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Cascara – Rhamni purshianae cortex (Rhamnus purshianus D.C.)
|Latin name of the genus:
|Rhamni purshianae cortex
|Latin name of herbal substance:
|Rhamnus purshianus d.c.
|Botanical name of plant:
|English common name of herbal substance:
Used to:
Latin name of the genus: Rhamni purshianae cortex
Botanical name of plant: Rhamnus purshianus D.C.
English common name of herbal substance: Cascara
Cascara (Rhamni purshianae cortex)
This assessment report reviews the scientific data available for cascara which consists of the dried, whole or fragmented bark of Rhamnus purshianus D.C. (Frangula purshiana (D.C.) A. Gray ex J. C. Cooper) in consideration of the German monograph of the Commission E "Rhamni purshianae cortex" (1) and the German pharmacovigilance actions for
Constipation is a common complaint in
Cascara preparations of the dried bark belong to the stimulating laxatives containing hydroxyanthracene derivatives and are intended "for short term use in cases of occasional constipation".
This indication is substantiated by empirical data (stemming from research into the constituents and their pharmacology and other
Casacara preparations have to be regarded as herbal medicinal products with "well established medicinal use" in this indication according to the COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2003/63/EC of June 2003 amending Directive 2001/83/EC of the Parliament and of the Council on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use.
Anthraquinone laxatives such as senna, aloe dried juice, frangula bark and cascara share a tricyclic anthracene nucleus modified with hydroxyl, methyl, or carboxyl groups to form monoanthrones (5). Therefore we also refer to the assessment report for senna leaves and fruits and to the assessment report for aloe and frangula bark to assess cascara.
2.1.1 Phytochemical characterisation
Cascara consists of the dried, whole or fragmented bark of Rhamnus purshianus D.C. (Frangula purshiana (D.C.) A. Gray ex J.C. Cooper). It contains not less than 8.0 per cent of hydroxyanthracene glycosides of which not less than 60 per cent consists of cascarosides, both expressed as cascarosides A (C27H32O14; Mr 580.5) and calculated with reference to the dried herbal substance. This complies with the European Pharmacopeia.
The constituents with known therapeutic activity of cascara are cascarosides A, B, C, D, E and F. Cascarosides A and B are mixed
The fresh bark contains
2.1.2Absorption, Metabolism, Elimination
We also refer to the assessment report of "Sennae folium", "Aloe barbadensis and Aloe capensis" and "Frangula bark".
No pharmacokinetic data obtained with cascara or its preparations are available.
According to Witte P and Lemli L 1990 (19)
It is not known to what extent
Experiments with radiochemical anthranoids showed a significant clearance of
After oral administration of 4.5 mg/kg
Emodin was admininstered to rabbits by i.v. bolus. The AUC of emodin was 518 µg.min/ml, clearance was 72.3 ml/min, and elimination half life was 227 min. Oral administration at 10 mg/kg b.w. resulted in a very low serum concentration (approximately 2.5 µg/ml). Emodin was found to be highly bound (99.6%) to serum protein, investigated by the equilibrium dialysis method (13).
Müller SO et al. 1998 (20) presented studies which were designed to elucidate the enzymes involved in the biotransformation of naturally occurring
2.2 Pharmacodynamics
2.2.1 Mode of action
We also refer to the assessment report of "Sennae folium", "Aloe barbadensis and Aloe capensis" and "Frangula bark".
Laxative effect
Cascara belongs to the stimulating laxatives.
The role of intestinal bacteria in formation active metabolites of the cascarosides and their derivatives has been investigated in vitro by Dreessen M and Lemli J 1988 (18). When incubated with caecal extract from germ free (GF) rats cascarosides A and B or C and D were not metabolised. For animals having conventional (CVL) gut microflora there was a distinction between rats and guinea pigs. The incubates from guinea pigs produced the
1991 Che QM et al. (37) isolated a strictly anaerobic bacterium, Eubacterium sp. BAR, from human faeces as one of the intestinal bacteria capable of metabolising barbaloin.
Yagi T et al. 1999 (38) investigated the purgative effects of intracaecally administered rhein anthrone and anthraquinones such as
The mode of action is based on two mechanisms. Firstly, colonic motility is increased leading to a reduced transit time and reduced fluid absorption, and secondly, an influence on secretion processes by two concomitant mechanisms viz. inhibition of absorption of water and electrolytes
These findings are based on investigations with different anthrones deriving also from other
Investigations of D'Angelo L 1993 (49) suggest that the laxative effect is to be ascribed to qualitative rather than quantitative changes in colonic motility. He developed a computerised method for quantitative analysis of colonic motility in the conscious dog and applied it to the study of the motor effects of cascarosides and their metabolites administered directly into the colonic lumen.
Results of investigations of Capasso F et al. 1983 (14) in rat isolated colon suggest that the laxative properties of aloin and
Cohen MM 1982 (15) dosed rats with the cathartics cascara, phenolphthalein, senna or ricinoleic acid with or without a 3 day pretreatment with indomethacin. Jejunum, proximal and distal ileum and colon were assayed for prostaglandin E (PGE) content by RIA. Without pretreatment the mean concentration of
Investigations of Izzo AA et al. 1996 (16) and 1997 (17) suggest that NO is a possible mediator for the laxatives effect of
Senna (60 mg/kg p.o.) and cascara (800 mg/kg p.o.) ex vivo significantly increased
Tavares IA et al. 1996 (33) compared the effect of rhein and
Izzo AA et al. 1998 (34) reviewed the kind of involvement of NO and PAF in the action of laxatives. PAF is a phospholipid mediator of inflammation and stimulates anion secretion in animals and in isolated preparations of human colon. NO, synthesised from the amino acid
Recapitulating, biological factors such as platelet activating factor (PAF) and nitric oxide (NO) may play a role on the action of the stimulus on the colon, but it has to be considered that the investigations mentioned above are only experimental ones.
Cascara acts within 6 to 12 hours due to the time taken for transport to the colon and metabolisation into the active compounds (3).
Other effects
2.2.2 Interactions with other medicinal products
There are no special investigations available.
Chronic use or abuse of cascara preparations may lead to hypokalaemia like the abuse of all
1955 Schmidt L (77) conducted some toxicological studies in rats with cascara sagrada among other substances. He failed to determine a LD 50 because the values showed a large variation. Instead of this he identified a tolerance dose of 6 g/kg for cascara sagrada defined as such dose which did not cause death in 50 rats. The amount of hydroxyanthracene derivatives is not known.
Chronic toxicity was tested in rats by administration of 600 mg/kg KG cascara sagrada daily for 3 months. Eosinophilic precipitations were found in the renal tubules, and the rats developed a fatty liver. Laboratory tests showed negative results.
No recent specific data are available for cascara or the cascarosides with the exception of carcinogenic activity. There exist some data for emodin,
2001 the National Toxicology Programm (NTP) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services published a technical report on toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of emodin (21; see also assessment report on frangula bark).
Groups of 5 male and 5 female rats were fed diets containing 0, 600, 2000, 5,500, 17,000, or 50,000 ppm emodin. This corresponds in males to average daily doses of approximately 50, 170, 480, 1,400, or 3,700 mg emodin/kg bw and in females to 50, 160, 460, 1,250, or 2,000 mg/kg bw. 3 female rats died before the end of the study. Mean body weights of males and females exposed to 5,500 ppm and greater were signifcantly less than those of the controls. Feed consumption by males and females receiving 17,000 or 50,000 ppm was decreased throughout the study. Macroscopic lesions were present in the kidney of rats exposed to 17,000 or 50,000 ppm.
The size of the groups and the administered concentrations were the same as described above. The concentrations correspond in males to average daily doses of approximately 120, 400, 1,200 or 3,800 mg/kg bw and in females to 140, 530, 1,600 or 5,000 mg/kg bw. 50,000 ppm equivalents were not calculated due to high mortality. All mice exposed to 50,000 ppm died before the end of the study.
Mice in the 17,000 ppm groups lost weight during the study. Feed consumption by 5,500 ppm was greater than by the controls. Macroscopic lesions were present in the gallbladder and kidney exposed to 17,000 ppm.
Groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were fed diets with 0, 312.5, 625, 1,250, 2,500 or 5,000 ppm emodin. This corresponds to average daily doses of approximately 20, 40, 80, 170, or 300 mg/kg bw in males and females. Among others relative kidney weights of rats exposed to 1,250 ppm or greater and relative lung weights of rats exposed to 625 ppm or greater were significantly increased compared to the control groups. Relative liver weights were increased in females exposed to 625 ppm or greater. The estrous cycle length was significantly increased in females exposed to 1,250 or 5,000 ppm. All male rats exposed to 1,250 ppm or greater and all exposed female rats had pigment in the renal tubules; and the severity of pigmentation generally increased with increasing exposure concentration. The incidences of hyaline droplets in the cortical epithelial cytoplasm were increased in all groups of exposed males and in females exposed to 312.5, 625, or 1,250 ppm.
The size of the groups and the administered concentrations were the same as described above. This corresponds to average daily doses of approximately 50, 100, 190, 400, or 800 mg/kg to males and 60, 130, 240, 500, or 1,100 mg/kg to females. Relative kidney weights of male mice exposed to 1,250 ppm or greater, relative lung weights of males exposed to 625 ppm or greater, and relative liver weights of female mice exposed to 625 ppm or greater were increased. The incidences and severities of nephropathy were increased in males and females exposed to 1,250 ppm or greater. The incidences of renal tubule pigmentation were significantly increased in males exposed to 1,250 ppm or greater.
Groups of 65 male and 65 female rats were fed diets containing 0, 280, 830, or 2,500 ppm emodin (equivalent to average daily doses of approximately 110, 320, or 1,000 mg/kg to males and 120, 370, or 1,100 mg/kg to females).
3 Zymbal's gland carcinomas were observed in female rats exposed to 2,500 ppm. This incidence exceeded the range observed for current historical controls and was considered an equivocal finding. At the 6- and
Groups 0f 60 male mice were fed diets containing 0, 160, 312, or 625 ppm emodin (equivalent to average daily doses of approximately 15, 35, or 70 mg/kg) and groups of 60 female mice were fed diets containing 0, 312, 625, or 1,250 ppm emodin (equivalent to average daily doses of approximately 30, 60, or 120 mg/kg). Low incidences of renal tubule adenoma and carcinoma occurred in exposed male mice; these incidences included one carcinoma each in the 312 and 625 ppm groups. Renal tubule neoplasms are rare in male mice, and their presence in these groups suggested a possible association with emodin exposure. At the
incidences of renal tubule pigmentation were significantly increased in all exposed groups; severities also gained with increasing concentration of exposure.
Genetic toxicology
Emodin was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 in the presence of S9 activation; no mutagenicity was detected in strain TA98, with or without S9. Chromosomal aberrations were induced in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells treated with emodin, with and without S9. Three separate in vivo micronucleus tests were performed with emodin. A male rate bone marrow micronucleus test, with emodin administerd by 3 intraperitoneal injections, gave negative results. Results of
Conclusion by the "National Toxicology Program's Board of Scientific Counselors' Technical Reports Review Subcommittee":
•The studies give no evidence of carcinogenic activity for male rats and female mice, and equivocal evidence for female rats and male mice.
•In view of conflicting results on genotoxicity, it was noted the first pass effect and need for metabolic activation suggesting a metabolite as the genotoxic form. The metabolite
2002 the American Herbal Products Association submitted a review of the data from the National Toxicology Program and relevant to the status of Cascara sagrada ingredients (11). All of the NTP oral feeding studies were of durations which exceed the duration of human exposure. The studies that are nearest the human exposure are the 16 day studies in mice and rats. The most conservative no adverse level (NOAEL) reported for these studies, is 160 mg/kg in female rats and 400 mg/kg in male mice. Assuming that an adult of 70 kg body weight consumes 21 – 100 mg hydroxanthracenes daily (0.3 – 1.43 mg per kg body weight), the association calculated a standard conservative
Based on the maximal daily dose of 30 mg hydroxyanthracene recommended in the HMPC monograph of cascara (0.43 mg per kg body weight) a standard conservative
Concerning the evaluation of carcinogenicity the association concluded that the equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity in female rats in the
Westendorf et al. 1990 (80) reported on the genotoxicity of several structurally related hydroxyanthraquinones. In the Salmonella /microsome assay emodin, chrysophanol and physcion were weakly mutagenic in strain TA1537 in the presence of S9 mix only. Chrysophanol was also weakly mutagenic in strain T102 without and with exogenous metabolic activation for induction of mutagenicity. No mutagenic effects were observed in the
Helmholz H et al. 1993 (81) investigated the mutagenic and genotoxic activities of the glycosides emodin and frangulin, and of an alcoholic extract of "Rhamnus frangula", and of a commercial frangula bark preparation Sanurtin N® with the aid of the in vitro salmonella/microsome mutagen test and the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair test of primary rat hepatocytes. 1 g of the alcoholic extract contained 50.76 mg glucofrangulin, 86.84 mg frangulin, 30.88 mg emodin, 10.3 mg pyscion, and 14.32 mg chrysophanol. One coated tablet of Sanurtin N® contained 8.28 mg glucofrangulin, 0.21 mg frangulin, <0.1 mg emodin, and physcion and chrysophanol only in traces. The tests provided evidence of a
Mengs U et al. 1997 (23) investigated the potential of emodin to induce micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs). Mice of both genders received a single oral dose of 2000 mg emodin/kg and were killed 24 and 48 h later. Bone marrow cells were collected from 5 males and 5 females and 2000 PCEs per animal were scored for the presence of micronuclei. There was no enhancement in the frequency of micronuclei at both preparation intervals when compared to the negative controls. Blood level examination confirmed the systemic availability of emodin. Plasma levels of up to 190 µg emodin/ml represented concentrations being in the concentration range that induced positive responses in several genotoxicity cell culture assays.
Jahnke GD et al.2004 (24) evaluated emodin for potential effects on pregnancy outcome. Emodin was administered in feed to
The rat maternal lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) was 1700 ppm; the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 850 ppm. The rat developmental toxicity NOAEL was +/- 1700 ppm. A LOAEL was not established.
In mice, the maternal toxicity LOAEL was 6000 ppm and the NOAEL was 2500 ppm. The developmental toxicity LOAEL was 6000 ppm (reduced fetal body weight) and the NOAEL was 2500 ppm.
The NOAELs for emodin defined by Jahnke GD are twice the decimal power and above the maximum daily dose of hydroxyanthracene derivatives (30 mg). A minimal standard conservative
Westendorf et al. 1990 (80) also investigated
low spontaneous mutant frequency. Numerous laboratories have recognised that the spontaneous background for
Heidemann A et al. 1996 (25) undertook in vitro and in vivo experiments to clarify the genotoxic potential of the hydroxyanthraquinone
The aim of the study of Schörkhuber M et al. 1998 (26) was to demonstrate the effect of the
Studies with aloin showed low acute and subchronic toxicity in rats and mice. Aloin at doses up to 60 mg/kg daily for 20 weeks showed no specific toxic effects in mice (3).
Aloin A at doses of up to 200 mg/kg body weight showed no evidence of any embryolethal, teratogenic or foetotoxic effects in rats (3).
In a model of
Mereto E et al.1996 (28) investigated anthraquinone glycosides of senna and cascara for their ability to induce aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the rat colon mucosa, which are considered putative preneoplastic lesions. Dietary exposure to high doses of these glycosides for 56 successive days did not cause appearance of ACF or increase of incidence of ACF induced by
Borelli F et al. 2001 (29) investigated the effects of bisacodyl (4.3 and 43 mg/kg) and cascara (140 and 420 mg/kg) on azoyxmethane
Assessor's Overall Conclusions on Toxicology
Experimental data, mainly in vitro tests showed a genotoxic risk of several anthranoids. Most of the
Mueller SO et al. 1999 concluded in their publication "Occurrence of emodin, chrysophanol and physcion in vegetables, herbs and liquors. Genotoxicity and
This is also to be considered in
3.1Clinical Pharmacology 3.1.1 Pharmacokinetics
Vyth A et al. 1979 (30) isolated
Other anthranoids
The ESCOP monograph of RHAMNI PURSHIANI CORTEX (31 in 3) mentioned an unpublished research report of a human pharmcokinetic study in 6 healthy volunteers. After oral administration of aloes (equivalent to16.4 mg of hydroxyanthracene derivates) for 7 days,
3.1.2 Pharmacodynamics
Laxative effects
There are no pharmacodynamic data with cascara or its preparations in humans available.
Constipation is said to be present when the stools passed are of hard consistency and when evacuation of the faeces is too difficult, too infrequent and irregular. The physiological range for frequency of bowel movements is wide, extending from defaecation three times daily to once only every 2 to 3 days. In the pathogenesis of constipation the colon plays a key role because this is where the contents of the gut remain for 24 – 48 hours. During this period the liquid contents from the small intestine are converted into faeces by the absorption of water and electrolytes in response to the action of bacteria. These functions are dependent on the interplay of peristaltic processes which mix the contents and the normal coordination of the anorectal muscles during defaecation. A disturbance involving any of these individual areas may lead to constipation. In this context, functional disturbances are far more common than those of an organic variety. In addition, assessment is problematic because the symptoms are perceived differently by the individuals affected (31, 32), due to different concepts of toilet training.
Based on animals experiments and experiences with other
Koch A 1995 (35) evaluated the laxative effect of aloin in experiments on herself. Neither a dose of 20 mg aloin nor an increase to 60 mg aloin caused a laxative effect. Aloin was found in the faeces. Koch A 1995 (35) gave 50 mg aloin in a gelatine capsule to 3 patients in the evening at 8 p.m. Test person A (female) fed upon vegetable and animal products, test person E (female) predominantly fed upon fish and meat and test person H (male) was a vegetarian. Test person A experienced soft stools once at day 1 and 2 and normal stools at day 3. Test person E experienced soft stools at day 1 for four times. Test person H experienced soft stools once at day 1, 2 and 3. These different results corresponded to the cleavage of aloin and appearance of
Cascara acts within 6 to 12 hours due to the time taken for transport to the colon and metabolisation into the active compounds (3).
Other effects
Foert E et al.1994 (42) conducted a study to evaluate if a fluid extract of cascara leads to a reduction of gallbladder volume in healthy human subjects. Sufficient
3.2 Clinical Efficacy Studies
3.2.1 Dose response studies
There are no dose response studies available.
The recommended dosage as a laxative for adults, elderly and adolescents over 12 years (10 – 30 mg hydroxyanthracene derivatives only once daily at night) is supported by experts' opinions and by clinical investigations with other
The German monograph of Rhamni purshianae cortex (1) indicates a daily dose of 20 – 30 mg hydroxyanthracene derivatives calculated as cascaroside A, but recommends that the pharmaceutical form must allow lower dosages than the usual daily dose.
