text:
The Epistle to the Romans is Paul's magnum opus; the weightiest, longest and most influential of the apostle's writings. It is the only letter that he wrote to a church that he did not found and as such it lays the foundation for his doctrine and systematic theology. In many ways, the epistle functions as Paul's resume, introducing himself to the church at Rome in hopes of future collaboration (Romans 1:10-12, 15, 15:24, 28).
Like many of Paul's letters, Romans concludes with personal greetings. On the surface, the material seems inconsequential, like a long list of people to whom "Goober says hey!" on The Andy Griffith Show (1960-68). Given the perceived lack of relevance, these postscripts are often neglected when reading or studying the biblical text.
Like the letter itself, this section of Romans is longer than its counterparts in any of Paul's other canonical epistles. Amid these copious greetings, a scribe emerges from behind the scenes to send his own salutations. Tertius (pronunciation: TER-tee-us) nonchalantly interjects his own address and notes that it is he who has physically penned the document (Romans 16:22).
I, Tertius, who write this letter, greet you in the Lord. (Romans 16:22 NASB)Tertius' bold interjection disrupts the letter (Romans 16:22). Though there is nothing in the salutation's tone to indicate that it does not follow standard operating procedure, this awkward intrusion represents an anomaly. As is typical of Greco-Roman writers, Paul does not customarily identify his secretaries, known as amanuenses, by name. In fact, this is the only instance of a named amanuensis in all of Paul's canonical writings. Even more strikingly, it is not Paul but the stenographer himself who makes the reference.
Peter Stuhlmacher (b. 1932) asserts:
The most interesting remark in this section of the text historically is found in Romans 16:22. In a move which is quite unusual in the Pauline letters, the writer of the letter, Tertius, takes the opportunity of giving a personal greeting. (Stuhlmacher, Paul's Letter to the Romans: A Commentary, 254)
Though unusual for Paul, having a scribe interject is not entirely unparalleled. James R. Edwards (b. 1945) compares:
It was common in rabbinic literature to mention the name of an amanuensis, but one can sense Tertius' special pride in being the transcriber of such a monumental work. (Edwards, Romans (Understanding the Bible Commentary Series), 361)Paul's permitting Tertius to embed greetings is like a master painter allowing a novice to add a stroke to a masterpiece. F.F. Bruce (1910-1990) speculates:
At this point Tertius may have handed the pen to Paul. The sender of a letter in antiquity, after dictating most of it, frequently wrote the last few words in his own hand. Such an autograph (not necessarily, and indeed not usually, his signature) was Paul's authenticating mark in all his letters (II Thessalonians 3:17). We may, then, envisage Paul writing the remainder of the letter himself, perhaps in the 'large letters' to which he draws attention in Galatians 6:11 (Bruce, Romans (Tyndale New Testament Commentaries), 265)Somewhat conspicuously, Paul recognizes no coauthor to the Epistle to the Romans (Romans 1:1). E. Randolph Richards (b. 1958) observes:
Paul's letter to the Romans had no coauthor, and yet Timothy was present during its composition (Romans 16:21). Romans is the only letter where Paul states that Timothy was present but does not also name him as a coauthor [Philippians 1:1; Colossians 1:1; I Thessalonians 1:1; II Thessalonians 1:1]. (Richards, Paul and First-Century Letter Writing: Secretaries, Composition and Collection, 206)Despite having no formal coauthor, there are more hands in the kitchen when cooking up Romans than is typically imagined.
While Paul is undisputedly the author of the letter (Romans 1:1), the physical act of writing the epistle is performed by Tertius (Romans 16:22). At this time, it was not uncommon for an amanuensis to compose documents. Romans features the clearest indication of Paul's utilizing such a transcriber (Romans 16:22) though it is often assumed that the apostle employed amanuenses in other letters. Four times Paul signs off with a greeting which he emphasizes is written by his own hand, implying that the remainder of the correspondence was penned by another (I Corinthians 16:21; Galatians 6:11; Colossians 4:18; II Thessalonians 3:17). Some have speculated that Paul used an amanuensis due to a preexisting eye condition, perhaps stemming from his conversion experience (Acts 9:7-9, 17-19). In Galatians, Paul himself notes the John Hancockian size of his penmanship (Galatians 6:11).
Amanuenses were trained to write small and neatly in an era where paper was scarce and expensive. Daniel M. Gurtner (b. 1973) chronicles:
The employment of an amanuensis was a common practice in antiquity. Cicero [106-43 BCE] frequently dictated letters to his secretary, Tiro [103-4 BCE], as did other classical writers to theirs. Caesar [100-4 BCE] also seemed to have one (Plutatch [45-120], Vita Caesaris 17.3), as did many others (Pliny [23-79], Epistulae 3.4, 9.36; Quintilian [35-100], Institutio Oratoria 10,3,19). In addition, many papyrus letters preserved from Paul's day were written by secretaries, with a final greeting or closing matter written in the hand of the sender. (Craig A. Evans [b. 1952], Acts-Philemon (Bible Knowledge Background Commentary), 244)In employing an amanuensis, Paul composed Romans according to the writing conventions of his day. One of the reasons for the prevalence of amanuenses was the skill set needed to write in the ancient world. Primitive pens and paper made printing legibly a challenge.
C. Marvin Pate (b. 1952) inventories:
Writing materials during this time period included a stylus for writing on wax tablets, and pen and ink for writing on surfaces such as papyrus, vellum, boards, or pottery. (Pate, Romans (Teach the Text Commentary Series), 8)Prior to Johannes Gutenberg (1395-1468)'s invention of movable type (1454), all copies had to be produced painstakingly by hand. It is from this process that the term "manuscript" (manu ["hand"]-script) developed. As such, writing came at great cost in terms of both time and money.
Michael P. Middendorf (b. 1959) comments:
The use of a scribe, amanuensis, or secretary like Tertius was common in Paul's day. It appears that Paul regularly utilized one...Part of this was due to, and also affected by, the cost of producing a letter of exceptional length like Romans, since a scribe could write more succinctly in a smaller hand that was also more legible. Leon Morris [1914-2006] cites the following statistics: "In the papyri private letters range in length from 18 words to 209. More literary letters tend to be longer, the subject matter obviously having an influence on length. Cicero [106-43 BCE]'s 796 letters average 295 words with a range from 22 to 2,530, while Seneca [4 BCE-65 CE]'s 124 letters range from 149 to 4,134 words with an average length of 995 words. The New Testament letters tend to be longer, though II and III John are quite short. The 13 Pauline letters average around 1,300 words. Clearly Paul took letter writing very seriously and made it much more of a vehicle for significant teaching than did most people of the ancient world. Romans is his longest letter, with about 7,100 words. Its length as well as the profundity of its subject matter marks it out as a most unusual letter." (Middendorf, Romans 1-8 (Concordia Commentary), 3-4)Some have approximated an amanuensis' pace to be seventy words per hour. Craig S. Keener (b. 1960) appraises:
Given the time necessary to take normal dictation in antiquity (shorthand being unavailable), Paul may have taken over eleven hours to dictate this letter to Tertius, its scribe (Romans 16:22). Since such a major undertaking probably involved more than one draft (and Paul could draw on his preaching experience), the final draft may have taken less than this estimate, but the total time invested in the letter was probably greater. Given the cost of papyrus and of the labor required (though Tertius, a believer, might have donated his services), one scholar estimates the cost of Romans at 20.68 denarii, which he calculates as roughly $2275 in recent US currency. In other words, Paul did not simply offer this project as an afterthought; Romans is a carefully premeditated work. (Keener, Romans (New Covenant Commentary Series), 1-2)C. Marvin Pate (b. 1952) investigates:
E. Randolph Richards [b. 1958] provides three intriguing details about Paul's letter to the Romans: it would have cost approximately $2,275 (in modern currency); the travel time to deliver a letter from Corinth to Rome by sea would have been about ten days; the same letter would have taken about two months to travel by land from Corinth to Rome. (Pate, Romans (Teach the Text Commentary Series), 322)Romans is lengthy, a book in the true sense of the word. Its transcription would have been arduous work. Perhaps Tertius' greetings are Paul's way of rewarding his amanuensis for days of intensive labor.
Tertius describes himself as the one "who wrote" (CEV, ESV, HCSB, KJV, MSG, NKJV), "who write(s)" (ASV, NASB), "who wrote down" (NIV), "the writer" (NRSV, RSV) or the "one writing" (NLT) Romans as opposed to "translator" or "interpreter". Still, there is nothing in the Greek vocabulary (grapho) to indicate the extent of Tertius' involvement in the composition.
Though no one doubts that Tertius serves as amanuensis, the exact role he plays has been the subject of much debate as the scope of the position varied greatly. C. Marvin Pate (b. 1952) inspects:
E. Randolph Richards [b. 1958]'s study of ancient letter writing shows that there was a continuum of how much input amanuenses had in the composition of a letter, moving from little control (dictation), to some control (shorthand), to complete control (composer). (Pate, Romans (Teach the Text Commentary Series), 321)C.E.B. Cranfield (b. 1915) expounds:
That Romans 16:22...was not composed by Paul is clear. Recent commentators have for the most part been content to say simply that Paul was in the habit of dictating his letters. But it is necessary to ask whether Tertius means by ὁ γράψας τὴν ἐπιστολήν (i) that he wrote the letter in long-hand to Paul's dictation, or (ii) that he took it down in shorthand as Paul dictated it and then subsequently wrote it out in long-hand, or (iii) that, acting as a much more independent secretary, he himself composed the letter in accordance with Paul's instructions. (Cranfield, Romans, Volume 1: I-VIII), 2)The least likely possibility is that Paul allowed Tertius the freedom to compose the letter based on the apostle's outline, a function comparable to the modern ghostwriter. Notably, Otto Roller (1871-1936) endorsed this stance in his 1933 book Das formular der paulinischen Briefe: ein Beitrag sur Lehre vom antiken Briefe.
C.E.B. Cranfield (b. 1915) summarizes:
Otto Roller [1871-1936]...maintained that the normal practice was either to write one's own personal letters in one's own hand (especially if they were short) or else—and this was more often done—to entrust the writing to a secretary, who would himself compose the letter on the basis of the instructions given him; that the dictation of letters (in the sense of the dictation of the full text of the letter as the scribe wrote) was exceptional, since the extreme laboriousness and slowness of writing on papyrus with such pen and ink as were available made such dictation excessively tedious and time-consuming; that shorthand was not used as early as Paul's time for taking down letters from dictation. With regard to Romans, in particular, he further argued that the fact that Tertius composed Romans 16:22 independently itself gives rise to doubts as to whether Paul dictated Romans 16:21 and Romans 16:23—and, in fact, the rest of the letter; and that the chiastic arrangement of Romans 1:8-15 and Romans 15:28-33 (prayer—proposed visit in the one and proposed visit—prayer in the other) suggests composition by a secretary familiar with the stylistic convention that the beginning and conclusion of the 'context' of a letter should correspond, since this phenomenon occurs in no other Pauline letter. He also suggested that some of the anacolutha and other unevennesses to be found in the Pauline epistles may be the result of Paul's own additions to, and corrections of, the drafts submitted for approval...But Roller's arguments and the mass of fascinating illustrative material he brought together fall a long way short of proving that alternatives (i) and (ii) must be ruled out. (Cranfield, Romans, Volume 1: I-VIII), 2-3)Roller's position is still decidedly in the minority and naturally generated criticism. Joseph A. Fitzmyer (b. 1920) archives:
Otto Roller [1871-1936]'s work has not gone without serious criticism; see Ernst Percy [b. 1901], Die Probleme der Kolosser- und Epheserbriefe, Acts regiae societalis humaniorum litterarum lundensis 39 [Lund: Gleerup, 1946], 10; Wilhelm Michaelis [1896-1965], Einleitung in das Neue Testament [Bern: Haller, 1946], 242-44; 2nd edition [1954], 251; J.N. Sevenster [1900-1991], Do You Know Greek?, Novum Testamentum Supplements 19 [Leiden: Brill, 1968], 12. (Fitzmyer, Romans (Anchor Bible), 41)It is safe to say that most interpreters do not perceive Paul playing Christian to Tertius' Cyrano, allowing the apostle to present another's eloquence as his own as in Edmond Rostand [1868-1918] 's Cyrano de Begerac (1897).
