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History of Coffee: Part IV – Commercialisation of Coffee
Posted by TheShot on 27 Feb 2006 | Tagged as: Beans, Consumer Trends, Quality Issues, Roasting, Robusta
That famous portal for coffee connoisseurs, DailyIndia.com (?!?), keeps the hits on coming. This time it's the latest installment on the history of coffee: History of Coffee: Part IV – Commercialisation of Coffee.
The so-called 'Dark Ages' of coffee lasted from the mid-19th Century to the late 20th Century. In that time, roasted coffee went from a neighborhood (dare I say artisan?) product, often roasted at home, to a highly commercialized and industrialized commodity that looked and tasted nothing like coffee — all in the name of convenience and modernization.
Beginning with John Arbuckle in 1865, packages of ground, roasted coffee were marketed and distributed regionally. By glazing the roasted beans like an Easter ham, Arbuckle developed a method for retaining some of the roasted coffee's freshness while transporting the product over longer and longer distances. This process was later extended to national and international distribution networks.
The pursuit of profit — rather than quality — also lead to heavy use of cheaper robusta bean stocks. Ultimately, the death of coffee culminated in the introduction of coffee's Orange Tang equivalent, instant coffee, in the 20th Century … where the end product resembled processed grit-in-a-can rather than anything you would call coffee.
The author, James Grierson, has written four other parts in this online series on the history of coffee: Coffee Knowledge.
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subset: commoncrawl


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National Survey on Drug Use and HealthThe findings of the study, led by Dr. Ramin Mojtabail, come from an analysis of data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health between 2005 and 2014, LiveScience reports. The data indicates that depression among adolescents and young adults has risen dramatically, especially among young women. Major depressive episodes affected 11.3 percent of adolescents in 2014, compared to 8.7 percent in 2005. A major depressive episode is characterized by persisting for two weeks or more. Major depressive episode symptoms include:
- Feelings of Emptiness
- Hopelessness
- Irritability
"The growing number of depressed adolescents and young adults who do not receive any mental health treatment for their [major depressive episode] calls for renewed outreach efforts."


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On this day in 1907: Billed as "an extra added attraction," Carry Nation appears in Salisbury's Fourth of July parade. After inspecting local saloons — at 61, she is no longer busting them up — she declares the town a "hell hole." Nation's month-long N.C. tour concludes in Raleigh. Raleigh Electric Co., whose streetcars profit […]
Archive for July 4th, 2018
Carry Nation finds Salisbury a 'hell hole'
Posted in On This Day, tagged carry nation, pullen park, raleigh nc, salisbury nc on July 4, 2018 | Leave a Comment »


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(Historical Drama) (1997) © 2000 by Raymond Weschler
Major Characters
Cinque........................Djimon Hounsou An African farmer of the Mende tribe, who is kidnapped from his West African home and sold into slavery. After leading a revolt against the Spanish crew of the slave ship Amistad, he soon finds himself on trial for murder in a small courthouse in the state of Connecticut. Roger Baldwin..................Matthew McConaughey A Connecticut real estate lawyer who agrees to work for Cinque and his fellow slaves by trying to prove in court that they were not born slaves, and therefore could not legally ever become slaves. Theodore Joadson................Morgan Freeman A former slave who lives in the state of Connecticut and is an official of the American Abolitionist Society, which works for the elimination of slavery in the US. John Quincy Adams...............Anthony Hopkins The sixth President of the US (1825-1829), who was in fact a Congressman from Massachusetts in 1839, who agrees to work for the release of Cinque and his fellow slaves. Lewis Tappan....................Stellan Skarsgard A leader of the American Abolitionist Society. Holabird.........................Pete Postlewaite The District Attorney of Hartford Connecticut, who prosecutes Cinque and his fellow slaves for murder, and who wants the slaves returned to the Spanish traders who had bought them (Ruiz and Montes). President Van Buren...............Nigel Hawthorne The 8th President of the United States, and a silly politician who was most concerned that the problems with the Amistad did not lead to his defeat in the election of 1840. Secretary of State Forsyth.........David Paymer Van Burens Secretary of State, who argues before the Court that the Queen of Spain had a right to the slaves since they were the property of two Spanish citizens (A Secretary of State is responsible for the foreign relations of the US). John C. Calhoun.....................Arliss Howard A Southern Senator from South Carolina who warns President Van Buren that if the Amistad slaves were released, then Southern states in the US may go to war in order to protect the institution of slavery. Judge Juttson........................Alan Rich The first judge in the Amistad case, who is forced to resign from the case after Van Buren and Forsyth worry that he would free the slaves. Judge Coglin.........................Jeremy Northam The second judge in the case, personally selected by Forsyth to replace Judge Juttson. Justice Joseph Story................Harry Blackmun A Supreme Court Justice who reads the Amistad decision (Note that Harry Blackmun, who plays Story in this film, was in fact a real Supreme Court Justice from 1970 to 1994).
Plot Summary
This film is based on a true story, that took place in 1839. The Amistad was a Spanish slave-trading ship that was transporting a group of recently kidnapped Africans from Havana Cuba to another port in Cuba. The Africans, led by a powerful man named Cinque, rose up against the Spanish crew of the ship in a violent attempt to escape (Cinque was from the Mende tribe, which lived in West Africa). After they took control of the ship, two Spanish slave traders named Ruiz and Montes said that they would help the ship get back to Africa, but in fact, the Amistad ended up off the coast of the Northern state of Connecticut. American officials immediately arrested the Africans and charged them with murder for the revolt on the ship, and thus Cinque and his fellow Africans soon found themselves at the center of a huge and long legal battle that would decide their own futures as well as further divide the United States over the horribly bitter issue of slavery. After Cinque and his 43 fellow Africans are arrested and put on trial, a Connecticut real estate lawyer named Roger Baldwin and a former slave named Theodore Joadson decide to do whatever they can to get the Amistad Africans freed. For Baldwin, its simply a "property issue," and thus if he could prove that Cinque and the others were kidnapped in Africa, he knows he can show a judge that they were not legally slaves, and thus had the right to rebel on the ship. For Joadson, the issue is a moral one, and no matter where Cinque was born, he believes that the Africans must be freed, for indeed, as a member of the Abolitionist society, he is fighting to eliminate slavery itself. Over time, Baldwin comes to realize that the struggle of Cinque cannot be looked at as just another property issue, but as he fights for their freedom as free human beings, he also realizes that he will not have the legal skills to fight against a system that seems determined to keep the Africans as slaves, if for no other reason than to prevent the United States from moving closer to civil war. In fact, a lower court judge does decide to free Cinque, but when the federal government appeals the case all the way to the US Supreme Court, Baldwin convinces John Quincy Adams, the ex-President of the US and now a well known anti-slavery Congressman, to present the case for the Africans. In so doing, Adams will do his best to show that in this case, the law and morality are on their side, and thus the Amistad Africans must be freed even if it brings the United States closer to civil war.
A Brief Summary of Legal Positions that were Presented in the Amistad Case:
District Attorney Holabird
: He prosecutes Cinque and his colleagues for the murder of the Spanish crew of the Amistad, and he probably would have agreed to have them returned to the Spanish "owners," Ruiz and Montes.
Ruiz and Montes
: They want the slaves returned to their possession.
Lieutenants Gedney and Meade
: They were US navy officers who claim possession of the slaves as "salvage," because they were the ones who brought the Amistad ashore off the coast of Connecticut.
Secretary of State Forsyth
: He argues for the President of the United States and the US Government, that the slaves should be returned to the Queen of Spain, in order to protect Spanish-American relations.
Roger Baldwin
: He argues that the slaves should be freed, for they were in fact born free in Africa, and therefore could not legally be slaves at all, and thus they had every right to fight back against the Spanish crew of the Amistad.
John Quincy Adams (arguing before the US Supreme Court)
: He argues that the natural state of man is to be free, and that the Amistad Africans must be freed. He also strongly implies that slavery itself must eventually be eliminated, even if means that it would draw the US closer to civil war.
A Brief Historical Note on Slavery and the Amistad:
In 1808, the importing of slaves to the United States was made illegal (The previous year, in 1807, the transporting of slaves was made illegal throughout the British Empire, including from Englands African colonies). However, slavery itself remained a dominant part of life in the Southern states of the United States (such as Alabama and Mississippi), while it was strongly opposed in the Northern States (such as New York and Connecticut).At the time of the Amistad incident in 1839, there were millions of slaves in the South, but slavery was illegal in the North, where black people lived freely (although still as second class citizens). It is important to note that the Amistad case was a symbolically important development in American history, in that it showed how bitterly divided the United States was at the time. However, it had no direct impact on either the course of US history or slavery itself. The United States remained divided over the slavery issue, but it was not until the Civil War of 1861-1865 that slavery was finally eliminated in the US.
Some Words and Expressions that You May not Know
The Amistad Africans rebel against their captors off the coast of Cuba,
but soon find themselves in prison in Connecticut, charged with murder.
I have to
, dont I? [written Spanish] A rare naval term meaning to change direction. We have to
them [written Spanish] "To signal" is to communicate with sound or action. Hell run and hide. Then we both start
. "To yell" is to scream or shout.
Lay up
. Mr. Packwold. ::
Aye, aye
, Sir. To "lay up" is to slow down or stop. "Aye aye" is a very dated way for a sailor to say yes.
