text:
|Classification and external resources
An orange ribbon—the awareness ribbon for malnutrition.
Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which nutrients are not enough or are too much such that it causes health problems.[1][2] The nutrients involved can include: calories, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins or minerals.[2] It is often used specifically to refer to undernutrition where there is not enough calories, protein or micronutrients; however, it also includes overnutrition.[3][4] If undernutrition occurs during either pregnancy or before the age of two years of age it may result in permanent problems with physical and mental development.[2] Extreme undernourishment, known as starvation, may have symptoms that include: a short height, thin body, very poor energy levels, and swollen legs and abdomen.[2][3] People also often get infections and are frequently cold. The symptoms of micronutrient deficiencies depend on the micronutrient that is lacking.[3]
Undernourishment is most often due to not enough high quality food available to eat.[5] This is often related to high food prices and poverty.[2][5] A lack of breast feeding may contribute, as may a number of infectious diseases such as: gastroenteritis, pneumonia, malaria and measles which increase nutrient requirements.[5] There are two main types of undernutrition: protein-energy malnutrition and dietary deficiencies.[4] Protein-energy malnutrition has two severe forms: marasmus (a lack of protein and calories) and kwashiorkor (a lack of just protein).[3] Common micronutrient deficiencies include: a lack of iron, iodine and vitamin A.[3] During pregnancy, due to increased demand, deficiencies become more common.[6] In some developing countries overnutrition in the form of obesity is beginning to present within the same communities as undernutrition.[7] Other causes of malnutrition include anorexia nervosa and bariatric surgery.[8][9] In the elderly malnutrition becomes more common due to physical, psychological and social factors.[10]
Efforts to improve nutrition are some of the most effective forms of development aid.[11] Breastfeeding can reduce rates of malnutrition and death in children,[2] and efforts to promote the practice increase rates.[12] In young children providing food in addition to breastmilk between six months and two years improves outcomes.[12] There is also good evidence supporting the supplementation of a number of micronutrients during pregnancy and among young children in the developing world.[12] To get food to people who need it most both delivering food and providing money so that people can buy food within local markets are effective.[11][13] Simply feeding people at school is insufficient.[11] Management of severe malnutrition within the person's home with ready-to-use therapeutic foods is possible much of the time.[12] In those who have severe malnutrition complicated by other health problems treatment within hospital is recommended.[12] This often involves managing low blood sugar, body temperature, dehydration, and gradual feeding.[12][14] Routine antibiotics are usually recommended due to the high risk of infection.[14] Long term measures include: improving agricultural practices,[15] reducing poverty, improving sanitation, and the empowerment of women.[11]
There were 925 million undernourished people in the world in 2010, an increase of 80 million since 1990.[16][17] Another billion people are estimated to have a lack of vitamins and minerals.[11] In 2010 protein-energy malnutrition was estimated to have resulted in 600,000 deaths down from 883,000 deaths in 1990.[18] Other nutritional deficiencies, which include iodine deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, result in another 84,000 deaths.[18] Undernutrition as of 2010 was the cause of 1.4% of all disability adjusted life years.[11][19] About a third of deaths in children are believed to be due to undernutrition; however, the deaths are rarely labelled as such.[5] In 2010 it was estimated to have contributed to about 1.5 million deaths in women and children[20] though some estimate the number may be greater than 3 million.[12] An additional 165 million children have stunted growth from the disease.[12] Undernutrition is more common in developing countries.[21]
- 1 Definition
- 2 Effects
- 3 Causes
- 4 Prevention
- 5 Management
- 6 Epidemiology
- 7 Society and culture
- 8 Special populations
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 External links
Malnutrition is caused by eating a diet in which nutrients are not enough or are too much such that it causes health problems.[22] It is a category of diseases that includes undernutrition and overnutrition.[23] Overnutrition can result in obesity and overweight.
Malnutrition; however, is frequently used to mean just undernutrition.[24] Undernutrition is sometimes used as a synonym of protein energy malnutrition.[3] While other include both micronutrient deficiencies and protein energy malnutrition in its definition.[4] It defers from calorie restriction in that calorie restriction may not result in negative health effects. The term hypoalimentation means underfeeding.[25]
Undernutrition encompasses stunting, wasting, and deficiencies of essential vitamins and minerals (collectively referred to as micronutrients). The term hunger, which describes a feeling of discomfort from not eating, has been used to describe undernutrition, especially in reference to food insecurity.[26]
The term "severe malnutrition" or "severe undernutrition" is often used to refer specifically to PEM.[27] PEM is often associated with micronutrient deficiency.[27] Two forms of PEM are kwashiorkor and marasmus, and they commonly coexist.[22]
Kwashiorkor ('displaced child') is mainly caused by inadequate protein intake resulting in a low concentration of amino acids.[22] The main symptoms are edema, wasting, liver enlargement, hypoalbuminaemia, steatosis, and possibly depigmentation of skin and hair.[22] Kwashiorkor is identified by swelling of the extremities and belly, which is deceiving of actual nutritional status.[28]
Marasmus ('to waste away') is caused by an inadequate intake of protein and energy. The main symptoms are severe wasting, leaving little or no edema, minimal subcutaneous fat, severe muscle wasting, and non-normal serum albumin levels.[22] Marasmus can result from a sustained diet of inadequate energy and protein, and the metabolism adapts to prolong survival.[22] It is traditionally seen in famine, significant food restriction, or more severe cases of anorexia.[22] Conditions are characterized by extreme wasting of the muscles and a gaunt expression.[28]
In 1956, Gómez and Galvan studied factors associated with death in a group of malnourished children in a hospital in Mexico City, Mexico and defined categories of malnutrition: first, second, and third degree.[29] The degrees were based on weight below a specified percentage of median weight for age.[30] The risk of death increases with increasing degree of malnutrition.[29] An adaptation of Gomez's original classification is still used today. While it provides a way to compare malnutrition within and between populations, the classification has been criticized for being "arbitrary" and for not considering overweight as a form of malnutrition. Also, height alone may not be the best indicator of malnutrition; children who are born prematurely may be considered short for their age even if they have good nutrition.[31]
|Degree of PEM
|% of desired body weight for age and sex
|Mild: Grade I (1st degree)
|Moderate: Grade II (2nd degree)
|Severe: Grade III (3rd degree)
|SOURCE:"Serum Total Protein and Albumin Levels in Different Grades of Protein Energy Malnutrition"[28]
John Conrad Waterlow established a new classification for malnutrition.[32] Instead of using just weight for age measurements, the classification established by Waterlow combines weight-for-height (indicating acute episodes of malnutrition) with height-for-age to show the stunting that results from chronic malnutrition.[33] One advantage of the Waterlow classification over the Gomez classification is that weight for height can be examined even if ages are not known.[32]
|Degree of PEM
|Stunting (%) Height for age
|Wasting (%) Weight for height
|Normal: Grade 0
|Mild: Grade I
|Moderate: Grade II
|Severe: Grade III
|SOURCE: "Classification and definition of protein-calorie malnutrition." by Waterlow, 1972[32]
These classifications of malnutrition are commonly used with some modifications by WHO.[30]
Malnutrition increases the risk of infection and infectious disease, and moderate malnutrition weakens every part of the immune system.[34] For example, it is a major risk factor in the onset of active tuberculosis.[35] Protein and energy malnutrition and deficiencies of specific micronutrients (including iron, zinc, and vitamins) increase susceptibility to infection.[34] Malnutrition affects HIV transmission by increasing the risk of transmission from mother to child and also increasing replication of the virus.[34] In communities or areas that lack access to safe drinking water, these additional health risks present a critical problem. Lower energy and impaired function of the brain also represent the downward spiral of malnutrition as victims are less able to perform the tasks they need to in order to acquire food, earn an income, or gain an education.
Vitamin-deficiency-related diseases (such as scurvy and rickets).
Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) can result from a child not eating for 4 to 6 hours. Hypoglycemia should be considered if there is lethargy, limpness, convulsion, or loss of consciousness. If blood sugar can be measured immediately and quickly, perform a finger or heel stick.
