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10 Hangzhou S Rd, Sec 1, Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan, 100
CLOSED (December 2017).
Funky Club has been a part of the fabric of the Taipei gay scene. It's one of the first gay dance clubs in the city and continues to be popular with both locals and tourists.
Don't be put off by the discreet entrance. Once inside, you will find a fabulous 70's style disco complete with multi-coloured under floor neon lights and mirror ball. Funky Club has an excellent sound system which is put to good use by talented DJ's.
The staff are very friendly and will do everything legally possible to ensure you have a great night out. Best time to arrive is just before midnight. Regular special events with live shows.
venue: Dance club | customers: gay | attracts: All types
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last updated: 21-Nov-2019
It was closed at 2017/12/24
"It is the last night at 2017/12/24. It was full of memories for Taiwanese's 30s and 40s.
It is a pity that it was closed forever"
Edison on 21-Mar-2018 | Problem with this review?
Old and tired venue
"Arrived here Saturday night midnight and the place was very quiet nothing happening. If we didn't have a local guy to take us there we would never have found the very small deserted entrance on the equally deserted street, Inside 20 to 30 people sitting around smoking and chatting. Rather sad...
The staff were very helpful and friendly and with such poor attendance on a Saturday night you can see why they need to try hard. They don't have much to keep them busy. 300 TWD entrance gets you 3 beers or 1 gin/vodka."
Adam on 05-Mar-2017 | Problem with this review?
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Asset Tracking and Inventory Mgmt Solutions Market to be Worth US$ 30.59 Bn by 2026 - TMR
ALBANY, New York, May 11, 2018 /PRNewswire/ --
According to a new market report pertaining to the asset tracking and inventory management solutions market, published by Transparency Market Research, the global asset tracking and inventory management solutions market is expected to reach US$ 30.59 Bn by 2026, expanding at a CAGR of 12.9% from 2018 to 2026. According to the report study, the global market is expected to be influenced by a wide range of macroeconomic and industry-specific factors. Growing demand by businesses to optimize product lifecycle management is anticipated to significantly drive the asset tracking and inventory management solutions market across the globe. click for the full press release
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Thank you for visiting Barcode.com.
More news:
- Bonded Logistics Celebrates 2018 Family Business Awards Honors
- Global Track and Trace Solutions Markets to 2023 - Growing Number of Manufacturing Facilities
- ScanSource Reports Third Quarter Results - Achieves12% Gross Profit Growth
- France Automatic Data Capture Market 2016-2018 & 2025:Expected to Reach $961 Million
- Zebra Announces First Quarter 2018 Results
- PINC selected by Inbound Logistics to its 2018 list of Top Logistics Technology providers
- OtterBox, Mobelisk Partner to Add Sensors, Barcode Scanning
- ASAP Systems Announces the Integration of RFID in BarCloud
- FACTON COO Mike Betz to Speak on Costing In Supply Chains

subset: commoncrawl


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This Amethyst Crystal Comes from Uruguay.
This Amethyst Mineral Crystal specimen has a deep purple color. The size and shape is excellent for display. It is neither too big nor too small.
Makes a great home or office decoration. It stands independantly with out any support or a display stand.


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Drowning deaths of 5 aboriginal people in Manawan come to light 39 years later
Documents show what was deemed a road accident was actually far worse
On the night of June 25, 1977, a van carrying five aboriginal people and two white men skidded off the road and into the Milieu River near the town of Saint-Michel-des-Saints.
The five aboriginal people drowned. The white men survived.
It still haunts the Atikamekw community of Manawan in the Lanaudière region, 250 kilometres north of Montreal.
"It's as if it happened yesterday," said Angèle Petiquay, who lost her 18 year old brother Denis that day. "The pain is still there."
At the time, the community didn't learn about their deaths from the Sûreté du Québec, but from children who went from house to house with the news. Local police eventually filed it as an accident.
They've waited for answers until last fall, when a community member asked an association of families of missing people to investigate. The coroner's report of the event, obtained from the Quebec national archives, has revealed troubling facts.
In a written statement, the driver of the van admitted to drinking 18 beers that day. The two survivors said they climbed on the roof of the van and swam to shore.
They said they lit a fire an hour later, and waited until sunrise before walking 19 kilometres to warn police in Saint-Michel-des-Saints.
But they stopped for a coffee before.
The coroner wrote the driver was impaired and called it a crime. But no charges were laid.
"Stop for a coffee? What is this? I'm sorry, but a declaration like that is inexcusable," Petiquay said.
The coroner concluded the five people died by drowning, but no autopsy was performed.
The community is also outraged they never got a visit from an investigator following the deaths.
Coroner's report missing substance
Both survivors and the police officers mentioned in the report are still alive. But a lawyer and criminologist says it's unlikely new charges will be laid. For one, the details in the report are too vague to justify charges.
"The blood alcohol content was not measured and the exact moment of consumption wasn't recorded," said lawyer Walid Hizaji. "It will be hard, so many years later, to establish the driver's alcohol level."
"What we read in the coroner's report is tragic, but could have happened to anyone. This appears to be an accident. It's sad, of course, but an accident," Hizaki added.
SQ officers say they have recently handed the case to a Crown prosecutor. The investigation is still considered open and investigators are asking anyone who wants to make a statement to come forward.
The Association des familles de personnes assassinées ou disparues, however, wonders why police did not collect this evidence for 39 years.
"Now imagine that five white girls had lost their lives in a road accident and the two drivers were indigenous people. Would we have had the same conclusions? Would we have seen the same effort by the police? That I'm not certain," said Nancy Roy, lawyer and director-general of the association.
Based on a report by Radio-Canada's Francis Labbé


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Weave bunches of nandina leaves and other fall floral accents into grapevine to create a draping fireplace garland. Wrapping the bunches with floral wire adds stability; then simply place and relax.
TIP: Unwind the grapevine wreath; the loops will add structure to your garland arrangement.
{find a garden center near you}


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Rebeca Bashly
Usually very bold, Rebeca Bashly is quiet in "Fruit of Time." Tiny and delicate, a tree-like form becomes human, questing for something greater. Does she reach for knowledge? Transformation? Growth? Perhaps this ambition incorporates all of these things, uniquely personified. Although the theme of man integrating with nature is common, this clear and crisp depiction balances what is known (the downward reaching hand lightly holding one golden pear) with the mysterious unknown (the reaching hand that can't quite grasp the other golden pear). Most cultures can fit this iconography within a traditional context, but this depiction is independent of specifics. It simply represents them all.
Rebeca's use of scale gives an intimacy to the piece because it is tiny and easy to miss in a show of large and dramatic competitors. If the work were large, the monumentality would destroy the discovery. The root into the ground adds strength to the organic message, versus if the form were floating. Jewel-like in its preciousness, this work is a reminder of the best in origin and direction.
Also see the review of "Mother" by Rebeca Bashly, from The University of Western Australia's permanent show.
Continue to the next review of "Cogito ergo sum," by Cherry Manga, on permanent display in-world at UWA.
Go back to the introduction with the full list of reviews.
Please see the in-world edition of Sim Street Journal #17 with comparative and critical articles that add to this online content. Available in kiosks and at the Sim Street Journal SL Office (Innu 40, 36,1649) or download PDF Sim Street Journal #17.
— The in-world magazine has topics that relate to those who understand the virtual context, including photographs, parallel articles. It has tabs for information landmarks, and web links.
— The online magazine expresses what the virtual world offers the real one. It is a mirror that reflects parallel articles, hot topics, and provides more links.Contributions are encouraged if covering topics relevant to real world readers.
Please see the INDEX for all contributors and articles.
(Back issues are available on MARKETPLACE).
Sim Street Journal explores the relevance of virtual to real commerce and culture.
ONLINE: https://simstreetjournal.wordpress.com/
FACEBOOK: https://www.facebook.com/simstreetjournal
IN-WORLD: http://maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Innu/40/36/1650
MARKETPLACE: https://marketplace.secondlife.com/stores/148961
EMAIL: email@example.com
ASN: http://www.avatarsocialnetwork.com
– – – – – – – – – – – – –
Eleanor Medier (avatar of Liane Sebastian)
BLOG: http://www.eleanormedier.wordpress.com
FACEBOOK: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Eleanor-Medier/735735156500378?ref=bookmarks
ASN: http://www.avatarsocialnetwork.com
EMAIL: firstname.lastname@example.com
– – – – – – – – – – – – –
Liane Sebastian FACEBOOK: https://www.facebook.com/liane.sebastian
Sim Street Journal explores the relevance of second to first life.
© 2016 by Liane Sebastian/Eleanor Medier, Sim Street Journal.
Articles cannot be reprinted without permission.


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May 8–June 5, 2015
Opening Reception
Fri. May 8, 2015
This exhibition is the culmination of Alberto Aguilar's Crossing Boundaries residency through Arts + Public Life and the Center for the Study of Race, Politics and Culture.
In keeping with his mobile residency this exhibition will place at multiple sites across the city. Throughout his time as resident artist he tested the boundaries of how much he could folded into his residency and it's pliability as a material in itself. In consistence with his use of play as a way to navigate life, his interactions with others, objects and his environment he invites the viewer to participate in the same way through through traveling to multiple sites to view this exhibition. Sites include but are not limited to the Logan Center, Harold Washington College, the Arts Incubator and 4th Ward Projects in Hyde Park.