Come on, come on
! The most versatile phrasal verb in English, in this case meaning hurry! Make way for the stinking
. A "heathen" is a very negative word for a person who doesnt belong to one of the major religions such as Christianity or Judaism. Your Royal Highness. [written Spanish] A formal way to address a queen. God bless you all! A typical (religious) way to express good luck. There are 3-4,000,000 negros in this country; Why
on earth
should I concern myself with these 44? An interesting addition to WH questions to show emotion such as surprise or frustration. Its too small to be a transatlantic
. An old word for a ship that transported slaves. Theyre
West Indies
. A "plantation" was a large farm in which many slaves worked the fields to grow crops such as cotton. The "West Indies" refers to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. They dont look it; Not from the
glimpse I caught
of them. "To catch a glimpse" of something is to be able to look at it for just a second or two. They have these
. A "scar" is a mark on the skin that is left from a cut or injury. They were first
by officers of a
salvage brig
off the coast of
Long Island
. "To detain" a person is to hold them or prevent them from leaving. A "salvage brig" is a boat that tries to save property that has been lost or damaged at sea. Long Island is a famous island by New York City. They were
New Haven
under what authority
I dont know, and given over to the local
. In this case, "to convey" a person is to transport or move them. New Haven is the capital of the state of Connecticut. To do something "under the authority" of somebody is to do it with their official power or approval, and a "constabulary" is an old word for a local government official who was responsible for certain court functions. The
is the day after tomorrow. A legal word for the process in a courtroom where a person is officially charged with a crime. Perhaps a
for illegal arrest and detainment to
things. A "writ" is an official paper written by a judge ordering a person to do something (In this case, ordering the release of a prisoner). "To stall" something is to try and delay it until later. Make sure they have good
. An official word for lawyer or attorney. The Emancipator. This was a very famous anti-slavery newspaper ("To emancipate" is to free or liberate). Here ye, hear ye A very dated way of calling a group of people to attention. In the matter of the
district court
of the United States of America, in this, the year of our Lord, 1839, the
Andrew T. Judson
. A "district court" is the lowest level federal (national) court, as opposed to a state court. A judge is often referred to as "honorable" as a way of showing respect. "To preside" over a courtroom is to rule or direct it. If it pleases
your honor
. :: The
district attorney
Holabird. "Your honor" is a respectful way of referring to judges (which is still used today!) The "bench" is a common way of referring to a judge, and a "district attorney" is a government lawyer who is often responsible for prosecuting accused criminals. I would like to present to
the court
, your honor, charges of
and murder...against the
. "The court" is a very common way of referring to a judge (or group of judges). "Piracy" is the act of stealing or illegally taking control of a ship. The "accused" is a person who has been charged with a crime. Your honor, I have a
for a
writ of habeas corpus
. In this case, a "petition" is an official document signed by a judge or government official. A "writ of habeas corpus" is a legal phrase for a judges order demanding that a person in jail or prison be released. You were reading charges, which whatever they might be, will be
rendered moot
by this writ. If something is "rendered moot," it is no longer considered relevant or important. It isnt moot until an actual writ by some higher court,
by some miracle
, is granted. A slangy way of referring to something that is totally unexpected. Please kindly
from impersonating a lawyer, which you
are not! "To refrain" from something is to stop oneself from doing it. "Patently" is a powerful adverb meaning obviously or clearly. I am here
on behalf of
the President of the United States; U.S.
Secretary of State
John Forsyth... To do something "on behalf of" a person is to do it for them. In the US, the "Secretary of State" is responsible for the nations relations with foreign countries. ....representing the
her majesty
Queen Isabelle of Spain, as concerns out
mutual treaty
of the high seas of 1795. In this case, "claims" are legal demands concerning property. "Her majesty" is a respectful way of referring to a queen. A "mutual treaty" is a legal agreement signed by two or more countries. These slaves are by rights the property of Spain, and as such, under
9 of
treaty, are to be returned
. Note that treaties are usually divided into "articles" or sections. "Said" is a very dated demonstrative pronoun meaning this or that, and "posthaste" is also an archaic legal word, meaning immediately. Said treaty
taking precedence
over all other claims and
. "To take precedence" over something is to come before it, or be more important or powerful than it. A "jurisdiction" refers to the physical or political area that a court has power over (such as a state or country). These slaves belong to me and my
, your majesty. A still used word for friend or colleague. We as private
, do
claim salvage
on the high seas, the Spanish ship La Armistad, and all her
. In this case, an "officer" is member of the US Navy. "Hereby" means therefore or thus. To "claim salvage" is to insist on legal ownership of property that was found at sea. Where was she when we were fighting the winds to bring this
in? Another word for a ship or boat. Here are the owners of these slaves. On their behalf, I am in possession of a
receipt for purchase
in Havana, Cuba. A "receipt for purchase" is a fancy way of referring to a receipt or proof of sale. "To execute" a legal contract is to sign it (though this is rare). I do hereby call on this court to immediately surrender these goods and that ship out there to my
Jose Ruiz and Pedro Montes. A lawyers "clients" are the people he represents in law or business (Note that the slaves are referred to as "goods," just like furniture).
Attorney Roger Baldwin sees just another "property"
case, but is willing to work on it if properly paid.
My name is Roger Baldwin,
attorney at law
... An official and common alternative way of referring to a lawyer.
Real Estate
attorney?! :: Real Estate, inventories and other
. "Real Estate" refers to houses, buildings and land that can be bought and sold. "Inventories" are the goods that a business has in stock, often in a warehouse or other building. If something is "contestable," two or more people may claim to own it, and "assets" are anything of value that can be owned, from a house to stock in a company. All of the claims here speak to the issue of ownership. This is Rogers way of saying the legal case is only concerned with who the real owners of the slaves are. Im afraid whats needed here is a criminal attorney. A
trial lawyer
. A lawyer who argues before a judge or jury at a trial. If that were the way to go, quite
, I wouldnt have bothered coming down here. A common way of saying honestly or truthfully. I call upon our
from Massachusetts, John Quincy Adams...to
his unmet and
attempt... "Distinguished" means well respected or accomplished. A "colleague" is a fellow worker in a profession. In this case, to "reweigh" is to reconsider, and if something is "unprecedented," nothing like it has ever happened before. ...to
of...a bunch of
... into a
institute of national treasure. "To convert" something is to change it from one thing to another. If something (someone) is "eccentric," it is truly unusual and strange, often in a very unpredictable way. A "bequest" is a legal term for a will or the giving of property. "Junk" is a great word for useless things or garbage, and "so-called" is a way of implying that something is not what it is claimed to be. Perhaps Mr. Adams is
on his response. "To mediate" on something is to think about it carefully. Had I thought your
of any kind of
Pickney, be assured you would have heard from me an hour ago. A "remark" is a comment. If something is "worthy of" attention, it is deserving of it. A "riposte" is a rare word for a strong reply. In this case, a "Representative" is a Congressman in the House of Representatives. Mr. Tappan...
