text:
Civil War--Secession of the Southern States
of Union and Confederate Resources
York City Draft Riots
Primary Documents
Carolina's Declaration of Secession (1861)
Party Platform, 1860
Lincoln's Message to Congress in Special Session (1861)
Lincoln's Proclamation Calling a Militia and Convening Congress (1861)
Lincoln's 'A House Divided Against Itself' Speech (1858)
Lincoln's First Inaugural Address (1861)
to Home from Civil War Soldiers (1863)
Address of Confederate President Jefferson Davis (1861)
of the Confederate States of America (1861)
of the People of South Carolina to the People of Slaveholding States
Related Articles
War: Reconstruction
Scott Decision
Commerce Act
Civil War
of 1850
States of America
of the United States
of Abominations
of 1812
History: Sectional Rivalries
History: The Debate over Slavery
History: The Preservation of the Union
Article Written: February 24, 2006
The issue:
Do the Southern states have the right to withdraw from the Union if
they decide that being a part of it is no longer in their best
interests? Or would secession and the formation of the Confederate
States of America constitute a rebellion?
New York Historical Society
image is from an envelope issued between 1860 and 1861. Envelopes were
a popular means of propagandizing political views during the Civil War era.
The American Civil War (1861-65) was one of the most pivotal events in the history of the U.S. About 620,000 Americans died in the war, more than in all other American wars combined. The Civil War also resulted in the liberation of roughly four million black slaves, which forever changed the social structure of the South and race relations in the U.S.
Library of Congress
James Buchanan (left) and Abraham Lincoln right).
War became inevitable after several Southern states seceded from—or
left—the Union. The first state to secede was South Carolina, on
December 20, 1860. Ten other Southern states eventually seceded,
joining with South Carolina to form the Confederate States of America. President James Buchanan (D, 1857-61) did not take action to stop the states from seceding; although he argued that secession
was not legal, he also claimed that the federal government did not have
the constitutional right to stop the South from doing so. However, he
did declare that the government would retain its military facilities in
the South.
One of those facilities was Fort Sumter,
a military post in South Carolina. Six days after South Carolina
seceded, Buchanan sent troops to the fort to protect it from the
secessionist forces. On April 12, 1861, Southern rebels fired their
first shots on the fort, and on April 14, Union Major Robert Anderson surrendered it to the rebels. The following day, newly inaugurated President Abraham Lincoln (R, 1861-65) called for 75,000 volunteers to join the military to help restore the Southern states to the Union. The Civil War had begun. [See President Lincoln's Proclamation Calling a Militia and Convening Congress (primary document), President Lincoln's Message to Congress in Special Session (primary document)]
This Reynolds map shows the complex political divisions that existed in the United States following the Missouri Compromise.
The reasons for the break-up of the Union are complex and open to
interpretation. In the mid-19th century, there were vast differences
between the Northern and Southern portions of the U.S. The South had an
economy that was based on farming—particularly on growing cotton—and
it depended on the labor of black slaves. The North was more
industrial, and it did not rely on slave labor. The sectional
differences between North and South gradually heightened tensions
between the two regions.
Slavery was a key factor in the
widening of the rift between the two regions. While the South insisted
that slavery was vital to its economy, many in the North were dedicated
to ending slavery throughout the country. Up until the late 1850s, the
North and South had largely avoided violent confrontations over
slavery. But with the question of the expansion of slavery to new
territories looming larger and larger, the issue was bound to come to a
head. It finally did, with the 1860 election of Lincoln, whose Republican Party had expressed its opposition to the spread of slavery. [See Republican Party Platform, 1860 (primary document)]
However, political and economic factors also played a role in secession. By the 1830s, the North had gained a majority in Congress
due to its increased population; by 1861 approximately 22 million
people lived in the Northern states, while approximately five million
free whites and four million slaves lived in the Southern slave states.
That situation led to policy differences between North and South, in
particular over taxation. Under the Constitution, the House of Representatives
was responsible for legislation that dealt with raising revenue. Since
there was now a Northern majority in the House, the Southern states
could not prevent the passage of new taxes that often benefited
Northern manufacturers while falling heavily on the Southern states.
The economies and societies of the North and the South had widely diverged by the time of the Civil War.
In the North, cities were swelling with immigrants, and manufacturing
was flourishing. In the South, however, cotton maintained a
stranglehold on the economy, and the population was not expanding as
By the time Lincoln was elected, a growing number of people were
convinced that two very different and deeply opposed societies had
evolved within the nation. The New York Tribune
summed up that state of relations when it wrote, "We are not one
people. We are two peoples. We are a people for Freedom and a people
for Slavery. Between the two, conflict is inevitable." Indeed, that
conflict led to secession and war.
Many proponents of secession argued that the government was acting
contrary to the South's best interests. They particularly expressed
concern about the growing tide of antislavery sentiment in the North;
if slavery were threatened, Southern advocates asserted, then their
very livelihoods would be in peril. Proponents of secession also argued
that the Southern states had reason to secede because they were being
taxed unfairly by the federal government. Supporters compared secession
to the action of the colonists when they declared their independence
from Britain nearly a century earlier; they were acting legally to gain independence from an oppressive master, secessionist claimed.
Opponents of secession, however, argued that the Southern states did
not have the constitutional right to secede from the Union. When the
states had originally entered the Union, critics contended, they formed
a binding compact. Opponents argued that under the guiding principle of
majority rule, that compact could be broken only with the agreement of
a combined majority of Northern and Southern states. Many also feared
that if the prosperous Southern states were to leave, then the economy
and the security of the U.S. would suffer a severe blow.
Lincoln's election in 1860 was not the first time the Union was faced
with secession. The first threat to the Union came just 15 years after
the Constitution was signed. In 1803, Massachusetts declared that it
would secede if the U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France.
Josiah Quincy, a Boston-based political leader and member of the Federalist Party,
said that admitting a new state without specific approval of the
original 13 states would be a cause for dissolution of the Union. Only
mediation by congressional leaders on both sides kept them from
carrying through on their threat.
Rumblings of secession
surfaced again roughly a decade later, when the New England states were
rumored to be considering leaving the Union because of the War of 1812
(1812-15) with Britain. New England was strongly opposed to the war,
which was having a devastating impact on its foreign trade. To discuss
the problems facing New England, the Federalist Party held a meeting in
Hartford, Connecticut, in December 1814 and January 1815. While the
meetings were held in secret, and there were no records of what was
discussed, it was widely believed that the states were considering
secession, although the states never took any action on secession. The
delegates did propose seven amendments to the U.S. Constitution, one of
which aimed at diluting the Southern states' representation in
Congress. Those proposals were all defeated in state legislatures. [See
War of 1812]
But the biggest threats to the Union arose from regional differences
between North and South. In fact, those differences created conflict
from the very founding of the country. The regional differences were
noted by George Mason,
a Virginia delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. Mason had
refused to sign the Constitution, expressing concern with a provision
in which "by requiring only a majority to make all commercial and
navigation laws, the five Southern States (whose produce and
circumstances are totally different from those of the eight Northern
and Eastern States) will be ruined."
Those differences came
to a head in South Carolina in the late 1820s. The state argued that
most of the federal tax revenue derived from the South, and that
Southern states were not getting their fair share in return. That was
because the population had shifted northward, and Northern legislators
in Congress were passing bills that benefited the North.
A piece of legislation that particularly angered the South was an 1828
tariff that came to be known in the South as the "Tariff of
Abominations." The bill—intended to protect Northern industries from
the dumping of competing British products on American markets at
artificially low prices—was designed to keep foreign goods out by
making them more expensive. The measure hurt the South in two ways; it
made manufactured goods more expensive for Southerners to buy, and also
resulted in Britain reducing its import of Southern cotton when the
market for British products shrank.
The North passed a milder tariff law in 1832, but the South was not
satisfied. That year, South Carolina passed an Ordinance of
Nullification, declaring that both the 1828 and 1832 tariff acts were
"null, void, and no law." South Carolina argued that all states had the
right to suspend any federal law in their territory that they felt was
not in their best interests. However, the federal government did not
agree with that reasoning. South Carolina, declared President Andrew
Jackson (D, 1829-37), stood on "the brink of insurrection and treason."
The so-called Nullification Crisis was resolved in 1833, after Congress
enacted a compromise tariff that gradually reduced duties on imported
goods. In response, South Carolina repealed its Ordinance of
Nullification. A showdown between the North and South was averted, but
only temporarily.
Another major issue that threatened to split the Union was slavery. In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican, 1801-09) oversaw the Louisiana Purchase
for the U.S., buying a huge parcel of land from France. In one fell
swoop, the land owned by the U.S. doubled. At the time, the population
of the slave and free states was fairly even, and there were as many
slave states as free states. But issues soon arose in Congress
concerning which parts of the new lands would be considered free states
and which ones would be considered slave states. A swing either way
would give the North or the South an advantage in congressional
representation, and neither wanted to be in the minority.
The Compromise of 1820—also known as the Missouri Compromise—admitted
Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, keeping the number
of free and slave states in balance. It also established a line of
division at 36� 30� latitude through the Louisiana Purchase. Slavery
was permitted south of the line, but prohibited to the north of it.
That solution resolved the slavery issue until 1845, when Texas was
admitted to the U.S. as a slave state. That led to the Compromise of 1850,
which admitted California as a free state while allowing slavery to
persist in the other lands west of Texas (Utah and New Mexico) that
were acquired from Mexico.
In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise. Senator Stephen A. Douglas
(D, Illinois) wrote and introduced the bill that divided the land west
of Missouri into two territories: Kansas and Nebraska. A provision of
the bill called for popular sovereignty, so that residents of the new
territories would decide for themselves whether slavery would be legal
where they settled. [See The Kansas-Nebraska Act]
When the Kansas-Nebraska Act became law on May 30, 1854, antislavery
activists were outraged. If the Missouri Compromise were still in
effect, they reasoned, slavery would have been illegal in both
territories. Passage of the bill resulted in violence, as both
pro-slavery and antislavery activists went to Kansas to try to
determine the outcome of the slavery vote in the first election to be
held in the new territory. The convergence of those two opposing forces
came to be known as "Bloody Kansas," for the violence that subsequently
gripped the territory. As a result of the violence, tensions between
North and South reached a fever pitch.
Those events helped give birth to a new political party—the Republican
Party. In early February 1854, largely in response to opposition to the
Kansas-Nebraska bill, people from a number of existing parties,
including Whigs,
Free-Soilers and Anti-Slavery Democrats, gathered in Ripon, Wisconsin,
to create a new party. The party was dedicated to preventing the
expansion of slavery, which Republicans called "the great moral, social
and political evil" of the day.
The Secession Movement. In this cartoon the South, in an act of hubris, is "galloping" blindly off the cliff.
Tensions between the Northern and Southern states grew even worse on
March 6, 1857, when the U.S. Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice Roger Taney,
ruled that Congress did not have the right to prohibit slavery in the
western territories. Taney, a slave owner from the slave-holding state
of Maryland, ruled that a slave named Dred Scott had no right to sue in
federal court. Scott had attempted to sue for his freedom based on the
claim that he had lived on free soil in Illinois and Wisconsin before
moving back to Missouri. However, Scott was denied his freedom because,
according to Taney, "blacks had no rights which the white man was bound
to respect; and that the Negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to
slavery for his benefit. He was bought and sold and treated as an
ordinary article of merchandise and traffic, whenever profit could be
made by it." [See Dred Scott Decision]
The Dred Scott
decision meant that the Republican Party's goal of stopping slavery
from spreading to the western territories was unconstitutional. And it
also meant that the doctrine of "popular sovereignty"—which stated that
territorial governments had the power to prohibit slavery if they so
wished—was also unconstitutional.
Many Northern
abolitionists were outraged at that decision, and saw it as a major
step backward in their efforts to rid the nation of slavery. Some even
believed that Southern Democrats were engaged in a conspiracy to make
slavery legal throughout the country. However, Frederick Douglass, a rising black political leader and abolitionist, stated that "my hopes were never brighter than now." To Douglass, the Dred Scott
decision and its implications were so immoral that he felt it would
bring slavery to the forefront of the nation's consciousness. Douglass
believed this would lead to the ultimate obliteration of the practice.
His words would soon prove prophetic.
A vivid example of
how rancorous the relations between North and South had gotten is
provided by an attack on Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner
by South Carolina Representative Preston Brooks (D). Sumner had given a
speech on the Senate floor in May of 1856 in which he argued that the
"Crime against Kansas" was simply the latest attempt by Southern
political leaders to expand slavery to the west and hence gain power in
Congress. Two days later, Brooks walked up to Sumner at his desk in the
Senate chamber and pummeled him viciously with a cane until Sumner lost
An illustration from an envelope issued in 1861.
Against that backdrop, Lincoln was president on November 6, 1860.
Although he claimed to be more interested in preserving a strong union
than in ending slavery, the South predicted that his election would
lead to an attempt to abolish slavery nationwide. Lincoln's election
