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Read me a story! Read it AGAIN!! Keep all your favorite bedtime books handy with our cute caddy tutorial. You'll notice our sample includes some well-worn classics from our own libraries... the ones read over and over, bringing delighted smiles each time. The caddy slips between mattress and box spring, held in place by the mattresses themselves as well as some gripper fabric. Two generous pockets are wide and deep enough to hold plenty of lil' literature.
As we mention below, this caddy tutorial works best with a print that has a strong vertical motif. The Lil' Rascals collection by Chloe's Closet for Moda Fabrics collection was perfect for this. We chose the Clubhouse design, which features: tree top monkeys, chubby-cheeked cowboys, tumbling and tussling kittens, even a pugnacious puppy practicing his boxing.
Many online retailers allow you to search for fabric by theme should you wish to find a similar vintage storybook theme. Hawthorne Threads and Fat Quarter Shop both offer categories of wonderful designs for children.
Sewing Tools You Need
- Any Sewing Machine (we recommend the Janome 3160QDC)
Fabric and Other Supplies
- 1 yard of 44-45" wide fabric for the caddy's front panel and the pocket fronts; we used Lil Rascals from Chloe's Closet for Moda Fabrics in Clubhouse Natural
NOTE: Your best fabric option for this project is a print with a strong vertical motif.
- ¼ yard of of 44-45" wide coordinating fabric for the binding: we used Lil Rascals from Chloe's Closet for Moda Fabrics in Sugar & Spice Yellow
- ¾ yard of 44-45" wide coordinating solid fabric in a heavier weight, such as cotton duck, canvas or twill for the caddy's back panel; we used cotton duck in a natural color
- 1 yard of medium-weight fusible interfacing
- Gripper fabric: one piece apx 14" x 8"
NOTE: This is like the traction fabric used on the bottom of feetie pajamas - it can be found in stores and online under the names Slipper Gripper and Jiffy Grip. Or... do what we did and use a shelf gripper sheet, which is easy to find in the kitchen supplies aisle.
- All purpose thread to match fabrics
- See-through ruler
- Iron and ironing board
- Scissors or rotary cutter and mat
- Fabric pen or pencil
- Straight pins
- Seam gauge
- Tape measure
Getting Started
- From the solid fabric (cotton duck in our sample), cut the following:
ONE 14" wide x 28" high rectangle
ONE 14" wide x 6" high rectangle
ONE 14" wide x 9" high rectangle
- From the medium-weight fusible interfacing, cut the following:
ONE 14" wide x 28" high rectangle
ONE 14" wide x 6" high rectangle
ONE 14" wide x 9" high rectangle
- From the fabric for the binding (Sugar & Spice Yellow in our sample), cut the following:
TWO 2" x 14" strips
TWO 2" x 15" strips
TWO 2" x 29" strips
- Cut the gripper fabric down to ONE 14" x 8" rectangle
- From the main print fabric (Clubhouse Natural in our sample), fussy cut ONE 14" wide x 28" high rectangle, centering your design motif along the vertical length of the piece.
- Following the manufacturer's instructions, adhere the 14" x 28" fusible interfacing piece to the the wrong side of the 14" x 28" main print rectangle (Clubhouse Natural in our sample).
- From the main print fabric (Clubhouse Natural in our sample), you also need to cut TWO pockets: one 14" wide x 9" high large pocket and one 14" wide x 6" high small pocket. We wanted the motif on these pockets to exactly match the motif on the main printed piece. To do this, take the interfaced 14" x 28" main piece and lay it on top of the remaining print fabric (both the interfaced piece and the remaining fabric are right side up). Adjust the main piece until it perfectly aligns with a motif on the remaining fabric.
- Using a fabric pen or pencil you are sure will erase or wash away (because you are marking on the right side of the fabric!), trace around the interfaced main piece, going across the bottom and 9" up each side. Remove the main piece from the remaining fabric, and use a see-through ruler to connect the drawn side lines, completing a 14" x 9" rectangle.
- Cut along the drawn lines; this is your large pocket. Set it aside.
- Place the interfaced main piece back on to the remaining fabric, moving it around again until you find another place where the design motifs match up exactly.
- As you did above, use a fabric pen to trace across the bottom of the main piece, but this time draw just 6" up each side. Remove the interfaced main piece, connect the lines to complete a 14" x 6" rectangle. Cut along the drawn lines; this is your small pocket.
- Following the manufacturer's instructions, adhere the 14" x 9" fusible interfacing piece to the the wrong side of the 14" x 9" large pocket and adhere the 14" x 6" fusible interfacing piece to the the wrong side of the 14" x 6" small pocket.
At Your Sewing Machine
Gripper strip
- Place the 14" x 8" gripper fabric across the top of the wrong side of the 14" x 28" solid back fabric. Pin the gripper fabric in place, matching the top and the two sides. Stitch across the bottom edge of the gripper fabric only, securing it to the back fabric. The other three sides will be secured within the binding.
NOTE: If the gripper fabric does not slide freely under your machine's presser foot, place a sheet of wax paper over the gripper fabric and stitch on top of the wax paper. The wax paper will easily tear away from the stitching when finished.
Binding strips
- Take your six binding strips and create double fold binding tape. To do this, iron each strip in half, wrong sides together, then open and fold in each edge to the middle.
- Press both new folds, then fold in half again and press.
- This will create two strips of binding tape ½" x 14", two strips ½" x 15", and two strips ½" x 29".
- If you are new to creating binding, read our tutorial, Bias Tape: how To Make It & Attach It.
NOTE: Our project has all straight edges, so we created simple straight edge binding rather than bias strips. To do the folding, you can also use a Simplicity Automatic Bias Tape Maker.
Complete and bind the pockets
- Find the two 14" binding strips, the small and large print pocket pieces, and the small and large solid pocket pieces.
- Place the large print pocket piece wrong sides together with the large solid pocket piece. Pin in place along both sides and across the bottom.
- Slip one 14" binding strip of over the top raw edges of the layered large pocket pieces, encasing these raw edges with the binding.
- Edgestitch the binding strip in place, making sure to catch both sides of the binding.
- Repeat with the small pocket pieces.
Layer the caddy
- Place the caddy back right side down and flat on your work surface. In other words, the gripper fabric should be facing down.
- Place the caddy front right side up on top of the caddy back. The two pieces are now wrong sides together. Match up all the edges of both layers.
- Place the large pocket piece right side up on the caddy front, lining up the bottom edges and both sides.
- Finally, place the small pocket right side up on the large pocket, again lining up the bottom edges and both sides.
- Pin in place through all the layers and run a basting stitch around the entire perimeter to secure the layers. Keep the basting stitch close to the edge so it will be concealed under the binding.
Bind the perimeter
- Find the remaining four binding strips, the two 29" strips and the two 15" strips.
- Unfold the binding strips a little bit at each end, then fold under each raw edge ½" and press. Re-fold the strips.
- Using a standard bias binding technique, first sew one long binding strip to each side of the caddy.
- Then sew the binding to the top and bottom edges, overlapping the side bindings at each corner with a folded, finished edge.
NOTE: As above, if you are new to creating binding, you'll enjoy our tutorial, Bias Tape: how To Make It & Attach It.
NOTE: When you're sewing the pockets to the base fabric, and you get to the corners, you will be stitching through a lot of layers! Go slowly and carefully. Rather than using the foot pedal, sometimes it helps to use your machine's handwheel to crank through the last half to quarter inch, and go stitch-by-stitch. This is also the time to use your lock stitch button if you have one. If you don't, hit reverse and use the handwheel again to back tack a few stitches.
- Slide your caddy between the mattress and box springs. Adjust so the pockets fall within arm's reach.
Project Design: Alicia Thommas
Sample Creation: Kathy Andrews, What Sew Ever


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Last week, I wrote about fears of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) weapons and the almost-as-scary prospect of plasma weapons. But isn't missile defense supposed to help intercept an EMP attack? True, but what happens if your missile defense system is vulnerable to EMP attack? Well, then you gotta protect it.
That's the idea behind this small business innovative research contract that Noah dug up last week for Plasma Science Corp.'s "Plasma Limiter" designed to protect ballistic missile defense radars from EMP:
The enabling solid state semiconductor technology in radar systems supporting the U. S. Army's ballistic missile defense program increases its vulnerability to the effects of high power, fast rise-time EMP, HPM, and UWB pulses. In recent years, significant advances in the technology used to produce these pulses have been made in the United States and abroad, increasing the need for effective protection against these threats. Plasma Sciences Corporation (PSC) has extensive experience in the development of plasma limiters to protect sensitive electronic equipment from high power, fast rise-time pulses. Existing plasma limiter technology utilizes a metallic point-plane electrode configuration. While this configuration has been reasonably effective, the advent of aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays presents an opportunity to greatly improve plasma limiter performance. Using a CNT array as a field enhancing electrode in a plasma limiter promises to offer faster reaction time, higher power handling capability, and greater reliability than existing systems, providing effective protection for BMDS radars against high power, fast rise-time pulses.
Truth be told, so-called "EMP hardening" have slipped since the end of the Cold War, which has fueled concern among some experts. It's also great fodder for Hollywood Doomsday scenarios.

