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Fashion blog
From Seo Wiki - Search Engine Optimization and Programming Languages
Fashion blogs are blogs that cover the fashion industry, clothing, and personal style.
A fashion blog can cover many things such as clothing and accessories. Other topics include runway trends, fashion items, e.g. shoes, handbags, celebrity fashion and street style outfits worn by regular people.[1][2] They cover fashion at all levels from the biggest names to the smallest indie designers [2] and clothing worn by people on the street.[3]
Many fashion blogs could also be categorised as shopping blogs as "most of the conversation is shopping advice, liberally laced with consumer recommendations", and some fashion retailers have now started blogs of their own to promote their products.[4]
Blogs that occasionally mention fashion, such as many "personal diaries of teenagers", are not categorised as fashion blogs.[5]
Impact on the fashion industry
Fashion is a multi-billion-dollar industry that has considerable impact on the way ordinary people clothe themselves. As fashion is trend-driven and fashion blogs provide a new way to follow these trends, it is likely they will have a considerable long-term influence on the industry.
These are some of the things fashion journalists have said about fashion blogs and the impact they are having on the industry:
- "These days, to have one finger on the fashion pulse, you need to have the other one on your computer mouse, reading (or writing) the latest blogs."[6]
- "Before a designer's runway show has even finished, you can bet your bottom dollar that someone in the audience – or better still, backstage – has recorded every silhouette, signature shoe, styling detail and sulking supermodel, then uploaded it onto the internet for style watchers across the globe to Enjoy."[6]
Number of fashion blogs
There is considerable disagreement regarding the number of fashion blogs in existence.
In a February, 2006 Women's Wear Daily article, Corcoran stated:
There is an enormous, and growing, number of fashion and shopping-related blogs: about 2 million, according to Technorati Inc., [...] or slightly less than 10 percent of the 27 million blogs the company tracks. (That number includes blogs in languages that use the Roman alphabet and that contain anything fashion-related, including sites such as Pink Is the New Blog, which focuses on celebrities.)[7]
It is likely that this figure is inflated by a substantial number of personal blogs that mention fashion. These are not considered fashion blogs using the criteria above.
All other estimates of the popularity of fashion blogs are considerably lower. In September 2005, La Ferla stated that "as little as a year ago, the number of [fashion bloggers] could be counted in the dozens. Today there are hundreds."[4] Lara Zamiatin estimated in November 2006 that there are now "several hundred fashion blogs".[8] The Style99, a ranking of influential fashion and beauty blogs is drawn from an index of more than 400 blogs, which are reviewed on a quarterly basis to ensure the content of blogs is updated on a regular basis and primarily focused on fashion or beauty. [9]
Types of fashion blogs
Fashion blogs can be categorised in a number of ways.
By writer's expertise
Fashion blogs may be written by insiders, outsiders or aspiring insiders.[1]
Insiders are people who work (or have previously worked) in the fashion industry or for the traditional fashion media. In addition, some fashion insiders blog occasionally as guest on larger sites. For example, the fashion designer Nanette Lepore has contributed to Glam.com.[7]
Outsiders are people who know a lot (or at least have strong opinions) about fashion, usually by virtue of being very dedicated consumers of fashion.
Aspiring insiders are people who want to work in the fashion industry or media and believe their blog may provide a 'back door' entry into a mainstream fashion writing job. Examples of people who have been employed within the fashion industry on the strength of their blogs include:
- Manolo the Shoe Blogger, who now has a weekly column in the Express a Washington Post Publication[1]
- Heather and Jessica from Go Fug Yourself, who recently covered Fashion Week for New York Magazine[5]
- The Budget Fashionista, Kathryn Finney, wrote a book called "How To Be a Budget Fashionista" that was published by Ballantine Books.[7]
By ownership
Fashion blogs may be owned either by individuals or by companies.
The types of individuals running fashion blogs are listed above.
The types of companies now running fashion blogs include large mainstream media organizations and fashion retailers. Mainstream media organisations that own fashion blogs include The Times (UK), Condé Nast Publications (US), Variety (US) and the Sydney Morning Herald (Australia). Fashion retailers with blogs include Bluefly, Queen of Suburbia and Splendora.[4]
By theme
Most successful fashion blogs follow a particular theme or angle. Some narrow their field to one type of fashion item e.g. shoes, handbags or denim. Some specialise in a particular price point: usually either very high-end or very budget conscious. Some cover celebrity fashion exclusively, while others cover street style. Some cover a mix of two or more of these topics. Many show the authors own personal style and asks for the readers opinion.
Fashion blogs are a relatively new phenomenon, so there are no detailed published accounts of their history yet.
Fashion blogs first appeared in the blogosphere prior to 2002[10] Both the number of fashion blogs and the number of media mentions of fashion blogs has grown considerably since then. Published accounts of the growing number of fashion blogs are mentioned above, and a Facteva search reveals that media articles mentioning "fashion blogs" grew from one in 2002 to over 100 in 2006.
In 2006, the commercial success and growing profile of fashion bloggers were the two main themes in coverage of fashion blogs.
In 2009, CNN wrote about a blogger, Rumi Neeley of Fashion Toast, who went from a small website to the runway for a popular label.[11]
Early fashion blogs
Fashion blogs first appeared in the blogosphere prior to 2002,[10] and at least one fashion blogger was invited to New York Fashion Week as early as September 2003;[7] a short time later, Fashiontribes.com was being seated fourth row at shows like Bill Blass. By 2008 Tina Craig and Kelly Cook of Bag Snob.com were seated second row at shows like Diane von Furstenberg and Oscar de la Renta.[5]
The fashion blogs that attracted media attention in 2002 include two that are still in existence: LookOnline Daily Fashion Report and She She Me.[10]
In 2004, the first accessories blog, Manolo's Shoe Blog, was launched. While it has been stated that Manolo's Shoe Blog was the first fashion blog,[12] Manolo himself disputes this.[13] He says he read a number of fashion blogs in 2003, and these inspired him to start blogging.
Later in 2004, Michelle Madhok introduced SheFinds.com, "an online shopping publication". By 2005, the site earned $300,000 per year, although most of that revenue went towards running expenses and Madhok paid herself just $40,000 per year.[14]
Recent developments
Recent media reports state that some fashion blogs have become highly profitable, and that the influence of fashion blogs within the industry is growing. It could be said that fashion blogging is now developing from an interesting hobby, to a viable new media business.
Mainstream media acceptance of fashion blogging
Fashion blogs are increasingly becoming a part of the mainstream fashion press.
An increasing number of fashion bloggers were invited to designers' fashion shows in 2006 compared to previous years.[5] Large advertisers like H&M and Gap have bought advertising on fashion blogs,[5] and other large companies like the underwear-maker Jockey are targeting fashion blogs in their PR efforts.[4]
Many big media organizations have started fashion blogs and the best fashion bloggers are now also being offered mainstream media positions. (See above for more details.)
Fashion blogging is also now regarded as worthy of mainstream media coverage. The reference list below shows the very high caliber of media publication that have written about fashion blogs. These publications include the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Fast Company and the Sydney Morning Herald.
Street Style blogs
Street fashion has recently made its way into the world of blogs. An increasing number of blogs now feature fashion on real people, and show how trends are applied in the street.
Commercialization of fashion blogging
Fashion blogging is rapidly becoming a highly profitable new media business, with a mixture of independent blogs and well-funded fashion blog networks competing to dominate the space.
Manolo's Shoe Blog is believed to be the most profitable independent fashion blog, "rumored to be [earning] around $700,000 a year" by 2006.[12] Manolo has confirmed he earns a six-figure salary through blogging.[15] Other commercially successful independent fashion blogs include The Budget Fashionista, which reportedly brings in $150,000 a year in revenue[16] and The Bag Snob, which "generates a six-figure income, mainly from advertising".[12] More examples of independent fashion blogs that have achieved commercial success can be found in the references listed at the end of this article.
There have also been a series of business deals have brought serious investor money into the fashion blogging space. These include:
- October 2006: Sugar Publishing Inc. raised Series A funding from legendary venture capital firm Sequoia, to a rumored value of $5 million.[17] Sugar's small blog network includes FabSugar, a fashion blog.
- November 2006: Glam.com raised $18.5 million in Series C venture capital from a consortium led by Duff Ackerman & Goodrich Ventures, with other investors including "Draper Fisher Jurvetson, which helped launch eBay, Accel Partners, an investor in Facebook, as well as WaldenVC and Information Capital".[18]
- October 2007, Sugar Publishing purchased early fashion blog network Coutorture Media for an undisclosed sum.[19]
Monetization Techniques
Blogging is hard work, and few bloggers in any industry are willing to devote the kind of time and effort necessary to build and hold a significant audience without some hope of financial reward.
Bloggers like Manolo of Manolo's Shoe Blog generate enough traffic that they can monetize it directly by selling impressions to advertisers. This is rare.
Pay per click advertising placement is another monetization tactic employed by many fashion blogs. Recent advances in contextual ad placement have rendered PPC placement an increasingly attractive option.
Virtually all fashion blogs employ some form of affiliate marketing, the most straightforward being the simple product review. A Fashion Blog which successfully integrates affiliate marketing techniques within its site is FashionBeans. The writer blogs about voucher codes, sales, men's fashion collections and news but then links through to relevant men's fashion retailers using affiliate links. In addition, there is a recommended fashion section which is generated using affiliate CSV data feeds to create 1000's of product listings with up-to-date prices and deep links to the appropriate men's clothing. Affiliate networks like Commission Junction and LinkShare facilitate this process in exchange for a piece of the action - normally a commission of around 5 - 20% of the total transaction.
The proliferation of XML product data feeds has added a new twist to the affiliate marketing play. Companies like GoldenCan now aggregate product feeds from multiple affiliate networks and provide tools that make it easy for fashion blogs to expose product data to both shoppers and search spiders. Velvet Way is a good example of a site that has integrated affiliate data feeds with locally-generated product reviews.
Fashion blogs around the world
While there are tens of thousands of English-language blogs dedicated to fashion, the vast majority have little to say and even less of an audience. Identifying the most influential ones can be somewhat of a challenge.
Australian blogs that have attracted media attention are Sassybella, The Bargain Queens, Beijing Baby! and Imelda. Sassybella is an online fashion magazine that allows anyone to "find information about the latest It bags, see what It girls are wearing, as well as what's going on in the industry" with an emphasis on the latest fashion and beauty news.[8] The Bargain Queens blog is a blog "dedicated to sharing information on how to sniff out a bargain".[20] Beijing Baby! is a site dedicated to a young women's daily insights and stories on life and fashion.[8] Imelda, a blog written by Sydney public relations executive Matt Jordan, is the first Australian blog to focus on footwear.
United Kingdom
In December 2006, it was stated that "Britain still lags behind the US in developing the fashion blogosphere, but things are picking up."[12] Grant mentions Catwalk Queen as an example of a UK fashion blog.[12]. Catwalk Queen began as a personal blog by Gemma Cartwright before it was sold to Shiny Media[21]. It grew into one of the biggest UK based fashion blogs with a handful of writers blogging for it at any time.
The London fashion blog Style Bubble has also attracted media attention with her "guide to trends, designers and shopping hot spots in Britain's capital city".[8] In 2008 Susie Bubble was named among the Evening Standard's 'London's 1000 most influential' in the Fashion category. [22]
Other popular british fashion blogs include Frassy and London Rose, which both stand out due to the bloggers' unique styles. Frassy wears eccentric vintage combos, while London Rose dresses in a glam-grunge/rock style.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Corcoran, Cate T. Blogging for bags, "Women's Wear Daily", October 23, 2006.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Weil, Jennifer with contributions from Corcoran, Cate T. and Moir, Jane. In their sites, "Women's Wear Daily", June 29, 2006.
- ↑ Newman, Andrew Adam. "What's That Label? Why, It's a Mongo", The New York Times, April 23, 2006. Accessed November 24, 2006.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 La Ferla, Ruth. "Online, Feisty Critics", The New York Times, September 8, 2005. Accessed November 24, 2006.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Dodes, Rachel. "Bloggers get under the tent", The Wall Street Journal, September 12, 2006. Accessed November 18, 2006.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kay, Karen. The fashion blog stars, "Daily Mail", January 15, 2007. Accessed January 22, 2007.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Corcoran, Cate T. The blogs that took over the tents, "Women's Wear Daily", February 6, 2006.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Zamiatin, Lara. Let slip the blogs of wore, "Sydney Morning Herald", July 27, 2006. Accessed November 24, 2006.
- ↑ Style99: The 99 Most Influential Fashion and Beauty Blogs, "Signature9", September 1, 2009. Accessed January 24, 2010.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Sinclair, Jenny. Fashion blogs, "The Age", October 17, 2002. Accessed November 18, 2006.
- ↑ CNN MONEY: A fashion blog leads to the Paris runway http://money.cnn.com/2009/04/22/smallbusiness/fashion_bloggers_go_into_business.smb/index.htm
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Grant, Linda. Trade secrets, "U.K. Vogue", December 2006.
- ↑ Manolo the Shoe Blogger "Manolo the First Fashion Blogger?", Manolo's Shoe Blog, December 5, 2005. Accessed October 13, 2007.
- ↑ Tahmincioglu, Eve. When the Boss Is Last in Line for a Paycheck, The New York Times, March 22, 2007. Accessed May 29, 2008.
- ↑ Rowse, Darren. "Six Figure Blogger Interview - Manolo from ShoeBlogs", ProBlogger.net, September 23, 2005. Accessed October 13, 2007.
- ↑ "13 Questions for a Fashion Blogger - Kathryn Finney", New York Daily News, October 17, 2007.
- ↑ Arrington, Michael. "Sequoia Invests in Blog Network Sugar Publishing", TechCrunch, October 16, 2006. Accessed October 13, 2007.
- ↑ Schachter, Ken. "Glam Media Fashionistas Get $18.5M", Red Herring, 14 December, 2006. Accessed October 13, 2007.
- ↑ McCarthy, Caroline. "Sugar's shopping spree goes on with Coutorture buy", CNET news.com, October 9, 2007. Accessed October 13, 2007.
- ↑ Sansom, Marie. "Sara just loves a bargain", Inner West Weekly, November 8, 2006. Accessed October 13, 2007.
- ↑ http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/the-online-fashion-100-1663809.html?action=Popup&ino=33
- ↑ http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/influentials08/article-23562665-details/Fashion/article.do?ICO=influentials
- Pollock, Jennifer. Hemlines, Online, "Fast Company", April 2006. Accessed November 18, 2006.
- 303Live.com [1]
- Shubow, Justin. Better Than a Park Bench: Street-fashion blogs keep tabs on the world's most stylish pedestrians, "Slate," July 21, 2006.