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No one enjoys the party once mosquitoes decide to crash. Unfortunately, these little pests are nearly invisible and tough to shoo away. While bug spray and citronella candles can help to a certain extent, there are other techniques recommended by Nutri-Lawn Vancouver that you can keep in mind when practicing Vancouver lawn care. Nutri-Lawn Vancouver lawn maintenance services can be adjusted to help with your insect infestation, but your daily activities can have just as large an impact on how many bugs crash your garden party.
Get rid of standing water
Mosquitoes use water as a breeding ground. This isn't really much of a secret to homeowners, but for some reason homeowners often forget to remove standing water from their lawns. Ponds, as you'll see below, are one example of standing water that should be kept around. However, other smaller and less permanent areas of water should be removed from the lawn once dusk arrives. These include pet water dishes, water in birdbaths, plant saucers, and so on. It only takes a couple of minutes to drain them and refill with fresh water the next day, and could save you hours in itching time.
Another big step is to adjust your irrigation so that it doesn't run at night – which isn't good for your lawn anyway – and to make sure your irrigation isn't creating puddles. Puddles on your lawn will make mosquitoes think your grass is a safe space for their eggs. Read our article on how Nutri-Lawn Vancouver recommends you water your lawn to avoid issues such as this.
It's time for spring-cleaning
If you have unnecessary piles around your yard, it's time to scrap them. Check woodpiles for rotten wood, woodchip piles that are no longer useful, and compost heaps. These are perfect shelter for mosquitoes, particularly if they are damp. While Nutri-Lawn Vancouver certainly doesn't suggest getting rid of your compost, which is an effective tool in Vancouver lawn care, it is important to make sure your heap is in an area of your yard that has less traffic during outside gatherings.
Other objects that attract mosquitoes are scrap items that retain water. These can be old tires, gardening tools, old tarps, upright wheelbarrows, and water pots. If you have a tire swing in the yard, drill a few holes around the bottom of the tire to let water drain.
Mosquito traps
This trap is similar to that of citronella, but safer for your pets' noses and longer lasting than citronella. All you need is water, water conditioner, fish (guppies or gold fish are cheap and work perfectly), a couple of water plants, and a container to put it all in. If you already have a pond with fish and plants, then you're set.
If you don't have a pond, use an old fish tank or clean cat litter box. Fill this with water, your water conditioner, the guppies, and the plants. Place this is an area of your lawn where it won't be knocked over. Mosquitoes will be drawn to the water, where they will be food for your guppies. Make sure to check for dead guppies every few days, and clear away dead plant matter. Also make sure the water level doesn't get too high from the rain or low from evaporation.
If you choose to do this, think outside the box. Find ways to make your mosquito trap visually appealing so that it contributes aesthetics, as well as functionality to your lawn care.
You can also talk to your Nutri-Lawn Vancouver specialist to find out how your Nutri-Lawn Vancouver lawn maintenance services may be adapted to eliminate mosquitoes if you have a particular problem with these pests. Receive your complimentary quote on Nutri-Lawn Vancouver lawn maintenance services today!


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Hello my dears!
I guess you know by now that I'm attracted to cute packaging. So I couldn't remain indifferent to the new Enchanted Glamourland Palette for Holiday 2010 by Too Faced.
The new palette will be available in a Limited Edition and will be launched on 12 November in Japan.
I'm really looking forward these new colors and I'm hoping it will get on the counters of my local Sephora before the holidays.
Too Faced Glamourland Palette contains 15 eye shadows, a lip gloss and the Eyeshadow Insurance Primer.
What do you think so far? Are you loving this palette more than UD Book of Shadows vol III or Black Palette?
What are your first impressions? 🙂


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Professional massage is great for your physical and mental health in general, it is certainly far more than just an indulgence. Here though are the five main benefits of massage:
1. Relax, Physically and Mentally
Physical and mental relaxation are linked and massage helps with both. You can't feel mentally relaxed if your muscles are tight and aching, you can't let your body relax if you have too much constantly on your mind either. Sometimes to relax you need to get out of your daily routine and away from your work or anywhere where you could do any kind of work. With a professional massage you have the time to just relax and do nothing else, away from reminders about whatever it is causing you stress it is much easier to forget it and the soothing massage will slip your mind into a relaxed and neutral state. Physically your muscles can be relaxed by massage helping to release lactic acid and getting rid of knots and tightness. The whole body is interlinked and often one muscle being relaxed will allow others in turn to relax.
2. Get better sleep
If you often have trouble sleeping it could be down to problems that professional massage can help with. Poor sleep is often linked to back and muscle problems, this means you have to move often due to discomfort meaning you wake up or at least do not enter a deep rapid eye movement sleep. Muscle problems also may lead to cramps in the night that as well as being very painful are going to disturb your sleep for the rest of the night once you have had a serious cramp.
Sleep problems like insomnia are more likely to be linked to stress and not being able to relax. A professional massage after work should hopefully keep you relaxed for the rest of the evening and help you sleep. Even a regular massage though will help you throughout the week as if you generally feel more relaxed sleep will come naturally.
3. Stay energetic
To be energetic at work you need good sleep of course that as just mentioned can be helped by massage. Being energetic though also comes down to having muscles that feel ready to work and not weary or aching. Muscles that are well exercised may cause aching and pain that slows you down but a massage can help to relax muscles and help them mend more quickly. Massage also improves circulation around the body as a whole and can therefore aid oxygen getting round the body, this includes to muscles that will therefore work better and also the brain. When you are at work the brain easily gets tired but good circulation will combat this.
4. Help with sports and other injuries
Injuries to muscles and joints happen from time to time, some are serious others less so; often the less serious injuries such as a pull or a sprain are almost ignored at the time but then linger on for months or years. Treating injuries with professional massage straight away may aid the healing process: this is done by increasing the flow of blood to muscles that carry oxygen and platelets to help fix damaged muscles. Knots and tight muscles can be relaxed through massage before they cause damage to nearby muscles.
5. Feel pampered
We said that massage is more than just indulgence, sometimes though you deserve to indulge yourself and do something that you just want to do for yourself. Feeling pampered is important every now and again, rewarding yourself often for hard work makes the hard work seem more worthwhile and helps prevent burnout. A pampering massage with friends is a fantastic way to spend an afternoon, especially on a rare day off. Going to a massage spa is about more than the massage as well, it is an escape and a relaxing calming environment.


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The imagery I select in my painting practice is personally significant and comes together to build a 'library' of symbols...
elizabeth marruffo, 2011
These symbols are then repeatedly reconfigured in paintings to form loose or suggestive narratives and stories. It was a search for my fathers paintings that he had left in a small town in Mexico before he passed away that resulted in an artistic enquiry into my identity and my home. Self portraiture and the memories of a landscape are used to explore this enquiry into identity, meaning and home.
This page is an archived record of this exhibition. Prices are valid for the year of exhibition only.
Please contact the gallery or check the stockroom to confirm current availability and prices.
All artwork reproductions are © the artist. Images may not be used without permission from turner galleries and the artist.
PDF download files require Acrobat Reader®


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Find out about our Incident Response Program Development →
Incident Response
Prepare and Plan for Security Incidents
Request a Free Consultation with our Security Incident experts.
Request a Free Consultation with our Security Incident experts.
In any incident, proper detection is paramount. In some instances, the detection of the compromise is simple and immediate. However, the detection of more advanced attackers inside your network can be very difficult.
Allow the experienced incident response analysts of Sword & Shield to assist you in detecting intruders on your network. We leverage both public and private attack signatures to track down the most elusive attackers.
A key component of any incident is the proper analysis. How can proper decisions be made without proper analysis? With detailed analysis from skilled incident responders, the needed information related to root-cause, remediation and future prevention is available to make proper decisions.
Sword & Shield relies on experience in both security assessments and incident response to develop a comprehensive understanding of the incident to properly advise our clients.
Failing to properly remediate after an incident will greatly increase the likelihood that the breach continues or occurs again in the future. Without proper analysis to determine the details of the breach, an organization cannot proceed with confidence.
Sword & Shield works with organizations in all sectors to properly remove the current threat and to assist in implementing technology and training to reduce the probability of the same attack occurring in the future.
We are here to help you both plan and prepare for how you will manage security incidents. In critical times, we have assisted thousands of customers deal with security issues through a comprehensive offering of incident handling and forensic services.
Via our Rapid Response Shield® kit, we help you prepare for computer security incidents.
We use our extensive security and forensic investigation experience to detect and confirm computer security incidents.
We perform a rapid initial analysis to determine an incident's scope.
We quickly contain incidents before they can spread and overwhelm resources or cause more damage.
We eliminate the components that facilitated the incident, such as deleting malicious code and disabling breached accounts.
We provide expert reports to help you learn from the incident and improve your response in the event of a next time.
Request a Free Consultation with our Security Incident experts.
Sword & Shield provides a wide variety of security related services for our clients. The following list provides an overview of some of the most common services we perform. For more details about these services or other services we perform, contact us today.
Our team of experts can perform a penetration test that meets the requirements of PCI and EI3PA and is aligned with industry best practice. Sword & Shield's assessment team specializes in this type of work and is in high demand from organizations across the globe.
Our unique Data Breach Threat Analysis is designed to proactively identify threats and vulnerabilities that may have already been introduced during the time lag between the release of the vulnerability exploitation code and when security patches are actually applied to the vulnerable system(s).
Monitoring system logs for security events and responding appropriately can be an overwhelming task in most organizations. Sword & Shield has assembled a team of experts that specializes in this area and is prepared to perform this task for your organization.
Through our comprehensive Sensitive Data Discovery Scan we will perform a scan of your network that will pinpoint sources of confidential electronic health data, as well as where additional subsets, copies and exports of that data reside.
A Virtual Security & Compliance Consultant (vSCC) helps you choose which competencies your company needs now — helping with overall information security, direction, governance and planning to support strategic business initiatives.
Our 24×7 Security Operations Center (SOC) provides an around-the-clock facility fully staffed by highly trained security analysts. Our experts stay on the cutting edge of technology and informed of emerging threats in order to provide comprehensive protection for your business.


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IRISH SOFTWARE COMPANY Globoforce has postponed plans to run an initial public offering on the US NASDAQ market.
The company had already scaled down plans to raise up to €57m ($79m) by reducing its offering and the price on its shares, but pulled the whole scheme earlier today.
Chief executive Eric Mosley insisted that Globoforce planned to return to its IPO, which would have been among the largest Irish share bonanzas in recent years, at a later date.
Despite receiving overwhelming interest in our initial public offering, we have decided to postpone our offering until market conditions are more favourable for our company and our customers.
Globoforce makes software that allows companies to monitor and reward employee performance. It has 240 employees worldwide. Founded in 1999, the company booked €135m ($187m) in sales last year.
Mosley said that company strategy and goals remained the same.