subset: commoncrawl


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This post is part of a weekly series, Fetching Friday, featuring the resources mashup, #FollowFriday recommendations, some related Twitter news, and a preview for next week's posts on kikolani.com.
Here are some of the best articles I have stumbledupon this week.
Anatomy of a Blog Post
How to get people to keep reading your blog
Links for new readers and bloggers
Less SEO tags, more visitors?
Related posts that make sense
Why you should not abuse forums for traffic
Brand yourself with a custom Twitter background
5 ways to promote your article on Twitter
Why it is good to follow the little guy
The Oprah effect on Twitter
Personal Growth
30 ways to improve your life now
Lose yourself to find yourself again
Sharing gratitude
Physical and Spiritual Health
Start walking
The benefits of good posture
21 foods to increase your libido
Trees and roots
Business and Career
The importance of communication in bad times
50 job interview questions and answers
Manage your online reputation
Last, but not Least
Photos that depict human emotions
Find alternatives to popular Mac and Windows software
Lots of cool and futuristic gadgets
Here are this week's #followfriday recommendations…
@bloggingmix, blogger at The Weblog Zone
@wchingya, blogger and social media enthusiast at wchingya.com
@workhappynow helps people work happier at workhappynow.com
@tamalanwar provides web solutions at blogkori.com
@mayhemstudios is a self proclaimed "media ho", designer and Twitter attic at mayhemstudios.com
One more shout to last week's recommendations: @VegetarianMom, @Lea50, and @FindingBibi.Also, check out Mashable's Follow For Good weekly recommendations as well.
You can also show me some FollowFriday love by tweeting the following:
RT @kikolani This week's Fetching Friday – Resources Mashup, #FollowFriday Recommendations, Twitter news & more > http://bit.ly/RwCXP
If you haven't already, stop by my new and improved Twitter page @kikolani. I finally have a custom Twitter background design. It's pretty simple, with some text and links on top of one of my photographs. I believe that it works for everyone down to a 1280 resolution, but I may need to shrink it for those on the new, smaller 1024 resolution screens. What do you think?
In continuation of the four-part photo series based on shots I took at the Desert Botanical Gardens, next week I will share the interesting photos of glass displays that were scattered throughout the desert landscape.
As many of you may know, I am going to be getting married on the 25th, and gone on my honeymoon for the following week. In preparation for this exciting time and week away from the internet, I am going to write about the ways I am vacation-proofing my blog and social networks. If any of you have any suggestions on how to vacation proof your blog and social media, I am more than willing to add them to my article and try them out – so please leave them in the comments below.
Be sure to check back next week to find out more, and for another Fetchingly Friday post with more great discoveries on the web. Better yet, subscribe via RSS to have them delivered to your favorite subscription reader or by email.
This is just something I have to share with you. My hubby sent this to me, and it is funny… ROTF LMAO LOL kind of funny for baseball, golf, and ESPECIALLY tennis fans.
Looking for some link love? Articles featured in the resources come primarily from people I interact with in the comments, and on the social networks. So comment away (DoFollow, CommentLuv, and KeywordLuv enabled), and join me on the networks below, and if your article/photo/video catches my eye, it may appear in following Fetching Friday posts.


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Revati – Dreaming of ensuring children's health as a pediatrician
Empathy is a quality that few possess. Doctors are a breed that is inherently empathetic, thanks to the nature of their profession. One of Akshaya Patra's beneficiaries – 10-year-old Revati HR, studying in Std V in Government Higher Primary School (GHPS), Hinkal in Mysuru, has a very specific ambition – to be a pediatrician. The young girl, whose health is fragile, is sensitive to changes in the weather and suffers from headaches as a result. That, perhaps, is what drives her ambition – the fact that she can empathise with these kids. She says, "I like children a lot. I wish to ease their suffering."
A very shy young girl, Revati comes from a broken home. Her mother committed suicide when she was just three months old. Her father, who remarried after the incident, works as a coolie at a provision store. Her 11-year-old elder sister stays with him, whereas Revati stays with maternal grandmother in a joint family. She sees her father once a week or once a fortnight. An industrious student, Revati counts English and Kannada as her favourite subjects. "The former is taught by Miss Manjula and the latter by Miss Puttatheya. I also like drawing, dancing and participating in cultural programmes.
Akshaya Patra's mid-day meals are a big hit with Revati and her classmates. They are also a relief and reassurance for her family that she gets a healthy, wholesome school lunch every day. She enthusiastically states, "The food is tasty, nutritious and hygienic, which is great. The payasam and Bisibele Baath are my favourite. My grandmother always tells me to eat well in school, since I am thin." Her teachers say that Revati and many other students were initially hesitant about approaching the servers for more helpings, but on seeing that they can indeed have as many helpings as they would like, they started taking more helpings.
We wish Revati every success and hope she brings relief and cheers to young children as a pediatrician!


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Berlin, November 23, 2016 --- Hitachi Europe Ltd., a subsidiary of Hitachi, Ltd. (TSE:6501), today announced that it is bringing its global series of Social Innovation Forums to Berlin on Tuesday 29th November 2016. It will take place at Ewerk, one of Germany's oldest preserved power plants, in the centre of Berlin. The Forum will demonstrate how businesses can take advantage of the many new opportunities being created though Social Innovation in the IoT (Internet of Things) era.
The Hitachi Social Innovation Forum in Berlin builds on the success of the previous Forum held in Munich in 2015. It forms part of a wider series taking place across Europe since 2013 as well as various regions throughout the world. The Forum introduces Hitachi Group's wide range of solutions and technologies such as smart cities, energy and healthcare to a Europe-wide audience. Over 150 industry leaders, professionals, government officials and academics will attend to explore the key themes and opportunities presented by the role of 'co-creation' and the IoT in developing new solutions to business challenges faced today.