Others, most famously William Sanday (1843-1920) and Arthur C. Headlam (1862-1947), have posited that Tertius functioned more like the modern court report, jotting Paul's words in shorthand before expanding later.
Joseph A. Fitzmyer (b. 1920) reviews:
William Sanday [1843-1920] and Arthur C. Headlam [1862-1947] (Romans, lx) had opted for dictation of the letter to Tertius, who would have taken it down in shorthand and then written it out in longhand. They argued for this mode of dictation on the basis of the way that Origen [184-253]'s lectures were taken down and subsequently copied, as described in Eusebius [263-339], Historia ecclesiastica 6.23.2. Tachygraphy or shorthand writing was used in the ancient Greek-speaking world of the eastern Mediterranean area; legend ascribes it to Xenophon [430-354 BCE], but an example of it, as yet undeciphered, has been found even in Palestine. It occurs in a text written on skin discovered in a Murabba'at cave, dating from the early second century A.D. (see Pierre Benoit [1906-1997], "Document"). (Fitzmyer, Romans (Anchor Bible), 41-42)James D.G. Dunn (b. 1939) supports:
Often cited is Seneca [4 BCE-65 CE]'s reference to "the shorthand symbols by means of which even a rapidly delivered speech is taken down and the hand is able to keep up with the quickness of the tongue" (Epistulae 90.25). "The practice was widespread in the empire" (E. Randolph Richards [b. 1958], Paul and First-Century Letter Writing: Secretaries, Composition and Collectio; further 67-74; earlier Secretary in the Letters of Paul 26-43; Jerome Murphy-O'Connor [b. 1935], Paul the Letter-Writer: His World, His Options, His Skills 8-13). (William H. Brackney [b. 1948] and Craig A. Evans [b. 1952], "How the New Testament Began", From Biblical Criticism to Biblical Faith: Essays in Honor of Lee Martin McDonald [b. 1942], 130)
E. Randolph Richards (b. 1958) speculates that Tertius may have been a notarius, a public secretary with authority to draw up official documents (Richards, Paul and First-Century Letter Writing: Secretaries, Composition and Collection, 31). He questions:
Perhaps Tertius was not used because Romans was so long, but actually Romans was so long because Tertius was a professional secretary. He may well have been trained in Greek shorthand (tachygraphy), since Rome was most known for housing professional stenographers. (Richards, Paul and First-Century Letter Writing: Secretaries, Composition and Collection, 206)There is debate as to whether tachygraphy was even in practice at the time and region of Romans' composition. C.E.B. Cranfield (b. 1915) considers:
Otto Roller [1871-1936] maintains that there is no certain evidence of the existence of Greek tachygraphy earlier than the middle of the second century A.D. (The evidence for Latin tachygraphy is earlier.) But the fact that Cicero [106-43 BCE] used a Greek expression to denote shorthand-writing in a letter to Titus Pomponius Atticus [112-35 BCE] strongly suggests that he derived the art from Greeks. Whatever we make of the tradition that Xenophon [430-354 BCE]...invented shorthand–-we might perhaps think of him taking down a few sentences at a time in this way and then writing them out in long-hand while Paul thought out his next few sentences—cannot be ruled out. (Cranfield, Romans, Volume 1: I-VIII), 4)Peter Stuhlmacher (b. 1932) rejects:
Tertius could have take dictation from the apostle in stages in Greek shorthand and then subsequently expanded it and presented it to Paul for his additions and corrections...The fact that there are sentences in the letter which remain incomplete (so-called anacoluthons), as in Romans 2:20, 5:6, 12, 9:22ff, rather speaks against it. (Stuhlmacher, Paul's Letter to the Romans: A Commentary, 254)Most interpreters envision Paul maintaining strict creative control and veto power over the content of Romans with the apostle closely monitoring Tertius. He is given sole writing credit (Romans 16:1) while elsewhere he freely shares authorship (I Corinthians 1:1; II Corinthians 1:1; Philippians 1:1; Colossians 1:1I Thessalonians 1:1; II Thessalonians 1:1; Philemon 1:1).
There is precedence for such strict dictation. C.E.B. Cranfield (b. 1915) presents:
The last sentences of Cicero [106-43 BCE]'s letter of 12 July 45 B.C. to his friend Atticus [112-35 BCE], in which he speaks of a letter he had written to the exceedingly fastidious Varro [116-27 BCE], show that Cicero judged it wiser, where it was specially important that the expression of his thought should be absolutely right, to dictate 'syllabatim' to Spintharus than to entrust the drafting to his highly competent and beloved secretary Tiro [103-4 BCE], though he apparently found this very tiresome. In view of the special importance and special difficulty of its subject matter and also in view of its occasion, it hardly seems particularly unlikely that Paul would dictate his letter to the Roman church—in spite of its very much greater length—in the way Cicero dictated his letter to Varro. After all, though he may not have thought that he was producing a κτημα ἐς αἰεί he must surely have hoped that his letter would on more than one occasion be read and listened to with a good deal of attention by the Christians of Rome, and that they would ponder it and discuss it amongst themselves. Moreover, with regard to the slowness of such dictation, it is surely likely that even Paul would be unable to formulate such a letter at any great speed...May not Paul have needed quite as much time to compose it as did Tertius to write it? (Cranfield, Romans, Volume 1: I-VIII), 3-4)
There is also linguistic evidence that suggests that Romans is dictated. Gary M. Burge (b. 1952), Lynn H. Cohick (b. 1962) and Gene L. Green (b. 1951) detect:
Most likely Paul dictated Romans to Tertius. The study of letter writing in antiquity shows that the repetition of the word "for" (gar in Greek) signals a process of dictation—and it occurs 144 times in Romans. Furthermore, Romans closely resembles some of Paul's other letters, which probably had different scribes. (Burge, Cohick and Green, The New Testament in Antiquity: A Survey of the New Testament within Its Cultural Context, 326)
Thomas R. Schreiner (b. 1954) resolves:
It is intrinsically unlikely that Paul would surrender the specific contents of Romans to Tertius. The letter was of great import to Paul, and its careful structure suggests that he fussed over the details. Indeed, the ever present γάρ (gar, for) suggests a dictated text (Joseph A. Fitzmyer [b. 1920] 1993c:42). The style of Romans fits with Paul's other letters that are accepted as authentic, and there is no evidence that Tertius composed those. In conclusion, Romans should be accepted as the product of Paul's dictation to Tertius, and the question whether it was first composed in shorthand or longhand should be left open. (Schreiner, Romans (Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament), 2-3)Grant R. Osborne (b. 1942) supports:
While many gave their amanuenses great freedom in writing their letters, the similarity of style in Galatians, Romans and the Corinthian correspondence probably means Paul dictated his (so Peter Stuhlmacher [b. 1932] 1994; Douglas J. Moo [b. 1950] 1996, Thomas R. Schreiner [b. 1954] 1998). (Osborne, Romans (IVP New Testament Commentary), 416)While Paul may not have known the long-term impact that Romans would have, he was well aware of its immediate significance. This letter was simply too important to leave anything to chance.
Regardless of methodology, the precision of Romans' construction is undeniable. Richard N. Longenecker (b. 1930) concludes:
Whether Tertius should be viewed as having written down Paul's dictation in longhand "syllable by syllable," as C.E.B. Cranfield [b. 1915] postulates, or as having taken Paul's dictation in shorthand and then written it out in longhand, as William Sanday [1843-1920] and Arthur C. Headlam [1862-1947] proposed, Paul's letter to the Christians at Rome gives every indication of having been carefully composed by him in both its arguments and its diction — that is, in both it content and its wording. (Longenecker, Introducing Romans: Critical Issues in Paul's Most Famous Letter, 10)Tertius may have had a greater impact on Romans than is typically thought. He has been used as a catch-all for potential textual problems in the letter. John Hugh Michael (1878-1959) pinpoints problematic words or phrases that occur in different contexts and posits that the repetition may be owed to dictation (A Phenomenon in the Text of Romans).
More favorably, Frank J. Matera (b. 1942) imagines:
Dictating the letter to Tertius would have allowed Paul an opportunity to test phrases out loud for rhetorical effect before Tertius wrote them. (Matera, Preaching Romans: Proclaiming God's Saving Grace, 120)Wilhelm Wuellner (1927-2004) endorses:
That the postscript is in itself well composed, and that it can be shown to be fully integrated with the rest of the letter, is as applicable to Romans as it is to Galatians. The very mention of the amanuensis Tertius in Romans 16:22 points to the fact that the "letter itself assumes more and more the character of an official document and less the character of a 'private letter," as Hans Dieter Betz [b. 1931] puts it. (Karl P. Donfried [b. 1940], "Paul's Rhetoric of Argumentation in Romans: An Alternative to the Karl P. Donfried [b. 1940]-Robert J. Karris [b. 1938] Debate Over Romans", The Romans Debate: Revised and Expanded Edition, 136)E. Randolph Richards (b. 1958) lauds:
Why was Tertius used to record Romans? It may well be no other reason that he was an available secretary. It should be asked, however, is it merely coincidence that Romans is the longest letter of Paul, the letter that contains the strongest oral features, that can contains the highest frequency of oratorical rhetoric? Ever since Gustav Adolf Deissmann [1866-1937], scholars have noticed rhetorical parallels between Epictetus [55-135] and Paul. Epictetus's works claimed to be the recorded speeches of Epictetus, taken down by Arrian [86-160]. The surface similarities between Epictetus and Romans may well be because both were accurate recordings of spoken preaching style. (Richards, Paul and First-Century Letter Writing: Secretaries, Composition and Collection, 206)Some scholars have even speculated that Tertius composes an entire, albeit brief unit, of Romans' postscript (Romans 16:21-23). Christopher Bryan (b. 1935) notes:
Harry Y. Gamble [b. 1941] raises the possibility that Paul wrote the whole of Romans 16:1-20ab in his own hand, with Tertius adding Romans 16:21-23: see The Textual History of the Letter to the Romans: A Study in Textual and Literary Criticism, Texts and Documents 42 (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1977), 93-95. (Bryan, A Preface to Romans: Notes on the Epistle in Its Literary and Cultural Setting, 14)James D.G. Dunn (b. 1939) agrees:
If Romans 16:17-20 are a final rousing call written in Paul's own hand, as seems quite possible, Romans 16:21-23 are a final postscript, very likely penned by Tertius himself, before the letter was sealed and passed to the messenger. (Dunn, Romans 9-16 (Word Biblical Commentary), 908)In relaying his greetings, Tertius makes his only appearance in the biblical record. Alexander Maclaren (1826-1910) describes:
He is never heard of before or since. For one brief moment he is visible, like a star of a low magnitude, shining out for a moment between two banks of darkness and then swallowed up...We do not know whether he was a resident in Corinth, where he wrote this epistle, or one of Paul's travelling companions. Probably he was the former, as his name never recurs in any of Paul's letters. One can understand the impulse which led him for one moment to come out of obscurity and to take up personal relations with those who had so long enjoyed his pen. He would fain float across the deep gulf of alienation a thread of love which looked like gossamer, but has proved to be stronger than centuries and revolutions. (Maclaren, Expositions of Holy Scripture: Romans and Corinthians, 395-96)In Greek, the first person pronoun is implied in the verb 'I write" but Tertius accentuates his involvement by adding an unnecessary additional "I". Robert H. Mounce (b. 1921) infers:
James Denney [1856-1917] notes that the of the first person "is a striking indication of Paul's courtesy." Tertius was more than simply a scribe brought in for the occasion; he was a Christian brother free to add his personal greetings to those of others. (Mounce, Romans (New American Commentary), 281)Leon Morris (1914-2006) applauds:
