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Legal Updates Winter 2013
The value of recording interrogations; implication of a lighter sentence rejected
In the case Van Jackson v. State (October 2012) the decision by the Texas Court of Appeals, Austin, points out the value of investigators video recording the interrogation
In their decision the court stated that , "Jackson argues that the video proves that he was "fatigued, hungry, injured[,] and left isolated in a small room for some time" and that the detective induced his confession by suggesting that he might receive a lighter sentence if he was honest and apologized for robbing Rivas. However, the detective never made a positive promise to Jackson that he would receive a benefit by confessing. Rather, he told Jackson that juries want to hear defendants say they are sorry and that prosecutors want to know if defendants are cooperative, truthful, and apologetic. These general statements were not enough to render Jackson's statements involuntary.....
...... Although Jackson was arguably tired during the interrogation, the video shows that he was alert, coherent, and could answer the detective's questions. The detective's questioning lasted less than twenty minutes, and at no time was the detective threatening or overbearing.... Therefore, we conclude that Jackson's confession was voluntary, and the trial court did not err in denying Jackson's motion to suppress the confession. Jackson's second point of error is overruled.
Click here for the complete decision.
No requirement to record interrogation in Second Circuit
In the case Ezquerdo v. Lee (October 2012) the U.S. District Court, N.D. New York, rejected the defendant's claim that his confession should have been found inadmissible because it was not recorded.
"Ezquerdo's interrogation by the police was not electronically recorded. Ezquerdo contends this denied him due process. In rejecting Ezquerdo's argument the Appellate Division held that there was "no Federal or State due process requirement that interrogations and confessions be recorded.".... Ezquerdo has not cited any decision of the Supreme Court or the Second Circuit holding that due process requires that the police electronically record interrogations or confessions, and independent research by this Court has not revealed any such decision. Ezquerdo's reliance on decisions by the Alaska and Minnesota Supreme Courts is misplaced."
Click here for the complete decision.
U.S. District Court excludes the testimony of Dr. Richard Leo: "his theories are both unreliable and irrelevant"
In the case US v. Deuman (September 2012) the U.S. District Court, W.D. Michigan granted the government's motion to exclude the testimony of Dr. Richard Leo on the issue of false confessions....
In their opinion the court stated that, "If permitted to testify as an expert in this case, Dr. Leo would explain: (1) that false confessions or incriminating statements are counterintuitive; (2) why confessions are prejudicial; (3) risk factors for false confessions, such as interrogation techniques; and (4) the framework for how false confessions occur. Dr. Leo would not offer an opinion as to whether Defendant lied or made false statements or whether Defendant's statements are unreliable.
"Following the Daubert hearing, defense counsel submitted a lengthy affidavit from Dr. Leo, which discusses: (1) the background of Dr. Leo's research into false confessions; (2) his theory about the three decision points that lead to a false confession, i.e., the police decision to classify an individual as a suspect; use of psychological interrogation tactics as a means to move the suspect from denial of guilt to admission; and solicitation of a post-admission narrative from the suspect, in which the suspect provides an account of the crime that may be contaminated with non-public crime facts mentioned by the interrogator; (3) Defendant's account of events demonstrating that during and subsequent to the August 17, 2011, polygraph examination, the FBI agents used coercive interrogation techniques that can lead to false confessions; and (4) "dispositional" risk factors related by Dr. William Sanders that render Defendant more susceptible to making a false confession.
"...the Court will exclude Dr. Leo's testimony because his theories are both unreliable and irrelevant to the facts of this case, and any limited probative value they might have is substantially outweighed by the potential dangers of undue prejudice and misleading the jury.... Although this research confirms that false confessions do, in fact, occur and that certain coercive interrogation techniques may lead to false confessions, Dr. Leo's theory, at least at this stage in its development, provides neither a useful nor appropriate basis to assist a jury in assessing whether a particular confession, or even incriminating statement, was false.
"As Dr. Leo forthrightly admits, despite extensive research and review of false confession cases, his methodology cannot accurately predict the frequency and causes of false confessions.... His theories cannot discern whether a certain interrogation technique, used on a person with certain traits or characteristics, results in a predictable rate of false confessions. In addition, he has formulated no theory or methodology that can be tested.... While the Court is aware that some laboratory studies, such as the ALT key study by Professors Kassin and Perillo, suggest that coercive interrogation tactics produce a significant rate of false confessions, such studies shed no light on real-world interrogation practices and results because they "were not conducted by law enforcement, were not part of a criminal investigation, did not involve actual suspects, and did not present the students with a serious penalty." United States v. Jacques, 784 F.Supp.2d 59, 66 (D.Mass.2011)."
Click here for the complete decision.
Value of video recording interrogation: pregnancy did not affect defendant's ability to understand what was going on
In the case Lewis v. Miller (September 2012), the U.S. District Court, E.D. California upheld the lower court's decision to admit the defendant's incriminating statements, even though the "Defendant contends the "[t]he totality of circumstances demonstrate that [she] did not voluntarily waive her Miranda rights" and that she did not voluntarily confess to police. She bases these contentions on similar arguments: she invoked her privilege against self-incrimination by asking to speak with her mother; she was young, pregnant, in pain, and naive; the detective's introductory comments "softened" the impact of the Miranda advisements; and the detective's lie that Ramsey had called her the mastermind of the crimes suggested "coercion." As we explain, we agree with the trial court the statements were properly admitted."
In reaching their opinion the videotape of the interrogation proved invaluable to the Court, which stated, "This court has reviewed the videotape of petitioner's interrogation and agrees with the California Court of Appeal that petitioner's confession to police was not given involuntarily. There is no evidence petitioner was coerced to confess to a crime she did not commit or that she was intimidated or worn down by improper interrogation tactics, lengthy questioning, or anything else. On the contrary, petitioner answered the detective's questions fully and freely during an interrogation that was not unduly lengthy and never harsh. There is also no evidence that petitioner's will was overborne by the overall circumstances or the conduct of the interrogation. Petitioner was alert and articulate throughout the interrogation, she was offered breaks whenever she appeared to be in pain or upset, and she was given food and water and allowed to walk outside the interview room. The interrogation was not conducted in an uncomfortable location and petitioner was frequently asked how she felt and whether she needed anything.
Although petitioner was pregnant, there is no evidence the pregnancy interfered with her ability to respond to the detective's questions, that it prevented her from paying attention or following during the interview, or that it caused her to falsely confess. The one occasion in which petitioner appeared to be in pain occurred before the questioning began and was resolved by a short walk in the hallway outside the interview room. In fact, before the interrogation began, petitioner assured the detective that she was fine and ready to proceed. Of course, pregnant women are not categorically incapable of being interrogated, and there is no presumption that pregnancy itself results in involuntary statements. Certainly, that was not the case here. To the extent petitioner's pregnancy may have caused her to be in some physical discomfort, there is no evidence on the videotape that the discomfort interfered in any substantial way with the questioning. Nor is there evidence that hormonal changes compromised petitioner's ability to understand what was going on."
Click here for the complete decision.
Court excludes the testimony of Dr. Debra Davis on the issue of false confessions
In the case Commonwealth v. Szakal (August 2012) the Superior Court of Pennsylvania upheld the lower court's decision to exclude the testimony of Dr. Debra Davis on the issue of false confessions, stating in their opinion that "her testimony would not be of any assistance to the triers of fact "given that the jurors, during voir dire, admitted that they already knew false confessions occur."
"... Basically, the defense in this case was that [Appellant] lied in his recorded statement to police about his role in the murders of Mr. and Mrs. Springer. He claimed to be telling the truth when he took the stand and implicated his co-defendant, Mr. Tartt, as the trigger man. In other words, [Appellant] asked the jury to believe that he falsely confessed to the murders. The issue then, is whether the average juror, in this case, needed to be told that false confessions occur? This [c]ourt found that the jury did not; as almost every juror in the pool indicated that [he or she] believed that false confessions do occur. In fact, defense counsel raised that point in his closing argument.
"Moreover, if the expert is only testifying generally about the fact that false confessions happen, that is well within the grasp of the average layperson and expert testimony would not be required under Rule 702. The components of a false confession, according to Dr. Davis, include factors such as the interrogation tactics employed, the training of the law enforcement personnel involved, and the stress tolerance of the suspect. This [c]ourt found that testimony concerning these factors can be elicited (and attacked) through the testimony of other witnesses and is capable of being understood by the average juror. The jury can then make its own determination as to the weight afforded to the defendant's confession. Therefore, Dr. Davis' testimony was not proper because expert testimony is inadmissible when the matter can be described to the jury and the conditions evaluated by them without the assistance of one claiming to possess special knowledge upon the subject."
Click here for the complete decision.
Does a request for a lawyer before Miranda warnings are given require the investigators to stop questioning the suspect?
In the case Sessoms v. Runnels (August 2012) U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit found that it did.
In their opinion the court stated that, "Here, any reasonable police officer (as indeed did these officers) would understand that Sessoms expressed his desire to have a lawyer present at his interrogation. Forty seconds into the conversation, before any meaningful exchange took place, Sessoms requested counsel twice in rapid succession. First, Sessoms said "There wouldn't be any possible way that I could have a--a lawyer present while we do this?" Although it was couched in a polite and diffident manner, the meaning of Sessoms's request was clear: he wanted a lawyer then and there.
If there were any doubt (which there should not have been), Sessoms immediately made a second statement: "Yeah, that's what my dad asked me to ask you guys ... uh, give me a lawyer." Simply put, the words "give me a lawyer" mean just that: "give me a lawyer."
Each of Sessoms's statements, taken on its own, clearly expresses his desire for an attorney. But when the two statements are taken together, that conclusion is indisputable.
Of course, the best test of how a reasonable police officer would understand Sessoms's request is how the actual police officer in this case responded. That reaction is telling. Detective Woods's response to Sessoms's statements--informing Sessoms that a lawyer would only prevent him from giving his side of the story and that, in any event, invocation was futile because the police already knew what happened--shows that he knew Sessoms was requesting a lawyer, and he wanted to do his best to talk Sessoms out of it.
Upon hearing Sessoms's request for an attorney, Detectives Woods and Keller were required to immediately terminate all questioning.
Click here for the complete decision.
Statements to the defendant that his denials were "bullshit" and that he was "kind of screwed" and that he was "fucked" were not threats
In the case Moore v. Scribner (October 2011) U.S. District Court, C.D. California rejected the defendant's claim that his confession was coerced by threats and lying about the evidence. From the court's opinion:
"Petitioner cites the following "threats" by Carr. During the first interview, Carr told Petitioner that his denials were "bullshit." ... Carr told Petitioner: "You're in deep trouble if you continue to feed me a line of bullshit." ... Carr also told Petitioner that because the police has physical evidence contradicting Petitioner's story, he was "kind of screwed." ... During the second interview, Carr told Petitioner he could "prove" Petitioner was at the scene of the crime... Carr added: "I don't believe you shot the man. What I do know is you're fucked unless you can come up with a reason and explain to me what happened."
None of Petitioner's allegations rises to the level of a threat indicating Petitioner's confession was coerced. Carr's statements that Petitioner was in "deep trouble," was "kind of screwed," and was "fucked" were designed to induce Petitioner to tell the truth. Carr did not threaten Petitioner with any specific consequence if Petitioner failed to confess.
Petitioner argues that Carr's misrepresentations about the evidence constituted coercion. ... During the first interview, Carr told Petitioner there was "physical evidence" that placed Petitioner at the crime scene... When Petitioner asked what evidence, Carr did not respond... During the second interview, Carr said the police had lifted fingerprints from Bennett's apartment door and a glass table inside the apartment, and the fingerprints matched Petitioner's.... After Carr continued to push for a reasonable explanation, Petitioner finally stated that "[i]t was a robbery."
Standing alone, Carr's misrepresentations would be insufficient to render Petitioner's confession involuntary. Petitioner also argues Carr made promises of leniency. Petitioner argues Carr told Petitioner that unless Petitioner gave a "reasonable explanation" for what occurred, he would be "fucked," whereas if he gave a reasonable explanation, he would be "set ... free." ... Petitioner's contention distorts the record. While Carr repeatedly asked for a "reasonable explanation"..., there is no evidence Carr promised leniency. Telling Petitioner that he's "screwed" or he's "fucked" if he does not cooperate... does not amount to a promise of leniency. Telling Petitioner that his "cooperation is gonna go a heck of a long way" is not a promise of leniency.
Click here for the complete decision.
Ohio juvenile not statutorily entitled to counsel during an interrogation which occurs prior to invocation of court's jurisdiction
In the case In re M.W. (October 2012) the Supreme Court of Ohio held that "As a matter of first impression... police interrogation of juvenile prior to an invocation of juvenile court's jurisdiction was not "proceeding" in which juvenile was statutorily entitled to representation by counsel."
From the court's opinion: R.C. 2151.352 provides: "A child, the child's parents or custodian, or any other person in loco parentis of the child is entitled to representation by legal counsel at all stages of the proceedings under this chapter or Chapter 2152 of the Revised Code."
The fallacy of M.W.'s argument is highlighted by the fact that he invokes a right to counsel pursuant to R.C. 2151.352 before the delinquency matter is brought against him in juvenile court. His reliance on R.C. 2151.352, which requires a court to appoint counsel or ascertain whether a party is aware of his right to counsel, is weakened by the fact that the jurisdiction of the juvenile court had not yet been invoked, and thus no court had authority to act.
