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Legislative Council: Private Members Business
April 13, 2016
Parliamentary Committees
The Hon. G.A. KANDELAARS (15:58): I move:
That the report of the committee, into the Sexual Reassignment Repeat Bill 2014, be noted.
The Sexual Reassignment Act commenced operation on 15 November 1988 and has since remained substantially unamended. The Hon. Mr Sumner, then attorney-general, noted in this place during the second reading of the Sexual Reassignment Bill 1987 that it was the government's intention to regulate the undertaking of sexual reassignment procedures and to provide a mechanism allowing for the legal recognition of the reassignment of a person's sex.
Prior to the enactment of the Sexual Reassignment Act, although sexual reassignment procedures were performed in South Australia, there was no process enabling the amendment of birth certificates to recognise the reassignment of sex. The Sexual Reassignment Act was the first legislation of its type in Australia regulating the approval of medical practitioners who may carry out reassignment procedures, the approval of hospitals in which reassignment procedures may be carried out, and the process and required criteria for a person to change the sex recorded on his or her birth certificate.
On 15 October 2014, the Sexual Reassignment Repeal Bill 2014 was introduced into the Legislative Council. The bill would repeal the Sexual Reassignment Act. The Hon. Ms Tammy Franks noted in this place, during the second reading of the 2014 bill, that the Sexual Reassignment Act had not been reviewed since its commencement and, in her view, did not serve either 'the transgender community, the broader community, or the medical health professionals of this state'. Although well intentioned, the Sexual Reassignment Act had, in her words, 'never worked'.
On 3 December 2014, the bill was withdrawn by the Legislative Council and referred to the Legislative Review Committee for inquiry and report. The committee wrote to a number of organisations, and individuals, inviting submissions to the inquiry. Eighteen submissions to the inquiry were received, and seven public hearings were held.
The majority of the submissions raised concerns with respect to the need for ministerial approval of medical practitioners who may carry out sexual reassignment procedures under part 2 of the Sexual Reassignment Act. A number of submissions also raised concerns regarding the need for ministerial approval of hospitals which may allow the use of their facilities for the purpose of carrying out reassignment procedures, also required under part 2 of the Sexual Reassignment Act.
No public hospitals are approved to allow the performance of reassignment procedures upon adults. It was suggested that private hospitals are reluctant to seek approval. This was considered to reduce access to medical treatment for the gender-diverse community.
The need for the Magistrates Court to approve applications for the recognition of change of sex and the issue of recognition certificates under part 3 of the Sexual Reassignment Act was criticised by many of the submissions, and the committee accepted that magistrates should not be required. It was suggested that submitting applications direct to the Births, Deaths and Marriages registration office would be a suitable option for implementation in South Australia, and the committee agreed with this approach.
The submissions and evidence also criticised the need for the prior carrying out of reassignment procedures before a person satisfied the criteria allowing for the amendment of the register of births to occur. The committee accepted these criticisms.
The committee also considered the need for consistency between the process to amend the register for births and the requirements used to amend other government records, including information set out on passports at a federal level or other documents at a state level, which were often used as identity documents. Without consistency, it was noted that people can be left in the possession of a passport or other official government documents which record a person's sex as being different to the sex recorded on a person's birth certificate. Consistency was considered by the committee to be the best option.
The introduction of a 'non-specific' sex, or what is often referred to as 'non-binary' sex, was also given consideration. The evidence suggesting a need for such a third category of sex was accepted by the committee. The committee contemplated a process allowing for self-determination of legally recognised sex, without the need for medical diagnosis or treatment. For reasons of providing some level of protection and possible support to members of the community seeking to utilise any new regime, a requirement to produce medical evidence in support of an application was favoured. The committee considered the need to balance this requirement with the need for security and the potential concerns which may arise should a person suffering from a compromised state of mental health seek to proceed with a change of legally recognised sex.
Significant health issues affecting the gender diverse community were raised in the evidence and submissions. The committee was concerned by the matters raised. The establishment of a multidisciplinary clinic was suggested, and the committee accepted that this option should be considered. The attention of the committee was drawn to the Yogyakarta principles, a set of principles on the application of international human rights regarding sexual orientation and gender identity. Although not legally binding principles, the committee resolved that it would, where practical, take account of these principles for the purpose of making its recommendations.
The committee considered the potential for a married person to invalidate a marriage by way of changing his or her legally recognised sex. The committee took the view that marriage should not be an impediment to obtaining a change of the person's legally recognised sex, taking into account individual rights and the potential mental health issues; however, noting that South Australian law must also be reconciled with commonwealth law. For those who are interested, further information on this aspect is at appendix 10 of the report.
The carrying out of reassignment procedures on children or adults lacking capacity to consent to medical treatment was also considered by the committee. Although recognising the vulnerability of these members of the community, the committee was of the view that adequate protections are currently in place, particularly where irreversible medical treatment is proposed.
The committee acknowledges the issues faced by prisoners who are unable to access private medical care, and was of the view that prisoners would benefit from the provision of a specialised publicly-funded medical service to the broader gender diverse community. The potential for unlawful activities was also brought to the attention of the committee. The committee considered the need for providing notification to other agencies upon the completion of processing of an application relevant to any new regime, for example, notifying an agency of a change of a person's legally recognised sex.
The Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Office is not currently required to notify agencies of a change of a person's legally recognised sex. The committee did not support the introduction of a notification in respect of a person changing sex. Privacy was a paramount concern. The status of laws and recent law reform in other jurisdictions was also considered. In 2014 the Australian Capital Territory introduced the most recent Australian reforms, removing the need for reassignment procedures to have been carried out before a person's change of sex will be recognised by the Australian Capital Territory register of births, along with the need for applicants to be unmarried.
The committee also noted that significant reforms have occurred in overseas jurisdictions in recent years. The committee expresses its hope that the findings of the recommendations set out in the report will contribute to the commencement of a process that addresses many of the concerns put to the committee during the course of its inquiry. The committee would also like to thank the previous committee secretary, Ms Jennifer Fitzgerald, the current committee secretary, Mr Matt Balfour, and the committee's research officer, Ben Cranwell, for the helpful support provided to the committee throughout our inquiry.
In conclusion, I would also like to thank other members of the committee: the Hon. John Darley; the Hon. Andrew McLachlan; the member for Heysen, Isobel Redmond; the member for Little Para, Lee Odenwalder; and the member for Elder, Annabel Digance, for their contribution to this inquiry. I commend the report to the council.
Debate adjourned on motion of Hon. A.L. McLachlan.


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New Orleans is renowned for its culinary and musical depth – and the best way to immerse yourself in it is at the many vibrant festivals that take place each spring. We've rounded up the top 5 of the Big Easy's spring season, each of which offers a taste of local culture and entertainment with an offbeat festive vibe you won't find elsewhere. To top it off, we've got special festival packages to get you ready for your next adventure!
Take advantage of the New Orleans Festival Package with Hilton Riverside and receive free self-parking, a festival survival kit and $20 credit to Riverblends Coffee Bar or Marketplace.
Wednesday At The Square – Wednesdays from March 11 – May 13, 2020
Held every spring, Wednesday at the Square provides 10 weeks of free concerts held in downtown's Lafayette Square. At this family-friendly event, you can listen to popular New Orleans musicians up close, enjoy Louisiana food and beverage, tour a local artist village, and relax picnic style in the park. As an added benefit every dollar spent at this event goes to support the Young Leadership Council's mission to provide leadership through community service. Expert Tip: Parking can be hard to find in the hustle and bustle of downtown, but the park is close to almost all downtown hotels for easy walkability. Another option is to bike in, with Bike Easy offering free bike valet to encourage leaving the car at home.
French Quarter Festival – April 16 – 19, 2020
Unlike many other local festivals, the annual French Quarter Fest isn't one to be contained within indoor venues or city parks. Rather, this festival engulfs the entire French Quarter neighborhood for a four-day weekend. Since its founding, the festival's mission is to remind locals and visitors that unbeatable food, culture, art, and music still line the streets of New Orleans' most famous part of town. Not only is French Quarter Fest the world's largest showcase of local Louisiana music and artists, but it is also FREE and open to the public. Expert tip: Stop by Jackson Square to see the Hilton stage right in front of the picture-perfect St. Charles Cathedral. Pack light and be prepared to walk around the neighborhood, with so many different stages and food vendors of every variety you'll want to get your steps in to see (and taste) all the excitement. French Quarter Festival Imagery provided by Zack Smith Photography.
New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival – April 23 – May 3, 2020
While French Quarter Fest is all about local talent, JazzFest sets the stage for music icons. New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival, aka "Jazz Fest," brings nationally recognized acts across genres to the Fairgrounds for a can't miss event. As the city's largest festival, find an abundance of food, art markets, and simultaneous stages for music from Jazz and Blues to Gospel and Rock 'n' Roll. And this year's lineup doesn't disappoint with featured acts including the The Rolling Stones, Katy Perry, Dave Matthews Band, Logic, and much more. Expert tip: Traffic at the fairgrounds can be cramped and rideshares are hard to come by, so purchase a shuttle instead with pickup at many downtown hotels including the Hilton New Orleans Riverside. Plan out which music stages you'll want to see for the day and come hungry to dig into iconic New Orleans treats like crawfish bread and alligator sausage.
Bayou Boogaloo – May 15-17, 2020
Experience art, food, and family fun at Bayou Boogaloo, the only festival located right on the waterway. At this FREE party at Bayou St. John locals relax in kayaks, inflatables, paddleboards and anything that floats, just down the road from City Park. Enjoy local music while sipping on rootbeer floats, this festival's most popular treat. With more than 25 food and beverage stations and over 60 different arts and crafts vendors including paintings, photography, jewelry and more, you can spend all 3 days at this event and never experience the same thing twice. Expert tip: If you don't own a kayak, there are rentals at stores along the Bayou, but get there early if you want to float along as the waterway can get crowded later in the day. Bring sunglasses and sunscreen as this festival kicks off the start to summer in New Orleans and you'll be sure to get some rays.
Bonus – Food and Drink
New Orleans festival season offers a wide variety of venues and experiences for the traveler from intimate music in the park to grand headlining artists at the Fairgrounds, but music isn't the only thing this great city is known for. Year round, New Orleans comes alive with the celebration of food and no matter when you come to town you're likely to find a fun culinary festival in motion. From Bourbon Fest in March to Top Taco in May, to Oyster Fest in June if you love food and drink you'll love New Orleans. And there's no wrong way to celebrate a food or drink festival, except to get there early and come hungry!
Book Your Stay
Don't miss out on these unforgettable events – book your New Orleans festival accommodation with Hilton here.