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Let's talk about bias for a minute. My fiancée, Rachel Rynick, just released her first album, and I think it's awesome. Of course, my opinion on this matter can't really be trusted. First, I would likely say this even if I didn't believe it. Second, even though we haven't combined our finances, her success obviously redounds to my benefit. So how would you evaluate whether my statement was correct?
Well, you could listen for yourself (the whole album is streaming on her website, spotify and google play, and you can buy it from the website, iTunes, Amazon etc). My personal favorite is "When I Fall," (but again, you should probably listen yourself just to make sure I'm not lying).
Alternatively, if you live in the Boston area, you could come see her live at Davis Square Theater tomorrow night, where you'll also see Dan Blakeslee, Petrina Foley and Liz Grant.
At some point, I'll likely write about bias and how to evaluate truth claims more in depth, but I really just wanted to plug my partner. She really is something, as I'm sure you'll find out for yourself.

subset: commoncrawl


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So, over the course of the last few weeks, I've watched ALL of Heroes.
This is something that I swore I was not going to do, because of all of the people I've watched who loved Season 1, stuck with it for Season 2, and then pulled a collective WTF on my flist during Season 3. Why should I fall in love with characters and then suffer, eh? I could just avoid the whole thing.
Then ZQ fandom happened to me, and I had to watch it anyway. Fortunately, I went into it forewarned. So my reactions were not typical.
First of all, I was expecting Season 1 to be PHEEENOMENAL. And, to my taste, it wasn't. There are several reasons: I went into it a bit overhyped, which couldn't be avoided, alas. Also, there are a few writerly tips, tricks, and finaglings that are simply standard tools of the trade when it comes to shows like this with an overarching plot: repetitious dialogue, repetitious dialogue, and repetitious dialogue, not to mention the repetitious dialogue, just to let any new viewers in on any plot points they missed. And the constantly cutting from character to character right at a cliffhanger to keep you glued to the screen. I think that's lazy writing, frankly. If you have to cut the scene off before something important happens in order to maintain the viewer's interest, then either your characters aren't doing enough, or they aren't interesting enough. I also resented the comic-relief treatment of Hiro and Ando... I felt that a lot of their dialogue was stilted and babyish, simply because the writers felt the audience couldn't be trusted with anything complex in subtitles.
That said, I still watched it and, in retrospect, it was pretty good.
Season 2 was slightly less good, but okay, and afflicted with the same writing habits that drove me nuts in Season 1. There was the same repetitious dialogue, the annoyance of which is magnified a hundredfold when you're watching all of the episodes back-to-back, alas. Then there's the MacGuffin of superpowers... this show tries to have its cake and smear it around the plate at the same time, neither of which makes for a happy audience (who presumably would like to EAT the cake). The show wants to be MacGuffin-based, per your typical superhero plot. But it also wants to be character based. Now, the character concepts are fantastic, and the acting and casting are out of this world. But the script isn't quite strong enough for a character-driven show. So we turn to the MacGuffin: the superpowers! Which are used inconsistently and tossed by the wayside whenever the writers consider it convenient. They constantly take shortcuts: "I want to have this character do this, so we'll take away his powers. Well, but I want this character arc to happen, so bring the powers back!" Massive plot holes really work SO much better when you have strong characters and dialogue. Inconsistent characters can be tolerated if the MacGuffin is reliably awesome. The writers trade off on their goals repeatedly, and end up achieving none of them.
Crazy-making, but I still watched all of it. The immortal guy was kinda cool in the end. That's the secret of Heroes: every so often, one or another character does something so incredibly cool that I stick with it. But it doesn't even happen every single episode. I actually wasn't completely convinced by Season 1 until Eden managed to shoot herself so that Sylar wouldn't get her brains... that scene was the first one that really made me cheer for a character.
Then I hit Season 3, and that's about the point where things started to get good. Because that's where the writers took the plot, said, "We don't want this interfering, so we'll just put it over HERE and not think about it," and proceeded to write EVERY SHINY DAMN THING THAT COULD POSSIBLY ENTER THEIR HEADS.
I understand that if you really felt Seasons 1 and 2 were setting up the characters in a way that was believable and consistent, why you might be upset by Season 3. But since I was highly irritated by the way the characterizations and the plot points were being treated throughout S1 and S2, by the time the lunatic circus that was S3 came along, I was perfectly prepared for it. Season 3 of Heroes is an absolutely fantastic good time. It's so incredibly, earth-shatteringly bad, yet so fantastically, wonderfully SHINY, that it's good.
I laughed harder than I've laughed in years, just watching some of the bullshit stunts pulled off in the "Villains" issue. Every character betrays their arc at least three or four times! Entire characters disappear into thin air, taking their plotlines with them! Hey, remember Molly? Neither do we! What about that Irish girl who got dropped into a future that got prevented? Oops! Massive plot points change! People die while imbuing absolutely no sense of peril in the viewer, because you know for damn sure they'll just resurrect somehow in the next episode!
And then there was Season 3's Sylar. I gotta give Zach his absolute props. He's riveting every time he's on the screen, and he's delivering some of the most bullshit pop-psychobabble nonsense I've ever had the misfortune of wishing I could debunk with a weed-whacker. He's crazy! Wait, no, he's just misunderstood! Wait, he's a sociopath, except for never quite acting like one! Wait, wait, we've got it: HE'S FLUFFY AND CONFUSED! And then somebody said, "He should have sex with women!" and the audience said, "Yay! Who needs a plot anyway??"
Let's face it, the highlight of "Villains" is watching Elle blast the clothes off him with electricity. "Go for the jeans! Wait, you're telling me his pants are lightning-proof? DENIED!" Quite frankly, it's a fan-pleasing formula: let Sylar smack some folks around, then let them smack him back.
When you hit "Fugitives", it's almost kind of a downer after all that clowning around. But, alas, in the fourth volume, the writers... kinda... sorta... remember that they started out this whole thing with some goals and quality and stuff. So they dig the plot back out, and dust it off, and tweak it here and there, and plug it back in. After a few starts and stops, they realize the plot is actually kind of a cool device, and they decide to keep using it for the remainder of S3.
Which means it's time to pay the piper for all of that obscene resurrecting that was done earlier. Here a kill, there a kill, everywhere a dead character. Very serious stuff. I'm clearly unable to take any of it seriously anymore, but I respect their effort. Why can't I take it seriously? Because I'm too busy laughing my ASS off at Sylar because he's having a conversation with himself as his mother. "Hitchcock's dead! He'll never know! We'll call it an HOMAGE!"
Overall verdict: a shark-jumping good time. I want to watch Season 3 about five more times. Laughing is good for the abs.
I pity the fanfic writers of this fandom. They have to select versions of their characters. "Mohinder v1.0, dammit! I DON'T WANT THE UPGRADE!"