The ESCOP monograph for "RHAMNI PURSHIANI CORTEX", 2nd edition, (3) also recommends 20 – 30 mg hydroxyanthracene derivatives.
The recommendation in the German pharmacovigilance actions for
The patient has to be informed that the correct individual dose is the smallest required to produce a comfortable
Normally it is sufficient to take an
3.2.2 Clinical studies (Case studies and Clinical trials)
Laxative effect
Stern FH 1966 (39) investigated the effect of a preparation containing 162 mg of prune concentrate and 162 mg of cascarin/tablet in functional constipation in a randomised
Mauracher E et al. 1976 (40) compared 15 mg glucofrangulin (purified extract from frangula bark) with 5 mg bisacodyl (Dulcolax®) and 0.1 g of a water soluble glucoside extract from cascara (Peristaltin®, the amount of anthranoides is not specified) in a randomised
Borgia M et al. 1985 (41) carried out a
Bowel cleansing effect
Wicke L 1981 (43) investigated the cleansing effect of Cascara® and Salax® on the colon as preparatory to barium enemas. The amount of anthranoides in Cascara® is not defined. Salax® is a saline cathartic (magnesium sulphate, citric acid, bicarbonate of potassium). 67 patients (22 – 88 years old) were treated with 2 tablets Cascara® and 1 sachet Salax® at 12 o'clock a.m. and between 5 and 7 o'clock p.m. 2 hours after having supper. The patients had to intake at least 1 ½ l fluid after each administration. If there were less than 4 defaecation after administration an enema with
Novetsky GJ et al. 1981 (44) tested different modes of colon cleansing regimes prior to
Fork FT et al. 1982 (45) conducted a
Hangartner PJ et al. 1989 (46) compared the efficacy (by colonoscopy) and patient acceptance of 3 cleansing regimes in a randomized clinical trial. 300 consecutive outpatients undergoing colonoscopy were randomly divided into 3 groups receiving one of 3 cleansing regimes: 1: Golytely (polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution) 4 liters, 2: Golytely 2 liters with
Looking at clinical
Børkje B et al. 1991 (48) compared the effectiveness and acceptability of 3 colon cleansing regimens for colonoscopy in a prospective study in 271 in- and
differences were found either between regimens I and III or between regimens II and III. With regimen I, II, and III, 14%, 8%, and 12% of the patients, respectively, had scores indicating inadequate preparation. In hospitalised patients the 3 regimens had practically equal cleansing effects. Outpatients had a significantly cleaner colon than inpatients. The authors concluded that no clinically important differences were found between the 3 regimens.
3.2.3 Clinical studies in special populations (such as elderly and children)
Use in children
First of all change of nutrition is recommended in constipated children with an increase in daily fibre intake. It is recommended that children older than 2 years of age should increase their intake of dietary fibre to an amount equal or greater than their age plus 5 g (50). The behaviour has to modify additionally, e.g. increased physical exercise.
There are no systematic clinical data available which evaluate the use of cascara as a laxative in children.
There are several reports of local intolerance of a high dose senna preparation on skin in children wearing napkins. These skin irritations were bullous and comparable with skin irritations caused by scalds (54).
According to the ESCOP and WHO monographs the use for children under 10 years cannot be recommended. According to the "NOTE FOR GUIDANCE ON CLINICAL INVESTIGATION OF MEDICINAL PRODUCTS IN THE PAEDIATRIC POPULATION" (CPMP/ICH/2711//99) of 27 July 2000 and other monographs age limit for children should be determined to "12 years of age".
Use in elderly
When cascara preparations are administered to incontinent adults, pads should be changed more frequently to prevent extended skin contact with faeces because of the experiences in children wearing napkins.
3.2.4 Assessor's Overall Conclusions on Clinical Efficacy
There is only one randomised
The postulated laxative effect is mainly based on the pharmacological data, experts' opinions (German monograph, ESCOP monograph) and clinical experiences. Clinical and pharmacological data obtained from other
All investigations to assess the bowel cleansing effect of cascara were conducted with a combination of a cascara preparation and a saline cathartic (magnesium sulphate). Therefore the effectiveness of cascara alone cannot be assessed. Anyway the combination preparation with cascara was inferior to a Golytely regimen.
3.3 Clinical Safety
3.3.1 Contraindications
Cascara preparations should not be used by patients with known hypersensitivity to cascara.
Furthermore cascara containing medicinal products should not be used in cases of intestinal obstructions and stenosis, atony, appendicitis, inflammatory colon diseases (e.g. Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis); abdominal pain of unknown origin; severe dehydration states with water and electrolyte depletion like all
3.3.2 Special warning/precautions for use
Patients taking cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmic medicinal products, medicinal products inducing
Like all laxatives, cascara containing medicinal products should not be taken by patients suffering from faecal impaction and undiagnosed, acute or persistent
If laxatives are needed every day the cause of the constipation should be investigated.
Use for more than 1 – 2 weeks requires medical supervision. Cascara preparations should only be used if a therapeutic effect cannot be achieved by a change of diet or the administration of bulk forming agents.
See also point 3.3.5 drug abuse.
3.3.3 Adverse events
In the study of Mauracher E et al. 1976 (40) glucofrangulin (purified extract from frangula bark), bisacodyl, and a water soluble glucoside extract from cascara were about equally well tolerated with a slightly lower frequency of meteorism during the treatment with glucofrangulin.
Like all
Like mentioned above hypersensitive reactions may occur.
Chronic use may lead to disorders in water equilibrium and electrolyte metabolism.
Chronic use may result in albuminuria and haematuria.
Furthermore, use over a long period may lead to pigmentation of the intestinal mucosa (pseudomelanosis coli), which usually recedes when the patient stops taking the preparation.
Yellow or
The German Health Authority has received 2 reports of adverse events.
Melanosis coli was detected in a
Another patient has developed urticaria taking a combination of cascara and a saline agent. He has concomitantly used mebeverine, but cascara was designed to be suspected.
Adesunloye BM 2003 (68) described a case of a
3.3.4 Overdose
Like for all
Treatment should be supportive with generous amounts of fluid. Electrolytes, especially potassium, should be monitored. This is especially important in the elderly. Furthermore chronic ingested overdoses of anthranoid containing medicinal products may lead to toxic hepatitis (see below).
Nadir A et al. 2000 (67) reported a case of a severe cholestatic hepatitis in a
To asses this case of liver impairment we have used the Roussel UCLAF causality assessment method. In 1993, an international group of experts published the
Rucam Score +2 unlikely: The liver injury in this case is classified as a mixed liver injury. ALT increased to 999 U/L (normal range
Beuers U et al. 1991 (55) reported a case of toxic hepatitis related to abuse of senna glycosides in a
Vanderperren B et al. 2005 (56) reported a case of a
According to the Rucam score these two hepatoxic cases are related to the chronic ingested overdoses. Rhamni purshianae, cortex, is also an anthranoid containing herbal substance and therefore we also point out the possibility of toxic hepatic reactions in this chapter for cascara.
3.3.5 Drug abuse
It cannot be assessed definitely, if a longer than a brief period of treatment with stimulating laxatives leads to dependence requiring increasing quantities of the medicinal product, an atonic colon with impaired function and aggravation of the constipation.
The only study comparing the morphology of the autonomous nervous system of constipated patients taking anthraquinones (aloe) to that of an appropriate control group of constipated patients without laxative intake (Riecken EO et al. 1990 (64)) does not support the hypothesis that anthraquinone containing laxatives are able to provoke relevant degenerative changes in the colonic nerve tissue. But this investigation was only conducted in 11 matched pairs only.
For safety concerns we inform the patients that if stimulating laxatives are taken for longer than a brief period of treatment, this may lead to impaired function of the intestine and dependence on laxatives.
Controversial discussion is done whether chronic use of
Kune GA et al. 1988 (84) and Kune GA 1993 (85) reported of the "Melbourne Colorectal Cancer Study". Commercial laxative use as a risk factor in colorectal cancer was investigated as one part of
this large population based epidemiological study of colorectal incidence, aetiology and survival. Commercial laxative use was similar in 685 colorectal cancer patients and 723 age/sex matched community based controls. Also, when laxatives were subdivided into various groups containing anthraquinones, phenolphthalein, mineral salts and others, previous laxative intake was similar between cases and controls. Previous use of anthraquinone laxatives and of phenolphthalein containing laxatives was not associated with the risk of colorectal cancer. Furthermore the results of this study suggest that chronic constipation, diarrhoea, and the frequency and consistency of bowel motions are unlikely to be aetiologic factors in the development of colorectal cancer. They indicate that it is the diet and not the constipation that is associated with the risk of
In a retrospective study a cohort of 2,277 patients was defined by colonoscopy. Among other factors Nusko G et al. 1993 (86) tested whether in these patients laxative use or the endoscopially diagnosed presence of melanosis coli were risk factors related to colorectal neoplasm. In comparison to patients taking no laxatives there was no significant increase in colorectal cancer rate either in laxatives users or in patients with melanosis coli. However, there was a statistically significant association between the occurrence of colorectal adenomas and laxative use (relative risk of all patients exposed to laxatives = 1.72; of patients exposed to laxatives without melanosis coli = 1.47). The relative risk of adenoma development in patients with melanosis coli was 2.19. Taking into account that polyps can be diagnosed in the dark mucosa of melanosis coli patients more easily, the authors concluded that even this relative risk of 2.19 seems to be related to a generally enhanced risk of laxative intake rather than to a special group of (anthranoid containing) laxatives.
Sonnenberg A and Muller AD 1993 (87) performed a
Loew D et al. 1994 (88) conducted a comparative study involving 423 patients with colorectal neoplasms and 522 patients with benign proctologic disorders who were regular users of laxatives for bowel regulation. A pseudomelanosis coli (PMC) test was used as an indicator of exposure to
Jacobs EJ et White E 1998 (89) examined the associations of colon cancer with constipation and use of commercial laxatives in a
Nusko G et al. 2000 (90) performed a prospective case control study at the University of Erlangen to investigate the risk of
for total colonoscopy were studied. The use of anthranoid preparations was assessed by standardised interview, and endoscopically visible or microscopic melanosis coli was studied by histopathological examination. There was no statistically significant risk of anthranoid use for the development of colorectal adenomas (unadjusted odds ratio 1.0; 95% CI
Willems M et al. 2003 (95) describe a case of melanosis coli, which occurred in a
Roberts MC et al. 2003 (91) conducted a
Nilsson SE et al. 2004 (92) examined the impact of constipation and laxative treatment on the blood levels of homocysteine, folate and cobalamine in a
Jae Sik Joo et al. 1998 (93) investigated changes occurring on barium enema in patients ingesting stimulant laxatives. The study consisted of two parts. In part 1, a retrospective review of consecutive barium enemas performed on two groups of patients with chronic constipation (group 1, stimulant laxative use (n=29); group 2, no stimulant laxative use (n=26)) was presented to a radiologist who was blinded to the patient group. A data sheet containing classic descriptions of cathartic colon (historic term for the anatomic alteration of the colon secondary to chronic stimulant laxative use) was completed for each study. Chronic stimulant laxative use was defined as stimulant ingestion more than three times per week for 1 year or longer. To confirm the findings of the retrospective study, 18 consecutive patients who were chronic stimulant laxative users underwent barium enema examination, and data sheets for cathartic colon were completed by another radiologist (part 2).
Colonic redundancy (group 1, 34.5%; group 2, 19.2%) and dilatation (group 1, 44.8%; group 2, 23.1 %) were frequent radiographic findings in both patient groups and were not significantly different in the two groups. Loss of haustral folds, however, was a common finding in group 1 (27.6%) but was not seen in group 2 (p<0.005). Loss of haustral markings occurred in 15 (40.5%) of the total stimulant laxative users in the two parts of the study and was seen in the left colon of 6 (40%) patients, in the right colon of 2 (13.3%) patients, in the transverse colon of 5 (33.3%) patients, and in the entire colon of 2 (13.3%) patients. Loss of haustra was seen in patients chronically ingesting bisacodyl, phenolphthalein, senna, and casanthranol. The authors conclude that
3.3.6 Safety in special populations and situations
Like all laxatives, cascara containing medicinal products should not be taken by patients suffering from faecal impaction and undiagnosed, acute or persistent
If laxatives are needed every day the cause of the constipation should be investigated.
Use for more than 1 – 2 weeks requires medical supervision. Cascara preparations should only be used if a therapeutic effect cannot be achieved by a change of diet or the administration of bulk forming agents.
Patients with kidney disorders should be aware of possible electrolyte balance.
3.3.7 Drug Interactions
Patients taking cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmic medicinal products, medicinal products inducing
3.3.8 Use in Pregnancy and Lactation
There are no recent investigations available.
In theory, it is possible that reflex stimulation might occur, involving not only the colon but also uterine muscles and then might lead to the development of hyperaemia in the pelvic region and to miscarriage as a result of neuromuscular stimulation of uterine muscles. Therefore this herbal substance was misused as an abortifacient agent (51).
Experimental data, mainly in vitro tests showed a genotoxic risk of several anthranoids (e.g. emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion).
In vitro assays overestimate the potential hazard from exposure and must be reevaluated by in vivo experiments.
The NOAELs for emodin defined by Jahnke GD are twice the decimal power and above the maximum daily dose of hydroxyanthracene derivatives (30 mg).
In vivo studies of the crude senna herbal substance in rat hepatocytes (chromosome aberration test, mouse spot test, in vivo/in vitro UDS (unscheduled DNA synthesis); showed no evidence of any genetic effects (Heidemann 1993 (53)). There exist older preclinical data which refer to extracts of senna pods containing 1.4 to 3.5 % of anthranoids, corresponding to 0.9 to 2.3 % of potential rhein, 0.05 to 0.15% of potential
be found in Chromosome Aberration Assay in Bone Marrow Cells of the Rat, Micronucleus Test in Rats, Mouse Spot Test.
Therefore the monographs on senna recommend for such a specified senna extract that the use is to be avoided just during the first trimester but with the advice that the further use during pregnancy should only be an intermittent and just if other actions like behavioural modification, dietary changes and use of bulk forming agents fail. Use in pregnancy cannot be recommended for all other senna preparations (we refer to the senna assessment report).
Whereas senna and also rhubarb mainly contain
In addition there are no data for cascara and its preparations available. Therefore use during pregnancy cannot be recommended. Furthermore other actions like behavioural modification, dietary changes and use of bulk forming agents should be the first actions taken during pregnancy to treat constipation.
Use during lactation is not recommended, as there are insufficient data on the excretion of metabolites in breast milk, too. Investigations with a "standardised senna laxative" (Agiolax®), which also contains Plantago ovata seeds/husks as bulk substances, showed that small amounts of active metabolites (rhein) are excreted in breast milk. A laxative effect in breast fed babies has not been reported (52).
The medicinal use of cascara as a purgative or laxative is known in Europe since 1880 (69). The British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1911 (70), "Hagers Handbuch der Pharamzeutischen Praxis" 1927 (72), and Martindale, 25th edition 1967 (73) already indicate such a use
Harvey Wickes Felter, 1922 (71) also propagates the use in case of sick headache due to atonic sluggishness of the bowels. Cascara was also used in gastric and duodenal catarrh, with jaundice, and in chronic diarrhea when accompanied by hepatic torpor.
Madaus 1938 (69) reports that Clarke(1853 – 1931) also indicated the use for rheumatic complaints in his material medica, published 1900 – 1902.
Martindale, 25th edition 1967 (73) also describes the action of cascara as a bitter stomachic given in small dose before meals.
Dragendorff 1967 (74) compares the use of cascara with the use of frangula bark. Fresh bark has an emetic effect and dried bark a laxative effect. Additionally the bark is externally used for scabies. He did not specify the preparation used or the underlying pharmacological action.
The dispensatory of the United States of America, 1918 (75), also describes the use of cascara as vegetable cathartic.
The use of cascara as a laxative is mentioned in nearly all references. In consequence of the laxative properties the herbal substance was also used as a purgative. The use as a laxative is accepted as a well established use.
In former times purification often was the first step to treat a lot of diseases. Such a procedure is obsolete now. Furthermore there are no plausible pharmacological data for the purification of other organs than the bowel.
Rarely the external use of the fresh bark is mentioned, but without explanation of the underlying pharmacological action. The use in skin affections is surprising because other
Furthermore the possible risks as described above have to take into account.
None of these indications can be adopted in the traditional list as a traditional one.
The short term use of occasional constipation
There is only one randomised
The postulated laxative effect is mainly based on the pharmacological data, experts' opinions (German monograph, ESCOP monograph) and clinical experiences. Clinical and pharmacological data obtained from other
Use for bowel cleansing
All investigations to assess the bowel cleansing effect of cascara were conducted with a combination of a cascara preparation and a saline cathartic (magnesium sulphate). Therefore the effectiveness of cascara alone cannot be assessed. Anyway the combination preparation with cascara was inferior to a Golytely regimen.
Traditional use
The use of cascara as a laxative is mentioned in nearly all references. The use as a laxative is accepted as a well established use.
Rarely the external use of the fresh bark is mentioned, but without explanation of the underlying pharmacological action.
Furthermore the possible risks as described above have to take into account.
None of these indications can be adopted in the traditional list as a traditional one.
Because of the possible genotoxic or tumourigenic risk in experimental investigations and the results of Siegers 1993 (83) a pharmacovigilance actions for
The results of the more recent studies are inconsistent and the possibility of a carcinogenic risk of
In his review article van Gorkom BA 1999 (94) concluded that although the
In "Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics" (11th edition 2006) (5) the following conclusion is drawn: "Regardless of whether a definitive causal relationship can be demonstrated between the use of anthraquinone laxatives and colonic pathology, these agents should not be recommended for chronic or
Taking all available data in consideration, the conditions determined in the German pharmacovigilance actions for
In consideration of the recommendations in the monograph the
See annex
See annex