was the tipping point in the sectional crisis between North and South.
South Carolina seceded shortly after his election, repealing its
ratification of the U.S. Constitution. It was joined by six more states
by the time of Lincoln's inauguration on March 4, 1861: Mississippi on
January 9; Florida on January 10; Alabama on January 11; Georgia on
January 19; Louisiana on January 26; and Texas on February 1. [See South Carolina's Declaration of Secession (primary document) , Dates of Secession of the Southern States and their Readmittance to the Union (sidebar)]
On February 4, delegates from those states met in Montgomery, Alabama,
where they drafted a constitution for the Confederate States of America
(which was adopted on March 11). They chose Jefferson Davis,
a congressman and statesman, as provisional president (he was elected
president in October). Four more states would join the Confederacy in
the following months: Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee.
When the Southern states began to secede, outgoing President Buchanan
did very little to stem the tide, believing that the North did not have
any constitutional right to interfere. However, Lincoln declared that
secession was illegal, and that the Southern states were in rebellion.
[See Constitution of the Confederate States of America (primary document), Inaugural Address of Confederate President Jefferson Davis (primary document)]
Supporters of secession claimed that, through economic legislation such
as tariffs passed by a Northern-controlled Congress, the North was
essentially trying to turn the South into an agricultural colony. In
fact, southerners compared their situation to that of the American
colonists who overthrew the British in the American Revolutionary War
(1775-83). In both cases, they asserted, a group of people declared
their independence from a power that was taxing them heavily; in both
cases, the seceding entity was invaded by a power that did not want
secession to be successful.
In an "Address of the people of
South Carolina to the people of the slaveholding states," in which
South Carolina urged other Southern states to join it in a confederacy
of slave-holding states, secessionists noted that the Southern states
were subordinate to the North in Congress. According to the address:
[see Address of the People of South Carolina to the People of Slaveholding States (primary document)]
representation in Congress is useless to protect them against unjust
taxation; and they are taxed by the people of the North for their
benefit, exactly as the people of Great Britain taxed our ancestors in
the British Parliament for their benefit. For the last forty years, the
taxes laid by the Congress of the United States, have been laid with a
view of subserving the interests of the North.
Secessionists also pointed to the Declaration of Independence
to bolster their claim that states had a right to secede. South
Carolina's secession declaration included wording from the Declaration
of Independence stating that the colonies "are, and of right ought to
be Free and Independent States." The secession declaration further
quoted the colonists' declaration that "whenever any form of government
becomes destructive of the ends for which it was established, it is the
right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new
Davis echoed the Declaration of Independence
when he commented that the South's situation "illustrates the American
idea that governments rest on the consent of the governed, and that it
is the right of the people to alter or abolish them whenever they
become destructive of the ends for which they were established." He
further summed up the Southern view when he said, "The North was mad
and blind, would not let us govern ourselves, and so the war came."
Secession proponents also asserted that secession was allowed by the
Constitution, and that the compact between the states was not meant to
be binding. In fact, they pointed out, Article Two of the Articles of Confederation
(the precursor to the Constitution) said that "Each state retains its
sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every Power, Jurisdiction
and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to
the United States, in Congress assembled." Advocates saw nothing in the
Constitution that contradicted that view.
Proponents also
pointed to the 10th Amendment to the Constitution, which stated that
"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States
respectively, or to the people." Since secession was a power not
delegated to the government, they reasoned, then it was a power left to
the states. Furthermore, they asserted, there was nothing in the
Constitution permitting the federal government to prevent secession.
In addition, proponents argued that it was hypocritical for the North
to prevent Southern states from seceding when Northern states had
previously tried to do so. They pointed out that Northern states had
previously threatened to secede, yet when a Southern state attempted to
secede, the Northern position on secession changed drastically.
One of the most vigorous arguments by many secessionists concerned the
slavery issue. By the 1850s, Southern leaders were aware that many
Northern abolitionists wanted to rid the entire country of slavery.
Southerners argued that abolition of slavery would have a devastating
effect on the Southern economy, because the South's labor force
included nearly four million slaves.
Many Southerners claimed that Northerners had unfairly taken up the
issue of slavery in order to inflame other Northerners against the
South; they pointed out that far fewer than 10% of the South's roughly
5.5 million whites—only 300,000—were estimated to be slave owners. In
addition, many secession proponents believed that Southern slaves were
treated more humanely than workers in Northern factories. Advocates
argued that slave owners provided shelter, food, care, clothing and
other necessities for a people who could not compete in the modern
world without proper training. Many Southern preachers even proclaimed
that slavery was sanctioned in the Bible.
Representative Laurence Keitt (D, South Carolina) summed up the belief
of many in the South regarding slavery in a speech to the House in
January 1860. According to Keitt:
African slavery is the corner-stone of the industrial, social, and political fabric of the South; and whatever wars against it, wars
against her very existence. Strike down the institution of African
slavery and you reduce the South to depopulation and barbarism....The
anti-slavery party contend that slavery is wrong in itself, and the
Government is a consolidated national democracy. We of the South
contend that slavery is right, and that this is a confederate republic
of sovereign states.
The slavery issue came to
a boil with Lincoln's election. Proponents of secession pointed to
Lincoln's "House Divided" speech of 1858, in which he warned,
"A house divided against itself cannot stand." Lincoln said he believed
that the nation would end up being either entirely free or entirely
accepting of slavery, but secessionists argued that his presidency
would lead to the abolition of slavery. [See Abraham Lincoln's 'A House Divided Against Itself' Speech (primary document)]
Stephen Hale, who had been appointed by the governor of Alabama to
travel to other slave-holding states to advocate secession, discussed
the impact of Lincoln's election and his party's antislavery stance in
a letter to Kentucky Governor Beriah Magoffin (D). Hale wrote:
election of Mr. Lincoln cannot be regarded otherwise than a solemn
declaration, on the part of a great majority of the Northern people, of
hostility to the South, her property and her institutions-nothing less
than an open declaration of war-for the
triumph of this new theory of Government destroys the property of the
South, lays waste her fields, and inaugurates all the horrors of a San
Domingo servile insurrection, consigning her citizens to
assassinations, and her wives and daughters to pollution and violation,
to gratify the lust of half-civilized Africans.
Many opponents of secession, such as Lincoln, stressed the importance of keeping the nation united. In a letter to New York Tribune publisher Horace Greeley,
Lincoln wrote: "My paramount objective in this struggle is to save the
Union, and it is not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save
the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save
it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; if I could save it by
freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that."
Even some who did not contest the legality of Southern secession argued
against it in practice, claiming that it was more important to maintain
the Union. In January 1861, Alexander Stephens,
a member of Georgia's House of Representatives (who in February would
be elected provisional vice president of the Confederacy) argued
against Georgia's secession. Stephens stated that the current
government "is the best and freest government—the most equal in its
rights—the most just in its decisions-the most lenient in its measures,
and the most inspiring in its principles to elevate the race of men,
that the sun of heaven ever shone upon." He continued:
for you to attempt to overthrow such a government as this, under which
we have lived for more than three quarters of a century—in which we
have gained our wealth, our standing as a nation, our domestic safety
while the elements of peril are around us, with peace and tranquility
accompanied with unbounded prosperity and rights unassailed—is the
height of madness, folly and wickedness, to which I can neither lend my
sanction nor my vote.
But most critics of
secession argued that it was illegal. When the Southern states entered
the Union they were entering into an enduring relationship with the
Northern states, opponents claimed, agreeing to a binding compact. "No
state, upon its own mere motion, can lawfully get out of the Union,"
Lincoln asserted. "They can only do so against law, and by revolution."
Lincoln's belief was that the very core of a civilized
democracy was the principle of majority rule. He and other opponents of
secession reasoned that it was unacceptable because no democracy could
function if sections of the country were to leave the Union simply
because they did not like the results of an election. Such behavior
would lead ultimately to anarchy, they warned.
Lincoln argued that the South's decision to dissolve the compact
between the states would be valid only if it had the approval of a
majority of the states, in both North and South. He addressed those
ideas in his first inaugural address when he stated: [See President Lincoln's First Inaugural Address (primary document)]
divide upon [all our constitutional controversies] into majorities and
minorities. If the minority will not acquiesce, the majority must, or
the Government must cease. There is no other alternative, for
continuing the Government is acquiescence on one side or the other. If
a minority in such case will secede rather than acquiesce, they make a
precedent which in turn will divide and ruin them, for a minority of
their own will secede from them whenever a majority refuses to be
controlled by such minority....Plainly the central idea of secession is
the essence of anarchy.
Moreover, opponents
argued that there were two clauses in the Constitution that made
secession illegal: the supremacy clause and the guarantee clause. The
supremacy clause (Article VI, Paragraph 2) stated: "This Constitution,
and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance
thereof. shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every
State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or Laws of
any State to the Contrary notwithstanding." Antisecessionists
interpreted that to mean that the act of secession was in violation of
federal mandates against treason.
Furthermore, they noted, the guarantee clause (Article IV, Section 4)
stated: "The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union
a Republican Form of Government." Lincoln referred to that clause to
justify the Northern invasion of the South in an attempt to prevent
secession. "[I]f a State may lawfully go out of the Union, having done
so, it may also discard the republican form of government; so that to
prevent its going out, is an indispensable means, to the end, of
maintaining the guaranty mentioned; and when an end is lawful and
obligatory, the indispensable means to it, are also lawful, and
obligatory," he said.
Northern opponents of secession also argued that the U.S. would be a
much stronger country, militarily and economically, if it were to stay
united. Splitting the U.S. into two countries would leave both more
susceptible to foreign invasion, and both would suffer economically in
the long run, critics warned.
"The Southern Confederacy will not employ our ships or buy our goods.
What is our shipping without it? Literally nothing. It is very clear
that the South gains by this process, and we lose. No—we MUST NOT 'let
the South go'," The Union Democrat, a Manchester, New Hampshire, newspaper declared on February 19, 1861.
Finally, some of the more militant of the abolitionists warned
that if states were allowed to secede, then hopes for abolition would
be dashed. There would be no chance of ending the practice of slavery
in the South if the North were not allowed to intervene in the affairs
of the South, they noted.
Problems between the Northern and Southern states of the U.S. kept
mounting through the first half of the 19th century. The issue of
slavery was a critical factor that drove a wedge between the two sides.
Because of the agrarian nature of the Southern way of life, the South
was largely dependent on slave labor to sustain its economy.
Southerners saw Northern resistance to slavery as a direct threat to
their existence. As a result of what they considered to be
unconstitutional intervention from a hostile central power, which
manifested itself in excessive taxation and the election of a president
whom they considered to be anti-Southern, the Southern states voted to
leave the Union. The goal of secession, then, was simply to create a
confederation of independent local states. Many Southerners viewed
their bold move as a Second American Revolution.
From the North's perspective, however, the secession of the Southern
states was unconstitutional, inasmuch as a state's departure required
the agreement of a majority of states in the country. They also argued
that it was imperative to keep the Southern states in the Union in
order for the U.S. to be a powerful and affluent country.
The differences between North and South could be resolved only through war. The impact of the Civil War
was enormous. As a result of the North's victory, slavery was
eradicated once and for all throughout the U.S., by virtue of Lincoln's
Emancipation Proclamation
of 1863 and the 13th Amendment, ratified on December 6, 1865, which
outlawed slavery. Also, because most of the fighting took place in the
South, the region was left devastated, and in dire economic and social
straits. In the immediate aftermath of the war,
the nation would have to begin the process of rebuilding the South and
healing long-standing divisions through the process of Reconstruction.
[See Comparison of Union and Confederate Resources (sidebar), Letters to Home from Civil War Soldiers (primary document)]
Fugitive slaves cross Rappahannock River, Virginia.
1. Many Southerners drew parallels between secession and the colonists'
declaration of independence against Great Britain. In what ways were
the situations similar? In what ways were they different?
2. Should the South have been allowed to secede if it decided that
remaining in the Union was not in its best interests? Why or why not?
3. What role did slavery play in the Civil War? Do you think that the North and South could have ever reached a compromise on slavery without resorting to bloodshed?
4. What would the U.S. be like today if the South had won the Civil War?
5. Imagine that you are President James Buchanan; write a speech in
which you respond to South Carolina's declaration of secession in 1860.
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Kennedy, James Roland and Walter Kennedy. The South Was Right! Gretna, La.: Pelican Publishing Co., 1995.
McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Niven, John. The Coming of the Civil War: 1837-1861. Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson Inc., SS1990.
Rhodes, James. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.
� 2006 Facts On File News Services