subset: commoncrawl


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Primary brain tumors are cancers that arise in the brain rather than spreading to the brain from other parts of the body.
Primary brain tumors make up about 1 percent of all cancers in the United States (13,000 cases a year) and cause roughly 2.5 percent of all cancer deaths.
These are the most common solid tumors in children. In adults, there is a steady rise in incidence with age, the peak occurring between the ages of 50 and 55.
The brain also is a frequent site of metastasis for other tumors, most commonly cancers of the breast, lung and kidney and malignant melanoma. A previous diagnosis of a cancer elsewhere would make the physician suspect a metastasis rather than a primary brain tumor.
The brain can also be involved by the direct extension of nasal tumors.
Types Of Brain Tumors
Brain tumors arise from various types of cells in the brain, with tumors of supporting tissues being more common than nerve cell tumors. These tumors tend to be named after the kind of cell they arise in.
A tumor of the astrocyte, a neuron-support cell, is referred to as an astrocytoma.
A tumor of the cells lining the open areas inside the spinal cord and brain is an ependymoma.
A tumor of the neurons can be a ganglioneuroma, neuroblastoma or retinoblastoma.
There are more rare tumors of specialized cells within the brain, such as germinoma, pinealoma and choroid plexus carcinoma.
Most primary brain tumors have no discernable cause.
There are two broad categories of symptoms. The first results from the increase in pressure in the brain as the tumor expands. The skull is hard and cannot yield, resulting in symptoms such as:
- Headache, which is often generalized. It is persistent and worsens with activity, such as straining. It is often worse at night or in the early morning.
- Vomiting, which may or may not be associated with nausea. It is more common in children than adults.
- Seizures, in an adult without a history of seizures, strongly suggests a brain tumor. Appropriate examinations, including CT or MRI scans, should be done promptly.
- Change in mental ability or personality, that may be obvious to the family and not to the patient, or vice versa.
- Lethargy
The other category of symptoms has to do with the tumor's location and the pressure effects it produces on nearby structures. There are many types of local symptoms, including:
- weakness of various parts of the body, especially an arm or a leg
- difficulties in coordination or balance
- impairment of memory
- various vision defects
- speech problems
- changes in sensation
- in the case of brain stem tumors - defects in the functioning of nerves that exit from the base of the brain.
These symptoms may help determine the tumor's location.
In addition to a medical history and physical examination, your physician may recommend certain radiologic tests, including a head CT (computed tomography) scan or a head MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).
Treatment depends on the type and site of the tumor and the condition of the patient. Surgery is the principal treatment for most primary brain tumors.
With advances in imaging, earlier diagnosis, drugs to decrease brain swelling, sophisticated planning, preoperative and anesthetic management, special microscopes and surgical instruments, it is possible to remove significant amounts of tumor with relative safety.
Modern surgical instruments ensure maximum tumor removal with minimal disruption of normal brain tissue. This includes the ultrasonic aspirator, which disrupts the tumor by ultrasound and then removes it by suction. Specialized laser instruments also have become useful.
Surgery has a number of roles, including attempts at curative resection (removal of tissue), gross total resection, incomplete or subtotal resection, or simple biopsy. There are also procedures to relieve pressure, such as placing shunts within the fluid cavities of the brain.
Some tumors, especially those that are histologically benign, can be cured by complete removal. These may include neurofibromas, meningiomas, acoustic schwannomas and low-grade astrocytomas.
Sometimes, a tumor will be appear to be controlled, but will recur. Another operation may be done in an attempt to improve control.
Gamma knife surgery (stereotactic radiosurgery) is revolutionizing the treatment of some problems in the brain, including benign tumors in treacherous locations, like the brain stem or near the optic nerve. The patient wears a helmet for the procedure. The helmet has many small round holes in it that aim the radiation so that narrow beams of gamma rays are all aimed at a single tiny target. The treated tissue thus receives a strong dose of radiation with minimal to no damage to surrounding tissue. The painless procedure, usually performed under local anesthesia with mild sedation, takes 15 to 40 minutes, depending on the size of the area of treatment. If necessary, the beams can be refocused and the procedure repeated until the entire diseased area is treated. If there are multiple tumors or if the tumor spreads to another area, radiosurgery may be repeated.
More traditional forms of radiation therapy may also be considered complimentary treatment for brain tumors (or a primary method)if surgery cannot completely remove the tumor.
In some cases, chemotherapy (medications) may be given in combination with radiation therapy.
Are tests needed for diagnosis or to determine origin?
What type of tumor is it?
Where is its origin?
How serious is the condition?
What treatment will you recommend? What are the side effects?
How successful is this treatment?
Will surgery be necessary? What are the risks? What can be expected after surgery?
Will any medication be prescribed? What are the side effects?
What is the prognosis?


