durable steel construction finished in silver powdercoat
- Max load 50 lbs
- Dimensions Approx: 17.5" x 14.5" x 10.5" (D x W x H)
Shop all Bike Accessories
Shop all products tagged Accessories, New, Storage


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The only person who claims Liko hit McKay twice is Gregory Floyd, whom Casey and I BOTH agree to be "delusional" and on Big Drugs.
Casey and I BOTH agree (on other video from this book signing) that Floyd changed his story on speaking first as well, so it's internally inconsistent to agree with Floyd.....
There's no sense hiding our disagreement, and I am thoroughly confident in my position, given the facts to which we both agree on, and Gregory Floyd's deportment and stream of lies throughout the proceedings, including inter alia:
a) His criminal son's age.
b) His "involvement" in Vietnam, he was a waterboy at Camp Lejeune. Which is funny because he never was sharpshooter in Vietnam, but guess what, my Uncle Joe (RIP) sure as hell was. And man, that guy could shoot. Unbelievable.
It all goes right back to the Windshield Bullet that Floyd fired before he spoke to Liko Kenney. Kelly Ayotte hid most of these lies, but I exposed her for so doing in the Vietnam link. Now Kelly Ayotte is in deep doo-doo for her mishandling (read: malfeasance) in the FRM ponzi scam rug sweep. I knew Kelly Ayotte was a deplorable public officer a long time ago, despite musings to the contrary from various Internet trolls.
KingCast: Reel news for real people.


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Scouting Eddie Butler's Rockies debut; who's the next pitching call-up?
Eddie Butler debuted in the major leagues on Friday to uneven results as the Rockies dropped an eighth straight game, this time to the Dodgers.
When asked what he learned in a first outing, against Yasiel Puig and the big-hitting Dodgers, Butler was clear:
"That you can't pitch over the middle of the plate," Butler said.
Colorado catcher Michael McKenry, Butler's batterymate, said that excitement of the first day may have caught up to the 23-year-old pitcher later in the game.
"Honestly, I think, you know the nerves and everything, the mental side of this, there's a lot going on on the first day, meetings, everything. I think today, mentally he got worn out toward the fifth inning. And he didn't have his best stuff in the fifth and sixth.
"But you looked at his pitch count, you had to keep him in the game. He was doing everything he could to keep us in the ballgame. That's all you can ask."
McKenry scouted Butler's problems as starting with his sinker:
"He said he started short-arming a little bit. He said that's one thing he gets in trouble with. We talked about it — I've had success with guys in the past who are strong sinker guys just to throw it in the dirt, to make sure he gets on top of it. He started to lose his angle and wasn't staying over the rubber. He knows that. He'll grow from it.
"Next time out, I wouldn't be surprised if he goes six or seven innings and does great."
Butler threw 87 pitches (53 for strikes) over 5 1/3 innings, allowing six runs on 10 hits. The Dodgers' Dee Gordon got to Butler the most, with two triples and three RBIs.
"You take the good and the bad and you learn from it," Butler said.
Butler said his goal was to force contact in the first three pitches of each at-bat.
"The plan was to attack them early," Butler said. "And they figured that out and changed their plan on me."
Butler replaced Franklin Morales in the Rockies rotation. But who will replace Jordan Lyles, who fractured a bone in his glove hand this week?
The Rockies will likely consider Tyler Matzek and Christian Bergman, both currently at Triple-A Colorado Springs, and Daniel Winkler, at Double-A Tulsa.
Jon Gray, with Double-A Tulsa, is still developing after he was drafted last year. It's possible he doesn't see the bigs until 2015. And Morales is not likely to return to his starting spot, in part because it didn't work the first time and in part because the Rockies can actually use him in the bullpen.
But Matzek pitched six innings Friday night — recording nine strike outs to just two walks — in a 2-1 loss to the Iowa Cubs. It's unlikely that he would pitch Monday in Denver on short rest, when Lyles' spot comes up in the rotation. Bergman is scheduled to start for the Sky Sox on Sunday at Iowa.
Early guess here is that Bergman skips his Sunday start for a Rockies call-up on Monday or the Rockies shuffle their rotation to fit Matzek in next week.


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AICB Complaints and Enquiries Process
AICB is committed to providing good quality services to candidates involved in the IPMA 4-L-C Certification process and recognises the value of complaints as an important tool in monitoring member satisfaction. The process uses a four stage approach to complaint handling:
- Receipt
- Acknowledgment
- Assessment planning and investigation
- Response
Our policy is to deal with all enquiries and complaints in a professional and timely manner. AICB will work with both the complainant/s and respondent/s to establish a resolution that is fair to all parties and accurately reflects our codes and guidelines.