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Close up magic performed right under your nose is the most self contained entertainment available for private or corporate events, and is ideal for weddings.
As a series of personal performances, close up magic relies entirely on the skill and dexterity of the performer. No lights or sound equipment and no special staging. The magic can be performed just about anywhere. Adrian is one of the best and has been booked to perform his amazing close-up magic at restaurants, private homes, marquees, gardens, hotels, pubs and clubs – you name it!
Think of a card – Adrian can tell you which one you're thinking of.
Think of a number - he'll read your mind or get you to read his!
Objects like rings and coins take on a life of their own - they vanish and appear in all sorts of impossible places.
Astounding tricks with cards and coins, unbelievable mind reading which will leave you completely baffled, and all done with good humour and an engaging personality.
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Spring Teen Scholarship announcement postponed
We normally present our Spring Teen Scholarship at the April concert. However, due to Spring Break and high school students out looking at college campuses, we will announce our 2012 recipient at the June 19 Third-Sunday Season concert featuring pianist Joel Fan. This will allow our recipient to receive the award in person.


text: Event Recap: Trick Daddy, Mia X & Twista @ Warehouse Live (4/26) Brandon Caldwell April 28, 2012 Concert Reviews 1 Comment "Did I just escape a time machine?" By and large, this won't rank among the more "paint-by-numbers" show reviews I ever do. Driving home near 2 AM and my body feeling like a worthless mass gripping a steering wheel, there wasn't much I could say to properly articulate what I just saw. Trick Daddy, Mia X & Twista headlined a Houston show celebrating their legacies and made me question the current crop of rappers in comparison. Houston got it's shots in thanks to Short Dawg who brought out The C.I.T.Y., a small ensamble band that interjected traditional Houston rap tunes with the occasions nod to the old school. Short's been trapped in a weird bubble though. Despite his allegiances to Young Money, he hasn't broken through nationally as say a Tyga would but still remains a figure. His most beloved cult classic "Me & My Drank", a drowsy two-step dedication to the contents inside of a Styrofoam felt heavier thanks to the band. When Propain joined him for "H-Town", Drankenstein smiled and continued on about his business, proving that even his brand of witty, syrupy punchlines would work with some live instrumentation. Or it was a bigger look for The C.I.T.Y., take your pick. X's set clearly made it evident how much influence Beats By The Pound had on the No Limit sound, hell the era in general. Behind those pen and pixel covers lay an organic sound built heavily upon samples in the same way Diddy brought those to the mainstream in the mid-90s but rougher & damn sure louder. Arguably the best rapper the Tank ever gave us hit the stage clad in a shimmering top and camo pants (how apropos). She ran through an hour's worth of material from old No Limit classics to a freestyle over Meek Mill's "I'm A Boss". True to her nature, she openly stated "I don't give a f*ck if the sound break, I'm a mother*ckin' emcee!" She did the female taboo of revealing her age (42), telling some of the crowd that they were old enough to be her children (sorta true), brought out the Ghetto Twins (!!) for "No Pain, No Gain", dedicated a portion of the show to C-Murder, Mystikal, Soulja Slim & Mac (!) and then concluded her set with something feminist and raunchy all the same – a four minute "poem" about a lover who was two timing her using every word you'd hear getting cussed out by a female from New Orleans or somewhere in the South in general. It was filthy and yet, the females in the sparse crowd ate it up. The alternative to such a poem continued when the 305 Mayor hit the stage following her. By that time it was 12-something, my legs felt weak and after being hit by rap for four hours I was beginning to feel it. Nevertheless, Trick Daddy told us he loved the kids during "I'm A Thug" and a more of his other notable hits and in some spots rattled on in the same way DMX did when he hit the House Of Blues a year ago. A sample of The Philosophy Of Trick Daddy Dollars. On pregnancy: "They got this rule in Florida where you can abort 'em after a [inaudible] months. I don't think they can do that in Texas." On his Lupus: "You can't catch Lupus if you suck this d*ck! I like how yo mouth is wide…" On fraud women: "You ever met a b*tch that got twins by f*cking two different n*ggas? Don't trust that h*e, and don't let these Nicki Minaj lookin' ass h*es fool you!" (That's a medical mystery, Trick.) On sex: "I don't give a f*ck, I know I'm an ugly n*gga. But you like sucking d*ck right? Next n*gga you meet I want you to suck his d*ck from the back so when you're tired, you can lick his ass." It continued on like this, where by then I wished I had an unedited Trick Daddy reality show to hear more of these Trick-isms. He made it quite clear he hated dudes in skinny jeans, asking the crowd to call anybody out rocking them. We got "Nann" with a call and response for the ladies but no "Shut Up". I wanted the band, we got "F*ck The Other Side" and that was that. By the time Twista hit the stage, my foot was driven on 59 South headed home. Yet, I was left with one good memory. During an intermission, there was a sighting of Mia slightly ducked off on the side of the Warehouse Live bar having a conversation with Scarface. I joked they were discussing features for Face's upcoming album or chit-chatting about the years past. Either way, it was a surreal moment for a Southern rap fan who thought it was best picking up a gold No Limit tank piece from a random flea market. The Crowd: Older than you might think. Random Note: Carmen Sandiego, she of the remix to Juvenile's "Back That Ass Up" hopped on stage at the request of MC Kane & Go DJ Hi-C. She twerked and performed said remix. We officially coined this a nostalgic trip. Locally On: Dante Higgins is still pushing his debut album, The Dante Higgins Story and O.N.E is busy prepping Spirit Driven. Both performed on the Warehouse Live stage, each with a certain propensity to them. Higgins definitely has more ear catching material live while O.N.E can snatch an ear thanks to a freestyle or two. Keep an eye on this. Share this:TweetShare on Tumblr