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Franco's goal is to bring cycling's best price-to-performance ratio, without settling for anything less than a world-class bike with a customer experience to match. That's why Franco bikes and their new bike buying process make no compromises when it comes to personal service, tailored fitting, and all-out performance.
Our goal is to bring affordable, sustainable and energy efficient homes that elevate not only your family's life, but also the community around it. There are hundreds of companies that build houses, but very few that build with a future-minded focus on the home's impact and the surrounding environment. We use only the highest quality materials and technology to build custom homes that improve the environment, the community, and the health of the people who live in it every day.


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Hello friends! I hope you are enjoying wonderful week! I am trudging along now in my 4th week of radiation. After 5 weeks they will start what they call the "boost" week, which is a doubled up effort to get just the tumor area and incision line. That will be the 6th and final week. I've been praying that I would not burn and so far I have not really burned! I have itchy rashes on the chest, shoulder and back, but no blisters or terrible discomfort! So I'm praising the Lord for that!
Anyway... the sets and dies this month inspired me to make a card for a special event coming up in August. I used the Wish and Celebrate Dies, Balloons and Streamers Dies, the Numbers Dies, and the Sunburst Background die for this card. I also used the Pierced Circle Dies and Double Stitched Circle Dies to make my frame for my window. This is not a real shaker card. Instead I used vellum for my window and just placed some fun confetti inside that is made up of the Streamers die cuts and some sequins. They are cut from the same foiled paper but the vellum softens the colors and the camera makes them look lighter but they are the same. I used Foiled Gold and Mirrored Saffire because that is the 45th Anniversary gem. For the word Celebrate, I die cut it from gold and saffire so I could shadow them.
I am really enjoying these Word die and sentiments sets! They are going to be "go to" sets for so many occasions! I hope you are enjoying all the design team samples this month!
Thanks for stopping to take a peek, and thanks for your prayers! They are felt and being answered! I'm looking forward to getting this phase behind me and letting things settle down a bit. I will still need to leave my port in until Nov. because I still get one infusion for the completion of a year, which I am 6 months done with now. So... when that port comes out you are going to hear me whooping and hollering as they say! It will symbolize this entire year's battle with cancer being over and I'm hopeful that it will be the end, with no recurrences ever! That's been our prayer!


text: On Sat, Sep 25, 2010 at 10:50:46AM +0200, Reimar D?ffinger wrote: > On Thu, Sep 09, 2010 at 11:21:36AM +0100, M?ns Rullg?rd wrote: > > - valgrind > > Invalid read in lavf-pixfmt, introduced after r25054. > > Hmm, which one is this? I fail to find the valgrind config on fate.ffmpeg.org, > can someone give me a hint? Ah, found it: http://fate.ffmpeg.org/x86_32-linux-gcc-valgrind It's a bit suboptimal "valgrind" only appears in the configuration name but nowhere in the info shown directly.


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From cutting toner costs to iPad spurring economy, a look back at week
Ever stumble upon some method of saving money that never crossed your mind but when you hear it, never seemed more obvious? The Consumerist's Marc Perton takes a look at how switching the font you use in printable documents can cut the cost you pay for ink toner by as much as 31%.
Did you send your mother a card for Mother's Day? Is it taboo to do anything but purchase one for mom and the other important people in your life? Lisa Schmeiser from the San Francisco Chronicle takes a look at this question and some alternatives if you're not the greeting card type.
While the dream of home ownership is something many aspire to, there are also a number of pitfalls that make owning a home difficult and time consuming. Single Guy Money goes over some of the pros and cons and helps readers decide whether it's in their best interests financially.
Ever get uncomfortable trying to figure out how much to tip or even whether to tip a server or employee who provides you a service? Billeater goes over some of these scenarios and some best practices to keep in mind when considering tips.
Finally, Steve Jobs and the engineers at Apple have come out with another masterpiece of a device, which some say has established a new category of computing. But can it bring us out of a recession? ABC News takes a look at whether Apple's new iPad can help spur economic recovery.
Be sure to check back next week for more of the best financial content from around the Web and visit CostRefuge.com or follow us on Twitter @CostRefuge for the latest news affecting your finances.


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Summer Perfume
76cm x 76cm
The Affordable Art Fair Battersea March 2018
The Affordable Art Fair – Battersea SpringFind us on Stand F6
We'll be showing a collection of work by our most popular gallery artists including Richard Knight, Parastoo Ganjei and Nick Vivian and introducing new artists Sarah Ollerenshaw, Susan Laughton and Ian Turnock to the fair.
Work by these and other artists will be appearing on this page as it comes off their easels in the run up to the fair so do keep looking to keep up to date.
Opening times:
Wednesday 7th March
Charity Private View 5.30 to 9.30 pm
Thursday 8th March 11 am to 5.30 pm
Late View 5.30 to 9 pm
Friday 9th March 11 am to 7 pm
Saturday 10th March 11 am to 6 pm
Sunday 11th March 11 am to 6 pm
We have a number of complimentary tickets to give away. To get yours follow the instructions below:
• Visit the Affordable Art Fair, Fairs page via the link – https://affordableartfair.com/fairs
• Scroll over the 'Tickets' button on the top right hand side of the page.
• Select Battersea Spring and click 'Buy Tickets'
• Enter the digital code for the day that you'd like to visit (see below) and click the 'Use Code' button for the discount to register
• Click on 'Find Tickets' next to the date you would like to attend the fair
• Select the quantity of tickets you would like and click on 'Continue'
• Fill in your contact details and click on 'Buy Tickets'
• You will then be taken to the confirmation page and a printable e-ticket will be emailed to you
• AGENCYPV: Private View invitations – valid on any day (each digital code admits two)
• AGENCYLV: Late View invitations – valid on any day, excluding the Private View (each digital code admits two)
• AGENCYHP: Unlimited Half Price invitations – valid on any day, excluding the Private View (each digital code admits two)
Please contact us for further information about visiting the fair.