For whatever reason he sends his own greetings. It is a little human touch. That the apostle allows this to be done in connection with such a weighty letter as this sheds light on the relationship between the apostle and his helpers. Tertius calls attention to himself with the emphatic I and tells the reader that he wrote the letter. (Morris, The Epistle to the Romans (Pillar New Testament Commentary), 543)Tertius is a common slave name. James D.G. Dunn (b. 1939) introduces:
Tertius, a Roman name quite common among slaves and freedmen (Otto Michel [1903-1993]), is not otherwise known; but he may have been known in Rome. On the other hand, having been so much part of such an important letter he may have felt it appropriate to add his personal greetings, even though greetings in the first person were unusual (TDNT 1:501). (Dunn, Romans 9-16 (Word Biblical Commentary), 912-13)The function he serves is further evidence that Tertius is likely a slave. The origin of the word amanuensis is the Latin servus a manu, which entails a "slave with secretarial duties".
L.L. Welborn (b. 1953) shares:
The Latin name Tertius means "third," and was often used as a name for slaves. The fact that Tertius' profession was that of scribe also indicates slave status, since amanuenses were often slaves. Because Paul was a guest in the house of Gaius in Corinth when he wrote the Epistle to the Romans (Romans 16:23), we should probably infer that Tertius was a slave of Gaius. The self-assurance with which Tertius speaks in the greeting which he inserts into the letter itself, rather than attaching it as a note at then end, is eloquent testimony to the sense of equality "in Christ" enjoyed by this member of the Pauline community, as Robert Jewett [b. 1933] has observed. (Welborn, An End to Enmity: Paul and the "Wrongdoer" of Second Corinthians, 235-36)Some have related Tertius to Quartus who is referenced in the very next verse of Romans' salutations (Romans 16:23). F.F. Bruce (1910-1990) connects:
Since Quartus is Latin for 'fourth', and Tertius for 'third', would it be excessively far-fetched to think of him as Tertius's brother, born next after him? (Bruce, Romans (Tyndale New Testament Commentaries), 266)John Murray (1898-1975) counters:
Quartus is called the brother [Romans 16:23]. It is more likely that this means brother in Christ rather than brother of Erastus [Romans 16:23] or even of Tertius. The fact that he is distinguished as "the brother", when all the others are brethren in Christ, does not require the ordinary use of the term "brother" any more than does the addition of "in the Lord" in Romans 16:8 in the case of Ampliatus mean that others mentioned as beloved were not beloved in the Lord as well. All the others mentioned in these greetings (Romans 16:21-23) are not only mentioned by name but identified by some other addition. (Murray, The Epistle to the Romans, 239)The more intriguing connection is between amanuensis and author. It has been speculated that Tertius is placed at Paul's disposal by his host, Gaius (Romans 16:23; F.F. Bruce [1910-1990], 14), or his benefactor, Phoebe (Romans 16:1-2, C. Marvin Pate [b. 1952], 321).
James D.G. Dunn (b. 1939) contemplates:
This was written while he [Paul] was the guest at the home of Gaius, whose house also served as the meeting place when 'the whole church (in Corinth)' came together (Romans 16:23). It was Gaius too, perhaps, or Phoebe, another of Paul's benefactors (Romans 16:1-2), who was able to provide or finance the use of a skilled secretary or amanuensis, Tertius (Romans 16:22), something particularly desirable in such a major composition, and itself signalling the care with which Paul set about composing the letter. We need not imagine Paul spending day after day for the whole period on the letter. But neither is there any hint that he continued to work to maintain himself. More likely what detained him for so long in Corinth was the business of organizing the collection and the gathering to Corinth of the various delegates. But no doubt there would be long gaps when little more could be done and he could devote himself to the drafting and final composition of the letter. (Dunn, Beginning from Jerusalem (Christianity in the Making, Volume 2), 863)Jerome Murphy-O'Connor (b. 1935) reflects:
The secretary to whom Paul dictated Romans makes his presence obvious in the note, "I, Tertius, the writer of this letter, greet you in the Lord" (Romans 16:22). This is the only case in which one of the apostle's secretaries intervenes personally and identifies himself. That he felt free to do so says much for his relationship to Paul; no professional hired for the occasion would have taken the liberty. Tertius was more a friend and collaborator than an employee...A confidential secretary is almost an extension of his master's personality. (Murphy-O'Connor, Paul the Letter-Writer: His World, His Options, His Skills, 6)Tertius's salute is authorized; he is not going into business for himself. Paul could just as easily have documented Tertius' greeting but instead allows the amanuensis to deliver it himself. This has led some to presume that Tertius is known to the Roman Christians.
E. Randolph Richards (b. 1958) surmises:
In Paul's letter to the Romans he concluded by greeting a large number of people by name, all in the Roman church. It has been questioned how Paul came to know so many when he had never visited the church. In Paul's day, however, people traveled extensively, so it was not impossible. Yet there is another explanation. Paul used a secretary, Tertius (Romans 16:22), who apparently was not a member of his band. Tertius, a Roman name, was also a believer for he sent greetings "in the Lord." Secretaries did not send greetings in a letter written for another, with the rare exception where the secretary was also known to the recipients. The few examples of a secretary squeezing in a greeting are only where the secretary was well known to the recipient. Most likely Tertius was a member of the Roman church. (Richards, Paul and First-Century Letter Writing: Secretaries, Composition and Collection, 151)E. Randolph Richards (b. 1958) decides:
Tertius was not mentioned in Romans 16:22 because he was the secretary (for Paul identified his secretary in no other letter), but because he was known to the Roman church. (Richards, Paul and First-Century Letter Writing: Secretaries, Composition and Collection, 206)Robert Jewett (b. 1933) accounts for Tertius' interjection with the suggestion that he serves a dual role: he is not only Paul's penman but was also the one who read the letter aloud to the church in Rome (Jewett, Romans (Hermeneia: A Critical & Historical Commentary on the Bible), 22-23, 41).
If Tertius is a known commodity in Rome, his personal greetings are not only a courtesy but also strategic. Paul is networking, making connections with a congregation he does not know firsthand. Tertius' greeting displays Paul's benevolent nature to the Roman church.
Paul's use of a scribe not only adds a layer of complexity to Romans' construction but also provides additional authentication of the veracity of its content. This makes Tertius a witness testifying to the credibility of Paul's claims.
Whatever the reason for his cameo appearance, this marks Tertius' only mention in the New Testament (Romans 16:22). It leaves the reader wondering as to his fate. Some ancients connected him to Silvanus (I Peter 5:12). Church tradition numbers Tertius among the Seventy Disciples (Luke 10:1), presents him as the apostle Sosipater's successor as the bishop of Iconium and celebrates him as a martyr. The Catholic Church celebrates St. Tertius days on October 30 and November 10.
Though it is perhaps natural to downplay Tertius' role to elevate Paul, penning perhaps the most influential letter of all-time is quite the accomplishment. Craig Gross (b. 1975) and J.R. Mahon exclaim:
Tertius wrote Romans! Read it. If we rely on history, Tertius is a hand that held a pen, nothing more. The only problem? God saw fit to mention him by name in the context of one of the most powerful books in the New Testament. To excuse this divine act is to ignore Tertius's talent, which brought the book of Romans to life for you and me. (Gross and Mahon, Starving Jesus: Off the Pew, Into the World, 82)Tertius is like many other Christians who do invaluable, often thankless work behind the scenes. Paul graciously provides him a moment in the spotlight.
How did Paul work the exorbitant cost of Romans into his budget? What literature is worthy of making an investment? Why does Paul allow Tertius to convey his personal greetings? Can networking be a Christian practice? What would you have said if you were Tertius? What is the modern equivalent to the ancient amanuensis? How much leeway do you think that Paul gave Tertius? If Tertius was more involved in Romans' composition, would it make the text less inspired? Is Paul God's amanuensis? When have you taken great care in writing something? Who do you trust to edit your words? Who do you know who does underappreciated work in a church?
Tertius intrudes into the text to "greet" (ESV, HCSB, NASB, NIV, NKJV, NRSV, RSV), "send greetings" (CEV, MSG, NLT) or "salute" (ASV, KJV) the Roman Christians "in the Lord" (Romans 16:22).
The Greek text exhibits some ambiguity in connection to the prepositional phrase. John Piper (b. 1946) explains:
In Romans 16:22, the Greek word order goes like this: "I greet you, I Tertius, the one who wrote the letter in the Lord." There is nothing in Greek that says "in the Lord" has to modify "I greet you," as virtually all the translations have it: "I . . . greet you in the Lord." It can just as easily modify "wrote"—"I Tertius, the one who wrote this letter in the Lord." (Piper, ""Thank God for an Inspired Bible", November 19, 2006)Leon Morris (1914-2006) explicates:
There is a teasing little problem with in the Lord, which is usually taken with greet but which in the Greek follows immediately on "wrote the letter". It is also true that in this chapter "in Christ" or "in the Lord" occurs repeatedly in verses which convey greetings (Romans 16:3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12a, 12b, 13), and not once is it connected with the greeting. It may well be that Tertius meant that he wrote the letter "in the Lord", which, of course, immediately raises the question of what it means to "write in the Lord". If this is the way to take it, we should see the writing of the letter, not as a mechanical project, but as something Tertius undertook as a piece of service to his Lord. (Morris, The Epistle to the Romans (Pillar New Testament Commentary), 543)Both positions are likely true. Tertius would probably not object to crediting God with his penmanship nor bestowing Christian greetings.
Roberto Assagioli (1888-1974), the founder of psychosynthesis, developed a well-known parable about three stone cutters building a cathedral during the fourteenth century. When the first artisan is asked what he is doing, he bitterly replies that he is carving stones into blocks and laments that this chore will forever be his fate. When asked the same question, the second stone cutter has a different response, replying that he is supporting his family. When the third craftsman is interviewed, he joyously discusses the privilege of participating in the construction of a great cathedral that will stand as a holy beacon for a millennium. The three workmen are all performing the same task but hold very different perspectives concerning their occupation. It is their rationales that made all of the difference.
For Tertius the laborious burden of penning Romans is nothing less than an act of service, a gift to God. In an age when literacy was not common, he utilizes his specialized skill for Christ. As such, it is a labor of love.
Everett F. Harrison (1902-1999) and Donald A. Hagner (b. 1936) suspect:
We may be sure he [Paul] was careful to use believers rather than public secretaries who would do their work without any spiritual concern or special care. We also may be sure that people such as Tertius would undertake the task as work for the Lord, so that it would cost the apostle nothing. (Tremper Longman III [b. 1952] and David E. Garland [b. 1947], Romans – Galatians (The Expositor's Bible Commentary), 233)To Paul's credit, he allows Tertius to utilize his talents. In doing so, the apostle is also practicing what preaches. David L. Bartlett (b. 1941) recalls:
Romans 16:21-23 remind us that even the apostle did not minister alone. He is aided by co-workers and relatives. He depends on the hospitality of Gaius and others [Romans 16:23]. He dictates his letter to Tertius [Romans 16:22]. Paul insists in Romans 12 that the church is a body whose different members have different responsibilities [Romans 12:3-8]. His own ministry is fulfilled in cooperation with many others. (Bartlett, Romans (Westminster Bible Companion), 143)What are the advantages and disadvantages to employing Christians in the church in less spiritual roles? What projects are you undertaking in which you would you be well served to collaborate with fellow believers? How can you use your skills to serve? What do you do "in the Lord"?
"Thoughts disentangle themselves when they pass through the lips and the fingertips." - Dawson Trotman (1906-1956), founder of The Navigators