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Do you make a New Year's resolution every year? I do! I think I've been making resolutions ever since I could say the word resolution. Even as a kid I always set big goals for myself.
The challenge with resolutions is, they usually don't stick. When was the last time you made a resolution and actually stuck with it for an entire year? (I don't think I have, but maybe you have some awesome willpower!)
I've talked to many moms, and it seems like we always make the same resolutions year after year.
Here are four common resolutions most moms make, and how to actually keep them this year! (Psst, scroll to the end to read 5 tips for slaying your mom goals!)
1. I'm gonna stop yelling at my kids.
I've spoken with a LOT of moms about the topic of yelling. Almost everyone I've talked to said that they sometimes yell and immediately regret it. They want to stop yelling, but their kids push their buttons and they lose control. If this is you, I want to invite you to my live chat, "Anger Management for Moms". It's happening on Wednesday, Jan. 10 @ 9pm EST inside my Christian Parenting Facebook group called Jesus, Mommy, and Me. I'll be sharing anger management tips and giving out free printable worksheets to help you come up with a plan for nagging less and nurturing more.
2. I'm going to start exercising.
Okay, I'm gonna be honest here. I tried this last year and I really stuck to it for a while! I don't love exercise. So I started thinking of things that I would actually enjoy doing. When I was a kid, I LOVED riding my bike. I did it almost every day. I had a little basket on the handlebars which held my tape deck (excuse me, my age is showing! ha!) and I would blast the music while riding up and down my street. Something about being on a bike was so freeing. So I decided to channel my inner kid and get myself a bike and a
tape deck MP3 player. You know what? It was just as much fun as when I was a kid. I actually stuck to this one until the unbearable North Carolina heat came. I plan to resume this year! Anyway, the moral of the story is…if you want to exercise, do something FUN!
3. I'm going to lose weight/eat healthier.
Okay, this is probably the MOST common resolution people make, and also I imagine it's the hardest to keep.
One of the biggest struggles I have is that I am BUSY. I'm working, writing, blogging, homeschooling…my to-do list never ends. It seems like cooking a scratch-made, healthy meal often gets neglected and other things take priority. This is something I want to change this year! And here's how I'm going to do it.
One of my blogging bff's is Sophie from Real Foodie Family, and she has created an a-m-a-z-i-n-g ecourse called "Eat Clean, Stay Sane." I'm gonna let you in on a little secret. I've had a chance to preview her course, and her ideas are brilliant. The best part is, she breaks down her clean eating system into baby steps that anyone can follow at their own pace — with ZERO judgment!
Click here to learn more about Eat Clean, Stay Sane and save your seat in class!
4. I'm gonna get my finances in order this year.
This is a resolution I make every year. In 2017 I purchased the Total Money Makeover by Dave Ramsey, and man! It was a game. changer. This book rocked my world and actually got me EXCITED about finances. My husband and I sat down and came up with a doable plan that would work for our family. If you're thinking about making some changes to your finances, I can't recommend this book enough.
Related Reading: New Year's Resolutions for Families (with FREE printable goal-setting worksheet!)
5 Bonus tips for slaying your New Year's Resolutions
1- When you set a goal, make it specific and measurable.
(Ex: I'm going to exercise for 20 minutes, 3 times a week.)
2- Don't make it all or nothing
(Ex: I'm never ever eating ice cream again for as long as I live!) Not very doable, right?
3- Take baby steps.
(Ex: Instead of saying, "I'm gonna save $10,000 this year," say, "I'm going to save $800 in January.")
4- Give yourself grace.
(If you fall down, don't beat yourself up! Get back up and try again!)
5- Write down your goals and add them to your calendar.
(Whether you use a planner or just an app on your phone, set reminders for yourself and put things on your calendar! You'll be much more likely to do them!)
I want to hear from you! What is your mom goal this year?
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In this episode, Robert Rouse of CrankApps, talks about managing a remote team, hiring processes, and communication lessons learned. Show Notes: Robert Rouse (twitter github) 00:35 – Robert Rouse Introduction 00:43 – Management of Remote Teams Experience 04:57 – Communication & Outsourcing 08:20 – Hiring 10:23 – Career Evolution 11:54 – Lessons Learned 13:06 – CrankApps 15:16 – Daily Routine 16:55 – Remote Setup & Work/Life Balance 22:33 – CrankApps ProductsRead More »
In this episode, Mike Hostetler, Founder and CEO of appendTo, talks about establishing a successful and completely distributed company, the importance of presence and responsiveness, and building team dynamics. Mike Hostetler (twitter github blog) 00:42 – Mike Hostetler Introduction 02:43 – Establishing a Remote Company 05:32 – Tools and Strategies 07:12 – Presence 10:58 – Onboarding Process 12:21 – Human Relationships 16:09 – Client Relationships 18:12 – Team Dynamics 21:03 – Lifestyle Flexibility 24:35 – appendTo ProjectsRead More »
Some of my favorite reading on dispersed teams from the last week. In this edition: investing in your home office; staying in touch with your team; agile software practices for distributed teams; giving a presentation over the internet, and much more. Where to Invest for the Biggest Productivity Gains You can save a lot of money by working remotely, but that doesn't mean you should skimp on the tools that really matter. A few strategically chosen expenditures can dramatically increase your productivity and connectivity. tags: wideteams Remote workers can't escape talking on the phone, or its modern day equivalents. I personally have a fairly expensive handset hooked up to my landline, which I use when it's important to have great call quality and a connection I can depend upon. You might not consider a landlineRead More »
For an introvert, any meeting can be trying. In this guest article, contributor Chris Strom talks about how distributed meetings are especially taxing for those of an introverted bent, and some of his strategies for coping. I am a strong introvert. As with most introverts, I lose energy when I interact with people. Meetings, in particular, drain me. Since they are a staple of a professional career, I have built up something of a tolerance for meetings. Remote meetings, however, continue to confound me. Everything about remote meetings saps more energy than the in-person equivalent. By itself, any one thing does not amount to much. But, by the end of a meeting, I am completely drained. I have no fight left. I care more about reaching the end than reaching consensus. In my experience, eyeRead More »
Coordinating a large remote meeting can seem like putting on a major stage production. Make sure your meetings go off without a hitch by practicing first. Picture this: it's time for the very first whole-company monthly meeting since adding remote team members to the team. The presentation slides are all ready, everyone is at their desk, the clock is ticking – and half the company can't connect to the videoconferencing server. You start a frantic troubleshooting session. People are tapping their fingers. Your manager starts wondering if building a dispersed team was such a great idea. This scenario is all too common in distributed teams. The fact is, remote workers are dependent on technology in order to make collaboration possible, and that technology doesn't always perform as expected – often going down at the worstRead More »
Working in a dispersed team has its share of challenges, but some of the fears that people have about remote work simply aren't born out by the experience of real-world teams. Here are a few if the more common misconceptions I've encountered. Working outside the office is distracting. This is one of the most persistent myths I've run into. Sure, working from home can be distracting. But out of the remote workers I've talked to, the majority find their home office a better environment for focused work than a traditional office.Which shouldn't really come as a surprise. After all, if you work with people you like, it means that your workplace is going to be filled with people you have a lot in common with, having conversations about things that are interesting to you! WhileRead More »
It's been a while since I did one of these. In this edition, productivity tips, videos, notes on distributed Agile processes, and more. A short video interview with Salim Ismail He talks about the importance of meeting your team in person at the start of a project. But what I found most interesting is when he says that he sees dispersed teams as a way to get the best possible talent no matter where they are located. tags: wideteams Work Smart 2: Stay Connected While Telecommuting | Fast Company – Annotated A lot of great advice in this short video. tags: wideteams Working remotely is so liberating–you get to do what you do best, in a location of your choice, without your co-workers or boss always looking over your shoulder. But telecommuting also requires aRead More »
The ability to share your screen with a remote team member is an essential piece of the remote collaboration toolkit. When it comes to screensharing software, there is a dazzling, sometimes baffling array of options. Here are a few I know of. Skype has built-in screensharing. It is currently display-only, but it works across all platforms. They appear to be using the same video compression technology for it as they do for their video chat, which means that while the picture can be a bit blurry, it copes well with temporary network slowdowns. Good old VNC is still one of the most robust and cross-platform solutions for sharing desktop control. There are multiple VNC clients and servers for every OS, both free and paid. DimDim, Yugma, YuuGuu are all launchable from the web, all have names thatRead More »
Two final interviews from RailsConf 2010 this week. The first is with Jody Alkema, a web developer with Domain 7 who spoke to me about his experience augmenting his Agile software team with some remote help. The second is with Peter van Hardenburg, a developer at Heroku who is transitioning back to a collocated team after a couple years of working remotelyRead More »
In this episode I talk to Ruby on Rails software developer David Rogers of Beacon Interactive Systems about his experiences working collocated, fully remote, and as a part of a mixed collocated/remote teamRead More »