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The Luther-Bagby Collection
The Luther-Bagby collection at The Texas Collection contains personal, theological, and missions papers spanning several generations of this missionary family. The earliest papers date from the 1820s, and the latest papers date from the 1990s. Anne Bagby, the daughter of Baylor College president John Hill Luther, began the missionary legacy in this family when she and her husband William Bagby sailed for Brazil in 1881. The Bagbys lay claim to being the first permanent Baptist missionaries in Brazil. Find out more about this collection here: http://bit.ly/18cFgpg


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MANHATTAN, Kan. – Take off your shoes and feel the grapes between your toes. The Kansas Department of Agriculture will host the 10th annual Kansas Grape Stomp Saturday, September 12, at 3:00 p.m. on the Lake Talbott Stage at the Kansas State Fair in Hutchinson, Kansas.
Gather around the grape tubs to watch State Fair Board members, State FFA Officers, College Student Body Presidents, Ag Educators and 4-H Council leaders stomp grapes to celebrate the Kansas grape and wine industries. A competitive stomp-off will kick off the event and an open stomp for all State Fair attendees will follow.
Advocating for and promoting the agriculture industry, the state's largest industry, employer and economic contributor, KDA encourages all to attend the grape stomp to learn about the grape and wine industry in Kansas while having fun.
For more information about the event please contact Robin Blume, Education and Events Coordinator for the Kansas Department of Agriculture, at [email protected].


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Graphic Design student awarded first place in Shine Awards
Third year BA (Hons) Graphic Design student Ben Gale has won first prize £2000 and a 3 month paid placement at Coley Porter Bell as part of the Shine Awards.
The annual competition is run by branding and packaging company, Coley Porter Bell. This year the project brief was to prepare a concept for RAF 'ACTIVITY', a range of events run across the UK during Summer festivals and shows. The aim was to connect a younger audience (9-25) with the world of the RAF. This required the design of a brand identity flexible enough to be applied across a broad range of physical environments and digital platforms.
Ben was chosen primarily for the depth of his conceptual thinking – but also for the inclusivity of the activities he incorporated into his proposal which resonated perfectly with the RAF client team. He articulated the scope of his proposal brilliantly in his presentation and produced a video presentation of his design project which communicated the flexibility of the interactive design equities and the potential of audience engagement on and off-line.
Ben said: "RAF Active is a campaign aimed at encouraging young people from the age of 9 to 25 to get active and make them aware of the opportunities the RAF presents.
My proposal was based around encouraging innovative and creative teamwork in an active environment. This was achieved through a three-tiered competition system through social media, as well as a teamwork obstacle course that travels to different schools to target the younger range of the demographic, advertised through print and digital mediums. It was important to do something that was fun and engaging while simultaneously instilling the ideals of teamwork, innovation, and creativity, all attributes associated with the RAF"
Lewis Son, also a third year student, was awarded runner up.
This is the second year a student from BA (Hons) Graphic Design has won this national competition. Last year Natalie Mather won with her packaging and promotional video for Chivas Regal 18 year old whiskey.


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Review: Deliver Us From Evil
The latest offering in the seemingly limitless subgenre of possession horror is better executed than it is written, as a familiar story follows a standard path with only the slightest of worthy detours.
The 'evil' from the title is with a capital 'E,' the sort of ominous, devil-driven spirit that feeds on sin and doubt. While this time it comes from the Middle East, specifically during a late night mission by a group of soldiers , it's Evil we've seen before and soon tire of.
It turns pretty faces ugly, well-manicured nails into shards, and English speakers into incompressible babblers. It also turns off lights, scribbles on the wall, and of course, kills people.
That's how two NYPD detectives get involved, and instead of seeing the story from a more familial, personal perspective, we get it from that of officers on the case, though just as skeptical and with more buddy-cop cheesiness.
Eric Bana is Ralph Sarchie, brings some necessary levity and humanity to a weak script and mediocre role. He's a man with a professional and personal past that haunts him, and he also has a beautiful wife (Olivia Munn) and a precocious daughter, both of whom agree that they don't see him enough.
He's out on the case with the very welcome though maybe miscast Joel McHale, who shows off his muscles, fighting skills, and sarcastic tongue with aplomb. Domestic disturbances and a grotesque incident in the zoo put them on the task of tracking down a shadowy figure who looks to be manipulating and killing poor unfortunate souls.
It's through an endlessly rainy and gloomy New York City that Sarchie and Butler wander, with dark basements and empty hallways abounding. Deliver Us From Evil undoubtedly has the look, but while the eerie atmosphere is a concerted effort, it drops its hand in the grab-bag of horror, bringing out trope after trope with lazy indifference.
There are the creepy stuffed animals, possessed toys, flickering lights, and then everything even the most casual of horror fans have come to learn about the exorcism process. Before that finale, though, we of course have to meet a man of faith, a priest named Mendoza (Edgar Ramirez), who knows all about such doings and is reluctantly solicited by Sarchie.
Evil is ludicrous only in rare occasion, but most of the time it's ineffectual. Butler's wisecracks connect every once in a while, though it's hard not to picture McHale as Jeff Winger poking fun all these procedural.
That this is loosely based on a true story means little to nothing. It's as if to say that simply because someone experienced this, it's especially scary; the real or perceived is to take the place of the imaginative. Writer and director Scott Derrickson places the film in the present day, over a decade since Sarchie wrote a memoir detailing the incident.
It's hard to say what is accurate and what isn't, but it doesn't matter. The creepiness of the 'true story' aspect is only experienced if the film itself is successful. It's not; Deliver Us From Evil is derivative, familiar, and momentarily scary, and offers nothing new save for Joel McHale being a tough guy.
[star v=2]


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The login for JustFab.com has been found and verified. The most sought-after shoes and handbags handpicked for you based on your personal style.
The JustFab login page is listed online. Please confirm you are using the correct JustFab login.
If the entry online is empty, then at the time of adding the login to JustFab in our database nothing was found. If there is a entry online then at the time this archive login page for JustFab.com was created, the login page was:
The JustFab.com login page meta data has been listed online for your convenience. You can compare this data to the real login page when you arrive in order to verify you are using the correct login for the JustFab website.
Women's Shoes and Handbags from JustFabulous
Get VIP ACCESS to the most sought-after women's shoes and handbags handpicked for you based on your personal style.
We do not archive the keywords for JustFab or any other listing in our archives at this time due to the lack of modern websites using them anymore.
Website Results:
Brand Ideas Management Console
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Welcome to JustFab's Fabshion Circle! Are you JustFab's Biggest Fan? Join our brand ambassador program to stay connected.
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In order to compare the real login to JustFab.com to an invalid page or to an updated sign-in for JustFab if the website is offline or has been redesigned, we have taken a snapshot of what the JustFab login page appeared as at the time of the archive and listed it online:
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Please rate only once based on the look, functionality, and style of the JustFab sign-in area of the website.
Tech Name: Adam Goldenberg
Tech Organization: Just Fabulous, Inc
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Source: Natural gum from bark sap of the thorny tree Acacia senegal – the world's highest quality source of gum arabic.
Key Properties: Anti-aging, film forming, skin firming, sustainable
Benefits: A visibly smoother, more youthful appearance
How It Works: The gum creates a thin protective film as it spreads over your skin. When it retracts (shortens) the film tightens and lifts your skin, decreasing wrinkle depth and reducing the appearance of fine lines. It gives an instantly smoother and more youthful look to your skin.
Quirky Fact: Elephants love eating acacia trees.
Found In: Pellu Eye Cream


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1, Wall Bin Shelf in mint - Urban Outfitters
I'm totally in love with this shade of mint and what a cute idea for all your magazines when you don't want to make space for a rack on the floor
2, Print Club London print - Made.com
I love the graphic prints at Made and this one is on sale at the moment. I only wish we had more space on the walls!
3, Block Printed Rug - French Connection
Always love a good rug, love the mixture of shapes and block printing giving it a very handmade look.
4, Durdle Vase - Habitat
Love this retro looking vase and I'm a sucker for these colours against each other. If only I didn't hate seeing flowers die I'd buy more vases to hold them.
5, Apple cushion - Etsy
I've been after this beauty for a while, always on my wish list and the perfect shade of pink.
*affiliate links