requests an audience
... A formal way of saying "would like to speak with " Youve met him on
countless occasions
. Another way of saying many times. This case has great
; Our Secretary of State has already
it worthy. If something has great "significance," it is considered truly important. "To deem" something worthy is to judge it deserving of some action. The leaves on the
trees were all gone and the fact that the president is not there on
Pennsylvania Avenue
... "Maple" is a much loved sweet liquid from certain trees that is used for making pancake syrup. The address of the White House is 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. There are two ways of knowing without
a calendar. "To consult" a calendar is to look at it in order to get information. You think Van Buren cares about the
of an 11 year old girl who wears a tiara? The "whims" of a person are their sudden desires or wishes, which are often not reasonable (A "tiara" is a Spanish word for a crown or head band worn by a queen). Being all things to all people, meaning of course, nothing to no one. This is Adams way of saying that Van Buren is trying to please everyone, and therefore he wont be able to satisfy anybody. As an
for the
of slavery, will you help us? An "advocate" is a person who fights for a political or moral cause. The "abolition" of something is the elimination of it. Im neither a friend nor a
to the abolitionist cause. A "foe" is another word for enemy. You, in turn, have
your whole life to
invention. "To devote" yourself to something is to spend as much time as necessary to accomplish it. "To refine" something is to try and make it better by changing it little by little. In this case, if something is "noble," it is deserving of great respect. There remains one
founding fathers
left to their sons... before the 13
be called United States. If something is "vital," it is extremely important. A "task" is a job or goal. In the US, the "founding fathers" refers to the historic leaders who led the US to independence in the 1770s and 1780s (Washington, Jefferson, etc). A "colony" is a group of people who settle far from their homeland. "Precisely" means exactly. And that task, Sir, as you well know, is
slavery. "To crush" something is to destroy it, often by pressing with great weight or force so as to flatten its natural shape. Youre quite the
, Mr. Joadson, arent you? A "scholar" is a person who studies seriously (If a person is "quite the scholar," they are a very good scholar). Without an accompanying
of at least 1/10th of its measure of grace, such
. A "mastery" of a skill is the ability to use it effectively. "Erudition" is an educated word for high learning or education, and if something is "worthless," it has no value to anyone. All of this is Adams way of criticizing Joadson for not being more modest. We
high coming to see you, Sir. "To aim" is to point in a certain direction. This is Joadsons way of telling Adams it would be an honor to be able to work with him. Find yourself someone whose
the more you lose. "Inspiration" is an emotion or desire to produce something good or beautiful. If something "blossoms," it grows out like a flower. If these two
, theyll most likely sell them to Spain and theyll be
. A lieutenant is a rank or level of power in the military. "To prevail" at something is to be successful at it. If a person is "executed," they are usually shot to death for having committed a crime. The case is simple. Its like anything, land,
, what have you. "Livestock" are farm animals such as cows, and "heirlooms" are possessions such as jewelry that are passed down in a family, from one generation to the next. The only way one may sell or
slaves is if they are born slaves, as on the plantation. "To purchase" something is to buy it. If they are slaves, they are
...and no more deserving of a criminal trial than a bookcase or
. A "possession" is anything that is owned by a person. A "plow" is a tool used on farms to turn over the soil for planting seeds. Forget
, piracy, and all the rest. These are
, irrelevant
. "Mutiny" is the act of taking power away from the captain of a ship. "Subsequent" means later, and an "occurrence" is an event. Ignore everything but the
issue at hand; The wrongful transfer of stolen goods. "Preeminent" is a powerful adjective that means most important. Sir, this war must be
on the battlefield of
. "To wage" a war is to fight it. "Righteousness" refers to that which is lawful and morally good. It would be against everything I
stand for
to let this
of legal
. "To stand for" a political cause is to support it and even come to be a symbol of it. If something "deteriorates," it starts to decay and fall apart. "Vagaries" are unpredictable or random occurrences, and "minutia" are very small details or facts. It is our
and Christians to save these people. A persons "destiny" is their fate or inevitable future, perhaps already determined by God. An "abolitionist" was a person who worked to end slavery. Did Christ hire a lawyer to
get him off
? When a lawyer "gets a person off," they get the state to release him and drop charges against him. A legal "technicality" is a small detail or rule that often allows a person to escape punishment (For example, a person may be guilty of a crime, but allowed to go free if the police acted improperly). No, he went to the
...to make a statement. The "cross" is the post with a bar across it, like that on which Jesus was killed (And thus it is a symbol of Christianity). To do something "nobly" is to do it with great dignity. In order to do a better job than the attorney who represented the son of God, Ill require two and a half dollars a day. This is Rogers way of saying that Jesus did not have a good lawyer, and to be a good lawyer, he (Roger) needs to be paid.
The Amistad Africans face murder charges,
but Roger soon shows that they were in fact
free men from Africa, and thus had a right to fight back.
...that saved a
like me. [Song] "Grace" is great kindness and mercy, and a "wretch" is a desperately poor and unhappy person. This is Professor Gibbs, a
. A person who studies languages. I could kill you before you raise that
shoulder high! [Native language] A "sword" is a large steel blade that was used as a weapon. I didnt understand a word of it. Its
. [Translated from Mende] "Gibberish" is a great word meaning words that are nonsense. He reminds me of the one who hires himself out to
from the
rows. [Translated from Mende] "To scrape" is to remove from a surface by repeated rubbing. "Dung" is a gentle word for shit. A "crop" is a food that is planted in the ground, such as wheat or corn. Hes an
. He just likes to hear himself speak. A common word for a stupid person, or a moron, fool, jerk, etc The West Indies. The small islands of the Caribbean. Emancipation! Its Gods way. This is Lewis way of saying God would want all slaves freed.
Tar and feather
the black murderers! "To tar and feather" a person is to punish them by rubbing black tar (a type of thick coal-like substance for making roads) and then bird feathers on them. Fortunately, this is no longer done! Slavery is
! "Tyranny" is the act of repressing an entire population through terror. After the Spaniards were deep in
sleep, the
broke loose their
stole out the deck
creatures of pray
... "Virtuous" means honorable or noble, and thus is a silly way to describe sleep. A "savage" is an uncivilized or barbaric person who acts like an animal. In this case, a "collar" is a metal holder that is forced around the slaves necks. "To steal out on the deck" is a dated way of saying they went on the ships deck (which is the outdoor area on top of the ship), and "creatures of prey" is a poetic way of saying hunters. .where they fell upon the
unsuspecting crew
knives. In this case, the "unsuspecting crew" were the captain and his assistants on the Amistad, who had no idea the Africans were going to fight back. A "saber" is a long knife used as a weapon, and "cane" is a type of plant from which sugar is produced. Have you
figured out
who he is? To "figure out" something is to find the answer, or understand it. I cannot
, the bloodshed. "To overstate" something is to exaggerate it. "Savagery" is great cruelty or brutality.
by the mere deaths of their victims, they went on to
at least one of them, to
him. If a person is "unsated," they are not yet satisfied. "To mutilate" a person is to cut up their body, and to "dismember" them is to specifically cut off their arms and legs. The simple look, a
, their own kind. A "Creole" is a person of both European and African background.
But for
the bravery of Senior Ruiz and Montes...under constant threat of
like fate
, we might never have heard of this
, this bloodbath. "But for" is a common way of saying "If it were not for " In this case, "of like fate" is a poetic way of saying the same fate, which is another word for destiny or a persons probable future. A "massacre" is a horribly violent act in which many people are killed by others. But for their bravery, these
most certainly wouldve escaped justice. A "villain" is a much loved word for an evil or bad person. This case isnt about murder,
or massacres. "Mayhem" is another word for great destruction or violence. Did he learn this on some Cuban plantation? This
effect. If something is "decorative," it is made up in such a way as to be celebratory or pleasing to the eye. Levantete! This is the Spanish word for "stand up" (Not used in English) On Spanish plantations, slaves always choose to live surrounded by their own ways and simple languages. An interesting line which shows how ignorant people were about the cultures and languages of non-European people.
Pray tell
, what need they know of Spanish?
? Carry? Stop? "Pray tell" is a dated way of saying "My God..." "To fetch" something is to go out and grab it, and then bring it back, like a dog does.
for slaves, as
, for any other
beast of burden
. A "gesture" is a way of communicating, usually made with ones hands or facial expressions. If something "suffices," it is good enough. "Indeed" is a British way of saying in fact. A "beast of burden" is any animal that is used for physical labor. I have a
bill of sale
issued in Havana for the purchase of slaves. A legal way of referring to a receipt. On behalf of my clients, I
this document to the court. "To submit" a document is to officially give it over (Remember that "the court" is the actual judge). You
to this court, a good deal of...
circumstantial evidence
. "To proffer" something is to agree to hand it over. "Circumstantial evidence" is a legal term for those facts which suggest that a person may be guilty, although there is no physical proof or eyewitness testimony of such guilt. Have you...actual
that might
this... and in doing so, more
support your
? "Documentation" refers to any official papers or records. "To refute" a statement is to claim that it is not true. If something is "compelling," it is powerful or strong. Here, a "claim" is a statement or testimony. I could
some...if that would suffice. "To manufacture" a product is to make or produce it, usually by the use of machines. This is a
court order
us permission to
and search the
evidential purposes
. A "court order" is a legal order written by a judge telling a person to do something. "To grant" means to give or allow. "To board" a ship is to go on to it, and a "vessel" is a ship or boat. In this case, for "evidential purposes" means in order to find physical evidence such as ship records that may help prove where the slaves are from. They needed to
one of these. An
one. "To obtain" something is to physically take possession of it. If something is "authentic," it is truly what it is claimed to be (as opposed to imitation or fake, like a fake Picasso painting). These papers...are
of a ships
that I retrieved from the Amistad yesterday eve. A "portion" is a part or section of something. A ships "manifest" is its list of passengers or cargo.
At first glance
, they may appear to
prosecutions case
. "At first glance" is a way of saying when first seen or thought about. "To bolster" an argument is to make it stronger, and the "prosecutions case" is the governments evidence that they will use to prove their claims to a judge. They lost
the Spanish names that Ruiz and Montes insist represent my clients,
hand scrawled
in the
. "Cargo" is the physical goods transported by a ship or plane. If something "bears" a persons name, that name is written on it. If a name is "hand scrawled," it is written by hand, and the "margins" of a piece of paper are the blank parts near the edge of the paper. This is the cargo manifest of a Portuguese vessel, the
transatlantic slave ship, the Tecora. If something is "notorious," it is extremely bad or evil. I can bring you as many
as you wish to
this. A "witness" is a person who has seen something happen who often tells what theyve seen at a trial. "To corroborate" a story or testimony is to claim that the story or testimony is true.