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Hatters assistant boss Terry Harris has urged winger Shaun Whalley show he has a future at Kenilworth Road next season.
The former Southport and Accrington wideman is out of contract in the summer, having made made just 19 appearances this season, scoring three times.
"We know what Shaun can produce and hopefully that's the start for him."Terry Harris
However, despite being substituted after coming on at Dagenham & Redbridge on Tuesday night, he was back in the starting line-up at the weekend for the 3-0 win over Hartlepool.
Harris said: "We know what Shaun can do, we've seen it in training.
"By his own admission it hasn't been the best of times for him, but he's got something in his locker.
"He can turn full-backs inside out and if he's on his game which he was in the first 45 minutes, then it causes problems no end.
"Of course it can (help with a new deal).
"We know what Shaun can produce and hopefully that's the start for him."
Whalley was a constant threat for the Hatters on Saturday and had a huge hand in Luton's second goal as his trickery in the area drew a clumsy foul from Aaron Tshibola for penalty converted by Jake Howells.
For the full story, see the News/Gazette on sale now.


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What it's Like to Go Through AP's Affiliate Academy
On this Outperform podcast episode, we take a deep-dive into what it's like to go through AP's Affiliate Academy.
Angela Hughes, AP's Associate Director of Affiliate Training & Quality and Amelia Glynn, our very first Affiliate Academy graduate, share what it's like to actually go through the program, how to get the most out of it and why someone with account management in the digital marketing world should consider it.
If you can't see the embedded player above, you can:
Show Notes
Tune in to learn:
- How Amelia learned about AP's Affiliate Academy and why she decided to apply, even when she had a successful digital marketing career
- Why the Affiliate Academy was created and who it's primarily designed for
- What it's like going through Affiliate Academy
- What surprised both Angela and Amelia going through the first Affiliate Academy cohort (as instructor and student)
- What Angela and Amelia enjoyed the most about going through Affiliate Academy
- What they found to be most challenging about the Affiliate Academy
- How the Affiliate Academy prepared Amelia to become an AP affiliate program manager
- What advice Angela and Amelia would give to a digital marketing manager who might be considering AP's Affiliate Academy
Links from the Episode
About AP's Affiliate Academy – https://www.accelerationpartners.com/join-team/affiliate-academy/
Affiliate Academy podcast – https://www.accelerationpartners.com/resources/podcasts/ep-13-addressing-affiliate-industry-talent-shortage
Culture and Industry Awards – https://www.accelerationpartners.com/company/industry-recognition/
We hope you enjoyed this Outperform podcast episode. If you did, we'd greatly appreciate you rating and/or reviewing it on Apple Podcast. You can also subscribe for FREE so you don't miss an episode!
How Can We Help You?
Complete the form below and we'll be in touch.