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Face Off season 5 episode 4 "Subterranean Terror" airs on Tuesday September 3 at 9 p.m. ET on Syfy. Episode Synopsis: Face Off Season 5 Episode 4 "Subterranean Terror"- The remaining artists explore abandoned tunnels in search of inspiration for the humanoid underground monsters they are tasked with creating. Creature designer Jordu Schell makes an appearance. Read More... //www.tvequals.com/2013/09/03/face-off-season-5-episode-4-subterranean-terror/


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text: Verify or report a scam Scams are designed to trick you into paying money or giving out your personal information. This information about scams is also available in an easy read format. Reporting ATO impersonation scams If you have been affected by an ATO impersonation scam you can report it to us in various ways. Phone scams If you or someone you know has paid or provided sensitive personal identifying information to a scammer, call us on 1800 008 540 to report. If you receive a scam phone call or text message, and have not paid or provided sensitive personal identifying information to the scammer, you can report the scam via the online form Report a scam Email and text message scams If you receive a suspicious email or text message (SMS) claiming to be from us: forward the entire email to firstname.lastname@example.com take a screenshot of the text and email it to firstname.lastname@example.com delete the email or text. Do not click on a link, open an attachment or download a file. Verifying ATO contact If you are ever unsure whether an ATO interaction is genuine, do not reply. You should phone us on 1800 008 540. On this page: Who else to notify Scamming methods Who else to notify If you have made a payment to an ATO impersonation scammer, make an official report to your local police. If you have given your credit card or bank details to someone who shouldn't have them, contact your bank or financial institution. If you have paid money into a scammer bank account contact that bank and lodge a fraud report. See also: Cyber Issue Reporting SystemExternal Link - to report cybercrime. SCAMwatchExternal Link – to report other scams, suspicious schemes or consumer fraud. Scamming methods It is becoming increasingly difficult to differentiate between legitimate ATO interactions and those of the scammers, however there are some tell-tale signs outlined below to help you verify that you're dealing with the legitimate ATO. The below scamming methods are used to mimic the ATO and attempt to steal your Personal Identifying Information (PII) or money. Phone scams Scammers may: Threaten you with immediate arrest. They do this to create a sense of urgency and instil a fear response. We will never threaten you with immediate arrest. Send unsolicited pre-recorded messages (robocalls) to your phone. These will be delivered when you answer the call or may be left on your voicemail. They often ask you to return the call as the act of responding to robocalls gives the scammers increased certainty of speaking to someone who believed the message. We will never send unsolicited pre-recorded messages to your phone. Only ever call back on an independently sourced number not the one provided to you or in your call log. Use technology to project legitimate numbers on caller ID on your call log, this may include legitimate ATO numbers. They do this to make you think the call originates from Australian numbers. Calls originating from us do not show a number on caller ID. Only ever call back on an independently sourced number, not one shown on caller ID or in your call log. Demand immediate payment and keep you on the line until you pay. They may advise that hanging up will trigger the arrest warrant. This is done to ensure payment is made by the end of the call. We will never insist you stay on the line until a payment is made. Refuse to allow you to speak with a trusted advisor or your regular tax agent. They do this to prevent anyone from telling you that it's a scam and interrupting the payment. We will never prevent you from discussing your tax affairs with your agent or trusted advisor. Conference call in a fake tax professional, law enforcement officer or another official. This is done to add legitimacy to the call and increase the fear response. The second person dialled in is another scammer. We will never conference call in a third party such as your tax agent or law enforcement. Know your tax affairs – you can log into ATO online services through myGov to check your tax affairs at any time, or you can contact your tax agent or the ATO. Request payment by iTunes, Google Play, STEAM or other vouchers. These vouchers can be easily purchased and sold globally and are an untraceable form of currency. We will never request payment of a debt via iTunes, Google Play cards or other vouchers. For legitimate ways to pay your tax debt, see How to pay. Request payment by Bitcoin or other cryptocurrency either directly or deposited into an ATM. This currency is difficult to trace and offers a degree of anonymity. We do not accept payment in cryptocurrency. Request you pay money into a personal bank account. Australian based accounts are established by money mules. The money moves accounts until it eventually is sent offshore. We will never ask you to pay your tax debt into a bank account not held by the Reserve Bank of Australia. Check the Bank-State-Branch (BSB). Request you pay via cardless cash transfer. We will never ask you to pay your tax debt via a cardless cash transfer. Request you pay money via offshore wire transfer (where the scammers are located). We will not request payment of a debt via offshore wire transfer. Request you pay a fee to receive a refund usually by credit card. Credit card information is often stolen. We will never ask you to pay a fee in order to receive a refund. Do not provide your credit card details to anyone unless you trust the person you're dealing with and they genuinely require these details. Offer payment arrangements if you can't pay the full amount. This is done to increase instances of payments and the total amount paid. Contact us or your tax agent via an independently sourced number before entering into a payment arrangement. Emails and text message scams Scammers may: Request you provide your personal identifying and financial institution details via a return SMS or email in order to receive a refund. We may use SMS or email to request you to contact us, but we will never ask you to provide personal identifying information via these methods in order to receive a refund. Don't give out your TFN, date of birth or bank details unless you trust the person you're dealing with and they genuinely require these details. Request you click on a hyperlink in a text message or email to log on to an online service. Scammers create fake log on pages that look legitimate. They use these sites to keep legitimate credentials (user names and passwords) for future misuse. We will never send you an email or text message with a hyperlink directing you to a log on page for our online services. Request you click on a link in a text message or email to download forms or attachments. Scammers do this to either to install malicious software on your computer to gain access to your data or to keep your personal identifying or financial information for future misuse. Always use caution when downloading attachments or clicking links in emails, text messages or social media posts, even if they appear to come from someone you know. Create fake social media accounts and send requests for personal identifying information or money. We are on Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn, but we will never use these social media platforms to ask you for payment or personal identifiable information. We will never interact with you via Whatsapp. Note: Never share your TFN, myGov or bank account details or other sensitive personal identifying information on social media. See also: Scam alerts – for information on the latest ATO impersonation scams How to pay – for legitimate ways to pay your tax debt Scam reports Protecting your information IDCAREExternal Link Stay Smart OnlineExternal Link ACCC – The little black book of scamsExternal Link Be wary of unexpected contacts claiming to be from the ATO. They could be scams designed to trick you into paying money or providing personal information.Last modified: 21 Nov 2019QC 40945


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Stream Call Vs Text, the newest drop from Elise 5000 which features Rob Lawson. The cut was released on Sunday, April 8th, 2012. Elise 5000 continues to impress with each new leak, and Call Vs Text is no exception. It's strengthens Elise 5000's already impressive body of work, which has seen positive change over the years. We're most definitely anticipating Elise 5000's next offering.
Have you heard Elise 5000's Tell Me (Let Me Know)? Check out Elise 5000's profile page for the most recent info, news, songs, and mixtapes. Follow Elise 5000 on Twitter, if you aren't already.
What do you think of the features on this track? Let us know what you think, folks.