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Using Xen in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5: Installing guest operating systems
Install a guest operating system on Xen in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 by following Bernard Golden's step-by-step guide. Watch for warnings about complications wrought by new Intel and AMD chips.
Installing Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 (RHEL5) and the Xen hypervisor lays the foundation for getting virtualization to work in your Linux environment. Installing guest virtual machines is where the rubber meets the road, and that's the trip described in this tip.
I gave an overview of and installation tips for the RHEL5's new Xen virtualization technology, including paravirtualization and the hypervisor, in part one of this series on virtualization in RHEL5. In that installment, I explained how the hypervisor interacts with guest operating systems (OSes) that have been installed with specially- modified kernels designed to cooperate with the hypervisor. It's an easy process, as simple as checking a box during the install process so that the hypervisor is installed and configured to be brought up during the boot process.
Without guest virtual machines installed, we haven't really gotten anywhere. Fortunately, Red Hat has made the guest OS installation process easy, too; but it has some twists and turns along the way.
In RHEL5, Red Hat provides both a command line interface (CLI) and a graphical interface to its Xen virtualization capability. If you are just getting started with Xen, the graphical interface -- called Virtual Machine Manager -- is by far the easier way to go.
The Virtual Machine Manager (VMM) is accessed through the System menu item in the main menu. When the System menu item called "Virtual Machine Manager" is brought up the initial dialog box asks you whether to connect to a local Xen host or a remote Xen hypervisor (see Image 1). We choose local Xen host, since we want to manage guest virtual machines on the local server.
Image 1
Once we click on the local Xen host, the Virtual Machine Manager interface comes up. Guest installation may be done through this interface (see Image 2). In Snapshot 1, we see that Domain-0, which is the privileged guest -- meaning it is the guest which controls access to the actual underlying hardware resources -- is up and running, using 1GB of memory at this time. (At the far right is a graphics bar indicating how much this represents of total memory.). You'll also see its status (running) and the fact that it is using a bit over 2% of total CPU.
Image 2
Getting started on installing a new guest virtual machine only requires clicking on the File menu item and then clicking on the first entry labeled "New machine." Another way to get started is to click on the "New" button in the lower part of your Virtual Machine manager" main window.
The new machine installation wizard then starts (see Image 3). This is a general splash screen that describes the process that is about to happen, indicating that you have to choose a name for the system, decide whether it will be paravirtualized or fully virtualized (more on that in a moment), where the installation files necessary for installation may be found, where you will locate the file system of the new guest, as well as the memory and CPU parameters you will choose.
Image 3
Upon clicking "Forward" on the splash screen, the initial dialog box comes up. It asks you to name your new guest virtual machine. In our case, we rather unimaginatively called the guest VM "RHELguest1" (see Image 4). Clicking "Forward" brings us to the next screen, which asks us what type of virtualization we wish to use. This is a bit tricky and bears further discussion.
Image 4
Xen's approach to virtualization enables high performance by modifying guest virtual machines so that they can cooperate with the underlying hypervisor. This modification takes the form of changing portions of the virtual machine's operating system kernel so that calls are made to the hypervisor rather than to the physical hardware. However, a new generation of chips available from AMD and Intel provide some hardware enhancements that allow unmodified guest OSes to interact with the Xen hypervisor.
Obviously, avoiding the need for specialized versions of guest OSes is a boon, particularly with regard to supporting Microsoft Windows as guests; this is because the kernel modifications previously mentioned require access to the source code of the guest OS so that the low-level changes can be made. While this is possible for Linux and other open source operating systems, it's clearly out of the question for Microsoft Windows. However, precluding the requirement for modified OSes is also a benefit for Linux, since it simplifies the process of installing Linux guests. There is no need to determine whether you've got a paravirtualized version of the OS or not, and the standard OS can be installed and run on top of the Xen hypervisor.
Determining whether your machine is capable of supporting so-called fully-virtualized guests requires some detective work.
- For AMD, it's relatively straightforward. If the machine requires DDR2 memory, the chips are virtualization-enabled (this is called AMD-V) and can support unmodified virtualized guests.
- For Intel, it's more difficult to know if the server can support unmodified guests. This is because even if the chip has Intel's hardware virtualization capability (which Intel calls VT), the BIOS on the motherboard may not support it. So there's no absolute way to know whether an Intel VT-enabled machine will support full virtualization without checking into the specific combination of the chip and the motherboard. Fortunately, you can get more information in this XenSource wiki.
If your machine is capable of supporting fully-virtualized guest VMs, the RHEL 5 install wizard will offer both paravirtualized and fully-virtualized installation options. If, on the other hand, your machine does not have the capability of supporting fully-virtualized guests, the wizard will only offer the option of installing paravirtualized guests. As you can see from Image 5, our test machine is capable of supporting both types of guests.
Image 5
This isn't quite the end of the matter, though. You have more things to take into consideration when making the decision about whether to go with paravirtualized or fully virtualized guests.
The first is the fact that RHEL 5 wizard can only install paravirtualized guests that have been preconfigured with the proper kernel arrangements. Today the distros supported by virt-manager are RHEL 5, RHEL4u5, and Fedora Core. Red Hat is working on supporting non-Red Hat distros for paravirtualized installation, but this isn't available now. That means you cannot install a standard Linux distro via the wizard and then update the kernel with proper modifications to be Xen-enabled. So, be sure about the status of your distro's configuration before attempting to install it as a guest OS.
The final consideration to keep in mind when deciding to go with paravirtualized or fully-virtualized guests is the fact that full virtualization (which depends on the underlying chip and motherboard combination, remember) is accomplished through the use of the QEMU emulation package for device access. So, using full virtualization is a tradeoff: you get to use standard OS versions, rather than the kernel modified versions required by paravirtualization; but you pay a performance penalty, since there is an additional layer of software sitting in the overall virtualization stack.
For our example, we decided to go with installing a paravirtualized RHEL 5 guest (see Image 5).
The next step in the process is indicating where the installation files may be found. It is a peculiarity of the paravirtualized/fully virtualized arrangement that fully virtualized guests may be installed from an installation CD or DVD, while paravirtualized guests must be installed from an installation tree located on the host (i.e., privileged guest) or on the network. I have been told that this will be changed in a future update from Red Hat that offers support for installation of both types of guests from the CD/DVD drive. That will certainly be more convenient.
In our example, we chose to install from an installation tree located on the host, accessed via FTP (note that you must use the IP address of the host; at this point you have a virtual machine partially built, and it "sees" the host as a separate machine, which must be accessed through its own IP address). If you look at Image 6, you can see that we used the ftp method with a privately assigned address.
Image 6
After providing the location of the installation files, you must provide the location of the guest's own file system. While you can use a partition on the local drive (and, indeed, can use a partition on a NAS or SAN), we chose to use a local file, as can bee seen in Image 7. Note that Red Hat recommends locating the file system in the default /var/lib/xen/images directory. We chose to name the storage location RHELguest1.dsk. The dsk suffix is arbitrary but recommended by Red Hat. You also set the size of the guest file system in this dialog box; the default is 2 GB, but we bumped that up to 5 GB. Obviously, if you were planning a production system, you would select a more appropriate size, and might choose to use remote rather than DAS.
Image 7
The next step in creating your guest virtual machine is defining how much memory the guest should have available as well as how many virtual CPUs it should run on. With Xen, system memory should not be over-allocated (that is, the sum of the privileged guest and all other guests' memory should not exceed actual physical memory, in fact, Xen will not allow you to over commit physical memory – if there's not enough physical memory available as required by a guest VM upon startup, the startup will fail with an ou-of-memory error).
On the other hand, Xen is quite happy to allow you to define more virtual CPUs than actually exist on the physical box. Doing so probably won't offer very good performance, but it does allow you to test multiprocessor software on a more hardware-constrained server. For our selections we chose 500 Mb for system memory and 1 virtual CPU, as can be seen in Image 8. Please note that both of these can be adjusted post-installation, and, indeed, while the guest is actually running.
Image 8
With those steps complete, we are ready to actually begin installation of our guest OS. The confirmation dialog box is displayed for us to begin by pressing the "Forward" button, as shown in Image 9. Once the installation begins, we see a status box as shown in Image 10. For our 5 GB installation with the options we chose, total guest creation time was around 5 minutes.
Image 9
Image 10
Following these steps, the actual installation of the guest OS files begins, as can be seen in Image 11. At this point, the installation is just like a standard installation of the OS. There is, however, one tricky point in the process. After you go through all the standard screens asking for your time zone, etc., you are presented with a final standard installation screen asking you to begin the final install (see Image 12). At that point, the console window you've been working in disappears! You then need to go to the host OS shell and execute "xm create guestname", which in our case the entire string was "xm create RHELguest1".
Image 11
Image 12
While disconcerting, there is some logic here. The guest install is complete, and xm create (xm is the main command line program used by Xen for managing the hypervisor) then instantiates the installed guest. Overall, however, this is a bit confusing and, for a novice, non-intuitive, and something to be watched out for.
Once that command is issued, your new guest is up and running, as shown in Image 13. In this screenshot, we can see that RHELguest1 is running, using 500 Mb of memory (as we allocated during the installation process) and is ready to work. If you double click on the guest listing in the VMM, it will bring up a console window for that guest, in which you can run programs, start a shell, and, in general, do anything with the guest you could do if it were running natively on the hardware. At this point, you are ready to begin loading software on the guest and doing real work, while managing your Xen system through the VMM as well as the command line on the host system.
Image 13
So, in conclusion, it's a good thing that Red Had simplified the process of installing guest OSes on the hypervisor. Believe me, if you've tried to install guest OSes by hand, you'll know it is no trivial task.
About the author: Bernard Golden is CEO of Navica Inc., a systems integration firm specializing in open source software based San Ramon, Calif. He founded Navica in 2001, after two decades of experience in starting and building successful IT-related organizations. He has previously served as a Venture Partner for an international venture fund and has senior executive positions in a number of private and public software companies, including Informix, Uniplex Software, and Deploy Solutions.


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Ginger thinly sliced: 1 cup
Coconut thinly sliced: 3/4 cup
Small onion chopped: 3/4 cup
Tamarind: small lemon size
Jagerry: 2 tbsp
Red chilli powder: 2 tbsp
Turmeric powder: 1 tsp
Feenugreek powder: 1 tsp
Asafoetida powder: 1 1/2 tsp
Salt: to taste
Oil: 3 tbsp
Water: 1 cup
Heat oil in a pan, Fry ginger, coconut slices and small onion seperately till golden color and grind the fried ingredients coarsely, set aside. Add the tamarind to the water and squeeze the pulp, strain it and keep aside. Heat oil in a pan, add fenugreek powder, turmeric powder, salt, red chilli powder and asofetida powder to this, saute well. Add the ground paste, then add tamarind pulp and jagerry, stir continously until the curry turns thick. Remove from fire. Serve with rice.