In view of these reasons and the plain language of R.C. 2151.352, we conclude that an interrogation that occurs prior to the filing of a complaint alleging delinquency or prior to an appearance in juvenile court is not a proceeding that falls within the scope of R.C. Chapter 2151. This determination is consistent with our duty to construe statutes to avoid unjust and unreasonable results. R.C. 1.47(C).
Click here for the complete decision.
Can a suspect who claims he was in the "midst of a psychotic break from reality" during the interrogation give a voluntary statement?
In the case People v. Kooyman (October 2012) Court of Appeal, Fourth District, Division 2, California, the "Defendant contends that he suffers from a mental illness and that, after he was arrested, he was deprived of the proper medication to treat his mental illness. "Defendant further contends that the officers who interrogated him took advantage of his impaired mental state to coerce a confession. Thus, defendant argues that the trial court erred in allowing the prosecution to introduce the evidence of defendant's statements to police, because they were not voluntary.
"Defendant contends that the circumstances of the interviews show that defendant "appear[ed] to be in the midst of a psychotic break from reality, [that he was] without psychiatric medication for two days, [that he was] on suicide watch, and [he] believe[d] that police [were] angels from God or 'from another universe.' " Defendant urges that any interrogation in such circumstances is coercive. "Pretending to actually be an angel from God who means [defendant] no harm, is deceptive and constitutes police overreaching."
"We must look, however, to the totality of--i.e., all --the circumstances. Police tactics of using deception is not necessarily coercive. The question is whether the deception is reasonably likely to produce an untrue statement... 'The courts have prohibited only those psychological ploys which, under all the circumstances, are so coercive that they tend to produce a statement that is both involuntary and unreliable.' " ... Here, there was no deception of a character likely to induce defendant to make an untrue statement. The officers' "deception"--their acceptance of defendant's suggestion that they had been brought into defendant's life for a reason--was part and parcel of their general encouragement to defendant to tell the truth.
"Throughout the interviews here, defendant carried on a conversation and responded rationally to many questions. He described how he was living in his truck, explained where he had gone, how he had spent his time, and what he did. The officers did not threaten defendant or shout at him, but rather soothed him and encouraged him to relieve his conscience by telling them what he had done. There was nothing coercive in the officers' demeanor. Their tactics were simply to encourage defendant to open up, ...
We conclude, based on those factual findings and the reasonable inferences therefrom, that the officers did not act coercively, and defendant's admissions were voluntary."
Click here for the complete decision.
Interrogator's "empathetic and caring demeanor" was not coercive
In the case People v. Powell (October 2012) Court of Appeal, First District, Division 3, California, the court upheld the admissibility of the defendant's confession, finding that "There was no improper coercion here. It is no exaggeration to say that Sergeant Alexander came across more like a mentor than a police officer during the interview. He spoke about family, character, overcoming problems, accepting responsibility for wrongdoing, and becoming a better man. He urged Powell to "walk the righteous path," to "do the right thing," to "tak[e] control of your life." He touched Powell gently on the leg and shoulder and said he was a good person who never intended for someone to die. "[O]n that day you made a bad decision. But ... your decision was not as bad as the outcome. You're not a killer." He told Powell that he cared about him and his mother, and that he believed Powell was "put on this earth to excel and succeed in life. And, unfortunately, you're not, you are making decisions that aren't good up 'til this point. This could be a turning point." He urged Powell to help himself and "do what's best for you right now." He invited Powell to think about a future life, family and career "when this is all said and done...."
"But, at no point during the interview did either officer expressly or impliedly promise Powell that he might not be charged with, prosecuted for, or convicted of the murder if he cooperated. They did not suggest that Powell could influence the decisions of the court or district attorney, but simply suggested that his truthfulness would be beneficial in an unspecified way. Indeed, Sergeant Alexander said he did not know what kind of charges would be brought and that those decisions were made by other people. Under the circumstances, the officer's suggestion that it would be better for Powell to tell the truth and promptings to consider his future did not amount to a promise of leniency. ..
"Powell's contention that the police officers improperly implied he was not fully responsible for the murder because he was a "victim of the circumstances" and did not intend for someone to get killed must also be rejected. It is entirely permissible for police to suggest possible explanations of the events and offer the suspect an opportunity to provide the details of the crime.... Powell's confession was not coerced by lies or false promises, but was free and voluntary.
Click here for the complete decision.
Interrogator deception that "crosses the line"
In the case People v. Aveni (October 2012) Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Second Department, New York the court stated that "This case presents us with an opportunity to decide under what circumstances the police, while interrogating a suspect, exceed permissible deception, such that a suspect's statements to the police must be suppressed because they were unconstitutionally coerced.
"Here, the defendant argues that his statements should be suppressed because the detectives improperly deceived him when they explicitly lied to him by telling him that Camillo was alive and that the physicians treating her needed to know what drugs she had taken or else she could die, and implicitly threatened him with a homicide charge by stating, "[I]f you lie to me and don't tell me the truth now ... it could be a problem."
Our review of the case law amply demonstrates that when interrogating a suspect, the police may, as part of their investigatory efforts, deceive a suspect, and any resulting statement will not be suppressed for that reason alone .... However, even with a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent waiver of one's Miranda rights, there are boundaries the police cannot cross during an interrogation. While deception may be used to obtain a statement, police conduct must not be so "fundamentally unfair as to deny due process"
"In this case, the detectives coerced the defendant's confession by deceiving him into believing that Camillo was alive and implicitly threatening him with a homicide charge if he remained silent. The detectives used the threat of a homicide charge to elicit an incriminating statement by essentially telling the defendant that the consequences of remaining silent would lead to Camillo's death, which "could be a problem" for him. Faced with this Hobson's choice, the defendant had no acceptable alternative but to talk to the police. By lying to him and threatening him, the detectives eviscerated any sense the defendant may have had that he could safely exercise his privilege against self-incrimination and put the People to their proof. Either he would tell them what he knew or he would face the probability of life imprisonment if Camillo died. In light of the detectives' implicit threat of a homicide charge if the defendant remained silent, we cannot conclude that the defendant voluntarily waived his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination.
Click here for the complete decision.
Fifth Miranda warning not required
In the case Commonwealth v. Ashley (November 2012) Appeals Court of Massachusetts, Bristol, upheld the lower court decision that the fifth Miranda right - that the suspect can stop answering questions at anytime - is not required.
"The motion judge concluded that since the fifth so-called "right" was not required, the form's misstatement was harmless, deeming the claim of error forestalled by the holding in Novo. There the court observed that the giving of a fifth "right" by police, namely, the right to stop answering questions at any time even if an accused has answered some questions, is not a core Miranda right of which the police must apprise the defendant. Novo, 442 Mass. at 271, 812 N.E.2d 1169, citing Commonwealth v. Silanskas, 433 Mass. 678, 688 n. 11, 746 N.E.2d 445 (2001)."
Click here for the complete decision.
Police do not have to tell suspect defense counsel is present if suspect waived his rights
In State v. Stevens (July 2012) Supreme Court of Wisconsin held that "police had no duty to inform defendant that defense counsel from prior pending case was trying to see him, after defendant waived his Miranda rights by initiating conversation with police officer after custodial interrogation had been ceased due to defendant's invocation of his right to an attorney."
Click here for the complete decision.
The value of recording: examining the issue of mental illness on the admissibility of a confession
In the case Keeling v. Commonwealth (October 2012) the Supreme Court of Kentucky considered the issue of mental illness and its effect on the admissibility of a confession. In this case, the "Appellant next argues that the trial court committed reversible error by failing to suppress post-arrest statements he offered to the police. Specifically, he contends that, due to the fact that he suffered from a mental illness causing hallucinations and delusions, any statement he made would be unreliable. Thus, he contends that his mental illness rendered his statements "involuntary" for Fifth Amendment Miranda purposes."
.... "The U.S. Supreme Court has recognized that an accused's mental condition is a factor when determining the voluntariness of a confession.... However, "a defendant's mental condition, by itself and apart from its relation to official coercion," does not render a confession constitutionally involuntary.... Thus, although a defendant's mental illness can be considered in determining whether law enforcement coerced a confession... it is not, without some official coercion, sufficient for suppression purposes.
... "We note first that Appellant is a man of average intelligence, testing at an IQ of 95. He was read his Miranda rights before giving his statement to police. He acknowledged that he understood these rights and signed a waiver. We have thoroughly reviewed his audio-taped confession and conclude that there is absolutely no evidence of coercion, psychological or otherwise. While it may be true that, due to his mental illness and lack of medication, Appellant "was probably not able to make adequate judgment about what was going *on at the time of questioning," as Dr. Sively testified at trial, this is not enough to render his confession constitutionally involuntary.
... " '[T]he central purpose of a criminal trial is to decide the factual question of the defendant's guilt or innocence." ... Accordingly, a voluntary confession by a mentally ill defendant is admissible at trial absent some indicia of official coercion... However, without evidence that law enforcement officers exploited an accused's mental illness to obtain the confession, the exclusionary rule does not apply.
Click here for the complete decision.
Do statements such as, "these things happen, it is ok"; "we don't believe you had any intentions of doing it" and "a tragic accident occurred" offer a promise of leniency?
In the case US v. Hunter (December 2012) the US District Court, E.D. Virginia, upheld the lower court's decision to admit the defendant's confessions. "The facts and circumstances in this case establish that Hunter's statements were "voluntary" for constitutional purposes. Though still in her early twenties, the defendant was not a juvenile at the time of C.P.'s injuries or her interrogation. There is no evidence in the record that Hunter lacks education or has low intelligence. Neither Agent David nor Investigator Hampton harmed or threatened to harm Hunter if she did not answer their questions.
... "Of all the facts pertaining to the voluntariness of Hunter's statements, the most concerning are Agent David's intentional efforts to minimize the seriousness of the defendant's criminal exposure, which certainly had the potential to cause Hunter to discount her own assessment of her jeopardy, as evidenced in her initial description of events. The defendant also claims that by making such statements as such as "these things happen, it is okay", "no one is going to fault you for it", "we don't believe you had any intentions of doing it", and "a tragic accident occurred" [Doc. No. 33], Agent David made an "implied promise" that if Hunter were to admit to shaking C.P., she (Hunter) would suffer no punishment. Likewise, the defendant argues that Agent David impermissibly induced her statements by suggesting that she (Hunter) needed to provide accurate details of how C.P. was injured in order to maximize the chances of C.P.'s recovery. Based on these and other statements, the defendant claims that overall, her will was "overborne" by Agent David's tactics and that her "capacity for self-determination was critical impaired," particularly when Agent David allegedly conditioned Hunter's ability to see her husband on her willingness to confess. Doc. Nos. 33 & 46; Draft Tr. 65:1-24. The Court will examine each of these arguments in turn.
... "In this Circuit, only certain types of promises, when not kept, will render a resulting confession involuntary. Id. These promises are limited to explicit statements by the questioning official that he will do, or not do, a specific act, in exchange for the confession... Moreover, the cases that have suppressed statements on the basis of an implied promise involve promises that were compelling in terms of the consequences that would befall the defendant or those associated with the defendant.
,,, "Agent David's statements were not so much promises as they were opinions concerning the criminality of Hunter's conduct and how it would be viewed by others. While Agent David's repeated assurances that she understood how Hunter must have felt and that she (Agent David) believed the incident was an accident were no doubt persuasive and inducing, nothing in those statements constitutes a quid pro quo promise to Hunter in exchange for a confession. Based on all the facts and circumstances, the Court finds that that Agent David did not make a promise to Hunter that vitiates her confession.
Click here for the complete decision.
Improper promise of leniency- treatment in lieu of jail
In the case State v. Howard (December 2012) the Iowa Supreme Court found that "the detective's questioning crossed the line into an improper promise of leniency under our long-standing precedents, rendering Howard's subsequent confession inadmissible."
In their opinion the Iowa Supreme Court stated that, "It is true, as the court of appeals' majority noted, Detective Hull never overtly told Howard he would receive a lighter sentence if he confessed. He never said an inpatient treatment program would be the only consequence. He stated no quid pro quo out loud. But, his line of questioning was misleading by omission. As the court of appeals' well-reasoned dissent aptly observed, "Officer Hull's statements strategically planted in Howard's mind the idea that he would receive treatment, and nothing more, if he confessed."... Detective Hull's repeated references to getting help combined with his overt suggestions that after such treatment Howard could rejoin Jessica and A.E. conveyed the false impression that if Howard admitted to sexually abusing A.E. he merely would be sent to a treatment facility similar to that used to treat drug and alcohol addiction in lieu of further punishment. Significantly, Detective Hull did not counter this false impression with any disclaimer that he could make no promises or that charges would be up to the county attorney. We hold his interrogation crossed the line into an impermissible promise of leniency, rendering the confession that followed inadmissible."
Click here for the complete decision.