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Case Study: Carpeting & Flooring
Carpet Mart
Industry: Carpeting & Flooring
Challenge: Remain competitive while also growing new customers.
Product Solution: Integrated Marketing campaign, including Facebook ads, Pay Per Click advertising, demand side platform digital display and print inserts.
"We immediately started seeing results from the CJ as well as following a more developed marketing strategy. The CJ coordinated with our web designers and our manufacturers to collaborate on our marketing efforts.
Our business has increased over 20% the last two years. We have enjoyed many record months and I attribute much of that success to our marketing plan through the CJ. In the past, we would pick and choose specific times to advertise. Now we are consistent year-round helping grow our brand image.
The most important aspect of this has been the team at the Courier Journal."
Bruce Jones, Carpet Mart


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IBM, Symantec join drive toward packaging compliance
IBM and Symantec are shipping new product suites designed to automate much of the compliance work that had been done under service contracts by the channel.
As more large vendors launch packaged applications designed to help customers satisfy accounting and privacy regulation requirements, the options for channel companies who specialize in regulatory compliance are shrinking.
New products -- like those launched recently by IBM and Symantec Inc. -- threaten value-added resellers (VARs) who have been integrating point products into their own compliance solutions, said Khalid Kark, a senior analyst at Forrester in Cambridge, Mass.
"These offerings are going to be done through the vendors now," Kark said.
But executives from both IBM and Symantec said channel opportunities will still exist. IBM's new Business of IT Dashboard does wrap up some compliance functions into a single package, but IBM partners can sell complementary hardware to more fully address customers' compliance, risk management and IT governance needs, said Marie Wieck, IBM's vice president of middleware and global technology services.
"This really gives them the opportunity to provide greater value," she said.
Symantec partners can also help their clients develop compliance policies and deploy the suite so that it accurately reflects those documents, said Julie Parrish, vice president of global channel sales.
"VARs with the right skills can go in and provide pre-sale consulting, implementation and ongoing consulting," she said. "There's a lot of configuration that goes into these things."
Parrish also downplayed the threat to VARs that sell their own customized compliance products. Because the field of compliance is so broad, "it's pretty difficult for any one vendor or any one VAR to come up with a complete, end-to-end solution," she said. "There's plenty of opportunity for those resellers."
In the past, most organizations spent a "significant chunk" of their security and IT budgets addressing their compliance issues one regulation at a time, Kark said. Within the last six months he has seen more businesses looking for an all-in-one to eliminate the duplication of tasks that often comes with complying to multiple regulations.
"A lot of them have begun to look beyond individual compliance," he said. "A lot are taking a step back."
The latest version of Symantec Control Compliance Suite, introduced May 14, adds procedural controls, which let businesses track physical activities that can't be assessed by an automated system -- for example, whether an employee has manually reviewed logs as required.
The suite uses a questionnaire system that asks if those compliance regulations have been met. Users can answer yes or no, and businesses can even require that they attach proof, said Indy Chakrabarti, a Symantec group product manager.
"The majority of activities can not be programmatically assessed," he said.
IBM's Business of IT Dashboard, announced May 15, addresses compliance as well as IT governance and risk management and is marketed as a service product. During the first phase, consulting, customers will learn what their biggest needs are and what is at stake if they don't address those needs, Wieck said.
The offerings by Symantec and IBM are "very, very different products," Kark said. IBM's dashboard is "more of a strategy than a product," while Symantec's suite is "essential, but it's not the whole picture," he said.
Demand for compliance suites first came from large organizations when Sarbanes-Oxley became law, Chakrabarti said, and it has grown thanks to the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard -- which can lead noncompliant businesses to lose their ability to process credit cards.
Most smaller organizations don't have the resources to be as proactive about compliance as they should be, but they will realize the need to eventually, Chakrabarti said.
Let us know what you think about this story; email: Colin Steele, Features Writer.


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St. Joseph's Medical Center
1010 Carondelet Dr., Suite 105
Kansas City, Missouri 64114
Prescription refills are processed during office hours only. You should call your pharmacy at least 24 hours before your medication runs out. If you have not been seen in the last year, you must schedule an appointment with your physician before your prescription can be refilled.


text: Natural Breakfast Oatmeal - our JAVA & Co. Hearty Whole Grain Dry Oatmeal Mix - made with natural whole grain oats and ground flax (adding a robust, nutty flavor and high in fiber) and sweetened with dried cranberries. Just add boiling water for a healthy and hearty jump start to breakfast. If you want to add an extra sweetener, try one of our decadent gourmet coffee infused syrups drizzled over the top of your oatmeal - a pick-me-up and hearty breakfast all in one. Who knew 'good for you' could taste this good?!


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4,380 posts,
223 followers
following 125
Jul 2014 UK Website
Free tutorials on Youtube. Subscribe!
visit my new site here: www.ffeabysawsen.com
view all » Latest Cakes
view all » Latest Blogs
Buttercream Peony Bas Relief Wedding Cake for ACD Magazine
Hi all, This is my latest – a blue peony buttercream 3 tier number for ACD Magazine's buttercream issue (April 2017 – out now). There's a free video tutorial and peony piping pictorial up, I thought you might like to see: and the blog...
Perfect vanilla sponge cake recipe
Hi all, this is the lightest, fluffiest, most perfect chiffon type sponge cake recipe I have. Watch the video below. Quantities and more information in the blog post linked underneath. blog post & written details- click here ❤...
Realistic buttercream Birch tree cake tutorial (video)
Hi all, It's been a while since I posted here, I thought I would for my latest tutorial video – how to make a realistic birch tree stump cake using buttercream, with no special piping tips. Every part of this cake is decorated in pure...
view all » Latest Activity
- Buttercream Peony Bas Relief Wedding Cake for ACD Magazine
- Perfect vanilla sponge cake recipe
- Realistic buttercream Birch tree cake tutorial (video)
- Realistic buttercream Birch tree cake tutorial (video)
- Buttercream Yule Log cake & Tree stump cake tutorials
- Hellebore & Winterberry Holly Seasonal Buttercream Flower Wreath Cake tutorial (video)
- Jingle Bell Hanging Cake
- Jingle Bell Hanging Cake
- Buttercream Yule Log cake & Tree stump cake tutorials
- Beautiful Bouquets #5: Red berry, ranunculus & rose buttercream wreath cake
69 Comments
Welcome to Cakesdecor!
Thank you! Gosh how sweet you are to take the time to write that :)
Thank you for the follow… looking forward so seeing more of your beautiful work… P.S. Love your sign off: "ambitious amateur"!
LOL I thought that about summed it up ;) ♥♥
Thank you so much for the follow, sending one your way too :) Can't wait to check out some more of your work! <3
Thank you too, for your kindness and sweet words which I'll never forget ♥
Thank you so much for the follow, now i'm following you too ^^
Thank you Lin, I'm so flattered :) your work is so beautiful, it's my pleasure to be following you!
Welcome to cakesdecor! Thank you for the comment and the heart to the Wedding Cake Chic. I will follow you with pleasure, I hope you have the same pleasure!
Thank you mariagrazia, of course I it is my pleasure to follow your work… That cake is stunning! ♥
Thanks to you <3 :)
Hi a follow from me xx
Thank you Zoe <3
Thank you for the follow Sawsen! My "red roses" are just for you today :)
Aww Donna you're just lovely <3 thank you!


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MTD Vanities Cypress 24" Single Sink Bathroom Vanity Set, Espresso
The all-new Cypress Collection, expertly hand crafted entirely out of solid oak wood. Each one of our ensembles have solid wood construction and are hand made by our skillful craftsmen to guarantee both quality and preservation for many years to come. Each vanity is painted in multiple layers to sustain its color palette. All parts included in our sets are manufactured exclusively by MTD Vanities in order to guarantee the best possible quality.
A modern vanity that was created with storage space in mind. Crafted out of solid oak wood, the Cypress incorporates a white acrylic resin counter top. This 36 inch tall vanity has a bottom compartment that is ideal for towel storage. It features two full extension soft closing doors with brushed, zinc alloyed hardware. Available in two finishes, Espresso and White. Sold as a complete set. It includes the cabinet, sink, matching oak wood framed mirror, faucet with hoses, pop-up drain. This unit is covered by MTD's 1-Year Limited Manufacturer Warranty.
- Style: Modern
- Assembly Required: No
- Overall Width: 24-inch
- Overall Depth: 18-inch
- Overall Height: 36-inch
- Overall Weight: 150 lbs
- Base Material: Oak
- Base Construction: Solid
- Cabinet Finish: Espresso
- Number of Doors: 2
- Number of Drawers: 0
- Soft Closing: Yes
- Soft Closing: N/A
- Top Material: Acrylic
- Top Finish: White
- Sink/s Included: Yes
- Sink Type: Integrated
- Sink Shape: Square
- Number of Sinks: Single
- Overflow: Yes
- Base Cabinet Included: Yes
- Counter Top Included: Yes
- Faucet/s Included: Yes
- Mirror/s Included: Yes
- Pop-up Drain/s Included: Yes
- Back Splash Included: No
- Side Splash Included: No
- Product Care: Wipe clean with a dry cloth
|Frame Material
|Oak, Stainless Steel
|Top Material
|36"(H) x 24"(W) x 18"(D)
|1 year Limited Manufacturer
|Model Number
|Country of Origin