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Today, we will look at a famous essay by David Hume, "On the Balance of Trade." It was written in 1752. Hume was an early "classical" economist, in contrast to the Mercantilist tradition which was dominant in Britain from 1600 until it was definitively swept away by the success of Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations in 1776.
Who cares what Hume wrote in 1752? Either it is right, in which case we certainly don't need Hume to figure it out for us, or it is wrong, in which case we shouldn't bother with old dead people who were also wrong. But, the legacy of Hume lives even today, as most economists actually still believe that international trade has something to do with money (mostly, it doesn't). For example, the stunning incompetence displayed by economists across the spectrum during the Bretton Woods years (1944-1971) was linked to their belief that their monetary problems (the tendency of the U.S. dollar's value to sag vs. its gold parity) had something to do with a "current account deficit," which, as we have seen, didn't actually exist! Nevertheless, the non-existence of the "current account deficit" didn't seem to bother the economists, including gold-friendly economists like Robert Triffin, who consistently blamed it anyway.
October 28, 2012: Triffin's Dilemma
July 7, 2011: The Trauma of Bretton Woods
July 24, 2014: On the Path To a Better Monetary System: Bretton Woods Didn't Fail Because of the "Balance of Payments"
January 18, 2013: The Mind-Bending Ignorance of the Bretton Woods Years
July 10, 2014: Paul Volcker Dreams of a "New Bretton Woods." But What Would That Look Like?
November 19, 2007: Bretton Woods II: The Folly of Large Gold Reserves
It also lives in the form of the "price/specie flow mechanism" theory of gold standard systems, which is still widely embraced by economists to describe the environment of the pre-1914 gold standard era. These economists attribute this theory to David Hume, and specifically this essay. However, as we will see, Hume does not actually propose this mechanism, and in fact most of the essay consists of an extensive refutation of any such mechanism. Actually, the "price/specie flow mechanism" was held (in a crude form) by the Mercantilist economists of Hume's time, as Hume will explain. So, it should be no surprise that the "price/specie flow mechanism" notion is still held today mostly by Mercantilist-flavored economists (academic Keynesians) today.
I think I will talk more in the future about both the Balance of Payments and the Price/Specie Flow Mechanism in greater detail. For now, let's just see what Hume actually said in 1752. The inability of today's Mercantilists to make sense of Hume is directly related to their inability to make sense of either the pre-1914 period or, for that matter, the problems of Bretton Woods. This incompetence led directly to the breakup of the Bretton Woods system in 1971. In other words, this incompentence is the actual reason we do not have a world gold standard system today.
The original essay had footnotes, which are omitted here.
IT is very usual, in nations ignorant of the nature of commerce, to prohibit the exportation of commodities, and to preserve among themselves whatever they think valuable and useful. They do not consider, that, in this prohibition, they act directly contrary to their intention; and that the more is exported of any commodity, the more will be raised at home, of which they themselves will always have the first offer.°
It is well known to the learned, that the ancient laws of ATHENS rendered the exportation of figs criminal; that being supposed a species of fruit so excellent in ATTICA, that the ATHENIANS deemed it too delicious for the palate of any foreigner. And in this ridiculous prohibition they were so much in earnest, that informers were thence called sycophants among them, from two GREEK words, which signify figs and discoverer. , a There are proofs in many old acts of parliament of the same ignorance in the nature of commerce, particularly in the reign of EDWARD III. And to this day, in FRANCE, the exportation of corn is almost always prohibited; in order, as they say, to prevent famines; though it is evident, that nothing contributes more to the frequent famines, which so much distress that fertile country.
The same jealous fear, with regard to money, has also prevailed among several nations; and it required both reason and experience to convince any people, that these prohibitions serve to no other purpose than to raise the exchange against them, and produce a still greater exportation.
These errors, one may say, are gross and palpable: But there still prevails, even in nations well acquainted with commerce, a strong jealousy with regard to the balance of trade, and a fear, that all their gold and silver may be leaving them. This seems to me, almost in every case, a groundless apprehension; and I should as soon dread, that all our springs and rivers should be exhausted, as that money should abandon a kingdom where there are people and industry. Let us carefully preserve these latter advantages; and we need never be apprehensive of losing the former.[Here we have Hume's basic propositions. First, that many people in his day were excessively worried about the exportation of gold and silver, in trade for goods and services — what we today would call a "current account deficit." Wouldn't the country run out of gold and silver? Hume says that this is "almost in every case a groundless apprehension."]
It is easy to observe, that all calculations concerning the balance of trade are founded on very uncertain facts and suppositions. The custom-house books are allowed to be an insufficient ground of reasoning; nor is the rate of exchange much better; unless we consider it with all nations, and know also the proportions of the several sums remitted; which one may safely pronounce impossible. Every man, who has ever reasoned on this subject, has always proved his theory, whatever it was, by facts and calculations, and by an enumeration of all the commodities sent to all foreign kingdoms.
The writings of Mr. GEE struck the nation with an universal panic, when they saw it plainly demonstrated, by a detail of particulars, that the balance was against them for so considerable a sum as must leave them without a single shilling in five or six years. But luckily, twenty years have since elapsed, with an expensive foreign war; yet is it commonly supposed, that money is still more plentiful among us than in any former period.
Nothing can be more entertaining on this head than Dr. SWIFT; an authorb so quick in discerning the mistakes and absurdities of others. He says, in his short view of the state of IRELAND, that the whole cash of that kingdom formerly amounted but to 500,000 l.; that out of this the IRISH remitted every year a neat million to ENGLAND, and had scarcely any other source from which they could compensate themselves, and little other foreign trade than the importation of FRENCH wines, for which they paid ready money.*44 The consequence of this situation, which must be owned to be disadvantageous, was, that, in a course of three years, the current money of IRELAND, from 500,000 l. was reduced to less than two. And at present, I suppose, in a course of 30 years it is absolutely nothing. Yet I know not how, that opinion of the advance of riches in IRELAND, which gave the Doctor so much indignation, seems still to continue, and gain ground with every body.
In short, this apprehension of the wrong balance of trade, appears of such a nature, that it discovers itself, wherever one is out of humour with the ministry, or is in low spirits; and as it can never be refuted by a particular detail of all the exports, which counterbalance the imports, it may here be proper to form a general argument, that may prove the impossibility of this event, as long as we preserve our people and our industry.[Here we begin the portion of the essay that supposedly describes the "price/specie flow mechanism", but actually does not.]
Suppose four-fifths of all the money in GREAT BRITAIN to be annihilated in one night, and the nation reduced to the same condition, with regard to specie, as in the reigns of the HARRYS and EDWARDS, what would be the consequence? Must not the price of all labour and commodities sink in proportion, and every thing be sold as cheap as they were in those ages? What nation could then dispute with us in any foreign market, or pretend to navigate or to sell manufactures at the same price, which to us would afford sufficient profit? In how little time, therefore, must this bring back the money which we had lost, and raise us to the level of all the neighbouring nations? Where, after we have arrived, we immediately lose the advantage of the cheapness of labour and commodities; and the farther flowing in of money is stopped by our fulness and repletion.°[Hume here is mistaken. Let's say that 4/5ths of all the "money" (presumably gold and silver coins, although banknotes were common in Hume's day) disappeared overnight. What would happen? One thing that would not happen is that the value of the coinage would change. How could it? Silver would be the same value in Britain as it was in France, except for a few factors such as the cost of transportation and also any human-imposed barriers like trade restrictions. But, whatever effects that might come from such factors are mostly a description of transport costs and trade restrictions, not anything having to do with the money itself. Silver and gold being the same value (as Hume later argues), there would be no particular reason for prices to change all that much. What might happen, however, is that people in Britain would want to accumulate more gold and silver, to replenish their supplies after this magical disappearance. To do this, they would "save," in other words, acquire gold and silver in trade, and instead of spending it again, add to their overall holdings. In the process of "saving," they might be enthusiastic to "make a sale," which might lead to some modest depression of prices for labor or goods. Gold and silver would thus flow to Britain, not because of some dramatic change in the "value of money" or prices for goods and services, but rather a change in British "savings rates," favoring activities which lead to an accumulation of gold and silver.
Note here also that Hume is describing an imaginary condition — a magical disappearance of gold and silver coins — not any description of the actual process of trade. In general, Hume makes a number of incorrect assumptions by misapplying "quantity theory," which is true also of many economists today.]
Again, suppose, that all the money of GREAT BRITAIN were multiplied fivefold in a night, must not the contrary effect follow? Must not all labour and commodities rise to such an exorbitant height, that no neighbouring nations could afford to buy from us; while their commodities, on the other hand, became comparatively so cheap, that, in spite of all the laws which could be formed, they would be run in upon us, and our money flow out; till we fall to a level with foreigners, and lose that great superiority of riches, which had laid us under such disadvantages?[Again, Hume is mistaken. If British had more gold and silver than they wished, they would trade it for goods, services, or assets with foreigners. However, the value of gold and silver would not be appreciably different in Britain than in France, except for the effects of transport costs & etc. as described. Gold and silver would indeed flow from Britain to France, but not because of some dramatic difference in prices (or the value of money), but because British, having an perceived excess of gold and silver, would spend it on something they value more highly, namely goods and services from France. Once again, this is a magical condition, not a description of real-world mechanisms.]
Now, it is evident, that the same causes, which would correct these exorbitant inequalities, were they to happen miraculously, must prevent their happening in the common course of nature, and must for ever, in all neighbouring nations, preserve money nearly proportionable to the art and industry of each nation. All water, wherever it communicates, remains always at a level. Ask naturalists the reason; they tell you, that, were it to be raised in any one place, the superior gravity of that part not being balanced, must depress it, till it meet a counterpoise; and that the same cause, which redresses the inequality when it happens, must for ever prevent it, without some violent external operation.[Although Hume's reasoning is flawed, he thus comes to a correct conclusion, that gold and silver are, like water he says, the same value everywhere. The physical supply is also thus proportionately the same "scarcity" everywhere, or to put it another way, in equal abundance. Thus, there can never be a "shortage" or a "surplus." It would be immediately corrected.
An easy way to understand this is by thinking about one single person. Let's say that this person, for whatever reason, wished to acquire more gold and silver coins. How would they do it? If we exclude for now the possibility of gifts, then the person must sell something, such as labor, goods, services, or assets, and receive coinage in return. The person then would "save" the coins, by not then spending them on something else. Thus, the person "imports" gold and their overall holdings increase, and they "export" goods, services or assets. The value of the coins doesn't change. Nor does the prices at which the person sells their labor, goods, services, or assets. The difference is in what could be called the savings/spending patterns of the person. Alternately, let's say that the person perceived that they had plenty of gold coins, and decided that there was something they would rather have more. For example, they could trade the coins for a government bond that paid interest (an asset), or remodel the house (goods, services, or labor depending), or go on a vacation (services). Thus, they would "export" gold and "import" goods, services and assets. Again, the value of the gold doesn't change, nor does the value of the goods, services and labor. It's a change in ther person's desire to hold gold coins, or what you can call their "demand" for gold coinage. The aggregate demand of "Britain" is simply the sum of many such individuals, and individuals acting in the interest of organizations such as the family, corporation, government, etc.
Hume does not quite see this process as I have described, but he senses it, as we will see below.]
Can one imagine, that it had ever been possible, by any laws, or even by any art or industry, to have kept all the money in SPAIN, which the galleons have brought from the INDIES? Or that all commodities could be sold in FRANCE for a tenth of the price which they would yield on the other side of the PYRENEES, without finding their way thither, and draining from that immense treasure? What other reason, indeed, is there, why all nations, at present, gain in their trade with SPAIN and PORTUGAL; but because it is impossible to heap up money, more than any fluid, beyond its proper level? The sovereigns of these countries have shown, that they wanted not inclination to keep their gold and silver to themselves, had it been in any degree practicable.
But as any body of water may be raised above the level of the surrounding element, if the former has no communication with the latter; so in money, if the communication be cut off, by any material or physical impediment, (for all laws alone are ineffectual) there may, in such a case, be a very great inequality of money. Thus the immense distance of CHINA, together with the monopolies of our INDIA companies, obstructing the communication, preserve in EUROPE the gold and silver, especially the latter, in much greater plenty than they are found in that kingdom. But, notwithstanding this great obstruction, the force of the causes abovementioned is still evident. The skill and ingenuity of EUROPE in general surpasses perhaps that of CHINA, with regard to manual arts and manufactures; yet are we never able to trade thither without great disadvantage. And were it not for the continual recruits,° which we receive from AMERICA, money would soon sink in EUROPE, and rise in CHINA, till it came nearly to a level in both places. Nor can any reasonable man doubt, but that industrious nation, were they as near us as POLAND or BARBARY, would drain us of the overplus of our specie, and draw to themselves a larger share of the WEST INDIAN treasures. We need not have recourse to a physical attraction, in order to explain the necessity of this operation. There is a moral attraction, arising from the interests and passions of men, which is full as potent and infallible.
How is the balance kept in the provinces of every kingdom among themselves, but by the force of this principle, which makes it impossible for money to lose its level, and either to rise or sink beyond the proportion of the labour and commodities which are in each province? Did not long experience make people easy on this head, what a fund of gloomy reflections might calculations afford to a melancholy YORKSHIREMAN, while he computed and magnified the sums drawn to LONDON by taxes, absentees,° commodities, and found on comparison the opposite articles so much inferior? And no doubt, had the Heptarchy subsisted in ENGLAND, the legislature of each state had been continually alarmed by the fear of a wrong balance; and as it is probable that the mutual hatred of these states would have been extremely violent on account of their close neighbourhood, they would have loaded and oppressed all commerce, by a jealous and superfluous caution. Since the union has removed the barriers between SCOTLAND and ENGLAND, which of these nations gains from the other by this free commerce? Or if the former kingdom has received any encrease of riches, can it reasonably be accounted for by any thing but the encrease of its art and industry? It was a common apprehension in ENGLAND, before the union, as we learn from L'ABBE DU BOS, that SCOTLAND would soon drain them of their treasure, were an open trade allowed; and on the other side the TWEED a contrary apprehension prevailed: With what justice in both, time has shown.[This is a nice argument. The ways in which "the balance" is kept between Britain and France is exactly the same as it is kept between one town in Britain and another. We are really dealing with freely acting individual humans here, at times acting as representatives of families, corporations or governments. Freely acting individuals are no different in Britain than in France. Thus, gold and silver are the same value everywhere, and also proportionately in equal abundance everywhere.]
What happens in small portions of mankind, must take place in greater. The provinces of the ROMAN empire, no doubt, kept their balance with each other, and with ITALY, independent of the legislature; as much as the several counties of GREAT BRITAIN, or the several parishes of each county. And any man who travels over EUROPE at this day, may see, by the prices of commodities, that money, in spite of the absurd jealousy of princes and states, has brought itself nearly to a level; and that the difference between one kingdom and another is not greater in this respect, than it is often between different provinces of the same kingdom. Men naturally flock to capital cities, sea-ports, and navigable rivers. There we find more men, more industry, more commodities, and consequently more money; but still the latter difference holds proportion with the former, and the level is preserved.[We can see already that the bulk of this essay is actually the argument that there is no "price/specie flow mechanism." Obviously, if gold and silver are the same value everywhere, then there is no meaningful change in money value or "prices". There is just gold and silver, serving as money between people living in Britain and France just the same as it serves as money between people living London and Manchester, or next-door neighbors Mr. Smith and Mr. Jones.]
Our jealousy and our hatred of FRANCE are without bounds; and the former sentiment, at least, must be acknowledged reasonable and well-grounded. These passions have occasioned innumerable barriers and obstructions upon commerce, where we are accused of being commonly the aggressors. But what have we gained by the bargain? We lost the FRENCH market for our woollen manufactures, and transferred the commerce of wine to SPAIN and PORTUGAL, where we buy worse liquor at a higher price. There are few ENGLISHMEN who would not think their country absolutely ruined, were FRENCH wines sold in ENGLAND so cheap and in such abundance as to supplant, in some measure, all ale, and home-brewed liquors: But would we lay aside prejudice, it would not be difficult to prove, that nothing could be more innocent, perhaps advantageous. Each new acre of vineyard planted in FRANCE, in order to supply ENGLAND with wine, would make it requisite for the FRENCH to take the produce of an ENGLISH acre, sown in wheat or barley, in order to subsist themselves; and it is evident, that we should thereby get command of the better commodity.
There are many edicts of the FRENCH king, prohibiting the planting of new vineyards, and ordering all those which are lately planted to be grubbed up: So sensible are they, in that country, of the superior value of corn, above every other product.
Mareschal VAUBAN complains often, and with reason, of the absurd duties which load the entry of those wines of LANGUEDOC, GUIENNE, and other southern provinces, that are imported into BRITANNY and NORMANDY. He entertained no doubt but these latter provinces could preserve their balance, notwithstanding the open commerce which he recommends. And it is evident, that a few leagues more navigation to ENGLAND would make no difference; or if it did, that it must operate alike on the commodities of both kingdoms.
There is indeed one expedient by which it is possible to sink, and another by which we may raise money beyond its natural level in any kingdom; but these cases, when examined, will be found to resolve into our general theory, and to bring additional authority to it.