In those with malnutrition some of the signs of dehydration differ.[36] Children; however, may still be interested in drinking, have decreased interactions with the world around them, have decreased urine output, and may be cool to touch.[36]
|Moon face (kwashiorkor), simian facies (marasmus)
|Dry eyes, pale conjunctiva, Bitot's spots (vitamin A), periorbital edema
|Angular stomatitis, cheilitis, glossitis, spongy bleeding gums (vitamin C), parotid enlargement
|Enamel mottling, delayed eruption
|Dull, sparse, brittle hair, hypopigmentation, flag sign (alternating bands of light and normal color), broomstick eyelashes, alopecia
|Loose and wrinkled (marasmus), shiny and edematous (kwashiorkor), dry, follicular hyperkeratosis, patchy hyper- and hypopigmentation, erosions, poor wound healing
|Koilonychia, thin and soft nail plates, fissures or ridges
|Muscles wasting, particularly in the buttocks and thighs
|Deformities usually a result of calcium, vitamin D, or vitamin C deficiencies
|Distended - hepatomegaly with fatty liver, ascites may be present
|Bradycardia, hypotension, reduced cardiac output, small vessel vasculopathy
|Global development delay, loss of knee and ankle reflexes, poor memory
|Pallor, petechiae, bleeding diathesis
|Lethargic, apathetic
|Source: "Protein Energy Malnutrition"[30]
Mortality due to malnutrition accounted for 58 percent of the total mortality in 2006: "In the world, approximately 62 million people, all causes of death combined, die each year. One in twelve people worldwide is malnourished and according to the Save the Children 2012 report, one in four of the world's children are chronically malnourished.[37][38][dead link] In 2006, more than 36 million died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in micronutrients".[39]
According to the World Health Organization, malnutrition is the biggest contributor to child mortality, present in half of all cases.[40] Six million children die of hunger every year.[41] Underweight births and intrauterine growth restrictions cause 2.2 million child deaths a year. Poor or non-existent breastfeeding causes another 1.4 million. Other deficiencies, such as lack of vitamin A or zinc, for example, account for 1 million. Malnutrition in the first two years is irreversible. Malnourished children grow up with worse health and lower education achievement. Their own children tend to be smaller. Malnutrition was previously seen as something that exacerbates the problems of diseases as measles, pneumonia and diarrhea. But malnutrition actually causes diseases and can be fatal in its own right.[40]
Malnutrition in the form of iodine deficiency is "the most common preventable cause of mental impairment worldwide."[42] "Even moderate deficiency, especially in pregnant women and infants, lowers intelligence by 10 to 15 I.Q. points, shaving incalculable potential off a nation's development. The most visible and severe effects — disabling goiters, cretinism and dwarfism — affect a tiny minority, usually in mountain villages. But 16 percent of the world's people have at least mild goiter, a swollen thyroid gland in the neck."[42]
Protein-calorie malnutrition can cause cognitive impairments. For humans, "critical period varies from the final third of gestation to the first 2 years of life".[43] Iron deficiency anemia in children under two years of age likely affects brain function acutely and probably also chronically. Folate deficiency has been linked to neural tube defects.[44]
Major causes of malnutrition include poverty and food prices, dietary practices and agricultural productivity, with many individual cases being a mixture of several factors. Clinical malnutrition, such as in cachexia, is a major burden also in developed countries. Various scales of analysis also have to be considered in order to determine the sociopolitical causes of malnutrition. For example, the population of a community may be at risk if the area lacks health-related services, but on a smaller scale certain households or individuals may be at even higher risk due to differences in income levels, access to land, or levels of education.[45]
Malnutrition can be a consequence of health issues such as gastroenteritis[46] or chronic illness,[47] especially the HIV/AIDS pandemic.[48] Diarrhea and other infections can cause malnutrition through decreased nutrient absorption, decreased intake of food, increased metabolic requirements, and direct nutrient loss.[49] Parasite infections can also lead to malnutrition.[49]
People may become malnourished due to abnormal nutrient loss (due to diarrhea or chronic illness) or increased energy expenditure (secondary malnutrition)[30][50]
Dietary practices
A lack of adequate breastfeeding leads to malnutrition in infants and children, associated with the deaths of an estimated one million children annually. Illegal advertising of breast milk substitutes continues three decades after its 1981 prohibition under the WHO International Code of Marketing Breast Milk Substitutes.[51]
Deriving too much of one's diet from a single source, such as eating almost exclusively corn or rice, can cause malnutrition. This may either be from a lack of education about proper nutrition, or from only having access to a single food source.[52]
Overnutrition caused by overeating is also a form of malnutrition. In the United States, more than half of all adults are now overweight — a condition that, like hunger, increases susceptibility to disease and disability, reduces worker productivity, and lowers life expectancy.[53] Overeating is much more common in the United States, where for the majority of people, access to food is not an issue. Many parts of the world have access to a surplus of non-nutritious food, in addition to increased sedentary lifestyles. Yale psychologist Kelly Brownell calls this a "toxic food environment" where fat and sugar laden foods have taken precedent over healthy nutritious foods.[53] Not only does obesity occur in developed countries, problems are also occurring in developing countries in areas where income is on the rise.[53] The issue in these developed countries is choosing the right kind of food. More fast food is consumed per capita in the United States than in any other country. The reason for this mass consumption of fast food is its affordability and accessibility. Often fast food, low in cost and nutrition, is high in calories and heavily promoted. When these eating habits are combined with increasingly urbanized, automated, and more sedentary lifestyles, it becomes clear why weight gain is difficult to avoid.[54] However, overeating is also a problem in countries where hunger and poverty persist. In China, consumption of high-fat foods has increased while consumption of rice and other goods has decreased.[53] Overeating leads to many diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes, that may result in death.
Poverty and food prices
In Bangladesh, poor socioeconomic position was associated with chronic malnutrition since it inhibits purchase of nutritious foods such as milk, meat, poultry, and fruits.[55] As much as food shortages may be a contributing factor to malnutrition in countries with lack of technology, the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) has estimated that eighty percent of malnourished children living in the developing world live in countries that produce food surpluses.[53] The economist Amartya Sen observed that, in recent decades, famine has always a problem of food distribution and/or poverty, as there has been sufficient food to feed the whole population of the world. He states that malnutrition and famine were more related to problems of food distribution and purchasing power.[56]
It is argued that commodity speculators are increasing the cost of food. As the real estate bubble in the United States was collapsing, it is said that trillions of dollars moved to invest in food and primary commodities, causing the 2007–2008 food price crisis.[57]
The use of biofuels as a replacement for traditional fuels and raises the price of food.[58] The United Nations special rapporteur on the right to food, Jean Ziegler proposes that agricultural waste, such as corn cobs and banana leaves, rather than crops themselves be used as fuel.[59]
Agricultural productivity
Local food shortages can be caused by a lack of arable land, adverse weather, lower farming skills such as crop rotation, or by a lack of technology or resources needed for the higher yields found in modern agriculture, such as fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, machinery and storage facilities. As a result of widespread poverty, farmers cannot afford or governments cannot provide the resources necessary to improve local yields. The World Bank and some wealthy donor countries also press nations that depend on aid to cut or eliminate subsidized agricultural inputs such as fertilizer, in the name of free market policies even as the United States and Europe extensively subsidized their own farmers.[60][61] Many, if not most, farmers cannot afford fertilizer at market prices, leading to low agricultural production and wages and high, unaffordable food prices.[60] Reasons for the unavailability of fertilizer include moves to stop supplying fertilizer on environmental grounds, cited as the obstacle to feeding Africa by the Green Revolution pioneers Norman Borlaug and Keith Rosenberg.[62]
Future threats
There are a number of potential disruptions to global food supply that could cause widespread malnutrition.
Climate change is of importance to food security, with 95 percent of all malnourished peoples living in the relatively stable climate region of the sub-tropics and tropics. According to the latest IPCC reports, temperature increases in these regions are "very likely."[63] Even small changes in temperatures can lead to increased frequency of extreme weather conditions.[63] Many of these have great impact on agricultural production and hence nutrition. For example, the 1998–2001 central Asian drought brought about an 80 percent livestock loss and 50 percent reduction in wheat and barley crops in Iran.[64] Similar figures were present in other nations. An increase in extreme weather such as drought in regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa would have even greater consequences in terms of malnutrition. Even without an increase of extreme weather events, a simple increase in temperature reduces the productivity of many crop species, also decreasing food security in these regions.[63][65]
Colony collapse disorder is a phenomenon where bees die in large numbers.[66] Since many agricultural crops worldwide are pollinated by bees, this represents a threat to the supply of food.[67]
An epidemic of wheat stem rust caused by race Ug99 is currently spreading across Africa and into Asia and, it is feared, could wipe out more than 80 percent of the world's wheat crops.[68][69]
The effort to bring modern agricultural techniques found in the West, such as nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides, to Asia, called the Green Revolution, resulted in decreases in malnutrition similar to those seen earlier in Western nations. This was possible because of existing infrastructure and institutions that are in short supply in Africa, such as a system of roads or public seed companies that made seeds available.[70] Investments in agriculture, such as subsidized fertilizers and seeds, increases food harvest and reduces food prices.[60][71] For example, in the case of Malawi, almost five million of its 13 million people used to need emergency food aid. However, after the government changed policy and subsidies for fertilizer and seed were introduced against World Bank strictures, farmers produced record-breaking corn harvests as production leaped to 3.4 million in 2007 from 1.2 million in 2005, making Malawi a major food exporter.[60] This lowered food prices and increased wages for farm workers.[60] Such investments in agriculture are still needed in other African countries like the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The country has one of the highest prevalence of malnutrition even though it is blessed with great agricultural potential John Ulimwengu explains in his article for D+C.[72] Proponents for investing in agriculture include Jeffrey Sachs, who has championed the idea that wealthy countries should invest in fertilizer and seed for Africa's farmers.[60][73]
Breastfeeding education helps. Breastfeeding in the first two years and exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months could save 1.3 million children's lives.[74] In the longer term, firms are trying to fortify everyday foods with micronutrients that can be sold to consumers such as wheat flour for Beladi bread in Egypt or fish sauce in Vietnam and the iodization of salt.[75]
Restricting population size is a proposed solution. Thomas Malthus argued that population growth could be controlled by natural disasters and voluntary limits through "moral restraint."[76] Robert Chapman suggests that an intervention through government policies is a necessary ingredient of curtailing global population growth.[77] However, there are many who believe that the world has more than enough resources to sustain its population. Instead, these theorists point to unequal distribution of resources and under- or unutilized arable land as the cause for malnutrition problems.[78][79] For example, Amartya Sen advocates that, "no matter how a famine is caused, methods of breaking it call for a large supply of food in the public distribution system. This applies not only to organizing rationing and control, but also to undertaking work programmes and other methods of increasing purchasing power for those hit by shifts in exchange entitlements in a general inflationary situation."[56] One suggested policy framework to resolve access issues is termed food sovereignty, the right of peoples to define their own food, agriculture, livestock, and fisheries systems in contrast to having food largely subjected to international market forces. Food First is one of the primary think tanks working to build support for food sovereignty. Neoliberals advocate for an increasing role of the free market. Another possible long term solution would be to increase access to health facilities to rural parts of the world. These facilities could monitor undernourished children, act as supplemental food distribution centers, and provide education on dietary needs. These types of facilities have already proven very successful in countries such as Peru and Ghana.[80][81] New technology in agricultural production also has great potential to combat under nutrition.[82] By improving agricultural yields, farmers could reduce poverty by increasing income as well as open up area for diversification of crops for household use. The World Bank itself claims to be part of the solution to malnutrition, asserting that the best way for countries to succeed in breaking the cycle of poverty and malnutrition is to build export-led economies that will give them the financial means to buy foodstuffs on the world market.