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N. Rajagopalan
Webster has three definitions for automation, but the second one applies best to painting:
"The techniques and equipment used to bring about automatic operation and control." Within that statement, techniques and equipment become the operative words because there is such a broad range and degree of both. Without automation and in its simplest form, there might be some kind of product conveyance using a hand sprayer located in a ventilated spray booth. There would also be the attendant paint mixing and handling. With a painter experienced in all phases of the process and a rotatable hanger for the parts, practically anything within reasonable boundaries of size can be painted without special instructions, equipment or attention. To the casual observer, this appears to be an incredibly simple process. However, many steps must be taken to render an acceptably painted product:
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- Paint is received in-house, color- matched, agitated and solvent-blended to the right viscosity.
- Mixed paint is moved from the paint kitchen and loaded into the equipment.
- Mixed paint is delivered to the spray gun at the proper rate for acceptable application.
- The spray gun is moved through whatever paths, and at the proper speed, to coat a specific object.
- Specific objects are identified by the operator and the spray gun is moved accordingly.
- Objects to be painted may be rotated on the conveyor or moved about slightly to facilitate application of the paint into shielded areas.
- Any number of different objects may be totally intermixed on the conveyor without a problem.
These operations may be performed by a single skilled operator with only rudimentary spray and fluid-handling equipment. With the spray booth, air replacement, oven and conveyor as a given, the annual cost for the operator is under $40,000. Consider the measures required for totally automating this simple process, and virtually eliminating the human element.
Some arrangement must be made with the paint supplier to ensure that different batches of paint match from a color viewpoint. It must also arrive in-house at some predetermined viscosity at a given temperature. Assuming these parameters can be arranged, unskilled labor can transfer the paint from the shipping containers and load it into a pumping station for delivery to the spray booth. This station will have agitation, a preset pumping pressure, filtration, viscosity, temperature control and associated plumbing runs. If several colors are involved, there must be identical stations for each color.
At the spray booth, there must be a series of valves that allows the paint to circulate in the system. These valves must also be opened automatically when a specific color is being processed. Circulation is mandatory even if there is no pigmentation that could settle out. This valving manifold must also be designed so that at the end of a particular color run, solvent and air can be introduced to scrub clean all the wetted surfaces in the system, preparing them for introduction of the next color.
Regardless of the paint-application device, paint pressure must be regulated downward from the circulation pressures in the system. Flow metering, coupled with a feedback system, is required to operate the regulators to a preset for any given color or product to be painted. If air atomization is employed, these pressures must also be controlled with transducers and feedback to maintain presets for specific parts and colors.
There are a number of machines designed for movement of the paint-application device, but if the goal is to emulate a live experienced painter, the requirement dictates a six axis, programmable robotic arm. These precision units can duplicate nearly any movement required for any given painting process.
This portion of the automation will be to sense conditions for paint application to the product. Depending on factory production requirements, every different part to be painted could require a different color.
At some stage, this information is loaded into the controller. Through some identifying scheme, the controller recognizes widget "Q" from other objects and initiates a color change, selects the new color, identifies the spray path program, tracks widget "Q"s movement and triggers the painting process.
The approximate cost for this automation including a six-color paint kitchen is $535,000. Given today's business climate, it would be rare to find anyone willing to make such an investment without realizing a particular benefit — except, possibly, for the repeatability gained through robotics.
A more logical scenario is where, over time, a myriad of equipment purchases, booths, spray operators and set-up people have been added, only to find a cap on the achievable production rate. At this point, some organized automation makes sense.
Automation Techniques
A vertical or horizontal array of stationary guns (of any type) can be quite useful in automating a line. This is particularly true where large areas must be coated and the finish does not need to be extremely fine. Products can move past the gun array either horizontally or vertically, depending on the conveyor system involved. The gun set-up can be time consuming because of optimizing spray pattern overlap for uniformity. Once arranged, however, high conveyor speeds can be achieved, which can produce much more product.
Another application with stationary guns is the coating of tubular products as they exit a fabricating process. Directing two or three fan-spray guns at the diameter of the fabrication will readily allow application of protective films, oils and die lubricants.
The advantage of using stationary guns lies in the simplicity of their arrangement. There are no moving, flexing hoses, no mechanisms to lubricate, no dirt droppings as a result of the machinery, and most importantly, this is probably the least expensive approach to automating.
Transverse machines or long-stroke reciprocators, are designed to move a fan-spray gun, or array of guns, up and down or back and forth in a straight line. Machine stroke, of course, is a function of product height or width. Not so obvious is the requirement of the gun to travel 8-12 inches beyond either edge of the part. When the machine changes direction, the carriage stops momentarily. If the guns were still spraying on the part during that time, the finish would be ruined.
Vertically hung products that have varying lengths can all be coated with the same machine. Essentially, the machine is designed to operate with the longest part. During operation with shorter work, the guns physically move through the design stroke, but only trigger on as they pass through the work piece length.
Many machine applications use two machines, one on either side of the conveyor line for straight-through operations. This is usually done where the work is more than several feet in length horizontally. If the work is shorter, indexing 90° between machines permits spraying from one side of the conveyor only. The advantage here is the requirement of only a single spray booth.
Machine construction and design will vary depending on duty requirements and cost considerations. However, all involve a carriage moving on a section of tracks, rails or a tube of given length. This carriage can be moved in several different ways.
One method is a continuously moving chain, which is supported by sprockets at either end of the machine support frame. With a vertical machine, the lower sprocket is motor driven at the desired speed. Attached to one side of the chain is a sealed roller bearing that rides between a pair of vertical gibs or metal blocks on the carriage. This arrangement pulls the carriage along the straight-line travel. As the bearing goes around the sprocket at either end of the machine, the carriage comes to a halt and the bearing changes position between the gibs. Actually, the carriage decelerates to zero, and then accelerates to gun speed in the time it takes for the bearing to travel the 180° around the end sprockets. This mechanism is called a "scotch crosshead."
There are several power options for use with machines employing crosshead mechanisms. A continuously running, single-speed electric motor with a variable-speed belt-reduction system driving one of the sprockets is the least expensive. More expensive, although more versatile, are gear reduction drives with variable-speed motors.
Machines that do not employ the crosshead can be driven by direction-reversing DC motors with built-in programmable controllers. These machines can move in one direction faster than in the other, or change speed during travel in either direction. They can also be programmed for a number of selectable stroke lengths. These machines are frequently referred to as "smart" reciprocators.
With transverse machines, either vertical or horizontal, the work moves at right angles to the machine stroke. As a result, the strip of paint applied to the work with a single gun is never in a straight line. It is always angled to the left or right depending on which way the conveyor is moving. The angle is a function of conveyor speed as related to machine speed. To obtain a continuous coating, the spray patterns must overlap approximately 50%. On a vertical machine carrying a single spray gun with a 10-inch wide pattern, the machine or gun speed must be about 10 times that of the conveyor. If two guns were mounted and spaced so that their fixed spray patterns overlap by 20 inches, the machine speed could be reduced to about five times the conveyor speed. Similarly, three guns would reduce machine speed to a third. Most long stroke machines are mechanically limited to approximately 250 ft per minute (FPM) and a specific carriage load which depends on machine construction.
The relationship between machine cycles (FPM divided by chain length) and conveyor speed is given by:
Cycles x Spray Pattern Width = Conveyor F.P.M.
Besides DC motor drives, there are other machine movement options that do not require a crosshead. Rotary hydraulic motors are used, which are reversed at the top and bottom of the stroke. Control cams for the hydraulic actuators permit selection of several preset stroke lengths. Work has also been done with air-actuated long-stroke cylinders. Pneumatic and hydraulic power options avoid the expense of explosion-proof motor housings and wiring required with electric versions.
Spray guns on a long-stroke machine need not be positioned at a fixed distance from the work. Where part width varies perpendicular to the conveyor, the machine can be automatically moved to maintain proper gun-to-work distance. In many instances it is desirable to follow a long-radius, somewhat circular surface, such as the side of an automobile. In "contour" machines of this nature, the gun array is attached to the vertically moving carriage with a sliding arm mechanism. This permits horizontal movement of the guns with respect to the painting surface. A swivel joint is included, allowing the guns to be tilted approximately 30 degrees up or down. Guide rollers attached to the gun array ride a cam surface that is shaped like the surface to be sprayed. As the carriage moves in a straight line up and down, the guns follow the cam. The guns contour and swivel to keep the guns perpendicular to the work surface.
There are several long-stroke techniques employed that "toe" a gun array up at the bottom of the stroke, or down at the top of the stroke. Guns at either end of a horizontal array of four can be angled left or right at an appropriate degree, and triggered to spray at an object's leading or trailing edges. This can be useful with rectangular "door" shaped objects that have several inches of depth at right angles to conveyor travel. This could avoid the requirement for a manual touch-up station.
Where product may be conveyed with a chain-on-edge (C.O.E.) machine, vertical gun-moving machines may be used in conjunction with the C.O.E. for unique coating applications. Coating the interior of rotating, upright pails four at a time is an example. At a predetermined point, an array of four extension guns positioned above and collinear with the axes of the pails, begins to move. Moving with the pails, the guns descend to a predetermined depth. They begin to spray and withdraw simultaneously. Spraying stops as the gun tips reach the lip of the pail. As the guns clear the pail, the VGM (vertical gun mover) moves the gun array back to the start position to pick up another set of four pails.
The exterior of the pails can also be coated using the VGM. Four individual spray guns can be attached and positioned to spray at each pail's centerline during the synchronized travel. When the extension guns are spraying and withdrawing, the guns outside the pail on the centerline are also spraying and moving upward, coating the part.
Another option for the pail's exterior is the use of several stationary guns, positioned so that their patterns overlap for uniformity. As the rotating pail moves into range, the guns are triggered on, quickly coating the part.
Following VGMs, are overhead monorail conveyors as well as C.O.E. Washer and dryer drums, or products of a similar nature, can be suspended from the conveyor with their openings facing down. The automated VGM and gun array, following the rotating drums, can move upward into the cavity and spray during withdrawal.
VGMs are also useful with electrostatic equipment. Rotary atomizers will inherently produce a somewhat donut-shaped pattern. That is, the periphery of the pattern will be heavy and feather inward toward the center. These atomizers frequently require short-stroke reciprocation to blend the patterns and obtain an overall uniform coating. Nordson Corporation, Industrial Coating Systems uses a floor-mounted machine tall enough to position one or several bells in line with the work. The carriage moves up and down, or reciprocates, constantly. The stroke is variable from 8 to 15 inches and is set depending on the pattern overlap required.
Where large flat sheets of product are to be coated at linear speeds in excess of 25 FPM, rotary arm machines located above a flat-bed conveyor can be useful. These machines may carry 16 guns and have a diameter of seven feet. With the maximum machine RPM of 50, gun speeds at the machine's periphery are nearly 1100 FPM Air and fluid for the guns are supplied through a sealed rotating joint with various packings and "O" rings to handle high pressures.
Robotics and Spray Painting
The first patent on a machine with a memory and feedback positioning controls was issued to George C. Devol in 1961 and was called "Programmable Article Transfer." In the same year, Joseph Engelberger, armed with Devol's patent, established a firm called "Unimation," and built machines targeted for the die casting industry. The user would operate a hand-held controller and guide the machine through a sequence of required steps. At each step, the position would be committed to memory. In actual operation, the machine would simply play back the sequence and repeat the operation. The memory would supply the position required, and servo mechanisms using position indicators would move the machine to that position.
In die casting, the requirement is to inject molten zinc or aluminum into a machined steel die. For humans, it is an unpleasant job — tedious, hot and complete with noxious fumes. Since batches are small and there may be many dies, conventional automation simply was not up to the task. With the Unimate, once the die and process was committed to memory, it could be recalled instantly for use at another time. This flexibility made automated die casting an early success story for Engelberger.
All spray-finishing robots have some sort of control center of varying sophistication, a manipulator with 5 or 6 axes, and an appropriate power source. Early on, hydraulics was the power of choice, but electrically powered units have eclipsed the hydraulics because of control technology, and elimination of external pumping systems. Electric units with current technology sell in the range of $95,000 to $120,000.
The success of a painting robot installation depends on the ability of the installation engineers to eliminate those variables within the workplace to which the robot cannot adapt.
As with other applications, part placement must be consistent time after time. Since the path of the robot through the entire cycle now determines quality of the finish, variations in line speed and position cannot be tolerated. Small variations in the spray pattern or the amount of material delivered—variations, which are quickly and easily accounted for by the human operator—must be eliminated in robot operations. The paint itself must be consistent batch to batch and day to day.
Small changes in viscosity, solids, pressures and temperature must be eliminated and maintained at the same level day after day. Factors such as air flow within the paint booth can cause enough of a change to render the paint job unsatisfactory.
Since robot installations are usually more expensive, complex and "touchy" (more easily put out of order than other installations), the question might be "Why bother?" The answer is that finishing materials have dramatically increased in price. The most compelling reasons for a robot is material savings and the consistency of application. Most robotic installations can provide a 30% savings in paint use over a manual set-up.
Related Topics
Masking for Surface Finishing
Masking is employed in most any metal finishing operation where only a specifically defined area of the surface of a part must be exposed to a process. Conversely, masking may be employed on a surface where treatment is either not required or must be avoided. This article covers the many aspects of masking for metal finishing, including applications, methods and the various types of masking employed.
Coating Thickness Measurement: The Fundamentals
A review of available test methods, common applications and innovative instrumentation...
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Specific questions about zinc phosphate and pretreatment are answered in one article...