I scarcely know any method of sinking money below its level, but those institutions of banks, funds, and paper-credit, cwhich are so much practised in this kingdom. These render paper equivalent to money, circulate it throughout the whole state, make it supply the place of gold and silver, raise proportionably the price of labour and commodities, and by that means either banish a great part of those precious metals, or prevent their farther encrease. What can be more shortsighted than our reasonings on this head? We fancy, because an individual would be much richer, were his stock of money doubled, that the same good effect would follow were the money of every one encreased; not considering, that this would raise as much the price of every commodity, and reduce every man, in time, to the same condition as before. It is only in our public negociations and transactions with foreigners, that a greater stock of money is advantageous; and as our paper is there absolutely insignificant, we feel, by its means, all the ill effects arising from a great abundance of money, without reaping any of the advantages.[Hume has a little confusion here between gold-linked paper banknotes, such as the reliable gold-linked banknotes of the Bank of England during the mid-18th century, and perhaps the unreliable and in practice heavy devalued paper currencies of the American Colonies. A gold-linked banknote will not have any inflationary effects that would "raise the price of labour and commodities," as Adam Smith well understood.]
Suppose that there are 12 millions of paper, which circulate in the kingdom as money, (for we are not to imagine, that all our enormous funds are employed in that shape) and suppose the real cash of the kingdom to be 18 millions: Here is a state which is found by experience to be able to hold a stock of 30 millions. I say, if it be able to hold it, it must of necessity have acquired it in gold and silver, had we not obstructed the entrance of these metals by this new invention of paper. Whence would it have acquired that sum? From all the kingdoms of the world. But why? Because, if you remove these 12 millions, money in this state is below its level, compared with our neighbours; and we must immediately draw from all of them, till we be full and saturate, so to speak, and can hold no more. By our present politics, we are as careful to stuff the nation with this fine commodity of bank-bills and chequer-notes, as if we were afraid of being overburthened with the precious metals.[As Hume describes, the use of banknotes indeed replaces gold and silver. Thus, people perceive that they have more gold and silver coinage than they need. This is then used for payment for imports. Despite his earlier arguments, Hume lapses a bit here, combining an unfocused suspicion that exportation of precious metals is somehow "bad" with a rightful distrust of banknotes.]
It is not to be doubted, but the great plenty of bullion in FRANCE is, in a great measure, owing to the want of paper-credit. The FRENCH have no banks: Merchants bills do not there circulate as with us: Usury or lending on interest is not directly permitted; so that many have large sums in their coffers: Great quantities of plate are used in private houses; and all the churches are full of it. By this means, provisions and labour still remain cheaper among them, than in nations that are not half so rich in gold and silver. The advantages of this situation, in point of trade as well as in great public emergencies, are too evident to be disputed.["Prices" in Britain may have been noticeably higher than in France, just as "prices" in the United States are higher than they are in Mexico (in dollar terms). Probably, owing to higher taxes and the primitive state of the financial system as described, France simply had a less active economy, and was thus somewhat "poorer" than Britain at this time.]
The same fashion a few years ago prevailed in GENOA, which still has place in ENGLAND and HOLLAND, of using services of CHINA-ware instead of plate; but the senate, foreseeing the consequence, prohibited the use of that brittle commodity beyond a certain extent; while the use of silver-plate was left unlimited. And I suppose, in their late distresses, they felt the good effect of this ordinance. Our tax on plate is, perhaps, in this view, somewhat impolitic.
Before the introduction of paper-money into our colonies, they had gold and silver sufficient for their circulation. Since the introduction of that commodity, the least inconveniency that has followed is the total banishment of the precious metals. And after the abolition of paper, can it be doubted but money will return, while these colonies possess manufactures and commodities, the only thing valuable in commerce, and for whose sake alone all men desire money.
What pity LYCURGUS did not think of paper-credit, when he wanted to banish gold and silver from SPARTA! It would have served his purpose better than the lumps of iron he made use of as money; and would also have prevented more effectually all commerce with strangers, as being of so much less real and intrinsic value.
It must, however, be confessed, that, as all these questions of trade and money are extremely complicated, there are certain lights, in which this subject may be placed, so as to represent the advantages of paper-credit and banks to be superior to their disadvantages. That they banish specie and bullion from a state is undoubtedly true; and whoever looks no farther than this circumstance does well to condemn them; but specie and bullion are not of so great consequence as not to admit of a compensation, and even an overbalance from the encrease of industry and of credit, which may be promoted by the right use of paper-money. It is well known of what advantage it is to a merchant to be able to discount his bills upon occasion; and every thing that facilitates this species of traffic is favourable to the general commerce of a state. But private bankers are enabled to give such credit by the credit they receive from the depositing of money in their shops; and the bank of ENGLAND in the same manner, from the liberty it has to issue its notes in all payments. There was an invention of this kind, which was fallen upon some years ago by the banks of EDINBURGH; and which, as it is one of the most ingenious ideas that has been executed in commerce, has also been thought advantageous to SCOTLAND. It is there called a BANK-CREDIT; and is of this nature. A man goes to the bank and finds surety° to the amount, we shall suppose, of a thousand pounds. This money, or any part of it, he has the liberty of drawing out whenever he pleases, and he pays only the ordinary interest for it, while it is in his hands. He may, when he pleases, repay any sum so small as twenty pounds, and the interest is discounted from the very day of the repayment. The advantages, resulting from this contrivance, are manifold. As a man may find surety nearly to the amount of his substance, and his bank-credit is equivalent to ready money, a merchant does hereby in a manner coin his houses, his household furniture, the goods in his warehouse, the foreign debts due to him, his ships at sea; and can, upon occasion, employ them in all payments, as if they were the current money of the country. If a man borrow a thousand pounds from a private hand, besides that it is not always to be found when required, he pays interest for it, whether he be using it or not: His bank-credit costs him nothing except during the very moment, in which it is of service to him: And this circumstance is of equal advantage as if he had borrowed money at much lower interest. Merchants, likewise, from this invention, acquire a great facility in supporting each other's credit, which is a considerable security against bankruptcies. A man, when his own bank-credit is exhausted, goes to any of his neighbours who is not in the same condition; and he gets the money, which he replaces at his convenience.[A number of things can cause people's desire to hold gold and silver coins to be reduced. Banknote subsitution is one. Also, the use of bank deposits, instead of vaults full of coins, is another. In addition, merchants' ability to acquire short-term loans (discounting of bills of trade) allowed them to function with less working capital. Contrast with the situation in France as described earlier.]
After this practice had taken place during some years at EDINBURGH, several companies of merchants at GLASGOW carried the matter farther. They associated themselves into different banks, and issued notes so low as ten shillings, which they used in all payments for goods, manufactures, tradesmen's labour of all kinds; and these notes, from the established credit of the companies, passed as money in all payments throughout the country. By this means, a stock of five thousand pounds was able to perform the same operations as if it were six or seven; and merchants were thereby enabled to trade to a greater extent, and to require less profit in all their transactions. But whatever other advantages result from these inventions, it must still be allowed that, besides giving too great facility to credit, which is dangerous, they banish the precious metals; and nothing can be a more evident proof of it, than a comparison of the past and present condition of SCOTLAND in that particular. It was found, upon the recoinage made after the union, that there was near a million of specie in that country: But notwithstanding the great encrease of riches, commerce and manufactures of all kinds, it is thought, that, even where there is no extraordinary drain made by ENGLAND, the current specie will not now amount to a third of that sum.
But as our projects of paper-credit are almost the only expedient, by which we can sink money below its level; so, in my opinion, the only expedient, by which we can raise money above it, is a practice which we should all exclaim against as destructive, namely, the gathering of large sums into a public treasure, locking them up, and absolutely preventing their circulation. The fluid, not communicating with the neighbouring element, may, by such an artifice, be raised to what height we please. To prove this, we need only return to our first supposition, of annihilating the half or any part of our cash; where we found, that the immediate consequence of such an event would be the attraction of an equal sum from all the neighbouring kingdoms. Nor does there seem to be any necessary bounds set, by the nature of things, to this practice of hoarding. A small city, like GENEVA, continuing this policy for ages, might engross nine-tenths of the money of EUROPE. There seems, indeed, in the nature of man, an invincible obstacle to that immense growth of riches. A weak state, with an enormous treasure, will soon become a prey to some of its poorer, but more powerful neighbours. A great state would dissipate its wealth in dangerous and ill-concerted projects; and probably destroy, with it, what is much more valuable, the industry, morals, and numbers of its people. The fluid, in this case, raised to too great a height, bursts and destroys the vessel that contains it; and mixing itself with the surrounding element, soon falls to its proper level.
So little are we commonly acquainted with this principle, that, though all historians agree in relating uniformly so recent an event, as the immense treasure amassed by HARRY VII. (which they make amount to g2,700,000 pounds,) we rather reject their concurring testimony, than admit of a fact, which agrees so ill with our inveterate prejudices. It is indeed probable, that this sum might be three-fourths of all the money in ENGLAND. But where is the difficulty in conceiving, that such a sum might be amassed in twenty years, by a cunning, rapacious, frugal, and almost absolute monarch? Nor is it probable, that the diminution of circulating money was ever sensibly felt by the people, or ever did them any prejudice. The sinking of the prices of all commodities would immediately replace it, by giving ENGLAND the advantage in its commerce with the neighbouring kingdoms.
Have we not an instance, in the small republic of ATHENS with its allies, who, in about fifty years, between the MEDIAN and PELOPONNESIAN wars, amassed ha sum not much inferior to that of HARRY VII.? For all the GREEK historians and orators agree, that the ATHENIANS collected in the citadel more than 10,000 talents, which they afterwards dissipated to their own ruin, in rash and imprudent enterprizes. But when this money was set a running, and began to communicate with the surrounding fluid; what was the consequence? Did it remain in the state? No. For we find, by the memorable census mentioned by DEMOSTHENES and POLYBIUS, that, in about fifty years afterwards, the whole value of the republic, comprehending lands, houses, commodities, slaves, and money, was less than 6000 talents.
What an ambitious high-spirited people was this, to collect and keep in their treasury, with a view to conquests, a sum, which it was every day in the power of the citizens, by a single vote, to distribute among themselves, and which would have gone near to triple the riches of every individual! For we must observe, that the numbers and private riches of the ATHENIANS are said, by ancient writers, to have been no greater at the beginning of the PELOPONNESIAN war, than at the beginning of the MACEDONIAN.
Money was little more plentiful in GREECE during the age of PHILIP and PERSEUS, than in ENGLAND during that of HARRY VII.: Yet these two monarchs in thirty years collected from the small kingdom of MACEDON, a larger treasure than that of the ENGLISH monarch. PAULUS ÆMILIUS brought to ROME about 1,700,000 pounds Sterling. PLINY says, 2,400,000. And that was but a part of the MACEDONIAN treasure. The rest was dissipated by the resistance and flight of PERSEUS.*61
We may learn from STANIAN, that the canton of BERNE had 300,000 pounds lent at interest, and had above six times as much in their treasury. Here then is a sum hoarded of 1,800,000 pounds Sterling, which is at least quadruple what should naturally circulate in such a petty state; and yet no one, who travels in the PAIS DE VAUX, or any part of that canton, observes any want of money more than could be supposed in a country of that extent, soil, and situation. On the contrary, there are scarce any inland provinces in the continent of FRANCE or GERMANY, where the inhabitants are at this time so opulent, though that canton has vastly encreased its treasure since 1714, the time when STANIAN wrote his judicious account of SWITZERLAND.
The account given by APPIAN of the treasure of the PTOLEMIES, is so prodigious, that one cannot admit of it; and so much the less, because the historian says, that the other successors of ALEXANDER were also frugal, and had many of them treasures not much inferior. For this saving humour of the neighbouring princes must necessarily have checked the frugality of the EGYPTIAN monarchs, according to the foregoing theory. The sum he mentions is 740,000 talents, or 191,166,666 pounds 13 shillings and 4 pence, according to Dr. ARBUTHNOT'S computation. And yet APPIAN says, that he extracted his account from the public records; and he was himself a native of ALEXANDRIA.
From these principles we may learn what judgment we ought to form of those numberless bars, obstructions, and imposts, which all nations of EUROPE, and none more than ENGLAND, have put upon trade; from an exorbitant desire of amassing money, which never will heap up beyond its level, while it circulates; or from an ill-grounded apprehension of losing their specie, which never will sink below it. Could any thing scatter our riches, it would be such impolitic contrivances. But this general ill effect, however, results from them, that they deprive neighbouring nations of that free communication and exchange which the Author of the world has intended, by giving them soils, climates, and geniuses, so different from each other.[A government that wished to accumulate large amounts of gold and silver does not need restrictions on trade. It must either steal the gold and silver in conquest, or receive it in taxes and tribute, and then not spend it again. In this way, a government is no different than a private individual.]
Our modern politics embrace the only method of banishing money, the using of paper-credit; they reject the only method of amassing it, the practice of hoarding; and they adopt a hundred contrivances, which serve to no purpose but to check industry, and rob ourselves and our neighbours of the common benefits of art and nature.["The only method of amassing it, the practice of hoarding," or what I am calling "saving."]
All taxes, however, upon foreign commodities, are not to be regarded as prejudicial or useless, but those only which are founded on the jealousy above-mentioned. A tax on GERMAN linen encourages home manufactures, and thereby multiplies our people and industry. A tax on brandy encreases the sale of rum, and supports our southern colonies. And as it is necessary, that imposts should be levied, for the support of government, it may be thought more convenient to lay them on foreign commodities, which can easily be intercepted at the port, and subjected to the impost. We ought, however, always to remember the maxim of Dr. SWIFT, That, in the arithmetic of the customs, two and two make not four, but often make only one.*64 It can scarcely be doubted, but if the duties on wine were lowered to a third, they would yield much more to the government than at present: Our people might thereby afford to drink commonly a better and more wholesome liquor; and no prejudice would ensue to the balance of trade, of which we are so jealous. The manufacture of ale beyond the agriculture is but inconsiderable, and gives employment to few hands. The transport of wine and corn would not be much inferior.
But are there not frequent instances, you will say, of states and kingdoms, which were formerly rich and opulent, and are now poor and beggarly? Has not the money left them, with which they formerly abounded? I answer, If they lose their trade, industry, and people, they cannot expect to keep their gold and silver: For these precious metals will hold proportion to the former advantages. When LISBON and AMSTERDAM got the EAST-INDIA trade from VENICE and GENOA, they also got the profits and money which arose from it. Where the seat of government is transferred, where expensive armies are maintained at a distance, where great funds are possessed by foreigners; there naturally follows from these causes a diminution of the specie. But these, we may observe, are violent and forcible methods of carrying away money, and are in time commonly attended with the transport of people and industry. But where these remain, and the drain is not continued, the money always finds its way back again, by a hundred canals, of which we have no notion or suspicion. What immense treasures have been spent, by so many nations, in FLANDERS, since the revolution, in the course of three long wars?*65 More money perhaps than the half of what is at present in EUROPE. But what has now become of it? Is it in the narrow compass of the AUSTRIAN provinces? No, surely: It has most of it returned to the several countries whence it came, and has followed that art and industry, by which at first it was acquired. iFor above a thousand years, the money of EUROPE has been flowing to ROME, by an open and sensible current; but it has been emptied by many secret and insensible canals: And the want of industry and commerce renders at present the papal dominions the poorest territory in all ITALY.
In short, a government has great reason to preserve with care its people and its manufactures. Its money, it may safely trust to the course of human affairs, without fear or jealousy. Or if it ever give attention to this latter circumstance, it ought only to be so far as it affects the former.
* * *
And so we come to the end. Hume does make some errors that suggest a "price/specie flow mechanism," but then also makes observations ("like water everywhere, at an even level") and arguments ("what happens in small portions of mankind, must happen in greater") that contradict such a model. Hume was a little confused. But, it was 1752. Not bad for the era, and much better than conventional wisdom of the time, as Hume describes. Alas, economists today have no such justifications.
Practically speaking, we can see that a modern gold standard system uses gold as a standard of value, and that gold's value is "like water," the same everywhere. Thus, it does not particularly matter whether gold bullion moves here, there or elsewhere, because it is the same value no matter whose vault it is in. Gold-based currencies, likewise, do not change in value whether the Bank of France accumulates gold or the Federal Reserve disaccumulates it. Today, and also in Hume's time as well when there was actually quite a lot of cross-border lending and investment, the "balance of payments" is determined largely by the interaction of the "current accounts" and the "financial accounts," which is a reflection of savings/investment versus borrowing/consumption, which doesn't really have very much to do with the unit of monetary account. In other words, a "current account deficit" is financed by the financial account (cross-border lending and investment, which is a different way of saying trade in assets), not by any movements in actual base money, whether that be gold or even Federal Reserve banknotes.
If all this is still a little confusing, let's think about today's dollar bills. Florida, for example, has a population of 20 million, which is more than a lot of countries in the world, and certainly more than Britain in 1752, which had a population of about 5.5 million. Since Florida does not have a Federal Reserve Bank or a U.S. Mint, all of the dollar bills in Florida must be "imported." It is a little like Britain in 1752, which did not have much in the way of gold or silver mines, and thus had to import most of its gold and silver. People in Florida acquire dollar banknotes in much the way that British people acquired gold and silver coins in the mid-18th century. They receive them in trade for some kind of good, service or asset. Yet, there is no "price/specie flow mechanism" for dollar bills in Florida. The dollars in Florida, "like water," have the same value as dollar bills throughout the United States and indeed the world, since about 50% of all dollar bill banknotes are outside the United States. Prices do not need to go up and down. Many people might have a "shortage of money" in the sense that, for example they are broke and need to pay bills. However, there is never any shortage of the medium of exchange, dollar bills.]


