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The impact of socioeconomic inequalities on health is well-documented. Despite the links of periodontal disease with cardiovascular diseases, adverse pregnancy outcomes and diabetes, no meta-analysis of socioeconomic variations in periodontal disease exists. This meta-analytic review was conducted to determine the extent to which education attainment influences risk of periodontitis in adults aged 35+ years in the general population.
The authors searched studies published until November 2010 using EMBASE and MEDLINE databases. References listed were then scrutinised, our own files were checked, and, finally, we contacted experts in the field. The authors included only general population-based studies conducted in adults aged 35 years and more. All articles were blind reviewed by two investigators. In the case of disagreement, a third investigator arbitrated. Using PRISMA statement, two reviewers independently extracted papers of interest.
Relative to the higher education group, people with low education attainment experience a greater risk of periodontitis (OR: 1.86 [1.66–2.10]; p<0.00001). The association was partially attenuated after adjustment for covariates (OR: 1.55 [1.30–1.86]; p<0.00001). Sensitivity analyses showed that methods used to assess periodontitis, definition of cases, study country and categorization of education are largely responsible for the heterogeneity between studies. No significant bias of publication was shown using both the Egger (p = 0.16) and rank correlation tests (p = 0.35).
In the studies reviewed, low educational attainment was associated with an increased risk of periodontitis. Although this evidence should be cautiously interpreted due to methodological problems in selected studies, efforts to eliminate educational inequalities in periodontitis should focus on early life interventions.
Citation: Boillot A, El Halabi B, Batty GD, Rangé H, Czernichow S, Bouchard P (2011) Education as a Predictor of Chronic Periodontitis: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis Population-Based Studies. PLoS ONE 6(7): e21508. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021508
Editor: Yiqing Song, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States of America
Received: January 7, 2011; Accepted: June 2, 2011; Published: July 21, 2011
Copyright: © 2011 Boillot et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Chronic periodontitis is a bacterially induced inflammatory disease of the soft and hard tissues which support the tooth root [1]. It is caused by an accumulation of dental plaque, organized as a biofilm on the surface of the tooth crown and root [2], which lead to the destruction of periodontal connective tissue and alveolar bone; without treatment this results in tooth loss. Periodontitis may have long term consequences for health by increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) [3], obesity [4], metabolic syndrome [5], cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and pulmonary diseases [6]–[8], adverse pregnancy outcomes [9], and premature mortality [8]. The condition is common, affecting up to 20% of the adult population in industrialised countries [10].
Chronic periodontitis is a multifactorial disease. However, the contribution of the different risk factors/indicators associated with the disease remains unclear. In addition to a role for oral hygiene, age, cigarette smoking [11] and T2D [3] in the aetiology of this disorder, a further risk factor may be poor social circumstances. There are good prima facie reasons to anticipate a relationship between low socio-economic status and chronic periodontitis, not least the strong link between socio-economic status and various health behaviours including smoking and diet [12]. Socio-economic adversity is also related to higher rates of a range of other important chronic diseases, including CVD [13] selected cancers [14], and mental illness [15].
Socio-economic status is typically characterised by income, occupational prestige, and educational achievement. Of these, educational attainment is stable across the adult life course [16] and, because it is usually peaks earlier in life than the other socio-economic indicators, it precedes the onset of most major chronic diseases so allowing investigators to separate cause from effect (reverse causality). Identifying socioeconomic at-risk subgroups for chronic periodontitis has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of preventative campaigns by focusing interventions, adopting specific strategies, reducing costs of public health decisions and obtaining active participation of target populations [17]. Given the strong associations described in the literature between chronic periodontitis and various systemic conditions (e.g, cardiovascular disease), such preventive programmes have also a global public health importance.
The most recent systematic review on socioeconomic variations in chronic periodontitis was published five six ago [18]. Accordingly, we undertook an updated systematic review of studies examining the association of educational attainment and chronic periodontitis in adults in the general population. Additionally, we aggregated the results from identified studies by conducting a meta-analysis.
Identification of Studies
Following the PRISMA statement [19], we performed a systematic review of all published observational studies conducted in individuals aged 35 and older, which investigated the association between level of education and risk of periodontitis. (Table S1)
Two independent reviewers trained in online article searches (AB and BEH) searched English language papers published before November 2010. We used a four-pronged approach to identifying papers. First, the MEDLINE and EMBASE searches were conducted using the MeSH and EMTREE. For MEDLINE, we used the following strategy: ("Periodontal diseases" [MeSH] OR "periodontitis" [MeSH] OR "chronic periodontitis" [MeSH] OR "periodontal attachment loss" [MeSH] OR "periodontal pocket" [MeSH] OR "alveolar bone loss" [MeSH]) AND ("education" [MeSH] OR "educational status" [MeSH] OR "marital status" [MeSH] OR "occupations" [MeSH] OR "income" [MeSH] OR "socioeconomic factors" [MeSH] OR "social class" [MeSH]). Limits: Human, English.. For EMBASE, search strategy was: ("periodontal disease" [EMTREE] OR "periodontitis" [EMTREE] OR "chronic periodontitis" [EMTREE] OR "periodontal pocket" [EMTREE] OR "alveolar bone loss" [EMTREE]) AND ("education" [EMTREE] OR "educational status" [EMTREE] OR "marital status" [EMTREE] OR "occupation" [EMTREE] OR "income" [EMTREE] OR "socioeconomics" [EMTREE] OR "social status" [EMTREE]). Limits: Human, English. Second, references listed in articles of interest were scrutinised. Third, we checked our own files. Fourth, we contacted selected experts in the field.
Inclusion Criteria
We included all observational studies conducted in adults aged 35+ years in the general population with 1) case definition of periodontitis (probing or radiographic assessment, self-reported data) (Text S1), 2) a variable describing the level of education, 3) a quantitative assessment of the relationship between these two variables. Studies conducted in non-representative populations (e.g. samples of attendees in dental settings) were excluded to maximise external validity. When more than one report used the same data, studies resulting in lowest power were excluded except when prospective data were available. In the case of disagreement, the two investigators discussed the article and tried to find agreement. When consensus was not reached, a third investigator (P.B.) was involved until agreement was found.
Data Abstraction
Two investigators (AB, BEH) independently extracted and tabulated basic information on each study: design, country where the study was conducted, sample size, number of cases, age range, definition of chronic periodontitis, partial or full-mouth recording, categories of level of education. Crude odds ratios (OR), or the data to compute them when crude estimates were unavailable, were also identified and extracted. Adjusted effect measures, including the covariates features in the multivariable model, were tabulated.
Data Analysis
We transformed OR by taking their natural logarithms and calculating standard errors and corresponding confidence intervals [20]. Effects measures and their standard errors were pooled using an inverse variance method with random effects to account for statistical heterogeneity between studies. We calculated pooled OR and accompanying 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the lowest versus the highest categories of education. Heterogeneity was assessed with the I2 statistic [21]. We carried out sensitivity analyses based on study design (longitudinal versus cross-sectional studies), year of publication (≤2000 versus >2000), region where the study was conducted (US versus non-US countries), sample size (≤1000 versus >1000), age (≥35 versus olders (≥65)), periodontal assessment method (partial-mouth versus full-mouth recording), definition of cases (combined clinical attachment loss (CAL) and periodontal probing depth (PPD) versus single probing measurement), number of categories of education (2 versus >2). Significance was set at p<0.05 and 95% CI were quoted throughout [18]. The Kappa statistic was used to assess interrater reliability between the two independent reviewers [22]. Publication bias was assessed by visually examining a funnel plot with asymmetry being formally assessed with both the Egger test [23] and the rank correlation test [24]. The data were analysed using Review Manager (RevMan, version 5.0, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008). Bias of publication was measured using CMA (Comprehensive Meta Analysis, version 2.2.055, Biostat, 2010).
Study characteristics
The electronic search yielded 6048 publications, including 1288 duplicates. From the 4760 potentially relevant articles identified, 4528 were excluded. Among the 232 remaining papers, hand-searching of references was performed, resulting in 35 additional papers. From the 267 eligible articles, 249 were excluded resulting in 18 studies, which met all the inclusion criteria and were included in the analyses (Figure 1) [25]–[42]. The kappa coefficient between examiners was 0.78 (0.75–0.80) demonstrating a substantial agreement [43]. Characteristics of the included studies are presented in Table 1–3. The combined population resulted in 40783 participants. Only two studies were longitudinal [31]–[32]. The included studies were reformed in the following countries (n = 10): Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Iran, Norway, Sweden, USA, Taiwan, and Thailand. Crude effect estimates were computed in ten studies [27], [29]–[31], [33], [34], [37], [39], [41]–[42]. Eight studies met criteria of inclusion, but were excluded because they were conducted in duplicate surveys [44]–[51].