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DescriptionRemember how Words With Friends pretty much single-handedly taught your mom how to use the iPad you got her for Christmas? Well, that's the power of iPad games. The barriers for new game developers are lower than ever, and this project-based course will put you on the right track to break in. You'll dive into SpriteKit and Swift to build real games and apps for iPad that you can use to start building your own professional portfolio.
Details & Requirements


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Just because Las Vegas is out West but not entirely nearby Yosemite doesn't have to stop you from connecting the two destinations into one trip if they're both on your list of must-sees. Just get into a car and explore the space between Nevada and California and you'll be immersed in the expansive landscapes found on this side of North America.
Check out TripAdvisor's best deals in Las Vegas for hotel information.
The Distance
Depending on the route you take, the trip can be from 334 to 563 miles, 5.75 hours to 11 hours of driving. Google maps can also provide you with routes that give you a 9- to 11-hour trip (depending on what side of the park you enter and whether you search Yosemite National Park or Yosemite Valley). If you map it to Tioga Pass, it's 5.75 hours of driving and 334 miles from Las Vegas.
The Park
Yosemite National Park gets a lot of visitors, but it is still a joy to get on a bike in the middle of summer, amid the crowds at the visitors' center and bus stops, and ride through a meadow with only the sound of the bike and the wind. Yosemite Valley is so vast that you'll find a spot for yourself along the Merced River, in the shadow of El Capitan, or within view of a waterfall, and you'll appreciate the pure beauty nature, whether you're from the city or not.
The hikes are numerous, rafting down the river is fun, and if you feel really energetic, you can either rock climb or try getting to the top of the Half Dome.
How Is the Drive?
You may think the drive is a little long, especially if you thought you would make it there and back in one day; depending on the route you take and the stops you make, this is probably better done at least as a two-day excursion. Stop at the Tioga Gas Mart; Whoa Nellie Deli is a very good surprise when looking for food on this route—much better than you'd likely expect from a Mobil station. Another must is on Highway 395 in Bishop, Mahogany Smoked Meats, where you can buy some exceptional beef jerky. Enter Yosemite National Park via the east entrance and Tioga Pass (the Tioga Pass route works only in late spring, summer, and early fall). In the winter it closes due to snow.
Things to See on the Way
This is a journey, not just a destination. On your way there, you can also visit Death Valley National Park, Manzanar National Historic Site, Alabama Hills rock formations, Mammoth Lakes, Mono Lake, and Tuolumne Meadows.
Don't Miss
Here are a few tips and must-see places in Yosemite National Park:
- The view of El Capitan from the meadow should be your new profile picture.
- The hike to Nevada Falls is just enough activity to make you feel like you are outdoorsy.
- Mirror Lake gets you to a spot where you can appreciate the size of the Half Dome.
- The large groves of sequoias will make you realize just how tiny we really are in the grand scheme of things.
- The Majestic Yosemite Hotel is a must see—majestic as the name implies, beautiful, and all about luxury.


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Rock-and-rollers Vampire Weekend are currently doing an Ask Me Anything session over on Reddit, and someone brought up their recent crime against autodom: the Saab 900s that were torched for their "Diane Young" video.
But you know what? They seem pretty damaged by the whole thing, and frontman Ezra Koenig answered with an eloquently Tupac-esque response:
Hilarious. We'd like to thank everyone for their real and, in some cases, manufactured outrage, and we'd like to acknowledge that Vampire Weekend seems rightly penitent about all of it.
I've already forgiven them. It's what Jesus would have done, and besides, "Diane Young" is really fucking catchy.
Hat tip to Powderhound in Opposburg!


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After a year-long hiatus from competition, popular NHRA Heritage Series driver Mendy "Nitro Kitty" Fry will return to the hot seat when she wheels the Mike Fuller Motorsports AA/Fuel Dragster in a match race contested during this weekend's Super Chevy event at Las Vegas Motor Speedway.
This is a sort of bookends for Fry, who originally gained notoriety in Top Fuel dragsters by becoming the first woman to clock a quarter-mile Top Speed over 250 mph, before climbing out of those volatile machines in 2008 and accepting posts in a pair of Nitro Funny Cars.
When asked about her decision to return to the ferocious, fiery front-engine dragsters, Fry said: "Why Top Fuel? And why now? I dunno, probably because Fuller asked!"
She then compared the two forms of NHRA Heritage Series nitro-burning machines and reasoned: "Honestly, I had considered the (front-engine) Top Fuel chapter of my life closed—I sat behind the motor for three seasons, ducked parts, paid my dues on skinny tires, and moved on to funny cars where, quite frankly, things were totally happening. But the chance to work with Mike and his team is pretty compelling. I'm very tight with him and all of his guys—you can't ask for a better group of people!"
She then spoke of the difficulties and technical complexity with the dragsters, and with the Mike Fuller entry in specific. "All of that aside," she said, "there's the challenge of the ride itself. It's no secret that this once hard-hitting team has been struggling of late. I don't think that struggle has been driver-related at all, but to be the driver in the seat when they figure the tune-up out would be pretty cool. It's no doubt that this thing has more whistles and gadgets than a street-corner, one-man band (trained monkey on the music box being me!), so I've got a little catching up and a learning curve going on. But they're willing to put up with that, so I say, let's do it. We're going to try it out at this Vegas deal, and then go from there. I've been stuck in work-related doldrums that only a snootful of nitro can release me from. So, we're going to strap my ass in this ride and see what we can do!"
Fuller and Fry will be among four fuelers that will square off at Vegas: The others are Bill Dunlap in the Circuit Breaker, Neal & White and Brendan Murry's "Running Wild" entry.
AA/Fuel Dragster action goes down at noon and 3 PM on Saturday, April 30th, and again at 1 PM on Sunday, May 1st.
Jason Myers permalinkMarch 4, 2012 12:41 pm
Hello Mendy! It is soo good to, see you running again! YOU have come a long way from the day's, used to see you drive your red roadster! I used to see you run at Bayland's all the time… Fast forward to, March 3rd, 2012…. Wow! You were awesome qulifying, yesterday! I wish you the best of luck in the finals, today!