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"There is a terrible desperation to the increasingly pathetic rationalizations from the climate denial camp. This comes as no surprise if you take the long view; every single undone paradigm in history has died kicking and screaming, and our current petroleum paradigm 🐉🦕🦖 is no different. The trick here is trying to figure out how we all make it to the new ⚡ paradigm without dying ☠ right along with the old one, kicking, screaming or otherwise." - William Rivers Pitt
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Now lets watch this beautiful garden grow and expand Rons positive impact the world in beautiful ways for years to come!
By Dr. MercolaFor decades, food production has been all about efficiency and lowering cost. We now see what this approach has brought us diminishing food quality, skyrocketing disease statistics and a faltering ecosystem. Regenerative agriculture that makes use of cover crops, no-till and herbivore grazing actually contributes to improved soil health and fertility. An interesting study that highlights the importance of grazing animals found that reindeer grazing on shrubs on the Arctic tundra actually help combat abnormal weather patterns on a global scale by increasing surface albedo, the amount of solar energy being reflected back into space.1 Overall, its become quite clear that regenerative agriculture is the only truly viable way forward, as factory farming is making everything worse.Indeed, around the world, farmers are waking up to the many adverse effects of industrialized agriculture. While chemicals and machines have allowed farms to expand and increase production, theres growing awareness about how these strategies harm the soil, ecology and, ultimately, human health. According to data from the University of Michigans Global Change Program, a whopping 96 percent of the soil erosion in North America is caused by food production.2