Four out of 18 studies did not use full-mouth clinical examination [29], [35], [37], [41]. Only six studies, exhibiting a quite different level of adjustment, gave adjusted effect measures [26], [29], [32], [35], [38], [40]. Two studies were performed on samples of male [28], [41]; whereas two other studies were performed on samples of female [30], [38]. One study has separated the outcomes for each gender [33]. Cases were defined by a combination of CAL and PPD conditions in six studies [25]–[29], [40]; by a single CAL criteria in seven studies [30], [31], [34], [36], [38], [39], [41]; by CPITN score (Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs) in two studies [33], [35]; and by self-reported assessment in one study (for more informations about periodontal indices, see supplemental material) [36]. No study with radiographic assessment met criteria of inclusion.
Summary estimates
The summary estimates of OR for each study were pooled to give a total estimate of risk (Figure 2). The overall OR (95% CI) for chronic periodontitis was 1.86 (1.66 to 2.10), indicating an increased risk of periodontitis associated with a low level of education when compared with the highest level of education. The effect size among studies showed a moderate to substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 55%).
Legend: Higher level of education as reference. Weights for individual studies calculated with random effects models and inverse variance method. The centre of each black square is placed at the point estimate, the area of the square is proportional to the sample size, and each horizontal line shows the 95% confidence interval for the estimate for each study. Pooled OR (95% CI): 1.86 (1.66–2.10). p<0.00001.
Secondary analyses
Results of the primary analysis were not changed in the sensitivity analysis (Table 4). Two exceptions were the alternative meta-analysis including longitudinal studies and those conducted before year 2000, which enhanced the overall odds ratio (respectively 2.11 (1.22 to 3.63) and 2.57 (1.87 to 3.53)). Within the sensitivity analyses, we examined also various variables as potential sources of heterogeneity. There was evidence of significant heterogeneity across studies that may be explained by geographical differences (Non US: I2 = 42% versus US: I2 = 68%), the extent of the clinical assessment [partial-mouth (I2 = 89%) versus full-mouth (I2 = 22%)], and the definition of cases [clinical attachment loss and periodontal probing pocket combined (I2 = 74%) versus probing pocket depth solely (I2 = 0%)]. Other sources of heterogeneity have to be interpreted with caution because of the differences in the number of studies in each category. The sensitivity analyses with one by one exclusions showed that one study had a significantly effect on heterogeneity (Data not shown) [29]. When excluded, heterogeneity between studies was nearly non significant (p = 0.04, I2 = 39%).
When pooling studies with adjusted estimates, results were unchanged (OR = 1.55 (1.30 to 1.86); p<0.00001) but low heterogeneity between studies was found (I2 = 38%) (Figure 3). On the contrary, pooling crude estimates for same studies conducted to both an higher heterogeneity (I2 = 77%) and an higher risk estimate (OR = 1.88 (1.46 to 2.42)) (Data not shown). Funnel plot showed no asymmetry. No significant bias was shown using both the Egger (p = 0.16) and rank correlation tests (p = 0.35).
Legend: Higher level of education as reference. Weights for individual studies calculated with random effects models and inverse variance method. The centre of each black square is placed at the point estimate, the area of the square is proportional to the sample size, and each horizontal line shows the 95% confidence interval for the estimate for each study. Pooled OR (95% CI): 1.55 (1.30–1.86). p<0.00001.
Principal finding
The present analysis of studies conducted in the general population of adults reveals that individuals with a low level of education have an excess risk of chronic periodontitis when compared with adults with high level of education.
A number of mechanisms may explain this effect. Indirect mechanisms include the link between education and the two main risk factors for chronic periodontitis: smoking [52] and diabetes type 2 [53]. Lower educational attainment, which is a close correlate of IQ, may also directly lead to poorer coping strategies [54], higher BMI [55], lower levels of dental services use [56], low degree of periodontal health awareness [57], and irregular oral self-care practices [58], that in themselves are linked to poor oral hygiene habits may lead to higher levels of dental plaque [59]. Only one study which met our criteria of inclusion showed a significant decrease of the risk to develop chronic periodontitis in the low educated subgroup after adjustment for oral health behaviors [32].
Theories in social epidemiology could also explain such an association. The "pathway model" suggests circumstances in early-life influence social trajectories into and through adulthood, so increasing chronic disease risk [60]. Moreover, low education level is likely to lead to low prestige and low pay occupations, and residing in deprived area. The impact of environmental conditions on periodontal health has been widely described such that individuals living in a neighborhood in the most socially marginalised areas experience twice the risk of periodontitis relative to those in the most affluent [61].
Exploration for heterogeneity
The pooled OR should be interpreted with caution, given the substantial heterogeneity detected between studies. Sensitivity analyses showed that several factors seem to account for this heterogeneity, including the region where the study was conducted, the extent of oral examination, the definition of cases and the number of categories for education level assessment. Taken together these factors might help us to improve our understanding of circumstances under which education interacts with periodontal health. In addition, the heterogeneity indicates that efforts should be made to adopt a standardised methodological approach when studying the association between periodontal diseases and socioeconomic factors.
Partial-mouth examinations may underestimate the prevalence of periodontal diseases [62], [63]. Additionally, methods used in partial-mouth examination are numerous. Both result in a lower heterogeneity between studies when excluding studies with partial-mouth examination. For same reasons, exclusion of studies using both CAL and PPD to define periodontitis results in a low heterogeneity between studies. As an illustration, heterogeneity between studies became non-significant when we conducted a one-study removed sensitivity analysis excluding Dye study (I2 = 39%) [29]. In this cross-sectional study using data from NHANES III survey, cases of periodontitis were defined as a combination of clinical attachment loss and probing pocket depth criteria after a full-mouth examination.
The impact of education on periodontal status does not seem the same according to the geographic area. Heterogeneity was higher for US studies than for studies conducted in other countries. One explanation might be that the US studies were not focused on same spatial units, several using census data, whereas others were conducted in counties or neighbourhoods.
Heterogeneity could also be due to differences in the classification of education attainment. In the sensitivity analyses, we compared studies with two classes of education with other studies. When only studies separating education level into two classes were included in the analysis, a lower heterogeneity was found. This may be due to the method we used. We compared individuals from extreme categories of education attainment. Including studies with more than two classes of education; we excluded all individuals with an intermediate level of education. Further, the classification of education attainment differs between studies. Some authors use corresponding diploma; other authors use years of schooling to categorize the level of education. Both resulted in a higher heterogeneity between studies with more than two classes of education.
Pooling of studies with adjusted estimates showed a decrease in heterogeneity between studies. Confounders such as race, diabetes or smoking are a source of heterogeneity between studies, and no adjustment result in an overestimated association between education and chronic periodontitis [18].
Strengths and limitations
The present study has limitations inherent to meta-analyses. First, the results should be interpreted with caution and should not be considered as causal evidence because all studies were observational and most cross-sectional. Only two prospective studies met our criteria of inclusion [31]–[32]. Thus, associations are suggestive at best.
Secondly, there was significant heterogeneity between the included studies so overall conclusions must be regarded with caution. When we carried out sensitivity analyses to investigate possible sources of heterogeneity the results highlight a call for standardisation when studying social epidemiology in periodontal health, in particular concerning definition of cases. However, exclusion of only one study [29] resulted in a decrease of heterogeneity between studies, which became non significant (p = 0.04). Then, only six studies gave adjusted results for confounders [26], [29], [32], [35], [38], [40], and two studies were adjusted for smoking [29], [38], whereas it was described as a confounding factor [18].
Finally, because the physiopathology mechanisms for aggressive periodontitis differ from those involved in the development of chronic periodontitis [64] a priori, we elected not to include studies which captured the former outcome. This may have caused us to misclassify as unaffected some individuals with localized periodontitis. This is likely to have diluted the overall strength of the education-periodontal disease association.
However, our study has several strengths. It is the first, to our knowledge, including such a number of individuals (more than 40000), which quantifies the association between education attainment and periodontal diseases. The analysis is centred on chronic periodontitis, which is the most common form of periodontitis in adults. A previous systematic review has already shown a higher prevalence of periodontitis in a low socioeconomic group but the effect was not quantified [18]. The reason why no meta-analysis was performed in the above study maybe due (1) to the wide range of age (>19 year-old) that may include different diagnosis such as aggressive and chronic periodontitis, (2) to the difficulty to evaluate the socio-economic level in younger populations, and (3) to the low number of studies available when this review was conducted (our Medline search identified a nearly 60% increase in the number of studies from April 2004 to November 2010). Our search was conducted on multiple databases, and references listed in retrieved articles were adequately scrutinised according to the standards guidelines for systematic reviews. Finally, both Egger and rank correlation tests showed no significant bias of publication.
Conclusions and implications
Results from our meta-analysis support the growing body of evidence of a socioeconomic gradient in oral health. The impact is first clinical to identify at-risk patients and adopt preventive attitudes for them, such as motivation to institute healthy behaviours (smoking cessation, oral hygiene instruction, regular dental visits…). This socioeconomic gradient in periodontal health may also have several implications for public health. The association between periodontal disease and other diseases that may compromise health condition emphasises the need to identify at-risk populations. This would permit to target public health actions aiming to prevent periodontal diseases. Identifying socioeconomic at-risk populations for oral diseases enhances the effectiveness of preventive campaigns by focusing interventions, adopting specific strategies and obtaining active participation of target populations. Moreover, because of the associations between education level and various risk factors/indicators for chronic periodontitis, educational attainment appears as a main target in preventing the development of chronic periodontitis. Finally, because of the relationships between chronic periodontitis and numerous systemic conditions, such approaches may lead to the reduction of the morbidity for other chronic diseases and, as a consequence, to decrease the overall healthcare costs.