Sierra Leone
is a
protectorate of the British Crown
. Its principal
has been
Freetown. Sierra Leone is now a country in West Africa, but as a "protectorate of the British Crown," it was part of the British empire. A "port" is a harbor, and if a city is "rechristened," it is renamed. How can they
in the slave trade in these waters? :: Ill tell you how! Illegally! "To engage" in a job or profession is to participate in it. My clients
did not begin in Havana as they claim and keep claiming more and more
. A "journey" is a trip or voyage. To claim something "emphatically" is to do it with great force or emotion. I
you, Sir. "To underestimate" a person is to think that they are not as skilled, strong or good as they really are. I should take that as a
A "compliment" is an expression of praise or respect. I wish you to act
before this matter of the Africans becomes a weight on our two countries. To do something "promptly" is to do it immediately, or in a timely manner. This is Queen Isabelles way of saying she doesnt want the case of the Amistad slaves to damage Spanish-American relations. Slavery is our
to the new world. A "pillar" is a foundation or physical support. "Commerce" is another word for trade or business. Without it...our
good will
and excellent trade relations should be
. "Good will" means emotional support or friendship. If something is "imperiled," it is in great danger of being harmed or destroyed. Without it, we might have been denied the glory of aiding you in your
against the British. "Virtuous" means admirable or noble. A "rebellion" is an organized fight against a government or other authority. This is Queen Isabelles ridiculous way of saying slavery was what allowed Spain to help the Americans gain independence from England. We must together
stand firm
. "To stand firm" for something is strongly support it. I am not about to
bend to the will
of some
queen. To "bend to the will" of a person is to agree to do what they want even though you dont really want to. "Pubescent" is an official word for a teenager. You need to concern yourself with what this
means here, not an ocean away. Another word for issue, subject, or perhaps situation. John Calhoun paid me a visit to explain to me why this case
is of
great import
, much greater
, to the South than to the North. If an issue is "of great import," it is considered extremely important. "Symbolism" is the use of images or facts to represent a general idea (For the South, the Amistad case was symbolic of a threat to slavery). If the Africans are executed, the abolitionists will make good use of it and they will make some
. A "convert" is a person who is convinced to believe in a particular religion or political cause (Here, abolitionism, or the end of slavery). If they are freed, the Southern States will so
ally themselves
you that you can forget about reelection. "To ally oneself against" a particular person is to fight against them (To ally oneself with a person is to support them). Calhoun believes .this could take us all one step closer to
civil war
. A "civil war" is a war between people who live in the same country, as opposed to a war between countries. This?! :: Yes,
Mr. President
. Note that the President of the U.S. is always addressed as "Mr., President," even after he has left office! The jury appears
disposed toward
freeing them, but juries can be
. If a person is "disposed toward" doing something, they are likely to want to do it. If a jury is "dismissed," it is officially broken up and relieved of its responsibilities of deciding on a case. He could be
prevailed upon
himself for any number of reasons. If a person is "prevailed upon" to do something, they are convinced to do it (this is fairly rare). If a judge "recuses himself" from a trial, he agrees to take himself off the case. Ive
taken the liberty
of exploring several possible replacements. If a person "takes the liberty" of doing something, they go out and do it without getting official approval first. Hes young...which means he has yet to feel the
the sake of posterity
. "Hankering" is a strong desire, but this word is rarely used. A "magnanimous" act is done with a generous spirit. In this case, a "gesture" is a symbolic or meaningful action, and if something is done "for the sake of posterity," it is done for all future generations. His grandfather is Catholic, which young Mr. Coglin has
all his days to keep quiet. "To strive" to do something is to try as seriously as possible to do it (Note the interesting past participle)
Roger learns to see the Amistad slaves as more than property,
and soon convinces a new judge that the law does as well.
Ive been reading in the papers of the continuing
of the Amistad. A "saga" is a good little word for a story of great adventure and trouble. This is why I came to Massachusetts and
imposed on
you. :: No imposition, really. "To impose" on a person is to ask them for assistance even it presents a problem for them (If a request is an "imposition," it is problematic). How did that young lawyer take the news? ::
In stride
, Sir. To take bad news "in stride" is to accept it without being too emotionally upset by it.
has it that that our next judge was hand-picked by Van Buren himself. A "rumor" is a piece of information that spreads from person to person (or through the media), although it is not clear that it is actually true. I was under the
that our
executive and judicial branches
were separate. A person who has a "misconception" is mistaken in their beliefs about something. The "executive branch" of the US government refers to the President, and the "judicial branch" refers to the Courts (judges). As a young lawyer, I realized after much
trial and error
that in a court room, whoever tells the best story wins. "Trial and error" is the process of trying something over and over until you do it just right. In unlawyerly fashion, I give you that
free of charge. A "scrap" is a small piece of little value. "Wisdom" is an important word for a combination of good judgement and intelligence. Im much obliged for your time, Sir. To be "much obliged" to a person is to be very grateful to them (old-fashioned, but still occasionally used). Does that pretty much
sum up
what you are? A
? In this case, "to sum up" a person is to describe them, or basically represent their most important features. A "Georgian" is from the Southern State of Georgia. No, youre an ex-slave whose
his life to the abolition of slavery, and
and hardships along the way. "To devote" oneself to a political cause is to spend much of ones time and energy on it. "To overcome" something is to defeat it or move past it, and an "obstacle" is anything that prevents you from achieving what you want. You and this
lawyer have proven you know what they are...what you dont know is who they are. This is an insulting adjective which implies that the speaker does not think the person they are describing is very good at what they claim to do (Adams doesnt think Roger is a good lawyer). They have to bury him according to the their beliefs, otherwise his
them forever. The "soul" is the non-physical part of a human that is supposed to live after the body dies. "To haunt" something is to scare or disturb them from the dead (A ghost can haunt a house). If I were you and I ran this place, Id
and let them bury him. "Protocol" is the long-standing and expected way that government officials and others are supposed to behave at various occasions. "To set aside" something is to place it elsewhere or ignore it. I am not a great
or advisor, Cinque. An "orator" is a person who makes speeches in public. They say you alone
the most
anyone has ever seen. "To slay" an animal is to kill it, usually with a knife or sword. "Terrifying" means extremely scary. A "beast" is a big and often dangerous animal. I received the
of everyone in the village. Another word for appreciation or sincere thanks. The Amistad, Cinque, the
. That, too, was an accident? An armed attack or rebellion against people in power. Ill share the profit of my
; Ill give you all of it. A "harvest" is food that is taken from the ground at that time of the year when crops such as wheat or corn are gathered. Quite a
and courage in the face of unspeakable suffering. A "tale" is a story that is usually not true. "Intrigue" is any story filled with lots of spies, secrets or mystery. An "abduction" is the act of kidnapping a person. Under what
might one become a slave? A "circumstance" is a fact, condition or event that can influence a general situation. How many men are
to you? If a person is "indebted," they usually owe money. Mr. Holabird is trying to
my colleague. "To intimidate" a person is to try and scare them, often by subtle threats. Fine, Mr. Baldwin. Slavery,
indentured servitude
, whatever they want to call it. I dont mind! The
is the same! "Indentured servitude" was a legal status in which people who owed others a lot of money were forced to work for them for years at a time. A "concept" is an important word for a general idea.
When you come down to it
, its all about money, isnt it? A common way of saying in the end, or ultimately. Do your people
the slaves in the manner so
described to us? To do something "routinely" is to do it often or in a consistent pattern. "To slaughter" a group of people is to kill them with great violence or cruelty. To describe something "vividly" is to so with such great detail that people can clearly imagine it. Killing your own slave is like burning down your own house, or
, isnt it? A "hut" is a small building made of wood that is used for sleeping. How do you explain that
? A "paradox" is a statement which seems to be impossible because it says two opposite things ("The older I get, the younger I feel"). The behavior that you
to your
...and therefore every other aspect of your testimony makes no sense. "To attribute" a behavior to somebody is to claim that they have behaved in that way. "To torment" a person is to cause them to suffer either physically or emotionally. Captain Fritgearld, please explain to us your primary
Her Majestys Navy
. In this context, a persons "duties" are their responsibilities. "Her Majestys Navy" is the British navy, under the Queen of England. To
Ivory Coast
for slave ships ...because slavery is
in British law, Sir. "To patrol" an area is to watch it carefully for illegal activity. The Ivory Coast was a British colony in West Africa (and is now an independent country). If something is "banned," it is illegal or prohibited. Yet the abduction of free men from the British
or their illegal transportation to
the new world
as described by Cinque isnt unheard of, is it? A "protectorate" is a small country governed by a great power. "The new world" is how Europeans referred to North and South America. What in his account of his
do you find believable? An "ordeal" is a very painful and difficult experience. His description of the slave
, for one thing. A "fortress" is a large fort or military building, in this case for the rounding up and holding of slaves. There is
overwhelming evidence
that it is real. If there is "overwhelming evidence" for a statement, there are enough facts established to believe that is almost certainly true. Cinque describes the
murder of a significant portion of people on board the Tecora. An adjective that implies great cruelty. Often when
...they simply throw all their prisoners overboard, and thereby
rid themselves of
the evidence of their crime. "Slaver" was the word used for a ship that transported slaves. "To intercept" a ship is to come in front of it or stop it. To "rid oneself" of something is to eliminate it, or more commonly, get rid of it. It hardly seems like a
business to me, this slave trading. A "lucrative" business is one that is very profitable. Going to all that trouble to
round them up
only to throw them overboard. "To round up" a group is to go out and find people who are in different places, and then to often imprison them into a single place. If only we could
Cinques story, somehow with evidence of some kind. "To corroborate" a story is to produce a witness or evidence that will show that the story is true. "Evidence" can be any physical object that will help prove that something is true. The
...if you look , theres a
made on May 10 correcting the number of slaves on board, reducing their number by 50. An "inventory" is a list of things that a business has (In this case a list of slaves). A "notation" is a small note or description in writing. If you look at it
in conjunction with
, I would say that it means this. To look at a story "in conjunction with" something else is to look at the two as part of a greater whole. "Testimony" are those statements that a witness says during a trial. The Tecora crew, having greatly underestimated the amount of
required by their journey, solved the problem by throwing 50 overboard. "Provisions" are food, water and other necessities of life. They reduced the
, that is all. An old-fashioned and never used word for weight. Its simple,
arithmetic. "Ghastly" is a powerful adjective that means horribly violent, cruel or disgusting. I may need a
quill and a parchment
and better imagination. A very old-fashioned pen and paper. No longer used. And what poundage do you think the
would refer to, Sir? A
and sail, perhaps? In this case, an "entry" is a written notation. A "mast" is a pole that holds a sail, thus allowing the wind to push a ship forward. Give us free! Note that the correct English would be "freedom!" Please instruct the
that he cannot
with such
. A "defendant" is a person charged with a crime. "To disrupt" a meeting is to stop it by creating a lot of noise. A "proceeding" is an official legal action such as a trial. An "outburst" is the act of yelling or screaming. If we are to have any
semblance of order
in this court, he cannot keep crying out. "Semblance of order" is the appearance of a controlled or calm process. Here he is
people with his hands. "To heal" a person is to cure them from a disease or injury. After careful consideration and
thorough reflection
, I find it impossible to
the power of the governments position. "Thorough reflection" is a way of saying great or serious thought or contemplation. "To deny" something is to claim it isnt true. [They] have all
with the
faith in the
of their case. "To proceed" with something is move forward with it. "Utmost" is an interesting adjective which means the most, or to the greatest degree. "Soundness" is strength or reliability. Seniors Ruiz and Montes may have
the origin of the prisoners, an issue which weighs crucially upon their fate... "To misrepresent" something is to lie about it. Since the answer to that
question shall so heavily
every determination of this court, I say it again: Were they born in Africa? If a question is "fundamental," it is of critical importance. In this case, "to govern" a case is to influence or direct it. As such, her Catholic Majestys claims of ownership have no
. Neither, of course, do those for
, made by Lieutenants Mead and Gedway. "Merit" is value or worth, or the quality of deserving praise. In this case, salvage" is the legal claim over lost property. I
order the immediate arrest and
of Seniors Ruiz and Montes by
federal marshals
on the charge of slave trading, "Hereby" is another way of saying thus or therefore. The "detention" of a person is the physical act of keeping them from moving, often by putting them in jail. A "federal marshal" is a police officer who works for the (national) US government, as opposed to a local government. ...and the release of the Africans, and their
by this government at her earliest convenience and expense back to their homes in Africa. In this case, "to convey" something is to physically transport it.