subset: commoncrawl


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It's not exactly a revelation that the Boeing Co. is interested in autonomous flight, including robo-planes that can fly people. But in a Bloomberg News interview, Boeing's CEO says air taxis could be coming sooner than expected.
"I think it will happen faster than any of us understand," Dennis Muilenburg, who also serves as Boeing's president and chairman, told Bloomberg in last week's interview. "Real prototype vehicles are being built right now. So the technology is very doable."
The timetable for technology adoption will depend on how quickly regulators work out the "rules of the road" for autonomous flight, he said.
Fleets of air taxis could well become commonplace within a decade, Muilenburg said, but he cautioned that "it won't be all turned on in one day."
Boeing has plenty of dials it can use to turn on the technology gradually:
- For years, a Boeing subsidiary called Insitu has been providing winged drones for military applications, wildfire monitoring and emergency response.
- Last year, Boeing acquired Aurora Flight Sciences, a Virginia-based company that's working with Uber to develop a new type of electric-powered autonomous aircraft for passenger transport. Aurora's air taxis could begin demonstration flights as early as 2020. (Muilenburg's forecast of regular air-taxi flights within a decade echoes the outlook from Uber CEO Dara Khosrowshahi.)
- Also last year, Boeing unveiled a prototype autonomous plane that's designed to refuel fighter jets in midflight. It's one of the offerings being considered in competition for a U.S. Navy contract.
- Boeing's HorizonX venture capital arm has invested in a couple of startups that could play a role in the air-taxi market, including Kirkland, Wash.-based Zunum Aero, which is developing a regional-class, electric-powered jet; and Pittsburgh-based Near Earth Autonomy, which is working on navigation systems for autonomous flight.
Boeing executives say the company is well into developing the technologies that could smooth the way toward autonomous passenger flight. Boeing's ecoDemonstrator program, for example, is working toward a series of fly-by-wire tests next year.
"You could imagine auto-takeoff, auto-taxi, things like that nature on a 787 – not, obviously, in a certified environment, but with an experimental ticket," Mike Sinnett, vice president of product development at Boeing Commercial Airplanes, told journalists last June.
Boeing is by no means the only aerospace company pushing toward autonomous flight: Its European archrival, Airbus, is also pursuing several initiatives in the field – including, most notably, its investment a Silicon Valley venture called Vahana.
Vahana conducted the first flight test of its AlphaOne electric-powered air taxi a little more than a month ago in eastern Oregon, and is aiming to have a "productizable demonstrator" ready by 2020. In an unusual twist, Boeing-backed Near Earth Autonomy is a supplier for Airbus-backed Vahana.
Other flying car ventures include Joby Aviation (which just reported a $100 million investment round), Bell Helicopter (which, like Aurora, is an Uber technology partner), Terrafugia, VerdeGo Aero, Kitty Hawk, China's EHang, Switzerland's Passenger Drone, Germany's Volocopter and Lilium, Slovakia's AeroMobil and Japan's Cartivator Project.
Not everyone is gung-ho about air taxis: Elon Musk, the billionaire CEO of SpaceX and Tesla, has repeatedly questioned whether they'd be safe enough for passenger transport.
"If you love drones above your house, you'll really love vast numbers of 'cars' flying over your head that are 1,000 times bigger and noisier and blow away anything that isn't nailed down when they land," he tweeted sarcastically last month.
So it sounds as if flying cars could be another agenda item for a Musk-vs.-Muilenburg debate, adding to the argument over whose rocket will get to Mars first.


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Cryule Vials, Glass, Wheaton - Model 651469 - Case of 144 : These vials are designed for the preservation of biological materials with liquid nitrogen. They are made of low-extractable borosilicate glass to protect against changes in pH and maintain purity of contents. Their special design allows for storage at low temperatures and also allows for rapid thawing. Vials can be hermetically tip-sealed or pull-sealed. Meet ASTM Type I Class A and USP Type I standards. Warning: Do not use cryogenic containers for storage directly into the liquid phase of liquid nitrogen; use in gas phase only. Always use appropriate safety equipment such as gloves, face shields, and safety cabinet or hood to protect personnel when removing items from storage in cryogenic gases.
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I customized my featured image metabox position, the default name, and text for a custom post type. While I'm able to add/edit an image in post admin, after I have uploaded an image, the post admin doesn't show the new image in the metabox until after I save the post.
The featured images are set and I'm able to query and retrieve them in the frontend just fine.
Also, strangely, I can only upload images--it doesn't seem that I can insert existing images from the media library. Here's the relevant code below:
// Add custom featured image box "sketch" using existing featured image metabox; remove default featured image box.
public function image_box() {
remove_meta_box( 'postimagediv', 'tn_cstm_sketchbook', 'side' );
add_meta_box('postimagediv', __('Sketch'), 'post_thumbnail_meta_box', 'tn_cstm_sketchbook', 'normal', 'high');
// Conditionally filter featured image text only for sketchbook custom post types
public function add_featured_image_filter() {
if ('tn_cstm_sketchbook' == get_post_type() ) {
add_filter('admin_post_thumbnail_html', array($this, 'do_thumb' ));
add_filter( 'admin_post_thumbnail_html', array($this, 'remove_featured'), 9999, 1 );
public function remove_featured( $content ) {
return str_replace( 'Remove featured image', 'Remove sketch', $content );
public function do_thumb($content){
return str_replace(__('Set featured image'), __('Add a sketch'), $content);
And here are the hooks that I'm calling them with:
public function __construct() {
add_action( 'do_meta_boxes', array($this, 'image_box' ));
add_action( 'admin_head-post-new.php', array($this, 'add_featured_image_filter' ));
add_action( 'admin_head-post.php', array($this, 'add_featured_image_filter' ));


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Scientific publications
Randomized crossover pharmacokinetic evaluation of subcutaneous versus intravenous granisetron in cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy
Alfonso Gurpide (a), Belen Sádaba (b), Salvador Martín-Algarra (a), José R. Azanza (b), José M. Lopez-Picazo (a), Miguel A. Campanero (b), Juan P. Cabello (a), Isabel Gil-Aldea (b), Susana de la Cruz (a), Victor Fernández Gallego (b), Carmen Reyna (b), Clara Olier Garate (a), A J. Blanco-Prieto (b), Jaime Ceballos (a), Jesús García-Foncillas (a), Jose L Pérez-Gracia (a)
(a) Oncology Department and (b) Clinical Pharmacology Department, Clinica Universitaria de Navarra, University of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
Magazine: The Oncologist
Date: Sep 1, 2007Clinical Pharmacology [SP] Clinical Research Unit [SP] Medical Oncology
5-HT3-receptor antagonists are one of the mainstays of antiemetic treatment, and they are administered either i.v. or orally. Nevertheless, sometimes neither administration route is feasible, such as in patients unable to admit oral intake managed in an outpatient setting. Our objective was to evaluate the bioavailability of s.c. granisetron.
Patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy were randomized to receive 3 mg of granisetron either s.c. or i.v. in a crossover manner during two cycles. Blood and urine samples were collected after each cycle. Pharmacokinetic parameters observed with each administration route were compared by analysis of variance.
From May to November 2005, 31 patients were included and 25 were evaluable. Subcutaneous granisetron resulted in a 27% higher area under the concentration-time curve for 0-12 hours (AUC(0-12h)) and higher levels at 12 hours, with similar values for AUC(0-24h). The maximum concentration was lower with the s.c. than with the i.v. route and was observed 30 minutes following s.c. administration.
Granisetron administered s.c. achieves complete bioavailability. This is the first study that shows that s.c. granisetron might be a valid alternative to i.v. delivery. Further trials to confirm clinical equivalence are warranted. This new route of administration might be especially relevant for outpatient management of emesis in cancer patients.
CITATION Oncologist. 2007 Sep;12(9):1151-5
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Listen to my fiction
Recordings of variable quality taken everywhere from heavily engineered festival environments to dirty little pubs where the recorder has been knocked over into a puddle of beer.
Expect this page to get a lot bigger over the next few months.
Stomp '59
Recorded live at the Edinburgh International Book Festival 2010. And when I say "live" I mean "grabbed suddenly in the gardens after three days without a proper night's sleep".
[ Audioboo ]
100% Positive Feedback
Studio recording. Do you love buying and selling on eBay? Do you check out your purchases properly? I mean, really check them out?
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Bookcase Madness
Studio recording. Based on a true story. You know, I say that a lot about my stories and sometimes it's true.
[ MP3AM magazine ]


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Poetry Festival
Welcome! This year's Festival is all set to be an international and creative feast. We're delighted to be hosting two special celebrations in honour of Charles Dickens's 200th anniversary, some events as part o the Cultural Olympiad, and an evening devoted to the Olympic theme. We have teamed up with University of Birmingham to present an evening of poets 'working with Shakespeare.' Or, perhaps you'd like to take part in Poetry Sunday, when Stratford-upon-Avon comes to life with the sound of poetry? There are special talks, an evening in association with Amnesty International and a Poetry Mass. All this and a warm welcome to our very first writer in residence, Kapka Kassabova.
Paul Edmondson, Poetry Festival Director.