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Most years since I created this website I've been drawn to writing a blog post as we move into the spring. It's such rich pickings, if you like, for inspiration - full of hope for more light, better weather, colour in our surroundings rather than greyness and gloom. And an increased expectation that it's going to be worth sowing some seeds- whether literally, like my husband who as I write this is populating our vegetable garden with nature's benign time-bombs in the form of beetroot, parsnip … [Read more...]
A second Cambridge acupuncture & Zero Balancing clinic …
Acupuncture & Zero Balancing in Cambridge Three years ago, the axis of my life moved to Cambridge. Within a few months I was committed to the process of transferring my work as an acupuncturist and Zero Balancing practitioner there too. I set about looking for a good place to build a new acupuncture practice. The first place I visited was The Jade Pathway Centre in Stapleford just outside Cambridge. It was a lovely, welcoming space and I was very interested in the idea of working … [Read more...]
Acupuncture Cambridge UK based Acupuncturist & Zero Balancing practitioner
Are you looking for experienced acupuncture in Cambridge? Are you finding it hard to decide whom to choose? Do you wish you could experience some relaxing and therapeutic bodywork but don't fancy the idea of a massage? I could be just the acupuncturist you are looking for – and here's why … I've been practising acupuncture and Zero Balancing for nearly 30 years.Over the years, new people have found me through word-of-mouth recommendations (I sometimes treat whole friendship … [Read more...]
"Hope Springs Eternal" – treating depression without medication.
I live on the edge of the Fens, and it's a great place to experience a certain ambivalent relationship with nature. In the drear misery of dark winter dankness, the flat expanses of sodden ground merging seemingly seemlessly with the grey expanses of sodden sky, it's hard to feel positive - and walking the dog along droves that are treacherously slippery and stubbornly sticky at the same time seems, frankly, quite unfair (especially as said dog is quite unconcerned with one's plight). And … [Read more...]
Blue Monday – how to feel better about it!
When booking a patient in for an appointment on 15 January 2018, she looked up from her diary and said "Oh, that's Blue Monday". I looked blank, so she said something about that being, officially, the day on which we are most miserable ... and then the conversation moved on to something a little more cheery. But I was interested enough to look Blue Monday up on the internet and found that someone somewhere has calculated the third Monday of January is THE day when our collective, and … [Read more...]
Acupuncture for Weight Loss
Can acupuncture help you lose weight? It happens every New Year, doesn't it? The media focus on "New Year, New You" hype is relentless, gym memberships soar, people queue up to join slimming clubs and ponder whether to snap up sales bargains in sizes they can fit into, or wish they could fit into. It's just at this point in the year when there is a growing sense of increasing light that making new plans for a fresh start seems to come naturally. So, when I was advised that it would be a … [Read more...]
Acupuncture for anxiety & stress – & Zero Balancing too!
I've been meaning for a long time to write about acupuncture for anxiety and stress. But regular readers of my blog will know that I like to write from my heart as well as from my head. And so, when I was recently fortunate enough to spend a few days in peaceful retreat on the island of Iona off the coast of Mull in Scotland, I was able to give the idea some more focused thought. It was a much needed opportunity to stop, take stock, be still, renew and refresh my body, mind and spirit after a … [Read more...]
Acupuncture & Periods – Hormone Mayhem into Hormone Harmony?
One thing all women (and girls from puberty) know about is the role of hormones in their lives. Whether it's simply the monthly adjustment needed around menstruation; or the controlling of their periods with the Pill; or the mood changes associated with Pre-Menstrual Tension (PMS/PMT); or the concerns around avoiding pregnancy; or the hopes around achieving pregnancy; or the ailments that come before, during or after the period; or the mixed feelings over the periods coming to an end; or … or … … [Read more...]
Acupuncture and the Menopause – "It's hot in here!"
Acupuncture and menopause - a natural approach We've just had several days of 'heatwave' conditions and, apart from those lucky enough to have access to air conditioning (was it just me who found myself spending a longer time than was strictly necessary in the supermarket the other day?) it's been very hard work doing anything requiring energy or concentration. My treatment room saw an unbroken succession of overheated clients who were utterly fed up, tired out, grumpy and generally feeling … [Read more...]
Acupuncture for Fertility
I can't tell you how many people have come to me for help with fertility/infertility issues over the last quarter century - but it is hundreds, and each year sees an increase in numbers. But it isn't a numbers game for the couples involved - it as an intensely personal and private agony, the hoping for and trying for a baby and things not going according to plan. Especially when it feels like every second person you come across is pregnant or has a new baby and especially when it's the spring - … [Read more...]
Emotional Healing – Beauty and the Beast
It's been quite a roller-coaster just recently, and it's got me thinking ... 7 January 2017 saw a very happy occasion, a second marriage for both myself and my new husband, a day full of joy and love and friends and family. And there at the service was my beloved 90-year-old father. Two days later, he died. A gentle kindly passing, making no fuss, requiring no drama or wringing of hands. So the planning and delivery of a wedding speech quickly turned into the planning and delivery of a … [Read more...]
This autumn could scarcely be more beautiful - no need to cross the Atlantic to New England, the brilliance of colour is all around us. It is such an extraordinary natural in-breath, held between that brilliance and utter mutedness, between exaltation and aching loss, between exhilaration and mournfulness. This morning's walk covered it all - visually misty and yet vibrant, emotionally subdued and yet celebratory of the beauty all around. Life in the autumn is poised in such delicate balance, … [Read more...]
Cambridge homecoming
Usually I write about things that have suddenly inspired me - something in nature, something someone has said. After more than quarter of a century working with acupuncture and Zero Balancing, I find connections everywhere with my work. And every work day brings with it something new - an unexpected turn taken in a client's life, a sudden insight into how best to serve someone in their quest for better health, an opportunity to learn and grow alongside the people who come to me. And now, … [Read more...]
"Lights, camera … SMILE!"
When I was a child, my favourite place to be at this time of the year was sitting on the wall of the front garden in our suburban London street. The bricks stepped up to the gate posts so I could climb up quite high, and almost disappear among the lowest branches of a pink-flowering hawthorn tree which grew out of a gap in the pavement. It always felt like a special, half-hidden world - one in which I could try to make sense of whatever joys or unhappinesses were at the forefront of my mind at … [Read more...]
Ringing the changes
All experts on how best to manage a website say that it's important to write a blog post at least once a month. It makes your site, and what you're using it for, look current, alive, up-to-the-minute, fresh, cared-for, vibrant ... I could go on. And I'm sure that all that is very true, and I would hate to think that my site looked stuck in some retro time-warp. Having said that, I will hold up my hands and confess that, since the end of last year when I last wrote a post, I've been rather … [Read more...]
The Bare Bones
It's New Year's Eve, and what a year 2015 has been. Well, for me anyway. I know a lot of therapists cultivate an air of enigmatic remoteness in their dealings with their clients and patients, but that has never worked for me. I try my best to get a balance between professional discretion, and honest disclosure. My work is done from a place of meaningful connection, which is based on the belief that if I am really to be of use to the people coming to me for help and support, I want them to … [Read more...]
"Fall forward"
We've just had the clocks go back, triggering the usual mixture of confusion, irritation, gloom (about it being all downhill until spring) and delight (about how lovely it is to get cosy of a dark evening). Whatever else can be said about this time, it's unlikely to be something neutral. The autumn generates strong feelings in most people. Every year I find myself in respect and admiration of the wisdom that the ancient Chinese had access to, and passed on down the generations. The autumn, … [Read more...]
A few weeks ago I was lucky enough to go on an extraordinary walking retreat in a remote and wild valley in northwestern Spain. It was interesting to note the differing responses of patients and clients when I told them about what I was planning to do. You see, the daily walks were to be done in complete SILENCE. I'd say that my client base divided roughly 50/50 into those who thought that was a weird, even alarming, and certainly bizarre thing to want to do ... and those whose response was … [Read more...]
Spring greens & baby blues
It's been a funny start to spring this year - although the winter seemed to drag on a long time, it wasn't really that cold - and yet the snowdrops were out very late. To me, at any rate, it feels like the welcome upturn in light levels has been well in advance of it actually feeling like spring. And now, bizarrely, it's suddenly nearly April and the whole Easter parade of artificially generated shopping hype (chocolate, bunnies, chicks) is in annoyingly full throttle. Apologies to all my … [Read more...]
The turn of the year
It's New Year's Eve as I write this, and the last few days have been perfect examples of nature at its most ... wintry. My long-standing clients know that I like to hibernate in the winter, for 2-3 weeks if possible - but for the last three mornings I've made sure I've been up and dressed in my thermals, thick jacket, hat and gloves in time for sunrise (8.13am this morning), so that I could be out walking across the fields in the frost. Why do this? Well, apart from the sheer and stunning … [Read more...]


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If you look ahead you can easily imagine a continuing evolution of intelligence. Robotic, connected, digital, and social technology. Innovations persisting for decades to come.
In their two most recent books – Beyond Genuine Stupidity and The Future Reinvented. Authors Rohit Talwar, Steve Wells, April Koury, Alexandra Whittington, and Maria Romero explored how we can harness the potential of artificial intelligence. (AI), robotics, and a growing range of other increasingly powerful technologies in service of humanity.
Here are some examples.
Personal Drones for Security- Small drones may fly around a person's property. Constantly monitoring and guarding against security threats like trespassers or burglars. They would be able to confirm the guests' identities through video and facial recognition software.
Autonomous Cars- Self-owning independent taxis. Will earn fares for each ride, sharing revenue with those who manufacture, service, and refuel them. The cars would work in self-managing, self-insuring networks. Covering each other in the event of increasingly rare incidents.
Autonomous Drones for Crowd Control and Border Security. Autonomous drones with AI enabled behaviour recognition and infrared capabilities could patrol border areas. Also other sensitive security situations when there are risks to safety and the potential for social unrest.
Robo-Mummy- Continuous monitoring of health indicators. This would allow your devices to order what you need to prevent you getting sick. They could nudge your decision making towards a healthier lifestyle and what's best for you.
"No Strings Attached" Sex. Future personal pleasure offerings could include customised multi-sensory virtual reality (VR) experiences. Coupled with sophisticated sex toys to enhance the range of multi-sensory sensations for the user.
Robotic Farming- Our farms may become entirely automated. Intelligent robots will plan, plant, water, weed, fertilise, and harvest crops. At the perfect time based on a continuous feed of connected sensor information. An apple at a grocery store may never have been touched by a human hand
Personal Robo-Delivery. Small autonomous robots could soon run daily errands. As our grocery order or dry cleaning becomes ready. The robot is alerted picks it up from the local shops.
Automated Sharing- Sensors in devices and objects would identify opportunities. To participate in the sharing economy, i.e. rent or loan out your hammock, or home for a day. Robots would undertake deliveries and ensure building safety.
Environmental Monitoring- As more and more sensors are deployed. We can expect increased environmental monitoring. An autonomous car may receive tailored alerts to avoid certain streets with elevated pollution. Walkers might be alerted to avoid specific parks flowering plant may trigger their allergies.
AI HR – Artificial intelligence is already changing the way HR operates. Perhaps we are moving toward humanless HR with AI powered recruitment, selection, appointment and onboarding etc. Smart HR could also monitor us via all our devices and detect factors such as stress levels, distraction, the extent of social conversation we engage in, and when we are performing at our peak.
One thing is for sure. It the AI enabled future we will never be alone. The times when you could decide to disappear for a while are coming to an end. You might be physically alone however your digital footprint, pulled together through all the connected devices and sensors on and in your body and around you, could reveal your whereabouts almost instantly.
These changes will continue to impact our personal and business lives. Let's hope for the better.
TNT Business


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Homeowner's are confused as to the appropriate order in which to build outdoor spaces in their backyard. They hear too many varying opinions on which should be constructed first, their in-ground swimming pool or their screen porch/deck. This blog is intended to provide a common sense approach to the answer from many years of building experience with an industry leader in design/ build of outdoor living spaces.
While the pool will no doubt be the focal point of the backyard, that is the only reason that makes sense to start with the pool. I would argue you should definitely start the design of the outdoor space with the location of the pool that will take into consideration the grade of your land and trees and so forth. In the scheme of things, start construction of the deck or screen porch first! Why?
The primary reason to begin with your deck or screen porch prior to the pool is footing locations. A footing is not a flexible pipe that can be moved or diverted. If your deck design calls for let's say a 12′ projection and a 20′ width, the footings must go in specified places by local code requirements for safety standards. If the pool were to be constructed first, there may be a series of plumbing or electrical lines that are laid right where you will need to dig your footings and therefore one of two things will happen, neither of which is desirable. Number one, you would have to change the size/ footprint of your original desired design which leads to cost overruns or number two, to a less than desirable size.
If you build the deck or porch first, the pool contractor can easily lay their lines out of the way of the footings with flexible lines and/or elbows. This is my simple argument that will keep you out of problems after the fact. The reason you hear differing opinions is usually self serving out of the contractors with the pool contractors wanting to wrap up a sale and fear of the homeowner not funding the pool right away if they do the deck first!