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Following the dressage and the trail competition – in which riding with caution and precision was essential – the working equitation superstars today (20th September) took part in the "grand finale". In the speed trail competition, stars from Austria, Portugal, Germany and France – dressed in the traditional outfits of their respective countries – went full steam ahead and received rapturous applause from spectators for their efforts.
Two-time vice-world champion Mihai Maldea (GER) recorded the best time (121.58 seconds) with Candy, with Claire Moucadel (FRA) coming second on Atila (135.88 seconds). Riding Trinco, world and European champion Bruno Pica de Conceicao (POR) followed closely behind in third (135.98 seconds). Austria's Nina Raidl (Vienna) took sixth place in the final competition featuring the "workers" (204.53 seconds).
20 C – International working equitation – Speed trail
1. Candy – Maldea, Mihai (GER) 121.58 seconds (131.58)
2. Atila – Moucadel, Claire (FRA) 135.88 seconds (125.88)
3. Trinco – Pica de Conceicao, Bruno (POR) 135.98 seconds (145.98)
4. Paradise Indian Summer – Frankenberger, Katrin (GER) 150.63 seconds (160.63)
5. Trigo – Godinho, Vasco (POR) 178.24 seconds
6. Sir Marlon – Raidl, Nina (AUT) 204.53 seconds (174.53)
7. Bogalho – Weteschnik, Martina (AUT) eliminated
7. Mundo – Brun, Caroline (FRA) eliminated
Party with the show-jumping stars!
Some spectators will want to get to know the riders not only on the show-jumping course, but also up close and personal. Those in that category should not miss this year's hotly anticipated Vienna Masters party nights! All information about the Vienna Masters official after-show parties can be found on Facebook.
Int. 5* Show-jumping | Working Equitation | Int. Pony-dressage | Show | Shopping mile | Kids area
17th-20th September 2015 | Vienna's Rathausplatz (Town Hall Square)


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Team India continues to struggle abroad because their young stars have failed to adapt to different conditions and their problem was psychological, said former England captain Geoffrey Boycott.
Team director for the limited overs series in England gives skipper a big pat on his back.
Mohammed Shami said the experience of playing in trying conditions in England will help India perform at the World Cup in Australia and New Zealand early next year.
Angus Porter had said that England spinner Moeen Ali should take being booed by Birmingham fans as a compliment since he was getting noticed and wasn't ignored.
In a bizarre comment, England's Professional Cricketers' Association chief Angus Porter said that Moeen Ali should take the booing, which seems to have a racial and ethnic angle to it, as a complement.
Team director Ravi Shastri feels India bounced back well to win the ODI series in England and that the side should enjoy the triumphs. More importantly, he backed coach Duncan Fletcher to the hilt.
Team India director Ravi Shastri heaped praise on Duncan Fletcher and said that the coach has a
India's long and tough tour of England, lasting 77 days, came to an end on Sunday with a narrow three-run loss in the one-off T20. They had lost the Test series 3-1 and won the ODIs
Former England coach Ashley Giles says he feels it is too late to sack Alastair Cook as ODI skipper as the World Cup is just five months away and it is important from a leadership point of view.
Captain Eoin Morgan hit a fifty to help England win the one-off T20 against India. This after India had won the ODIs 3-1.
India lost the Test series but bounced back to win the ODIs against England. Captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni says the youngsters in the side should see the matches as a learning experience.
Mahendra Singh Dhoni remained not out on 27 and Rayudu on three as India ended at 177 for five. England had posted 180 for seven in 20 overs.
Virat Kohli cracked 66 off 41 balls in the one-off T20 International against England and is now the most successful Indian batsman in T20Is, ahead of superstar Yuvraj Singh.
Suresh Raina made his presence felt with a match-winning 75-ball 100 in the second ODI in Cardiff and went on to accumulate 160 runs in four matches at an average of 53.33 in a series that India won 3-1.
Duncan Fletcher, who was appointed coach in April 2011, came under intense criticism from several quarters after India's 1-3 Test series loss against England, and there was speculation that the BCCI may show the Zimbabwean the door though his contract runs till the end of next year's cricket World Cup.
Defending 180, England restricted India to 177/5 in a tense finish despite Virat Kohli's knock of 66.
England vs India One-Off T20 Highlights: Virat Kohli's Knock in Vain as Hosts Win Narrowly by 3 Runs
England beat India by 3 runs in the only T20I in Birmingham. Virat Kohli's 66 was in vain as India failed to reach their target of 181.
Having suffered a 3-1 defeat in the Test series, the Indians under Mahendra Singh Dhoni found their bearings in the One-dayers, clinching the five-match series 3-1 despite losing Friday's inconsequential final game by 41 runs at Leeds.


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Melissa McCarthy Stuns In Own Clothing Line At 'Spy' Premiere (PHOTOS)
Melissa McCarthy looked gorgeous on the red carpet at the Spy premiere in New York on Monday and it turns out she designed the dress herself.
She will be launching Melissa McCarthy Seven7 in August and this was a great way to showcase the new clothing line.
The actress told PEOPLE:
"I just don't believe in a uniform. I think if people have it and they love it, great, but I think people get into a rut and I've always been someone who gets a kick out of dressing. I'm trying to give women a closet that gives them some variety."
Spy opens nationwide on June 5, 2015.


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The unforgiving back roads and rusted-out mill towns of Appalachia provide the bleak backdrop and emotional landscape of "Out of the Furnace," a well-acted, beautifully filmed, utterly depressing chronicle of revenge and thwarted dreams in post-industrial America.
Anchored by compelling performances from Christian Bale and Casey Affleck, "Out of the Furnace" may have taken its title and setting from Thomas Bell's 1941 novel "Out of This Furnace," about the immigrant community in Braddock, Pa., and the history of unionization. But director Scott Cooper, with co-writer Brad Inglesby, sets his story squarely in the recent past, when Bale's character, Russell Baze, works in a steel mill on the brink of closing while his brother, Rodney (Affleck), prepares for yet another tour in Iraq.
"Out of the Furnace" transpires over several years, during which the fortunes of the brothers diverge and overlap, most notably when a menacing meth dealer and bare-knuckle boxing impresario named Harlan DeGroat comes to town. Played with terrifying intensity by Woody Harrelson, DeGroat is a sadistic, almost feral figure, who hails from New Jersey's Ramapo Mountains, as lawless and god-forsaken a place as any redoubt in the Wild West. Braddock, where much of "Out of the Furnace" was filmed, emerges on the other hand as a relatively civilized refuge, where Russell quietly tries to rebuild his life after a tragic mistake amidst the crumbling remnants of a once-thriving town.
Cooper, who directed "Crazy Heart" a few years ago, once again evinces a gift for conveying atmosphere, carefully framing and composing his shots to lend "Out of the Furnace" a reserved, even stately, air of dignity. And he knows how to get the best from his actors (Jeff Bridges, who won an Academy Award for his performance in "Crazy Heart," might agree). Affleck delivers a searing portrayal of a young man who pushes himself to the punishing physical limit in search of both money and catharsis. Bale's part may not be as showy, but at least one moment — when Russell hears a pivotal piece of news on one of Braddock's bridges — could stand the test of time as a mini-master class in the art of screen acting.
Sam Shepard, Willem Dafoe, Zoe Saldana and Forest Whitaker — this year's movie MVP — round out an outstanding supporting cast in a story that evokes "The Deer Hunter" in its depiction of post-war trauma in a Pennsylvania town, as well as "Winter's Bone" in its gothic, sometimes labored portrayal of what happens when a society has abandoned its working class. There are good men in "Out of the Furnace," as well as bad men, and sad men and stupid men — but even the best of them have blood on their hands, usually their own. Even when it descends into self-consciousness in a lurid final act, "Out of the Furnace" effectively brings viewers into a space where whatever people had to lose was either squandered or stolen.
★ ★ ★
R. At area theaters. Contains strong violence, profanity and drug content. 116 minutes.