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|Original research
|Peer reviewed
Cite as: Harper AF, Estienne MJ, Meldrum JB, et al. Assessment of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate agent and antioxidant blend for mitigation of aflatoxin-induced physiological alterations in pigs. J Swine Health Prod. 2010;18(6):282–289.
Also available as a PDF.
Objective: To assess hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates (HSCAS) and an antioxidant supplying ethoxyquin and tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) as dietary additives to mitigate physiological effects of aflatoxin in feed for pigs.
Materials and methods: Ninety pigs
Results: Feed consumption and growth were poorer (P < .05) in pigs consuming AB1-contaminated feed without additives than in pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet. Serum chemistry constituents were altered (P < .05) in a manner consistent with ingestion of AB1. Growth performance and serum chemistry constituents did not differ between pigs fed an AB1-contaminated diet supplemented with HSCAS and pigs fed uncontaminated feed. In pigs fed the AB1 diet with antioxidant, growth was poorer than in controls (P < .05), but serum gamma glutamyltransferase levels (P < .05) were lower than in pigs fed AB1-contaminated feed without supplementation.
Implications: Supplementation of HSCAS is effective in preventing the negative effects of dietary aflatoxin in young pigs as measured by growth and serum chemistry parameters. Supplementing with antioxidant does not mitigate most negative physiological effects associated with aflatoxin consumption.
Objetivo: Valorar los aluminosilicatos de calcio de sodio hidratados (HSCAS por sus siglas en inglés) y un antioxidante que suministra etoxiquina y butil-hidroquinona terciaria (TBHQ por sus siglas en inglés) como aditivos dietéticos para mitigar los efectos fisiológicos de la aflatoxina en el alimento para cerdos.
Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron noventa cerdos (9.42 ± 0.05 kg) en un estudio con cinco tratamientos dietéticos: una dieta control no contaminada y sin aditivos y cuatro dietas similares contaminadas con 500 ng por g de aflatoxina B1 (AB1 por sus siglas en inglés) y se suplementaron sin aditivo, con 0.5% HSCAS, con una preparación antioxidante que provee 125 mg por kg de etoxiquina y 10 mg por kg de TBHQ, ó con ambos HSCAS y la preparación antioxidante.
Resultados: El consumo de alimento y el crecimiento fueron menores (P < .05) en los cerdos que consumieron alimento contaminado con AB1 sin aditivo que en los cerdos alimentados con la dieta control no contaminada. La composición química del suero se alteró (P < .05) de manera consistente con la ingestión de AB1. El desempeño del crecimiento y la composición química del suero no difirieron entre los cerdos alimentados con la dieta contaminada con AB1 y suplementada con HSCAS y los cerdos alimentados con alimento no contaminado. En cerdos alimentados con la dieta AB1 con antioxidante, el crecimiento fue menor que en los controles (P < .05), pero los niveles de gamma glutamiltransferasa del suero (P < .05) fueron menores que en los cerdos alimentados con el alimento contaminado con AB1 y sin suplemento.
Implicaciones: Suplementar con HSCAS es efectivo para prevenir los efectos negativos de la aflatoxina dietética en cerdos jóvenes cuando se midieron los parámetros de crecimiento y química del suero. Suplementar con antioxidante no mitiga la mayoría de los efectos fisiológicos negativos asociados con el consumo de aflatoxina.
Objectif: Évaluer un mélange d'aluminosilicate de sodium calcique hydraté (HSCAS) et un antioxydant fournissant de l'éthoxyquin et de l'hydroquinone de butyl tertiaire (TBHQ) comme additif alimentaire afin d'atténuer les effets physiologiques de l'aflatoxine dans l'alimentation des porcs.
Matériels et méthodes: Quatre-vingt douze porcs (9.42 ± 0.05 kg) ont été utilisés dans une étude avec cinq traitements alimentaires: une ration témoin non-contaminée sans additif et quatre rations similaires qui ont été contaminées avec 500 ng par g d'aflatoxine B1 (AB1) et supplémentées avec 0.5% de HSCAS, avec une préparation d'antioxydant fournissant 125 mg par kg d'éthoxyquin et 10 mg par kg de TBHQ, avec du HSCAS et la préparation d'antioxydant, et une ration sans additif.
Résultats: La consommation alimentaire et la croissance étaient plus faibles (P < .05) chez les porcs consommant la ration contaminée par AB1 ne contenant aucun additif que chez les porcs nourris avec la ration témoin non-contaminée. Les constituants chimiques sériques étaient altérés (P < .05) d'une manière compatible avec l'ingestion d'AB1. Les performances de croissance et les constituants chimiques sériques ne différaient pas entre les porcs nourris avec une ration contaminée avec AB1 et supplémentée avec HSCAS et les porcs nourris avec la ration non-contaminée. Chez les porcs nourris avec la ration contaminée avec AB1 contenant l'antioxydant, la croissance était plus faible comparativement aux animaux témoins (P < .05), mais les niveaux sériques de gamma glutamyl-transférase étaient inférieurs (P < .05) à ceux des porcs nourris avec la ration contaminée par AB1 sans aucun supplément.
Implications: L'ajout de HSCAS est efficace pour prévenir les effets négatifs de l'aflatoxine alimentaire chez les jeunes porcs tel que mesuré par la croissance et les paramètres chimiques sanguins. L'ajout d'antioxydant ne peut mitiger la plupart des effets physiologiques négatifs associés à la consommation d'aflatoxine.
Keywords: swine, aflatoxin, feed additives, serum
Search the AASV web site for pages with similar keywords.
Received: October 26, 2009
Accepted: April 28, 2010
Aflatoxins, produced primarily by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, act as potent hepatotoxins and carcinogens and may occur naturally in feed grains, peanuts, and cottonseed. Corn, the predominant feed grain in North America, is most commonly infected. Principle metabolites that occur in grains have been characterized and identified as aflatoxin B1 (AB1), G1, B2, and G2, but the AB1 metabolite occurs most frequently and is considered the most toxic.1 Infection can occur while corn grain is in the field, at and soon after harvest, and during storage before or after the grain is processed into feed. Above-normal temperatures during the growing season, drought stress, and heavy insect damage promote fungal production of aflatoxin in the field, so incidence and severity of aflatoxin problems vary from year to year and across regions. When aflatoxin-infected corn is used in the production of ethanol, the toxin may be concentrated in the resulting distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) feed by-product.2
Among food-producing animals, swine are particularly susceptible to negative effects associated with consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated feeds. In young growing pigs, reduced feed consumption and impaired growth have been reported at feed contamination levels of 125 to 140 ng per g, with more pronounced effects at higher concentrations.3,4 Other clinical effects include liver damage, greater susceptibility to hemorrhage and bruising, and impaired immune function.5,6 The US Food and Drug Administration has published action levels for aflatoxin concentration in corn and other feedstuffs. For immature pigs and other immature livestock, the maximum level is 20 ng per g, which is equivalent to the maximum level for human consumption in all products. Action levels for breeding and finishing swine are 100 and 200 ng per g, respectively.6 However, these levels are not always in accordance with levels associated with field outbreaks, since they do not take into consideration interactions with other mycotoxins and other stressors animals may be exposed to in production settings.6
Avoiding purchase and use of aflatoxin-contaminated grain for feed production is based on sampling and assaying suspect grain. Inexpensive rapid-screening test kits (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ELISA) are routinely used. Samples testing positive for a threshold level using rapid-screening tests may subsequently be assayed more precisely for contamination level by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, a practical discovery for prevention of toxic effects when feed contains aflatoxins was that certain non-nutritive feed additives labeled to improve feed flow and feed pellet quality can prevent clinical signs of aflatoxicosis. Harvey et al7 were the first to report this in pigs, demonstrating that 0.5% dietary inclusion of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates (HSCAS) to an aflatoxin-contaminated diet prevented growth depression and abnormal prothrombin times and improved blood profiles of specific liver enzymes indicative of toxicity. Sodium and calcium bentonites and other clay-based feed additives produce similar amelioration in pigs consuming aflatoxin-contaminated diets.8,9 Research evidence indicates that the principle mechanism of action for these products is binding of aflatoxin by HSCAS or other clay-based additives in the gastrointestinal tract and, as a result, prevention of absorption of the toxin.10 However, structural and chemical characteristics of clay-based products may differ, resulting in altered capacity to sequester aflatoxins. For example, Diaz et al11 demonstrated that different sources of bentonite clays had variable capacities to prevent expression of aflatoxin M1 in the milk of lactating cows consuming feed-borne AB1.
Antioxidants, another class of non-nutritive feed additive that might affect clinical signs of aflatoxicosis, may be added to compounded swine feeds to reduce oxidative destruction of fats and fat-soluble vitamins. These synthetic additives include ethoxyquin, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, and tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ).12 Some research evidence indicates that synthetic antioxidant compounds can act systemically to metabolize aflatoxin and reduce its toxicity. For example, studies with rats have shown that supplementing diets with ethoxyquin induces hepatic resistance to aflatoxin, as measured by increased glutathione conjugation with activated AB1.13,14
The objective of this study was to assess dietary addition of a commercial source of HSCAS and an antioxidant mixture containing ethoxyquin and TBHQ as practical methods to prevent negative physiological effects of AB1 in the feed of young growing pigs.
Materials and methods
The study protocol, including all aspects of animal housing and care, were reviewed and approved by the Virginia Tech Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Study animals, feeding, and housing
Eighteen litters of crossbred pigs (Yorkshire × Landrace) farrowed at the Virginia Tech Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center swine unit in Suffolk, Virginia, were managed according to standard practice. This included administration of vaccine against atrophic rhinitis, Pasteurella multocida types A and D, and erysipelas (Rhinogen BPE; Intervet Schering-Plough Animal Health, Millsboro, Delaware) at 7 days of age and at weaning, and administration of 200 mg of iron dextran and castration of male piglets at 7 days of age. All pigs were weaned as a group at 22 ± 2 days of age and penned as intact litters during the pre-test period in an environmentally controlled nursery unit. Pen floors were galvanized steel bar slats designed specifically for swine nursery pens. Pigs were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water via a stainless steel feeder and nipple drinker in each pen. The pre-test postweaning diet was a complex formulation designed to meet all nutritional requirements and promote rapid adaptation to solid feed (Table 1).
Table 1: Composition of pre-test and test diets for assessment of feed additives to mitigate physiological effects of aflatoxin B1 in young growing pigs*
* Experimental diets were composed of the test ingredient(s) mixed with a basal diet (Control) consisting of the major portion of the ground corn and all other common ingredients. Pigs weaned at 22 ± 2 days of age were fed the common pre-test diet for 9 days, then treatment diets for 21 days.
† Experimental diets artificially contaminated with aflatoxin B1, prepared in a corn-based carrier containing 120 μg/g of aflatoxin B1 (graciously provided from the laboratory of Dr George Rottinghaus, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri). Intended final concentration 500 ng aflatoxin B1/g feed. Concentrations assayed by high performance liquid chromatography (Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, Washington, Missouri) were 14, 505, 488, 480, and 506 ng aflatoxin B1/g feed for the control, unsupplemented, and HSCAS-, AOX-, and HSCAS + AOX-supplemented diets, respectively,
‡ HSCAS: Solis; Novus International, Inc, St Charles, Missouri.
§ AOX in oil mixture providing 125 mg/kg of ethoxyquin and 10 mg/kg of tertiary butylhydroquinone in the final diet (Agrado Plus, Novus International, Inc).
¶ Appetein; American Proteins Corporation, Ankeny, Iowa.
** Mecadox; Phibro Animal Health, Ridgefield Park, New Jersey; 55 mg/kg carbadox in the final diet.
HSCAS = hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate; AOX = antioxidant; ME = metabolizable energy.
Study design
Pigs were fed the pre-test diet for 9 days, at which time all pigs were individually weighed. Weights were recorded for use in allotting pigs to study groups at 31 ± 2 days of age (Day 0). From the original 18 litters weaned, 90 pigs were selected and blocked by body weight, litter of origin, and sex to balance these factors across five experimental dietary treatments as a randomized complete block design. Three pigs were housed in each pen (0.91 × 1.22 m), with six replicate pens for each dietary treatment. The dietary treatments (Table 1) included an uncontaminated corn-soy-based control diet with no experimental additives and four similar diets that were artificially contaminated with 500 ng per g AB1, and supplemented either with no experimental additives, with 0.5% HSCAS, with an antioxidant preparation providing 125 mg per kg of ethoxyquin and 10 mg per kg of TBHQ, or with both HSCAS and the antioxidant preparation (combination treatment). The HSCAS additive, Solis, was a commercially available anti-caking feed additive provided by Novus International Inc, St Charles, Missouri. The antioxidant additive, Agrado Plus, was also produced and supplied by Novus International Inc.
Pigs had ad libitum access to water from a nipple drinker and to the diets via a stainless steel feeder with four feeding spaces in each pen. Feeders were equipped with adjustable baffles to control feed flow. Feeder troughs were inspected daily and baffle adjustments made when necessary to minimize potential for feed waste. On Day 4, all test pigs were vaccinated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin (Respisure; Pfizer Animal Health, Exton, Pennsylvania) and porcine circovirus vaccine type 1-type 2 chimera (Suvaxyn PCV2 One Dose; Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, Iowa). After a study period of 21 days, all test pigs were transferred to a separate finisher barn and fed a standard corn-soy-based diet in accordance with the institutional animal care and use plan.
Preparation of aflatoxin (AB1) contaminant
The AB1 preparation used for artificial contamination of the experimental diets was prepared at and graciously provided by the laboratory of Dr George Rottinghaus, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia. Briefly, whole grain rice was inoculated with Aspergillus paraciticus in 1-L flasks, which were placed on a rotator shaker at 250 rpm for 7 days at room temperature. After 1 week, chloroform was added to each flask and allowed to sit overnight to kill the fungus. The culture material was dried, ground, blended, and stored at -20°C. Multiple subsamples of the culture material were analyzed for aflatoxins by HPLC with fluorescence, and contained 850 mg per kg AB1, 34 mg per kg aflatoxin B2, 345 mg per kg aflatoxin G1, and 12 mg per kg of aflatoxin G2. The culture material was blended for 15 minutes with a cornmeal carrier using a Hobart mixer (Hobart Corporation, Troy, Ohio) to a final AB1 concentration of 120 mg per kg, which was confirmed by HPLC analysis. The AB1 metabolite was selected and used as the basis for preparing the experimental premix because it is recognized as the most toxic and most predominant form in feed grains,1 with the understanding that the premix preparation also contained 4.80, 48.71, and 1.41 mg per kg of aflatoxins B2, G1, and G2, respectively. A final test diet concentration of 500 ng of AB1 per g of feed was selected, on the basis of previous research,3,4 as a level likely to cause impaired growth and physiological responses in young pigs.
Preparation of experimental diets
A basal diet was first prepared, containing most of the corn and
all of the common ingredients for each diet except soy oil, test
ingredients, and AB1 preparation. To prepare each experimental
diet, the appropriate quantities of ground corn, soy oil, AB1, and
test feed additives were then added as required and mixed with the
basal diet. An 80-kg horizontal ribbon mixer was used to premix
lesser ingredients with the basal diet before transferring to a
larger vertical screw mixer for final mixing of each experimental
diet. Prior to the experiment, corn used to prepare the diets was
screened and
determined to be free of aflatoxins (< 20 ng per g) and deoxynivalenol using commercial ELISA kits certified by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (Veratox AST and Veratox 5/5; Neogen Corporation, Lansing, Michigan). Concentration of AB1 in experimental diets was verified by HPLC analysis at an independent laboratory (Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, Washington, Missouri). Analysis indicated 14, 505, 488, 480, and 506 ng per g of AB1 for the control, unsupplemented, HSCAS, antioxidant, and combination HSCAS-antioxidant diets, respectively.
Data collection, calculations, and blood assays
Pen feed consumption (based on disappearance) and individual pig weights were determined on Day 11 and again at the conclusion of the growth assay on Day 21. Average daily gain (ADG) for each pen was calculated as the cumulative pig weight gain over the period divided by the number of pig-days (three pigs per pen × period days). Feed efficiency or feed-to-gain ratio (F:G) for each pen was calculated as pen feed consumption divided by cumulative pig weight gain during the period. Also on Day 21, two blood samples were collected from each pig by jugular venapuncture: one into a plain vacuum tube for serum collection and one into a tube containing EDTA for plasma collection. Serum and plasma were harvested following centrifugation and stored frozen at -20°C until subsequent analyses. Serum samples were subjected to complete clinical chemistry profile analysis using an Olympus AU400 clinical chemistry analyzer (Olympus America Inc, Center Valley, Pennsylvania) in the pathology laboratory of the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia. Specific indicators of hepatic function assessed included aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and direct, indirect, and total bilirubin, along with specific measures of nitrogen and protein metabolism. Plasma samples were assayed for concentration of vitamins A and E and malondialdehyde. Plasma retinol and α-tocopherol concentrations were determined by HPLC using previously described methods.15,16 A commercial kit (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, Michigan) was used to determine malondialdehyde according to the instructions supplied by the manufacturer.17
Statistical analysis
Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the general linear models procedure of the SAS program (SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, North Carolina). The pen mean was the experimental unit for growth and serum and plasma chemistry variables. The statistical model included effects of block and dietary treatment. When a significant F-statistic for dietary treatment was observed (P < .05), paired t-tests were performed using the P-DIFF option of SAS for comparison of individual treatment means.
General appearance and growth