In response to child malnutrition, the Bangladeshi government recommends 10 steps for treating severe malnutrition. They are to prevent or treat dehydration, low blood sugar, low body temperature, infection, correct electrolyte imbalances and micronutrient deficiencies, start feeding cautiously, achieve catch-up growth, provide psychological support, and prepare for discharge and follow-up after recovery.[83]
The evidence for benefit of supplementary feeding is poor.[84] This is due to the small amount of research done on this treatment.
Specially formulated foods do however appear useful in those from the developing world with moderate acute malnutrition.[85] In young children with severe acute malnutrition it is unclear if ready-to-use therapeutic food differs from a normal diet.[86] They may have some benefits in humanitarian emergencies as they can be eaten directly from the packet, do not require refrigeration or mixing with clean water, and can be stored for years.[75]
In those who are severely malnourished, feeding too much too quickly can result in refeeding syndrome.[87] This can result regardless of route of feeding and can present itself a couple of days after eating with heart failure, dysrhythmias and confusion that can result in death.[87][88]
Treating malnutrition, mostly through fortifying foods with micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), improves lives at a lower cost and shorter time than other forms of aid, according to the World Bank.[89] The Copenhagen Consensus, which look at a variety of development proposals, ranked micronutrient supplements as number one.[90][91]
In those with diarrhea, once an initial four-hour rehydration period is completed, zinc supplementation is recommended. Daily zinc increases the chances of reducing the severity and duration of the diarrhea, and continuing with daily zinc for ten to fourteen days makes diarrhea less likely recur in the next two to three months.[92]
In addition, malnourished children need both potassium and magnesium.[83] This can be obtained by following the above recommendations for the dehydrated child to continue eating within two to three hours of starting rehydration,[83][92] and including foods rich in potassium as above. Low blood potassium is worsened when base (as in Ringer's/Hartmann's) is given to treat acidosis without simultaneously providing potassium.[92] As above, available home products such as salted and unsalted cereal water, salted and unsalted vegetable broth can be given early during the course of a child's diarrhea along with continued eating.[92] Vitamin A, potassium, magnesium, and zinc should be added with other vitamins and minerals if available.[83]
For a malnourished child with diarrhea from any cause, this should include foods rich in potassium such as bananas, green coconut water, and unsweetened fresh fruit juice.[92]
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends rehydrating a severely undernourished child who has diarrhea relatively slowly. The preferred method is with fluids by mouth using a drink called oral rehydration solution (ORS). The oral rehydration solution is both slightly sweet and slightly salty and the one recommended in those with severe undernutrition should have half the usual sodium and greater potassium. Fluids by nasogastric tube may be use in those who do not drink. Intravenous fluids are recommended only in those who have significant dehydration due to their potential complications. These complications include congestive heart failure.[36]
Breast feeding and eating should resume as soon as possible.[36] Drinks such as soft drinks, fruit juices, or sweetened teas are not recommended as they contain too much sugar and may worsen diarrhea.[93] Broad spectrum antibiotics are recommended in all severely undernourished children with diarrhea requiring admission to hospital.[36]
To prevent dehydration readily available fluids, preferably with a modest amount of sugars and salt such as vegetable broth or salted rice water, may be used. The drinking of additional clean water is also recommended. Once dehydration develops oral rehydration solutions are preferred. As much of these drinks as the person wants can be given, unless there are signs of swelling. If vomiting occurs, fluids can be paused for 5–10 minutes and then restarting more slowly. Vomiting rarely prevents rehydration as fluid are still absorbed and the vomiting rarely last long.[93] A severely malnourished child with what appears to be dehydration but who has not had diarrhea should be treated as if they have an infection.[36]
For babies a dropper or syringe without the needle can be used to put small amounts of fluid into the mouth; for children under 2, a teaspoon every one to two minutes; and for older children and adults, frequent sips directly from a cup.[92] After the first two hours, rehydration should be continued at the same or slower rate, determined by how much fluid the child wants and any ongoing diarrheal loses. After the first two hours of rehydration it is recommended that to alternate between rehydration and food.[83]
In 2003, WHO and UNICEF recommended a reduced-osmolarity ORS which still treats dehydration but also reduced stool volume and vomiting. Reduced-osmolarity ORS is the current standard ORS with reasonably wide availability.[94][95] For general use, one packet of ORS (glucose sugar, salt, potassium chloride, and trisodium citrate) is added to one liter of water; however, for malnourished children it's recommended that one packet of ORS be added to two liters of water along with an extra 50 grams of sucrose sugar and some stock potassium solution.[96]
Malnourished children have an excess of body sodium.[83] Recommendations for home remedies agree with one liter of water (34 oz.) and 6 teaspoons sugar and disagree regarding whether it's then one teaspoon of salt added or only 1/2, with perhaps most sources recommending 1/2 teaspoon of added salt to one liter water.[92][97][98][99]
Low blood sugar
Hypoglycemia, whether known or suspected, can be treated with a mixture of sugar and water. If the child is conscious, the initial dose of sugar and water can be given by mouth.[100] If the child is unconscious, give glucose by intravenous or nasogastric tube. If seizures occur after despite glucose, rectal diazepam is recommended. Blood sugar levels should be re-checked on two hour intervals.[83]
Hypothermia can occur. To prevent or treat this, the child can be kept warm with covering including of the head or by direct skin-to-skin contact with the mother or father and then covering both parent and child. Prolonged bathing or prolonged medical exams should be avoided. Warming methods are usually most important at night.[83]
There is a growing realization among aid groups that giving cash or cash vouchers instead of food is a cheaper, faster, and more efficient way to deliver help to the hungry, particularly in areas where food is available but unaffordable.[101] The UN's World Food Program, the biggest non-governmental distributor of food, announced that it will begin distributing cash and vouchers instead of food in some areas, which Josette Sheeran, the WFP's executive director, described as a "revolution" in food aid.[101][102] The aid agency Concern Worldwide is piloting a method through a mobile phone operator, Safaricom, which runs a money transfer program that allows cash to be sent from one part of the country to another.[101]
However, for people in a drought living a long way from and with limited access to markets, delivering food may be the most appropriate way to help.[101] Fred Cuny stated that "the chances of saving lives at the outset of a relief operation are greatly reduced when food is imported. By the time it arrives in the country and gets to people, many will have died."[103] U.S. law, which requires buying food at home rather than where the hungry live, is inefficient because approximately half of what is spent goes for transport.[91] Cuny further pointed out "studies of every recent famine have shown that food was available in-country — though not always in the immediate food deficit area" and "even though by local standards the prices are too high for the poor to purchase it, it would usually be cheaper for a donor to buy the hoarded food at the inflated price than to import it from abroad."[104]
Ethiopia has been pioneering a program that has now become part of the World Bank's prescribed method for coping with a food crisis and had been seen by aid organizations as a model of how to best help hungry nations. Through the country's main food assistance program, the Productive Safety Net Program, Ethiopia has been giving rural residents who are chronically short of food, a chance to work for food or cash. Foreign aid organizations like the World Food Program were then able to buy food locally from surplus areas to distribute in areas with a shortage of food.[105] Ethiopia been pioneering a program, and Brazil has established a recycling program for organic waste that benefits farmers, urban poor, and the city in general. City residents separate organic waste from their garbage, bag it, and then exchange it for fresh fruit and vegetables from local farmers. As a result, the country's waste is reduced and the urban poor get a steady supply of nutritious food.[54]
There were 925 million undernourished people in the world in 2010, an increase of 80 million since 1990.[16][17] This is despite the world producing enough food to feed everyone — 7 billion people — and could feed almost double — 12 billion people.[107] In 2010 protein-energy malnutrition resulted in 600,000 deaths down from 883,000 deaths in 1990.[18] Other nutritional deficiencies, which include iodine deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, result in another 84,000 deaths.[18] Malnutrition as of 2010 was the cause of 1.4% of all disability adjusted life years.[19] In that year it cause about 1.5 million deaths in women and children.[20]
|Number in millions[108]
|Percentage in the developing world[109][110]
Society and culture
Roughly $300 million of aid goes to basic nutrition each year, less than $2 for each child below two in the 20 worst affected countries.[40] In contrast, HIV/AIDS, which causes fewer deaths than child malnutrition, received $2.2 billion—$67 per person with HIV in all countries.[40]
The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), a member of the CGIAR consortium, partners with farmers, governments, researchers and NGOs to help farmers grow nutritious crops, such as chickpea, groundnut, pigeonpea, millet and sorghum. This helps their communities have more balanced diets and become more resilient to pests and drought. The Harnessing Opportunities for Productivity Enhancement of Sorghum and Millets in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia (HOPE) project, for example, is increasing yields of finger millet in Tanzania by encouraging farmers to grow improved varieties. Finger millet is very high in calcium, rich in iron and fiber, and has a better energy content than other cereals. These characteristics make it ideal for feeding to infants and the elderly.[111]
Some organizations have begun working with teachers, policymakers, and managed food service contractors to mandate improved nutritional content and increased nutritional resources in school cafeterias from primary to university level institutions. Health and nutrition have been proven to have close links with overall educational success.[112]
The verb form is "malnourish"; "malnourishment" is sometimes used instead of "malnutrition".