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Latest News
[January 15, 2020] Damaging earthquake sequence in Puerto RicoA sequence of earthquakes struck southwest Puerto Rico between January 6 and January 11, with at least 8 events over M 5.5 and a main shock with M 6.4. This event poses a challenge for earthquake geodesy because of the difficulty in separating multiple events per day while using precise 24 hour solutions. We simplified our coseismic displacement estimation by solving for a single offset per station on the day of the main shock, January 7, from 24 hour sample rate GNSS solutions using rapid orbit products from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The largest offsets observed were over 20 mm, at the NSF-supported Network of the America's station P780, operated by UNAVCO. The NGL station page for P780 is here.
A table of preliminary coseismic offsets can be found here.
[November 28, 2019] All NGL GPS Holdings Reprocessed and Available in IGS14!Newly updated GPS data products are now available our online system. All data in the NGL holdings have been reprocessed with the new and improved GipsyX v1.0, software released this year. The new results use improved models including the VMF1 mapping function and nominal troposphere, elevation weighted observations, and higher order ionospheric calibrations, improved JPL Repro 3 orbits, and the latest global reference frame IGS14. Also, time series and MIDAS velocities are now available in 25 tectonic plate fixed reference frames which adjust the horizontal trends only. New station pages have been developed that present these solutions in IGS14, plate fixed reference frames and detrended time series.
Thanks for your patience as we work out the few remaining issues with the web pages.
Happy surfing and Happy Thanksgiving!
[July 7, 2019] Update on M7.1 Ridgecrest EarthquakeBelow is an image of the coseismic displacement of the Earth surface that occurred during the M7.1 earthquake near Ridgecrest on July 5, Pacific Time. The maximum movement of a GPS station was over 500 mm, or about half a meter at station P595, about 20 km east of the epicenter. Notably, most of southern California moved because of the event to some degree, though in most places this movement was small, under 10 mm. Similar to the previous M6.4 event on July 4, the movements are approximately east-west extensional, and north-south contractional. This is consistent with right lateral slip on a northwest striking fault plane.
These data are from several geodetic networks, the largest of which is the Network of the Americas (NOTA), a core component of the NSF Geodetic Facility for the Advancement of Geoscience (GAGE).
A text table of these preliminary offsets can be found here.
[July 6, 2019] M7.1 Earthquake near Ridgecrest, CAOn July 5, one day after the July 4 M6.4 earthquake, an M7.1 event near Ridgecrest, CA generated much larger permanent movement of the Earth surface. For a subset of continuous GPS stations, NGL processes data using JPL's ultra-rapid orbit products, allowing us to calculate coseismic offsets for a few stations on the same day as the earthquake. Results of this ultra rapid analysis are shown below.
We can already see from these early results that the movements are much larger and extend a greater distance than those from yesterday's event. For example, the GPS station GOLD (which is over 70 km southeast of the epicenter) moved ~31 mm, much greater than it moved during yesterday's earthquake (see previous post below). Today's result shows that significant movement extends at least 150 km from the epicenter, and may reach south of the San Andreas Fault. The pattern of the displacements gives us confidence that what we are seeing is from the earthquake. The movement was approximately east-west extensional, and north-south contractional, consistent with the active tectonic strain rate field. The movement is also consistent with the earthquake moment tensor, which along with seismic data, indicate a right lateral strike slip event on an approximately northwest striking plane.
We expect to have results for a much larger number of GPS stations soon.
[July 5, 2019] Fourth of July M6.4 Earthquake Near Ridgecrest, CaliforniaThe map below shows preliminary coseismic horizontal vector displacements for the M6.4 earthquake that occurred near Ridgecrest, California yesterday. The 5 minute sample rate time series were obtained using rapid orbits from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Maximum displacements are approximately 10 cm, describing east-west extension and north-south contraction, consistent with a strike-slip event. Four character codes indicate GPS station names. Vectors have 95% confidence ellipses on their tips.
A text table of these preliminary offsets can be found here.
[June 3, 2019] Possible small displacements observed in the Peru M8.0 earthquakeOn May 26 an M8.0 earthquake occurred beneath northern Peru. The USGS report on the event indicated the focus was very deep (>110 km) and thus less surface displacement is expected compared to a shallow event. We looked at GPS data from stations within 1585 km of the event and found that stations to the east of the epicenter have a systematic eastward movement, all under 4 mm. The individual offsets are near the uncertainties, but taken together the mean eastward motion may be significant. These results have been rapidly determined, and more more definitive results will be available when more data has been collected after the earthquake.
[May 24, 2019] New Paper! Drought-Triggered Inflation and Earthquakes at Long Valley CalderaIn a new study we have explored how recent drought periods in California influence the timing of Long Valley active caldera inflation near the city of Mammoth, California. The study uses GPS and seismic data to show how uplift of the Sierra Nevada and magmatic inflation at Long Valley accelerated when the drought initiated in late 2011. The subsequent inflation changed the distribution of active tectonic strain rates in the adjacent central Walker Lane, east of the Sierra Nevada, effecting seismicity rates. Earthquakes occurred more frequently in places where the geodetic strain rates increased, suggesting that hydrological surface loading (e.g. from changing levels of aquifers, snow and lakes) affects the magmatic system in ways that subsequently influence earthquake occurrence. The study captures in new detail the complex links between between climate, active volcanos and earthquakes in eastern California and Nevada.
The work is a collaboration between the Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology and Department of Mathematics and Statistics in the UNR College of Science. The study appears as a new accepted article in the Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth.
Hammond, W.C., C. Kreemer, I. Zaliapin, G. Blewitt, 2019, Drought-triggered magmatic inflation, crustal strain and seismicity near the Long Valley Caldera, Central Walker Lane, Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth, 124(6), p. 6072–6091, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB017354.
[April 18, 2019] WIRED Article on High Tech Walker Lane Geology Mentions NGLSpace geodesy helps researchers with age old geological conundrums and new theories about the future of the plate boundary according to a new WIRED article on the Walker Lane. Interviews with NBMG scientists Jim Faulds, Bill Hammond and Rich Koehler with writer Geoff Manaugh contribute to this fun, thought provoking piece.
[December 1, 2018] Anchorage Earthquake Coseismic DisplacementYesterday morning, November 30, 2018, an M 7.0 earthquake struck directly beneath Anchorage, AK causing landslides and widespread shaking. The event was over 40 km deep with a normal slip style mechanism causing some to suggest it was result of a tensional earthquake in the subducting oceanic lithosphere of the Pacific Plate. Here we show that coseismic horizontal displacements were about 2 cm in Anchorage. We obtained these offsets from 5 minute sample rate solutions calculated with JPL rapid orbit products. The horizontal vectors (Figure below) show ESE displacement both east of, and west of, the epicenter. The distance from Anchorage over which displacements are significant extends further east than west. They also show north-south contraction, with stations north of the epicenter moving south, and stations south of the epicenter moving north. Together these observations suggest that the slip occurred on the shallower, down to the east, nodal plane obtained from the seismic data and presented by the USGS.
A table of the rapidly derived coseismic displacents can be found here.
[October 19, 2018] New paper on seasonal strain and seismicity in California and NevadaThe changing amount of water and snow mass that lays on top of the Earth's surface is one possible explanation for observed seasonal variations in seismicity. This hydrological loading would change the state of stress inside the crust minutely with the seasons. We image the seasonal stress variation by using the horizontal seasonal displacements of GPS monuments in the southwestern United States. This reveals large‐scale seasonal patterns of the crust contracting and extending in‐phase with the Earth's surface going down and up, respectively, particularly in northern California which experiences a large excess of water and snow in late winter. The seasonal variations in horizontal deformation there correspond to variations in the number of mainshocks, with more earthquakes occurring when the crust is under extension. In southern California, we see no correlation with the number of mainshocks. In both regions, seasonal deformation correlates with the proportion of large earthquakes and shows an anticorrelation with the aftershock production. So even though seasonal deformation may not directly trigger earthquakes, if an earthquake happens during the right season, it seems to be able to grow a little larger, releasing a little more stress than it otherwise would and reducing the need for (more) aftershocks.
Kreemer, C., and I. Zaliapin, 2018, Spatio-temporal correlation between seasonal variations in seismicity and horizontal dilatational strain in California, Geophysical Research Letters, 45. (18), p. 9559-9568, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079536.
Left panel: Dilatational strain (positive is extension, negative is contraction). Superimposed are the orientations and relative size of the principal axes: white vectors are positive (extensional) and black are negative (contractional). Principal axes reflect spatial averages and for each set the largest axis is normalized to unity. Grey lines are major faults (i.e., with Quaternary slip rate ≡2.5 mm yr-1). Right panel: Vertical displacements inferred from the GPS Imaging technique (Hammond et al., 2016). Superimposed are horizontal displacements (spatially down-sampled) derived from MELD (Kreemer et al., 2018). Numerical results are provided in the paper's Supplemental Information.
[September 24, 2018] NGL publishes new paper in Eos!Harnessing the GPS Data Explosion for Interdisciplinary Science
More GPS stations, faster data delivery, and better data processing provide an abundance of information benefitting many kinds of Earth science. At NGL we make our data products for over 17,000 stations available online, including metadata, lists of stations, plots of position coordinates, tables of data holdings, and descriptions of new items relating to the products. The service and philosophy, known as Plug and Play GPS , has been documented in a new paper published today in Eos.
NGL is committed to continuing to provide this long-running service to the scientific community, and we encourage researchers to explore these data sets and apply their creative skills to scientific investigations that have yet to be conceived.
Henceforth we request that citation of the data processing and products presented on our website should be:
Blewitt, G., W. C. Hammond, and C. Kreemer (2018), Harnessing the GPS data explosion for interdisciplinary science, Eos, 99, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EO104623.