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5 Oct 2007
Good Connections(HKTDC Electronic Components & Parts, Vol 04,2007)
Telephone Parts
|Chung Yi Enterprise (HK) Co Ltd makes a full range of RoHS-compliant and UL-approved telephone parts from phone cords to jacks
Hong Kong is one of the largest exporters of basic telephones, cordless phones and mobile phones, all of which require regular supplies of reliable parts and components
Telephones provide a vital means of communication, yet are only as good as the quality of the parts and components used in their design. These parts include speakers, receivers, telephone jacks, microphones, plugs, cords and cables among other basic requirements, and Hong Kong manufacturers use advanced equipment and technology to ensure the parts they supply meet the need.
For example, Dongson Technology Co Ltd has been producing acoustic components since 2004. Its range includes speakers, SMD microphones and buzzers, receivers and digital microphones.
"The whole acoustic component market for high-end mobile phones is dominated by European, American and Japanese companies," explains Sales Manager Chris Liu. "We are probably the only company in Hong Kong that can supply high-grade, small-size, excellent-performance acoustic components."
The FOB Hong Kong unit-price range of Dongson Technology's products is US$0.01-0.70 for microphones, US$0.25-0.90 for speakers, US$0.25-0.50 for receivers and US$0.10-0.70 for buzzers. "We provide a great deal of support in acoustic design and some of the smallest components available," says Mr Liu.
The small components include a 10x15mm speaker, an 8mm receiver and 4mm-square SMD buzzer. "It's the smallest in the world," he comments, referring to the buzzer.
Mr Liu adds that he expects component sizes to continue to shrink in line with advances in phone technology. "Finished products are more sleek and attractive, and the demand from phone designers is for greater miniaturisation and improved sound quality. Interestingly, lots of regular desktop phones are now being designed using mobile phone components."
Production takes place at the company's ISO 9001- and ISO 14001-certified factories on the Chinese mainland and in Korea, using raw materials sourced domestically and from Japan. Delivery is 4-6 weeks after confirmation to major markets in the US, Germany and the mainland. The minimum order is 1,000 items and products are sold under the Dongson Technology brand.
Monthly production capacity is 10 million microphones and buzzers, and five million speakers and receivers. In addition to phones, the firm's components are used in PDAs, Bluetooth headsets, MP3 players and portable electronic devices.
AL Goodwell Industries Ltd, established in 1986, produces a full range of acoustic components and products such as loudspeakers, Mylar speakers, condenser microphones, dynamic receivers, buzzers and transducers and ultrasonic sensors. The firm is now launching its own brand of HD LCD TV products.
"We have talented engineers and designers providing full technical support to our R&D team, which comprises some 100 members. All are well-trained and enthusiastic," says Managing Director Landy Lau.
"Quality control is our first priority," she adds, "and stringent performance tests are conducted using MLSSA instruments from the US in our anechoic chamber room. We also use insulation resistance testers and impedance measuring instruments to test all loudspeakers."
The company has five, 15,000-square-metre factories on the mainland, which produce a wide range of acoustic devices and parts for computers, televisions, toys, security systems, hi-fi and car stereos and telecommunications products. The total workforce numbers 8,000.
AL Goodwell, which uses its own AL brand, is ISO 9001-certified and has applied for ISO 14001.
Major markets are Europe, the US, South America, Australia, Japan and Korea, and goods are delivered 30-45 days after order confirmation.
"All products are developed and designed to cater to the global trend for smaller and thinner, but more sophisticated, products," says Ms Lau.
Jeanleaf Int'l Ltd's products are intended to keep busy lines open and connections strong, and include telephone plugs, jacks, accessories and wires. The company has more than 30 types of PCB jacks on offer, all of which enjoy high demand.
Jeanleaf Int'l supplies buyers in main markets such as Europe, Southeast Asia, the mainland and Hong Kong.
"We expect to see a lot of sales growth in Europe over the next 12 months as we have received a lot of enquiries from potential customers," comments Sales Manager Sam Leung.
Mr Leung adds that most of the firm's customers are attracted to the high quality and competitive pricing on offer.
"We have an in-house plating shop and laboratory, for example, both of which are equipped with advanced testing equipment such as an X-ray machine for gold thickness measurement," says Mr Leung. "These help us to ensure that our products are of the highest quality."
Jeanleaf Int'l operates an ISO 9001-certified, 15,000-square-metre factory in Guangdong Province on the mainland. It sources raw materials domestically, and from Japan and Germany.
The monthly production capacity for its jacks is approximately 500,000 pieces, while the minimum order for these items is 10,000 pieces for delivery 7-10 days after order confirmation.
Mr Leung says that Jeanleaf Int'l is continuously on the lookout for new business and expansion opportunities. "We are actively seeking joint-venture opportunities as well as overseas agents and representative offices."
Clearly, it pays to stay connected to success by partnering with Hong Kong manufacturers of telephone parts.
Featured Suppliers
AL Goodwell Industries Ltd
Rm 805
Eastern Harbour Centre
28 Hoi Chak St
Quarry Bay
Hong Kong
Tel: 852-2856-9088
Fax: 852-2856-9271
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Web: www.algoodwell.com
Best Nice (Pacific) Ltd
Rm 1510
Multifield Plaza
3-7A Prat Ave
Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon
Hong Kong
Tel: 852-2721-0211
Fax: 852-2807-2006
Email: email@example.com
Web: www.best-nice.com
Chung Yi Enterprise (HK) Co Ltd
Rm B1, 9/F, Blk B
Tonic Ind Centre
19 Lam Hing St
Kowloon Bay, Kowloon
Hong Kong
Tel: 852-2345-6105
Fax: 852-2341-0935
Email: email@example.com
Web: www.chungyi.com
Dongson Technology Co Ltd
Unit 1703
Laford Centre
838 Lai Chi Kok Rd
Hong Kong
Tel: 852-2370-0860
Fax: 852-2370-0939
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Web: www.dongson.com.hk
Jeanleaf Int'l Ltd
Unit 2, 4/F
Int'l Plaza
20 Sheung Yuet Rd
Kowloon Bay, Kowloon
Hong Kong
Tel: 852-2796-7238
Fax: 852-2796-7117
Email: email@example.com
Web: www.jeanleaf.com.hk
Owl Electronics Ltd
Rm 11D
Wing Yip Ind Bldg
21-27 Wing Yip St
Kwai Chung, New Territories
Hong Kong
Tel: 852-3104-0646
Fax: 852-3104-0146
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Web: www.owl.com.hk