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Download the printable study guide, Women in the Bible,
by Dr. Catherine Clark Kroeger (3-page PDF)
Women in the Bible
by Dr. Catherine Clark Kroeger
These Bible passages are all worth further study. Too often we concentrate on a few important women figures in the Bible, or on women who have titles, such as "prophet" or "deacon." But in the vast majority of cases, there is no title-what is important is a description of what the woman is doing. or how she is serving God, or how she is perceived by the author. Dr. Catherine Clark Kroeger, Scripture scholar and classicist, has given us in this brief study guide the results of many years of studying women in the Bible and in the ancient world. Open your Bible and study through these passages carefully. You will find much more information about women than you imagined in the Bible. D.I.
Old Testament Considerations
Creation of Man and Woman: Genesis 1 and 2
Woman made in God's image Genesis 1: 26-27.
(Do not image God as either male or female. Deuteronomy 4: 16)
Feminine imagery for God: Deuteronomy 32: 11, 18; Psalms 131:2-3; Isaiah 42:13-14 49:15; 66:9-13; Hosea 13:8.
"Man" means "humanity": Genesis 5:1-2
The Fall: Genesis 3


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Where we are and where we are heading.
3526 N 300 EKokomo, IN 46901-9360Phone: (765) 454-2326 Fax: (765) 868-8395School Homepage
Principal: Mrs Rhonda firstname.lastname@example.com Levels KG - 06Accreditation Status: State Accreditation
Howard CountyNorthwestern School Corp (3470)
Other Schools in Northwestern School Corp
Northwestern Elementary School (2904) KG - 06
Northwestern Middle School (2907) 07 - 08
Northwestern Senior High School (2897) 09 - 12
No end of course assessment data is available for Howard Elementary School.
Due to federal privacy laws, student performance data may not be displayed for any group of fewer than 10 students.
End of Course Assessments data are only displayed for schools that educate students in grades 6-12.
End of Course Assessment passage rates displayed are found by taking the total number of students who took the End of Course Assessment for the first time and passed, divided by the total number of students who took the assessment for the first time.