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I'm a strong advocate for Unschooling, I want all people of all ages to be free to learn in their way and in their time.
It's especially important for children to be able to learn without force, coercion, scopes, sequences, tests and grades...
I've always said we are unschoolers and we are as in we don't do school, nothing that resembles school. My kids are truly free from any kind of school ways.
In that respect and in my opinion Unschooling IS living and learning, it is natural, it is free.
School is completely Unnecessary and a complete waste of precious youth. We lock our children away for 12 years then expect them to be prepared for the real world all the while keeping them from it.
We live in the real world here and now and always have, no schooling to interfere with our real lives.
Real learning takes place every minute of everyday.
Natural learning doesn't look like school and shouldn't be quantified into subjects to appease some government entity that is completely clueless about real learning.
Today for Show and Tell, I've brought a tiny marvel of nature: a single snowflake. I think we might all learn a lesson from how this utterly unique and exquisite crystal turns into an ordinary, boring molecule of water, just like every other one, when you bring it in the classroom. And now, while the analogy sinks in, I'll be leaving you drips and going outside." ~ Calvin, from Calvin & Hobbes
Friday, April 22, 2011
Unschooling...Learning through Living
Posted by Stephanie at 3:30 PM
Labels: natural learning, Unschooling
2 comments:
- Cap'n Franko said...
You tell 'em, grrl!
- Stephanie said...
Thanks Frank!
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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An expanded regional headquarters for a creative company, at a great price, could indeed happen without a move to the suburbs.
The success of Adobe Systems had always depended on the loyalty and around-the-clock dedication of its highly-talented, mostly young, professional staff. As hard as the staff worked, they also liked to play, which made the firm's original Pioneer Square office a perfect fit. But with success came a pressing need for more space, and lots of it. Adobe considered moving from its urban location to a suburban campus, but knew it would hurt employee retention and recruitment. Was there a way to support the brand culture and expand the firm's regional headquarters?
At the time, the Fremont neighborhood was looking to transition a stretch of warehouses into an edgy office opportunity that would bring in new people who would live and spend in the area, but who would also fit in with the neighborhood's quirky culture. The catch was that the City was being conservative in approving warehouse-to-office zoning and only on a case-by-case basis.
Kinzer collaborated closely with Adobe in building a comprehensive proposal, winning neighborhood support, and negotiating an advantageous deal with the Quadrant Lake Union Center. It was a match made in heaven: the developer delivered 250,000 SF of unique urban habitat to Adobe, Adobe made its employees happy, Fremont benefited from economic growth, and the City retained an important corporate citizen.


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Samsung is said to be in the process of securing a deal with fingerprint scanner makers for its budget-friendly smartphone, but the South Korea tech giant is not considering major players Sweden-based FPC and U.S.-based Synaptics. Samsung is reportedly looking to make partnerships with smaller fingerprint scanner vendors in its homeland.
According to The Investor, Samsung Electronics is in talks with two fingerprint module producers in South Korea as it prepares the mass production of its budget smartphone, the Galaxy On. Despite being an entry-level handset, Samsung wants the Galaxy On to have a fingerprint scanner perhaps to help the device perform well in the market.
Insider information revealed that one of the prospective suppliers has actually been trying to supply its fingerprint modules to Samsung for a while now. On the contrary, the other supplier just joined the fingerprint scanner market because it previously focused on producing camera modules until recently.
Though the deal has yet to be set in stone, people with knowledge on the matter already know that the two suppliers will be tasked to provide the South Korea tech giant with up to 2 million modules for the company's entry-level smartphone.
Though Samsung has yet to confirm the existence of the deal, PhoneArena already believes that there is actually a good reason why Samsung should source its scanners from other suppliers. The news site stated that this will help the company implement the fingerprint scanner across its entire catalog of smartphones. Having local module manufacturers on its side would mean reduced cost of securing fingerprint readers for its affordable smartphones. Thus, in no time, the fingerprint-scanning feature would not be limited to its high-end handsets only.
On top of bringing the fingerprint scanner to its budget devices, the deal also signals Samsung's desire to diversify its suppliers. Should the deal push through, Samsung could produce more handsets with fingerprint-scanning functionality because it can manufacture modules in-house and get other supplies from big names in the global market and even from local suppliers.
The news about Samsung sourcing fingerprint modules from local vendors comes weeks after reports about the South Korean brand's attempts at manufacturing its own fingerprint scanners surfaced. Word has it that Samsung's System LSI division was already working on the company's own fingerprint scanner chips since 2015, but the tech giant wouldn't be able to commercialize them until 2017, as per SamMobile.


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Now the weather is getting slightly colder, it is time to throw away the sandals (sigh). However, Autumn means only one thing for footwear (which is, of course my fav thing) BOOTS! At the moment i can't stop thinking about ankle boots, I'm not even over exaggerating, I really cant! So, I thought to myself as I was surfing the web that I should really share with you my faves in the new A/W collections. Enjoy! x
1. Topshop
2. Miss KG
3. Jeffery Campbell
4. Steve Madden
6. Giuseppe Zanotti
Part time designer and illustrator and full time traveller. Thanks so much for stopping by. If you want to find out more about me visit my about me page :) Laura x


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Business News
Strawberry cultivations successful in the Welimada area.
- Details
- Published on Friday, 14 June 2019 15:36
- Written by slbc news
The cultivation of strawberries is being reported successful in the Welimada area.
Harvesting is taking place these days.
Strawberries are mostly grown in the Idalgashinna, Ohiya, Ragan Gala, Boragas and Welimada areas.
The cultivators say, they are benefitting from a good price offered by the market, and the produce is being aimed at supermarkets and tourists visiting the country.
A kilo of strawberries is being sold between 300 and 500 rupees, these days.
The production of essential foods stuff locally with focus is now underway
- Details
- Published on Saturday, 10 November 2018 15:33
- Written by slbc news
The Ministry of Industries and Commerce says consumers will be provided with essential commodities at concessionary prices from the Cooperatives and CWE outlets.
Directress of the Ministry Indika Ranathunga says there will be no change to the prices despite an increasing importation cost. She adds that the Cost of Living Committee will meet every week to review and control the commodity prices.
Public Private Partnership model proposed for the Hotel Trade
- Details
- Published on Saturday, 21 July 2018 18:07
- Written by slbc news
Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe, participating at the inauguration of the Hotel Show Colombo 2018, suggested converting the hotel school into a Public Private Partnership, with a foreign organisation.
The Sri Lanka Institute of Tourism & Hospitality Management, more commonly known as the Ceylon Hotel School, is the only state-owned hospitality training organization.
The hotel trade has estimated 100,000 new vacancies to be available in the country over the next three years. However, the current hotel schools train only 10,000 workers annually.
The Premier said, three more hotel schools will be opened outside Colombo in a Public Private Partnership model.
He explained, The Youth Ministry is prepared to do a Public Private Partnership with the Hotel Trade, for two more hotel schools; one down South and one in Kandy, and if they succeed, there will be one more school in the East.
A special discussion on protecting the local fruit cultivators was held with the participation of the President.
- Details
- Published on Tuesday, 03 July 2018 08:52
- Written by slbc news
A special discussion on protecting the local fruit cultivators was held yesterday under the patronage of President Maithripala Sirisena. The discussion focused on reducing the volume of imported fruits. Thereby a special drive will be initiated to increase the local fruit production to meet the market requirements. The discussion also analysed deeply on the ways and means to promote the fruit production in the country. The problems faced by the fruit cultivators also focused during this discussion. The President instructed the relevant officials to provide necessary facilities and technology to the fruit cultivators to improve the production.
Sri Lanka Economic Summit 2018
- Details
- Published on Friday, 15 June 2018 20:10
- Written by slbc news
The country's foremost economic event - "Sri Lanka Economic Summit 2018", organized by the Ceylon Chamber of Commerce, is to take place on 12th - 14th September at Cinnamon Grand Colombo. The theme for this year's Economic Summit is "On the Fast Track to a Turnaround".
Sri Lanka's economy is once again at a crucial juncture in need of a swift and well strategized turnaround to bring about economic stability and development. This is in the backdrop of weak local economic growth, rising global commodity prices and uncertainty in global trade.
The price of kerosene will be reduced from tomorrow
- Details
- Published on Sunday, 10 June 2018 11:31
- Written by slbc news
State Minister Dilip Wedaarachchi said that the price of kerosene will be reduced by Rs. 25 to Rs. 30 per litre with effect from tomorrow. Accordingly, the price of kerosene has been brought down to Rs 70- 80 per liter from the current price of Rs 101 per liter. This step has been taken under the request of the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Ministry, to provide relief for the fisher-folk and low income families
Sathosa signs MoU with the USAID
- Details
- Published on Saturday, 26 May 2018 16:34
- Written by slbc news
Lanka Sathosa signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the US Agency for International Development yesterday, launching an agency funded project titled: 'YouLead', designed to help ensure the retail network achieves its ambitious targets.
Facebook's global program: 'Boost Your Business' now available in Sri Lanka.
- Details
- Published on Tuesday, 15 May 2018 19:42
- Written by slbc news
Facebook's global program: 'Boost Your Business' is now available for the youth and entrepreneurs of Sri Lanka.
Facebook has partnered with the Information and Communication Technology Agency of Sri Lanka to train 10,000 small business owners across the country, by the end of 2018. In the first phase, the programmed will cover Colombo, Galle, Kandy and Jaffna.
The inaugural 'Boost Your Business' workshop to be organized in Colombo tomorrow, will orient, teach and train entrepreneurs on the effective use of Facebook to grow and monetize their businesses online.
'Boost Your Business' will complement the 'SMART Social Circles initiative' by the Information and Communication Technology Agency to promote digital literacy, and foster ethical and responsible use of social media.
Sufficient stocks of dates to be made available during the Ramazan Fasting Period.
- Details
- Published on Monday, 14 May 2018 20:57
- Written by slbc news
Upon a request made by Minister of Muslim Religious Affairs: M H A Haleem and State Minister of National Unity and Reconciliation: A H M Fowzie, Prime Minister Ranil Wickramasignhe has instructed for dates to be made sufficiently available during the Ramazan Fasting Period.
Dates are distributed at mosques during the Ramazan season. Last year steps were taken to distribute 150 tonnes of dates gifted by Saudi Arabia, while Sathosa distributed another 150 tonnes. Since the dates harvest in Saudi Arabia is less this year, instructions have been given to the chairman of Sathosa and to officials of the Finance Ministry to get down sufficient stocks of dates from the Middle East. The premier has invited Cargills and other private sector distribution lines to support in the distribution of dates.
A price control to take effect for Cancer Drugs, within the next few days
- Details
- Published on Sunday, 13 May 2018 14:40
- Written by slbc news
A price control is to take effect for Cancer drugs within the next few days. Minister of Health Dr. Rajitha Senarathna says, a price control will also be enforced on certain charges at private hospitals. Speaking to the Subharathi Discussion Programme aired over the SLBC he said, although the ceiling for cancer treatment per patient was 1.5 million rupees, now that limitation has been removed. He pointed out, cancer related deaths were mainly not due to the disease, but due to the unaffordability of drugs.
Also joining in the discussion, Director of the Apeksha Hospital: Dr Wilfred Kumarasiri said, although it was needed to bring many documents when cancer patients needed to obtain vaccines, now such requirements have been relaxed. He pointed out, now treatment is provided without any financial restrictions. He added, 1.6 billion rupees was spent for vaccines during the past few years. Last year the cost was 2.5 billion rupees