Making an Enquiry
All enquiries received will be reviewed by the AICB Manager. Where an enquiry is successfully resolved, it will be reviewed in accordance with the AICB Continuous Improvement process.
Should an enquiry not be resolved, it shall be treated as a complaint in accordance with this procedure.
Laying a Complaint
Anyone can lodge a complaint against AICB or its officers who are allegedly in breach of AICB's Code of Professional Conduct. Complaints can also be made against the Institute's programs, products and services.
The complaint must:
- Be in writing
- Clearly explain the circumstances that gave rise to the complaint
- Provide evidence to support the allegations
- Include the complainant's full name and contact details; and
- Include all documentation relating to the allegations.
A complaints form is available by emailing firstname.lastname@example.com and requesting a form to be sent via return email.
The completed complaints form must be lodged by:
1. Mail, Courier or by Hand addressed to: The AICB MANAGER, AICB National Office, Level 23, 100 Miller Street, North Sydney NSW 2060; or
2. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
The complainant will be asked to provide additional information if there is not enough material submitted with this form to provide a clear understanding of the issues.
Complaints will be initially assessed by the AICB Manager and categorised according to the complaint's severity, safety implication, complexity, impact, and the need and possibility of immediate action or reference to Governance review.
AICB will acknowledge the complaint within three (3) working days of receipt of complaint.
Resolution of Complaint
Following an appropriate investigation, AICB will advise the complainant, as soon as it can, the action or decision taken in regards to the complaint. AICB will also take actions to prevent similar complaints occurring in the future.
Resolution will be sought within 14 working days of receiving the complaint, where this does not require further action or further governance review.
Should the Complainant be dissatisfied with the review of the complaint, they can request the issue be reviewed by the AIPM CEO in accordance with the AIPM Complaints Policy.
Dismissal of Complaint
The AICB Manager may dismiss a complaint on the grounds that the complaint is
- Vexatious
- Frivolous
- Misconceived
- Lacking substance; or
- The respondent's actions did not amount to Improper Conduct.
If the complaint is dismissed, the AICB MANAGER shall advise the complainant in writing.
For more details regarding the complaints process, as described in AICB Complaints and Enquiries Process document, please contact the AICB at email@example.com.
An applicant who is not accepted into the certificate process, a candidate who fails the initial certification process or a recertification candidate who has been denied renewal of the certificate can file an appeal to the AICB. The only person entitled to lodge an appeal is the person concerned. Applicants have 30 days from receipt of advice from AICB in which to lodge an appeal to the AICB Manager.
The appeal must clearly provide the following:
- The specific grounds on which the appeal is being made;
- All relevant supportive documentation demonstrating why the appellant feels that the AICB decision is in error and should be reconsidered.
Provided the grounds of appeal meet the criteria above, the AICB Manager will send acknowledgement of the receipt of the appeal and will request that the candidate pay a $250 Appeal Fee before the process can commence. The fee covers the cost of engaging an Independent Lead Assessor to review the appeal, as well as administration costs. This fee is fully refunded if the appeal is upheld.
Within 30 days of the receipt of an appeal the AICB Manager will advise the appellant of the decision. If the original decision stands and the appellant is dissatisfied with the outcome of the review, the appellant can request that it be reviewed by the AICB Appeals Committee and an Appeals Hearing.
The Appeal Committee Chair and the appellant will organise a mutually agreeable date and time of the Appeal Hearing and will notify the Chair SMC in writing thirty (30) days prior to the Hearing date;
The Appeal Hearing shall be held within sixty (60) days of the referral from the Chair SMC.
The Appeal Hearing will be via teleconference
The AICB will inform the appellant of the outcome of the Appeal Hearing within fifteen (15) days after the hearing.
For more details regarding the appeals process, as described in Administrative Process for Appeals document, please contact the AICB at firstname.lastname@example.com


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JASC sponsors Day of Remembrance for the 75th Anniversary of Japanese American Incarceration; Condemns Muslim Ban
| The Japanese American Service Center (JASC) of Chicago is a co-sponsor of events on Febrary 18th & 19th remembering the incarceration of Japanese Americans in World War II. 75 years ago on February 19th Presidnet Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 that called for the incarceration of 120,000 Japanese Americans. A "Day of Rememberance" event will be held Sunday, February 19th at 2:00 pm at the Chicago History Museum, 1601 North Clark St.
The JASC has issued a press release strongly condeming the recent signing of an executive order by President Trump aimed at banning Muslims from several countries entering the United States. Full press release follows here.


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Going off-grid with solar battery storage.
Broadcast tower, Australia, 39 kWp / 215 kWh
PV capacity: 39 kWp
Backup capacity: 215 kWh
Using mainly German technology Photon Energy has installed a 39 kWp solar PV system with 215 kWh of solar batteries that will be integrated in the current power system of a radio transmission tower in Muswellbrook, operated by BAI.