To conclude, the effect of low education attainment on higher risk of periodontal diseases has a series of potential mechanisms. This notwithstanding, education may plausibly represent a main target for preventive programmes for periodontal diseases.
Supporting Information
Table S1.
PRISMA checklist.
Text S1.
Description of periodontal measurements.
The authors thank Marco Aurélio Peres, Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88010-970, Brazil, and Annette Leclerc, Inserm U1018, Epidemiology of occupational and social determinants of health, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Inserm, Villejuif, France, for giving additional information, which were necessary to write, respectively, the results and discussion sections.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: AB SC PB. Analyzed the data: AB SC. Wrote the paper: AB BEH GDB HR SC PB. ICMJE criteria for authorship read and met: AB BEH GDB HR SC PB. Agreed with the manuscript's results and conclusions: AB BEH GDB HR SC PB. Collected data: AB BEH HR. Wrote the first draft of the paper: AB GDB SC PB.
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- 56. Lang IA, Gibbs SJ, Steel N, Melzer D (2008) Neighbourhood deprivation and dental service use: a cross-sectional analysis of older people in England. J Public Health 30: 472–78.
- 57. Alwaeli HA, Al-Jundi SH (2005) Periodontal disease awareness among pregnant women and its relationship with socio-demographic variables. Int J Dent Hyg 3: 74–82.
- 58. Petersen PE, Aleksejuniene J, Christensen LB, Eriksen HM, Kalo I (2000) Oral health behavior and attitudes of adults in Lithuania. Acta Odontol Scand 58: 243–48.
- 59. Zini A, Sgan-Cohen HD, Marcenes W (2011) Socio-economic position, smoking, and plaque: a pathway to severe chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 38: 229–35.
- 60. Graham H (2002) Building an inter-disciplinary science of health inequalities: the example of lifecourse research. Soc Sci Med 55: 2005–16.
- 61. Borrell LN, Burt BA, Warren RC, Neighbors HW (2006) The role of individual and neighborhood social factors on periodontitis: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Periodontol 77: 444–53.
- 62. Eaton KA, Duffy S, Griffiths GS, Gilthorpe MS, Johnson NW (2001) The influence of partial and full-mouth recordings on estimates of prevalence and extent of lifetime cumulative attachment loss: a study in a population of young male military recruits. J Periodontol 72(2): 140–5.
- 63. Borges-Yanez SA, Maupome G, Jimenez-Garcia G (2004) Validity and reliability of partial examination to assess severe periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 31(2): 112–8.
- 64. Lang N, Bartold PM, Cullinan M, Jeffcoat M, Mombelli A, et al. (1999) Consensus Report: Aggressive Periodontitis. Ann Periodontol 4: 53.


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Green Goddess Dressing
One of my favourite salad dressings of summer. Green Goddess. She's a lovely accompaniment with fresh crab over greens and tomatoes. She livens up an artichoke and is a natural with big crisp wedges of iceberg lettuce.
A hostess with the most-ess.
Green Goddess Dressing
1/2 cup buttermilk
1/2 cup mayo
2 T apple cider vinegar
1/4 – 1/2 cup tarragon, basil, Italian parsley, stems removed and chives
Blend until smooth. Salt, pepper to taste.
Makes about 1 cup.
One Response to "Green Goddess Dressing"
I have been meaning to try making this forever, thanks for the reminder. I am still on my tarragon kick


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You are here
Japan Q3 inbound tourism spending falls for first time in almost 5 yrs
[TOKYO] Spending by tourists visiting Japan fell in the third quarter for the first time in almost five years, government data showed on Wednesday, a sign that the economic benefits of a tourism boom are starting to fade.
Inbound tourists spent 971.7 billion yen (S$12.9 billion) in July-September, down 2.9 per cent from the same period a year earlier, according to the Japan Tourism Agency.
Tourists have been visiting Japan in record numbers after Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's administration relaxed visa requirements for some Asian countries.
This was initially a boon as shoppers loaded up on clothes, electronics and home appliances, but a recent slowdown in earnings at major retailers is another sign that visitors to Japan are spending less, meaning economic growth could lose momentum.
Weakness in consumer spending is worrying, because the Bank of Japan has not been able to generate sustained inflation after more than three years of aggressive money printing.
The BOJ overhauled its monetary policy framework last month, in preparation for a long drawn out battle to get consumer prices to rise.
Domestic consumer spending has struggled as gains in real wages have been more subdued than many economists expected.


text:
Makalani Randall published Who Represents You? in Get Involved 2013-03-23 16:06:40 -0400
Who Represents You?
Elected officials can best serve you when they understand your needs. Make your voice heard by the people who represent you. Click on the links below to identify your representatives on the federal, state, and county level.


text:
A Good Day to Die Hard
|A Good Day to Die Hard
Theatrical release poster
|Directed by
|John Moore
|Produced by
|Written by
|Skip Woods
|Based on
by Roderick Thorp
|Music by
|Marco Beltrami
|Jonathan Sela
|Edited by
|Dan Zimmerman
|Distributed by
|20th Century Fox
Release date
Running time
|97 minutes[1]
|United States
|$92 million[1]
|Box office
|$304.7 million[1]
A Good Day to Die Hard is a 2013 American action thriller film and the fifth and final installment in the Die Hard film series. The film was directed by John Moore and written by Skip Woods, and stars Bruce Willis as John McClane. The main plot finds McClane travelling to Russia to get his estranged son, Jack, an undercover CIA agent, out of prison. He is soon caught in the crossfire of a global terrorist plot. Alongside Willis, the film also stars Jai Courtney, Cole Hauser, Yulia Snigir and Sebastian Koch.
Talks of a fifth Die Hard film began before the release of the fourth installment, Live Free or Die Hard, with Willis affirming that the latter would not be the last in the series, but pre-production did not start until September 2011, when John Moore was officially announced as the director. Filming began in April 2012, primarily in Budapest, Hungary.
A Good Day to Die Hard premiered in London on January 31, 2013, coinciding with the unveiling of a Die Hard mural at the Fox Lot,[2] and was released the United States on February 13, 2013.[3] It is the first Die Hard film to use Dolby Atmos Surround Mixing and the first to also be released in IMAX theaters. A Good Day to Die Hard was a box office success but received overwhelmingly negative reviews for its implausible action sequences, cinematography, weak plot, cliched screenplay, and lack of characterization, although the special effects were praised. It is the first film produced by TSG Entertainment, since distributor 20th Century Fox's departure from Dune Entertainment upon the completion of their distribution contract at the end of 2012.
In Moscow, Viktor Chagarin, a high-ranking, but corrupt, Russian official plans to incriminate former billionaire and government whistleblower Yuri Komarov in an imminent rigged trial unless Komarov hands over a secret file believed to contain evidence incriminating Chagarin. Separately, Jack McClane, who has been arrested after an assassination attempt, negotiates for a shorter sentence by offering to testify against Komarov. Meanwhile, Jack's father, NYPD Detective John McClane, who has not been in touch with his son for several years, has learned his son is in trouble and, taken to the airport by his daughter Lucy McClane, flies to Russia to help. As John arrives and approaches the courthouse where Komarov is on trial, a bomb explosion, orchestrated by Chagarin's henchman Alik, occurs in the courthouse and Jack breaks free with Komarov. Seeing his son, John confronts him, but their dispute is cut short as Alik and his men chase them in an MRAP through the streets of Moscow. John, Jack, and Komarov manage to escape.
Hiding in a safe house, John finds out that his son is a CIA officer and has been on an undercover operation for the past three years. Jack's partner, Collins, demands the file's location from Komarov so that the CIA can bring Chagarin down. Komarov eventually agrees on condition that he and his daughter are given safe passage out of Russia. Collins is eventually shot and killed while the McClanes and Komarov come under heavy gunfire from Chagarin's men, but they escape. They make their way to a hotel in the city to fetch the key to the vault containing the file. There they meet up with Komarov's daughter, Irina, as earlier planned. John grows suspicious of her shifty behavior, and is proven correct when Alik and his men burst in and tie John and Jack up, while Komarov is taken as a hostage, and Irina confesses to informing on them for the "millions of dollars" to be gained. Jack breaks free of his ties and kills the nearest guards using a Russian gun-knife, allowing the two to kill most of the men. Alik and Irina, with Komarov still their hostage, return in a Mil Mi-24 helicopter and try to kill them, but the two escape a second time.