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Call, Call @ Fax!
This just in from FAIR...
Call Your Senators Today and Urge Them to Reject the White House Guest Worker Amnesty Plan!To find the district office number of your Senators, here.
For weeks, White House officials have been meeting with Senators in back-door sessions, attempting to negotiate a guest worker amnesty program that will attract substantial support—especially from Republicans. Yesterday, as a result of those negotiations, the White House released a new guest worker amnesty plan to gauge reaction on Capitol Hill, hoping it is positive enough to encourage many Senators to sign on.
Call your Senators' district offices today and urge them to reject this plan!
As reported by CongressDaily, the convoluted White House plan creates not one, not two, but three guest worker programs. The first program grants amnesty to illegal aliens currently in the country by first granting them legal status through "Z" visas, which are renewable indefinitely. In addition, those holding Z visas are eligible to apply for green cards. The plan incorporates a "touchback" requirement for green card applicants (like the Flake-Gutierrez bill), but only heads of households would have to make the token trip and the Z visa would guarantee them the right to re-entry. Green cards would be given out first to those who had higher skill levels, but all illegal aliens would still be eligible to apply.
The second guest worker program, intended to cover a broad set of workers, awards visas to "guest" workers for two years, but the visas could be renewed for a total of six years. Between each two-year period, workers would be required to return to their home countries for six months. These "guest" workers would also be able to apply for green cards. The annual cap is not defined, but will be set by the administration based on "market need."
Call your Senators' district offices today and urge them to reject this plan!
The third guest worker program targets low-skilled workers and combines the current agricultural (H-2A) and unskilled (H-2B) guest worker programs. These "guest" workers could remain in the country for nine months and would be required to return to their home countries for three months, but renewals under the seasonal program would be unlimited. In addition, these guest workers would also be able to apply for green cards.
The plan has a trigger of that consists of several border security provisions, including the addition of adding more border patrol agents and the construction of 370 miles of fencing (only about half of what the Secure Fence Act calls for). However, the trigger only requires the partial implementation of the new documentation requirements and partial implementation of the employment eligibility verification system before the new guest worker amnesty plan begins.
Call your Senators' district offices today and urge them to reject this plan!
Through its new plan, the White House has demonstrated its stubborn determination to accommodate illegal aliens and low-wage foreign workers—all at the expense of the American worker and the American middle class! It is imperative that you tell your elected officials that you oppose this plan!
Senate leaders have said they plan to have immigration legislation on the floor before Memorial Day. And beginning today, the Senate starts a week-long recess during which most Senators will be back in their home states. While your Senators are at home, please call their district offices and urge them to reject the White House plan.
Tell your Senators:
The White House has created nothing but a convoluted, deceptive plan that pretends to reform our immigration system, but in reality is intended to placate special interests.
We don't need a guest worker amnesty program to end illegal immigration; we need an administration that is willing to enforce the laws already on the books.
The Department of Homeland Security is entirely unequipped and unprepared to handle a mass guest worker amnesty program—the Department cannot even handle its current workload and has no effective program in place to track when foreign workers (or any visitors for that matter) leave the country.
Guest worker amnesty programs displace American workers and depress wages—there are no jobs Americans won't do for a living wage!
Amnesty rewards criminal behavior and does nothing to end illegal immigration; instead it only encourages more illegal immigration.
Amnesty is inherently unfair to people all over the world who play by the rules, wait their turn in line, and come to the U.S. legally.
Technorati Tags: fair, amnesty, white house,


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Monday, 25 February 2013
Reading over your head...
In a recent post, Kevin DeYoung calls pastors to read over their heads. While scholarly monographs should not be the only items on the pastor's reading menu, they ought not be struck from the menu altogether as fare too sophisticated and subtle for a mere parson. With all the appropriate caveats, some of which he gives, I heartily agree. This practice will stretch a pastor and drive him back to the text of Scripture to wrestle with new facets of doctrines and new angles on ideas that he may never have considered before. Of course a pastor who reads over his head will undoubtedly read things he doesn't agree with. In some cases, he may be required to humbly accept that he was wrong. In other cases, he will be sharpened in his ability to recognize and refute sophisticated error. In all cases, this practice should keep a pastor's mind nimble and his heart open. Like with any teaching role, only pastors who continue to learn are effective in their own preaching and teaching. Reading above one's head is not the only way to learn but it is part of a balanced diet of study for a pastor. Such a balanced diet should also include fare from various mental and spiritual "food groups"- things like current news magazines, popular books the congregation is likely to be reading, classic novels, fairy tales, poetry, books on hermeneutics, exegesis and homiletics, plays, philosophy, politics, economics, works of theology (past and present), commentaries, stuff from other cultures and countries and of course lots of old stuff. A pastor ought to read broadly, deeply, carefully, and read it all in comparison with and submission to the Word of God.
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Ask Iraqi Rasha Yassin if she follows a special diet as part of her Olympic training and she just laughs.
"Of course not," she says. "Do you think that athletes who are training here can afford a special diet? Most of them are from poor families and have to work to support their families."
Dilapidated facilities and widespread suspicion of female athletes are among the other hurdles on the road to Athens for the 18-year-old middle-distance runner.
"Look around you, we don't have any proper equipment. I don't work out because we don't have a gym," the tall, lean high-school student told Reuters during a break in training in Baghdad.
"I keep telling foreign competitors: 'If we had a tenth of what you had, there would a big difference in our performance'," she said.
At one point last year, the administrators of the capital's Athletic Training College closed their grounds to athletes and Yassin had to run in the streets, enduring disapproving glances and catcalls from passers-by in a society which takes a conservative view of women in sport.
"People would give me all kind of unwelcome attention," Yassin said. "But we shouldn't stop because of backward people, even if they are the majority in the society."
As Iraqi champion in the 400 and 800 meters, Yassin is a strong candidate to represent her country in August and is determined to make a name for herself at the Games.
She comes from a family of athletes; her mother is a former Arab track-and-field champion and two of her sisters are also runners.
Yassin exudes confidence, but recognises the immense disadvantages faced by Iraqis preparing for the Olympics in the wake of last year's US-led war.
At the training college in Baghdad, the running tracks are potholed and cracked, high jumpers have no mattresses to break their fall and have to make do with a large piece of sponge, and old pieces of metal and wood are used as makeshift hurdles.
But despite the difficulties, Iraqi athletes say the fall of Saddam Hussein has freed them from intimidation.
The Iraqi National Olympic Committee was once part of Saddam's apparatus of fear, and run by his widely hated son Uday.
Uday, killed along with his brother Qusay in a United States raid in Mosul last July, was reviled as a notorious playboy, and maintained a jail and torture chamber in the Olympic Committee headquarters building.
Athletes said they were tortured if they were thought to have performed poorly.
Now, they can compete without fear of punishment.
"At least this time, there won't be any secret police officer instructing us what to say and what to do," said Jabar Hussein, Yassin's coach.
"Athletes are more motivated now, they are participating in more events outside the country, which gives them better interaction with the outside world."
Hussein does not have high hopes that Iraqis will return from Athens with medals.
But he says the important thing is to take part and gain experience that will help in future competitions after years of isolation.
"For us the most important thing is to participate. We know very well that we can't compete with the world's best athletes. We don't have any equipment, and we haven't even been paid our salaries," he said.
"Before, it took us 30 days to get the permission to participate in an event.
Most of the time we would just miss the race. If Uday didn't sign the papers no-one could do anything."


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Michael W. Battle
Mike was born in Nichols, South Carolina. In 1969 he graduated from Woodberry Forest School. He completed his undergraduate work at Emory University in 1973, graduating with honors in History. Mike obtained his law degree from the University of South Carolina in 1977. Upon being admitted to the S.C. Bar in 1977, Mike worked at the Division of General Services for the State of South Carolina serving as in-house counsel for the State Fire Marshal, the S.C. Manufactured Housing Board, and the Insurance Reserve Fund. In 1979 he entered private practice and focused on governmental law, governmental litigation, construction litigation, and commercial litigation since that time. He works as the Town Attorney for the Town of Surfside Beach and serves as a special prosecutor for the 15th Judicial Circuit Solicitor in connection with the abatement of public nuisances. In addition, Mike is court certified as a mediator and has been mediating civil court cases in state and federal courts since 1993.
Mike is married to Catherine Easterling Battle. They have three children, James, Mary and Kirk. James and Kirk practice law with Mike at the Battle Law Firm, and Mary is a professor of public history at the College of Charleston in Charleston, S.C.
Areas of Practice
- Alternative Dispute Resolution
- Banking & Finance Law
- Business & Commercial Law
- Civil Rights
- Constitutional Law
- Construction Law
- Contracts
- Government Contracts
- Intellectual Property Law
- Land Use & Zoning
- Litigation & Appeals
- Personal Injury -- Defense
- Personal Injury -- Plaintiff
- Real Estate Law
- State, Local & Municipal Law
Litigation Percentage
- 80% of Practice Devoted to Litigation
Bar Admissions
- South Carolina, 1977
- U.S. Court of Appeals 4th Circuit, 1988
- U.S. District Court District of South Carolina, 1977
- U.S. Supreme Court, 1991
- University of South Carolina School of Law, Columbia, South Carolina
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Honors: With Honors
- Major: History
Representative Cases
Representative Clients
- First Federal Savings and Loan Association
- Insurance Reserve Fund/State of South Carolina
- S.C. Municipal Risk Fund
- City of Myrtle Beach
- Horry County
- City of Conway
- Sparks Toyota
- Lawyer's Title Insurance Company
- Conway National Bank
- South Carolina Attorney General
Professional Associations and Memberships
- South Carolina Bar Section on Alternative Dispute Resolution, Past Chairman
- Napoleon Hill Foundation, Board of Trustees