Photon Energy Australia also delivers full O&M services to the solar power storage facility.
For more information about the "Solar Tower" please visit our dedicated project website at www.solaroffgrid.info
You can find a case study on the project by clicking the image below.


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I'll be busy this week moving into the Death Star after 3 months of living on a moisture farm in Tattooine. It's a good opportunity to do a second annual NO WEBLOG FOR OLD ROBOTS WEEK. Except unlike last year when I put some effort into it, this time I'm just phoning it in. So enjoy this week's store appearances themed series of ads where various Floridian malls and marts from over 20 years ago rolled out the red carpet for a variety of guests hailing from Tatooine, Symbion, Eternia and wherever Donkey Kong comes from.
TODAY: JC Penny at Dadeland Mall in Miami hosts Darth Vader on October 28th, 1979. Awesome line of the ad: "Also meet BOBA FETT"!
Friday, September 18, 2009
RETURN OF NO WEBLOG FOR OLD ROBOTS WEEK! PART 5: The force is strong in this children's bedding ensemble
Posted by Evil King Macrocranios at 6:05 AM
2 comments:
- Heavyarms said...
Wow. That's kind of cool since Boba Fett was, what, a year away from appearing on the big screen? I wonder how accurate the costume was.
- Evil King Macrocranios said...
That's a good question about the Boba Fett costume. I tried googling for pictures from store appearances like this but I realized that even if such photos existed people probably wouldn't remember the exact date they saw him. I also realized that I've been spelling 'JC Penney' wrong my entire life.
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Midsummer in Shetland, diary for week four (part 2)
Midsummer in Shetland, diary for week four (part 2).
For our final few days in Shetland we had headed up to Northmavine where we spent a wonderful evening with Ewen and Kit in their gorgeously Scandinavian-style home along with some of their friends. I'd taken round a trial batch of cranberry bannocks and the evening passed sharing photographs and stories from our travels.
It was the following day that saw us heading out to sea on a misty Sunday evening in their boat, which has already been documented in the previous (part 1) post.
Ewen and Kit were going to show us some of their treasured coastline on the Monday but the mist had failed to lift and we would have seen nothing from the boat. It was a shame, but that's British weather for you, even up here in Shetland!
Through the rain we drove out to the cliffs and lighthouse at Eshaness, how different it looks shrouded in mist, the dramatic scenery lost in the soup and wild wind whipping up the sea below.
While we sat in the van eating our lunch two coaches appeared and heaps of well-wrapped cruise ship tourists were blown across the car park, their crisp white trainers betraying their cruise liner origins.
The weather didn't look like it was going to clear anytime soon so we visited the nearby Tangwick Haa museum, a place we'd been recommended weeks ago.
Tangwick Haa is a fascinating little museum documenting life in Northmavine with lots of photographs and historic artefacts. We learnt that Collafirth Pier where we'd been staying at was originally a whaling station, one of a few in the area, looking at the photographs it was hard to imagine that now, the pier is so quiet and serene.
We slowly took the road south, pausing in Voe so that I could take a few more photos of this Nordic-looking town. You may remember from the post for week one that Sir Edmund Hillary's jumpers were made here for his expedition to conquer Everest; the only manufacturing I saw on my wander was of the edible variety when I smelt the heavenly wafts of fresh bread drifting down the street from the open door of an unmarked bakery.
Have a look at the photos of Voe: it's hard to believe this town is in Scotland, right!
From Voe we drove to the Westside, back along the road where we'd found the Hufsie cake at the roadside Home Baking stall 'Hayfield Croft' in our first week. Of course we stopped again!
No Hufsie this time, instead we stocked up on Tiffin.
At Aith we stopped to walk around Michaelswood, this lovely oasis of trees has been created by a couple in memory of their son. They have planted many trees and it feels so wonderful to walk in the comforting embrace of woodland after a month in Shetland where trees are so few.
I sent a quick email when we parked up, to Elizabeth of Elizabeth's Kitchen Diary and she met me here. We wandered the woodland together with her children. It is so cool to meet up with other bloggers and it was particularly awesome to meet Britain's most northerly food blogger!
Elizabeth gave us some excellent tips including an ideal place to go for a walk and a possible park up for the night. We headed towards Vementry and found a gorgeous spot overlooking a small loch.
It has been a wet day but the clouds parted in the evening and we were treated to a gorgeous sunset. While we were sitting in the van an otter swam casually across the loch, what a perfect end to the day.
We went for a short walk as the light was so beautiful, the vibrant sky reflecting in the still waters of the loch.
The following morning we took the walk Elizabeth had recommended, the trail was very pretty but unfortunately the rain had returned and we got rather wet.