subset: commoncrawl


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Edie Hoops in Chartreuse
Statement hoop earrings made in painted wood with a brass charm and tassel.
1960s floral motifs and geometric shapes are combined in the unique, eye-catching Wolf & Moon style.
Hand-finished in a timeless chartreuse colour with gold-plated sterling silver hoops.
Handmade in our East London studio.
Made with painted wood and brass, with gold-plated sterling silver hoops.
Total earring drop is 8cm. Hoops are 3cm diameter.
Here are some easy care instructions to help look after your Wolf & Moon jewellery and keep it in great condition:
- Store your jewellery in a pouch or box.
- Clean gently with a soft cloth.
- It is best not to sleep, shower or exercise whilst wearing your jewellery.
- Avoid dropping your jewellery onto hard surfaces.
- Sprays and creams including soap, perfume, moisturiser and suncream can cause damage to some acrylic pieces and metal components so it is best to remove your jewellery before using any of these products.
Click here for more information on how to look after your Wolf & Moon jewellery.
All our jewellery is handmade in the UK, supporting fair wages and safe working conditions.
This item qualifies for free UK shipping. Hooray!
Please allow 3-5 business days for UK delivery.
Click here for more information about UK & International deliveries or returns.


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Derek and Julianne Hough Return To 'Dancing with the Stars' For Season 23
Derek Hough and Julianne Hough are returning to "Dancing with the Stars" this September!
PEOPLE confirmed the news on Friday. The cast will officially be announced on August 30.
Derek Hough skipped last season after winning Season 21 with Bindi Irwin.
Julianne Hough was a judge from Season 19 to 21 and was a professional dancer from Season 4 to 8. She quit the show then to embark on her singing and acting career.
I am really so excited for this season which also marks the return of fan favorite Maksim Chmerkovskiy.


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I smoked cigarettes for 15 years. I started smoking when I was in college. Of course there were sincere attempts to quit, but obviously none worked until I got pregnant last May 2010.
We all know that smoking during pregnancy is harmful to the unborn baby. Studies have proven that babies whose mothers smoked during pregnancy are likely to weigh less than babies whose mothers did not smoke during pregnancy. They are also expected to encounter development problems such as physical and learning disabilities.
At that time, I know I should stop smoking. But the real question is, will I quit?
I must admit, I was looking forward to giving birth. The excitement of course included the fact that I can smoke again. But when I learned more about second hand and third hand smoking, I knew I had to reconsider.
Yes, there is "third hand smoking". There are toxins from tobacco smoke that remain on surfaces like clothes, sofa, etc. These toxins have negative impact on infant lung development and may even cause cancer when the residue of nicotine reacts with another chemical in the air to form potent carcinogen.
There are still studies that need to be done to further validate this but the possible risk is enough reason for me make a decision. Not for me but for my Julia.
I quit smoking. 1 year 7 months and still counting.
Note to my Dad: I can imagine your face is all red… unsure whether you are disappointed that I smoked or happy that I quit. Now I know what you mean. I will never understand until I become a parent myself. Thanks, Daddy! Love you!


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Job and Volunteer Postings
Job Posting: Postdoctoral Position in Bioengineering at the University of Arizona
The College of Medicine at the University of Arizona is looking for a Postdoctoral Fellow to work in bioengineering related to wearable technology/sensors. The project will be looking to assess human movement and interaction using wearable technology.
The ideal candidate will hold a PhD in biomedical physiology, engineering, mechatronics, or computer science. Experience with designing mobile apps is perferred as well as knowledge of biomechanics.
For more information please see the PDF below.


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I always like finance explained simply and quickly, and here's a good one, possibly the best I have ever seen.
Two problems – first, the focus on sub-prime is a little out of date, the problems for the last year have been much broader – corporates, sovereigns, LEHMAN! AIG etc.
Second, it's great being wise, but is it so great to be wise after the event? We might learn some lessons from history, but I do suspect the lesson here – that CDOs and subprime do not really work together – have already been learned.
(And can we stop blaming investors solely for subprime - there was politics in here too.)
2 days ago


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Rep. Jared Polis on Syria: Unsure whether Congress should give approval for intervention
FORT COLLINS — Rep. Jared Polis vacillated Thursday on whether there should be Congressional approval to conduct a military strike on Syria, initially saying the U.S. "would lose the element of surprise" if Congress first had to vote, and then saying he would give it serious thought before making a decision.
Polis, a third-term Democrat from Boulder, told a group of persistent students and Fort Collins and Boulder residents that presidents in the past have conducted military strikes without consulting Congress.
"The role of our military is to defend our interests," he said, after several questions on the matter. "If we have the ability to do it, without adversely affecting our security, … We have a moral responsibility to examine it."
More than 120 members of Congress, including Colorado Republican Reps. Cory Gardner, Mike Coffman and Scott Tipton and Democrat Rep. Diana DeGette, have asked President Barack Obama to be consulted before there would be any military strike on Syria. The president there is accused of an Aug. 21 chemical attack on his own people. Rebel groups are challenging the president.
Obama, and a number of top administration and Pentagon officials, held a call Thursday with a handful of senior members on the House and Senate side Appropriations and Intelligence committees. No Colorado members were on the call, according to the White House.
Polis noted Thursday: "As a matter of fact: A president can order a military strike. As a matter of fact: Congress can choose not to fund that operation … the rest is a legal decision," he said. "President Obama is the commander in chief … I don't think he'll make a decision based on polls."


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Police in Pennsylvania have reported that a 61-year-old Spring Township man was taken into custody on Aug. 28 in connection with an investigation into the sale of synthetic marijuana in Berks County. Detectives say that they took the man into custody after an undercover narcotics buy in a Spring Township shopping mall parking lot. The man is alleged to have used his food, candy and tobacco distribution business to supply area convenience stores with the synthetic drug.
According to prosecutors, police began to search for the distributor of K-2 synthetic marijuana after a number of Reading convenience store owners were charged with selling small quantities of the drug. Detectives working undercover say that they identified the man and purchased K-2 from him on a number of occasions. The man is said to have been taken into custody after one such undercover purchase. Police say that the man sold them 800 bags of K-2.
After taking the man into custody, police obtained a warrant to search his Spring Township residence. Police claim to have recovered drug paraphernalia, 200 packets of K-2 and $6,000 in cash during the subsequent search. The man is facing charges including possession of synthetic marijuana, possession with the intent to distribute synthetic marijuana and selling synthetic marijuana. Police say that their investigation is ongoing, and they hope to identify the parties who supplied the man.
Individuals facing drug charges may wish to consult with a criminal defense attorney before speaking with police officers even when the evidence against them seems compelling. Police often hope to use information obtained from those charged with minor drug offenses to pursue cases against drug dealers, distributors and traffickers. This information is often of great value to law enforcement, and a criminal defense attorney could seek to have drug possession charges reduced or dismissed in return for it.
Source: WFMZ, "Spring Township man arrested for K-2 distribution", Jennifer Joas, Aug. 28, 2015


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Block Any Websites
Manage your organization's Internet Access
Allowed List / Blocked List
Allow or deny access to specific websites
Enhance employee and student productivity by restricting surfing to work and school related sites only. Add the relevant sites to the Allowed List and the users' browsing will be confined to these sites only. To allow access to all sites but the offensive ones (e.g. games sites and adult sites), enforce the Blocked List.
URL Category Filtering
Over 100 categories to restrict Internet access
BrowseControl's extensive Category Filtering, comprising of a diverse listing of more than 100 URL categories provides the added control of managing website accessibility beyond the simple list of URLs. The laborious task of blocking millions of objectionable web sites is instantly facilitated by simply selecting categories to be blocked from a range of 108 URL Category filters.
Block Applications from Running
Stop chats, games or offensive applications
Eliminate the distractions from playing games or chatting online on common programs such as AOL Instant Messenger, Google Talk, Windows Live Messenger, Yahoo! Messenger etc.. BrowseControl blocks applications through the "Original Filename" which is an internal name that cannot be modified even if the exe name has been manipulated.
Port Filtering and Download Filter
Block traffic from ports or specific file types
Port filtering can also be employed to restrict traffic on specific ports. Filtering options can be applied to block unwanted downloads of video, audio and exe formats. This provides the additional security of protecting your network from being infected by virus or suspicious files.
While Internet access is restricted to company authorized sites during work hours, you may want to allow users access to personal sites during non-work hours (e.g. at lunch time). Through the Scheduler assign times when users are allowed access to non-work related sites.
BrowseControl can block Internet access from the following browsers:
… and many more popular Internet browsers
Compatible with: Windows 10, 8, 7 and Server. For both 32-bit & 64-bit platforms
Internet Access Control Software. Increasing the productivity of more than 10,000 schools and companies.