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Three Shareholders from Eicher Motors Promoter Group Sell Their Shares
Anita Lal, Mrs Rukmani Joshi and The Eicher Goodearth Trust, part of the promoter group of Eicher Motors Limited ("EML" or "Company"), have informed the company of selling 1,140,846 equity shares in EML
The number of equity shares they sold constitutes 4.2% of EML's equity shares, for an aggregate realization of INR 2,100 crores. This sale has been done to provide liquidity to the promoters, and the profits will be utilized for personal uses, such as portfolio and other investments, and for charitable purposes.
Following the sale, the promoter group will continue to hold 50.67% stake in EML against 54.87 percent earlier. The promoters have it in mind to maintain a majority share in EML, and do not plan to sell any further shares in the foreseeable coming days.
Siddhartha Lal, Managing Director and CEO, Eicher Motors Limited, who is also a part of the promoter group, stated: "EML is a standout success and we are immensely proud of our company's journey so far. We believe there is a huge growth potential for EML in its domestic and overseas markets. We have the right business strategy and management team to deliver our growth aspirations. I am excited to continue to steer EML's next phase of growth."


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Pic by Arkyan / CC-BY-SA-3.0
AlzheimersNet is your comprehensive guide to memory care in Concord, GA. Memory care facilities offer housing and care for people age 65 and older with Alzheimer's disease and other kinds of dementia. Memory care empowers seniors with memory impairment to stay as active and engaged as possible, while living in a dignified, comfortable and supervised environment. Our local Senior Living Advisors are widely knowledgeable about dementia care in Concord, GA and nearby cities. After an initial assessment, your advisor will prepare a list of memory care providers that most closely match your loved one's unique imperatives for care and living preferences, as well as your family's budget.
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Facts about Concord
Concord is a town in Pike County, Georgia, United States. The population was 336 at the 2000 census.