That night, the two steal a car full of firearms and drive to Pripyat, Ukraine, where the vault with the file is located. However, Komarov, Irina, and Alik have preceded them. In a twist, the file is revealed never to have existed: the drawer with the file supposedly inside is, in fact, a secret passage to a Chernobyl vault containing €1 billion worth of weapons-grade uranium. Once inside the vault, Komarov kills Alik and calls Chagarin to gloat and to listen as Chagarin is killed by a henchman of Komarov's.
At this point, John and Jack enter the vault, discover Komarov's true plot, and capture him. Irina, with another henchman, comes to her father's aid. As they attempt to escape, Jack follows Komarov, while John goes after Irina, who is escaping on a Mil Mi-26 helicopter. Irina tries to protect her father by firing the helicopter's guns at Jack. John is able to bring the helicopter out of balance by driving a truck out of the hangar section, still shackled by a chain, via the open rear ramp; he is later thrown off into the building. Komarov remarks that Jack will get to watch his father die, prompting Jack to hurl him off the rooftop into the path of the spinning helicopter rotors, killing him. As Jack and John reunite inside the building, Irina tries to avenge her father by ramming the helicopter, now out of ammunition, into the building in a suicide attack. John and Jack survive by leaping off the building into a large pool of water, as the helicopter crashes and explodes, killing Irina. In the end, the McClanes return home and reunite with Lucy on the tarmac.
- Bruce Willis as John McClane
- Jai Courtney as John "Jack" McClane, Jr.
- Sebastian Koch as Komarov
- Yulia Snigir as Irina
- Sergei Kolesnikov as Viktor Chagarin
- Radivoje Bukvić as Alik
- Mary Elizabeth Winstead as Lucy McClane
Additional cast members include CIA operatives: Cole Hauser as Mike Collins and Aldis Hodge as Lt. Foxy. Amaury Nolasco appears as Murphy, an NYPD detective and McClane's friend. Pasha D. Lychnikoff has a brief role as a Russian cab driver. Roman Luknár makes an appearance as Anton, a business associate of Chagarin. Ganxsta Zolee makes a brief cameo as a MRAP driver.
Production was formally announced in 2010, with X-Men Origins: Wolverine and The A-Team writer Skip Woods confirmed as the film's screenwriter. Noam Murro was originally attached to direct the film but left production to direct the 300 prequel, 300: Rise of an Empire. John Moore was subsequently drafted in to replace him.[4]
The film was originally titled "Die Hard 24/7". The media speculated that the film would be a crossover between the Die Hard and 24 series, with Kiefer Sutherland to reprise his role as Jack Bauer alongside John McClane.[5] This was never confirmed by the studio, and the film's title was later revealed to be A Good Day to Die Hard—with no further mention of any involvement from the 24 series—with a release date of February 14, 2013.[6]
Bruce Willis returned as John McClane, and has expressed a desire to shoot A Good Day to Die Hard and a sixth installment in the series before retiring the character.[7]
When casting the role of Jack McClane, the studios considered several actors, including Liam Hemsworth and James Badge Dale,[8] before ultimately settling on Australian actor Jai Courtney.[9] Mary Elizabeth Winstead also appeared in the film, reprising her role as McClane's daughter Lucy.[10] However all her scenes were cut from the Extended release.[11]
Sebastian Koch played the film's primary antagonist, Yuri Komarov,[12] while Yulia Snigir and Cole Hauser featured as secondary characters Irina and Collins.[12][13] The cast was completed by actors Amaury Nolasco as a friend of McClane,[14] Pasha D. Lychnikoff as a taxi driver,[14] and Megalyn Echikunwoke, Anne Vyalitsyna, and Ivan Kamaras in smaller roles.[14][15]
Production began in Hungary in April 2012, with the capital Budapest standing in for Moscow.[16] A military shooting range near Hajmáskér was used for shooting live ammunition,[17][18] while vehicular stunts were shot at the Hungaroring, a Formula One racing circuit in Mogyoród.[19]
In July 2012, a fire broke out on the set while shooting an aerial stunt, though no one was injured and shooting resumed after a short delay.[20]
In creating the film's visual style, Moore wanted the camera work to be almost entirely handheld, using three 4 Perforation 35mm Arri[21] cameras equipped with long lenses to capture tight close-ups, for Moore explained, "McClane is in a strange world, with little or no initial control over his environment. He's unable to anticipate things as he normally might. He's caught off guard, and we want the camera to mimic that surprise and confusion."[22] Moore also chose to create as many of the film's effects on camera as possible, only using visual effects to enhance elements or paint in backgrounds.[22]
A specially censored version was prepared for theatrical release in the United Kingdom, which was cut for language and violence in order to attain a 12A at the request of the distributors.[23] The U.S. version is rated R and is uncut. The film's audio was mixed in Dolby Atmos surround sound.[24] In February 2013, director Moore began work on a director's cut, which was later released on Blu-ray.[25]
|A Good Day to Die Hard: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
|Soundtrack album by
|February 19, 2013
|Film score
|Sony Classical
|Marco Beltrami
Marco Beltrami, who had composed the soundtrack for the previous film, Live Free or Die Hard, returned to score A Good Day to Die Hard. Beltrami again incorporates Michael Kamen's material from the first three films into his score. Beltrami only had six weeks in which to write the music, and new scenes were still being shot as the music was being recorded. In the end, he wrote around 120 minutes of music, with 80 of those minutes making it into the final film.[26] The soundtrack album was released on February 14, 2013 digitally and in retailers by Sony Classical.[27] Five orchestrators were involved: Pete Anthony, Jon Kull, Dana Niu, Rossana Galante, Andrew Kinny. The orchestra was conducted by Pete Anthony.
The score was programmed by Buck Sanders, with additional music composed by Marcus Trumpp and Brandon Roberts.[28]
All music is composed by Marco Beltrami.
|"Yuri Says, "привет""
|"Getting Yuri to the Van"
|"Jack Makes the Call"
|"Everyone to the Courthouse"
|"Court Adjourned"
|"Truckzilla (Act 1)"
|"Yippie Kay Yay, Mother Russia!"
|"Truckzilla (Act 2)"
|"Father & Son"
|"To the Safe House"
|"Leaving the Safe House"
|"Getting to the Dance Floor"
|"Too Many Kolbasas on the Dance Floor"
|"What's So Funny?"
|"McClanes Get the Bird"
|"Entering Chernobyl"
|"Into the Vault"
|"Rubbed Out at the Spa"
|"Sunshine Shootout"
|"Get to the Choppa!"
|"Chopper Takedown"
|"It's Hard to Kill a McClane"
|"Triple Vodka Rhapsody"
|"McClane's Brain"
On January 31, 2013, 20th Century Fox held a special tribute to the 25th anniversary of the Die Hard series by unveiling a mural of a scene from Die Hard (1988) on Sound Stage 8 of the Fox Lot. Afterward, the premiere screening of A Good Day to Die Hard was shown.[2] Two additional premieres were held in Europe leading up to the film's commercial release: one in Berlin, Germany on February 4 and the second in London, England on February 7.[29][30] A Good Day to Die Hard was commercially released first in Indonesia on February 6, 2013, and then opened in certain East and Southeast Asian territories on February 7.
In the United States and Canada, the film was distributed to 2,328 theaters for night showings on February 13.[31] Select theaters also held a one-time special marathon of all Die Hard films to lead up to A Good Day to Die Hard's nationwide release,[32] with Bruce Willis making a personal appearance at one of these marathons in New York City to thank fans.[33] The film then expanded to a total of 3,553 theaters, including IMAX theaters, on February 14.[31]
A Good Day to Die Hard was panned by critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 15% based on 226 reviews, with an average rating of 3.94/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A Good Day to Die Hard is the weakest entry in a storied franchise, and not even Bruce Willis' smirking demeanor can enliven a cliched, uninspired script."[34] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 28 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[35] On both websites, the film ranked lowest among the Die Hard films. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, the lowest score of the franchise.[36]
A. O. Scott of The New York Times described A Good Day to Die Hard as "a handful of extended set pieces—each more elaborate and therefore somehow less exciting than the last—linked by a simple-minded plot and a handful of half-clever lines." Though complimenting the special effects, he criticizes the direction of John Moore, the lack of style, and writes that "everything that made the first Die Hard memorable—the nuances of character, the political subtext, the cowboy wit—has been dumbed down or scrubbed away entirely."[37] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter expressed similar sentiments, particularly of the direction, for which he says that Moore "has directed these sequences in a way that makes the incidents look so far-fetched and essentially unsurvivable that you can only laugh".[38] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a 2/5 and remarked that it lacked "inspiration", and that the onscreen rivalry of Willis and Courtney was "more irritant than enticement."[39] Richard Roeper, standing in for Roger Ebert on Ebert's website, rated the film one and a half stars out of four, criticizing the implausibility of the action sequences, as well as the film's lack of sufficient characterization for McClane and the villains as compared to the other films in the series. He says that "McClane has been stripped of any real traces of an actual three-dimensional character," and that the film "never giv[es] us a chance to get the least bit involved with any of these characters."[40]
Among the rare positive reviews, Robbie Collin for The Daily Telegraph remarked that "Yet even though the ride finally stalls, A Good Day To Die Hard has been thrustingly outrageous enough in its earlier moments to coast to the finish line on momentum.".[41] Chris Tookey of the Daily Mail described the film as "...as stupid in its way as The Expendables 1 and Taken 2, and nowhere near the quality of the first three Die Hards. But if you approach it as I did, in a mood for preposterous action and massive explosions, it does deliver escapist entertainment and it's mercifully shorter than Die Hard 4. In a week as bad as this in the cinema, it is the only new movie I would have paid to see." Tookey then gave the final verdict as being "Entertaining, but dumb." along with a 3/5 star rating.[42] Daniel M. Kimmel, writing for the New England Movies Weekly, found the film to be better than Live Free or Die Hard and states that the car chase scene "is well worth the price of admission." With a 3.5/5 rating, Kimmel summed up his review saying, "it's probably a good day to end the series at last, but it's an action-packed and entertaining finale."[43] Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail criticized the action scenes as being "messy", but concluded his review saying that the film "continues the franchise without undue embarrassment."[44] Peter Howell of The Toronto Star remarked that Willis and Courtney made a strong estranged family duo and that the film had a nice drinking game routine going for it with how many times McClane exclaims "I'm on vacation!" during the running time.[45]
Box office[edit]
A Good Day to Die Hard grossed $67,349,198 in North America and $237,304,984 in other territories for a worldwide total of $304,654,182, collecting more than three times its $92 million budget.