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The Forevue International Team
John Allan
John has spent over 25 years of his working life creating new ways of teaching and learning, to satisfy the ever-changing needs of people in all sectors of society His training programmes are highly practical, based on his leadership and management experience with large corporations in North America, Europe and the UK.
John is one of the pioneers of e-learning, having started his own company in 1981 to produce computer-based learning and interactive video training programmes for client in the financial, energy and retail sectors. More recently, John has taken up the new challenge of helping current and future leaders to survive and thrive in a world of accelerating change, increasing uncertainty and growing complexity.
Mike James
A large part of Michael's life has been spent as a soldier/surveyor on active service in Europe, North and South America, Australia and the Middle East. Having retired from full-time Army service, Michael has continued to extend and apply his leadership experience as a senior officer in charge of a Territorial Army Reserve unit, responsible for training and leadership development of over 100 personnel.
At the same time, he has successfully adapted his military experience to the corporate world, in which he is rated highly for his skills as a coach and a learning facilitator. Working as a Leadership Coach, Michael advises and supports leaders and managers who are under pressure to deal with constant change and an uncertain future.
Sue Akester
Sue has many years of experience in helping people to improve their communication skills. For 20 years she was a partner in a major Management Development Consultancy, working mainly with clients in the financial sector (BNP Paribas, UBS, and Sun Alliance), but also in other sectors (for example BT and British Gas). During this period, Sue also set up an interactive theatre group to deal with organisational and management development issues.
She specialises in all areas of verbal and non-verbal communication, both in groups and on a one-to-one basis. In addition to her training commitments, Sue is Vice Chair of the Disabilities Trust and Chair of Governors of a school for autistic children.


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Staff Recognized for Departing Employee Investigations
The first issue of Corporate Counsel Business Journal, CCBJ, includes an interview with our Director of Digital Forensics, Yaniv Schiff, and Solutions Architect, Curtis Collette, on the evolution of departing employee investigations. Departing Employee: When Do Investigations Become Necessary? appeared in the print publication, online edition, and on CCBJ's In-House Tech website. For Increasing Numbers of Employers, Departing Employee Investigations[…Read More]


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This 30-minute meal is reminiscent of the Creole-style dishes from New Orleans. Red snapper fillets poach in a sauce made with fresh plum tomatoes and are served with red beans and rice, another Louisiana specialty.
1. In a medium-size saucepan, stir beans, coconut milk, scallion, thyme, garlic, salt and hot pepper sauce. Bring to a boil over medium-high heat. Stir in rice and reduce heat to medium. Cook for about 12 minutes or until rice is tender.Red Snapper:
2. In a large, deep skillet, stir in tomatoes, butter, ketchup, onion, scallions, thyme, garlic, garlic powder, onion powder and 1-1/4 cups water. Place fish fillets on top. Bring liquid to a boil over medium-high heat.
3. Immediately reduce heat to medium and simmer, uncovered, for about 10 minutes or until fillets flake easily with a fork.
4. Stir together cornstarch with 1 teaspoon water and add to skillet. Boil for 1 minute. Keep warm until ready to serve.


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Wendy Medborn, Executive Director of Love Inc. spoke with WKVI's Ted Hayes this week and said the organization is close to entering into the second phase of the mission.
"This phase is where we do long-term counseling," explained Medborn. "Whether it's finances, a job, career, cooking or marriage, it's something that we're going to try and get started in the community. Other Love Inc. organizations do that. It takes a lot of volunteers and it takes a lot of people needing that specific need and it is usually a year-long process. We're doing small, little things that maybe take a week, or a couple weeks, or a month trying to learn but that is part of phase two that we're working on."
At the top of the organization's agenda is leading people to Christ.
"When we talk with our clients, we pray with them right on the phone," said Medborn. "We tell them, 'God loves you and He sees you and He's going to see you through this situation'. We continue to guide them in that. If they don't belong to a church, we ask them if a pastor come out and talk to them and pray with them. The church is to support you, encourage you and help you get on your feet. We just walk with them day by day."
Love Inc. is dedicated to offering a helping hand in a time of need.


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On Monday, President Donald Trump hosted three Navajo World War II veterans at the White House to honor them for their service to the United States. The contributions of Native Americans are often overlooked in the broad strokes with which we paint the World Wars and this day was meant to give Navajo Code Talkers — who were recruited by the Marines to serve in communications units — their due recognition. Unfortunately, the ceremony went awry when it became all about Donald Trump's inability to respect other cultures.
As he was making his speech, DT went off-script — as he so often does.
"I just want to thank you because you are very, very special people. You were here long before any of us were here," he said, "Although, we have a representative in Congress who has been here a long time … longer than you — they call her Pocahontas. But you know what, I like you. You are special people."
Here's the video: Trump calls Elizabeth Warren 'Pocahontas' while honoring Native American code talkers: "You were here long before any of us were here. Although we have a representative in Congress who they say was here a long time ago. They call her Pocahontas." pic.twitter.com/hjZ5MInDDf
— Kyle Griffin (@kylegriffin1) November 27, 2017
To add insult to injury, the entire ceremony took place in front of a portrait of former President Andrew Jackson who signed the American Indian Removal act in 1830 which allowed the federal government to remove Native Americans from their land and initiated the "Trail of Tears." That's just not okay.
The "Pocahontas" to which Trump was referring is U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren who has somewhat controversially claimed to have Native American roots (fact checking has found that she may be able to claim 1/32 Native heritage). Trump took to calling her Pocahontas as an insult during his presidential campaign — boy, does that guy love nicknaming people — and continues to use it to insult her.
This morning, Navajo Nation President Russell Begaye called the comment "unnecessary and culturally insensitive" and agreed that the context in which Donald Trump uses it makes it a racial slur.
Navajo Nation President Russell Begaye: Trump's "Pocahontas" remark "unnecessary and culturally insensitive" https://t.co/qv4zEElHp7
— New Day (@NewDay) November 28, 2017
At Monday's press briefing, Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders deflected questions about Trump's comment by saying that what people find truly offensive is Sen. Warren's claim to Native American heritage "to advance her career." She added that calling "Pocahontas" a racial slur was "ridiculous."
Sen. Warren spoke to MSNBC later in the day to react to the controversy. She said she found it "deeply unfortunate that the president of the United States cannot even make it through a ceremony honoring these heroes without having to throw out a racial slur."
.@SenWarren: "It is deeply unfortunate that the president of the united States cannot even make it through a ceremony honoring these heroes without having to throw out a racial slur." pic.twitter.com/eYEPjJITL3
— Tom Namako (@TomNamako) November 27, 2017
In related news, Eric Trump then made a misguided attempt to defend his father's comments and squelch the idea that using the name Pocahontas in that context was a racial slur. He was then mercilessly dragged by Twitter for his efforts.
The irony of an ABC reporter (whose parent company Disney has profited nearly half a billion dollars on the movie "Pocahontas") inferring that the name is "offensive" is truly staggering to me.
— Eric Trump (@EricTrump) November 28, 2017
I feel like I just had a stroke https://t.co/ShMrszbvBi
— Lauren Duca (@laurenduca) November 28, 2017
This is the dumbest tweet I've read this week. You guys continue to kill your brand by opening your mouths. Best to convince dada to resign and MAYBE save your future business interests.
— D. L. Wolfe 🐺MD (@D_L_Wolfe) November 28, 2017
This is The Onion, right? It has to be.
— Steve Sando (@RanchoGordo) November 28, 2017
Dude, that was her name. The problem is not calling someone by their name it's
1. Referring to a race by one person's name
2. Using it as an insult.
As if I wanted to imply someone's white & not smart & I just call them an Eric
(It's actually worse than that, but jokes be jokes)
— jenesaiswha (@jenesaiswha) November 28, 2017
The Trump Large Adult Son version of sibling rivalry is that they're always trying to compete to confuse us about which one is the dumbest. I was leaning Don Jr recently, but Eric's making a strong push here. We should have leaderboards.
— Rob #SaveNetNeutrality Sheridan (@rob_sheridan) November 28, 2017
So another day, another sad and terrifying Trump story. Now, take a look at MSNBC actually honoring the Navajo Code Talkers like Trump was supposed to yesterday.
Who were the Navajo Code Talkers? #VelshiRuhle pause to honor the sacrifice of this Native American heroes pic.twitter.com/XEoC7ILwSL
— MSNBC (@MSNBC) November 28, 2017
Our nation owes a debt of gratitude to the Navajo Code Talkers, whose bravery, skill & tenacity helped secure our decisive victory over tyranny & oppression during WWII. Politicizing these genuine American heroes is an insult to their sacrifice.
— John McCain (@SenJohnMcCain) November 28, 2017


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Sterling Silver 0.4mm 15-Strand Cable Neck Wire
With 15 individual sterling silver strands, this cable wire neck ring delivers a substantial visual presence without a lot of weight. Offer this piece on its own, or use it as a foundation for large pendants or slides.
- Metal type : Sterling silver
- Karat/purity : 925
- Width : 0.4mm (strand)
- Overall length/dimensions : 16" or 18"
- Clasp type : Friction
We Also Recommend


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Edison, NJ -- (SBWIRE) -- 06/12/2017 -- Individuals who are currently unemployed, or who are looking for a better career opportunity, are invited to enroll in the business analyst training course from ITM Training Center. The BA training at their Edison, NJ facility provides students with the knowledge to design, manage, and improve both business and IT systems. The demand for capable business analysts is increasing as many companies make important decisions based on relevant data. Due to the need for these professionals and the skills required, a business analyst position is often a lucrative one.
There are two BA training courses available at ITM Training Center. The Part I course is an introductory program which will give the learner a solid understanding of the system development environment, how to use project management software, and how to use Object-Oriented Analysis and Deisgn (OOSAD). The Part II course builds upon the foundations laid by the first part. In this advanced training course, the learner will be able to not only identify and select system development projects, but also be able to initiate and plan these projects. They will gain an understanding of how to determine system requirements and then structure a system based on those requirements. The course will also delve deeper into OOSAD, including how to use sequence and activity diagrams, as well as object modeling and class diagrams. Additionally, the student will learn how to design databases.
After completing the second course, students will be prepared to take business analyst certification exams, allowing them to start their career. Anyone looking for hands-on unemployment training in NJ is encouraged to contact the ITM Training Center today for more information or to enroll in a course.
About ITM Training Center
ITM Training Center is an organization that provides solar, business, and medical training for individuals seeking to advance their careers. All of their training is done in a classroom setting at an approved school in New Jersey. Anyone looking to take their skills in technology to the next level can check out their courses online at http://www.itmsys.com.