John Calhoun threatens a civil war, the government appeals
to the Supreme Court, and Roger calls on John Quincy Adams...
What is most
to her majesty is this
independence of the American courts. If something is "bewildering," it is shocking or confusing. If a person is "arrogant," they are snobby or look down upon others (though of course, here, it is the Queen of Spain who is truly arrogant). After all, if you cannot
the courts, you cannot rule. "To rule" over a people is to use power to control them. You see, Senior Calderon, theres a growing number of people... that regard us in the South as not only geographically beneath them... This is Calhouns way of saying people in the North look down on people in the South, both in terms of geography, and culture. They ignore the fact that slavery is so
into the
of this society, that to
it would be to destroy us as a people. If two things are "interwoven," they are closely tied together. "Fabric" is cloth ( although here it used to mean a basic foundation). "To destroy" something is to ruin it, or put it out of existence. We are inferior in one area; Were not as
in the
art of gain
. To be "proficient" at something is to be skilled at it. The "art of gain" is Calhouns poetic way of referring to the act of making money. Take away
our lifes blood
now, well, we all know what happens then, North and South. "Our lifes blood" is Calhouns way of referring to slavery. Hes not inferior in another area; The art of
. "To exaggerate" is to claim something is larger, smarter, better, worse, etc. than it is in reality. What court wants to be responsible for the
? A "spark" is a tiny piece of burning material that can cause a fire. "To ignite" a fire is to start it or set it off, and a "firestorm" is a huge, deadly fire. Calhoun is warning of the danger of civil war in the US. What President wants to be in office when it comes
crashing down
around him? If a building comes "crashing down," it falls down or collapses into small broken pieces.
us not too
, Sir, and
her majesty like, because the real determination our courts and our president must make... "To judge a person harshly" is to look at them very critically or negatively. In this case, "to bid" is to wish, though this entire sentence has dated and even snobby grammar. ....is not weather this
group of Africans raised swords against the enemy, but rather, must we? "Ragtag" is a very negative word for those who are poor and dirty. Again, Calhoun is warning of war between the North and South.
, Mr. Joadson. From the
of Christianity, we have seen no stronger power for change. "Martyrdom" is the act of becoming a hero for a political or social cause after being killed while fighting for it. "The dawn" of a movement or religion is its very beginning or birth. There are some men whose hatred of slavery is stronger than anything, except for the slave himself. A very powerful sentence, in which Joadson suggests that even abolitionists who hate slavery can still be racists. If you wish to
such hatred in a man, Mr. Joadson, speak to him
in that fashion
and it may come true. "To inspire" hatred is to cause it to happen or appear. To speak in a particular "fashion" is to speak with a certain style or attitude. Our President...has
the decision to the
Supreme Court
. "To appeal" a case is to ask that a higher court look at it again and overrule the lower courts decision. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the US legal system. I know its hard to understand. I dont understand it,
for that matter
. A common way of saying "in fact," or "actually." You said there would be a
, and if we won the judgement, wed go free. Here, a "judgement is the decision of a judge or court.
To his excellency
, John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts member,
House of Representatives
. "To his excellency" is a very formal way of addressing a prominent or important person. The "House of Representatives" and the Senate are the houses which make up the US Congress. I understand from Mr. Joadson that youre
aquatinted with
of the Amistad Africans. To be "acquainted" with a situation is to know the basic facts that are involved. A "plight" refers to a persons terrible condition or state. And Im sure youre aware, seven of nine of these Supreme Court
are themselves Southern slave owners. Note that the judges on the Supreme Court are called "Justices" (The above is an interesting historical fact). If ever there was a time for a man to
cast aside
his daily
array himself
for battle, that time has come. "To cast aside" something is to throw it away. A persons "daily trappings" are his material possessions, and to "array oneself" for battle is to prepare to fight. All of this is a Rogers poetic way of telling Adams that he must prepare to fight for a great political cause. A
man, at present in
New Haven
. If a person is "courageous," they are very brave. In this case, to be "in irons" is to be stuck in metal chains (iron is a metal). New Haven is the capital of the state of Connecticut.
Has it occurred it you
that Im all youve got? A common way of asking "Have you thought that...?" As it happens, because my
has completely
in the last few months, youre all I got. A lawyers "practice" is their business. If a business "deteriorates," it becomes worse or even physically falls apart. More
death threats
, some of them signed by my own clients,
no less
! "Death threats" are serious written or spoken warnings or threats to kill a person for their actions. There is one more
of having no
to speak of. A "consequence" is the result of a situation or series of actions. A persons "clientele" are their clients or customers. I am free to sit here as a long as it takes for you to
me. "To acknowledge" a person is to show that you see or recognize them. Ciceros
was to Julius Caesar, not Claudius. An "appeal" is a passionate or emotional request for help. Adams has
with the abolitionists for 15 years but has yet to take one home for the dance. "To flirt" with a person is to be romantically playful with them, although here it means to be slightly involved or supportive. A way of saying that Adams supported the abolitionist cause, but never so seriously as to get very involved. I hear he sleeps through 3/4 of the
on the
. A "session" of Congress is a given day of business, including speeches and debates. "The hill" refers to Capital Hill, where the Capitol building is located. Lets see. President,
Congressman from Massachusetts, jailhouse lawyer---one waits with great
for whats next. If a person is "slumbering," theyre sleeping. "Anticipation" is excitement or curiosity about the future. This is all a way of noting Adams has taken jobs of lesser and lesser import since being President. The only thing John Quincy Adams will be remembered for is his middle name. A way of noting that Adams father was the 2nd President, John Adams. I wonder---is there anybody as
as an ex-President? An excellent word meaning hopeless, or deserving of total pity.
in Mende. [written] "To chatter" is to talk quickly, often about unimportant things. Cinque has asked me to ask you about the question of
. "Jurisdiction" is a legal term that refers to the area over which a court has power (for example, a state court only has jurisdiction over its own state while the Supreme Court has jurisdiction over all the US). Since neither America nor Spain owns the sea---how is it that the
treaty applies
? In this case, "to apply" a treaty is to use or enforce it. Tell him the treaty recognizes no jurisdictional
. "Limitations" are borders or limits. This is Adams way of saying that the treaty can be applied everywhere in the world. Does Great Britain have any treaties with West Africa which may
those between Spain and America? "To override" a treaty or law is to reverse or overrule it, perhaps with the claim that there is another treaty or law that is more powerful. Does the
of Connecticut have any treaties with West Africa? An old English word for English colonies, that is still officially used for some of the Eastern states of the US (States do not make treaties with other countries since only the federal government is allowed to do so).
him. "To unshackle" a person is to take off their chains. This is an
I brought over from China, and this is a
from an English garden. Two types of very pretty flowers. An African violet; I cant tell you how difficult that was
to come by
. "To come by" is a poetic way of saying to buy or obtain. I was a
. A "chief" is the leader of a native tribe or group, though here Cinque uses it to mean the President. One tries to govern
, strongly...in a way that
the lives of ones villagers. To do something "wisely" is to do it with skill and intelligence. Note the interesting and rare verb "to better," which is to improve. Were about to bring your case before the highest court in the land and were about to do battle with a lion that is threatening to
rip our country in two
. "To rip something in two" is to tear it apart. Adams is talking about the threat of civil war because of the emotion about the Amistad slaves. You didnt ask to be at the center of this historic
... A "conflagration" is a great fire or disaster that destroys much property. ...any more than I did, but we find ourselves here nonetheless, by
some mysterious set of circumstances
, and all the world is watching. "Some mysterious set of circumstances" is Adams way of saying that one can never really know why life develops as it does, or why people are brought together in the ways that they are. What did he just say? :; Sorry, I didnt
catch it
. In this case, "to catch" something is to understand it. We have right on our side. We have righteousness at our side. This is Adams way of saying that moral and ethical people, and perhaps even God, are on the side of freeing the slaves. I will reach back and draw them into me, and they must come, for at this moment, I am the whole reason they existed at all. This is Cinques way of describing the importance of his ancestors who are no longer alive, but who still are spiritually helping him through this difficult time.