Throughout the 21-day test period, pigs appeared healthy. All 90 pigs completed the experiment with no individual cases of lethargy, rough hair coat, or other overt symptoms of poor health.
Growth performance results are summarized in Table 2. When the pigs were assessed on Day 11, it was apparent that those fed the diet contaminated with 500 ng per g AB1 and provided no dietary additive were growing at a slower rate (P < .05) than control pigs fed an uncontaminated diet. This pattern continued through to the end of the growth assay at Day 21. The slower growth rate for the pigs fed the contaminated diet with no feed additive was associated with lower daily feed consumption (P < .05), but there was no difference in feed efficiency for these two groups. For the overall 3-week growth assay, pigs fed the diet contaminated with AB1 and no dietary additives grew 27% slower and consumed 29% less feed than pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet. This observation confirms that the experimental model to test responses of pigs consuming aflatoxin was effective.
Table 2: Growth performance responses of growing pigs to dietary addition of a source of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates (HSCAS) or an antioxidant (AOX) product or both in a diet contaminated with 500 ng/g of aflatoxin B1*
* Pigs and experimental diets described in Table 1. A randomized complete block design was used, with six pens per treatment and three pigs per pen. Pen mean was the experimental unit.
† HSCAS product supplemented at 0.5% of diet (Solis; Novus International, Inc, St Charles, Missouri).
‡ AOX product provided in the final diet, 125 mg/kg of ethoxyquin and 10 mg/kg of tertiary butylhydroquinone (Agrado Plus; Novus International, Inc, St Charles, Missouri).
abc Means in the same row with no common superscript differ (P < .05; post-ANOVA paired t-tests).
NA = not applicable; ADG = average daily gain; ADFI = average daily feed intake.
During the initial 11 days, addition of 0.5% HSCAS to the AB1-contaminated diet resulted in growth rates that were intermediate to and significantly different from growth rates of pigs fed the contaminated diet and the uncontaminated control diet (P < .05) (Table 2). During the period from Day 12 to 21 and for the overall trial, growth rates of pigs fed the contaminated diet supplemented with HSCAS and those fed the uncontaminated control diet did not differ. Furthermore, throughout the trial, feed consumption of pigs fed the contaminated diets supplemented with HSCAS and the pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet did not differ.
Throughout the growth assay, growth rate and feed consumption were significantly poorer in pigs fed the AB1-contaminated diet supplemented with antioxidant alone (no HSCAS) than in pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet (P < .05). Growth performance at Day 11 and overall did not differ between pigs fed the combination treatment of HSCAS and AOX and pigs fed the diet supplemented with HSCAS alone, and growth performance of the pigs fed the diet supplemented with HSCAS alone did not differ from that of pigs fed the control diet for the overall trial (Table 2).
Serum biochemistry
There were no effects of AB1 contamination or of diet supplements on serum AST concentration. However, serum GGT levels were markedly higher in pigs fed the diet with AB1 and no supplements than in pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet (Table 3; P < .05). Serum GGT concentration did not differ between pigs fed the AB1-contaminated diet with supplemental HSCAS, either with or without antioxidant, and pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet. Serum GGT concentration in pigs fed the AB1-contaminated feed supplemented with antioxidant alone was higher than in pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet, but lower than in pigs fed the contaminated unsupplemented diet (P < .05).
There were no significant effects of dietary treatment on indirect or total bilirubin concentrations. However, direct or conjugated bilirubin was higher in pigs fed the unsupplemented AB1-contaminated diet than in pigs in all other dietary treatments (P < .05).
Serum urea nitrogen, total protein, and albumin were each lower in pigs fed the AB1-contaminated diet containing no additives than in pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet (Table 3; P < .05). Serum urea nitrogen concentration in pigs fed the contaminated diet supplemented with combined HSCAS and antioxidant did not differ from that of pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet. Furthermore, total serum protein and albumin concentrations in pigs fed the diet supplemented with HSCAS alone or with combined HSCAS and antioxidant did not differ from those of pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet. Serum globulin, as calculated by the difference between total protein and albumin concentrations, was higher in pigs fed the AB1-contaminated diet than in pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet (P < .05). However, serum globulin concentration in pigs fed the HSCAS-supplemented diet did not differ from that of pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet.
Table 3: Serum chemistry responses of growing pigs to dietary addition of a source of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) or an antioxidant (AOX) product or both when the diet is contaminated with aflatoxin B1 at 500 ng/g feed*
* Pigs and diets described in Table 1; study design described in Table 2.
† Data in which a significant F-statistic was observed (P < .05) are shown. No treatment effects were observed in the clinical chemistry profile for serum glucose, creatinine, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, creatine kinase, sodium, carbon dioxide, or anion gap.
‡ HSCAS product supplemented at 0.5% of diet (Solis; Novus International, Inc, St Charles, Missouri).
§ AOX product provided in the final diet, 125 mg/kg of ethoxyquin and 10 mg/kg of tertiary butylhydroquinone (Agrado Plus; Novus International, Inc).
abc Means in the same row with no common superscript differ (P < .05; post-ANOVA paired t-tests)
NA = not applicable; N = nitrogen; GGT = gamma-glutamyltransferase.
Serum chloride concentration was higher in pigs fed the AB1-contaminated diet than in pigs fed either the uncontaminated control diet or the contaminated diets supplemented with HSCAS (Table 3; P < .05).
Other serum metabolites and minerals (Table 3) were not significantly affected by diet (data not shown; P > .05).
Plasma vitamins A and E and malondialdehyde
Plasma vitamin A and E concentrations were 58% and 50% lower, respectively, in pigs fed the unsupplemented AB1-contaminated diet than in pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet (Table 4; P < .05). Vitamin A and E were intermediate in pigs fed the AB1-contaminated diet supplemented with HSCAS; that is, levels were significantly higher than in pigs fed the unsupplemented contaminated diet (P < .05), but significantly lower than in pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet (P < .05). However, vitamin A and E levels in pigs fed the contaminated diet supplemented with antioxidant alone did not differ from those in pigs fed the unsupplemented AB1-contaminated diet (P > .05), and were lower than those in the uncontaminated controls (P < .05). Plasma vitamin A and E levels in pigs fed the contaminated diet supplemented with combined HSCAS and antioxidant did not differ from those in pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet.
Table 4: Plasma concentrations of vitamin A, vitamin E, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in growing pigs in response to dietary addition of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) or an antioxidant (AOX) product or both when the diet is contaminated with aflatoxin B1 at 500 ng/g feed*
* Pigs and diets described in Table 1. Experimental design described in Table 2.
† HSCAS product supplemented at 0.5% of diet (Solis; Novus International, Inc, St Charles, Missouri).
‡ AOX product provided in the final diet, 125 mg/kg of ethoxyquin and 10 mg/kg of tertiary butylhydroquinone (Agrado Plus; Novus International, Inc).
abc Means in the same row with no common superscript differ (P < .05; post-ANOVA paired t-tests).
Plasma malondialdehyde levels did not differ among any of the five dietary treatment groups.
That pigs fed the diet containing 500 ng per g of AB1 with no feed additive grew 27% slower and consumed 29% less feed over the 3-week trial is consistent with prior studies.3,8,9 Blood chemistry profiles were also consistent with previous reports,8,9 in that indicators of protein synthetic capacity, including total protein, urea nitrogen, and albumin, were lower, while indicators of hepatic stress, including GGT and direct bilirubin concentrations, were higher than those in pigs fed the uncontaminated diet. Within the scope of this study, we cannot distinguish precisely the specific cause of these physiological responses as resulting from aflatoxicosis per se or inadequate feed consumption or a combination of these factors. Nevertheless, these responses are consistent with field and research reports3,6,8,9 of growing pigs fed similar levels of dietary AB1.
Supplementing with HSCAS in this study resulted in acceptable growth performance when growing pigs were fed a diet contaminated with 500 ng per g of AB1. This observation was apparent during the latter period (Days 12 to 21) and for the overall 3-week trial, in that growth and feed consumption did not differ among pigs fed the AB1-diet supplemented with HSCAS and pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet, while growth and feed consumption for pigs fed the unsupplemented AB1-contaminated diet were markedly lower. Blood chemistry profiles were generally in agreement with the performance data, in that serum chemistry values in pigs fed the AB1-contaminated diet supplemented with HSCAS generally did not differ from those of pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet, but several indicators of protein synthesis and hepatic stress in pigs fed the unsupplemented AB1-contaminated diet differed from those in pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet. An exception to this was that plasma vitamin A and E concentrations for pigs fed an AB1-contaminated diet supplemented with HSCAS were intermediate between the low levels in pigs fed the unsupplemented AB1-contaminated diet and the higher levels in pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet.
That supplemental HSCAS can prevent negative production and health effects of dietary AB1 contamination in pigs was first reported by Harvey et al.7 These researchers demonstrated that supplementing with either 0.5% or 2.0% of a feed anti-caking agent providing HSCAS to diets artificially contaminated with AB1 maintained growth performance and serum chemistry profiles at normal levels. In subsequent studies with diets prepared using corn naturally contaminated with aflatoxin, Lindemann et al8 and Schell et al9 confirmed the effectiveness of HSCAS in mitigating effects of aflatoxin-tainted feed for growing pigs. These studies further demonstrated that sodium and calcium bentonites, and several other clay-based additives labeled as feed anti-caking or pelleting aids, were similarly effective. The proposed mode of action for the preventive effect of these additives is that they have a strong affinity for physical and chemical adsorption to AB1, sequestering the toxin and preventing systemic absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. This is supported by a series of in-vitro and in-vivo studies by Phillips et al10 using Leghorn and broiler chicks and radiolabeled AB1. Indirectly, results of the current study agree with such a mechanism, in that pigs fed a diet supplemented with HSCAS consumed, over the 3-week trial, a calculated mean daily dose of 0.50 mg of AB1 and grew normally, while those fed the contaminated diet with no feed additive consumed 0.36 mg of AB1 per day and displayed poorer performance. A logical concern with this mode of action would be that adsorption products may also bind minerals or other nutrients, rendering them unavailable to the pig. However, a mineral balance study indicated little or no negative effect on essential mineral absorption and retention,18 and growth-performance studies do not support this as a potential problem.
Our hypothesis for the mechanism by which antioxidant supplementation may prevent or reduce negative effects of aflatoxin was a systemic mode of action in which AB1 may be metabolized in the liver to less toxic forms. Using laboratory rats as a model for cancer research, Mandel et al13 demonstrated that 0.5% dietary ethoxyquin promoted metabolic conversion of AB1 in the liver to less toxic metabolites, designated aflatoxins Q1 and M1, through induction of cytochrome P450 and P448 pathways. The study also reported ethoxyquin-induced reduction in binding of AB1-epoxide to liver DNA associated with increased glutathione S-transferase activity and conjugation of AB1-epoxide to glutathione. Subsequent rat studies confirm the ability of ethoxyquin to induce glutathione S-transferase with high specific activity to catalyze conjugation of AB1-epoxide to glutathione14 and also to induce aldehyde reductase enzyme pathways involved in transforming AB1-epoxide to less toxic AB1 dialcohol forms.19 Further evidence of hepatic protection against AB1 toxicity in nonhuman primates and a descriptive overview of the associated mechanisms induced by antioxidants such as ethoxyquin have been presented by Bammler et al.20
The methods in the present study did not involve intricate assessment of hepatic metabolism of AB1, as did the studies13,14 with laboratory animals using ethoxyquin as a chemo-protectant against AB1, but rather focused on performance and serum indicators typically affected when pigs consume AB1. Therefore, we cannot determine if our antioxidant treatment induced similar hepatic responses as seen in the laboratory-animal studies. However, it is clear that antioxidant supplementation did not produce the level of preventive response to AB1 as was observed with HSCAS. This was apparent from the growth and feed consumption data, as well as the serum and plasma chemistry profiles. Nevertheless, there was some indication that the antioxidant may have altered some aspects of the pigs' response to AB1 in the diet. Serum GGT levels were lower than in pigs fed the unsupplemented AB1-contaminated diet, and direct or conjugated bilirubin was maintained at a level not different from that of the pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet. Both of these observations are consistent with some degree of altered liver function in pigs fed AB1-contaminated feed. In addition, plasma vitamin A and E levels did not differ among pigs fed the uncontaminated control diet and those fed the AB1-contaminated diet supplemented with both HSCAS and antioxidant. However, malondialdehyde as a measure of cellular oxidative stress was not influenced by any of the dietary treatments.
- A feed-additive product providing HSCAS at 0.5% of the diet is effective in preventing the negative effects of moderate dietary aflatoxin contamination on growth performance and serum chemistry alterations in growing pigs.
- Supplementing the feed with an antioxidant product providing 125 mg per kg of ethoxyquin and 10 mg per kg of tertiary butylhydroquinone is not effective in correcting the negative effects of dietary aflatoxin contamination on feed intake and growth, but appears to have some positive influence on certain physiological indicators, including serum GGT, conjugated bilirubin, and plasma vitamins A and E.
- In the presence of moderate dietary aflatoxin concentrations, the antioxidant product tested does not enhance the beneficial effect of HSCAS on growing pig performance.
The research reported herein was conducted as a component of Project VA-135755, Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station and US Department of Agriculture cooperating. The technical support of Mr Terry Lee, Mr Russell Crawford, and Ms Barbara Wise is gratefully acknowledged, as is the diligent work of undergraduate research intern, Ms Lindsay Kelly. Financial support of Ms Kelly by the John Lee Pratt Foundation and support of the research by Novus International, Inc, St Charles, Missouri, is also gratefully acknowledged.
1. Smith JE. Aflatoxins. In: D'Mello JPF, ed. Handbook of Plant and Fungal Toxicants. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press; 1997:269–285.
2. Wu F, Munkvold GP. Mycotoxins in ethanol co-products:
Modeling economic impacts on the livestock industry and management
J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56:3900–3911.
3. Coffey MT, Hagler WM Jr, Cullen JM. Influence of dietary protein, fat or amino acids on the response of weanling pigs to aflatoxin B1. J Anim Sci. 1989;67:465–472.
4. van Heugten E, Spears JW, Coffey MT, Kegley EB, Qureshi MA.
The effect of methionine and aflatoxin on immune function in
weanling pigs.
J Anim Sci. 1994;72:658–664.
5. Harvey RB, Kubena LF, Huff WE, Corrier DE, Rottinghaus GE,
Phillips TD. Effects of treatment of growing swine with aflatoxin
and T-2 toxin.
Am J Vet Res. 1990;51:1688–1693.
6. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST). Mycotoxins – Risks in Plant, Animal and Human Systems. Task Force Report No. 139, Ames, Iowa; 2003.
7. Harvey RB, Kubena LF, Phillips TD, Huff WE, Corrier DE. Prevention of aflatoxicosis by addition of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to the diets of growing barrows. Am J Vet Res. 1989;50:416–420.
8. Lindemann MD, Blodgett DJ, Kornegay ET, Schurig GG. Potential ameliorators of aflatoxicosis in weanling/growing swine. J Anim Sci. 1993;71:171–178.
9. Schell TC, Lindemann MD, Kornegay ET, Blodgett DJ, Doerr JA. Effectiveness of different types of clay for reducing the detrimental effects of aflatoxin-contaminated diets on performance and serum profiles of weanling pigs. J Anim Sci. 1993;71:1226–1231.
10. Phillips TD, Kubena LF, Harvey RB, Taylor DR, Heidelbaugh ND. Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate: A high affinity sorbent for aflatoxin. Poult Sci. 1988;67:243–247.
11. Diaz DE, Hagler WM Jr, Blackwelder JT, Eve JE, Hopkins BA, Anderson KL, Jones FT, Whitlow LW. Aflatoxin binders II: Reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk by sequestering agents of cows consuming aflatoxin in feed. Mycopathologia. 2004;157:233–241.
12. AAFCO. Association of American Feed Control Officials 2009 Official Publication. S Krebs, ed. West Lafayette, Indiana: AAFCO; 2009.
13. Mandel G, Manson MM, Judah DJ, Simpson JL, Green JA, Forrester LM, Wolf CR, Neal GE. Metabolic basis for the protective effect of the antioxidant ethoxyquin on aflatoxin B1 hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. Cancer Res. 1987;47:5218–5223.
14. Hayes JD, Judah DJ, McLellan LI, Kerr LA, Peacock SD, Neal GE. Ethoxyquin-induced resistance to aflatoxin B1 in the rat is associated with the expression of a novel alpha-class glutathione S-transferase subunit, Yc2, which possesses high catalytic activity for aflatoxin B1-epoxide. Biochemistry J. 1991;279:385–398.
15. Alosilla CE Jr, McDowell LR, Wilkinson NS, Staples CR,
Thatcher WW, Martin FG, Blair M. Bioavailability of vitamin A
sources for cattle.
J Anim Sci. 2007;85:1235–1238.
16. Njeru CA, McDowell LR, Wilkinson NS, Linda SB, Williams SN, Lentz EL. Serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations in sheep after intramuscular injection of DL alpha-tocopherol. J Anim Sci. 1992;70:2562–2567.
17. Yagi K. Simple assay for the level of total lipid peroxides in serum or plasma. Methods Mol Biol. 1998;108:101–106.
18. Schell TC, Lindemann MD, Kornegay ET, Blodgett DJ. Effects of feeding aflatoxin-contaminated diets with and without clay to weanling and growing pigs on performance, liver function, and mineral metabolism. J Anim Sci. 1993;71:1209–1218.
19. Ellis EM, Judah DJ, Neal GE, Hayes JD. An ethoxyquin-inducable aldehyde reductase from rat liver that metabolizes aflatoxin B1 defines a subfamily of aldo-keto reductases. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1993;90:10350–10354.
20. Bammler TK, Slone DH, Eaton DL. Effects of dietary oltipraz and ethoxyquin on aflatoxin B1 biotransformation in non-human primates. Toxicol Sci. 2000;54:30–41.