Special populations
Undernutrition is an important determinant of maternal and child health, accounting for more than a third of child deaths and more than 10 percent of the total global disease burden according to 2008 studies.[26]
Researchers from the Centre for World Food Studies in 2003 found that the gap between levels of undernutrition in men and women is generally small, but that the gap varies from region to region and from country to country.[113] These small-scale studies showed that female undernutrition prevalence rates exceeded male undernutrition prevalence rates in South/Southeast Asia and Latin America and were lower in Sub-Saharan Africa.[113] Datasets for Ethiopia and Zimbabwe reported undernutrition rates between 1.5 and 2 times higher in men than in women; however, in India and Pakistan, datasets rates of undernutrition were 1.5-2 times higher in women than in men. Intra-country variation also occurs, with frequent high gaps between regional undernutrition rates.[113] Gender inequality in nutrition in some countries such as India is present in all stages of life.[114]
Within the household, there may be differences in levels of malnutrition between men and women, and these differences have been shown to vary significantly from one region to another, with problem areas showing relative deprivation of women.[113] Samples of 1000 women in India in 2008 demonstrated that malnutrition in women is associated with poverty, lack of development and awareness, and illiteracy.[114] The same study showed that gender discrimination in households can prevent a woman's access to sufficient food and healthcare.[114] How socialization affects the health of women in Bangladesh, Najma Rivzi explains in an article about a research program on this topic.[115] In some cases, such as in parts of Kenya in 2006, rates of malnutrition in pregnant women were even higher than rates in children.[116]
Women have unique nutritional requirements, and in some cases need more nutrients than men; for example, women need twice as much calcium as men.[117] Studies on nutrition concerning gender bias within households look at patterns of food allocation, and one study from 2003 suggested that women often receive a lower share of food requirements than men.[113] Gender discrimination, gender roles, and social norms affecting women can lead to early marriage and childbearing, close birth spacing, and undernutrition, all of which contribute to malnourished mothers.[55] Frequent pregnancies with short intervals between them and long periods of breastfeeding add an additional nutritional burden.[113] During pregnancy and breastfeeding, women must ingest enough nutrients for themselves and their child, so they need significantly more protein and calories during these periods, as well as more vitamins and minerals (especially iron, iodine, calcium, folic acid, and vitamins A, C, and K).[117] In 2001 the FAO of the UN reported that iron deficiency afflicted 43 percent of women in developing countries and increased the risk of death during childbirth.[117] A 2008 review of interventions estimated that universal supplementation with calcium, iron, and folic acid during pregnancy could prevent 105,000 maternal deaths (23.6 percent of all maternal deaths).[118] Women in some societies are traditionally given less food than men since men are perceived to have heavier workloads.[117] Household chores and agricultural tasks can be arduous and require additional energy and nutrients; however, physical activity, which largely determines energy requirements, is difficult to estimate.[113] According to the FAO, women are often responsible for preparing food and have the chance to educate their children about beneficial food and health habits, giving mothers another chance to improve the nutrition of their children.[117]
The World Health Organization estimates that malnutrition accounts for 54 percent of child mortality worldwide,[27] about 1 million children.[119] Even mild degrees of malnutrition double the risk of mortality for respiratory and diarrheal disease mortality and malaria.[27] This risk is greatly increased in more severe cases of malnutrition.[27] There are three commonly used measures for detecting malnutrition in children: stunting (extremely low height for age), underweight (extremely low weight for age), and wasting (extremely low weight for height).[120] These measures of malnutrition are interrelated, but studies for the World Bank found that only 9 percent of children exhibit stunting, underweight, and wasting.[120] According to a 2008 review an estimated 178 million children under age 5 are stunted, most of whom live in sub-Saharan Africa.[118] A 2008 review of malnutrition found that about 55 million children are wasted, including 19 million who have severe wasting or severe acute malnutrition.[118] Measurements of a child's growth provide the key information for the presence of malnutrition, but weight and height measurements alone can lead to failure to recognize kwashiorkor and an underestimation of the severity of malnutrition in children.[27]
The 2008 Copenhagen Consensus estimated that undernutrition causes 35 percent of the disease burden in children younger than 5 years old, and that the nutrition of children 5 years and younger depends strongly on the nutrition level of their mothers during pregnancy and breastfeeding.[121] Infants born to young mothers who are not fully developed are found to have low birth weights.[114] The level of maternal nutrition during pregnancy can affect newborn body size and composition.[122] Iodine-deficiency in mothers usually causes brain damage in their offspring, and some cases cause extreme physical and mental retardation. This affects the children's ability to achieve their full potential. In 2011 UNICEF reported that thirty percent of households in the developing world were not consuming iodized salt, which accounted for 41 million infants and newborns in whom iodine deficiency could still be prevented.[123] Maternal body size is strongly associated with the size of newborn children.[122] Undernourished girls tend to grow into short adults and are more likely to have small children.[122] Short stature of the mother and poor maternal nutrition stores increase the risk of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR).[122] However, environmental factors can weaken the effect of IUGR on cognitive performance.[122] Studies in Bangladesh in 2009 found that the mother's literacy, low household income, higher number of siblings, less access to mass media, less supplementation of diets, unhygienic water and sanitation are associated with chronic and severe malnutrition in children.[55] Prenatal malnutrition and early life growth patterns can alter metabolism and physiological patterns and have lifelong effects on the risk of cardiovascular disease.[122] Children who are undernourished are more likely to be short in adulthood, have lower educational achievement and economic status, and give birth to smaller infants.[122] Children often face malnutrition during the age of rapid development, which can have long-lasting impacts on health.[27]
Children suffering from severe acute malnutrition are very thin, but they often also have swollen hands and feet, making the internal problems more evident to health workers.[124] Undernutrition in children causes direct structural damage to the brain and impairs infant motor development and exploratory behavior.[122] Children who are undernourished before age two and gain weight quickly later in childhood and in adolescence are at high risk of chronic diseases related to nutrition.[122] Inadequate food intake, infections, psychosocial deprivation, the environment, and perhaps genetics contribute.[27] Children with severe malnutrition are very susceptible to infection.[27] However, children with chronic diseases like HIV have a higher risk of malnutrition, since their bodies cannot absorb nutrients as well.[124] Diseases such as measles are a major cause of malnutrition in children; thus immunizations present a way to relieve the burden.[124]
Studies have found a strong association between undernutrition and child mortality.[118] Once malnutrition is treated, adequate growth is an indication of health and recovery.[27] Even after recovering from severe malnutrition, children often remain stunted for the rest of their lives.[27] A study in Bangladesh in 2009 reported that rates of malnutrition were higher in female children than male children.[55] Other studies show that, at the national level, differences between undernutrition prevalence rates between young boys and girls are generally small.[113] Girls often have a lower nutritional status in South and Southeastern Asia compared to boys.[113] In other developing regions, the nutritional status of girls is slightly higher.[113] In almost all countries, the poorest quintile of children has the highest rate of malnutrition.[120] However, inequalities in malnutrition between children of poor and rich families vary from country to country, with studies finding large gaps in Peru and very small gaps in Egypt.[120] In 2000, rates of child malnutrition were much higher in low income countries (36 percent) compared to middle income countries (12 percent) and the United States (1 percent).[120]
Measures have been taken to reduce child malnutrition. Studies for the World Bank found that, from 1970–2000, the number of malnourished children decreased by 20 percent in developing countries.[120] Iodine supplement trials in pregnant women have been shown to reduce offspring deaths during infancy and early childhood by 29 percent.[124] However, universal salt iodization has largely replaced this intervention.[124] The Progresa program in Mexico combined conditional cash transfers with nutritional education and micronutrient-fortified food supplements; this resulted in a 10 percent reduction the prevalence of stunting in children 12–36 months old.[118] Milk fortified with zinc and iron reduced the incidence of diarrhea by 18 percent in a study in India. Breastfeeding can reduce rates of malnutrition and dehydration caused by diarrhea, but mothers are sometimes wrongly advised to not breastfeed their children.[124] Breastfeeding has been shown to reduce mortality in infants and young children.[118] Since only 38 percent of children worldwide under 6 months are exclusively breastfed, education programs could have large impacts on children malnutrition rates.[125] However, breastfeeding cannot fully prevent PEM if not enough nutrients are consumed.[27]