In North America, A Good Day to Die Hard grossed an estimated $840,000 from its night showings at 2,328 locations on Wednesday, February 13, 2013.[31] The next day, at an additional 1,225 locations, the film managed to accumulate $8,239,116, opening at #2 behind Safe Haven.[1] However, for the whole 4-day Presidents' Day weekend, A Good Day to Die Hard opened in first place with $28,640,657, bringing its total at that point to $36,879,773.[46]
Overseas, A Good Day to Die Hard grossed $10,860,000 in its first weekend. Opening in seven Asian markets at 1,182 locations a week before North America's release (February 6–7) to take advantage of the Chinese New Year holiday, the majority of the film's gross came from South Korea, with the film also setting a Fox record in Indonesia and a series record in Hong Kong.[47]
Home media[edit]
A Good Day to Die Hard was released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 4, 2013.[48] There is an extended cut that is only available on the Blu-ray version. It features a longer car chase through Moscow and some other slightly extended scenes. It also completely removes Lucy from the film.
Possible sequel[edit]
When the production was formally announced for A Good Day to Die Hard, Bruce Willis expressed his desire to retire the John McClane character in a sixth and final film.[49][50] In October 2015, returning director Len Wiseman, who previously directed Live Free or Die Hard, shared the film's working title as "Die Hard: Year One" on his Twitter feed.[51] This, after stating that upon completion of Die Hard 4.0, he and Willis discussed a type of prequel/sequel for the McClane character.[52] Combined with the social media account, this drove speculation of some sort of significant flashback storytelling in a future entry. By September 2017, Wiseman publicly floated that he was casting for a young version of John McClane.[53] Six months later, the studio enlisted duo Chad Hayes and Carey W. Hayes to re-write the script after Bruce Willis refused to endorse the previous edition and its actor.[54][55]
In July 2018, producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura submitted an updated script titled McClane, further confirming that the storyline features elements of McClane's and Holly's characters in the 1970s, intermixed with their present-day counterparts.[56][57] The following month, Wiseman stated that pre-production on the new film should start "fairly soon" once the script has been completed.[58] By December 2018, di Bonaventura handed in yet another draft, this time without input from Willis.[59] Fox removed Die Hard from at least its 2019–2020 slate, in anticipation of (federal approval for) the Disney acquisition.[60] Tobey Maguire joined the production team late Summer 2018.[61] Actress Mary Elizabeth Winstead said that she would be interested in returning as Lucy McClane in a future installment, but later intimated doubt that, due to scheduling, the film would ever get made.[62][63]
- ^ a b c d "A Good Day to Die Hard (2013)". Box Office Mojo. February 14, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
- ^ a b Philip (February 5, 2013). "A Good Mural to DIE HARD". Crave Online. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
- ^ "'A Good Day To Die Hard International Release Dates'". Retrieved October 20, 2012.
- ^ "John Moore to Direct Dire Hard 5". IFTN. Retrieved September 2, 2011.
- ^ "Die Hard 24/7 Originally Involved John McClane & Jack Bauer?". firstshowing.net. June 9, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
- ^ McClintock, Pamela (October 12, 2011). "Fox Moves Ahead With New 'Die Hard' and 'Percy Jackson' Films". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
- ^ "Willis Back For Two More Die Hard Movies". MovieHole.com. October 20, 2010. Archived from the original on October 30, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ "'Die Hard' Search For Bruce Willis' Son Down To Four Actors". Deadline Hollywood. November 4, 2011. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
- ^ "'Die Hard 5' casts 'Spartacus' star as John McClane's son". Entertainment Weekly. February 22, 2012. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
- ^ "Mary Elizabeth Winstead to Return as John McClane's Daughter in A Good Day To Die Hard". Collider. August 7, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2012.
- ^ Wurm, Gerald. "Good Day to Die Hard, A (Comparison: Theatrical Version - Extended Cut) - Movie-Censorship.com". www.movie-censorship.com. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
- ^ a b "A Good Day to Die Hard' Finds a Couple of Male and Female Villains". firstshowing.net. April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
- ^ "Cole Hauser Joins Bruce Willis In A Good Day To Die Hard". Deadline Hollywood. May 8, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
- ^ a b c Sneider, Jeff (May 14, 2012). "Latest in 'Die Hard' series adds two". Variety. Archived from the original on May 19, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "A Good Day to Die Hard Adds Anne Vyalitsyna". MovieWeb. May 31, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "Bruce Willis Film Causes Traffic Restrictions In Budapest". XpatLoop.com. April 23, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
- ^ "BorsOnline – Sztárhírek – Pletyka – Krimi – Politika – Sport – Celeb – Éles fegyverrel lőttek Bruce Willisék". Borsonline.hu. June 14, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
- ^ "Index – Kultúr – Éles lőszert használt Bruce Willis koptere". Index.hu. June 14, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
- ^ Péter Farkas (May 8, 2012). "Szalay Balázs hirtelen távozott a Hungaroring menedzsmentjéből" [Balázs Szalay suddenly quits the management of Hungaroring]. f1hirek.hu (in Hungarian). Budapest, Hungary: Origo Média és Kommunikációs Szolgáltató Zrt. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
- ^ "Real-Life Disaster Action! Fire Erupts on Die Hard 5 Set". E! Online. July 6, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
- ^ "'ARRI Rental Credits: A Good Day To Die Hard – Die Hard 5 2012". arri-rental. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
- ^ a b "'A Good Day to Die Hard' brings the action genre to the extreme". gmanetwork.com. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
- ^ ""A Good Day To Die Hard" BBFC database entry". Archived from the original on February 13, 2013.
- ^ "'A Good Day to Die Hard' to Get Dolby Atmos Mix". The Hollywood Reporter. January 3, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
- ^ "John Moore Talks A Good Day To Die Hard – Empire Magazine".
- ^ "Filmtracks: A Good Day to Die Hard (Marco Beltrami)". filmtracks.com.
- ^ "Sony Classical to Release Marco Beltrami's 'A Good Day to Die Hard' Score". FILM MUSIC REPORTER. December 22, 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
- ^ "A Good Day to Die Hard' Soundtrack Details". filmmusicreporter. January 18, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
- ^ "'A Good Day to Die Hard' German Premiere". Yahoo. movies.yahoo.com. February 5, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
- ^ "'A Good Day to Die Hard' London premiere". SeattlePI.com. Hearst Communications. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
- ^ a b c Gregg Kilday (February 14, 2013). "Box Office Report: 'Die Hard' Collects $840,000 at Midnight Screenings". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
- ^ Lesnick, Silas (January 15, 2013). "Five-Film Die Hard Marathon Coming to Theaters February 13". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
- ^ Ken Lombardi (February 14, 2013). "Bruce Willis has "A Good Day to Die Hard"". CBS News. cbsnews.com. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
- ^ "A Good Day to Die Hard (2013)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved June 11, 2019.
- ^ "A Good Day to Die Hard Reviews". Metacritic. CNET Networks. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
- ^ Toro, Gabe (February 17, 2013). "Box Office: 'A Good Day To Die Hard' Has A Good Weekend At #1, 'Beautiful Creatures' Not So Pretty". IndieWire. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
- ^ A.O. Scott (February 13, 2013). "When Action Is the Family Business". The New York Times. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
- ^ Todd McCarthy (February 13, 2013). "A Good Day to Die Hard: Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
- ^ Kenneth Turan (February 13, 2013). "Movie Review: 'A Good Day to Die Hard' an uninspired effort". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
- ^ Richard Roeper (February 14, 2013). "A GOOD DAY TO DIE HARD (R)". rogerebert.suntimes.com. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
- ^ Robbie Collin (February 14, 2013). "Bruce Willis in A Good Day to Die Hard, review". Telegraph.co.uk. London.