text: After much coffee and much Scotch and wine in a carefully balanced cycle, my debut contemporary romance series, Thirsty Hearts, has launched! The work is paying off… My three books and one novella are NOW available for sale! Buy print books from Amazon, and ebooks from Amazon, Kobo, iBooks, and Smashwords. Pick your platform and


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South East Asia is full of stunning sceneries and breathtaking views, so we have picked out a few of our favourite's that are a must to add to your bucket list. At the end of the day, there is nothing better than capturing a special moment with a beautiful picture! So check out our top 10 Instagram worthy hot spots below…
1. Halong Bay, Vietnam
To the East of Hanoi, in the north of Vietnam, lies Halong Bay. A Natural Wonder of the world made up of thousands of limestone islands, topped with luscious rainforests whilst being surrounded by vibrant emerald waters. The top two hottest mountain views are best from Bai Tho and Titop mountain. The trek up may get your heart pumping, but it is for sure worth the sweat when you get to the top!
Whether you are on a castaway boat and prefer to enjoy a sunset or fancy diving deep into the clear emerald waters, these views are impossible to beat.
2. Koh Tao, Thailand
Found in the Southwest of Thailand, there is so much more to Koh Tao than just a popular diving destination. Take a short boat ride to Koh Nang Yuan to soak up the sun on the beach before walking up the mountain to this epic viewpoint. The perfect day trip to view the islands from a bird's eye view.
Because have you even travelled to Thailand without coming here?! ;)
3. Angkor Wat, Siem Reap
Cambodia is full of breath-taking views. The endless amounts of ancient history and deserted islands makes this country so special. Angkor Wat however has to be one of the top places to capture the perfect postcard picture on your adventure here. Head to the temple for sunrise to witness an array of colours the sun gives off as it rises over the Buddhas. If you are not an early riser then don't worry as the sunset is just as special. Grab an ice cold drink with some Mango and sticky rice to make the experience complete!
4. Ubud, Bali
Release your inner Tarzan and swing away on the famous 'Bali swing' in Tegalalang, Ubud. The ultimate Instagram photo where you will be surrounded by bright green, glowing jungle trees, with the biggest (and cheesiest) grin on your face.
Spend the afternoon strolling amongst the rice terraces, take part in a cooking lesson and make friends with the locals in the Monkey forest.
5. Chiang Mai, Thailand
Spend a day bathing elephant's and test your adrenaline zip lining through the jungle. The North of Thailand is nothing but picturesque views and endless amounts of activities. If you are heading out in November make sure you do not miss the Yi Peng festival where the sky is lit up by lanterns. Magical!
6. Komodo Islands, Indonesia
Another one of our top 10 Instagram worthy hotspots is no doubt the Padar viewpoint. A real eye-opener to brighten up your news feed. Head off the beaten track in Indonesia to get a slightly different experience than just your everyday Bali traveller. Satonda Island, Kanawa Island and the pink beach are just a few stunning spots in the surrounding area. An absolute must destination on your bucket list!
7. Hoi An, Vietnam
Hoi An. Nothing but a cute and colourful little town. Take a cycle ride around the cobbled streets and try some local street food sat by the river. Other than being a UNESCO world heritage site and an ancient fishing port, the town is also home to getting your very own tailor-made suit or to have a traditional lantern making class. The perfect destination to unwind and experience the beauty Vietnam has to offer.
8. Koh Rong Samloem, Cambodia
Imagine waking up to the sound of waves on your own private beach. Koh Rong Samloem is the perfect peaceful getaway to add to your adventure in S.E.A. Nothing but bright blue crystal waters and white sandy beaches that will make your photography here look like you are a professional. Relax on the swings in the sea and sip on ice cold cocktails while the sun is coming down.... paradise!
9. Mount Batur, Bali
Mount Batur is an active volcano located at the center of two concentric calderas, north-west of Mount Agung on the island of Bali, Indonesia. Get a few hours kip before waking up at 2 am to trek up to the top of the volcano to watch the sunrise over the smoky horizon. The trek is steep but take your time as your morning coffee at the top of the mountain will be unforgettable.
10. Kawasan waterfalls, Philippines
For first time canyoners and waterfall lovers, the Kawasan Falls will be just up your street. Located in Badian, the falls are home to 3 stunning natural waterfalls, which will be found within a luscious green jungle. At 65 feet tall, canyoneering here is not for the faint-hearted, but if you've always wanted to cure your fear of heights, there's no better way to do it. Grab your GoPro while you capture your dive through the falls!
So there you have it, our top 10 Instagram worthy hot spots in South East Asia. Check out our trips here to get yourself in the frame of these epic photos.
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Scottsdale, AZ (PRWEB) June 27, 2013
Over the course of the past ten months, Edgenuity has hosted a series of Executive Leadership Summits on Blended Learning across the country to foster discussion about the future of online and blended learning. These "first-of-their-kind" events highlighted how online and blended learning solutions are being implemented to meet a range of district needs, including schools that are using Edgenuity's extensive, standards-aligned courses to meet the upcoming Common Core standards. Dozens of schools from across the country shared their blended learning success stories, including:
- Matt Covington, Assistant Principal of Goochland High School in Goochland, Virginia, who spoke to his positive experiences with online and blended learning after the Richmond, Virginia Summit. Covington noted, "Through our partnership with Edgenuity, we have the ability to support students in credit recovery, increase academic options not offered within our current curricula, and assist those students that are homebound for a temporary time."
- Adam Hile, Associate Director for Curriculum and Instruction at Klein Independent School District of Klein, Texas, who attended the Houston, Texas Summit. "We have a need to ensure all students have a differentiated curriculum, with multiple opportunities to earn credit and master content using tools that are comfortable for them," he noted. "Students who struggle in traditional learning environments excel in a blended environment because they are provided different ways to demonstrate their learning. Teachers are able to pinpoint student needs and intervene in appropriate ways."
"We hosted these Summits to advance the conversation about blended learning and have an honest discussion around what's working well, what the challenges are, and how schools and districts are using digital solutions to improve student performance," said Sari Factor, CEO of Edgenuity. "School leaders have shared how blended learning models are helping to achieve a more student-centered learning experience. We heard firsthand how Edgenuity is freeing up good teachers to be great, allowing them to focus on high-value teaching activities like coaching and providing students with a more personalized instructional experience instead of delivering lectures and grading tests."
To date, 13 Summits have been held in 11 states including Arizona, California, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, New Mexico, New York, Texas, Virginia and Wisconsin. Over 700 school and district leaders have attended.
"Edgenuity's Summits helped school leaders push their thinking about how to transform their classrooms based on a more personalized and mastery-based model," said Heather Staker, Senior Research Fellow at the Clayton Christensen Institute, author, and guest speaker at many of the Summits. "Participants at the Summits shared ideas, asked questions, and walked away with a clearer vision of how they can help lead the education technology transformation."
Based on the in-depth discussions with educators who attended the Summits, Edgenuity has compiled an Online and Blended Learning Workbook to serve as a comprehensive planning guide for schools and districts that are interested in implementing online and blended learning programs. Schools and districts now have a roadmap based on real-world experience that can guide them through the process of getting an online learning program started to help achieve better student outcomes. For school leaders interested in obtaining a copy of the Workbook, please click here.
About Edgenuity
Edgenuity (formerly E2020, Inc) provides engaging online education solutions that propel success for every student, empower every teacher to deliver more effective instruction, and enable schools and districts to meet their academic goals. Edgenuity delivers a range of Core Curriculum, AP®, Elective, Career and Technical Education (CTE), and Credit Recovery courses aligned to the rigor and high expectations of state, Common Core and iNACOL standards and designed to inspire life-long learning. Fully flexible for use in any blended or online learning model, Edgenuity supports an environment where personalized learning is possible. With 185 semester-long courses and growing, Edgenuity has already driven outcomes for more than one million students in schools and districts across the country. For more information, and to see Edgenuity in action, visit Edgenuity.com.