Treatment with antibiotics such as amoxicillin or cefdinir improve the response and survival rate of severely malnourished children to an outpatient treatment plan which provided therapeutic food.[119] This confirms the recommendation, "In addition to the provision of RUTF [ready-to-use therapeutic food], children need to receive a short course of basic oral medication to treat infections." contained in "Community-based management of severe acute malnutrition, A Joint Statement by the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, the United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition and the United Nations Children's Fund."[126]
Malnutrition and being underweight are more common in the elderly than in adults of other ages.[127] If elderly people are healthy and active, the aging process alone does not usually cause malnutrition.[128] However, changes in body composition, organ functions, adequate energy intake and ability to eat or access food are associated with aging, and may contribute to malnutrition.[129] Sadness or depression can play a role, causing changes in appetite, digestion, energy level, weight, and well-being.[128] A study on the relationship between malnutrition and other conditions in the elderly found that Malnutrition in the elderly can result from gastrointestinal and endocrine system disorders, loss of taste and smell, decreased appetite and inadequate dietary intake.[129] Poor dental health, ill-fitting dentures, or chewing and swallowing problems can make eating difficult.[128] As a result of these factors, malnutrition is seen to develop more easily in the elderly.[130] Rates of malnutrition tend to increase with age in the elderly population; a study in Clinical Nutrition noted that less than 10 percent of the "young" elderly (up to age 75) are malnourished, while 30 to 65 percent of the elderly in home care, long-term care facilities, or acute hospitals are malnourished.[131] Many elderly people require assistance in eating, which may contribute to malnutrition.[130] Because of this, one of the main requirements of elderly care is to provide an adequate diet and all essential nutrients.[132] Researchers in Australia conducting mini-nutritional assessments (MNAs) reported that malnutrition or risk of malnutrition occurs in 80 percent of elderly people presented to hospitals for admission.[133] Malnutrition and weight loss can contribute to sarcopenia with loss of lean body mass and muscle function.[127] Abdominal obesity or weight loss coupled with sarcopenia lead to immobility, skeletal disorders, insulin resistance, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and metabolic disorders.[129] A paper from the Journal of the American Dietetic Association noted that routine nutrition screenings represent one way to detect and therefore decrease the prevalence of malnutrition in the elderly.[128]
See also
- Community Therapeutic Care (public health strategy for malnutrition)
- NutritionDay (in Europe)
- Malnutrition in South Africa
- Malnutrition in India
- Malnutrition in Zimbabwe
- ↑
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health". WHO. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
- ↑
- ↑ "Progress For Children: A Report Card On Nutrition" (PDF). UNICEF.
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 "An update of 'The Neglected Crisis of Undernutrition: Evidence for Action'" (PDF). www.gov.uk. Department for International Development. October 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 Bhutta, ZA; Das, JK; Rizvi, A; Gaffey, MF; Walker, N; Horton, S; Webb, P; Lartey, A; Black, RE; Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review, Group; Maternal and Child Nutrition Study, Group (August 3, 2013). "Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?". Lancet. 382 (9890): 452–77. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60996-4. PMID 23746776.
- ↑ "World Food Programme, Cash and Vouchers for Food" (PDF). WFP.org. April 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1
- ↑ Jonathan A. Foley, Navin Ramankutty, Kate A. Brauman, Emily S. Cassidy, James S. Gerber, Matt Johnston, Nathaniel D. Mueller, Christine O'Connell, Deepak K. Ray, Paul C. West, Christian Balzer, Elena M. Bennett, Stephen R. Carpenter, Jason Hill1, Chad Monfreda, Stephen Polasky1, Johan Rockström, John Sheehan, Stefan Siebert, David Tilman1, David P. M. Zaks (October 2011). "Solutions for a cultivated planet". Nature. 478 (7369): 337–342. doi:10.1038/nature10452. PMID 21993620.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Global hunger declining, but still unacceptably high International hunger targets difficult to reach" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. September 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K; et al. (December 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. PMID 23245604. Explicit use of et al. in:
|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Murray, CJ (December 15, 2012). "Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2197–223. PMID 23245608.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD; et al. (December 2012). "A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2224–60. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8. PMID 23245609. Explicit use of et al. in:
|author=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6
- ↑ "WHO, nutrition experts take action on malnutrition". World Health Organization. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Black, R. E.; Allen, L. H.; Bhutta, Z. A.; Caulfield, L. E.; De Onis, M.; Ezzati, M.; Mathers, C.; Rivera, J.; Maternal Child Undernutrition Study Group (2008). "Maternal and child undernutrition: Global and regional exposures and health consequences". The Lancet. 371 (9608): 243–260. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61690-0. PMID 18207566.CS1 maint: display-authors (link)
- ↑ 27.00 27.01 27.02 27.03 27.04 27.05 27.06 27.07 27.08 27.09 27.10 27.11
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Chowdhury, M. S. I.; Akhter, N.; Haque, M.; Aziz, R.; Nahar, N. (2009). "Serum Total Protein and Albumin Levels in Different Grades of Protein Energy Malnutrition". Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist. 3. doi:10.3329/jbsp.v3i0.1799.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Stevenson, R. D.; Conaway, M. R. (August 2011). "Weight and Mortality Rates: "Gomez Classification" for Children With Cerebral Palsy?". Pediatrics. 128 (2): e436–e437. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-1472. PMID 21768321.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Grover, Zubin; Ee, Looi C. (2009). "Protein Energy Malnutrition". Pediatric Clinics of North America. 56 (5): 1055–1068. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2009.07.001. PMID 19931063.
- ↑ Gueri, M.; J. M. Gurney, P. Jutsum (1980). "The gomez classification. Time for a change?" (PDF). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 58 (5): 773–777. PMC 2395976. PMID 6975186.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 J. C. Waterlow (1972). "Classification and Definition of Protein-Calorie Malnutrition". British Medical Journal. 3 (5826): 566–569. doi:10.1136/bmj.3.5826.566. PMC 1785878. PMID 4627051.
- ↑ Watts, Geoff (December 2010). "John Conrad Waterlow". The Lancet. 376 (9757): 1982. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62252-0.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Stillwaggon, Eileen (2008). "Race, Sex, and the Neglected Risks for Women and Girls in Sub-Saharan Africa". Feminist Economics. 14 (4): 67–86. doi:10.1080/13545700802262923.
- ↑ Schaible, U. E.; Kaufmann, S. H. E. (2007). "Malnutrition and Infection: Complex Mechanisms and Global Impacts". PLoS Medicine. 4 (5): e115. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040115. PMC 1858706. PMID 17472433.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5
- ↑ http://www.savethechildren.org/atf/cf/%7B9def2ebe-10ae-432c-9bd0-df91d2eba74a%7D/STATE-OF-THE-WORLDS-MOTHERS-REPORT-2012-FINAL.PDF
- ↑ The world hunger problem: Facts, figures and statistics
- ↑
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 "Malnutrition The Starvelings". The Economist. January 24, 2008.
- ↑ "U.N. chief: Hunger kills 17,000 kids daily". CNN. November 17, 2009.
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 McNeil Jr, Donald G. (December 16, 2006). "In raising the world's IQ the secret is in salt". New York Times.
- ↑ Laus, M. F.; Duarte Manhas Ferreira Vales, L.; Braga Costa, T. M.; Sousa Almeida, S. O. (2011). "Early Postnatal Protein-Calorie Malnutrition and Cognition: A Review of Human and Animal Studies". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 8 (2): 590–612. doi:10.3390/ijerph8020590. PMC 3084481. PMID 21556206.
- ↑ Kenton R. Holden. "Chapter 2 Malnutrition and Brain Development: A Review. In Neurologic Consequences of Malnutrition, World Federation of Neurology Seminars in Clinical Neurology, 2008, World Federation of Neurology," (PDF). Demos Medical Publishing. Retrieved March 3, 2014. Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=(help); Cite journal requires
- ↑ Fotso, J. C.; Kuate-Defo, B. (2005). "Measuring socioeconomic status in health research in developing countries: Should we be focusing on households, communities or both?". Social Indicators Research. 72 (2): 189. doi:10.1007/s11205-004-5579-8.