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It's All About RESULTS!
Mike Ferry, The Global Leader in Real Estate Sales Training
The Mike Ferry Organization provides Real Estate coaching, specialized seminars and Real Estate training workshops for agents and management. For 45 years, Mike Ferry's proven system has helped to create more Real Estate millionaires than any other Real Estate coaching system.
Spend Time With Mike!
The Mike Ferry Organization North America, Mike Ferry Italia and Mike Ferry Russia, have hundreds of events scheduled in 2019/2020. The events listed below are led by Mike Ferry himself. Each of these is a unique opportunity for you to be with the Global Authority on Real Estate Sales Management and Coaching. Mike looks forward to seeing you personally at one of these events.
Get Expert Real Estate Coaching
Whether you're brand new to Real Estate or a veteran agent, our coaching systems will help you increase your production and profit. Our Mike Ferry trained Real Estate Coaches provide the accountability and guidance needed to help you develop your mindset and get the most out of the Mike Ferry Sales System.
Frani Foltz
Harcourts Prime Property Carlsbad, CA
"My name's Frani Foltz. I'm with Harcourts Prime Property. I'm from Carlsbad, California, and I've been doing Real Estate for about 17 years. I joined the Mike Ferry group in 2017 … didn't really know about Mike Ferry until 2015. Once I joined, I did One on One and then I upgraded to Premier last year … doubled my business. Hopefully, I will keep my business growing. I've learned so much. I wish I had done it sooner. If you're thinking about joining Coaching, I recommend it highly."
Attend Real Estate Training Seminars
Mike Ferry's Real Estate Training Seminars are both a great introduction to the Mike Ferry System and an invaluable tool for keeping you on track all year long. From Prospecting Clinics to Production Retreats … there is a training event for virtually every aspect of the Real Estate sales process.
Jason Garcia
Coldwell Banker Premier Las Vegas, NV
"I knew after coming to a few Mike Ferry events … that I needed to step up my game. I joined Coaching in January of 2017. I finished the year with 48 transactions. 48! … that's over double what I did last year!"
Mike Ferry Scripts Free Download
Download free scripts and other resources to systemize your business. Increase your success rate during your prospecting calls and Seller presentations with time-proven Mike Ferry scripts. Hit the right points and better navigate objections to close more deals and increase your income.
Productive. Predictable. Profitable.
Start Growing Your Business Today!
The Mike Ferry Sales System has helped more Real Estate professionals become millionaires than any Real Estate Coaching system. Through signature Real Estate training seminars, personalized Coaching and free content library, we are committed to giving you the tools helping you learn the skills to create massive success in your business. Get started today.


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› Return to the Member Directory
Fort Worth Can Academies provide alternative education to students whose road to graduation seems virtually hopeless. We provide relationship-based education using smaller classes, academically rich curriculum, individual counseling and a more flexible attendance schedule. Our campuses are open to the public and tuition free for any student who wants to attend. The Fort Worth Can! model works!


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The Northern Beaches is an area in the northern coastal suburbs of Sydney. This area extends south to the entrance of Port Jackson, west to Middle Harbour and north to the entrance of Broken Bay. The area was formerly inhabited by the Garigal or Caregal people in a region known as Guringai country.
The Northern Beaches district is governed on a local level by the Northern Beaches Council, which was formed in May 2016 from Warringah Council (est. 1906), Manly Council (est. 1877), and Pittwater Council (est. 1992).
The 2011 Australian census found the Northern Beaches to be the most White and mono-ethnic district in Australia, contrasting with its more-diverse neighbours: the North Shore and the Central Coast.
The suburbs of the Northern Beaches district are:
- Allambie Heights, Avalon
- Balgowlah Heights, Balgowlah, Bayview, Beacon Hill, Belrose, Bilgola, Bilgola Plateau, Brookvale
- Church Point, Clareville, Clontarf, Coasters Retreat, Collaroy Plateau, Collaroy, Cottage Point, Cromer, Curl Curl
- Davidson, Dee Why, Duffys Forest
- Elanora Heights, Elvina Bay
- Fairlight, Forestville, Frenchs Forest, Freshwater
- Great Mackerel Beach
- Ingleside
- Killarney Heights
- Lovett Bay
- Manly Vale, Manly, Mona Vale, Morning Bay
- Narrabeen North, Narrabeen, Narraweena, Newport, North Balgowlah, North Curl Curl, North Manly
- Oxford Falls
- Palm Beach
- Queenscliff
- Scotland Island, Seaforth
- Terrey Hills
- Warriewood, Whale Beach, Wheeler Heights
The localities of the Northern Beaches district are:
- Austlink
- Bantry Bay
- Careel Bay
The following primary, high and K-12 schools are located on the Northern Beaches:
AGBU Alexander Primary School
Allambie Heights Public School
Avalon Public School
Balgowlah North Public School
Balgowlah Heights Public School
Beacon Hill Public School
Belrose Public School
Bilgola Plateau Public School
Collaroy Plateau Public School
Cromer Public School
Dee Why Public School
Elanora Heights Public School
Forestville Montessori School
Forestville Public School
Frenchs Forest Public School
Harbord Public School
John Colet School
Kamaroi Rudolf Steiner School
Kambora Public School
Killarney Heights Public School
Kinma School
Manly Village Public School
Manly Vale Public School
Manly West Public School
Maria Regina Catholic Primary School
Mimosa Public School
Mona Vale Public School
Narrabeen Lakes Public School
Narrabeen North Public School
Narraweena Public School
Newport Public School
Our Lady of Good Counsel Catholic Primary School
Sacred Heart Catholic Primary School
Seaforth Public School
St Cecilia's Catholic Primary School
St John's Catholic Primary School
St John The Baptist Catholic Primary School
St Joseph's Catholic Primary School
St Kevin's Catholic Primary School
St Kieran's Catholic Primary School
St Luke's Grammar School (Bayview Campus)
St Martin De Porres Catholic Primary School
St Rose Catholic Primary School
Terrey Hills Public School
Wakehurst Public School
Wheeler Heights Public School
Yanginanook School
Barrenjoey High School
Balgowlah Boys Campus
Cromer Campus
Davidson High School
Forest High School
Freshwater Senior Campus
Killarney Heights High School
Mackellar Girls Campus
Manly Selective Campus
Mater Maria Catholic College
Narrabeen Sports High School
Pittwater High School
Stella Maris College
St Augustine's College (Years 5-12)
St Paul's College, Manly
Covenant Christian School
Galstaun College
Northern Beaches Christian School
Oxford Falls Grammar School
The Pittwater House Schools
St Luke's Grammar School
- German International School Sydney
- Sydney Japanese International School
Notable sports teams include the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles (rugby league), North Harbour Rays, Manly RUFC, Warringah Rugby Club (rugby union) and Manly United FC (soccer). The Sea Eagles who play in the National Rugby League, and solex play at Brookvale Oval.


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helping consumers mix it up!
Aimed at £½ billion 'at home' cocktails market, Mixorama will be mixing it up in the key festive season teaching consumers how to mix cocktails at home. So what better time to introduce the UK's first-ever experiential grocery cocktail promotion - December 2018
Following the incredible success of Grocery Gurus other 'Together Is Better' multi award-winning, multi-brand, multi-discipline campaigns, the new Mixorama grocery promotion has been created to help consumers know & understand more about the wonderful world of cocktails; how to mix them and how to drink & enjoy them at-home.
Whilst cocktails have traditionally been on-trade based, with mixology and theatre being key aspects, changes in available disposable consumer income and a reduction in 'going-out', combined with a growth in at-home entertaining, means that there's never been a better time to jump on-board the 'Cocktail Train'.
Mixorama will help brands and consumers to 'mix-it-up' at home.


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Tourism WA is a State Government statutory authority and part of the broader economic development portfolio of Jobs, Tourism, Science and Innovation.
Tourism WA is responsible for promoting Western Australia as an extraordinary holiday and event destination. This includes marketing the State; developing, attracting and promoting major sporting, arts, cultural and business events; and supporting major projects that will draw visitors to particular destinations.
Tourism WA is a statutory authority under the portfolio of the Minister for Tourism the Hon Paul Papalia CSC MLA and is governed by a Board of Commissioners.
The agency was established under the Western Australian Tourism Commission Act 1983.
Find out more about what we do in marketing, events and destination development below.
We deliver innovative marketing campaigns to raise local, national and international awareness of WA's extraordinary destinations and experiences.
We develop, sponsor and promote a diverse range of sporting, arts, cultural and culinary events across the State.
Destination development
We work across government and industry to determine the needs of destinations in terms of access, accommodation, attractions and amenities.
Last Reviewed: 2018-04-17
All contents copyright ©
Government of Western Australia. All rights reserved.


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Google's been teasing the supposedly-called HTC "Dream" and its interface, Android, at the company's I/O Conference in San Francisco. In case you didn't know, it's highly anticipated. It is the Google Phone (UI), after all. The Dream appears to be the real deal, though. Featuring a touchscreen, the model really is the one that Android is built for. In a demo of Android at Google Headquarters, the developers showed off the phone's accelerometer by using it in "compass mode." How else this will be used is not really yet known, but using Google Maps' Street View feature, the phone can be a window into what you're already looking at and give you directions as you move. Also demoed were the phone's browser, instantly available traffic information, YouTube, a customizable home screen, the stock ticker, and Pac-Man. I must admit I'm curious as to whether this was made possible by a deal with Namco, or if the Google guys put an emulator on it that all of us can use, too.
The Dream is set to hit by the end of 2008 and according to Engadget, includes 3.6Mbps HSDPA, a Qualcomm MSM7201A processor good for 528MHz, 128MB of RAM, 256MB of ROM, a capacitive touchscreen, and the key to our hearts.
Read More at Engadget


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A friend of mine in the research industry used to give out little post-it-notes to trainee analysts that said "be wrong boldly." Her reasoning -- if you are bold and right, you will be hailed as a prophet. If you're wrong, most likely the crowd will have moved on by the time your prediction fizzles. But accountability for our past advice is a core value here at RampRate, so we have to see how we did on our 2011 predictions -- and see just how well our crystal ball was working. By our count, we have four hits, two partial hits, one miss, and three TBDs that won't be known until later. What do you think?
So, all told, we didn't do badly, certainly not compared with other prognosticators of more wobbly consistency and clarity. Only one outright miss, and three others that will take a while more to fully determine. That leaves us batting, more or less, .600 with prospects for further improvement. That's enough to get into the Pundit Hall of Fame, presuming of course than any other pundit actually bothered to look back at what they used to predict would happen before things actually did happen.
Up next, predictions for 2012.