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What Is Eye Relief On A Scope: All You Need to Know
What is eye relief on a scope? I know that most of you are somehow confused and oblivious of this terminology. In fact, some of you don't care about the eye relief. That's pretty harsh, right? But trust me. It is the bitter truth that we have to swallow.
Despite this, I can attest that this component is essential to the overall success of your shots. You might not notice this at first, but you can certainly maximise the performance of your scope and rifle if you can take advantage of this concept.
What is An Eye Relief On A Scope: An Objective Definition
Specifically, the eye relief is the given distance between your eyes and rear lens in where you can see the entire field that your scope captures. Currently, most of the standard ranges have an eye relief of 3 1/2 inches. But for those scopes that have variable magnification, you will start at the lowest distance and will eventually reach up to 2 1/2 inches of eye relief if you maximise the magnification.
Some scopes which are using variable magnification hide the lower digits for eye relief and only display the highest possible distance. Others show both to give transparency to its users.
On a regular shooting application, the average distance for eye relief is already excellent and functional. Even if you are using a 3-9x scope, the shift of the eye relief (when you crank the magnification to the highest possible output) is just minimal. But of course, you will certainly have to move your head a little.
For you to get an adequate eye relief, the pupil of your eye should be at the edge of the prescribed distance. You are required to practice with this, as you don't have a measuring tape that will guide your eyes to its proper positioning.
Take note that if you place your eyes too far from the eyepiece, you can use diffusion on the field stop. Of course, I know that you don't want to experience such predicament, especially in big games. Just practice until you can get comfortable with it.
Is the Average Eye Relief Universal
In my opinion, the average eye relief of a scope is not applicable to other types of applications. For example, magnums and different type of shorts might require a particular range. Specifically, they need to come with scopes that have more magnification power.
Moreover, there are some other shooters out there who always claim that they can make a clean hit from 500 yards or greater distances. As a result, other hunters and hobbyists are always in the chase.
Some of you might be thinking that scope manufacturers should already change the standards. Just dispose the 3-1/2 eye relief scopes and replace them with scopes with higher capabilities. But up to now, it is quite obvious that the big players are not quite entertaining this idea.
Why the 3-1/2 Eye Relief is the Golden Number
The answer to this question is quite simple. You just have to take another factor into the equation. What is it? Well, we call it the field of view. I am quite aware that some shooters out there do not care about this concept. It is still essential.
You may indicate the field of view by either meters or feet per 100 yards. It is a determinant to the extent of the area that you can see on the scope at the given range.
For instance, you have a range that comes with a 100-yard/ 100-yard field of view ratio. It is just an example. Hold your horses down there. If there is an object present at the 50-yard mark and you sight it into the scope's centre, you can see the edge-to-edge of the field.
But if we turn them down the exaggeration, the field of view is just around 40 feet (on the lowest possible setting) and 20 feet (if you are going to turn up the knob). If we can put physics into play, the explanation will be quite simple. The moment you increase the eye relief, you distance of your field of view just shortens. The 3-½ eye relief is the distance the maximises your field of view.
Of course, hobbyists can accept this give-and-take. However, there are some that want to take it to the next level. If you want a quick target acquisition at short or mid distances, your field of view should be at least a 100 yards.
As you can see, the eye relief holds a huge role on how you can see or locate your target. If you can utilise it properly, you might get an advantage when doing big or competitive games. Although it doesn't directly affect your accuracy, eye relief gives you the convenience of peeking your target correctly.
Did you learn something from this explanation? Feel free to hit share and like so that your friends and fellow shooters can learn this thing, too!


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Several times, selecting a good auto repair company can turn out being a hectic task. You have to ensure that you select one which is trusted and efficient.
Selecting a reliable auto repairing shop or mechanic is tough even though there are so many service providers available in your locality. But to get the best service you will need to ensure that you select a reliable company.
If you wish to evaluate and select a good professional make sure that you go through the following points:
• Certification is important
A quality Craigieburn mechanics who is trusted should at least have an Auto Service Excellence accreditation. They might also come across with a manufacture specified accreditation. Make sure that you pay proper attention towards logo and accreditation certificates when you are selecting an auto repair worker.
• Recommendation does work well, almost all the time
Recommendation from family and friends do work well to find the right auto repair expert. There are several other sources which you can check from but a word of mouth always works well.
• Get a written estimate
Auto workers, who are efficient and reliable, would be pleased to offer you an estimate in writing and they would not charge anything extra for it. In case you come across someone who is not willing to provide you with a written estimate, or is charging you for it then most likely they would try to pad your bill when they start to work on your vehicle.
• Doing the work that is required
An auto worker will and should only do the work that is required for your vehicle. In case they proceed doing anything extra, they will ensure that they do ask you and keep you informed about it. You must be aware of those workers who as per their whims do additional tasks without keeping you informed about it in advance.
• Explanations
A good auto technician will ensure to provide you with an explanation about what is the problem with your vehicle and will make you aware of it properly. In case you still have a few queries, make sure that you do ask them and make sure that they are being able to answer you well. Do understand the problem before you get the work started on your vehicle.
• Cost
You sure would not want to pay a high cost for work which is being done for your vehicle. Yet at the same time you also would want to ensure that the work that is being done is apt and done appropriately. Experts that are consistent and dependable will make sure to not ask you an excessive sum of money rather the cost should be affordable. It does not mean that the ones, who charge excessive high rates, are highly skilled ones.


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I recently had an opportunity to do a little project with Urban League of Kansas. They wanted to present their logo with some animation on a splash page for their new web site.
We wanted to incorporate their tag line of "Empower Communities. Changing Lives." and they had a great idea of using their logo, which looks like an equal sign, by transforming it from a symbol that looks like a pause sign.
What we ended up with (below), is the building of a circle representing a formation of an organization and the presentation of a 'pause' symbol representing stagnation or a limitation. As the symbol rotates forming the logo of Urban League of Kansas, their message continues through words. All of this is designed to deliver a concise but full message about the client's mission.


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Trustpilot closes €67 million Series D round
Trustpilot has raised 73.5 million dollar, or 66.9 million euros, in a Series D investment round. The round was led by Vitruvian Partners, but previous investors DFJ Esprit, Index Ventures, Northzone and Seed Capital Denmark also contributed to the financing.
With the money, the Danish review company wants to further continue its growth in North America and globally. Trustpilot wil invest in processes, people and technology. According to Vitruvian Partners the investment round follows a milestone year of 80 percent growth for the review community. Trustpilot has now raised about 108 million euros in total since its founding.
"Every day more than 10,000 consumers sign up for a Trustpilot account, demonstrating the growing global trend that a brand is no longer what the company says it is; it's what the customers say it is", Trustpilot's founder and CEO, Peter Holten Mühlmann, says. "Trustpilot is at the forefront of this trend, and we will use this round of funding to invest in teams and technology that enable us to amplify our position as the online standard for trust."
'Reviews have become essential resources'
Partner Ben Johnson from Virtruvian adds: "Consumers increasingly recognize that peer-to-peer reviews have become essential resources. There is a huge global market opportunity for online reviews based on the desire of customers around the world to find trusted sources of recommendations in every category."
Founded in 2007, Trustpilot is a review community that provides verified, third-party reviews. It boasts a customer retention rate of 95 percent and nowadays about 13 million reviews for more than 100,000 brands are placed on the website. The company has customers in 65 countries and has developed strong positions in its home country Denmark, as well as in Sweden, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and the US. The company has offices in Copenhagen, New York, London and Melbourne, and more than 400 employees work for the company.