Fig. 1. The Nevada Geodetic Laboratory processes data from a global network of about 17,000 geodetic GPS stations.
Fig 2. GPS stations (circles) and observed rate of vertical velocity of continental North America. Glacial isostatic adjustment dominates the field: uplift (red) in Canada and subsidence (blue) in the United States. California's Central Valley and the Gulf Coast of Texas and Louisiana exhibit rapid subsidence. White regions are statistically consistent with zero motion with respect to Earth's center of mass. Rates are plotted on a log scale and interpolated using the GPS imaging method of Hammond et al. [2016].
[June 18, 2018] New paper published on the August 24, 2014 M6.0 South Napa EarthquakeA new paper published by Nevada Geodetic Laboratory Graduate Student Meredith Kraner uses data from high‐precision continuous GPS stations to observe a 3 mm horizontal expansion of the Earth's crust prior to and in the vicinity of the August 2014 M6.0 South Napa earthquake. The study is a collaboration with William Holt from Stony Brook University, and Adrian Borsa from Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego. The analysis looks at eight years of continuous GPS data leading up to the earthquake and finds that this pattern of horizontal crustal extension repeats every summer. The effect releases pressure on faults in the West Napa fault system, making them more likely to slip during the summer months. We speculate that large seasonal variability in the amount of groundwater in the Sonoma and Napa Valley subbasins may contribute to the observed changes.
Read more in the paper, which has been published in the Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth and is available online here
Also see features from the AGU, AP news, KCBS radio, and Live Science.
[June 14, 2018] Pause in NGL Solutions For IGS14 UpgradeOwing to the need to transition to IGS14 products as mandated by JPL, our final solutions will cease to be updated with new data until hardware, software, processing and data products systems are updated by sometime later this summer. NGL rapid and ultra-rapid solutions are already in IGS14 and will continue to be available. We are sorry for the inconvenience.
[May 8, 2018] New paper published on glacial isostatic adjustment across North AmericaThe theory of plate tectonics says that tectonic plates move as rigid blocks along the Earth's surface and that the Earth's crust should only deform at the boundary between plates. However, the recent explosion in the number of high-precision Global Positioning System stations has allowed us to capture some subtle deformation patterns inside the North American plate that only became apparent by a very careful analysis of the relative motions between thousands of stations. We found that most of the plate is moving at 1-2 mm/yr towards central Canada. Consequently, around most of Canada there is a zone where the crust is contracting. Within Canada, the crust is extending outward and is moving upward rapidly. These patterns can be explained by the process of the crust and mantle still rebounding from a time when it was covered by a thick ice-sheet about 16,000 years ago. The fact that this causes the land to move towards the former ice sheet is an unexpected result that will be useful in understanding the relaxation properties of the underlying mantle. Moreover, we found that earthquakes inside the North American plate do not occur where we see the crust deform, which leaves these events still enigmatic.
The paper can be read with open access HERE.
See the UNAVCO Science Snapshot HERE.
In the above figure dilatational strain rate with blue and red colors are contractional and extensional, respectively. Results are only shown for dilatation rates that are larger than twice their standard deviation. Superimposed are selected velocities in a reference frame which has the area-weighted mean rotation for the entire plate (i.e., the plate's net rotation) subtracted from the velocities in the original IGS08 reference frame.
[May 5, 2018] M6.9 Earthquake during volcanic eruptions near Leilani, HIYesterday, while volcanic eruptions occurred near the Kilauea East Rift Zone and Leilani, HI, a magnitude 6.9 earthquake occurred in the shallow crust. NGL processes openly available GPS data from continuously operating stations in the area using JPL's GIPSY software and rapid orbit products. Using 5 minute position time series that are automatically produced in our system we were able to estimate coseismic offsets from 57 stations near the epicenter. Many of these stations are near the Kilauea rift zone. The link HERE is a table of preliminary displacements rapidly produced from these time series.
A figure of these offsets below shows the difference in positions of stations before and after the earthquake, with larger offsets near the event, getting smaller with distance from the epicenter (yellow star). The maximum displacement was 0.77 meters. Gradients in the displacements indicate general extensional strain across the volcanic rift zones.
Data were obtained from continuously operating GPS stations operated by the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, University of Hawaii, Stanford University, the Jet Propulsion Lab, U.S. Coast Guard, and Federal Aviation Authority.
[February 15, 2018] "GPS Imaging" One of the Most Downloaded JGR Papers in 2017We were recently notified that our article "GPS Imaging of vertical land motion in California and Nevada: Implications for Sierra Nevada uplift" published in October 2016 was one of the top 10 most downloaded papers in the Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth in 2017! As of year-end 2017 the article received 1456 downloads.
The article is available with open access here: link to JGR/download PDF.
[January 24, 2018] Update on the M7.9 Alaska Earthquake (see previous story below)Data from many GPS stations have arrived since the earthquake and these have been processed at NGL using rapid orbits from JPL. We used these data to make 24 hour sample rate time series and estimate coseismic offsets from the difference between the new position and the median position from 10 days before the event. The figure shows that the displacement pattern is consistent with what was found earlier using ultra-rapid orbits. The data now are more numerous and have much smaller uncertaintes. We find that measurable displacement consistent with earthquake deformation is noticeable at many stations over a great distance. For example, INVK which is over 1500 km northeast of the epicenter in Canada's Northwest Territories, appears to have moved several mm to the southwest. Selected station names are given in the figure, offsets with large uncertainites were omitted.
A table of these rapidly determined preliminary offsets can be found here.
[January 23, 2018] Massive earthquake offshore southern AlaskaThe figure below shows very preliminary coseismic offsets from the January 23, 2018 M7.9 earthquake offshore southern Alaska. These are estimated from 5 minute sample rate GPS time series obtained using ultra-rapid orbit products from the Jet Propulsion Lab, obtained within 15 hours of the event. Only offsets with uncertainties (not shown) less than or equal to 10 mm are included. All resulting offsets are less than 13 mm and so are on the edge of significance. However, the pattern of horizontal motion is consistent with predictions of shallow strike slip event, with southwest displacement in the event's northeast quadrant and west-northwest displacement in its northwest quadrant.
[December 28, 2017] New paper published on uplift of the Western Transverse Ranges
How fast do mountains grow? What mechanism drives their growth?
In Southern California the Western Transverse Ranges experience active tectonic uplift of ~2 mm/yr
in response to plate boundary forces contracting the Earth's crust near the Big Bend of the San Andreas Fault.
We integrated data from four geodetic techniques (GPS, InSAR, leveling and tide gauges) to map the pattern and rates of uplift and subsidence.
The analysis reveals the complexity of vertical land motion, with both tectonic uplift and groundwater aquifer related subsidence contributing the imaged motions.
Between the San Andreas fault and Pacific coast, mountain uplift is spatially coherent and consistent with elastic strain accumulation on the region's thrust faults.
Consistency between the space geodetic observations (GPS and InSAR collected over <2 decades) with the terrestrial techniques (leveling and tide gauges which have have been collected over many decades) further suggest that the Western Transverse Ranges uplift signal is tectonic in origin.
Read more in the paper, which has been published in the Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth and is available online here or via this Content Share Link.
[November 5, 2017] - New Data Products Available from the Nevada Geodetic Laboratory!Nevada Geodetic Lab would like to announce new public availability of over 34,000,000 station-days of tropospheric products (total zenith delay, north gradient, east gradient, every 5 minutes since 1996.0) from over 16,000 stations.
The files have been integrated into our data product system and are available here: ftp://gneiss.nbmg.unr.edu/trop
Those of you familiar with our products already will know we have for many years produced position solutions for a variety of latencies and averaging intervals, from near real-time 5-minute solutions to final 24-hour solutions. These tropospheric products were generated in response to several user requests, and as an unplanned "deliverable of opportunity" for our Plug and Play Project in collaboration with UNAVCO which just came to an end.
Thanks to JPL/Caltech for providing the GIPSY software and orbit and clock products used to generate these solutions, and to the NASA ACCESS Program for support!
[October 30, 2017] - GPS Dark Matter Research Published in Nature Communications
GPS research embraces its dark side! A new paper, published today by a team of researchers from the Nevada Geodetic Laboratory and UNR Physics Department,
explores the utility of the GPS system of orbiting satellites to
contrain the properties of some of the most enigmatic constituents of the universe. While its existence
has been demonstrated, dark matter is incredibly difficult to detect and has never been seen directly with instruments on Earth.
Though no actual dark matter was detected, the new paper shows how the atomic clocks on the GPS satellites
are being used to place new constraints on dark matter's physical properties.
The authorship includes seven UNR co-authors, which include 2 faculty, a post doc, and students.
The full reference, links and a .pdf to this open access manuscript can be found HERE.
Also see the Nevada Today feature article HERE,
and the Geodetic Science Snapshot article by UNAVCO HERE.
[September 19, 2017] - Another large earthquake in Mexico!
Today's magnitude 7.1 event with epicenter near Raboso, Mexico caused serious shaking, destruction to buildings, and killed over 100 people. The earthquake also permanently shifted the Earth surface enough to offset GPS stations as far away from the epicenter as Mexico City. The plot below, for station MMX1 at the Mexico City airport, was generated using Ultra Rapid orbits from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It shows the station moved ~2.2 cm west and 1.6 cm north. These results used less than 2 hours of data after the earthquake as were available on our station webpages shortly thereafter.
Click on the figure for an up to date version of the time series plot. The vertical gray dashed line indicates the time of the event. Seismic information for this event is available from the USGS here.
[September 10, 2017] Update on Pijijiapan Earthquake
Since our post yesterday (see below) on the Earthquake in southern Mexico nearly two days of data have been acquired and processed at NGL using rapid orbits from JPL. Time series of 24 hour sample rate positions are providing a greater number of coseismic offsets with greater precision across southern Mexico, and northern Central America. The map below shows vector displacements of GPS stations based on two days of data after the event, compared to the median position of the station from the previous 10 days.