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DivorceCare for Kids
Do your children need DivorceCare for Kids (DC4K)?
Your kids may feel scared, sad, and confused after your divorce. They know you have been hurt deeply. As a result, they may hide their feelings because they are worried about your happiness or because they do not know how to express their feelings appropriately. DC4K helps them process those feelings and gives them tools to communicate better with you.
What is DC4K?
DC4K provides your children with a safe and neutral place to gain an age-appropriate understanding of separation and divorce. They will learn how to process and share their feelings.
For 13 weeks, your children become involved in a fun, caring group that meets near you. The weekly session topics help your children learn that God's love strengthens them and helps them turn their sadness to hope and their anger to joy.
Each session is filled with motivating and exciting activities. Games, crafts, role playing, discussion times, journaling, and activity books help your children process the divorce and move forward in their lives. The music, snacks, read-aloud stories, exercises, and Bible verses teach your children to relax and rest secure in God's love. The Kids Like Me and Stories from the Bible video dramas present stories of children just like your children, who are experiencing divorce-related problems and have found help and encouragement.
DC4K is designed for kids 5–12 years of age. If your child is 5 they must be in Kindergarten already to participate. Children look forward to each time their "DC4K family" gets together. Start your children on the road to healing today and connect them with their very own DC4K family!
Who are the DC4K leaders?
The leadership team for Bethel's DivorceCare for Kids consists of people who share a genuine concern about the way divorce is affecting your children now and in the future. The DC4K team encourages children, builds relationships, and presents skills to maneuver through the rough places of divorce, while pointing students to Jesus as their healer.
DC4K leaders have an excitement for the DC4K program and have participated in leadership training. If you are interested in learning more about volunteering and serving as a leader in this ministry please click below.
Next Meeting
The next 14-week support group session for DivorceCare for Kids is scheduled February 11th-May 12th. We will begin February 11th from 6:30-8:30pm with a child and parent orientation in Room 113 in Children's Ministry. Childcare is provided for children under the age of 5; you can sign up by clicking the button below. To register your child ages 5-12 for this session of DC4K please click the link at the very bottom of the page Child Registration.
Get Connected
For more information about DivorceCare for Kids, visit their website, call our team at 423-833-7301, or email our team at firstname.lastname@example.com .