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Ye Olde town of London transforms over the coming week as many of the clubs and classes take the chance to challenge their patrons (you) to enjoy the Halloween celebrations. When preparing your costumes make sure you leave yourself enough wriggle room to dance and, from personal experience, don't use cheap face makeup unless you want to end up all streaky.
If a ghost or a vampire asks you for a dance, say yes and experience an eerily, magical minute or 5.
Not everywhere is themed, so do check out LondonSalsa.co.uk to see which parties will be festooned with glowing pumpkins and witches around their cauldrons.
You know why skeletons don't normally take salsa lessons?They don't have the guts! No body to keep fit! No heart to get pumping!
Please heed the ghoulish echo of my message that the events and lessons that appear in this newsletter are merely a miniscule speck of the fun that can be discovered on our site along with our spiders web of related sites, such as bachata.events, ukdance.events, londonkizomba,co,uk or UKSalsa.Dance amongst others.
if you know of any clubs or teachers, globally, who deserve to be included, please send them to www.A2Z.Events, where they can list for free.
So we are mysteriously one day early with our newsletter this week.
Very simply the Pexava monthly Thursday Social is tonight and you deserve the opportunity to share the ambience of Conway Hall in Holborn with fellow salseros and salseras & a selection of the best DJs in town. If you are harbouring vampire tendencies this is a perfect place to sharpen you fangs as Shelley, Gil and team thoughtfully provide orange wedges.
Putney Salsa Club on Friday always offers a bachata lesson before all level salsa classes and their social.
Caramelo, in Paddington, this Saturday afternoon/evening host their early evening Halloween social including student & pro performances plus DJ Shaan, who has a freakish method to get you dancing demonically even when some vampire has sucked that last morcel from you.
At Bar Salsa Soho on Sunday morning/afternoon, members can claim £5 off the Intro to Rueda workshop delivered by Alastair.
For the evening, please note that Incognito will undoubtedly scare you witless in Fulham social, with a 50/50 salsa/bachata mix.
Sunday night salsa at the Theatre Royal Bar in Stratford is free.
Mondays could be quite horrific if it weren't for the plethora of salsa classes across the capital. From Deptford, Ruilslip, Wimbledon and Temple, where bachata and cali salsa are taught.
Don't be terrified by this news: Tuesday nights became that bit better in central London, when Todo Latino offered a free intro to salsa before their salsa classes for all levels at Salsa Temple,
And if you ask nicely in advance, you can be on their free guest list for social dancing.
Streetbeat will be sending shivers up your spine at their Tuesday salsa/rueda lessons in Camden.
You don't need your skull examined to claim a first beginners lesson free in Hammersmith any Wednesday.
In Finsbury Park both cuban and crossbody classes for all levels come with a special offer.
If that isn't enough salsa to enthuse you to have a devilishly delicious weekend of dance, followed by blood curdling week of lessons then I urge you to pop onto the site for more inspiation.
Dancing this week is so important as it will raise your spirits, especially as mental health issues seem to be topping the bigger agenda.
Dance like a devil,
Leigh and the LondonSalsa team


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Sales Force Training
The Sales Board provides traditional Sales Force Training as well as non-traditional Sales Force Training. Non-traditional groups include inside sales, technical services, customer service, marketing and professional services such as engineers, accountants and consultants.
Independent research shows that sales forces trained in Action Selling by The Sales Board increase their performance at a rate that is 6 times greater than all other training programs.
Below is a video about how Supply Chain Services increased sales by 60% per year with Action Selling by The Sales Board.
Action Selling by The Sales Board is custom tailored to fit any group where you want to improve selling skills. We've identified the 5 Critical Sales Skills that produce the greatest return on your training investment. When these skills are improved sales training produces a greater return on investment than All Other sales force training programs.
A Quick Read That Will Boost Your Sales -- Guaranteed! The Action Selling series of sales books will help you achieve quota, sell bigger deals, shorten selling cycles and retain your customers.Shop Action Selling


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I Hate The New Red Sox Mascot
Just why? Why do the Red Sox do this to me? This legitimately may be the worst video I have ever seen a professional sports team produce.
I want to root for this team so badly, but I just can't stand this ownership group. John Henry and his band of money-hungry suits are doing everything they can to milk every cent out of any person that has bought a pink Red Sox hat on Yawkey Way.
This shouldn't get true Red Sox fans upset (or surprised), but it stands for everything that Boston isn't. Bostonians are hard-working badasses that work 12 hours a day, drive home in a beat up 2003 Toyota Camry, crack open an Ipswich IPA and devour a Salisbury Steak.
The deeper we get into this ownership's tenure, the more I hate this team, which sucks if you're an actual fan of the Boston Red Sox. It would be fine if they were winning 97 games a year, but aside from 2013, this team has been extremely mediocre for a long time.
Side note: Why couldn't they have made this Wally's wife/girlfriend? I hate him more than the next guy, but the Green Monster is getting up there in age and how many other massive, fury, green beasts come strutting around Boston in short skirts?
By Pete Packowski
1/7/2016 06:45:34 pm
Thanks for this. As a Red Sox fan, last season was hard to sit through. This on the other hand is downright terrible
Leave a Reply.


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michaeljoy: Home
Welcome and thanks for stopping by. Check the songs out on the music page, and if you like what you hear, please press one of the buttons below to securely purchase one of the cds. 'Float' was recorded in lexington kentucky, , by Duane Lundy at Shangrila Studios, with further production by Justin Phelps in San Francisco. The cd features "Scourge Of The Sea" a great band from lexington, plus Duane Lundy, and many veteran players from the San Francisco area. Mixed by Justin Phelps at Hyde St Studios, San Francisco, and mastered by veteran engineer John Cuniberti at The Plant in Sausalito, California. Gathering members from the bands of Jolie Holland, Ryan Adams, and Chuck Prophet.Songs from 'float' in regular rotation on XM50 The Loft on XM satellite radio! Available at CDbaby now, here's the link: http://cdbaby.com/all/michaeljoy
Also available at itunes, musicnet, rhapsody, napster,
NIght Flight Plays The Ivy Room - July 27, 2013
Night Flight is starting to play around the Bay Area. We've played a half dozen shows so far and we're playing the Ivy Room in Albany CA. on Aug 3rd at 9:00. Here's the link
Hope to see you there!
Nearly 10,000 Plays On Soundcloud - March 20, 2013
The Soundcloud community grows stronger by the day and I'm happy to see that we have nearly 10,000 plays there. Anyone interested in checking out new artists and meeting up with independent music fans should give it a try. My link is https://soundcloud.com/michael-joy.


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Two Clarification On Why Swiss ICO Is significant.
Making More Money Off Your Real Estate Investments
Have you been aware of the best income generating strategies? In case you are unsure, don't feel lonely. Many individuals don't understand precisely how investing works. Reading this post will give you knowledge on investing your hard earned dollars.
Invest the maximum amount of period in learning the company as you may do working the organization.
Sacrifice other activities for now. Get rid of your poker night, as an illustration, so uncover more about investing.
Choose a place you're familiar with. Should you specialize in one area, it will be easier to achieve success. Whether you plan to flip a residence, buy a rental property or buy foreclosure, you should obtain whatever you know.
The two main things to think about when thinking about purchasing a professional property. First, don't overpay to the earth. Second, don't pay an excessive amount of to the business. Think seriously in regards to the "as is also" worth of the home and what rental income might be ascertained. Every one of these numbers ought to be good.
Consider rental income if you evaluate just how much a piece of property may be worth. This could enable you to make thousands during the duration of the year from people who are staying in your area. Then over time, your home might be resold for more cash.
Developing a good handyman will facilitate the method if you buy a good investment property. Otherwise, your positive income could be spent on a great deal of expensive repairs. A handyman also helps when emergency situations arise.
Look for properties locally. Your knowledge of the location minimizes the unknowns which you might face otherwisehttp://www.youtube.com/embed/ARkDN7QkDw0 You don't need to worry about what continues within your rental property because you live nearby. You've have got to be nearby to actually manage your home purchase.
Don't let your real estate investments eat up your cash or emergency reserve fund. Know that if you put money into property, your money is probably not easily accessible. It is a state of affairs which could carry on for a number of years. Be certain that you do not feel a financial pinch as a result.
You may want to expand your alternatives and purchase business properties rather than residential units. Business properties supply a possibility of rentals that are lasting and quite lucrative. There are numerous varieties of commercial properties that one could choose from.
Perform your due diligence about municipal governments for any real estate market you plan on making an investment in. Most municipalities have an official website. You can see city planning details that will affect future real-estate prices. Growing cities tend to be good investment opportunities.
You'll go through bad and happy times in real estate investing. Don't let the lows enable you to get down and make you wish to quit. You will need to stick with it to achieve success. Consistently expand your understanding, will not surrender, and great things can happen for you.
These strategies are hired by investors around the world. The suggestions offered were to help individuals precisely like you. Place it into practice if you would like improve your financial position as well as your overall measure of security along with your money..