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Making Spirits Bright in Snowy Prescott
Proclaimed "Arizona's Christmas City" by former Gov. Rose Mofford, Prescott is a short two-hour drive from Phoenix and offers the white Christmas that you've been looking for.
Christmas Parade and Courthouse Lighting
When: 1 p.m. to 6 p.m. Saturday, December 2
Where: Courthouse Square, Downtown Prescott
More information: Prescott.org
Grab your cowboy boots and take a seat for the 35th Annual Prescott Chamber Christmas Parade. The theme for this year is "A Cowboy Christmas, " and the floats will highlight the cowboy culture of the West to celebrate the heritage of Prescott. The parade has become a time-honored tradition in the community and officially kicks off the holiday season. Local business owner and community leader Tommy Meredith will serve as the grand marshal of the parade.
Following the parade is the pièce de résistance, the 63rd Annual Courthouse Lighting Ceremony. Gather around the historic courthouse plaza and watch more than 100 trees come to life with holiday lights while a children's choir sings Christmas songs. The lights will remain up through January 14.
A Frontier Christmas
When: 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. Saturday, December 2
Where: Sharlot Hall Museum, 415 W. Gurley St.
More information: Sharlot.org
Immediately following the Courthouse Lighting Ceremony is the Frontier Christmas at Sharlot Hall Museum. It's two blocks west of the courthouse on Gurley Street, but that short walk will transport you back to territorial Arizona. The historical museum consists of 11 buildings on 4 acres of land, all of which will be open for the event.
"Each building represents something distinctive about how the frontier pioneers celebrated the holiday season," Sharlot Hall's Ken Leja says. "For instance, the ranch house, which was created in the 1930s to honor the frontier lifestyle, will serve cookies that were cooked on the house stove, which also served as the fireplace and heat source."
Be sure to check out the original governor's mansion, Fort Misery, which was built in 1863 and is the oldest surviving log cabin in Arizona. There's also the schoolhouse where you can decorate the Christmas tree with vintage trimmings and making Victorian holiday ornaments.
Luminarias will light the pathways of the campus while living history interpreters walk the grounds and explain what life was like when Prescott was the territorial capital of Arizona.
Admission is $5 for adults 18 and over, and free for museum members and those 17 and under.
Acker Night of Music
When: Starts at 5:30 p.m. Friday,
December 8
Where: Downtown Prescott
More information: AckerNight.com
For 29 years, Acker Night has filled the streets of downtown Prescott with holiday music. During the event, participating businesses open its doors to musicians who play music for three hours while you walk around, shop and enjoy the spirit of song.
The musical showcase was founded with a trust fund from Prescott resident James S. Acker that was specifically to be used " … for promotion of music, particularly for children." This fun family tradition will bring together more than 120 performers and more than 100 participating businesses for a night of music, cheer and festivities.
The event is free, but the musicians play for tips, which are used for musical scholarships and also help fund local school music programs. The music in each store will vary—everything from chorale groups to blues to jazz ensembles and even a theater organ.
"Our opening ceremony last year was a flash mob singing the 'Hallelujah' chorus. It went so well that we'll be singing it again this year as a singalong," Acker Night Vice President Ann Petrovsky says.
"Acker Night is a kick-back-and-have-fun kind of night, for kids and adults alike," Petrovsky says.
"Everyone—and I mean everyone—comes out for this event, rain or shine. The camaraderie is palpable!"


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The Cattle Producers of Washington are working to alert cattle producers in the state that the Washington State Department of Agriculture (WSDA) is planning to force ranchers to use electronic eartags, despite their prohibitive costs and inefficiencies.
CPoW, a state cow-calf producers' group, learned that WSDA plans to mandate use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) ear tags in the near future, forcing the regulation on ranchers via agency rules.
"We are concerned about this proposal for a number of reasons, but primarily because this kind of system will put family ranchers out of business in Washington State," said CPoW President Scott Nielsen. "This unproven technology is not needed and will burden ranchers with its costs and inefficiencies."
Washington State already has both a brand program and an Animal Disease Traceability (ADT) system in place that cattle producers pay for via inspection fees and a 23 cents a head assessment for ADT. The ADT program, which aimed to improve disease traceability by making more transit paperwork electronic, is less than four years old and has not yet been fully implemented. CPoW argues that the state should not start mandating additional technologies when the current system is not proven.
"Beef cattle producers have been faithfully using the brand system and paying the ADT fee while other cattle owners have failed to participate in the system," said Nielsen. "What needs to be addressed is the segment of cattle owners, primarily dairy owners, who are refusing to comply with the law."
Nielsen points out that the state created a special database with taxpayer dollars, known as the ECTR system that used ear tag identification, for dairies that were resistant to using the brand. However, despite this special effort to accommodate dairies, only two dairymen in the state of WA have actually registered to use the system.
"Our agriculture department needs to focus on enforcing the law in the sectors that are in violation before it tries to pile new regulations on the part of the industry that is compliant," said Nielsen.
In addition, CPoW has specific concerns about RFID technology including:
*The estimated cost per tag is a minimum of $2 per tag. Tag retention is problematic, especially in range cattle and the technology to read the tags, a hand wand, often must be 12-18 inches from the ear in order to be read. Additionally, metal corrals, weather and a lack of Wi-Fi/Internet connections can all impede the technology according to a recent USDA study.
*RFID tags are highly susceptible to fraud. Unlike a brand, which cannot be removed, an RFID tag can be easily removed and replaced, essentially scrubbing the background information of an animal and allowing changes of ownership to occur without an inspection.
*Software between RFID tag readers is oftentimes not compatible and reader technology is not reliable, often missing tag signals or confusing tag information. Loading and unloading animals for transit in order to try and get RFID technology to work adds stress to an animal, labor costs to the ranch and does not improve the capture of information.


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Gym Strength Spares. Gymwarehouse keep in stock a variety of gym strength spare parts for our strength machines. We have years of experience in maintaining and servicing gyms and as such have a degree of understanding of the components likely to need replacing as part of a preventative maintenance regime. Some parts that are classed as consumables we will keep in stock can be dispatched direct to gyms, next day if required. Alternatively, we can supply and fit as part of a full gym service should you prefer. These include cables, cable connectors, Bearings, Seat Pads, Slides. We also have parts for machine weight plate upgraded like extended weight pins and additional weight plates for selectorised / pin selected machines. Other commonly requested items are gym equipment pulleys, selector pins, rubber feet, cable ball ends and gym cable terminations. Occasionally gyms will have older machines with redundant/obsolete components. If this is a mechanical part then we can usually source or repair/re-manufacture the original component as required, (we may require the original component sent to our workshops). Alternatively, on occasions, we have custom built replacement parts from scratch if the original component is not available. If you are unsure of servicing requirements we can undertake a complete gym service and put forward recommendations for repair, maintenance and/or replacement. We can also put together a gym maintenance schedule to help gym owners keep on top of their own maintenance and hence minimize breakdowns and/or call outs. As part of this we can also generate an essential spares list to keeps stocked spares to a minimum while also reducing the down time experienced by a gym. Generally we like to keep gym strength spares on the shelf if we believe the item is likely to need replacing within the first few years of a strength machines use.
Showing 1–12 of 22 results
12mm Allen Key Hexagon Key – £10.95£10.95
3 1/2 " Pulley for Cable Machines – £15.50£15.50
4 1/2″ Pulley for Cable Machines – £18.95£18.95
5kg Plate – £12.50£12.50
6″ Pulley for Cable Machines – £22.95£22.95
7.5kg Plate – £18.75£18.75
Cable Ball End – £4.95£4.95
Cable Clip – Carabena – £7.95£7.95
Cable Termination , (Handle End) – £14.95£14.95
Cable Termination, (Machine End) – £14.95£14.95
Extra High Strength Resistance Cable – £5.95£5.95
Gym Chalk – MuscleDriver 2oz – £2.95£2.95


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Every successful patio design, path and walled environment starts in our design department. The design process begins with a thorough on-site meeting where project parameters are set and time frames are discussed. This information is then transferred into the crafting of stone and/or wood and plant material installations that ultimately makes your project unique, adding beauty and value to your property.
Our creative design process at Exterior Image is a synthesis of your needs, your budget, and our fresh ideas.
What Patio Design, Pavers or Stonework Would Make Your Home More Beautiful?
Whether you need a patio design, pavers around the pool, or stonework leading to your doorstep, little else makes the impact of a well designed hardscape complimenting your home. Isn't it time to stop stacking stones yourself? You need a patio design, not some bricks laid out over a long weekend with some sand thrown between them! Our design professionals can offer you all the best options for your home.
Typical small-scale hardscaping examples include patio designs and paths. Retaining walls are often used to create boundaries between hardscapes and earth landscaping features. Water features can also add to the tranquility of your home, whether you love the sound of a fountain or watching your pet koi swim lazily around your pond.
From an aesthetic perspective, hardscaping allows features that would otherwise be impossible due to soil erosion, or that compensate for large amounts of human traffic that would cause wear on bare earth or grass. This can open up areas of your yard you may have thought lost to you.
Key Benefits of the Service
Once you have your idea in mind, our team is eager to turn your dreams into a reality. Competent and personable Project Managers ensure that the implementation is being completed to your liking. As soon as the project is finished, you are bound to be the envy of the neighborhood!
Promote wellness in your community and the environment
Landscaping can add between 7-15% to a home's value
Shade trees can reduce air conditioning costs by up to 50%
Mature trees have a strong impact on the salability of homes
Your investment yields a recovery value of 100-200%


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It was Monday on steroids, but I got a sliver of good news.
After I got bit in the hide six ways to Sunday. Some days I have the urge to call out of work. My wallet keeps me from doing so.
You may remember I was unhappy with my boss over my promotion window lapsing. I decided to be an adult and not sulk privately over it and tell him I was upset. As I put it, "when l said I didn't care, I meant it, but I cared when it didn't get done in time." He said an email had been sent so it was in motion. Ok! Better! And he apologized for not telling me that it was being handled.
Captain Awkward is right. You should use your words.
I try. I really do. I keep falling back into bad patterns. Therapy is hopefully less than a month away.
Went to church again this Sunday. This time without kid. It was a little more awkward this time. A lot of different pieces of weird happening. Nothing bad. I won't be able to go again for awhile I'm sure. I had two Sundays off in a row. Likely won't have another one unless I request it for another month or so. I could be wrong. Once I had a month of Sundays off. That was great.
I miss having a set schedule. I function so much better with one.