- ^ "A Good Day to Die Hard review: New Bruce Willis film is an explosive escape from reality – Daily Mail Online". Mail Online. London. February 15, 2013.
- ^ Daniel M. Kimmel (February 14, 2013). "Review – A Good Day To Die Hard". New England Movies Weekly. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
- ^ Rick Groen (February 14, 2013). "A Good Day to Die Hard: More messy than hard, but not dead yet". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
- ^ "A Good Day to Die Hard review: Feel the love". thestar.com. Toronto. February 14, 2013.
- ^ "February 15–18, 2013". Box Office Mojo. February 19, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
- ^ Rick Groen (February 10, 2013). "Foreign Box Office: 'Django Unchained' Remains No. 1, But 'Die Hard' Steals Weekend". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
- ^ "A Good Day to Die Hard Blu-ray Blu-ray + DVD + Digital Copy". March 21, 2013.
- ^ "Bruce Willis Fears Being Replaced in Die Hard 6". IANS. ThaIndian News. October 9, 2010.
- ^ "Bruce Willis to Retire John McClane after Die Hard 5 & 6". Ben Moore. Screen Rant. October 19, 2010.
- ^ "Len Wiseman, DIE HARD: Year One still image/teaser". Len Wiseman. Twitter. October 14, 2015.
- ^ Len Wiseman talks Die Hard: Year One. Collider. January 19, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2018 – via YouTube.
- ^ Andreeva, Nellie (September 17, 2017). "'Underworld': Len Wiseman Spearheading TV Series Adaptation Of Movie Franchise". Deadline. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
- ^ Sneider, Jeff (March 12, 2018). "New Die Hard Movie Enlists The Conjuring Screenwriters". ''The Tracking Board''. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
- ^ Scott, Ryan (August 3, 2018). "Bruce Willis Will Help Cast Young John McClane in Die Hard 6". MovieWeb.com. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
- ^ Travis, Ben (September 3, 2018). "New Die Hard 6's Title Is McClane – Exclusive". Empire Magazine. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
- ^ Romano, Nick (September 3, 2018). "New Die Hard movie officially titled McClane". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
- ^ Fred Topel (August 3, 2018). "The 'Die Hard: Year One' Script Features a Young Holly Gennero, Bruce Willis Will Help Cast the Young John McClane [Exclusive]". /Film. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
- ^ Wakeman, Gregory (December 12, 2018). "McClane producer on the 'tricky' balance of making a Die Hard prequel/sequel". metro. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
- ^ staff (July 19, 2018). "Disney wins: Comcast drops its bid for 21st Century Fox". CNN Money. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
- ^ Mark David (September 24, 2018). "Tobey Maguire Lists Bare Land in Brentwood". Variety. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
- ^ "One Key Die Hard Character Wants To Come Back For The Next Movie". Retrieved January 8, 2018.
- ^ Erik Davis (February 26, 2016). "MARY ELIZABETH WINSTEAD WANTS HER OWN 'DIE HARD' MOVIE". Fandango. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
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text: Dying author writes dating profile for husband March 19, 2017March 19, 2017 Eleanore digital death Click here to view original web page at www.bbc.co.uk Latest Ed Sheeran has nine of top 10 in chart Music 18h How this expert/dad went viral You What? 18h Wanted: PA to the Duchess Life 18h Sepsis 'turned my finger black' Life 23h Entertainment 1d Life 20h Click here to view full article Eleanore Main curator on Digitaldeathguide. Supported by a bot. Some articles may need to be weeded, don't hesitate to tell me !


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MARQUETTE, Mich.--Northern Michigan University Women's Soccer (4-7-1, 1-4-0 GLIAC) dropped their opening match of the weekend Friday afternoon, 2-1, to the University of Wisconsin-Parkside (4-8-2, 3-4-0 GLIAC). The Wildcats now have one final match at the NMU Soccer Field this season set for Sunday afternoon.
It was a slow first half for both teams with the first shot on-goal not coming until the 14th minute of action. For the opening half, the Wildcats managed an 8-7 shot advantage and also attempted five corner kicks.
Both sides managed to net a goal late in the first half with the Rangers getting on the scoreboard first. Parkside scored the first goal of the match on the 37th-minute off one of their three corner kicks in the half.
Less than eight minutes later, NMU managed to knot the match at one goal each on the first goal of the season by junior defender Gaelin Hirabayashi (Ijamsville, Maryland). She gathered the ball on a corner kick from freshman midfielder Caroline Halonen (Hartland, Michigan) who earned her sixth assist of the season.
As the second half started, the Wildcats eventually found their rhythm and controlled possession for much of the half. NMU attempted five shots in the second half to finish the contest with 13. The Wildcats also added a pair of corners in the match to finish with seven.
Despite controlling the ball, UWP was able to net a late goal in the 81st-minute that would prove to be the difference maker. The Rangers scored on an intercepted pass making it the first time in the last four matches the Wildcats have surrendered multiple goals. The 2-1 Parkside lead would last the final nine minutes for the final scores.
Senior midfielder Aimee Colla (Muskego, Wisconsin) led the Wildcats in shots for the first time this season with four, one coming on-goal. Caroline Halonen and freshman midfielder Taelor Moore (Warren, Michigan) both attempted a pair of shots. Two more Wildcats also put a shot on-goal including freshman defender Grace Filipiak (Belmont, Michigan) and freshman midfielder Peyton McNabb (Springfield, Missouri).
Getting another start between the posts, senior goal keeper Emma Vermette (Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan) made seven saves in the match, including five in the first half. For the season, she now has 40 saves, one fewer than team leader sophomore goalkeeper Briana Frontuto (Luxemburg, Wisconsin). She also has a goals against average of 1.16 and a save percentage of.870.
Sunday's match with Purdue University Northwest will be Senior Day for the Wildcats with the team honoring six seniors prior to kick-off at noon. Vermette, Colla, senior midfielder Anna Worman (Racine, Wisconsin) senior defender Sophia Sachs (Green Bay, Wisconsin) senior forward Alaina Perry (Haslett, Michigan), and senior midfielder Maddie Herbert (Clarkston, Michigan) will be the six seniors recognized before the match.


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It has finally happened! I was desperate to have one of my women PTE candidates score a 79+. But it always eluded me. 65+ happened but that's about it. And on the other hand my male students were happily scoring 90s. So frustrating! For, how can you be really successful if women candidates do not figure in your success stories? I had heard so much talk about the PTE software not being favourable to ladies. Especially because most of them tend to speak fast and often quite softly. I obviously didn't want to believe all that. But I nearly did! 3 times unsuccessful. And finally…
4th time lucky. She finally did it:
I have to give it to her. She worked so hard for this. She has earned it. Yes, she had the talent but, then, so many others do too. Her case proves me right yet again – talent must go hand in hand with hard work. Only then can you achieve Excellence.
But excellence doesn't come in a day. It is shaped by a ruthless, single-minded adherence to a cause. Excellence, as Aristotle had observed many centuries ago, is a Habit. Live excellence. And it will be yours. When preparing for exams – domestic or overseas – give your all. The outcome may not be under your control; but how much effort you put in surely is. This effort consists of two elements – HARD WORK & ANALYSIS. Together they make a package that goes by the fancy name of STRATEGY.
There is no substitute for hard work. At least 2 hours daily, over a month or more, depending on the kind of exam you are attempting. SAT, PTE, IELTS, TOEFL, TOEIC – for these 1 month is enough. However, for GMAT, GRE or CAT , you will surely need a 4-6-month preparation period.
But don't just practice endlessly. Analyse your mistakes and learn from them. Also, don't concentrate on individual tests. Try to see your performance by averaging it over at least 10 tests. Your average score paints a truer picture. I encourage my students to do just that. Of course, my students can practice from the mocks and that they must. However, even as they do so every day, they must analyse their performance: what is their success rate? what kind of mistakes are they repeatedly making? Exactly where are they tripping up? It is this kind of analysis that helps you to improve with every test.
Everyone fails. Failure is only the flip side of success. But those who eventually make the cut, actually find out WHY they have erred at certain places. Man has been able to conquer the world because of his sheer intellectual prowess. It is a god-given gift that distinguishes us from the monkey and the ape. Make good use of it.
When hard work and intelligence
work hand in hand,
many things are possible.
– Dr T. P. Chia


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MPs are due to consider whether Tory frontbencher Caroline Spelman should be punished over the "nannygate" affair.
The Standards and Privileges Committee will discuss a report into Mrs Spelman's conduct prepared by Commons sleaze watchdog John Lyon.
Mrs Spelman's position has been in doubt since allegations emerged last year that she paid for childcare using parliamentary allowances. MPs' expenses are only supposed to cover activities directly related to their jobs.