John Quincy Adams presents the case for freedom...
from the fact that my
has argued the case in so able and
a manner as to leave me
anything to say. "To derive" is to receive or get, and "consolation" is comfort or emotional reassurance. A "colleague" is a fellow worker or professional (in this case a lawyer). If a person is "competent," they are skilled or talented at the job they are doing. "Scarcely" is another word for hardly. How is it that a
plain property issue
should find itself
as to be argued before the Supreme Court of the United States? Note that "a plain property issue" is actually about real human beings. To be "ennobled" is to be given great importance or respect, but this is a very rare word. Is it our great
consuming fear
of civil war that has allowed us to
upon a simple case that never asked for it? A "consuming fear" is a deep and long lasting fear or nervousness in which a person can think of almost nothing else. "To heap" is to throw more and more stuff on top of a pile, and "symbolism" is the use of symbols or images to represent something else. The truth has been driven from this case like a slave,
from court to court,
. If something is "flogged," it is beaten or whipped, though here it is used to mean chased away. "Wretched" and "destitute" are both powerful adjectives that mean extremely poor, dirty and pitiful. And not by any great legal acumen on the part of the opposition. "Acumen" is skill or talent, and "the opposition" is the person or team that you face in a game, or in this case, in court. These are
of letters and I ask you to accept their
as part of your
. A "transcription" is a written copy. The "perusal" of a letter is the act of reading it very carefully. A judges "deliberations" are their careful consideration of all the facts of a case. The Queen again and again refers to our incompetent courts, the courts that this 11 year old child plays with in her magical kingdom called Spain. Adams is pointing out the difference between the Spanish courts, which are forced to do what the Queen wants, and American courts, which generally speaking, make their own independent decisions. A court that can be
toyed with
like a doll. To "toy with" a person is to treat them like a child or to possibly bully or manipulate them. Theres an article written by "a
mind of the South," who
... A person who is "keen" is very intelligent or perceptive. "To assert" something is to claim it. ...there has never existed a civilized society in which one
did not
upon the labor of another. A "segment" of something is a part or section of it, and "to thrive" is to grow strong and healthy. The claim here is that all civilized societies supposedly benefited from slavery. History
bears this out
. "To bear out" something is to prove that it is true. In
, even there, one was
to the other. Eden was a place in the bible. If something is "pronounced," it is proclaimed or forcefully said. If one person is "subordinate" to another, they are under that persons power and must do what the other one says (Even in the Bible, it is said that Adam had power over Eve). Slavery has always been with us and is never
. If something is "sinful," it is considered a crime against God or Gods laws. If something is "immoral," it is considered ethically wrong. As war and
are the natural state of man, so too slavery is as natural as it is
. "Antagonism" is anger or fighting between two or more people. If something is "inevitable," it is almost certainly going to happen in the future and nothing can be done to stop it. This is the philosophy of a typical Southern slave owner. I must say that I
differ with
the keen minds of the South. "To differ with" a person is to disagree with them. The proof is in the
to which a man, woman or child will go to regain it, once taken. In this case, "lengths" refers to great effort or struggle (Adams is talking about the desire for freedom or liberty). He will break loose his chains, he will
his enemies. "To decimate" something is to completely destroy it. If he were white and his enemies were British, he wouldnt be able to stand, so heavy the weight of the
and honors we would
upon him. "Medals" are metal symbols that are often worn around a persons neck to honor their bravery or heroism. "To bestow" something on a person is to officially give it to them (though this verb is fairly rare). Our children would know his name as well as they know Patrick Henry. Patrick Henry was a hero of the American Revolution (and is known for having said "Give me liberty or give me death"). What are we to do with that embarrassing,
document? If something is "annoying," it is troubling or bothersome (Adams is speaking sarcastically about the Declaration of Independence). What of its
"All men created equal...
Inalienable Rights
...Life, Liberty
and so on and so forth
..." In this case, "conceits" are powerful statements. "Inalienable Rights" are liberties that no government can take away. "So on and so forth..." is a way of referring to words that the listener probably already knows. What
on earth
are we to do with this? I have a modest suggestion. An interesting addition to WH questions that is used to express great emotion such as surprise or anger. We were at the
together. A building often made of glass where many types of plants are grown. He
his ancestors. "To invoke" the name of a person is to call out to them for help (Often one invokes a distant ancestor or other dead person). The Mende believe that if they can
the spirit
of ones ancestors, then they have never left. "To summon the spirit" of a dead person is to call out to their souls in order to communicate with them. James Madison. Alexander Hamilton. Benjamin Franklin. Thomas Jefferson. George Washington. John Adams. Americas most important founding fathers, from the generation that fought the American Revolution against England in the 1770s. We have long feared asking you for
. Perhaps in doing so, we have feared that our
, which we so, so
, is not entirely our own. "Guidance" is advice or instruction. "Individuality" is the condition of being different from or independent from others. "To revere" something is to deeply love or respect it. Weve been made to understand, and
the understanding, that who we are, is who we were. "To embrace" something is to hold it tight, or perhaps accept it with great enthusiasm or support. We desperately need your strength and wisdom to
over our fears, our
, ourselves. "To triumph" over something is to defeat or crush it. A persons "prejudices" are their biases or their attitudes which are based on old ideas or beliefs that should now be challenged. Give us the
to do what is right, and if it means civil war, then let it come. "Courage" is bravery, or the ability to ignore fear. And let it be, finally, the last battle of the American Revolution. This is Adams way of saying that the battle over slavery is something that should have been finished by his father and that generation, and it is now time to deal with the issue one last time, even if it means war. Our treaty of 1795 with Spain, on which the prosecution has
based its arguments, is
. "Primarily" means mostly. If a treaty or law is "inapplicable," it does not apply to the current set of facts (it is irrelevant). What is clearly
in Article 9, that, and I
ships and cargo are to be returned entirely to their
"---the end of quote. "To stipulate" means to clearly state, usually in the context of an agreement. "To quote" somebody is to use their exact words. If a ship is "seized," it is physically taken and held, usually against the wishes of the crew. "Proprietary" is a legal word for owner, but its rarely used. We are left with the
that they are not slaves and therefore cannot be considered
, but rather are free individuals... An "alternative" is a different choice or possibility. "Merchandise" is a general word for any kind of goods or physical objects that can be sold. ...with certain legal and moral rights, including the right to
engage in insurrection
. "To engage in insurrection" is to fight back against an oppressive government or other power. Therefore, over one
, it is the Courts judgement that... A "dissent" is a legal term for the opinion of a judge who disagrees with the majority of other judges on the court. What words did you use to
them? . "To persuade" a person is to convince them of a certain opinion.
All clear
, Sir!
! "All clear" means that there is nothing in the way, and "fire" is what an officer yells when he wants his soldiers to shoot their guns. My Dear Mr. Forsyth the slave
in Sierra Leone does not exist. A large fort or military building. In 1864, her hopes of
... with the
armys defeat at Atlanta. "Compensation" is a legal term for payment that is ordered to be given to a person who has been injured. If something "collapses," it breaks apart and falls to the ground. The "confederate" army fought for the South during the American Civil War.
Possible Topics for ESL Class Discussion
1. How did Roger Baldwin change during the film? 2. How would Cinque have described America to his family back in Africa? 3. How was it possible for slavery to last so long? 4. In this movie, who were the good guys and who were the bad guys? 5. How would you describe John Quincy Adams? 6. How are race relations in the United States today? Does the legacy of slavery still play a big part in the way things are? 7. What did you like and not like about this movie?


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Mercedes, Infiniti, Lexus rank tops with mystery shoppersThu, 11 Jul 2013 08:44:00 EST
If you want the best experience possible when buying a new car, then you'd better head down to your local Mercedes-Benz, Infiniti, or Lexus showroom. According a mystery shopper study conducted by the Pied Piper Prospect Satisfaction Index, those three luxury brands ranked highest among the 33 makes surveyed. The highest scoring mainstream brands included GMC, Hyundai, Kia, and Ford.