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3 Books to Shrug Off a Hazy Summer
I'll unashamedly admit that this is first and foremost a plug. Ok, I have just finished Norman Lewis' second book on Spain: The Day of the Fox - and I wanted to share my thoughts about this book with you. But, additionally I wanted to let you know of a great review of Inside the Tortilla by Mathew Hirtes and a review of One Last Thing by Matthias Gruber. So shrug off that hazy summer with three great reviews:
1: Day of the Fox: Norman Lewis
Day of The Fox takes over from where Lewis left off in Voices but In this book he turns biography into novel and brings the village and some of the characters alive in a way it was impossible with 'Voices'
2: Inside the Tortilla by Paul Read: Reviewed by Mathew Hirtes
One of my favourite books about Spain is Mark Kurlansky's The Basque History of the World. Ever the evangelist, I was trying to explain its appeal to a Canarian acquaintance before they snatched it from my grasp, browsed at the index, and exclaimed, "Pah, it's full of recipes." However, Paul Read, author of Inside the Tortilla, like Kurlansky before him, realizes the importance of food to a country's people.
3: One Last Thing By Paul Read: Reviewed by Matthias Gruber
I didn't expect much of it, not knowing the author and not being a Tai Chi practitioner, but I was positively surprised! This is really a new kind of format, an astounding mixture of information and humor and really original. I actually had to put it aside a couple of times to stop laughing, but I also learned a few very interesting things. As a Wing Chun teacher (Eight Pattern Wing Chun) I also found interesting parallels to my domain, but I do not want to write a spoiler here, just look for yourself!
Norman Lewis lived on the Catalan Coast during the final part of the 1940s and the beginnings of the 1950s. His other book, Voices of the Old Sea is reviewed here.
Mathew Hirtes writes for the Huffington Post is author of Going Local In Gran Canaria and can also be found here expounding the virtues of his Island home.
Matthias Gruber is an Instructor of Wing Chun and author of Eight Pattern Wing Chun Kung Fu and can be found here.
Final Summer Book Reviews
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And Watch The Tortilla Intro Video here...
Why Orwell is essential to understanding Spain today. More here
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World of Wearable Arts - MWW19
Number of Days: 6
Destination: New Zealand
4 tour dates commencing Auckland: 24 & 26 Sept, 01 and 07 Oct 2019.
With close–up Platinum seats at this fantastic event and accommodation at Wellington's boutique 5 star Bolton Hotel, soak up the WOW atmosphere then travel through the Wairarapa and Hawkes Bay countryside for two nights on the Napier waterfront. Meeting our hosts at private homestead lunches is a special highlight and we stay at the Chateau Tongariro too.
Day 1: Auckland – Waerenga Farm lunch – Tongariro National Park
We depart Auckland and drive to Waerenga farm for lunch with Karen and William Oliver. We continue through the rugged landscape to arrive at the Chateau Tongariro Hotel in time to enjoy the views before dining in this classic hotel.
Day 2: Tongariro National Park – Ohakune – Wellington
We drive around the slopes of Mt Ruapehu to Ohakune and on to Taihape. Continuing down the highway we arrive in Wellington in the late afternoon and check into our 5 star hotel, The Bolton for two nights. We dine in at the hotel restaurant.
Day 3: Sightseeing – Pepped Warbeck, Ohariu Valley – World of Wearable Art Awards Show Sightseeing includes Te Papa Museum and Mt Victoria. Lunch at Pepped Warbeck Garden with Fee Weaver and dine out at Dockside Restaurant before attending the World of Wearable Art Awards Show. Enjoy the spectacle from your close–up Platinum seat.
Day 4: Wellington – Greytown – Gwavas homestead lunch, Tikokino – Napier
We drive over the Rimutaka Ranges to visit Greytown. We lunch at Gwavas and tour the historic homestead and gardens with Stuart and Phyllida Gibson to hear the stories of 150 years of family history. We stay two nights at Scenic Te Pania Hotel, Napier.
Day 5: Driving the Art Deco Trail – Havelock North – Te Awanga
Accompanied by a specialist Art Deco guide we drive along the Art Deco trail. We explore the region, visiting Havelock North, wine taste and lunch at Te Awa Winery and Restaurant then drive the picturesque Tukituki Road to Clive and Te Awanga. We dine in at our hotel.
Day 6: Napier – Waipunga Falls – Moondance Manor lunch, Tamahere – Auckland
We leave Napier to drive over the ranges stopping to view the Waipunga Falls. Our farewell lunch is hosted by Stephen and Jeanette Williams at lovely Moondance Manor in Tamahere. We drive back to Auckland arriving in the early evening.
Your tour is inclusive of meals while on tour, Auckland/Auckland domestic air or land or air travel as per itinerary, accommodation, activities and entrance fees plus the care of your guide. If you live outside Auckland we can book flights from your nearest airport.
- Close-up Platinum seats at the World of Wearable Arts Awards Show
- Special lunches: Karen & William Oliver at Waerenga Farm; Pepped Warbeck garden with Fee Weaver; historic homestead Gwavas, Hawkes Bay with Phyllida
and Stuart Gibson; farewell lunch at Moondance Manor, Tamahere with Jeanette and Stephen Williams
- Special dinners: The Chateau Tongariro Hotel; Dockside Restaurant pre–show dinner, Wellington waterfront
- Enjoy the ambience of The Chateau Tongariro
- Stroll Greytown's boutique shopping street
- Drive Napier's Art Deco trail with a specialist Art Deco guide
- We have a day to explore the Hawkes Bay region
- Wine tasting and lunch at Te Awa Winery and Restaurant
- Drive the picturesque Tukituki Road to Clive and Te Awanga.
No compulsory single supplement charge for single travellers.
Bring a friend BONUS: book a friend to share your twin room with you and save $250 each.
- Close-up Platinum seats at the World of Wearable Arts Awards Show
Available Dates
- NO Compulsory Single Supplement


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Use JavaScript responsibly
Three golden rules
Make no assumptions
- You cannot depend on any JavaScript being available in a Shopify theme.
- Other apps, besides your own, may be installed and may include their own JavaScript.
Use ScriptTag
If you need to add anything to a storefront use JavaScript. Don't edit a theme's files. Add your JavaScript using a ScriptTag resource. When your app is uninstalled, your Javascript will no longer be used by the shop automatically, and that is the beauty of using a ScriptTag resource. The merchant won't need to edit his theme to bring it back to the way it was before your app's installation. Merchants will love you for that.
Use a closure
As much as you can, write your code in pure JavaScript without any library dependancy. To avoid conflict with other Javascript, wrap your code in a closure, like so:
Use Ajax to load shop-specific settings in your JavaScript
Most likely, you'll be writing one JavaScript file that will be used by all of the shops that install your app. If you need to access shop-specific app settings in your static JavaScript file, use Ajax to access your own defined URL with the shop ID or domain specified in that URL. Your app will serve those shop settings in JSON format, which you can then use in your JavaScript file.
Use jQuery responsibly
If you prefer to use jQuery in your JavaScript file, you will need to load jQuery conditionally. It is not reasonable to request that a theme:
- Already includes jQuery to run your app, or
- Includes a relatively cutting-edge version of jQuery.
A lot of stores have older themes that use jQuery < 1.3 or Prototype.
You should always check to see if jQuery is defined, and establish your minimum version requirement. If your requirement is not met, load the jQuery you need and use it in no conflict mode, like so:
By using the noConflict method, you will leave jQuery or $ alone outside the scope of your app's JavaScript. Once your app is installed, if you run the following in your console on your storefront, the result will be the version of jQuery of the theme, if that theme uses jQuery. That jQuery may be older than the one you loaded and used in your app's JavaScript:
If your application JavaScript contains the following instruction:
... what will be added to the storefront page is:
A slate JavaScript file to use as a starting point
Here's a good starting point for your own JavaScript file: https://gist.github.com/carolineschnapp/5397337.