The controversy is thought to have forced David Cameron to delay a reshuffle of his top team. Last month he finally acted to shift Mrs Spelman from party chairman to shadow communities secretary.
The Meriden MP has insisted that Tina Haynes was only paid with public funds for secretarial work between 1997 and 1998, and her nannying duties were rewarded separately with free board and lodging.
But asked by the BBC last year about the extent of her admin duties, Ms Haynes said she had only posted letters, "took the odd phone call" and passed on messages "once or twice a week".
Critics have also pointed out that Ms Haynes was working at Mrs Spelman's family home in Kent, some 140 miles from her West Midlands constituency.
The arrangement ended after the Conservative Party's chief whip told Mrs Spelman it could be "open to misinterpretation" and she appointed a new constituency secretary.
Standards Commissioner Mr Lyon has been examining the case for nine months. He originally refused to launch a probe as it focused on events from more than seven years ago. However, he agreed after Mrs Spelman said she wanted to clear her name.


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King Roscoe and Deetranada will be in Savannah this friday March 24 for Flaujae's Single Release party for her new hit single. Why Dey Hating
If your in the mall all DTLR's are stocked with tickets in Savannah, Georgia. Don't wait until there sold out.
Remember #springbreak is next week for the kids and this will be sold out event for them to enjoy.
Follow the directions on the flyer


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First Auction will be for the Naming Theme. The winner will get to select the theme as well as the name of the first pup in the litter.
The next five auctions will be for naming rights (within the theme selected) of the next five pups.
(If we have pups that don't make it, naming rights will be held for our next litter, although a different theme may be selected.)
For instance:
The Theme winner decides on the Theme "All American Badasses" and selects the name "Mattis."
Puppy #1 is registered with AKC as "Hero Labradors Mattis"
Winner #2 chooses the name "ChuckZ"
Puppy #2 is registered with AKC as "Hero Labradors ChuckZ"
Winner #3 Chooses the name "TomBrady"
Puppy #3 is registered with AKC as "Hero Labradors PatTillman"
(Just kidding, I'll hold my nose and fill out the paperwork.)
This is a great opportunity to help us with the birthing costs (likely $1500 C-section for Nani) and whelping costs, and a great opportunity for businesses to show support as well!
Winners will receive an official color copy of the AKC Pedigree (suitable for framing) and our eternal thanks.


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Acoustic Products are pleased to announce the 15th anniversary of their continuing sole UK & Ireland Distributorship agreement for Swiss manufactured Topakustic & Topperfo timber acoustic panels.
Topakustic & Topperfo acoustic panels are ideal for wall and ceiling installations to control reverberation time to reduce echo in a variety of commercial and public building environments. The options for these applications include Euroclass A sound absorption, non-combustible and surface spread of flame fire rating options and a wide range of finishes including veneer, paint, melamine and high pressure laminate.
These tailor made systems are used to create high quality decorative and acoustic environments and are used extensively in schools, colleges and universities and can assist designers in meeting the mandatory design requirements of Building Bulletin 93 which came into force in 2003.
Acoustic Products comprehensive sound, fire and impact test data and certificates available, carried out under BS, EN, DIN and ISO international standards.
View Timber Acoustic Panels: Topakustik & Topperfo Product Entry


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Children's Book Week!
It's Children's Book Week, a time to celebrate children's books and children's authors. Three of my four current published works are written for children (but adults seem to enjoy them as well!) -- I've been fortunate to visit a few classrooms recently in preparation and celebration of this special literary recognition.
As both a writer and a reader I've been influenced by many authors, most notably Laura Ingalls Wilder. She was my inspiration during my youth – I read all her "Little House" books, and I've read her works several times during my adult years as well. Since I grew up in southeastern Iowa, I related to Mrs. Wilder's farm life, particularly in Missouri where she spent her later years. That home is located near Mansfield, MO – my maiden name is Mansfield -- combining those factors, I was thrilled when, while I was in high school, my parents took me to visit Laura's farmstead as we traveled through Missouri one summer. I visited again in 2007 when my husband and I traveled through the area on our way back to Wyoming from visiting his parents in North Carolina. Our blind dog, Sage, was with us then; the weather that December in southern Missouri was stunning, and as we walked the grounds of Rocky Ridge Farm, I reflected the impact Mrs. Wilder has had on children, youth, and adults since her first book was published in 1931 when she was 65 years old. My first book had been published earlier in 2007, and I had started visiting schools and sharing both my blind dog and the book I'd written about her. My career as an author began the year I was able to again visit my author heroine's property.
As you read my stories of long ago I hope you will remember that things truly worthwhile and that will give you happiness are the same now as they were then. It is not the things you have that make you happy. It is love and kindness and helping each other and just plain being good. - Laura Ingalls Wilder
There are many great childeren's books about a wide variety of topics and in a multitude of genres, some splashed with important life lessons. I write about dogs and weave positive lessons in my stories. I also discover valuable nuggets in others' works. Some of my favorite dogs books for kids (besides my own) are A Dog's Life: The Autobiography of a Stray by Ann Martin; Because of Winn Dixie by Kate DiCamillo; and The Tale of Two Bobbies by Kirby Larson. Ms. Larsen also writes historical fiction for kids – her Hattie Big Sky series is delightful! I've had the pleasure of meeting and talking with Ms. Larson, and, like Mrs. Wilder, I look up to Kirby for her accomplishments and her craft.
Though I'm not on the same level as the two women authors I most admire, I recently shared some of my stories at an event for families. We used the timing as a way to honor Moms, Kids and Dogs (for Mother's Day, Children's Book Week, and Be Kind to Animals Week). The event exposed youngsters and their families to a local author (me), someone who composes stories for them. I love sharing my writing with families in such settings, and I think it's great when authors go to libraries and schools – how I would have enjoyed meeting a real author, like Mrs. Wilder or Ms. Larson, when I was a kid!
So, this week, during Children's Book Week, expose your kids (or grandkids, nieces or nephews) to some great books – perhaps even take them to an author event. Sharing the gift of reading with children today positively impacts their future.
Happy Children's Book Week!
Children are made readers on the laps of their parents. - Emilie Buchwald, author
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The Full bench of the Federal Court of Australia has decided to overturn the injunction which banned the sale of the Samsung Galaxy Tab 10.1 but Apple has until Friday to turn the tides.
The Full bench of the Federal Court of Australia has decided to overturn the injunction which banned the sale of the Samsung Galaxy Tab 10.1 but Apple has until Friday to turn the tides.
In October, Justice Bennett of the Federal Court granted an interim injunction on the Galaxy 10.1 which prevented the promotion and sale of the device in Australia as a result of Apple's patent stoush with Samsung.
Samsung appealed the decision.
The Full Federal Court consisting of Justice Dower, Justice Foster and Justice Yates has now ruled that Samsung should be able to sell the Galaxy Tab 10.1 in Australia.
Unsurprisingly, Apple applied for a stay on the decision until Dec. 5. It claimed to overturn the injunction would cause the company "immediate and irreparable harm".
Samsung opposed Apple's request for a stay, noting it had already suffered enough from the imposed injunction thus far.
The Full Court has granted a stay on the decision until Dec. 2 at 4 pm. Apple can submit evidence to oppose the decision until that time but if the vendor wants an extension of the stay it would have to apply to the High Court.
Apple has launched similar court action against Samsung in several other countries. In Germany, Samsung has tendered a redesigned Galaxy Tab 10.1 to the local court in a bid to overcome a permanent ban on the device.
Samsung isn't taking it from Apple lying down, launching its own countersuit in Australia in an attempt to ban the sale of the Apple iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S.
The case will be heard in the Federal Court in March.
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Lebanese Army Chief Gen. Jean Kahwagi, left, UNIFIL Commander Maj. Gen. Paolo Serra, center, and Major General Mohammad Kheir listen as U.N. Special Coordinator for Lebanon Derek Plumbly speaks during a ceremony to honor UNIFIL in Yarzeh, Wednesday, April 30, 2014. (The Daily Star/Mahmoud Kheir)
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Lebanese Army commander Gen. Jean Kahwagi expressed his gratitude to a room of United Nations officials and peacekeepers at the Officers Club in Yarze Wednesday.Gen. Michael Finn, Kahwagi thanked UNIFIL and UNTSO for their history of coordination with the Army.Finn also paid tribute to UNIFIL Commander Maj. Gen. Paolo Serra, who is planning to leave Lebanon this year and hailed his efforts in overseeing the international troops.Addressing the crowd, Plumbly praised the Army's recent performance setting up security plans in Beirut, Tripoli and the Bekaa Valley.For his part, Serra praised the Army for achieving "important victories against terrorists" recently.
Mar Mikhael: an ideal creative hub
Christmas the Armenian way
Mohammad Chatah Square to be inaugurated Saturday


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Keystrokes to Kilowatts: The Benefits of Multi-Tenant Data Centers
Our panelists will discuss the financial and employment impact of enterprise data center colocation, as well as the benefits to organizations seeking to reduce their risk and capture operational and financial efficiencies.