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This is the ideal tool for the pension professional. It
is designed to evaluate pension and profit-sharing distribution
Changes in Retirement Plan Analyzer 2019.00
1) Fact finder had been updated.
2) AFR and Help files are now on-line.
3) New install software has been added.
4) On the Asset comparison report, we add a footnote, letting the user know that the assumption is that all assets are liquidated at second death. (you get those values from the Estate Analysis Report)
5) 2019 Income and Estate Tax adjustments have been added
6) The State Death Tax Manager has been updated to include changes for CT, DC, HI, ME, RI, NY and VT.
Changes in Retirement Plan Analyzer 2018.01
Changes in Retirement Plan Analyzer 2018.00
Changes in Retirement Plan Analyzer 2017.00
Changes in Retirement Plan Analyzer 2016.00
This is a major update.
New Features
Changes in Retirement Plan Analyzer 2015.00
Numerous changes have been made to the program:
Changes in Retirement Plan Analyzer 2014.00
Changes in Retirement Plan Analyzer 2013.11
Changes in Retirement Plan Analyzer 2013.00
Changes in Retirement Plan Analyzer 2011.00
•A new 2010 Tax Relief Act tab in the Taxes section now includes new income tax and estate tax selections that apply to 2010 and 2013+. For years after 2012, the Estate Tax Calculations input includes two choices: 2012 Rates in 2012+ and 2013 Sunset. For 2010, the choices are 35% Rate and No Estate Tax.
• In the Taxes section, the Estate Tax tab now includes a Prior Gifts input.
• On the Main Inputs screen, the Inflation Rates pop-up box adds inflation rates for Estate Tax Exclusion and Income Tax Brackets.
• On the Main Inputs screen, a computer icon has been added to the left of Other Assets to calculate the amount needed to pay Roth conversion tax for a selected alternative.
• In the Income, Expenses, Contributions, Distributions section, Add Distribution now has a Spend Distributions selection. When a Roth IRA is selected in the Add Distribution window, a Create Based on Alternative 1's After-Tax RMD selection allows Roth IRA distributions to be set equal to the after-tax amount from the Retirement Plan (traditional IRA).
• A Fact Finder may be printed from the File Menu.
• Presentation Reports: Asset Comparison includes a second graph; Net Distributions Comparison adds conversion expenses; Minimum Distributions for Inherited IRA includes beneficiary information.
• For an Inherited IRA (Owner with a Beneficiary) case where a plan owner dies in the year following the Age 70½ Year, the program now has a selection which will appear on the Assumed Dates of Death window on the Main Inputs screen to handle the case where the death occurs prior to the Required Beginning Date (Is Death in First Quarter of Required Begin Date? input). This affects RMD calculations.
• Report Options added a selection for a Cover Page.
• The State Death Tax Manager was updated to version 3.01 to handle estate tax changes in its Death Tax Illustration and to include state changes.
• The AFR rates were updated through February 2011.
• A new File Association feature allows you to click on a data file which then opens the program.
Changes in Retirement Plan Analyzer 2009.02
(It is recommended that all users of prior versions update to v. 2009.02)
Changes in Retirement Plan Analyzer 2009.01
Changes in Retirement Plan Analyzer 2009.00
The program now begins with a Quick Start Menu.
A new Case Analyzer feature has been added. This feature helps you to quickly do several analyses: Roth IRA Conversion, Roth IRA Conversion with Social Security, Stretch IRA Naming Beneficiary and Inherited IRA. New cases will be added in future releases.
The Insurance screen has a number of changes. There is a new input, Pay Income Taxes from Other Assets. If unchecked, the same Fund that pays premiums is used. The input for Death Benefit Includable in Estate of has a selection of Owner and, when appropriate, a Spouse selection. If neither Owner nor Spouse is selected, then Out of Estate is assumed. The inputs for Year Premium Must be Paid and Years of Benefit Coverage now include a Calculate button with three choices: Owner's Lifetime, Until Second Death, and Entire Analysis.
On the Income, Expenses, Contributions, Distributions screen, the window for Add Income adds a new Spend selection for the input Select Where to Invest Income. In effect, this eliminates the income added, buts uses the value for AGI purposes only.
On the Taxes screen, you can now enter a custom rate for future income tax brackets by unchecking the input for Use Inflation Rate for Tax Brackets.
The Input Assumptions window, which may be accessed from the Edit Menu, is now directly linked to from a number of various screens.
The State Death Manager and its state death tax data file have been updated.
The AFR rates have been updated through 11/2009.
Numerous other changes have been made.
View full version history. (Includes versions prior to 2009.xx)
As is the case with all Leimberg and LeClair Inc. software, Retirement Plan Analyzer comes with
a 30-day, "no-questions asked" 100% money-back guarantee.
Please call 610 924 0515 (to place a phone order)


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Topic: iPhone 6 Plus
Sales of Apple's iPhone surge in Asia as rival Samsung ebbs
01/20/2015, 11:01 pm
Fresh research published on Wednesday shows Apple's latest iPhone 6 and 6 Plus handsets led to significant gains in important Asian markets over November, including South Korea, where local tech giant Samsung saw product sales contract.
RBC raises Apple price target to $123, cites higher than expected iPhone 6 demand
01/16/2015, 09:01 am
RBC Capital Markets on Friday advised investors to stay long on Apple stock, as the investment firm sees multiple catalysts for the company in the near future, starting with the reporting of holiday iPhone sales.
Apple catches up with iPhone 6 demand, US online store lists all models 'in stock'
01/09/2015, 08:01 am
Consumers in the United States will no longer face a backlog when purchasing an iPhone 6 or 6 Plus from Apple's online store, as supplies of the popular smartphones appear to have reached parity with demand nearly four months after their release.
UBS data suggests Apple sold 69M iPhones in blockbuster December quarter
01/07/2015, 12:01 pm
The latest research from UBS has prompted the firm to advise investors that it believes Apple sold a massive 69 million iPhones in the just-concluded December quarter -- a sum that would obliterate the company's previous all-time record.
Samsung feeling the squeeze from success of Apple's iPhone 6 & 6 Plus, Kantar says
01/07/2015, 07:01 am
Virtually everywhere in the world that research firm Kantar Worldpanel ComTech tracks smartphone market data, Apple saw marketshare gains, thanks to the popularity of its latest flagship iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus handsets.
First MFi-licensed iPhone 6 & 6 Plus battery cases announced by Mophie, Otterbox
01/06/2015, 01:01 pm
The first Made for iPhone licensed battery cases for Apple's iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus have been announced from popular accessory makers Mophie and Otterbox, giving users the ability to not only protect their latest-generation handset, but also extend its battery life.
Apple begins selling unlocked, SIM-free iPhone 6 and 6 Plus models
01/06/2015, 08:01 am
The Apple Store has begun selling unlocked, SIM-free iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus models at unsubsidized prices, offering customers the ability to purchase without a T-Mobile SIM card.
Supply chain rumor contradicts claims of new 4-inch iPhone in 2015
01/05/2015, 01:01 pm
The likelihood of a new or revised 4-inch iPhone remains uncertain, as even rumors from Apple's supply chain disagree about whether the company will continue to build new devices in the smaller form factor.
T-Mobile CEO predicts Apple Watch will be tipping point for wearables, 'phablet' sales to grow
12/30/2014, 03:12 pm
Outspoken T-Mobile U.S. Chief Executive John Legere published a series of predictions on Tuesday for what he thinks lies ahead in 2015 in the wireless industry, and revealed he has big expectations for the upcoming Apple Watch.
Chevron to support Apple Pay at the pump in early 2015 [u]
12/29/2014, 02:12 pm
Chevron will expand Apple Pay support from inside its convenience stores to the pump, allowing drivers to refill and pay with their iPhone or Apple Watch.
Apple dominated mobile devices activated this Christmas with 51% share
12/29/2014, 11:12 am
New stats showing devices activated during the week of Christmas reveal that Apple commanded the lion's share of new mobile purchases, accounting for more than half of all device activations by manufacturer.
Apple in talks with UK banks to launch Apple Pay in early 2015
12/29/2014, 08:12 am
The international rollout of Apple Pay is likely to begin in early 2015, as Apple is said to be in talks with banks in the U.K. to debut its mobile payments service in the coming months.
Survey shows demand for Apple's iPhone 6 still growing as supply stabilizes
12/23/2014, 02:12 pm
Apple's new, larger-screened iPhones are even more popular now than they were when they were announced, according to survey data released Tuesday, boding well for the Cupertino company as it continues to chip away at supply shortages.
Apple's iPhone 6 Plus stars behind the scenes on Erno Laszlo's 'Holiday Wonders' campaign
12/22/2014, 11:12 am
The latest holiday advertising campaign for luxury cosmetics brand Erno Laszlo -- one of the most legendary names in skincare -- captures winter life in New York City through the lens of an iPhone 6 Plus.
Apple could sell record 67M iPhones in December quarter, survey suggests
12/19/2014, 08:12 am
If Apple can build enough units to satisfy consumer demand, it could sell as many as 67 million iPhones this quarter, crushing the company's previous all-time sales record, according to a new survey conducted by Morgan Stanley.
iPhone 6 and 6 Plus ship times drop to one day, Retina 5K iMac back in stock
12/18/2014, 08:12 pm
Apple appears to be catching up with demand for its latest devices as the Online Apple Store on Thursday shows one-day ship times for most iPhone 6 Plus storage configurations, 1 to 3 days for iPhone 6 and immediate availability for the Retina 5K iMac.
Lyft, Seamless & Amazon Instant Video add iPhone 6 & 6 Plus screen support; JetBlue gains Touch ID
12/18/2014, 03:12 pm
A trio of popular apps --�Amazon Instant Video, Lyft and Seamless -- all gained native-resolution support for the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus on Thursday, joining a number of others also updated this week. In addition, JetBlue airlines added Touch ID logins for TrueBlue members, while SwiftKey is providing users with a free, festive holiday keyboard theme.
Apple seeks Shanghai-based Apple Pay engineer ahead of anticipated China launch
12/18/2014, 10:12 am
Apple is gearing up for the global expansion of its tap-to-pay mobile wallet service, Apple Pay, with new hires sought to fill positions avialable around the world, including in China.
Orlando Magic are first NBA team to support Apple Pay for in-arena purchases
12/17/2014, 11:12 am
The Amway Center, home of the Orlando Magic of the National Basketball Association, will become the league's first team to offer fans the ability to complete transactions with Apple Pay on the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, as well as the Apple Watch early next year.
Overwhelming iPhone 6 & 6 Plus demand continues to result in tighter supply for Apple than 2013
12/15/2014, 08:12 am
Consumer demand for Apple's latest iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus continues to outstrip supply heading into the end of the December quarter, according to the latest research from store polls conducted by Piper Jaffray.