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My work for White Zinfandel and Kunstverein NY is the result of curator Ashley Rawlings inviting selected artists to draw inspiration from a chapter of the very controversial and very abrasive manual for the perfect little terrorist that is The Anarchist Cookbook.
The chapter I chose is titled « Voice-activated tape recorders ».
I most likely opted for it because it defied any direct translation which struck me as an immediate paradox – it was the only chapter of the book to deal directly with human voices whereas my work needed to fit onto paper. A voice-activated tape recorder is a device that switches on solely when words are pronounced and which is used to tap the enemy's phone (by the representative of the established order, government or associated with the government). It saves from having to listen through many hours of wiretapping in order to find those precious few seconds of emitted calls…
I asked myself whether it was possible to invent a machine working in the exact reversed manner. A mechanism that would record everything but human voices. Silences as well as background noises, shocks, rustling, sighs, etc. Evidently, today's technology, more particularly voice recognition, enables the making of such a device which I would have pursued if my work didn't need to lend itself to the magazine print and online edition of White Zinfandel. I then wrote a short story in which the narrator has manufactured this silence-activated tape recorder and uses it during a week spent travelling with his friend/girlfriend/whatever in order to tape what is essential according to him. After writing this particular short story, I decided to make this voyage. I left and travelled all the way to the south of France then Paris and then London where I spent a week. I have photographed this trip and this week like the magnetic tape of my imaginary machine would have recorded it: I visually documented the silences, the dents, the waiting, the in between. I've photographed the instants that don't speak but tell so much. I'm questioning the matter of language, of words, of what is left unsaid, because at my age I still don't know whether it is better to speak or to be quiet.
Julien Levy


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Composing An Excellent Thesis Paper Conclusion
Coming up with an ending to an essay is as difficult as figuring out a way to begin it. Still, the introduction and conclusion of any piece of writing is crucial to the integrity of the paper. The introduction essentially catches the reader's attention, and the conclusion summarizes the content and the purpose of writing in the first place. To compose an excellent paper conclusion, follow some of the suggestions below, and you will be on your way to demonstrating to your reader the importance of the topic you researched.
- Restate topic or thesis
- This is one of the things that we are told whenever we are writing a paper. Make sure to restate the reason you are writing. No worries though, the statement can appear anywhere in the conclusion but make sure it is not the exact statement you made in the introduction. Restating your topic reminds the reader the reason you started writing.
- Summarize main points
- The main points are usually seen in the body and are backed up with facts and numbers in the form of peer-reviewed journal articles. So in the conclusion, be sure to make a quick summary of these points so that your reader does not forget the points you made earlier in the paper.
- Avoid writing in first person
- The thesis paper is a professional document and should be written in formal language. Remember to keep the language consistent throughout the entire writing including the conclusion. Consistency is key.
- Avoid bringing up new ideas
- There is a reason this is the conclusion. There is no room for the addition of new ideas. A new idea would likely require a new paper altogether. Bringing up a new idea will make you look like you don't know how to remain organized throughout your writing. If you do want to write a new idea, spin it so that it becomes a question that your reader would want to find answers to.
- Include insight
- The reason for the research and, therefore, the writing is to contribute some knowledge to the field. After everything, provide some insight into where you think the field will go or propose some question that peers might think about and might want to know more about. By adding insight, your reader can measure your understanding of your topic.
Composing An Excellent Thesis Paper Conclusion
Writing is a tough work and concluding your paper and finalizing your thoughts in a clear and concise way is essential. However, it is a good idea to do so in a way that leaves an impression on your reader. Having a good concluding paragraph, sometimes, can decide whether your topic is memorable.


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Fly nonstop from New York to Tokyo for $897 round-trip on United/ANA.
Searching United, we found seats for last minute travel, departing JKF on Wednesday, April 27, returning from NRT on Monday, May 9.
Just a handful of dates are available for late April departures, returning throughout May.
Visit our Tokyo NRT fare listings for a complete look at current deals.
Need a room in Tokyo? Here's what's available for the above dates on Hotelwatchdog.


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DQM — a truly fantastic skateshop in New York, if you're around — has made a great, simple accessory: the leather and brass keychain. Better and less grimy than a carabiner with keys attached (not to mention less janitor-y), while still managing to be both ornamental and completely un-flashy. Basically perfect. Also, it keeps your keys in place.
Stumbled upon this morning in a haze on HypeBeast.


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|Nick Saban with acolyte A.J. McCarron.
Here's some bad news for those that have been hoping that Alabama head football coach Nick Saban would join the growing number of coaches on Twitter. Saban has announced that he has no time for you or your Twitter feed.
"I've never considered joining Twitter, nor do I know why anybody would," Saban said. "There's a lot of people that do and I guess that I'm one of the ones in the minority."
Saban and South Carolina's Steve Spurrier are the only members of the SEC's head coaching ranks not on Twitter. Don't expect either one to be shouting "YESSIR!" or posting fishing pics on Twitter to skirt annoying NCAA regulations on head coaches commenting on recruits.
(via AL.com)


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Your skin signals much about you – how much you care for yourself, your age, and how much you have been exposed to the elements. Keeping your skin looking young, feeling soft and supple, and avoiding the onset of wrinkles, lines, and creases can be achieved with various non-invasive, non-surgical treatments. Modern scientific advances in cosmetic technology makes it possible to restore and rejuvenate your skin and keep it glowing, healthy, youthful and firm for far longer than ever before. Dr. Egrari offers a full range of non-surgical skin enhancement procedures at his exquisite, state-of-the-art medical spa in Seattle.
Master Esthetician
PNW born and raised, Jessica is a Master Esthetician with a passion for the skincare industry. As a graduate of The Euro Institute, she joins our team with many years in the beauty industry and a vast amount of knowledge in medical grade skin treatments, lasers, skin care products and lash extensions. Growing up in a small town in the Pacific Northwest, she made the trek to Seattle to pursue her other passion of dance by joining the Seattle Seahawks cheer leading squad "The Sea Gals" to cheer on the Seahawks for 3 seasons. In her own time, Jessica enjoys spending time with her husband and two dogs – Gus and Charlie.To see some of Jessica's before and after photos, follow her on Instagram @pnwskincare.
Master Esthetician
Our Master Esthetician, Serina, brings almost 2 decades of medical skincare and aesthetic experience to Egrari Plastic Surgery Center. She has received advanced medical training on laser treatments and is dedicated to educating our patients in all aspects of skincare. Serina specializes in combining the most forward approach in laser technology and products to ensure patients experience a beautiful change in their skin. Naturally, her passion for skin health and aesthetics lead her to the art of Microblading and she is one of the most sought-after artists in Washington. To see the remarkable transformations of skin and brows, you can follow her on social media @serina_skinandbrow. In her free time, Serina loves to travel and spend time with her husband and their adorable children, Penelope and William.
2950 Northup Way Bellevue, WA 98004
Plastic Surgery Center, Suite 100 | (425) 827-7878
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© Sepehr Egrari MD FACS PC. All rights reserved.


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The Baldwin County Board of Education, in cooperation with HNH Immunizations Inc., will once again offer the influenza (FLU) vaccines in schools October 21-22, 2019. The vaccination will be made available to all students, except for students who are dependents of parents insured by the Public Education Employee Health Insurance Program (PEEHIP). Employee's children are given the opportunity to participate in the Alabama Department of Public Health Wellness school clinics and arenot eligible for this program.
The live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), also known as the nasal spray, is not available for the 2019-2020 School Year. We will only offer the injectable vaccine.
Consent forms were sent to all parents directly from the school. The consent form must be completed and signed by the parents. Please return the form to your child's school nurse. Students will not receive the vaccine without a properly signed consent form.