- ↑
- ↑ Malnutrition at eMedicine
- ↑ Baro, M.; Deubel, T. F. (2006). "Persistent Hunger: Perspectives on Vulnerability, Famine, and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa". Annual Review of Anthropology. 35: 521. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123224.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 Musaiger, Abdulrahman O.; Hassan, Abdelmonem S., Obeid, Omar (August 2011). "The Paradox of Nutrition-Related Diseases in the Arab Countries: The Need for Action". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 8 (9): 3637–3671. doi:10.3390/ijerph8093637. PMC 3194109. PMID 22016708.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ World Health Organization (2001). "Water-related diseases: Malnutrition".
- ↑ Brady JP (June 2012). "Marketing breast milk substitutes: problems and perils throughout the world". Arch Dis Child. 97 (6): 529–32. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2011-301299. PMC 3371222. PMID 22419779.
- ↑ Burchi F, Fanzo J, Frison E (February 2011). "The role of food and nutrition system approaches in tackling hidden hunger". Int J Environ Res Public Health. 8 (2): 358–73. doi:10.3390/ijerph8020358. PMC 3084466. PMID 21556191.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 Gardner, Gary; Halweil, Brian (2000). "Escaping Hunger, Escaping Excess". World Watch. 13 (4): 24.
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 Gardner, Gary; Halweil, Brian (2000). "Escaping Hunger, Escaping Excess". World Watch. 13 (4): 5.
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 Khan, MM; Kraemer, A (August 2009). "Factors associated with being underweight, overweight and obese among ever-married non-pregnant urban women in Bangladesh". Singapore medical journal. 50 (8): 804–13. PMID 19710981.
- ↑ 56.0 56.1
- ↑ "The role of speculators in the global food crisis". Spiegel Online.
- ↑ "Biofuel use increasing poverty". BBC News. June 25, 2008.
- ↑ Ferrett, Grant (October 27, 2007). "Biofuels 'crime against humanity'". BBC News.
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 60.5 Dugger, Celia W. (December 2, 2007). "Ending Famine, Simply by Ignoring the Experts". New York Times.
- ↑ Biles, Peter (February 6, 2006). "Zambia: fertile but hungry". BBC News.
- ↑ "Forgotten benefactor of humanity". The Atlantic.
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 "Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report" (PDF). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. November 12–17, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
- ↑ Battisti, David S. "Climate Change in Developing Countries." University of Washington. Seattle. 27 October 2008.Template:Vn
- ↑ Black, Richard (August 9, 2010). "Rice yields falling under global warming". BBC News; Science & Environment.
- ↑ Honey Bee Die-Off Alarms Beekeepers, Crop growers and researchers
- ↑ Wells, Matt (March 11, 2007). "Vanishing bees threaten US crops". BBC News.
- ↑ McKie, Robin; Rice, Xan (April 22, 2007). "Millions face famine as crop disease rages". Guardian. London.
- ↑ Kaplan, Karen (June 14, 2009). "A time bomb for world wheat crop". LA Times.
- ↑ Dugger, Celia W. (October 10, 2007). "In Africa, prosperity from seeds falls short". New York Times.
- ↑ Barclay, Eliza (June 18, 2008). "How a Kenyan village tripled its corn harvest". Christian Science Monitor.
- ↑
John Ulimwengu; et al. (March 2013). "Need in a land of planty". dandc.eu. Explicit use of et al. in:
- ↑ Baker, Peter; Dugger, Celia W. (July 9, 2009). "Obama enlists major powers to aid poor farmers with $15 billion". The New York Times.
- ↑ "Millions of children dying needlessly". BBC News. June 26, 2003.
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 Anderson, Tatum (June 24, 2009). "Firms target nutrition for the poor". BBC News.
- ↑
- ↑ Chapman, R. (1999). "No room at the inn, or why population problems are not all economic". Population and Environment. 21: 81–97. doi:10.1007/BF02436122.
- ↑ Ohlin, G. (1967). Population control and economic development. Paris: Dev Centers, OECD.
- ↑ Nielson, K. (1992). Global Justice, Capitalism and the Third World. (R. A. Wilkons, Ed.)
- ↑ Waters, H. R.; Penny, M. E.; Creed-Kanashiro, H. M.; Robert, R. C.; Narro, R.; Willis, J.; Caulfield, L. E.; Black, R. E. (2006). "The cost-effectiveness of a child nutrition education programme in Peru". Health Policy and Planning. 21 (4): 257–264. doi:10.1093/heapol/czl010. PMID 16672293.
- ↑ Nyonator, Frank, J Koku Awooner-Williams, James Phillips, Tanya Jones, Robert Miller. (2003). The Ghana Community-based Health Planning and Services Initiative: Fostering Evidence-based Organizational Change and Development in a Resource-constrained Setting. In Policy Research Division Working Papers 180. New York: Population Council. http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/wp/180.pdf
- ↑ Li, Jiming, Yeyun Xin and Longping Yuan. (2010). Pushing the Yield Frontier: Hybrid rice in China. In MillionsFed: Proved Success in Agriculture Development. Washington, DC: International Policy Research Institute
- ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 83.4 83.5 83.6 83.7 National Guidelines for the Management of Severely Malnourished Children in Bangladesh, Institute of Public Health Nutrition, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, May 2008, page 18 (19 in PDF) and following pages.
- ↑ Sguassero, Y; de Onis, M; Bonotti, AM; Carroli, G (June 13, 2012). "Community-based supplementary feeding for promoting the growth of children under five years of age in low and middle income countries". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 6: CD005039. PMID 22696347.
- ↑ Lazzerini, M; Rubert, L; Pani, P (June 21, 2013). "Specially formulated foods for treating children with moderate acute malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 6: CD009584. PMID 23794237.
- ↑ Schoonees, A; Lombard, M; Musekiwa, A; Nel, E; Volmink, J (June 6, 2013). "Ready-to-use therapeutic food for home-based treatment of severe acute malnutrition in children from six months to five years of age". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 6: CD009000. PMID 23744450.
- ↑ 87.0 87.1 Viana Lde, A; Burgos, MG; Silva Rde, A (January–March 2012). "Refeeding syndrome: clinical and nutritional relevance". Arquivos brasileiros de cirurgia digestiva : ABCD = Brazilian archives of digestive surgery. 25 (1): 56–9. PMID 22569981.
- ↑ Boateng, AA; Sriram, K; Meguid, MM; Crook, M (February 2010). "Refeeding syndrome: treatment considerations based on collective analysis of literature case reports". Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 26 (2): 156–67. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2009.11.017. PMID 20122539.
- ↑ Kristof, Nicholas D. (December 4, 2008). "Raising the world's IQ". The New York Times.
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 "Let them eat micronutrients". Newsweek.
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 92.3 92.4 92.5 92.6 The Treatment of Diarrhoea: A manual for physicians and other senior health workers, World Health Organization, 2005. See especially Ch. 4 "Management of Acute Diarrhoea (Without Blood)" and Ch. 8 "Management of Diarrhoea With Severe Malnutrition."
- ↑ 93.0 93.1
- ↑ WHO Drug Information Vol. 16, No. 2, 2002.
- ↑ Low-osmolarity oral rehydration solution (ORS), Rehydrate Project, updated: April 23, 2014.
- ↑ The Treatment of Diarrhoea: A manual for physicians and other senior health workers, WHO, 2005. Specifically, 45 milliliters of potassium chloride solution from a stock solution containing 100g KCl per liter, along with one packet of ORS, two liters of water, and 50 grams of sucrose. And please remember, sucrose has approximately twice the molecular weight of glucose, with one mole of glucose weighing 180 g and one mole of sucrose weighing 342 g.
- ↑ "Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1". World Health Organization, 2005, Annex 12 - Preparation of Home Made Oral Rehydration Solution, page 51 (57 in PDF): "Ingredients: Half a teaspoon of salt (2.5 grams), six level teaspoons of sugar (30 grams) and one litre of safe drinking water".
- ↑ "Dehydration, treatments and drugs." Mayo Clinic 7 January 2011. "In an emergency situation where a pre-formulated solution is unavailable, you can make your own oral rehydration solution by mixing half teaspoon salt, six level teaspoons of sugar and one litre (about 1 quart) of safe drinking water."
- ↑ Family Practice Notebook, Oral Rehydration Solution, Scott Moses, MD, Feb. 1, 2014.
- ↑ National Guidelines for the Management of Severely Malnourished Children in Bangladesh recommends, for initial hypoglycemia, a 50 milliliter bolus of 10% glucose or sucrose. This can also be achieved by added 1 rounded teaspoon of sugar to 10.5 teaspoons of water (which is 3.5 tablespoons of water).
- ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 "UN aid debate: give cash not food?". Christian Science Monitor. June 4, 2008.
- ↑ "Cash roll-out to help hunger hot spots". World Food Programme. December 8, 2008.