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Dead Sea Scrolls Session
Title: Analysing phylacteries from the Judean Desert – A survey of linguistic features, textual content and the question of provenance
Abstract: Among the various discoveries of biblical scrolls from the Dead Sea nearly forty phylacteries have been discovered to date. Whereas most phylacteries from Qumran display high textual variation and diversity, so-called vulgar orthography and certain scribal styles, phylactery finds from other Judean Desert sites such as Muraba'at and Nahal Se'elim show textual choices and an orthography identical to the Classical Biblical Hebrew of the Masoretic Bible, and a production of the scrolls prescribed by later rabbinic sources. This has led to the suggestion that the provenance of finds which stem from Qumran could be determined through their distinctive scribal practices. Yet, further phylacteries from Qumran as well as Nahal Hever exist, which display a mixture of the aforementioned characteristics and hence blur the clear-cut hypothesis with its opposing categories. Therefore, the genre of phylacteries presents an important link that gives a unique insight not only into the transmission process of the text of the Hebrew Bible and the development of the Hebrew language against the backdrop of a multilingual cultural environment, but also highlights the variety of Jewish religious practices during the Second Temple period.
The paper examines in an all-encompassing analysis the paleography, the linguistic features and the scribal practices (orthography, morphology, phonology, syntax) of the phylacteries as well as their textual content. These results are put into relation to the later prescribed (scribal and textual) rabbinic norms in order to contribute to the debate of the (non-)likelihood of a locally determinable and unique Qumran scribal practice.
Title: LXX, between textual criticism and redactional criticism
Abstract: Can the LXX improve our knowledge ot the oldest Hebrew text? Sometimes, this is the case. But as a rule, the differences between MT and LXX cannot be explained in terms of textual criticism. Redactional reasons, that are literary/theological ones, must be taken into account.
Title: Methods for the Reconstruction of Large Literary (Sc)rolls
Abstract: In working with the Dead Sea Scrolls, scholars are confronted with a complex data set that is materially fragmentary, textually pluriform, and generally lacking in uniform scribal conventions. In such scholarly environments, material reconstructions of (sc)rolls play an especially important role, and many recent studies of the DSS and the Herculaneum papyri have attempted such reconstructions with great effect. In this paper, I will survey the methods utilized by scholars for reconstructing ancient literary (sc)rolls, focusing on the possibilities and limitations of the use of patterns of deterioration evident on the material remains for reconstructing the sizes, contents, and sequences of (sc)rolls. I will further propose several methodological refinements necessary for reconstructing large literary (sc)rolls, such as "biblical" manuscripts. I will also suggest that such methods have great potential for understanding the important fragmentary evidence from the so-called "silent period" between the DSS and the well preserved manuscripts of the 10th century and later.
Title: 4Q216 and the Creation Account at Qumran and in the Greek and Syriac Chronicles
Abstract: In this paper I present a material philological analysis of 4Q216 (4QJubileesa) fragments 12ii–18, and discuss ways in which the text of this manuscript is an important part of the reception of the Creation account both among the Dead Sea Scrolls and in the works of the Greek and Syriac Chroniclers.
The first part of the paper studies the manuscript as an artifact and discusses questions related to the nature and purpose of the manuscript, proposing that 4Q216 may originally not have been more than the Jubilees creation account, transmitted separately from the rest of the work. The second part of the paper places the text of the Jubilees creation account within the context of the Dead Sea Scrolls, showing that texts such as 4QInstruction and 11QPsalmsa Hymn to the Creator show more affinities with the Jubilees creation account than with Genesis 1-3. The final part of the paper looks at the longer lines of the importance of the Jubilees creation account in the reception of creation in the Greek and Syriac Christian Chronicles.
Antony Perrot and Matthieu Richelle
Title: The Dead Sea Scrolls Palaeo-Hebrew Script: Its Roots in Hebrew Scribal Tradition
Abstract: Although it is less attested than during the Iron Age, the Palaeo-Hebrew script nevertheless appears in later epigraphical sources. The relevant Persian period inscriptions have recently been studied by G. Hamilton ("Paleo-Hebrew Texts and Scripts of the Persian Period", in J. A. Hackett and W. E. Aufrecht, "An Eye for form": Epigraphic Essays in Honor of Frank Moore Cross [Winona Lake 2014]: 253-90), while J. Dusek has written a new analysis of important texts from the early Hellenistic period (Aramaic and Hebrew Inscriptions from Mt. Gerizim [Leiden/Boston 2012]). In light of these new works and others, and thanks to detailed palaeographical analyses based on digital images, this paper will explore several crucial questions regarding the origins of the Palaeo-Hebrew script attested in the Dead Sea Scrolls manuscripts. Is the latter a "re-creation" from the Hellenistic period for copying literary texts, and if so, which older set of ductus was used as a model to relaunch the Hebrew scribal tradition? Or was the Qumran script the continuation of an uninterrupted Hebrew scribal tradition that can be traced back to the Iron Age? Could manuscripts like 4QpaleoJob or 11QpaleoLeviticus, for instance, be copies of earlier scrolls from the Persian period already written in Palaeo-Hebrew script?
Daniel Stökl Ben Ezra (keynote speaker)
Cairo Genizah Session
Title: The Importance of the Classification of Standard Tiberian Manuscripts
Abstract: For almost a century the scholarly world concerned with the Hebrew Bible from philology to theology has solely relied on the BHS and its basic manuscript Leningrad Codex B19a. Thus, many studies have been published concerning the Hebrew Bible without ever seriously questioning the status of this manuscript from the Firkovich collection. In this paper I shall show how B19a fits into the history of the Standard Tiberian tradition of biblical Hebrew by comparing some its peculiarities to more accurate Standard Tiberian manuscripts such as A and BL Or 4445.
Title: The Four Great Oriental Manuscripts, a Family?
Abstract: Can the four great oriental manuscripts, Oriental 4445, Cairo, Aleppo and Leningrad codices be regarded as a family? Are this four manuscripts an exception in the transmission of the hebrew text of the Bible? Are the differences between Ben Asher and Ben Naftali a reality or a construction?
Title: Biblical Manuscripts from the Collections of the National Library of Russia and Their Place in the Textual Research of the Hebrew Bible
Abstract: The Cairo Genizah has preserved a great amount of biblical manuscripts. These manuscripts belong to three linguistic traditions of the Biblical Hebrew, i.e. Babylonian, Palestinian and Tiberian, and they belong to different types texts: Hebrew Bible text alone, model codices with Masora magna and parva, Hebrew text with Targum, "substandard" copies for private reading and learning. The texts are kept in many libraries around the globe. Some of these texts have been used during the 20th century in producing scholarly editions of the Hebrew Bible. There have been, however, no systematic evaluation of the text‐critical value of these manuscripts and of the relation of the textual traditions and variants they comprise with other textual witnesses like medieval Hebrew codices of Orient and Europe and Qumran scrolls. The aims of this paper are, firstly, reviewing the use of biblical manuscripts from Genizah in the textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible, secondly, suggesting typology of their text‐critical significance, and, thirdly, evaluating their textological value in connection with other textual traditions of the Hebrew Bible. Special attention will be paid to the Sitz im Leben of different types of Genizah biblical manuscripts and, accordingly, to their value for reconstructing the biblical textual history. Their Sitz im Leben and their belonging to different socio‐cultural contexts of medieval Jewry accounts for the different grades of the quality of their text. In this respect, Genizah manuscripts remarkably differ from other sources of the Hebrew Bible. The review of the use of the Genizah manuscripts in the last century will discuss manuscript studies, Bible editions and contemporary (electronic) research tools.
Geoffrey Khan (keynote speaker)
Title: MS. T.S.D. 1, 61 REVISITED
Abstract: In 1966 Bernard Keller published the description, text, translation and commentary of the fragment T.S.D. 1, 61 ("Fragment d'un traité d'exégèse massorétique", Textus 5, 60-83). According to the author, the fragment contains original masoretic material formed by masoretic notes (formulated without the abbreviations used in the Masorah) and their exegetical explanations (with similar techniques to those used in the Talmud and the Midrashim). The study of this material using a new integrating methodology that combines philological and hermeneutic research (Cf. E. Martín-Contreras, "Rabbinic Ways of Preservation and Transmission of the Biblical Text in the Light of Masoretic Sources" in E. Martín Contreras – L. Miralles Maciá (eds.), The Text of the Hebrew Bible. From the Rabbis to Masoretes, Journal of Ancient Judaism, Supplements; Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht [2014] 79-90) has resulted in a different interpretation. Moreover, the finding of parallel documents suggests a new description of the fragment. This paper presents both a new interpretation and description.
Ben Outhwaite (kenote speaker)
Title: Variation Within the Standard Tiberian Masoretic Tradition
Abstract: At least in the field of Biblical Studies, the Tiberian Masoretic Tradition is generally perceived to be a firmly monolithic edifice, frequently equated with the contents of codex B19a (the socalled Leningrad Codex). Notwithstanding, closer examination reveals myriad intramural currents, trends and diverges. This paper outlines some of the most significant aspects of variation within the Standard Tiberian Tradition, explores the potential historicalcultural value of these subtraditions, and considers the unique role of the Genizah Bible fragments in this field of research.
Title: Two New Fragments from the Scribe behind the Leningrad Codex (B19a)