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Product Description
Aluminium 80 Stage Cylinder, includes tank valve
Luxfer 11.1 litre / 80 cuft aluminium cylinders are the most versatile cylinder when it comes to stage and decompression bottles. They are the perfect size to carry any gas required, from a deep trimix to pure oxygen. The aluminium construction allow for great weight characteristics in water, when full a BTS ali 80 is only around 1kg negative, neutral around 130 bar and becomes around 1kg positive when empty. Ali 80 stage cylinders are available in either white or silver and includes a mono cylinder valve that is smooth in operation. We recommend this size cylinder to anyone is looking to do diving that requires multiple bottles as an ali 80 will always be useful.
An article on of the most effective way to rig a stage or decompression cylinder can be found here.
Luxfer Ali 80 stage cylinder features:
- Rated to a working pressure of 207 bar
- Mono cylinder valve included
- Weighs around 16kg empty, with a valve in air
Additional Information
Additional Information
|Weight in Kg
- Excellent item and serviceReview by Joe
Item arrived in excellent packaging O2 clean and ready to go.
I had an issue withe the courier claiming I wasn't in, rang liz and she sorted it all out.
Moments later a sheepish courier arrived with my gear..
Great job.
(Posted on 20/10/2015)
- Great peace of kitReview by Tony
- Just received one of these cylinders and all I can says is wow a Luxfer cylinder for this price what a bargain......well packed and comes O2 clean with all stickers...... (Posted on 15/01/2015)
Write Your Own Review
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When Benjamin Franklin said 'nothing is certain but death and taxes,' he most likely wasn't thinking in terms of cause and effect.
|Kent Conine, President NAHB
When Benjamin Franklin said "nothing is certain but death and taxes," he most likely wasn't thinking in terms of cause and effect. However, where estate taxes are concerned, his words proved prophetic.
In particular, the estate tax places a heavy burden on the heirs of family-run home building companies, that, in some cases, have had to liquidate their assets to pay the tax.
Under the current law, enacted in 2001, the estate tax will be reduced gradually until it is entirely repealed in 2010. But the tax is scheduled to return in 2011, when the entire estate tax cut enacted by Congress expires.
Such uncertainty in estate tax laws makes it difficult for builders and other owners of small businesses to plan their estates.
The House of Representatives recently passed H.R. 8, the Death Tax Repeal Permanency Act of 2003, noting it will help small, family-owned businesses create more jobs and continue to prosper. It's time for the Senate to follow the House's lead.


text: A mexican, an arab and an american girl were at the bar drinking. After his drink the mexican threw his glass in the air and shot it. He said "glasses are so cheap in mexico we don't have to drink out of the same one twice. The arab drank his, then shot it with his ak47 saying "we have so much sand to make glass with we never have to drink out of the same glass twice" The american girl drank hers, then shot the mexican and the arab. She said "We have so many mexicans and arabs, we don't have to drink with the same ones twice"


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Jonas Sicking wrote: > ... > So couldn't we use the same language to describe the desired behavior > in the application cache then? > ... Yes. What we need to do is look *in detail* what it says right now, consider the requirements, and then come up with consistent language. This hasn't been done so far, thus I'd recommend to leave the bug open until we're there. Best regards, JulianReceived on Sunday, 14 February 2010 12:06:08 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Thursday, 29 October 2015 10:15:58 UTC


text: Few things turn on a survivalist like a new piece of kit that has tremendous potential. And two of them just landed in my bug out loadout. Cutting to the chase, they are Timahawks. 'Timahawk', you ask? Yes Tim-a-Hawk. The designer Tim Ralston got to choose the name so it only makes sense. Had I… Read More


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Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2 is the best Dragon Ball game ever made
Throughout the last 10 years, there have been many different Dragon Ball games, ranging from fantastic fan-services like Budokai Tenkaichi 3 and the Budokai series, to the less stellar games like Battle of Z and Dragon Ball Z: Sagas. The most recent game in the franchise, Xenoverse 2, is by far the best Dragon Ball game ever made and certainly improves upon so many of the areas that the first Xenoverse stumbled on. It's by no means perfect but what it does do perfectly is encapsulate what it feels like to become a Super Saiyan, fire Kamehameha's and truly create your own unique hero.
As in the first Xenoverse, one of the most unique features of the sequel is still the ability to create your own warrior, be it a Saiyan, a Namekian, a Majin, an earthling or even a member of Frieza's race. This lends the game a much more personal touch as everyone who plays the game will have a different experience. You find yourself becoming quite attached to your own creation, despite knowing that there are millions of others out there, it really feels like yours is the most powerful in Conton City. Adding to the hundreds of abilities for your character to learn, there are now over 200 that can be equipped and they all feel like they actually have a purpose to their use. Some of the new additions, like the variety of Kaioken related moves, are all worthy of equipping to your character. Granted, the actual customisation of the characters, such as the face and hair, is still rather limited and could really do with an upgrade but the improvements that have been made really contribute to making the overall experience much more personal.
The most significant improvements to the game and what will surely mark it as the Dragon Ball game to come back to are the multitude of gameplay improvements that have been made. The first initial change to the gameplay is that Xenoverse 2 runs at a consistent 60fps, meaning that the combat feels fluid and smooth, allowing for the snap-reactions that the game often requires as well as adding to the already amazing presentation. Fighting an opponent now no longer feels like either fighter has an unfair advantage as stats are now dependent on the character you choose and the level you are, for example at level 80, Turles has less health than Goku does but he also has more ki meaning that characters are all unique in how they play. Another key change is Conton City, the new hub world that replaces Toki-Toki City. Rather than feeling tacked on, this hub world actually adds a lot to the experience with the ability to fly and ride vehicles is actually quite fun and the fact that trainers and instructors are now found in the same area every time and allow you to be taught by all of them means that the game is much less of a slow grind. Combat also has several new maneuvers added to it, such as the backdash and stamina break. Both of these moves prevent the sort of hide and seek gameplay that was a big part of the first game, essentially turning the game into a fast, fluid and satisfying fighter.
One of the more surprising elements about Xenoverse 2 is the story mode. A story mode has always been present in Dragon Ball games but considering the much shorter development time in between the first and second game, it's impressive that Dimps have managed to make a story mode that's full of surprises. Several encounters are now completely different to how they were in the first game such as the appearance of Cooler alongside Frieza in several key moments. This mostly amounts to having villains who shouldn't be in that point of time, teaming up with another villain but these still manage to add spice to the Dragon Ball story that we've all heard a million times before. I would even argue that these new scenarios make the story mode much more impressive than in the first game, as all it originally amounted to was villains being corrupted by Towa's magic. The introduction of Future Gohan and the struggle that Trunks has in living in a timeline that could be changed to include his master is also very gripping because both Future characters have always been sympathetic and compelling characters. The story mode is one of the best in recent Dragon Ball games, changing enough things to keep a familiar story surprising.
One of the most important features in any Dragon Ball game is the roster that is included. Xenoverse 2 has a fantastic start by adding characters from the movies and from the current series, such as Hit, Turles and Goku Black. Best of all, these characters are all wholly unique and don't share combos with any of the others, feeling worthy of being added in the sequel. It also helps that these characters all introduce their special moves that can later be used by your own created character, making their inclusion feel even more needed. It helps that Xenoverse 2 has such a large amount of parallel quests to use these characters in, with 100 unique ones to tackle with friends or on your own. These quests are the best chance to use these characters and also the best opportunity in the game to play with other people in what is easily the most sociable game in the franchise yet.
Whilst Xenoverse 2 may not have fixed all of its flaws, such as the RNG system for parallel quests, it has improved upon the formula in so many significant ways that it actually feels like a game that can be continuously gone back to and played for years to come. The DLC plan for the game also includes some characters from the current series, meaning that there will always be something exciting to look forward to. With Xenoverse 2 and Super, it's never been a better time to be a fan of Dragon Ball.


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Georgia Straight. Salish Sea. What's In A Name?
Eighteen years ago, on a stormy November night at our place in Roberts Creek, a debate was raging. Eve and I were not settled on a name for the child that would be born in a couple of weeks at St. Mary's Hospital in Sechelt. Keep Reading