- Technological flexibility and reliability: What is multi-tenant colocation and how does it impact the reliability, efficiency and performance of your technology operations?
- Financial and tax advantages: How organizations benefit from transitioning CapEx to OpEx and the tax advantaged status of colocation
- Economic impact: The high-wage skilled employment benefits of data center construction and ongoing data center operations
- Control vs. risk mitigation and data security: Does colocation mean loss of operational control? Does it put your mission critical operations and applications at risk? Is colocation safer than "the Cloud"?
McDonald Hopkins LLC
Fifth Third Center
600 Superior Avenue East, Suite 2100
Cleveland, Ohio 44114
Complimentary Valet Parking is available on Superior Avenue in front of the Fifth Third Center.
Jeffrey Huntsberger - Moderator


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Award-winning Canberra architect Ben Walker talks to House of Home about the raw aesthetics of industrial materials.
You'd never know that this top floor Penthouse is part of a newly built apartment complex in the Canberra suburb of Braddon. Yet its edgy, raw finishes of recycled brick, steel and concrete sit easily in this former industrial suburb-turned hipster hangout.
When architect Ben Walker was brought on to complete the internal fit out, the building was a concrete shell. "From early on it was clear from discussions with the clients that they had a desire to utilise high quality and bespoke finishes," Ben explains.
While ceiling heights and some internal wall finishes were already in place, there was huge scope to create clever joinery elements to define the interior spaces and allow rooms to open or close. Ben's choice of finishes was also key in providing the apartment with internal character and texture.
The central joinery element (and Ben' favourite piece), is an incredible timber wall which greets visitors at the entry. It is, in fact, a clever joinery component featuring recycled timber which houses TV and AV equipment as well as an expanse of storage. The timber is roughly brushed and varies in colour, creating a lovely warm and inviting entry feature.
The joinery was also key to achieving the most important aspect of this design — creating flexibility. Ben designed much of the space to be transitional and cope with Canberra's capricious weather. "Although Canberra has a highly variable climate between winter and summer, we regularly have long periods of beautiful sunny days in between. I try to take advantage of those periods of weather and maximise the potential for visual and physical connection to adjoining landscapes and gardens by using high quality glazing and stacking doors." The result on this project is large expanses of glass which allow light to spill deep into the apartment and huge doors which open onto the large balcony.
The owners also wanted the internal spaces to be flexible and multi-use. "The study has a large steel and glass sliding door that can be used to open or close that space from the main living area depending on the number of occupants at any given time," Ben continues.
There are numerous industrial references throughout the apartment; and many of the elements are used in clever and unusual ways. The benchtops, shelving, cupboard door fronts and door and window reveals are made of mild steel plate. There is perforated steel mesh on sliding cupboard doors and ceilings. Recycled hardwoods feature throughout the joinery, wet area benchtops and wall cladding. And each of these components is custom designed, individually detailed and hand crafted. As Ben explains, "there is a consistency to the detailing that provides a cohesive link between the different materials used - the joinery becomes a series of furniture pieces inserted within the apartment volume." And while there is an underlying rawness to the materials, there is also a familiarity and warmth that gives the apartment its unique character.
Ben's design is purposeful, every element carefully considered to ensure it sits comfortably within its environment. He admits that he often uses repetition of detailing and includes strong proportional qualities to create cohesion in his designs, similar to those in this apartment. And he loves using industrial materials like steel because of its durability and capacity to display textural and colour change in varying light. So what's next for Ben Walker Architects?
"Canberra is a very interesting place to work in at the moment as the city undertakes regeneration. We're continuing to focus on a range of project types and scales so our future is looking very busy and varied," he says.
We would like to thank Ben Walker and BWA for inviting us to step inside this incredible apartment. The Braddon penthouse won the 2016 Colorbond Steel Award, Australian Institute of Architects ACT Chapter Awards in 2016 and received a commendation in the Interior Architecture category for the 2016 Australian Institute of Architects ACT Chapter Awards.
Project Credits Interior Architecture: Ben Walker | Basebuild Architects: Dezignteam | Joinery: Matrix Joinery | Photography: Lightstudies
Special thanks to House of Home Contributor, Kate Shaw for writing this aticle.
We hope you found this article helpful. If you are ready to start planning your own project, discover beautiful products on the marketplace.
House of Home is an online marketplace. We bring together retailers from across Australia and let you search 80,000 plus products in one location. There's no place like it.
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Despite needing time to to recover from an onslaught of hurricanes last fall, the Caribbean hosted more than 30 million tourists in 2017—a record—and it's ready for more. Consider this your cultural calendar for the region; we'd happily book a flight to attend any of the food festivals, regattas, or Hamilton performances. Book a trip that does some good. All you have to do? Show up and spend your tourist dollars.
Saborea, Puerto Rico (April 5-8)
For the eleventh year in a row, the Saborea food festival will take over San Juan in a celebration of Puerto Rico's best flavors. (Try the mofongo and pitorro cocktails.) Keep an eye out for local celebrity chef Giovanna Huyke (often referred to as the "Julia Child of Puerto Rico"). This year's event will take place at the Balneario de Carolina in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Tickets are available online.
Antigua Sailing Week, Antigua (April 28–May 4)
Regattas come around the Caribbean often, but Antigua Sailing Week is the biggest in the region and a major event for sailing enthusiasts. Sure, there are races to compete in, but spectating is arguably just as fun. On-shore events intersect the course, and yachts for hire are available for those wanting to chase the race. Just head to Nelson's Dockyard in St. Paul Parish in Antigua.
Crop Over Festival, Barbados (May 6–August 6)
For more than 200 years, the island of Barbados has celebrated the end of sugar cane season with two months of events leading up to a blowout parade—collectively known as the Crop Over Festival. There are food and craft fairs through June and July, leading up to the final celebration, Kadooment Day, on August 6. Reminiscent of Carnival, revelers covered in sequins and feathers lead the Kadooment Day parade through the city, with live music and moving bars in tow.
Mango and Food Festival, Nevis (July 5–8)
Within the Caribbean, the island of Nevis is known for its mangoes (more than 40 kinds!), and a burgeoning culinary scene. The Nevis Mango and Food Festival brings the two together, challenging participating chefs to incorporate mango into every dish served. The result, despite the potential for kitsch, is an offering of clever dishes—we'd try Judy Joo's mango-infused Korean food, or just about anything tying in the island's fresh seafood—from local and internationally renowned chefs.
Havana Carnival, Cuba (July 1–August 31)
Carnival is Cuba's can't-miss cultural event, with celebrations lasting every weekend through July and August across several cities. Santiago de Cuba is known by locals to host the country's most riotous celebration in July, but Havana Carnival remains the largest and most popular with travelers. Head to Havana's Malecon on the weekends to enjoy music, parades, street parties, fireworks, conga lines, and more.
Summer Festival, Anguilla (August 1–12)
Anguilla Summer Festival kicks off with a series of pre-Carnival events, leading up to the main event on August 12. Boat races and beach parties with live music are planned most days, with the pinnacle Grand Parade of Troupes on August 10.
Caribbean Sea Jazz Festival, Aruba (September 21 & 22)
The Caribbean is home to a handful of popular jazz festivals, and the Caribbean Sea Jazz Fest is a local favorite. Like many of the other Caribbean festivals, it pulls both local and international performers, with a mix of jazz, Latin, soul, and funk. Past headliners have included Crosby, Stills & Nash, and Earth, Wind & Fire.
Eat Local Restaurant Month, Aruba (October)
Throughout the entire month of October, the island of Aruba celebrates Eat Local Restaurant Month. Hop from one restaurant to another and indulge in $15 lunches and $30–$40 dinners at participating venues. Expect everything from fresh seafood to steak dinners, with a mix of international and local flavors.
Caribbean Food & Wine Festival, Turks & Caicos (November)
Every first week of November the Caribbean Food & Wine Festival takes over Turks & Caicos. One of the most sophisticated food events in the Caribbean, this festival is known for bringing bold-faced names like celeb chef Melissa d'Arabian and Victor Yu to the islands for a series of meals and events that are well worth traveling for. Want to have dinner next to keynote chefs and sommeliers? Keep an eye on their site as the event nears to snag your seat at each great meal.
National Day (St. Lucy's Day), St. Lucia (December 13)
Saint Lucia's Day is a national holiday on the small island, set to honor the patron saint of light. This year the holiday falls on December 13, though the events really worth catching are the Christmas light and lantern displays the evening before, when lantern-making competitions are held around the island and an impressive firework show closes out the holiday.
'Hamilton', Starring Lin-Manuel Miranda, Puerto Rico (January)
We'd fly to Puerto Rico just to see Lin-Manuel Miranda back in the title role of Hamilton—this edition of the rap-sical will pay tribute to Lin-Manuel's Puerto Rican roots and Alexander Hamilton's birthplace on the nearby island of Nevis. The dates are yet to be confirmed, though we know it's being staged on University of Puerto Rico's campus, and will undoubtedly be the island's biggest event of the year.