- ↑ Andrew S. Natsios (Administrator U.S. Agency for International Development)
- ↑ Memorandum to former Representative Steve Solarz (United States, Democratic Party, New York), July 1994
- ↑ "A model of African food aid is now in trouble". Christian Science Monitor. May 6, 2008.
- ↑ "Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002" (xls). World Health Organization. 2002.
- ↑ Jean Ziegler. "Promotion And Protection Of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social And Cultural Rights, Including The Right To Development: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Jean Ziegler". Human Rights Council of the United Nations, January 10, 2008."According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the world already produces enough food to feed every child, woman and man and could feed 12 billion people, or double the current world population."
- ↑ Food and Agriculture Organization Economic and Social Development Department. "The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2008 : High food prices and food security — threats and opportunities". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2008, p. 48.
- ↑ Food and Agriculture Organization Agricultural and Development Economics Division. "The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2006 : Eradicating world hunger – taking stock ten years after the World Food Summit". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2006, p. 8. "Because of population growth, the very small decrease in the number of hungry people has nevertheless resulted in a reduction in the proportion of undernourished people in the developing countries by 3 percentage points – from 20 percent in 1990–92 to 17 percent in 2001–03. (…) the prevalence of undernourishment declined by 9 percent (from 37 percent to 28 percent) between 1969–71 and 1979–81 and by a further 8 percentage points (to 20 percent) between 1979–81 and 1990–92.".
- ↑ Food and Agriculture Organization Economic and Social Development Department. "The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2008 : High food prices and food security — threats and opportunities". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2008, p. 6. "Good progress in reducing the share of hungry people in the developing world had been achieved – down from almost 20 percent in 1990–92 to less than 18 percent in 1995–97 and just above 16 percent in 2003–05. The estimates show that rising food prices have thrown that progress into reverse, with the proportion of undernourished people worldwide moving back towards 17 percent.".
- ↑ Alina Paul Bossuet, Nourishing Communities Through Holistic Farming http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/sorghum/882/249. ICRISAT. Downloaded 26 January 2014.
- ↑ Jere R. Behrman (February 1996). "The Impact of Health and Nutrition on Education". The World Bank Research Observer. 11 (1): 23–37. doi:10.1093/wbro/11.1.23. JSTOR 3986477.
- ↑ 113.0 113.1 113.2 113.3 113.4 113.5 113.6 113.7 113.8 113.9 Nubé, M.; Van Den Boom, G. J. M. (2003). "Gender and adult undernutrition in developing countries". Annals of Human Biology. 30 (5): 520–537. doi:10.1080/0301446031000119601. PMID 12959894.
- ↑ 114.0 114.1 114.2 114.3 Dewan, Manju (2008). "Malnutrition in Women" (PDF). Stud. Home Comm. Sci. 2 (1): 7–10. Retrieved March 3, 2014. Cite uses deprecated parameter
- ↑ Najma Rizvi (March 2013). "Enduring misery". dandc.eu.
- ↑ Carter, Rachel Bonham. "Survey Reveals High Malnutrition Rates Among Pregnant Women in Kenya". UNICEF. Retrieved March 3, 2014. Cite uses deprecated parameter
- ↑ 117.0 117.1 117.2 117.3 117.4 "Gender and Nutrition 2001". Food and Agriculture of the United Nations. Retrieved March 3, 2014. Cite uses deprecated parameter
- ↑ 118.0 118.1 118.2 118.3 118.4 118.5 Bhutta, Z. A.; Ahmed, T.; Black, R. E.; Cousens, S.; Dewey, K.; Giugliani, E.; Haider, B. A.; Kirkwood, B.; Morris, S. S.; Sachdev, H. P. S.; Shekar, M.; Maternal Child Undernutrition Study Group (2008). "What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival". The Lancet. 371 (9610): 417–440. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61693-6. PMID 18206226.
- ↑ 119.0 119.1 Manary, Mark J.; Indi Trehan, Hayley S. Goldbach, Lacey N. LaGrone, Guthrie J. Meuli, Richard J. Wang, and Kenneth M. Maleta (January 31, 2013). "Antibiotics as Part of the Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition". The New England Journal of Medicine. 368 (5): 425–435. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1202851. PMC 3654668. PMID 23363496. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
The addition of antibiotics to therapeutic regimens for uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition was associated with a significant improvement in recovery and mortality rates.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ 120.0 120.1 120.2 120.3 120.4 120.5 Adam Wagstaff; Naoke Watanabe (November 1999). "Socioeconomic Inequalities in Child Malnutrition in the Developing World". World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2434. Retrieved March 3, 2014. Cite uses deprecated parameter
- ↑ Sue Horton; Harold Alderman, Juan A. Rivera (2008). "The Challenge of Hunger and Malnutrition" (PDF). Copenhagen Consensus Challenge Paper. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 15, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2014. Cite uses deprecated parameter
- ↑ 122.0 122.1 122.2 122.3 122.4 122.5 122.6 122.7 122.8 Victora, CG; Adair, L, Fall, C, Hallal, PC, Martorell, R, Richter, L, Sachdev, HS, Maternal and Child Undernutrition Study, Group (January 26, 2008). "Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital". Lancet. 371 (9609): 340–57. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61692-4. PMC 2258311. PMID 18206223.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ "Micronutrients - Iodine, Iron and Vitamin A". UNICEF. December 14, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2014. Cite uses deprecated parameter
- ↑ 124.0 124.1 124.2 124.3 124.4 124.5 "Facts for Life" (PDF). UNICEF. Retrieved March 3, 2014. Cite uses deprecated parameter
- ↑ UNICEF. "Introduction to Nutrition". UNICEF. Retrieved March 3, 2014. Cite uses deprecated parameter
- ↑ World Health Organization; The World Food Programme, the United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition and the United Nations Children's Fund (May 2007). "Community-based management of severe acute malnutrition" (PDF) (in English and French). World Health Organization. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
Evidence shows that about 80 per cent of children with severe acute malnutrition who have been identified through active case finding, or through sensitizing and mobilizing communities to access decentralized services themselves, can be treated at home. The treatment is to feed children a ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) until they have gained adequate weight.
- ↑ 127.0 127.1 Kvamme, January–Magnus; Olsen, Jan Abel, Florholmen, Jon, Jacobsen, Bjarne K. (2011). "Risk of malnutrition and health-related quality of life in community-living elderly men and women: The Tromsø study". Quality of Life Research. 20 (4): 575–582. doi:10.1007/s11136-010-9788-0. PMC 3075394. PMID 21076942.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ 128.0 128.1 128.2 128.3 Wellman, N.S; Weddle, D.O, Kranz, S, Brain, C.T (October 1997). "Elder Insecurities: Poverty, Hunger, and Malnutrition". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 97 (10): S120–S122. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(97)00744-X. PMID 9336570.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ 129.0 129.1 129.2 Saka, Bulent; Kaya, Omer, Ozturk, Gulistan Bahat, Erten, Nilgun, Karan, M. Akif (2010). "Malnutrition in the elderly and its relationship with other geriatric syndromes". Clinical Nutrition. 29 (6): 745–748. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2010.04.006. PMID 20627486.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ 130.0 130.1 Volkert, Dorothee (2002). "Malnutrition in the elderly — prevalence, causes and corrective strategies". Clinical Nutrition. 21: 110–112. doi:10.1016/S0261-5614(02)80014-0.
- ↑ Volkert, D. (2002). "Malnutrition in the elderly — prevalence, causes and corrective strategies". Clinical Nutrition. 21: 110. doi:10.1016/S0261-5614(02)80014-0.
- ↑ Mamhidir, Anna-Greta; Kihlgren, Mona, Soerlie, Venke; Soerlie, V (2010). "Malnutrition in elder care: qualitative analysis of ethical perceptions of politicians and civil servants". BMC Medical Ethics. 11: 11. doi:10.1186/1472-6939-11-11. PMC 2927875. PMID 20553607.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ↑ Bolin, T.; Bare, M.; Caplan, G.; Daniells, S.; Holyday, M. (2010). "Malabsorption may contribute to malnutrition in the elderly". Nutrition. 26 (7–8): 852–853. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2009.11.016. PMID 20097534.
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text:
Presqu'ile Provincial Park
Events for March and Beyond
1) Events for March and beyond!
The weekend of March 14-15 seems to be a busy one in our town, with St. Patrick's Celebrations and Waterfowl Festival!
2) March is also the month to register for the kids and yours Spring/Summer events. Here a few that came to my attention!
BASEBALL registration is already available online, in person starts March 11! http://www.brightonbaseball.ca/
The DRAGON BOAT CLUB will hold an Open House on March 21st from 10-2 in the YMCA Lobby
SOCCER registration starts this Saturday.
Registration for Presqu'ile SUMMER CAMP is available!
TENNIS information can be found at their website
Some more Special Interest Groups!
3) Codrington Community Centre Committee is looking for more members! Be a "Proud Codrington Volunteer" !
Applefest committee is also looking for more members to help them organize the 41st Applefest!