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Conference play isn't quite upon us, but there's no better time to reflect than around the holidays. As the Iowa State women's basketball team stands at 9-0 with a No. 14 ranking in the Associated Press poll and a No. 10 ranking in the coaches' poll, let's take a look at what we've learned about the Cyclones and what lies ahead.
Conference play isn't quite upon us, but there's no better time to reflect than around the holidays. As the Iowa State women's basketball team stands at 9-0 with a No. 14 ranking in the Associated Press poll and a No. 10 ranking in the coaches' poll, let's take a look at what we've learned about the Cyclones and what lies ahead.
Cause for celebration
Coach Bill Fennelly has a true star in Hallie Christofferson and a squad that's easy on his blood pressure, ranking third-best nationally in fewest turnovers (11.3 per game). Notably, these Cyclones have Big 12 athleticism (if not the size) and the ball skills to make plays that teams in years past couldn't, a quality that can largely be traced to the addition of freshmen Seanna Johnson and Jadda Buckley. At times, this has manifested itself in ISU passing on open shots with the faith that it can get better looks, Fennelly said.
"Up to this point, this team's a lot easier to coach," Fennelly said. "Because we can get out of trouble."
Cause for concern
If the Cyclones struggle to get to the free-throw line — and that will happen sometime on the road, certainly — do they become too reliant on the 3-pointer? To date, nearly 43 percent of their shots have come from deep. As good as ISU's 38.5-percent clip from range is, perimeter shooting can be fickle over a 40-minute stretch.
Defensively, undersized ISU (also without injured reserve post Madison Baier) hasn't played a foe that featured the size it will face against the likes of Texas and West Virginia in Big 12 play, so it's anyone's guess how the Cyclones will react on the wrong end of mismatches. And regression seems almost certain in ISU's 74.4 defensive rebounding percentage clip, which is better than that of last year's squad that featured Chelsea Poppens and Anna Prins.
"There's some big cats in the league, so that might change a little bit," Fennelly said of ISU's rebounding prowess.
Biggest revelation
The ISU coaches quietly raved about rookie wing Johnson in the preseason, but not even they could've imagined she'd be so consistent through nine games, averaging 11.6 points and 8.7 rebounds (second-best in Big 12). The 5-foot-10 Johnson's ability to rebound like a post while attacking like a guard gives the Cyclones the versatility to create mismatches on offense while surviving on defense.
"She's so undersized, but she's a scrappy player that gets all the rebounds," junior Brynn Williamson said.
Fennelly lauds Johnson for her "amazingly high amount" of basketball acumen, which is showcased in her penchant for often being in good rebounding position.
"She's a little quiet, but she came out and handled business early on," sophomore Kidd Blaskowsky said. "If she continues to play like that as a freshman, she's going to have a great future."
Key moving forward
As ISU begins conference play Jan. 2 against TCU, Fennelly is singing the same song: keep the turnovers down, survive rebounding and let the offense shine from there.
What will also be interesting is the mental makeup of this team when the schedule becomes a grind. Can the Cyclones avoid the bad loss? Last year, ISU coughed up a late 14-point lead at Kansas and dumbfoundingly lost at last-place TCU.
"When it comes time to Big 12 play, we can't afford mistakes over things that should be fundamental for us," Blaskowsky said. "It's all about trusting each other."
Biggest game: vs. Oklahoma State, Jan. 11
If the Cyclones can sweep their slate at Hilton Coliseum in a Big 12 that lacks a powerhouse, they should be in the league race until the final week. The headlining contest will be when Oklahoma State visits Ames for a rematch of last year's regular-season finale, which featured a comeback by ISU and three late technical fouls. With an elite point guard in Tiffany Bias and a slew of offensive weapons, the Cowgirls are one of the few Big 12 teams that could simply outgun the Cyclones.


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Department heads with the City of Sheridan along with representatives with Rocky Mountain Ambulance held a media conference Friday to discuss EMS in Sheridan. Sheridan Media's Ron Richter was there and has the details.
The City of Sheridan Planning Commission were presented with a functional draft of the Scenic Character Plan that has been in the works for approximately a year now.
CHEYENNE (AP) - The University of Wyoming is once again being ranked among the most affordable colleges in the nation by Forbes magazine.
The equipment and trucks gathered in the the old Central Middle School lot are a result of the lot being used as a staging area by Excel Construction while they begin work on the Wyoming-Park project.
United Blood Services of Billings will offer incentive to donate blood three times next week; Monday through Wednesday. Mike Frigon with UBS explains.
The Johnson County Family YMCA will be having their 33rd Annual Klondike Rush this Saturday. Touting itself as "The run 'neath the Big Horns, Wyoming's oldest and finest 10K/5K run," the race will bring nearly 200 runners into Buffalo to participate, according to YMCA Director Mike Quast.
This weekend will wrap up the Johnson County Fair and Rodeo with the final days at the fairgrounds, but other events throughout the community will also be going on.
Another happening in Buffalo this weekend is the Jim Gatchell Memorial Museum's Community Day on Saturday, August 6. The museum will be open with free admission, specials in the gift/bookstore and a book signing with local author Gil Bollinger.
An opening reception was held for two local artists Thursday night at the Fulmer Public Library.
Road & Travel


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Matt joins Tony in Studio A for some wrestling talk. First they discuss Halloween wrestling costumes, then it's an all-out TNA Impact discussion! There's plenty of Raw and Smackdown talk as well, but most of it is how great Chris Jericho is and how bad the Hell in a Cell match is nothing but a shoehorning into unnecessary matches. After some news and notes, Eddie joins the show for a quick this and that. Finally, it's on to a revisiting of ECW Hardcore TV Episode 72, the night the Sandman caned Tommy Dreamer, the night Shane Douglas won the NWA World Title, and the night Tod Gordon folded Eastern Championship Wrestling.
Episode 283: The Birth of Extreme Play Now | Play in Popup | Download


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I made this bag for a friend's birthday.....
The pattern is the Jolly Chunky Bag by Lucy over at Attic24. I've made it up in Stylecraft Special DK, in left over colours from my Cosy Blanket....the first of Lucy's blankets that I made. I stumbled across Lucy's blog about two years ago and fell in love with her crocheting....she has an amazing eye for combining colours together :) I've been a regular reader ever since and have now made seven!! of her blanket kits!! I love going to Lucy's blog to have a read....it's always uplifting and her photography is wonderful.
I wanted to make a 'yarn project bag' for a friend who also crochets but I don't have any of the chunky Stylecraft yarn, so I decided to use the DK and adjust the pattern to suit. I did two rows of pattern per colour for the base, then switched to single rows for each colour. The base measures the same as the base in Lucy's pattern....I kept increasing until it measured 23cm. I increased until there were 10 sts between increases for my base, using a 3.75mm hook.
I'm really happy with how this turned out and hope my friend likes it too.
I made the sides high enough to hold 100g balls of Stylecraft DK vertically....it holds six full balls. I also wanted to line this bag and put a small pocket in it to hold a crochet hook, tape measure and small scissors or snips, so everything needed for a project is all in one handy place.
I thought I'd post the process of making the lining here, in case anyone else would like to line their bag and wasn't sure how to go about it.....it's really quite easy.
First step is to work out the base piece for the lining.......for this you need to measure across the diameter of the circle you've crocheted for the base.....mine measured 23cm. Then you need to add the seam allowance to this measurement.....I added 2cm to allow for a 1cm seam. So my fabric base circle is 25cm. I found a cake tin that was the perfect size and traced around it to get my pattern piece......
The next step is to work out the circumference of the circle to cut the side piece. Maths has never been my strong point so I resorted to Mr Google for the formula and found a Circumference Calculator .... YAY!! Just click on the link and enter your radius measurement into the box, click on Calculate and the measurement will appear in the bottom box....easy peasy :) (The Radius is half the diameter of your circle measurement.....so my radius measurement was 12.5) Once you have the circumference measurement you need to add the seam allowances to it.....my measurement was 78.5 ... plus 2cm (for two 1cm side seam allowances) = 80.5. So my side piece had to be cut 80.5cm wide.
To calculate the height of the side piece, I measured from the bottom of the gold scallop edge to the bottom of the Lime row (near the bottom of the bag), which is the first row worked without any increases.....this is the first row of the bag sides. My measurement was 20.5cm so the side piece had to be cut at 22.5cm to allow for a 1cm seam to sew to the circle and a 1cm turn over at the top of the lining, where it gets sewn into the bag.
SO.....my lining side piece was cut 80.5cm wide by 22.5cm high :)
I wanted to add a pocket.....I cut a piece of fabric 17cm wide x 22cm high. Fold the pocket piece Right Sides together and sew down each side with a 1cm seam......photo below
After sewing the seams trim the corners as shown and then turn through to the right side.......
Press the pocket flat.
The next bit sounds a bit tricky but it's really quite easy.....position the pocket with the raw edge facing up, where you want it on your lining. I positioned mine so it would sit in between two of the handles and would be about 4cm from the top of the lining.....so I placed the raw edge of the pocket 15cm from the raw edge at top of the lining fabric.....like this below
I hope you can see this okay....it's not the best fabric print to be using for demo purposes :(
Pin the pocket with the raw edge facing up and then sew a 1cm seam across this edge, sewing through all layers. Once the seam is sewn, clip the corners on the raw edge and then flip the pocket up towards the top....shown below
Press the pocket in place then pin to hold. Top-sew close to the sides and across the bottom of pocket to attach it to the lining. Give it another press. If you prefer you can add a little hooky pocket like I did....I sewed another row of stitching 2cm from the top-stitching on the left side of the pocket to create a perfect size holder for a crochet hook.....so it's easy to find in the bag and you don't have to go hunting for it :)
Next you need to prepare the lining side piece so it's ready to attach to the base circle. Zig-zag or overlock the sides and top of the this piece, then press the top edge 1cm to the wrong side. Open out the pressed edge and sew the sides of the lining together with Right Sides together using a 1cm seam. Press the seam to one side (or open if you prefer) and re-press the top folded edge where the seam is. Your piece should now look like this....see below
Now it's time to attach the base circle to the rest of the lining. Mark out quarters on your Base piece and Side piece with pins.....as shown in the photos below.....the pins are placed on the (bottom) raw edge of the side piece.
Once you have both pieces divided into quarters you need to pin them together. Right Sides together, put the circle into the open 'tube' of the side piece and line up the pins on each piece. It should look like this....
Now you need to pin the two pieces together all the way around. Placing your pins vertically will make it much easier....as in my photo above. It's also much easier if you have the Base piece facing down with the Side piece facing you. The side piece will need to be eased slightly as you sew, to avoid any puckers. Sew with the Side piece facing up and the Base underneath. If you sew with the base facing up you are more likely to get puckers in the side piece. Once you have sewn the two pieces together, either zig-zag or overlock the seam allowance to reinforce it and deter fraying. Your lining should now look like this.....
Now top-stitch around the folded top edge of the lining.
The next bit is a bit fiddly but does make a difference to how the lining sits when in the bag. Press the seam towards the Base of the bag lining by lying the bag on its side and holding the 'tube' up with one hand while putting the iron into the bag and pressing down into the bag.....you will have to move the bag around in a circle to press the whole seam. It's much harder to explain than actually do!!
Once your lining is all pressed you're ready to attach it to the inside of your gorgeous crocheted bag. Sit the lining inside the bag, lining the pocket up where you'd like it to be, and pin the top edge of the lining to the top inside edge of the bag.....I sewed mine to the bottom of the Gold scallop row. Hand sew in place with small whip stitches. The inside should look like this......
The last step is to turn your bag inside-out so the lining is on the outside and smooth it down so that it's sitting on the base of the bag correctly. Then I like to attach the bottom of the lining to the base with a few stitches....so it stays in place when putting things in and out of the bag. I hand sew through the lining at four points around the base, just catching the crochet bag, and then tie off firmly.
Voilà.....congratulations.....your bag is all finished. Give yourself a big pat on the back :)
I'd like to send out a BIG thank you to Lucy for all that she shares on her blog. ALL her patterns are FREE!! And they are all wonderful.
I LOVE this bag and love how it turned out.....I'm not always thrilled with my creations but I am with this one! I'll be making another one soon for another pressie. Maybe one day I'll even make one for myself lol
Thanks for hanging in there through this long post......I hope it helps someone to have a go at lining a bag.
Have a wonderful day
Lynne xx
ETA: I've finished the second bag....here it is
I used a cute owlie fabric for the inside of this one and the colours are leftovers from Lucy's Sunny Granny Stripe blanket, minus the Bright Pink (which I'm not that fond of). I followed Lucy's colourway until the bag was the right height, using 2 rows for each colour on the base and one colour per row for the body of the bag.....same as the first bag I made :)
Love these bags......wish I had more friends I could make them for LOL I have quite a stash of leftover yarn and these are great stash busters!
About Me
Hello, my name is Lynne.
The Resin Cafe
Forum for Kaye Wiggs and other artists BJD dolls.
April 2018