The study asked 5,203 mystery shoppers about the tactics used by salespeople during their most recent automotive purchases, and found a few interesting parallels along the way. For example, dealers at Infiniti, Land Rover, and Smart leaned heavily on vehicle walk-arounds with potential customers, while Jaguar, Volvo, and Audi were quick to point out exclusive features.
This study contrasts with a similar study conducted by JD Power in 2012. Its Sales Satisfaction Survey listed Mini as the top scorer, while Pied Piper's mystery shoppers ranked the BMW-owned brand below the industry average. Lexus scored highly on both surveys, as did Infiniti and GMC.
Not all brands fared well with the mystery shoppers. Lincoln, Chrysler, Mazda, Mitsubishi, and Scion all finished well below the industry average. According to an analysis on Automotive News, the lower scoring brands suffered from a lack of product and dealers that would push potential customers away from their desired brands. Scroll down for the official press release.
July 2013
MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA – July 8, 2013 – Mercedes-Benz dealerships ranked highest in the newly released 2013 Pied Piper Prospect Satisfaction Index(R) (PSI(R)) U.S. Auto Industry Benchmarking Study, which measured dealership treatment of car-shoppers. Study rankings by brand were determined by the patent-pending Pied Piper PSI process, which ties "mystery shopping" measurement and scoring to industry sales success. Infiniti and Lexus dealerships, the luxury brands from Nissan and Toyota respectively, finished ranked second and third.
Nineteen of the thirty-three different brands led at least one PSI sales process category, and performance varied by brand within each category. For example, Jaguar, Volvo and Audi salespeople were most likely to discuss features unique from the competition. Infiniti, Land Rover and smart salespeople were most likely to conduct a vehicle "walk-around" demonstration. Kia, Fiat and Hyundai salespeople were most likely to give compelling reasons to buy now.
Industry average dealership performance was mixed when comparing 2013 with the previous year.
Salesperson behaviors more likely in 2013 than 2012 include the following:
• Mentioning the availability of different finance or lease options (now 67% of the time)
• Asking about factors preventing purchase (now 71% of the time)
• Asking if the prospect has a trade-in (now 83% of the time)
Salesperson behaviors less likely in 2013 than 2012 include the following:
• Offering a brochure (now 52% of the time)
• Discussing features unique from the competition (now 55% of the time)
• Involving prospect with visual aids (now 38% of the time)
2013 marks the seventh consecutive year of Pied Piper PSI auto industry benchmarking studies. With seven years of data gathered from tens of thousands of auto PSI evaluations nationwide, Pied Piper was able to fine-tune the study questions, weightings and scoring for 2013. As a result, Pied Piper reset the 2013 auto industry average PSI score to "100."
The resulting "second generation" PSI scoring is now even more closely correlated to auto dealership sales success. Pied Piper has found that on average, when auto dealerships are ranked by their PSI score, dealerships in the top quarter sell 16% more vehicles than the dealerships in the bottom quarter. "Any dealership faces plenty of challenges that are difficult, if not impossible, to change, such as product-line sold or dealership location," said Fran O'Hagan, President and CEO of Pied Piper Management Company LLC. "In contrast, how a sales team sells is something a dealership can improve immediately."
By Brandon Turkus
See also: Lexus boots up 2014 IS configurator, Autoblog Podcast #339, Toyota to enter modern turbo four-cylinder era with Lexus crossover.


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It's no secret that one thing you need to have for your business is an email list. It will certainly add to the amount of work that you have to take care of every week, but if you want to build stronger relationships with your community a great way to do so is through an email list. Even better? Those people on your list are obviously the ones that are most likely to buy from you the next time you launch a new product or service. Who doesn't want that benefit, right?
One of the problems, though, is that after you create an email list you can often be left uncertain of the best way to utilize the new platform. People struggle with trying to nail down what sort of content to send, how often to email their list, and how to convert their subscribers to sales. Unfortunately, that usually leads to not sending anything at all or only emailing randomly.
Regardless of which spectrum you find yourself on, here are the 3 best ways to start putting your list to better use so you can see those great benefits!
When you're building a list for your blog or business you may be tempted to try out not so awesome tactics to grow your list fast. You might find yourself participating in giveaway after giveaway or signing up every single person who emails you. However, here's the thing: if the people don't want to be on your list or are there for ulterior motives, they're not the kind of subscribers you want. Those people aren't going to care what you have to say and likely won't even bother opening your emails.
So, instead of trying to grow your list to hundreds or thousands of subscribers in such a short time, invest the time it takes to build a list of people who actually want to hear from you. You want to have subscribers that are eager to open your emails because at the end of the day, they're much more likely to buy from you! While I agree that building your list the right way can certainly take time and be frustrating to see the numbers grow slowly, you're helping yourself in the long run.
If you're working on building your list the right way but people just aren't signing up, make sure you're providing valuable, original content not just on your blog but also in your newsletter. It'll take longer to build your numbers if people get unoriginal content or just a copy of your blog posts because even when you do get subscribers, they won't want to stick around for content they can find elsewhere.
I know one of the biggest struggles when it comes to having an email list isn't necessarily the up-keep or getting people on that list (though that's a big one, too); it's figuring out what to send to your subscribers. People are always amazed that I'm writing to my email list on topics that they relate so much to. Let me tell you, it's not just a coincidence. Getting to know your audience is a great way to help you figure out what things you can write about to your list as well as on your blog.
There are lots of great times to ask subscribers a question to get to know them better. My all time favorite spot is in my Welcome email. I use this automated email to send along details of what the new subscriber can expect to get from me (aka what sort of content, when the email will arrive) and deliver my free opt-in incentive. However, I also ask them to respond with the biggest struggle that's holding them back with their blog / business. While not everyone takes the time to respond, the ones who do usually give answers that lead me into email or blog post ideas. The people who respond also get to start building a connection with me from the get go because for those who respond? Well, I go out of my way to try to make sure I'm responding to as many of them as I can!
Regardless of what you're niche is, you can be asking your subscribers a question, and they don't just have to be in your Welcome email. Instead of just signing off your emails and hoping that people take the time to respond and let you know their thoughts, leave a little note at the bottom of your email that includes a call to action. Encourage them to respond with their biggest takeaways or related thoughts on the topic! Again, not everyone will respond, but you'll learn that those who do not only help you plan your content but also are the most engaged part of your community.
Tell me: have you ever just launched a product, service, or course idea and then realized no one was interested? You did all of this work, tried to get it in front of the right people, but you still heard crickets? (Don't worry, that was me last year!) It doesn't necessarily mean that there's something wrong with the idea. Instead, it might be because your audience just doesn't need help on that topic! Instead of putting a whole lot of work into something only to realize that it's not the right fit for your audience, use your email list to test your new ideas before bringing them to life.
If you've been following Amanda's blog for any amount of time, you know that she recommends you gauge interest before just diving in, and I have to second that. While you can obviously do this on your blog and social media, as I mentioned before your email list will contain the people most likely to buy from you which means it's a great place to start asking for opinions on your new ideas.
There are two ways to do this! First, you can write a few emails on one topic (ex: branding) and gauge how the campaigns performed. Did they get a lot of click throughs if you included links? Did they get any responses from your subscribers? What was the open rate like? You want to be careful if you do this method because people may get bored with you talking about the same topic for a few weeks in a row. The other method you can try is including a note at the end of your email about your interest in creating a new list. You can ask your subscribers to opt-in on a specific landing page or respond with their opinions / if the idea will help them. While you don't have to only ask your subscribers, they're a great place to start before you move forward with your ideas.
Lots of people have email lists that are just sitting on the sidelines collecting dust while they dedicate all of their time to their blog and social media platforms. If this is you, I challenge you to implement just 1 of the steps above to start getting to know your list community even better in 2016.
Need more help with your email list now that you're ready to start putting it to better use? Click the box below to grab a free workbook that includes a worksheet set to help you create a plan for your list as well as 7 different ways explained on how you can grow your list!
This is a guest post from Kory Woodard. Kory Woodard is a full-time business owner and blogger, and most of the time she can be found dreaming up new ideas to help passionate women follow their dreams. The rest of the time she's spending time with her husband and puppy, enjoying life!
Connect with Kory:
Kickstart Your List | Twitter | Instagram


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Seihr Sketch
This is a "character sketch" of an NPC faction in a game I'm currently designing. Since I've been doing quite a lot of game design lately, and I'm still embroiled in an ongoing home improvement project as well, I haven't had much free time to either write or explore new music. This sketch turned out fairly well, though, and it holds up under "five elements of fiction" style scrutiny, so…what the hell! Here it is, please enjoy.
* * * * *
It was a day like any other when Jurgi was called to the council chamber, the moons of Sirius IV hanging over the horizon, watchful as ever while he rode the lift to the airborne Seihr Sky Temple. Jurgi was young, especially as Seihr go, only having served for a half dozen years, and council summons still made him nervous. A downward-traveling lift zipped past, the figure inside wearing a cloak like Jurgi's, another low-ranking Seihr dispatched on an errand. Jurgi wondered what kind of mission he was about to be sent out on. The lift darkened for a moment before breaking through the clouds, and Jurgi took a deep breath and let the bright, blue sun of his home world warm him before arriving at the temple.