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There are two main influences behind Barleycorn, a story which is quite short, not so sweet, and one of my favourites.
The first is Jeff Noon's wonderfully strange novel Vurt, which my brother bought me for my birthday when I was about 16 or 17 I think. It was a book unlike anything I'd read before and it left me feeling both exhilarated and slightly ill; if you've never read it, I highly recommend you grab a copy, although don't blame me if you feel woozy afterwards. I was fascinated by Vurt's mixture of dreams, drugs and mythology, and a lot of that stayed with me.
The story is also based around some trips to the countryside I made as a kid, although I don't think I was ever quite as sulky as the narrator (I hope not, anyway). For me the countryside seemed tremendously wild and green, and we did indeed make little dens within the crops, which I imagine cheesed off the local farmers no end.


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SudzBox Kids' Bath Box
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I have played the game for about 20 hours by now.
One thing I think needs to be corrected is how the SC is calculated. I will put the following example:
Lets say I play a Bloodlust match against bots with a SC 3. I am far better than them, so I win and at the end of the match, I get an SC of 10.
Now I play another Bloodlust match against bots with a SC 11. I don't do that bad, I still get a lot of kills, but I die a lot more and end up losing. I get a SC of 5.
Do you see what is not right there?.
If the SK is an indicator of the abilities of the player, I should have gotten the SAME SC.
Maybe not 10 or 5, but 8 or 9 perhaps.
I don't know how the SC is calculated, but it's pretty obvious that it is not taking into consideration the SC of the players I am playing against. Getting kills against a SC 12 player should be a lot more valuable than getting kills against people with a SC of 1 that are just learning to play.
So, in conclusion, I think the SC calculation should take into consideration the SC of the players I am facing up.


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Delivery Man
Description: Delivery Man is an awesome shooting defense game in which you make money by shooting bikers, killer robots and other enemies as you race down the road in your armored truck. Purchase weapons like pistols, shotguns, uzis, rifles or rockets and upgrade your car. Get new costumes and earn achievements. Race through 50 cool levels, cause explosions and shed blood. Instructions: Use YOUR MOUSE to play the game and LEFT-CLICK to aim and fire. Happy shooting!
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Your Myrtle Beach Vacation can be complimented with a variety of events, festivals, attractions, amusements and things to do throughout the Grand Strand area.
Sun Decks
Beachy, weathered, wooden decks...poolside, jaccuzi or beach side...No other Myrtle Beach hotel has such a variety.
Regardless of where your Sea Mist room, studio, suite, bungalow, or cottage is located on the hotel grounds, there is a nearby sun deck for you to enjoy. Some have immediate access, others are deliberately off the beaten path. Check them all out during your stay. From poolside and jacuzzi side to ocean side, oceanfront and rooftop, some of these sun decks are large enough for meetings, family reunions or just a great place to gather.
Sun Deck locations:
Driftwood Pool: Oceanside on 13th Avenue South
Sandcastle Oceanfront Pool: Across the street from Sea Mist's Wahoo Water Park
Dunes Pool: 13th Avenue South
Surf Pool Deck
Tides Building Oceanfront Deck
Barefoot Oceanfront Cabana Deck
3,500 square foot oceanfront Wet Willie's Wading Pool at the end of 12th Avenue South
Dunes Rooftop Deck
Palms Rooftop Deck
Water Park Decks
Dunes Jacuzzi Mini-deck
Spray Building
Pete & Polly's Deck with picnic tables: located in the backside of Sea Mist's Wahoo Water Park
Live Oak Entertainment Deck & Hospitality Den: This 2,887 square feet of wooden deck gets dappled sun through ancient oak trees. Complete with multiple tables and chairs, this deck is perfect to have a snack, read a book, enjoy the outdoors and to have a group gathering or a picnic. There is a small building adjacent to the deck we call our Live Oak Hospitality Den, and just as the name implies it features a cozy den atmosphere complete with a TV sitting area, counter space, a small kitchen area, restroom, and central AC. The perfect casual gathering place for families and friends.
Click Here for hours of operation.
Notable Note: Sea Mist Resort Hotel has numerous sun decks throughout the 15 acre property, located by all pools, with very unique large wooden decks in green areas.


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Competitive Pokémon play takes the global stage for the 2018 Pokémon World Championships from August 24 to August 26. The Pokémon Company International is hosting various streams live on Twitch and YouTube, including a main stage stream that rotates gameplay content and will show all the finals matches. The livestreams from Nashville, Tennessee, feature engaging matches all three days of the competition and include live expert commentary. The exclusive Worlds Pikachu mascot for this year sports a festive outfit and a banjo, so you are likely to spot it all around.
During the opening ceremony today, August 24, The Pokémon Company president Tsunekazu Ishihara appeared on stage to announce Pokémon TCG Tag Team GX cards, beginning with Pikachu and Zekrom as a duo on a single card. The upcoming POKÉMON Detective Pikachu movie's logo and official title were also unveiled on the main stage by director Rob Letterman and actors Justice Smith and Kathryn Newton. Attendees had a chance to contribute to the film by yelling chants in support of Pikachu and Charizard. On the video games front, Pokémon Let's Go Pikachu and Let's Go Eevee are now physically playable by all attendees at the 2018 Pokémon World Championships. In addition, rare Pokémon spawns and exclusive PokéStops are now available on-site at Nashville for Pokémon GO players.


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'Any Time with Vin Forte' Episode 32: "The Vibrancy of Harlem Represented on Screen" [Guest: Manuel Billeter]
Manuel Billeter is a Cinematographer and the Director of Photography for Marvel's 'Luke Cage,' 'Jessica Jones,' and 'Iron Fist' series of shows as well as having worked on 'Orange is the New Black' and 'Person of Interest.' This episode we discuss the influence of noir film in 'Jessica Jones,' capturing a vibrant Harlem and bold use of color in 'Luke Cage,' the role social commentary plays in 'Luke Cage,' shooting for Netflix vs shooting for a traditional network, and more.
Subscribe to 'Any Time' on iTunes and leave a five-star rating and review!
"Like" 'Any Time' on Facebook and follow me on Twitter!
Theme music by DJ Udachi!
Next Episode drops: November 2nd!
Trailer for Luke Cage:


text: With today's corn genetics providing the potential to grow more than 300 bushels per acre, growers need a new take on crop management, particularly when it comes to soil fertility. Have 15 minutes? Hear Dr. Fred Below of the University of Illinois talk about how to move from a "feed the soil" to a "feed the plant" approach to high-yield corn fertility program.


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The SeaLifeBase Project, initiated in October 2005, is a joint activity of the Sea Around Us Project (Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia) and The FishBase Information and Research Group, Inc (FIN). Similar to the successful model on which it was built, i.e., FishBase, SeaLifeBase aims to create and maintain a global information system that provides key information on the scientific and common names, distribution, and ecology of non-fish marine organisms of the world. The proponents of this project are Drs. Daniel Pauly (Principal Investigator) and Maria Lourdes D. Palomares (Project Coordinator).
The encoding team, based in the Philippines, benefits from the more than 20 years experience of the FishBase Project. Data is encoded using publicly available references such as books, journal articles, and other online databases. Following the FishBase model, SeaLifeBase also collaborates with biologists, taxonomists, and other experts who either contribute and/or validate data.
SeaLifeBase went online in late 2007 and in April 2012 contains 105,400 valid species names, 24,100 common names for 22,128 species and associated data extracted from 12,500 references and contributed by 120 collaborators worldwide. It attracts 25,000 hits with 15,000 unique visits per month. Though this is only 0.08% of the more than 30 million hits with 0.5 million unique visits of FishBase, we hope that SeaLifeBase can become as valuable as FishBase has become to the users of the World Wide Web.
To know more about the project background, publications and milestones, please visit the SeaLifeBase homepage.
To search for information on a specific species, please go to search page at www.sealifebase.ca.