It is gearing up to be an eventful Spring and Summer!
KEN'S RESTAURANT by Ron
~Ron Waddling
TBT--In keeping with History Open House, before the dance at the Pavilion or during or after, people gathered at Ken's Restaurant for the famous 12" hot dog, fresh cut fries and ice cream. Of course a full hot home cooked meal was always available too.
Located at the entrance to Presqu'ile Park, Gord, Elda and their son Ken operated a tourist/local restaurant for eat in or take out. It was a very busy corner catering to tourists, cottagers, campers, fishermen, birders and Brightonians.
As a youth a summer job at Ken's guaranteed cash, meeting lots of people and training as a short order cook. It also taught the cleanliness required for an eatery of the era.
Look at the shine on those tables...I cleaned them many a time.
Photo supplied by Susan Brose
For more information contact local historian Susan Brose for one of her wonderfully informative books of local establishments from the past. email@example.com
Open Mic at the legion
I visited the Brighton Arts Council Open Mic Night. What an entertaining evening it was, with a great variation of talented performers. Of course, this being Brighton, I'm not really sure why I was even remotely surprised of the quality and quantity of the participants.
I'm pretty sure every age group was in attendance - kids, teens, young adults, adults and seniors. They played piano, guitar, ukulele, and harmonica and listened to songs, a recording and a reading. It was a relaxed atmosphere and most people obviously knew each other. Don't let that scare you away though, because they were clearly happy to see new audience members and participants. Paul, who normally listens to them while playing darts and pool at the Legion, decided to participate for the first time with lots of encouragement and appreciation.
An idea of what the evening was about…..
"The Rose", one of my favorite songs, was sung so beautifully. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zxSTzSEiZ2c .
Ian Graham tweaked Stan Rogers' song `45 years' and sang it for his wife Sharon as a Valentine surprise and because they will celebrate their 45th anniversary in June. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZrGDoDloD1M
An obviously talented piano player gave us a treat.
A story was read about the environment. Sounds serious? Yes, it does and although the topic was serious, the writing was light.
This event is held in the Legion and people were able to drink something while enjoying the performers.
It has been a long time since I attended an evening of light entertainment and it was good for the soul with this cold and snowy February.
Thanks to Kerry Boehme for the "Peace of Mind"!
Brighton Snowshoe Race By Erin
On Jan 24 the first annual Brighton Snowshoe Race, which is a part of the Dion Eastern Ontario Snowshoe Series (http://healthandadventure.com/…/dion-eastern-ontario-snows…/) was held at Goodrich Loomis Conservation Area.
Up until just a few days before the race the weather was not cooperating- we had just a dusting of snow on the ground, but two days before the race, the Brighton area was on the receiving end of a good dump of snow that ensured that the race would have all the snow we needed.
The morning of the race dawned cold and clear- when Joe Turner (my co-race director) and I arrived at Goodrich Loomis, it was -27C. We quickly finished off marking the course, got the Nature Centre set up for registration and post race food & awards, and awaited the arrival of the runners. By about 9:30, the Nature Centre was packed with runners and their families- we had about 50 people registered, and despite the frigid temperatures, almost nobody backed out!
Everyone was glad to get going, as once the race started, everyone warmed up quickly. The course was laid out in two loops- the first loop was 2km, and it took in a very steep climb up the Esker Trail. After the first loop the racers came by the start area again, around the Junior Loop, and then did the full Esker Trail. By all accounts, everyone was very impressed with the course. We heard so many comments about how beautiful the park, and how much everyone enjoyed it. There were some great performances too, with Charley Murphy of Toronto taking the win for the men, and Celine Best of Gatineau getting the women's win, both in impressively fast times.
In the lead up to this race, a lot of people that we talked to didn't even know that snowshoe running and racing was a thing, but in fact it is one of the fastest growing winter sports in North America. Snowshoeing itself is nothing new, but with the development of lighter snowshoes that are easier to use, many more people are taking up snowshoeing as a way to get outside and enjoy the outdoors in the winter. And as these things go, our human nature finds a way to make it competitive. Running snowshoes are smaller than hiking snowshoes, and as such aren't as well suited to deeper or fresh snow as larger hiking snowshoes. With the running snowshoes being smaller though, it makes for a much more natural running experience than one might think. You basically just strap them on and go.
One of the great things about snowshoe running is the workout that you get. You're moving much slower than when you run on the road, but the exertion level is very high, so you get a great muscular and cardio workout but without the impact and pounding of running on the road. The Dion Eastern Ontario Snowshoe Series offers great opportunities to try out the sport of snowshoe running. The races themselves are not too expensive, and very low key and friendly, and there is a fleet of rental snowshoes available.
As the directors of the Brighton Snowshoe Race, Joe and I hope to see more local folks out next year!
Amazing photos by Sean Scally from the Snowshoe Race at Goodrich Loomis can be found on Sean's website:
Rock Paper Scissors
I visited Rock Paper Scissors (again, I should write).
Rock Paper Scissors and The Shoe store share a split level building on Main Street next to the Post Office. There is also an entrance in the back, across from Sobeys. When you go down the stairs you will meet Cindy, the owner of Rock Paper Scissors.
Cindy is a down-to-earth businesswoman. She demonstrates this in many ways; one of them is the reason why she decided to open up a paper store in town. It's actually pretty simple; she asked the residents about their needs. This was 12 years ago, about the time that scrapbooking was very much an `in' thing and she began with supplying those with that hobby. Like every store that stays in business for a long time, she has evolved with the changing needs of her customers. Currently Rock Paper Scissors offers printing, faxing and copying services and sells toys, school and office supplies. What I wasn't aware of until recently is that the quality toys also available are from Melissa & Doug and Skip * Hop. They seem to be a favourite for Christmas gifts in our town. For more information check the websites.
http://www.melissaanddoug.com/ http://www.skiphop.com/home/storelocator/
Cindy's is the typical small-town store, with some people running in and out quickly because they just ran out of paper or ink at the most inconvenient time while other customers will stay a little longer to chat. Some days the store even seems to be a local meeting place for small business owners. It's Cindy that provides her store with the small town shopping experience and that is what makes the place different than any other school and office supply store.
Like always, don't be shy, open the door and look what can be found behind the storefront.
Dance Hall Daze Extravaganza
I went to the Dance Hall Daze Extravaganza.
It was an informative, entertaining and eventful evening. It was really nice to see how many people in our town are interested in Brighton's local history.
Carpet Bowling Club
I visited the Carpet Bowling club, officially called The Brighton & District Carpet Bowling Club! They added district because they have members from Hastings, Campbellford and Belleville. This club operates under the unofficial motto "Gentle exercise with a lot of social"!
Graham welcomed me with a wide smile. He is obviously very proud of the club he founded in 2001. The carpets, official named Short Mats, were made and bought in England. The day I was visiting Graham was doing maintenance on one of the Short Mats. They have 4, thanks to the generous donation by the Trillium Foundation in 2005. Up to 6 people play on each Short Mat. They are a small but enthusiastic group of just over 30, and their emphasis is on social rather than playing exactly to the written laws of the game, although they try to keep generally within the rules as much as possible. The game is very similar to curling (no brushing required) or lawn bowling with a few minor differences. They play 2 times a week from 1pm-4pm from Mid-October until Mid-April. Normally they play two games each play day with a break for tea, coffee and cookies. Membership fees won't break the bank balance with $10 for the season, and $5 per play day. Day tournaments are played each year between teams from Cobourg and Kingston with reciprocal events also if possible. For anyone who doesn't have a set of lawn bowls, they have a few loaner sets for free trials.
When I asked about taking some pictures, they were keen and even put the games on hold so I could take a group picture.
If you would like to have some relaxed exercise with a small group of people whom will welcome you with big smiles join them on a Monday or Thursday afternoon.
If anyone is interested they can contact Graham at email@example.com or phone 613-475-3286.
History Open House
Our town will have a LIVE #TBT with pop-up story tellers and dance demonstrations from the Dance Hall Daze days! The pop-up story tellers will be sitting in the audience and Dan will call upon them to share their story of Dance Hall Daze memories. These will be short recollections from their experiences. Mary McEwan and her group will show us some dance moves from the Dance Hall Daze days.
From all accounts, from the late 1800's until the late 1960's (peaking in the late 40's) our town was an active place for dancing and entertainment, with people coming from far and wide to have a good time in Brighton and Presqu'ile.
The Brown Brothers Band, Guy Lombardo and Herbie Bell and the Solidaires are some of the musicians that played in the dance halls.
The Brown Brothers band was formed in 1939. They played successfully for over 40 years and were a group made up of family members Dorothy, Todd, Harold, and Gord along with guest artists. They were cousins of Ron Waddling's family and when they played at the dance halls in Brighton/Presqu'ile they stayed with relatives.
See you tomorrow evening at King Edward Park for a fun time while finding out more about our local History!
Included in the pictures is the BHOH presentation that Dan, Dot and Susan presented at council last night!
A Thank You to Kerry Boehme for providing the "peace of mind"!
This Blog is about
October 2018

subset: commoncrawl