Entering the council chamber, he became immediately aware that this was no ordinary meeting. Typically, he met only with Vranesh—a beetle-like member of the D'Krikas race—and his aides. This time, there were five Seihr councilmen and -women, each with a small retinue of staffers waiting on them far behind the council table, taking notes, answering messages, and attending their masters' needs.
"Seihr Jurgi," says the council chairwoman. "Please be seated and we will begin." The chairwoman was a Child of Qholm, a race of ant-like beings, and she spoke through a translator device on the desk in front of her. This Child was named Denise, and rumor has it she was a minor Qholm hive queen when she was discovered and brought to the Seihr, whereupon she left all her own Children behind in the care of a different Queen. Jurgi had met her a number of times, and he liked her. He smiled, doffed his hood, and sat in the massive wooden chair Denise indicated with a sweep of one of her bright yellow hands.
"How may I be of service to your graces?" Jurgi asked. Aside from Denise and Vranesh, the other council members present were human. Two of them, a man and a woman to his right, he didn't recognize. The third human was named Adam, a former nobleman of the Krell Empire. Jurgi didn't know him well, but he suspected him of some degree of political ambition and therefore did not trust him much.
Denise placed her elbows on the council table, clasped her hands together, and rested the underside of her great head upon them in a gesture that struck Jurgi as very humanlike for a giant insect. "I'll let Seihr Vranesh fill you in."
Vranesh twitched his left wing and helped himself to a sugar cube from a small bowl in front of him before speaking. "Seihr Jurgi, you're familiar with Duke Beregont?" Vranesh's translator was a cybernetic implant, so he didn't need to utter any whistling or clicking sounds like Denise and his voice came across as more natural.
"I am," said Jurgi. "He controls the Underwood region, correct?" Jurgi shot Adam a glance, and the senior Seihr looked away quickly. Strange. Was he self-conscious at one of his former fellow noblemen being the subject of a Seihr council discussion?
"That is correct. Recently, new border agreements have Underwood directly abutting space controlled by the Conglomeration. These agreements were deemed mutually beneficial by both the Empire and the Conglomerated Free States, so we had no trouble recognizing them. However, we have observed certain," Vranesh flexed a hand thoughtfully, "disturbing trade patterns between Underwood and Westgate, the CFS region which borders it."
Interesting. "What kind of patterns?" Jurgi asked.
"Slaves." This kind of directness from Vranesh was not common. D'Krikas are stereotypically long-winded creatures, coming from a society with a great history of oratory tradition, philosophical debate, and interest in legal and ethical theory. Characteristically, Vranesh himself takes far more delight in debate rather than its conclusion, often causing meetings to run far longer than planned and expressing disappointment when any point he makes is taken at face value rather than requiring him to quantify and qualify his reasoning ad nauseum.
"But," stated Jurgi, "The Empire is allowed slaves as part of its historic tradition. Indeed, this very council has found that the subjugation of certain societies and civilizations is mutually beneficial to both parties. I know it continues to be a subject of debate here, but why are we interested, now, in Duke Beregont?"
Vranesh could tell that Jurgi was pandering to his love of argument, but he became visibly excited anyway. "This is very correct of you, Seihr Jurgi! However, jump gate logs of transport ships traveling from CFS space to Empire space strongly indicate slaves aboard ship. Empire nobles do often send their own household slaves abroad for training and cultural exposure, but unfortunately we are not able to find evidence of such coming from Duke Beregont's house. We have contacted him for a statement, but he has been silent." Vranesh took another piece of sugar and rolled it between his dexterous fingers, considering it as he appeared to intend Jurgi to consider his words. "We believe he is purchasing slaves, human slaves in particular, from within the Conglomerate."
"Your graces," Jurgi said quietly, then more loudly, "Surely you have questioned Free State officials?"
Denise spoke next. "We have. And we have reason to suspect that officials within Westgate are complicit in these transactions."
This is bad. The CFS are widely held to be morally bankrupt at best, concerned only with their own profit and often at the expense of their own inhabitants. But what profit could be had from operating so plainly outside the law and risking crossing the Seihr?
"What is needed of me?" asked Jurgi.
Adam cleared his throat. "Seihr Jurgi, we need you to go to Underwood and meet with the Duke. As a member of our Order, he will welcome your presence in his house, and you can find out what his role in this is, if any."
"Sir!" blurted the human woman at the far end of the table. "To me, the evidence seems clear. You continue to disbelieve that Duke Beregont is entirely complicit in illegal slave transport into his domain?"
Adam stood abruptly and angrily, startling all present. Remembering himself, he paused, sighed, and gave Jurgi a sad look. "I certainly hope not, for his sake. But no, I don't believe it. The Duke's father was just a robber baron, and his own noble status was quite tenuously awarded. He is of low rank, and controls a border region at that. He has too much to lose, and very little to gain. This is not an opinion that is unanimously shared by this council, but I think he is being manipulated."
"Your graces," said Jurgi, "with all respect due, this sounds like a diplomatic assignment. I am still young, and I am not skilled in these matters. Not to question your wisdom, but why send me?"
Adam seated himself and Vranesh stood to his full height of eight feet. "No, no, don't get up. I just need to fan out a bit." He stretched both his wings wide and fluttered them slightly, and if Denise had eyes she would have rolled them. "No, Seihr Jurgi, you are not a diplomat. But we do not wish to arouse suspicion by sending a large procession of our Order into Underwood space, especially if our suspicions remain unconfirmed. However," and here he paused to eat the piece of sugar he had been playing with, "if we are right, we will want someone with your particular talents close at hand, ready to act as soon as we know for sure. First and foremost, there can be no doubt. We will continue our investigation. Go, observe, and report, and we will alert you if and when the nature of your mission is to change."
Jurgi believed he understood. "Very good, your graces." He stood. "I will leave at once."
Denise formed the sign of Se and all present rose from their seats. "May Se be with you, child."
"I am, as always, a humble servant of the Se." Jurgi bowed, turned, and left the chamber.
* * * * *
Jurgi's diplomatic mission has turned to one with a darker purpose. Instead of his Seihr cloak, he now wears the uniform of a Blart Mart company soldier, having deceived his way into a high-ranking security position at the discount store chain's corporate headquarters in the Westgate region. BlartCo has a well-established history of marginalizing its work force, and its executives could write dozens of books on advanced wage slavery, but this particular executive has taken things a step further by actually enslaving Conglomerate citizens and selling them to the Empire.
For what? For profit, surely, but this one's motives do not revolve solely around money. During his snooping, Jurgi found profiles and dossiers on those who were enslaved. All women, mostly humans but some Greys and Jovians as well. All very attractive. Given that they were destined to serve in various palatial estates throughout the Empire, one could argue that their standard of living would be much improved over a life of stocking store shelves with packaged, processed foods.
But Jurgi isn't interested in the greater good. This is illegal, and it is reprehensible, and Jurgi's duty to stop it is clear.
The four soldiers in the Executive's security detail are well-trained and well-armed. Jurgi's only edge is that he is the one in charge. Oh, and his training from his previous life is far superior to theirs. The other soldiers are waiting in the corridor outside the Executive's office, standing guard. Jurgi is inside, alone with him.
The Executive gives Jurgi the creeps. He is on a viscomm session with another BlartCo company official like him. No, not like him. This one, here, is particularly disgusting. Every word that comes out of his mouth drips with conceit, and narcissism, and self-entitlement. He destroys the lives of those who serve him, his own employees whom it is his responsibility to protect. He violates their rights and their bodies. The Executive is a predator of the worst kind.
Jurgi is standing behind him. The conversation is wrapping up, and Jurgi subtly unbuckles the retention strap on the company issue monofilament blade at his hip. The cutting blade of the weapon is a single molecule of pure crystal, harder than diamond and more flexible than fine steel. So, it appears that Jurgi has a third edge. As soon as the viscomm screen goes black, this edge will find its mark.
Jurgi is not afraid of the Executive, who won't have a chance to fight back, or even the additional security outside who surely will. Jurgi is a predator, too, after all, and lions do not fear snakes.
posted on 02/16 at 10:29 AM fiction • (62575) comments • Permalink


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Many times pirates would raid some of the slaver ships. They freed the slaves and allowed them to join their crews! The crews of some of the most successful pirates, including Samuel Bellamy and Blackbeard, were largely made up of ex-slaves. Some of these slaves moved up the ranks becoming Captains themselves.
One of the most famous Henri Caesar, also known as Black Caesar, (1791-1830) was a legendary Haitian revolutionary and pirate.
The legend goes that he is one of the only pirates that didn't spill his guts when captured.
For nearly a decade, he raided shipping from the Florida Keys and later served as one of Captain Blackbeard's chief lieutenants aboard the Queen Anne's Revenge. He was one of the surviving members of Blackbeard's crew following his death at the hands of Lieutenant Robert Maynard in 1718.
Caesar's Rock, one of three islands located north of Key Largo, was his original headquarters and the island is named in his honor.
Black Caesar assisted in the removal of slave holders alongside L'Ouverture and his followers during the Haitian revolution. Caesar and his men took over a Spanish ship moored offshore, and thus became pirates in the Caribbean. As things became increasingly dangerous in his native waters off Haiti, Caesar took off for the Florida Keys.
Now, legend says Caesar haunts Key Largo and is apparently an honored guest at the Key Largo Piratesfest! For more information go to http://diasporicroots.tumblr.com