Abstract: Early in the 11th century, in the city of Fustat, Egypt, the scribe Samuel ben Jacob completed his labours on a full Bible codex. As was his custom, he wrote and pointed the entire manuscript himself, and added Masoretic notes thereto. Little could he have known that that manuscript was destined to acquire inestimable significance. Apparently by historical accident, B19a (the label later applied to this manuscript when it became part of the vast Firkowich collection) is the oldest complete Masoretic Bible. This fact, together with the excellent quality and accuracy of the codex, prompted BHK, BHS and BHQ to use this manuscript as their base text. Consequently, today B19a is unquestionably the most widely used Masoretic Bible manuscript. Nonetheless, relatively little is known of Samuel ben Jacob himself, or of his scribal habits, or of the rest of his scribal oeuvre. This article examines two Bible fragments from the Cairo Genizah, demonstrating that they, too, are the work of Samuel ben Jacob. The purpose of the article is therefore twofold: first, to present these two important fragments; second, to outline the several criteria on which this identification was made, with the hope that these criteria will then be used to identify many more remains of his work.
European Genizah Session
Title: Catalogues of Hebrew Manuscripts and the Cataloguing of Hebrew Fragments
Abstract: In the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century, pioneering catalogues of Hebrew manuscripts—including both codices and fragments—focused mainly on the description of texts. By the mid-twentieth century, the birth of codicology as a historical discipline focused on the codex as historical object, and led to the production of the first catalogues based on an "archaeological" study of manuscripts—meaning here codices. Since then, different theoretical and methodological approaches have shaped the many different types of catalogues of manuscripts up to the present, ranging from quantitative catalogues to neo-historical ones, from descriptive inventories to detailed studies of individual codices. What is the effect of changes in the form and function of catalogues of Hebrew manuscripts in general on the study and cataloguing of Hebrew fragments in particular? Is the cataloguing of fragments subject to the same methods of study and interpretation as that of codices? What aspects, if any, should be addressed differently? By addressing these questions, I will try to describe and situate methodological approaches behind the cataloguing of Hebrew fragments vis-à-vis Hebrew codices.
Title: Identifying the model of a copy: the case of Colmar's Biblical fragments
Abstract: Beside the codicological and paleographic analysis that can help us to locate and date a copy, some elements in the text itself may also serve as markers. For the Bible, the presence of pertinent variants is clearly an indication of the model employed by the scribe. Nevertheless, one must be careful and distinguish between different types of variants which tell us about how the copyist was working: those already present in the model or models employed, the scribal errors and the variants introduced at a later stage, either when vocalizing or rereading the text with another witness. When trying to reconstruct a Pentateuch whose numerous fragments are glued on the board of Colmar's and Strasbourg's incunabula, I tried to link the textual tradition they contain to some of the manuscripts described by Kenicott and De Rossi and it is this work that I wish to present in this paper.
Judith Olszowy-Schlanger (keynote speaker)
Title: The Rediscovery of an Extant Entire Sefer Torah at the Bologna University Library. A Rare Witness of the Masoretic Babylonian Graphic and Textual Tradition
Abstract: The Scroll of the Pentateuch is a very rare Babylonian Sefer Torah, whose copyist, as far the Tagin is concerned, copied it around the 12th century following for the 80% the Masoretic manual Sefer Tagin composed in Babylonia during the 8th century. It is in Bologna since the year 1304 when, according an ancient written tradition, it was donated by some Jews to the Dominican Friar Aimerico Giliani, apparently in Toulouse (Spain) when he was appointed as general master of the Dominican Order, and coming to Bologna, he brought there the ancient Sefer Torah. After the 14th and 15th century, several scholars knew it, as for example in the 16th century Arias Montano. In the 17th and 18th century it was known to all the most important biblical scholars of Europe and studied by Benjamin Kennicott in his Variae lectiones Veteris Testaments (1780), who dated it to the 11th century, and to Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi, who dated it a little later to 12th beginning 13th century. Fortunately, in 1700 Bernard De Mountfaucon, travelling in northern Italy in search for Hebrew manuscript treasuries, was able to see and describe it in his Diarium italiacum, published in Paris in 1702, including a report of its history, written in Latin in a note that sewn in the back at the mid-roll.
Napoleon, after he extended his power in northern Italy, in 1802 brought the Bologna scroll to Paris Bibliothèque Nationale, where it remained 13 year. Actually, in 1815, thanks to the anti-Napoleonic restauration, it came back to Bologna. However, having lost its "identity card", it was not recognised by the librarians of Bologna. They exchanged it with another Sefer Torah written on a similar brown gevil, which was lacking of almost all the first three books of Pentateuch, was copied in the 15th or 16th century and was donated to the library of Bologna by Pope Benedict XIV, Prospero Lambertini, in the 18th century.
The BUB Sefer' s textual version is very close to that of the Aleppo codex, which unfortunately, due to the riots against the Jews of Aleppo in 1947, was damaged and lost almost all the Pentateuch. Bologna Scroll, hyperbolically attributed to the Scribe Ezra, not only give back a Pentateuch text very close to that loss of Aleppo, but get also variants readings better than Aleppo according Aron Dotan and Jordan Penkower. Among the peculiarities of the BUB scroll there are some catchwords at the end of some sections (yeri'ot). The scribe use sometimes graphic fillers and make some erasure and additions in the margins; moreover in it appears 60 times a final nun, known as a very early Masoretic sign, to indicate not a reading variant, as in other ancient Biblical manuscripts, but a graphic variant in the spacing of the open–closed sections.
This re-discovery of BUB scroll give us a new evidence confirming what the scholars already think, namely that in the first millennium the copy of Megillat Sefer Torah for liturgical use was significantly different from the Sifre Torah copied in the last 4 or 5 centuries we know. Until 8th century, there was no Tagin, which later started to be used according the Babylonian tradition, and excluding the text, which should be only consonantal, the scribes used for copying it many scribal devices identical to those used for the other manuscripts. Malaki Beit- Arié, in his pre-publication of his book, Hebrew Codicology, mention a non-entire Sefer Torah coming from an Italian Synagogue, getting a dated colophon from the 11th century.
Title: Targums in the Austrian Genizah – reflections about the transmission and function of the Aramaic Bible versions
Abstract: Austrian libraries and archives host about 100 medieval Targum fragments from Codices embodied in medieval Christian book bindings, dated to the 13th to 15th century. Most parchments contain the Pentateuch; others contain the Targum to the Prophets.
The layout is in most cases similar and of the Ashkenazi type with big leaves, three columns and the text is represented of the alternating type, which means that the Hebrew text is followed by its Aramaic translation verse by verse and often the masoretic commentaries (Masorah parva and magna) are added in the margins. In addition to the fragments we possess two complete 13th or 14th c. codices of the Torah and the Prophets (Göttweig Cod. 10 and 11) alternating the Hebrew and Aramaic text vocalized and accented according to the Tiberian system and written in Ashkenazic square script. Numerous questions arise about the transmission of the text and the function of the Aramaic translation in medieval Ashkenazi Jewry.
The cantillation marks on the Aramaic part and the conclusions to be drawn from these texts is that it seems to have been an authoritative text, which was probably recited during public office. We wish to discuss the Göttweig Codices within the other Austrian Targum manuscripts and to stimulate the common research as initiated by others scholars working in the field.
Roberta Tonnarelli and Elodie Attia-Kay
Title: Biblical Manuscripts and Fragments with Early Italian or Ashkenaz Hebrew Scripts
Abstract: Biblical fragments bearing Italian or Ahskenazic script written before the 13th century are difficult to differenciate, classify, date and analyse. Some scholars claimed that the two scripts were not different at an early stage, and that the Ashkenazic script came out from the early Italian one. To find the moment from when we should speak of two different scripts, a palaoegraphical analysis of each type of script is a necessary issue. This should be made on the basis of some manuscripts and fragments, such as the very discussed Erfurt Tosefta (Staatsbibliothek Berlin), the famous first dated Hebrew Bible (Codex Reuchlinianus, 1105/6) and fragments recently discovered in the European Genizah. The aim of this paper is to resume the paloegrahical features of each type of scripts, Oriental coeval to early Italian and Ashkenazic scripts. Then, specify if there is something in common, or not. Moroever, since most of the Italian earliest fragments shows the vocalization of Codex Reuchlinianus, what can we learn of the Tiberian Masoretic tradition transmitted from Orient to Europe?
Workshop Session
The Digital Future of Hebrew Bible Manuscript Studies
In this session the existing digital tools of each field (DSS, Cairo Genizah and European Genizah) will be presented, discussed and critically evaluated for their usefulness for Hebrew Bible manuscript studies. Thus, the participants will initially make a list of all the available research tools in their respective field. Thereafter, they will discuss and critically evaluate these tools for their limits as well as elaborate possible improvements and transdisciplinary results perspectives. Subsequently the three groups will reconvene and present their results to foster a new network of researchers and connect several scientific partners or institutions. Comments from all participants will be welcomed. A final general discussion on future digital tools and connections between analogue projects will conclude this EAJS Laboratory.


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