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Promoting Independence – The purpose of Praxis Care
- Praxis Care will help every individual to become as independent as he/she can be, to reach their full potential, and be active citizens in their communities.
- Praxis Care will enable individuals to make informed choices about their own lives, and involve them in all aspects of the work of Praxis Care through the organisation's commitment to a user focused ethos.
Protecting Individuals – The professionalism of Praxis Care
- In all the organisation's actions, the best interests of service users are paramount.
- Praxis Care will carry out its work in partnership with other organisations, safeguarding individuals, ensuring risk is managed, and encouraging positive risk taking.
- The organisation's focus on continuous improvement means that it strives for the highest standards, with current best practice guiding everyday service delivery.
- Praxis Care's staff are committed to their own professional development and to maintaining the highest codes of conduct expected by service users and the public.
Promising Integrity – The principles of Praxis Care
- Praxis Care will respect the rights of every individual, ensuring that their confidentiality, privacy and dignity are secured.
- Praxis Care will act honestly, openly and with transparency in all interactions with service users and their representatives, stakeholders, and the public.
- Praxis Care will foster and promote a sense of social responsibility throughout the organisation to the benefit of the environment and everyone with whom the organisation comes into contact.


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Offering a quiet backdrop and a spell-binding views, Lachen Monastery is a noteworthy attraction in Lachen that was originally built in 1858 A.D by the Nyingma Sect of Tibetan Buddhism and with the help of its 8 monks, who transformed a small hut constructed by Lama Karchen Dorje Drak. Lachen Monastery, also known as Ngodub Choling or the Launching Gompa, is seated at a picturesque location overlooking the village and housing the statue of Guru Padmasambhava. The premises of this sacred place is decorated with colourful prayer flags and prayer wheels. Feel bliss as you enter Lachen Monastery, It is a mind boggling pilgrimage experience.
The best time to visit is from March to June.
There are a few interesting attractions you can visit such as Thangu Village, it is an hour ride from Lachen. Chopta Valley and Gurudongmar Lake are also two most visited places located 2 to 3 hours away from Lachen. Sarva Dharma Sthala, known for being a temple for all religions is also a must visit located near Gurudongmar lake.
This small ancient monastery is located 1 kilometre from Lachen. The best way to reach here is to walk to it.


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Mesquite, TX - March 6, 2018 - The section of Berry Road between Faithon P. Lucas Boulevard and Edwards Church Road will be closed to both east and westbound traffic for a period of approximately six months, from March 12 - September 20, 2018. Edwards Church Road will remain open to allow access to the remainder of Berry Road. Detour signs will be posted to guide motorists.
This closure is due to the Scyene Road reconstruction project and construction of Ashley Furniture Industries South Central Distribution and Fulfillment Center, 4000 E. Scyene Road. The $65 million, 877,250 square-foot facility will bring more than 350 new jobs to Mesquite.


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Wow. All I can purr is wow. What a ride! My #54games43days staycation has been amazing. While I'm exhausted and looking forward to a more normal routine, it was unlike any experience I have ever had and this last week was nothing short of paw-some. Friday saw a venue change over… again… for the NCAA Women's Final Four. Let me just say, the women of NCAA basketball really brought their game to Indy. Lots of action and lots of drama, but UConn stole the show and was crowned the Division I champion. This marks their fourth NCAA Championship in four years, being the first women's D1 team to ever do so. With winning his 11th title, UConn coach Geno Auriemma passed UCLA men's coach John Wooden for most NCAA championships. That's right! Even more hoops history was made inside Bankers Life Fieldhouse! Now that's what I call purrrrfect.
My boys in blue and gold came out on top of a two-game road trip against the Sixers and the Knicks. And Wednesday they took home a win against the Cavs. At this point every game matters leading into the Playoffs. Catastic! Let's recap the last 43 days, shall we? Games: 54 Total Points: 7,958 Total Attendance: 442,204 Champions: 15 Teams: 70 All in all, the Fieldhouse staff converted the arena floors in and out a whopping 16 times. Crazy! We also crowned 15 champions during #54gamesin43days, proving once again that Bankers Life Fieldhouse is the home of championship basketball.