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On Tour with... ... Danko Rabrenović through Düsseldorf
In Düsseldorf everything is only 10 minutes away: a fact that Danko Rabrenović really likes about this metropolis on the Rhein, which he has chosen as his home and the epicenter of his life. Let us take you through Danko's Düsseldorf on a bicycle.
To begin with, this was not a voluntary choice. Born on February 9, 1969 in Zagreb as son of a Croatian and a Serbian, the musician, author and radio jockey reached Germany as a refugee and had to leave behind Belgrad, the city where he grew up, where his friends live and where he founded his first band, in order to evade military service in possibly the bloodiest of all conflicts that Europe has seen since the end of the second world War. Thus, he can relate to all whose flight from their country led them right across the globe to Europe where they are living now. However, he emphasizes the point that he didn't have to "travel in a shitty boat over the Mediterranean" and to steer to an uncertain fate in a reception camp.
At Rheinufer | Photo: © Christopher Poltorak Danko had an aunt in Recklinghausen who back then in the early 20s took him into her family house. For him, the escape from his country consisted in boarding an airplane to leave his homeland. All the same, he knows the feeling of leaving behind all that one loves or is used to. And he also knows the adversities that lie in the way in Germany, the new home, when all one wants is to begin a new life here. Innumerable hours in the waiting hall of the foreign office and a long indeterminate stay are clear evidence of this.
The First Hop: KITDanko, who sees himself as a kind of a modern nomad, likes to be on the move. Without leaving his familiar surroundings and widening his horizons a man can hardly understand other cultures and other people. One who stays home always misses out an important shaping of character; a circumstance which ever so often leads to the behavior that manifests itself these days in the form of anger or hatred towards foreigners.
Danko and I are also on the move today. After days of rain there is finally a weather prospect which allows us to be on our bicycle seats together and take off from Düsseldorf. Our meeting point is the Cafe of KIT, short for "Kunst im Tunnel", on the bank of the Rhein in the immediate vicinity of the Landtag and within the range of vision of the top of the television tower. Danko likes to hang around here.
In the KIT | Photo: © Christopher Poltorak The crowd is usually very mixed and there's often live music. "There are not many places in Düsseldorf where they play music before a variegated audience. I am not 20 anymore and don't like places which stink of piss and smoke anymore. I prefer places about which I know: There's soap in the toilet." Even though he and the band 'Trovači' that he founded with his brother, after "over 300 gigs in the ass" still play in places which don't exactly fit his notion. The KIT, however, is precisely the kind of place that Danko appreciates. Not only is a beautiful panorama with a view of the Rhein on offer, there are also Jam sessions, cakes and exhibitions.
Home is in the heartDanko says about himself that he likes travelling. He relates a positive feeling to it. "It's a story which all modern nomads have in common. We carry the home in our hearts; it's not a geographical coordinate but a feeling. On the way to a new place, a person always expects something good. But once he reachs there, he experiences certain things apart from all the beautiful things that he would rather forget, which would be better in 'the other home'." Looking back, Danko believes that he already had this feeling in his childhood. In his youth, however, it was "not his theme", what really brought it forth was leaving the former Yugoslavia. The first impression that Düsseldorf made on him was, however, not the best. Even though Düsseldorf was a step up from Recklinghausen, at first it seemed boring, bourgeois, too clean and rich. It was his studies and his girlfriend at that time that brought him there. "Each time I visited friends in Paris or Berlin and then sat in the S-bahn again, I would think: What are you doing here? But today, 20 years later, I find Düsseldorf lovely. As a family man with children, I won't like to live in Berlin. Here, everything is manageable."
Down the Rhein towards Tonhalle and to the Rhein meadowOn the bike | Photo: © Christopher Poltorak In order to be able to understand this manageability that Düsseldorf offers, despite being a Metropolis, Danko pedals with us and we ride on one of his favorite tracks along the Rhein leading to Tonhalle. The Old Town with its "bad music and completely dunk men" lies to our right. This part of Düsseldorf doesn't enchant 'the Balkanizer' so much, although as a student he would often spend evenings in the Ratinger Street " to meet friends, to chat and to look at girls" and for a short while worked in the kitchen of a Mexican restaurant on Bolker Street, "the drunken tourist mile". It drizzled a little as we reached the foot of the Tonhalle. The terrace which has a scenic view of the Rhein towards Oberkassel is closed; therefore, we head straight to the Golzheimer Rheinwiesen.
Golzheimer Fußballwiese | Photo: © Christopher Poltorak Along this extensive green strip Danko meets every Sunday since eternity with a handful of friends to play football. "Not 11 against 11 with big goals. We have bought small goals; we play 3 against 3 with the last man as goalkeeper. For us it's less of sport then a social element. This is how we see each other regularly despite a job and a family. It's difficult otherwise to fix a date and time."
Between the bakers and the office: The NordstraßeFrom here we go on our bicycles right through Pempelfort to Nordstraße. On this busy street Danko finds everything that he wants: His supermarket, the bio-shop as well as the family doctor and the Dpd-shop through which he dispatches CDs and Vinyls to fans. But also his whole microcosm in Düsseldorf is located in the immediate vicinity with a maximum distance of 10 minutes. All members of his band live here, between Pempelfort and Zooviertel beyond the railway line. He lives with his wife and two children; the studio and the rehearsal room are located in the backyard with around 120 m² including his office. "Earlier I worked at home but at some point it didn't work anymore. When the second child comes to your life, then you can't work at home without interruptions anymore. You can't simply shut the door. In my office I can concentrate completely on my work, but am always a call away. My daughter goes to the school around the corner; if there's something I am able to go there immediately."
Center for Creativity, MünsterstraßeAt Nordstraße | Photo: © Christopher Poltorak The destination of our bicycle tour is finally this rehearsal room of Trovači, which is at the same time Danko's office. On his study table, I found a framed black-and-white photo of a man in a radio studio. Danko explains that this is his father, a journalist for Radio Belgrad, at work. Just like his father, Danko also works for a radio station, for the international radio program 'Funkhaus Europe' on the WDR station in Cologne. However, he had never any plans to follow in his father's footsteps.
"My focus in my youth was the band; I wanted to be a pop star", says Danko. "But it just so happened that I ended up with a former colleague of my mother at the WDR. However, I realize now how many things I have been learnt as a child of two radio journalists. The photo on my study table is, nevertheless, a coincidence. When my father died in 97, I saw this picture and picked it up. At that time I was not yet in radio. The insane part is that he never got to know that my brother and I ended up in radio. But he would certainly have been proud of us." In his programme 'Balkanizer', he talks to people from his neighbourhood and some, with whom he comes into contact, about their stories and their connection to the Balkan. Since 500 episodes, music and oral history have been combined in it.
Borderless Balkan, boundary-less worldBalkan means for 'The Balkanizer' not only the former Yugoslavia but also the surrounding area from Romania, Greece uptil Albania. "Borders, patriotism and identification are repugnant to me. It's all just pigeonholing, prejudices according to which we are categorized and according to which we order our lives. It begins early on. When you're in a stadium, you're a fan of your team, when you travel you are suddenly a German at least when you look that way. If you have a German passport but you are black, then people ask you where you come from. You say then: From Germany; then they ask you where you were born. When you say: In Germany, then they ask you where is your origin, if it's Eritrea or Sudan. That is nonsense because you're a man not a piece of a puzzle. The older a man grows, the more complicated and perplexing this picture becomes. That is however a good complexity. No man is like the other. Even two brothers who were brought up the same way can be completely different: One may be a murderer, the other a saint."
At the desk | Photo: © Christopher Poltorak From his radio show 'Balkanizer' emerged Danko's first book 'Der Balkanizer. Ein Jugo in Deutschland' (The Balkanizer: A Yugoslavian in Germany). Collaborating with a friend, Danko, after having presented so many stories about the lives of others in his show, in 2010 finally wrote his own. One thing is certain: Although he formulated some of the things in a different way, it's basically his own story. His second book 'Herzlich willkommencic: Heimatgeschichten vom Balkanizer' was published earlier this year. Here he goes more in detail over his daily life events between his Balkan and Germany and the small differences that finally result in a symbiosis.
Four Balkans, three German guest-workersWith his guitar | Photo: © Christopher Poltorak Sitting in the creative center of Danko Rabrenović we came to talk about his band Trovači. While the selection of music in his radio show shows that his Balkan which crosses borders has more to offer than Balkan-Beats and Balkan brass bands and also Punk, Jazz, Hiphop and many others, Trovači began as a homage to the Yugoslavian New Wave, to "the soundtrack of our youth", according to Danko. All members of Trovači have their roots in Balkan.
At the drums | Photo: © Christopher Poltorak "Well, not all. When we grew in number, we got two others too. Those are our guest-workers. They are both German and come, just like our sound man from Cologne", adds Danko with his peculiar cryptic grin. With his band Danko combines an air of ease and a kind of self-mockery which most bands today lack but which was present in the music of the 80s. After the cover pieces of the first CD "Balkanplatte", all the following CDs had specific songs which carried the same spirit as the first CD.
The new album 'Aprililili', which appeared in 2015, also hits a note of social criticism. "The song 'Che' is about the runarounds of the politicians in Yugloslavia. It just doesn't change, no matter who comes into power. It's always the nationalists who are corrupt. We also have a song about how we are all being bugged by the NSA. It's obviously in English, so that we don't have to employ a translator."


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Gourmet Sorbet
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