We treated ourselves to lunch at the Bonhoga Gallery in Weisdale, a delicious bowl of soup and free WiFi enabled me to get the Cranberry Bannock post up and on-line in cosy restorative comfort.
For our final night in Shetland we chose to drive all the way down to the south of the Mainland, back to Sumburgh Head. As often had happened on our trip the sky cleared for the evening, giving us wonderful light to view the cliffs and the sea birds. Alas, no puffins, they must have been already tucked up in bed in their burrows.
I watched the evening ferry to Aberdeen pass the lighthouse and felt a twang of sadness that we would be on the ship tomorrow, leaving Shetland.
The Northlink Ferry to Aberdeen leaves in the evening, so we had a full day left to visit Lerwick, the only big town on the islands.
We began by visiting Clickimin Broch, an ancient site we'd passed a number of times throughout our stay. While Clickimin isn't as tall and complete as Mousa Broch it is still spectacular and interesting.
A long straight path leads down to the broch from the road, this is a two-thousand year old ruin in a semi-urban setting, a stone's throw from Tesco yet with the serene Clickimin Loch lapping at its stony feet.
It looked rather lovely in the sunny morning, surrounded by summer flowers.
Parking on the old pier we had a walk around Lerwick, heading to the excellent Shetland Museum.
On the whole, Lerwick looks like a typical Scottish town with its stone grey buildings. However, down by the port there are a sprinkling of Nordic-style buildings and there are many colourful wooden houses on the fringes of the town.
The main shopping is along Commercial street, and it was along here that we bumped into Joe and Hazel who we'd met a few days before at Kit and Ewen's, what a lovely surprise!
It began to rain so we popped into the Peerie Shop Cafe for lunch, where Chris devoured a naughty-looking slice of chocolate cheesecake.
Shetland Museum is a must-see, it is extremely well laid out and packed with fascinating artefacts telling the story of the islands from their geological birth to the present day: everything from minerals to knitwear and the oil industry.
While it would be a great introduction to Shetland, I'm glad I visited it at the end of the trip, I was able to understand so much more from experiencing the islands already.
By late afternoon we were in the queue at the ferry terminal waiting to check the Thundertruck in. I'd booked a bed in a shared cabin for this return trip, after only having a seat on the way over: I need a bed, I can't sleep in a chair.
It was an incredibly calm sailing, we spent much of the evening up on the viewing deck waving goodbye to Shetland, the now familiar coastline looking sublime in the evening sunshine.
I was sad to leave, the islands had been more wonderful than I'd imagined and we had seen and experienced so many incredible things. The weather might not have been as summery as the rest of the UK (heatwave, what heatwave?) but I wouldn't have swapped these four weeks for anything and I'm glad we decided to spend the entire time here rather than splitting it with a trip to Orkney (as originally planned).
Shetland should be on your bucket list, trust me! Have I inspired you?
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Grytewake is a smuggler ship located on the Bitter Coast region southwest of Hla Oad and next to Heran Ancestral Tomb. The ship belongs to Velfred the Outlaw and his group of thieves. Ash Statues and narcotics can be found on the decks. If questioned about this, he will state that the Nerevarine has "Seen too much", and will attack.
Velfred the OutlawEdit
Make Velfred pay his fees for smuggling.
Notable itemsEdit
There are two skill books in the captain's room on his ship.
- Bedrir (Male Nord)
- Hefadmir (Male Nord)
- Ilfhild (Female Nord)
- Sittar (Male Nord)
- Velfred the Outlaw (Male Nord)
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Dasgupta, who has been based in India for last four years in the present role, will give up the diabetes portfolio of healthcare major, sources said, adding that it will be aligned with the European region. Judith Mitchell, the present incumbent, is moving on, they added.
Before becoming head J&J Medical (India), he led the marketing function as general manager, Australia and New Zealand, and has over 12 years of experience in the orthopaedics business.
J&J Medical comprises the medical devices portfolio, is the group's second largest business after pharmaceuticals and is valued around $25 billion. Knee and hip implants, trauma and spine products occupy a major chunk, with cardiac stents and wound closure products also being a sizeable portion of the portfolio.
Dasgupta's elevation is in line with the trend of Indian managers across sectors, taking on larger regional/ global responsibilities in their companies.
"Global mobility is key for career progression particularly in MNCs as the manager cannot be fixated in a local role as they outgrow their India roles over a period of time, K Sudarshan Managing Partner at EMA Partners, a global executive search firm told TOI.
Over the past few years, there has been a growing trend of top executives from blue-chip consumer goods companies being promoted to regional roles. Earlier, Manu Anand, the India head and managing director at snacks and beverage maker Mondelez, was elevated to president chocolates for Asia, Middle-East and Africa, while Hemant Bakshi, executive director home & personal care Hindustan Unilever was promoted to executive vice-president at Unilever Indonesia.