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Relax in one of our three boutique hotel rooms with all the amenities. Come for dinner, stay for breakfast!
The Oyster Inn has the following in all our rooms:
Complimentary pick up to and from Matiatia Ferry
Collections of contemporary New Zealand and British art
In-room safe
32" LCD Television with Sky TV
Furniture by Another Country
Soft New Zealand merino wool blankets
Complimentary breakfast
Room service
Laundry service
Luxury bathroom amenities
Heating and air-conditioning / Ceiling fans
Free Wi-Fi
DVD player
Super king beds
Luxury cotton sheets, goose down pillows
Waffle cotton bathrobes
Priority booking in the restaurant for lunch or dinner
Luxury bathroom amenities by AESOP


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It's party season and time to put your best 'DO' forward.
One of the many perks of being a fashion and beauty blogger is to be able to enjoy beauty services firsthand. I get invited to try out and review new launches both in the beauty and fashion industry before the general public. There are a handful of beauty services, namely Glam app, Glamsquad, Drybar and a few others that I've tried in the past, but today I am talking about two of my all-time faves: DRYBAR and GLAMSQUAD.
Drybar is a California-based chain of salons that solely focus on providing you the best BLOWOUTS in town. Their mantra is to give you the best blowouts, which lays the foundation for any hairstyle or hairdo. They specialize in all kind of blowouts - straight, wavy, curly and hair updos. In addition to their unique service list, their decor is unique too and pretty standard across all the locations- think white and yellow. What makes this place even more desirable is that they open really early and serve beverages like coffee and tea and mimosas all day, sort of a mini bar. So you can have your hair done for work while sipping a cup of freshly brewed coffee on a weekday or mimosa on a weekend. Don't be surprised to see service names like Mai Tai, Straight up and Dirty Martini on the menu.
They use their in-house hair products and their yellow blowdryers are such an eye-candy. Their prices are pretty reasonable, ranging anywhere between $45-$90, depending on the service you choose. A simple wash and blowout costs $45, but for an additional $10 you can add a braid or a hair treatment for an additional $20. You can totally make a cocktail of their services and walk out happy and have your hair looking freshly-done for a good 4-5 days.
Drybar is usually busy, so making an appointment is highly advisable. They do accept walk-ins but it is very likely that there will be a slight wait.GLAMSQUAD
Who doesn't like to be pampered right on your couch, in the comfort of your home? Well, I love it and if you are up for some beauty service at your doorstep, then glamsquad be it! Glamsqaud is an on-demand home beauty service, where you book your service- hair, makeup, up-do or even pedi-mani and the stylist comes to you, with all the tools and products, even mirrors and water tubs for pedicures. What they request for is just an electric-outlet and a table space to lay out their products. Rest all is theirs. Everything, including the payment is done through the app, so you don't have to worry about a thing.
How this works: you book an appointment ( date, time, even stylist ) for the desired service, the stylist comes to you, you don't have to do any pre-prep, unless it's a blowout where you are expected to shampoo fifteen minutes prior to you appointment time and skip shampooing overall if it's a hair up-do.
Of the two, I enjoy Drybar more. Why?? Well, no matter how convenient an on-demand home-beauty service is, I enjoy being at a salon. The ambience, the stylists and someone else shampooing and messaging my hair- nothing can beat that!
Which one do you think you can get used to??


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High Security Locks
High security locks Phoenix, Whether you own a retail store, restaurant, or other small business in Phoenix, having the right security system in place is a high priority. Even corporate offices and office complexes need high-security locks and security access systems to ward off intruders and reduce the risk of theft.
High security locks Phoenix are designed to be more resistant to lock picking, drilling, and forced entry. They are usually cylinder locks that are harder to break and are often installed on main doors, front gates, safes, and other parts of a commercial building structure to prevent break-ins.
Why Your Business Needs High Security Locks
Many of the manual and key-operated locks that are readily available are very easy to unlock using some common lock picking tools. Even businesses and companies that install an electronic access control system often have a manual lock on the doors that people can override with the right key. Manual locks have their weaknesses and aren't recommended for businesses or office buildings that need a higher level of security. High-security locks are much harder – and often impossible – to break into and can provide a higher level of safety and security.
Some of the key reasons why your business needs high security locks:
- Keys can't be duplicated without authorization
- Cannot be picked open using a pick gun or other lock picking devices
- Cannot be drilled open easily
- Aren't master re-keyed locks
- Special lock and cylinder mechanisms to prevent unauthorized unlocking
Types of High-Security Locks
Professional locksmiths in Phoenix can provide a full range of high-security lock services and typically work with brand names and reputable lock manufacturers to ensure the right type of lock is installed. Some of the most common types of high-security locks include:
- Medeco – one of the most widely-recognized and popular high security lock brands in the United States. Medeco is famous for its lock cylinders, padlocks and cam locks.
- Mul-T-Lock – recently-acquired by Assa-Abloy, this company offers a full range of mechanical cylinders, padlocks, electromechanical locking systems, and key-cutting machines.
- ASSA Lock, Inc. – ASSA locks are one of the newer types of high-security locks on the market and are very popular in Europe. This brand is slowly becoming a high-security lock brand in the United States
- Schlage – this is one of the most well-known types of high-security locks and the manufacturer produces both residential and commercial lock hardware. The Primus system works with both Primus locks and Schlage's standard locks.
Power Locksmiths works with all leading high security lock manufacturers to provide quality lock and key services. Call us (602) 386-3770 for high security locks services and all types of commercial and residential lock and key projects. We're available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week!


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Amazing promotion!!
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Amazing promotion!!
I only recall getting email telling me to go online and check results. A physical certificate will come in the mail.I just pass the CPC exam held on 10/12/2019. Am I going to get any email regarding this? Also any paper based certificate that I should be expecting?


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Top 5 opportunities in Mumbai to begin your career
This article give little more in-depth understanding of job opportunities in Mumbai and it's suburban areas. What are the fields to work and how to approach for grabbing these opportunities.
Mumbai- the area, the city, the dream place for every one. Opportunities always knocks the doors of new comers. If you are planning to settle or do some assignments for your job career then Mumbai is the right place to go ahead. People of India says " no one sleeps without having food in Mumbai, if you visit once there are more and more chances to win several times in your life."
Following are top 5 list of opportunities available for all
1. First and formost job is telemarketing. Telemarketing is one of the largest and fastest growing opportunity for youngsters. Through voice any one can crack the deals and if you are one of them then Mumbai is a big hub of call center.
2. Marketing executive is one of the all time hit job in all sectors. If you have skills to sell the product through one to one basis then this is for your. It's requirement is huge in amount because every company is searching for the best Marketing Executives in line.
3. Consultant may belong to any of the fields. If you have mastered any subjects and able to guide the people then consultancy is the field calling to you. To know some of them tax consultant, educational consultant, migrations consultant, legat consultant, medical consultant and so on.
4. The fourth most sought after job in Mumbai is Management trainee. If you are a graduate and have good sense of impressing the customers plus have a diploma or management degree then this is the one of lucrative jobs in Mumbai.
5. The classic medical and engineering students are always in demand. Companies are searching high profiled professionals 24X7. So if you are one of them then soon you will be Vice-President of any mid level company.
Hence all the above fields are very hot in Mumbai job market. Try and see yourself. Even small scale industries too paying a good package for all qualifiers. Marketing executives have option to choose some extra compensation and bonuses every week. It will be based on the performances of the individual. Good jobs always demands good professionals. Hence every good individual who are seeking better future must take one step ahead. Some other hot job fields are insurance, banking, broking firms etc. Each and every sector has good job openings in Mumbai.
Recent news by Naukri.com and monster.com has shown more than 150% growth in job providing industry. If you do not find any suitable options for your you can go for recruiting people on behalf of recruiting firms. They also have a sound package and other benefits and perks.
Now Mumbai has a vast and deep ocean of opportunities where people from all religion and creeds are able to take part as social animal. Online jobs are also one of the fields to grow smoothly. All content writers and editors can fulfill their dreams if they are ready to contribute and continue their hard work. In this new age of technology one has to always upgrade himself to fill the gap between the two generations.


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Magnanni.com Exclusive
Marco II | Grey
More Information
The Marco II Grey is a fashion single monk strap featuring intricate stitching details along the seams. The upper is crafted from soft, antiqued calfskin, and finished in a handsome light grey patina. The Marco II contains our Bologna construction which wraps the foot in leather creating unrivaled flexibility, and features an additional footbed cushion for increased comfort.
- Bologna construction wraps the foot in leather creating a cushioned footbed and unrivaled flexibility.
- Leather sole
- Patina: Catalux Grey
- Style Number: 21207
- Last: E4
- Handmade in Spain
- Complimentary shipping and returns within the US
- Additional footbed cushion added to the heel to provide extra comfort


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What do you think?
2012 Summer CHA Sneak: SEI Entrada
Posted by Ashley Harris at 9:00 AM
Labels: 2012 Summer CHA Sneaks, SEI
5 comments:
- Julie S said...
I think this reminds me of warm indian summer type fall afternoons.
- 7/02/2012
- Moongirl said...
I love Entrada! Not a fan of Halloween paper, but Entrada is really cool.
- 7/02/2012
- rlovew said...
Looks like a fun paper line- I don't scrap Halloween but this could be used for so many things.
- 7/02/2012
- Jean said...
Love the canvas elements!
- 7/02/2012
- Casey Lu said...
Ummm...is it only me that finds it funny that people are like oh I don't scrap halloween, lol. Must be me. This is a fall/thanksgiving line. Its pretty but not my taste.
- 7/04/2012
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