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Dominic Gascoigne Landscape & Garden Design
Personal, distinctive and unique - a Landscape and Garden Design Service that is specifically fashioned to enable you to get precisely what you want from your garden, within your budget. Whatever the style, I will interpret and adapt it into reality. I combine innovative but practical hand-drawn designs, alongside an intimate understanding of the management and construction of gardens to provide a comprehensive Design and Landscape Solution.


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The Art of Movement is a warm and beautiful dance and yoga studio situated in the Emmarentia. Our studio has a fresh, and positive energy about it, welcoming to all. Our studios are equipped with mirrors, beautiful wooden sprung floors, as well as dance & yoga equipment available for use. If you are an early bird, we have a wonderful waiting area in which you can enjoy a cup of tea/coffee, whilst tapping into our free WiFi facilities and charging stations. We have ample change rooms, but regrettably no showering facilities. Our students are able to enjoy the comfort of knowing that they are in a secure & private space, with ample, secured, parking available.
We are incredibly passionate about yoga, attempting to inspire an authentic understanding & experience of yoga. We have been lucky enough to experience & provide many different styles of yoga, and as such provide a truly customisable experience to each student. Our classes include the yoga sutras of pantajili, pranayama (breathing techniques to balance the body), as well as meditations (to balance the mind). Please note: not all classes incorporate all three in one session.
We offer Ashtanga, Vinyasa, Hatha, Restorative & Yin yoga within our schedule. Our studio can take a maximum of 20 people at a time but in general our classes are small & intimate creating a safe space for you to practice, knowing that the teacher is keeping a watchful eye on you.
We have all equipment available at the studio, which you are welcome to use free of charge.
Established in 2012, we already boast a busy timetable of dance classes throughout the day for children from as young as 4. We are an I.S.T.D affiliated studio (Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing) which means that our classes follow a set syllabus to ensure that our dancers get the correct training and technique of an international standard. Our annual dance program includes local & international examinations, competitions and end-of-year productions.
We specialise in ballet, modern, tap, hip hop & acrobatics. Our classes are suitable for girls and boys, with a maximum intake of 10 children per class to ensure that each child receives the attention they deserve. Based on the premise that "A dancing child is a happy child", we provide a more holistic teaching style, rejecting the trend that one needs to "break" dancers in order to make them brilliant. Instead our teaching style incorporates patience & persistence, working with each child's natural pace. Our classes are designed to use fun teaching techniques to bring out the best dancer in each child without stress.


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Jason Lewis
Jason Lewis is currently serving his first term as a United States Representative from Minnesota's 2nd Congressional district. Representative Lewis is up for reelection in 2018. The 2017 session of the House of Representatives began on January 3rd.
| Economy | Foreign Policy | Energy and Environmental Policy | Gun Policy | Healthcare and Welfare | Immigration | Women's Rights | Crime and Drug Policy | Education |
- Government spending (taxes and borrowing included) is not the answer to restoring the economy or jobs
- Cut taxes and regulations
- Encourage capital formation in the US and not abroad by cutting regulations
- Stop bailing out "big players" and make a "level playing field" for small/medium sized businesses
- Cut federal spending
- Reform the tax code by limiting exemptions and the creation of new tax brackets
- Support the Tax Code Termination Act
- Support free trade, but not the TPP in its current state
- Export Minnesota agriculture
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Foreign Policy
- Secure the border to prevent criminals and terrorists from infiltrating our communities
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Energy and Environmental Policy
- Un-nationalize energy policy
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Gun Policy
- Supports 2nd Amendment rights
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Healthcare and Welfare
- Ensure quality healthcare to all veterans and reasonable severance packages
- Undo the Affordable Care Act and allow individuals to buy policies across state lines
- Protect Social Security and reduce $200 billion imbalance without raising taxes
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- Find common ground with Democrats on issues related to work visas
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Women's Rights
- Pro-life
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Crime and Drug Policy
- Support the Safe, Accountable, Fair and Effective (SAFE) Justice Act
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- Reform schools by introducing merit pay, collective-bargaining reform, seniority rules changes, and school choice for children
- Emphasize less expensive vocational and tech training
- Oppose free college tuition
- Oppose forgiving college debt for graduates working in government or non-profit professions
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A Global Distribution System (GDS) is a centralized electronic platform that provides travel related transactions between travel providers and travel sellers. A GDS platform is the main access point for the travel industry to push and pull real-time inventory for airlines, hotels, car rentals, cruise ships, railways and more. If you are in the travel business, whether you are a travel agent, hospitality entity or plan to launch an Online Travel Agency (OTA) it is important that you choose a GDS System that supports your marketing initiatives.
Sabre, one of the leading GDS providers, is modernizing and changing the traveling industry with its travel marketplace. Their system is used by thousands of travel suppliers and buyers to facilitate market planning, selling, business operations and more. It is no surprise that Sabre is a popular option as they partner with companies worldwide giving more than 435,000 travel intermediaries access to their platform.
The Sabre Global Distribution System has a tremendous amount of useful data that OTAs can leverage to present to consumers. Within one platform travel agencies have access to real-time inventory and pricing for airlines, hotel, railroads, touring, car rentals and much more. Sabre offers OTAs access to:
Airlines & Airports- Sabre works with over 400 airlines around the globe.
Car Rentals- There are 40 car rental companies within Sabre GDS System around the world.
Cruise line- Sabre GDS marketplace has 17 different cruise lines with multiple cruising routes worldwide.
Hotels- 175,000 hotel properties are on Sabre GDS System promoting their products and services.
Rail Carriers- Sabre GDS contains all information travelers need when using railways as a source of getting around for 50 rail carriers.
Tour Companies- 200 touring companies around the world can be found on the Sabre GDS promoting their options for an unforgettable experience.
Integrations to a GDS can be configured to present data in a clear and unbiased way. Features can be implemented to compare many factors like pricing, location, dates, airline seating, and times. Having all that information in one place in a user friendly interface will promote brand loyalty and give you a competitive advantage.
As the travel industry continues to become more saturated, businesses must utilize Global Distribution Systems like Sabre to gain exposure. Chetu can seamlessly integrate to the Sabre GDS and extend your travel offerings allowing your business to grow. Chetu's developers will configure and customize your platform, whether a hotel or an intermediary like OTAs, so that the most relevant information is pushed and pulled respectively for consumers to access it with ease.
Chetu, Inc. does not affect the opinion of this article. Any mention of specific names for software, companies or individuals does not constitute an endorsement from either party unless otherwise specified. All case studies and blogs are written with the full cooperation, knowledge and participation of the individuals mentioned. This blog should not be construed as legal advice.
Chetu was incorporated in 2000 and is headquartered in Florida. We deliver World-Class Software Development Solutions serving entrepreneurs to Fortune 500 clients. Our services include process and systems design, package implementation, custom development, business intelligence and reporting, systems integration, as well as testing, maintenance and support. Chetu's expertise spans across the entire IT spectrum.
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Dr. Crowsey has an extensive background in helping clients assess, understand and solve complex, multidisciplinary problems, and he has specialized in problems at the intersection of the law, geographic information and systems thinking for more than 10 years. His primary emphasis is in applying systems and spatial information to complex problems, including litigation such as class action, refinery & chemical plant accidents,location-based wrongful death, toxic tort, environmental tort, fires, explosions, toxic spills & releases, railroad accidents, and real estate.
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It has been a bumpy and at the same time smooth sailing four months and I don't what this thing is called - no label in other terms. It just feels like in limbo and heaven at the same time. Weird but happy. May December be a good month for me and for you. Universe, thank you!
Better Yet
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10 Jul 2015
We are proud to be exhibiting at the prestigious Designer Forum in New York, organised by the Custom Tailors and Designers Association (CTDA).
For three days, our team will be on hand to talk to some of the finest designers of our generation about the value of using genuine British suiting fabric in their garments.
Creative Director Jimmy Chen will be in attendance alongside Vice President of Global Sales Gavin Courtnell.
We are very much looking forward to the event and look forward to meeting customers old and new.


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Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia — a condition in which blood lacks adequate healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body's tissues.
As the name implies, iron deficiency anemia is due to insufficient iron. Without enough iron, your body can't produce enough of a substance in red blood cells that enables them to carry oxygen (hemoglobin). As a result, iron deficiency anemia may leave you tired and short of breath.
You can usually correct iron deficiency anemia with iron supplementation. Sometimes additional tests or treatments for iron deficiency anemia are necessary, especially if your doctor suspects that you're bleeding internally.