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Earlier this year Microsoft announced Skype for Business will take over Microsoft Lync and in April Skype for Business update for Lync was rolled out that introduced completely new UI and UX based on commercial version of the Skype. Following are some of the highlights of Microsoft Skype for Business:
- – New look and feel
- – Call from Skype for Business using your desk phone for audio
- – Integration with the Skype directory
- – Call Monitor
- – Rate My Call
- – Quick access to call controls
- – Emoticons
The new UI is much similar to Skype and probably intended to keep the same user experience between the two different versions of the Skype. This includes the format of the IM, presence indicators, buttons, icons and other UI elements including emotions in Skype. Calling features include dialling to your desk phone if you have Skype for Business Server 2015 and it is just seamless call experience aside having rich integration of Skype directory to locate contacts. Call monitor is another good and handy feature introduced in Skype for Business which can expand to full screen and to the smaller miniature window for active Skype calls with complete call controls and quick access. Similar to the commercial version of the Skype, you can rate call quality which will help Skype for Business Server administrators to identify problems and improvements based on feedback data collected via rate my call features. However, this feature of Rate My Call works only for the on-premise deployments.


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UWC Mahindra College opens the world to you. Our alumni are engaged and involved in a wide variety of fields and enjoy access to the world's top universities and colleges. Beyond incredible access to opportunities, the mindset of a UWC alumnus is that of confidence who is able to work in a variety of fields to help in achieving a more peaceful and sustainable future.
Many of our students elect to take a Gap Year at the end of their UWC experience. A Gap Year is an excellent opportunity for a student to work on a personal project or travel and provides a good way for him/her to come to terms with unstructured time and understand what they would like to study in the future. We highly encourage all of our students to take Gap Years and universities and colleges see a gap year as a valuable asset to admission.
We are privileged to have our students accepted into the world's top universities. We have a full-time, residential Guidance Counselor and a Guidance Office that works with individual students to ensure that they are applying to places where they will be able to pursue their own passions and be part of a community they feel comfortable in. Each student is different and unique and it is important to keep this in mind and to understand every student's talents and skills when applying to schools or colleges.
All UWC students are expected to remain committed to the goals and ideals of the UWC movement throughout their lives, in ways they see fit to drive change in the world around them.


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Mar 12th, 2016
Author: scotsts_admin
Comments: 0
Category: Uncategorized
Getting to Git
A few times recently we have run across Git repositories on live web servers. I'm not sure if this is just because GIT is becoming much more heavily used, or whether part of it is down to the recent change in development methodologies towards something more fast and fluid, but unless you are intending your code to be open source, putting copies of it on publically accessible servers is not a good plan.
The web vulnerability scanner Nikto finds these repositories with no problem. This means that unskilled attackers can also find them, with the general implication that this type of data exposure will attract untargeted attacks – ones looking for any .git repository rather than yours specifically. Repositories may be freely accessible in a web browser (and may in fact also display their entire directory structure), but even if the data doesn't seem accessible, or even comprehensible – it is often still easily possible to extract a full copy of the source code from them.
The very comprehensive instructions on how to do this are here – https://en.internetwache.org/dont-publicly-expose-git-or-how-we-downloaded-your-websites-sourcecode-an-analysis-of-alexas-1m-28-07-2015/ and the actual tools are available here https://github.com/internetwache/GitTools. I've run these on quite a few occasions now, and whilst sometimes the repository is just empty, in a lot of cases the end result is a large number of dumped subdirectories with long GUID style names. Each one of these essentially contains a snapshot of the full code at the point a commit was made. So once an attacker has these, the directory structure can be grepped for interesting information like stored passwords, private keys etc. Having the supporting code is also very helpful to a attacker/tester when trying to find issues like SQLI and XSS as he can look at exactly what the developer is doing to defend against it.
So don't store source control on production web servers, or if this is absolutely necessary, ensure that access to the repository is strictly controlled.


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Some crazy action went down this year for the Crankworx 2011 slopestyle finals. I was there to check it out in person and although everyone was super stoked on local Brendon Semenuk taking the win, 15-year-old Anthony Messere (making a first appearance at Crankworx) was going massive and pleasing the crowd all day.
Final rankings:
1. Brandon Semenuk
2. Cam Zink
3. Anthony Messere
This video was submitted by dave.


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earthly vision
Gentle sun washing through the garden of my father.
A light haze upon the Wicklow mountains.
Jess tussles quietly with a stick on the lawn, her tail waving like a banner.
I stand.
A dove alights on a branch in front of me.
He looks at me and coo's.
His voice is holy.
It's all true bold readers.
The Church.
The power of God.
Everything you've heard.
Is true.
I must repent in sackcloth and ashes.


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Consumer prices declined in October by a record level, the Labor Department reported Wednesday. The Consumer Price Index (CPI), which is the most watched government inflation barometer, retreated to 3.7% during the previous twelve months and follows a decline of 4.7% in September.
On a monthly basis, the index fell 1% to mark the largest one month decrease since publication of seasonally adjusted changes began in February 1947. Economists were expecting a 0.9% decline.
"We are moving into an environment where prices are falling across the board," David Resler, chief economist at Nomura Securities International Inc. in New York, said in an interview with Bloomberg Television. "That is going to continue. Deflation is spreading across the economy."
Continue reading Consumer prices fall record 1%, inflation drops to 3.7%


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Why does Uber have surge pricing?
Uber is a Marketplace that matches riders and drivers. In the same way that Ebay lets a seller offer an item, and multiple buyers bid on that item, Uber does the same thing when you request a ride. Instead of highest bid being the deciding factor, it is criteria like distance, direction, # of seats, and which driver clicks "accept" first (your ride request gets sent to multiple drivers).
Surge pricing is an attempt to deal with a constrained or limited resource on the Marketplace — drivers and cars. If Uber has 100 cars on the road and 200 people requesting rides, there is not enough "supply" to go around. So what do you do?
You have a few options:
- Make a queue. First come first serve. This means you might wait an hour for the next available car and will be rider 150/200.
- Immediately reject ride requests if there are no available drivers. "Sorry, no cars available."
- Introduce an incentive that attempts to balance the supply and demand since they are basically mismatched.
Surge is both a disincentive for riders and an incentive for drivers. If the price increases it makes riders think twice about taking that trip. Maybe they can wait until later or use an alternative mode of transportation.
When the price rises for drivers, it is an incentive for them to head towards a particular area that is surging or for drivers who aren't even online to start driving because now they can make more money. Yes, when surge activates in an area (and it is automatic) notifications go out to drivers that are not current driving that they can make more money right now if they hop online and head to this area. The bigger the supply/demand mismatch, the higher the incentive.
Surge will increase the number of drivers available (supply) and lower the number of people requesting rides (demand) in an attempt to balance the Marketplace. When you pay more for a trip — most of that money goes to the driver. It is a driver incentive. Surge is designed to ensure that you can always get a ride whenever you want.
Surge works pretty well most of the time and is completely automatic. There are certain situations you may want to deactivate surge, however, as the optics may not be ideal. What if there's a natural disaster? Or a protest? These are events outside of your control and not normal market conditions, so you don't really want to appear to be taking advantage of the situation.
If you were to disable surge when there is a supply and demand mismatch a few interesting things happen:
- There is no incentive for riders to take a trip later. Demand increases because higher cost is no longer there to relieve the pressure
- There is no incentive for new drivers to come online or existing drivers to head to that area
- Drivers make less money, in conditions where the market has decided that they should be making more (heavy traffic, dangerous road conditions, etc)
- Riders will get the dreaded "No cars available" message if attempting to take a trip or get added to a queue
You'll basically be stuck.
[ Note: I am currently an employee of Uber. Everything here is my own opinion and does not reflect Uber's. I may be 100% wrong about everything I've typed here. Take it with a grain of salt. This is basically a standard disclaimer. I wrote this entry after realizing that many of my rather intelligent and well-intentioned friends had no idea how surge worked or what it was trying to accomplish. ]


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Strategy gamers will have a great November! Why? Because Immanitas Entertainment has announced the official launch date for Frozen Hearth! Starting from the 29th November 2012 on Frozen Hearth will be available as a digital download as well as a traditional boxed retail product. If you want to see Frozen Hearth on Steam also, please vote for it here: http://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=101934956 and please share the link so we can reach our goal pretty fast. The start was awesome so far but we need more support if we want to be available on Steam in time. This game definitely deserved it.
This indie title from the Australian developer Epiphany Games has the potential of becoming a real insider tip for all fans of RTS games. The combination of fast-paced tactical action and a dark fantasy setting will engross players, making the Danaan's fight for survival against the demonic Shangur all the more personal. Three acts split into a total of 18 missions can be played both alone as well as in co-op mode with another human player. Of course heated multiplayer battles online or locally are also part of the package.
To make the waiting until release more bearable Immanitas Entertainment has teamed up with Gamers Gate to offer a great pre-order deal. If you buy the game here (http://www.gamersgate.com/DD-FHEARTH/frozen-hearth) before it is released, you get 10% off as well as the soundtrack and artbook in digital format. You will receive the game as soon as it is released.
Frozen Hearth will be available for Windows PC on 29th November 2012 for 19.99 EUR / 24,99 USD / 16,99 GBP. You can find the official trailer here: Trailer Frozen Hearth. For further information you can also visit the Frozen Hearth Facebook Page at www.facebook.com/frozenhearthgame or the official website: www.frozenhearthgame.com.


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Integrating MIT students into the payroll system efficiently will help keep your projects and initiatives on track.
Use these resources to:
Atlas, MIT's self-service and administrative systems hub, provides an entry point for accessing MIT's financial systems and tools. The VPF website will guide you through the related transactions and provide you with information and resources you need to complete your tasks.


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A blog born from the desire for a winter coat in a color other than black. With limited sewing experience and no knowledge of Japanese I've worked through all the patterns in Ryuichiro Shimazaki's book on men's coats. If I can do it, anyone can! But the challenges continue. Join me as I continue to explore the world of menswear. I AM my own luxury brand!
Tuesday, October 9, 2012
Tartan Tuxedo Shirt -- a de-stashing project
4 comments:
Oooh it's going to be lush!ReplyDelete
Isn't there just something so rewarding working with plaid and making it all line up? That is going to be one cool guy shirt! Maybe spending your summer under a cloud/blanket has given your mojo an extra boost. Looking forward to the finished project! Welcome back to the sewing side of life!ReplyDelete
With all the practice pleating on a tartan, you might think seriously about doing a real kilt - same thing.ReplyDelete
I agree with Helene you should seriously think about that :) In the beautiful Clan MacLeod tartan!ReplyDelete