Significant offsets are observed as far east as the Yucatan Peninsula ~1000 km from the epicenter. The offsets show a clear pattern of east-west extension and north-south contraction consistent with the event having a normal-type slip mechanism. Selected station names are given. A preliminary offsets table is available here.
Data used to generate this image were contributed by at least 15 different groups who operate networks and provide open access to GPS data. See this file for a list of data contributors.
[September 9, 2017] Great Earthquake and Tsunami Strike Chiapas and Oaxaca, Mexico
On September 7, 2017 23:49 local time (Sept. 8, 4:49 UTC) a magnitude 8.1 earthquake occurred offshore of the southern Mexican town of Pijijiapan. The event generated a tsunami with waves as high as 1.75 m that were recorded in Chiapas by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center.
NGL performs daily processing of GPS data from over 8500 stations using rapid orbits from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, with solutions generally available the following day. Ten stations within several hundred kilometers of the Pijijiapan epicenter provided data for which we were able to generate 5 minute sample rate displacement time series.
Several of these stations recorded significant coseismic offsets from the event. In southern Oaxaca west of the epicenter stations moved westward. The largest movement among these stations was OXUM which moved 7.0+/-0.6 cm westward.
Significant displacement northwest of the epicenter is consistent with what appears from the USGS solutions to be a rupture that propagated northwest from the epicenter.
As more data comes in from GPS stations throughout the region, and processing continues, we will likely be able to obtain a greater number of displacement time series to constrain the slip that occurred in this event.
[May 15, 2017]
New Publication! In a collaboration between the Nevada Geodetic Laboratory and the UNR Mathematics and Statistics Department, Ilya Zaliapin and Corné Kreemer have revisited recent changes in global seismic moment release. Their analysis suggests that the energy released in great earthquaks varies significantly over decades of time, and is not time independent as suggested by some statistical models of earthquake recurrence. Their paper is called "Systematic fluctuations in the global seismic moment release" and has been accepted for Geophysical Research Letters.
[January 18, 2017]
Somewhere around January 4, 2017 our web server went read-only and files were static from that time forward. Upon reboot on January 17, 2017 the disk failed and maintenance was required that continued until January 18, 2017. The system is now restored, time series and plot files are now being refreshed. Thank you for your patience.
[November 13, 2016] Massive Earthquake in New Zealand.
Earlier today,13 November 2016 at 11:02:57 UTC (23:02:57 their local time), a very powerful magnitude 7.8 earthquake rocked New Zealand, south of Wellington. The Nevada Geodetic Laboratory was able to access data from 118 continuously recording GPS stations on the island and estimate coseismic displacements within hours after the event using ultra-rapid orbits from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. A figure showing a sample of the offsets is given below. The maximum displacements we found with GPS are at station CMBL near Clifford Bay, 1.3 meters east, 2.3 meters north, and 0.9 meters upward. A table of rapidly produced offsets is available [here].
While the displacements are very large, they continue to grow as we get more data hour by hour. This likely indicates that a slow but active afterslip on the fault plane, and/or possibly other physical relaxation mechanisms, continue to progress. These observations, along with a continuing sequence of aftershocks, indicates that the crust is still adjusting and evolving as part of this earthquake deformation event. Only GPS stations north of the rupture were strongly affected, which supports seismological evidence that the earthquake ruptured the crust north of the epicenter, where most of the ground shaking occured. The USGS event page for this event is [here].
The two figures below show time series of 5 minute solutions for two stations with the largest offsets: KAIK and CMBL. Click to expand figures. Curvature of the time series after the offsets indicates ongoing relaxation.
[October 12, 2016] New Paper: GPS Imaging of Sierra Nevada Uplift
Our new paper in JGR Solid Earth shows how our new analysis technique called "GPS Imaging" clarifies the signal of vertical land motion in Nevada and California. Using data from high precision GPS networks we resolve rates and patterns of uplift and subsidence in unprecedented detail. The technique filters the data to enhance underlying signals of vertical movement of the deep solid Earth, which have significance for processes such as mountain growth, earthquake cycle deformation, mantle flow, hydrological mass loading and magmatic systems. A draft of the Hammond et al., 2016 manuscript is now available online here: JGR/PDF. Figure 6D from the article below shows the patterns of vertical motion superimposed on the topography. The colors represent vertical rate of the crust (in mm/yr), red up, blue down.
This article was given an Editors' Highlight at JGR:
"This is the first paper to present such a comprehensive and precise vertical velocity field for a major section of the western United States (Lower 48). It highlights an exciting new method and presents an enormous data set along with its implications. There is a huge amount of data shown in the paper, and there are very interesting implications related to climate change and anthropogenic activity."
[August 29, 2016] M6.2 Earthquake in Central Italy
On August 24, 2016 an M6.2 earthquake hit central Italy near the towns of Norcia and Amatrice causing destruction and loss of ~300 lives. NGL has been routinely processing GPS data from many stations surrounding the effected area. Precise displacements of the solid Earth attributeable to this earthquake have been estimated using rapid orbits from JPL. The plot below shows the differenece in median station position 6 days before and up to 4 days after then event.
The largest offsets are seen at stations NRCI and LNSS which were nearest to the epicenter and moved to the southwest. The pattern of displacement is consistent with a normal faulting event with extension in a SW-NE direction. A table of the rapidly estimated offsets from the GPS time seres can be found here.
We obtained data from stations CAOC, CESI, CONI, GNAL, GUMA, LNSS, MTER, MTTO, ROPI, RSTO, SGRE from the RING network INGV Rome, Italy. Station AQUI from the Euref network. AQRA, CDRA, MRRA, MTRA are from S.I.T.T. Regione Abruzzo. Stations ASCC, CMRN, FOL1, FRMO, GRA8, NRCI, ROIO, TOD2, and TOD3 are from ItalPOS. Stations RIET, TERA, TERI are from the Rete Dinamica Nazionale.
[June 25, 2016] New Publication: Assessing the impact of vertical land motion on 20th century global mean sea level rise
Our new paper in The Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans [Hamlington et al., 2016] documents the effect of vertical land motion (VLM) as seen throgh the global GPS network has on estimates of global mean sea level (GMSL) rise.
We applied our new GPS Imaging technique to assess the impact of VLM not associated with glacial isostaic adjustment (GIA) on GMSL. Non-GIA VLM results from plate tectonic interactions, matle flow and other processes that change surface elevation slowly over time. We use GPS Imaging to estimate VLM at over 1400 tide gauges, and compare it to estimates from GIA models.
We found that after correcting for GIA effects the tide gauges are on average experiencing positive uplift resulting in an net increase of the GMSL rise estimate by 0.24 +/- 0.08 mm per year. While this result is likely dependent on the subset of tide gauges used and other factors in the corrections, it suggests that non-GIA VLM plays a significant role in 20th century estimates of GMSL.
[June 21, 2016] New Publication: Pre- and post-seismic deformation related to the 2015, Mw7.8 Gorkha earthquake, NepalA new paper in Tectonophysics [Gualandi et al., 2016] details an analysis that separates the signals of hydrological loading and tectonics, and solves for the deep alfterslip that occurred following the Gorkha earthquake in Nepal. The results show that in the first 7 months after the event ~15% of the total deformation moment was afterslip, and about 77% of the afterslip moment was silent (not seen in the aftershocks). The paper is open access.
[February 23, 2016] New Publication on Deformation and Faulting in the Central Walker LaneWe have published a new study that clarifies how normal faulting, strike slip faulting, and crustal block rotations work together to accommmodate tectonic deformation within the Central Walker Lane. The manuscript by Jayne Bormann et al. was published in the Earth and Planetary Science Letters, and is now available at the EPSL website.
[February 18, 2016] New Publication and Velocity Fields Available!We have published a new manuscript in the Journal of Geophysical Research on the MIDAS robust trend estimator. The paper by Blewitt, Kreemer, Hammond and Gazeaux documents the algorithm used to generate our new online velocity fields. These velocity fields are updated weekly and are available in our data products area (see right side of this page). The manuscript is open access, an unformatted .pdf is available HERE.
[December 14, 2015] New Steps Database Product Available!We have released an online database of potential step discontinuities in GPS time series. Information from IGS site logs is used to generate lists of equipment discontinuities. Earthquake data from the USGS is used to mark times of possible earthquake-related steps down to magnitude 5.0. Hyperlinked text tables are now at the bottom of every station page. A master list can be accessed HERE and a README file is HERE.
[October, 2015] A wave of new papers published by the Nevada Geodetic Lab!A new set of peer-reviewed publications with authors from NGL have recently become available:
- Donnellan, A., L. Grant Ludwig, J.W. Parker, J. B. Rundle, J. Wang, M. Pierce, G. Blewitt, and S. Hensley, 2015, Potential for a large earthquake near Los Angeles inferred from the 2014 La Habra earthquake, Earth and Space Science, 2, doi:10.1002/2015EA000113.
- Bird, P., D.D. Jackson, Y.Y. Kagan, C. Kreemer, and R.S. Stein, 2015. GEAR1: A Global Earthquake Activity Rate model constructed from geodetic strain rates and smoothed seismicity. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 105, 2538-2554.
Keiding, M., C. Kreemer, C.D. Lindholm, S. Gradmann, O. Olesen and H.P. Kierulf, 2015. A comparison of strain rates and seismicity for Fennoscandia: depth dependency of deformation from glacial isostatic adjustment
Geophysical Journal International, 202, 1021-1028.
- Aster, R, M. Simons, R. Burgmann, N. Gomez, W.C. Hammond, S. Holbrook, E. Chaussard, L. Stearns, G. Egbert, J. Hole, T. Lay, S. McNutt, M. Oskin, B. Schmandt, D. Schmidt, J. Vidale, L. Wagner, P. Winberry, 2015, Future geophysical facilities required to address grand challenges in the Earth sciences, A Community report to the National Science Foundation.
- Blewitt, 2015, GPS and space-based geodetic methods, in Treatise in Geophysics, ed. G. Schubert, 307-333, Elsevier,doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53802-4.00060-9.
- Blewitt, 2015, Terrestrial reference frame requirements for studies of geodynamics and climate change, International Association of Geodesy Symposia, 1-8, doi:10.1007/1345_2015_142.
- Bird, P., and C. Kreemer, 2015. Revised tectonic forecast of global shallow seismicity based on version 2.1 of the Global Strain Rate Map. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 105, 152-166.
- Melgar, D., J. Geng, B.W. Crowell, J.S. Haase, W.C. Hammond, Y. Bock, R.M. Allen, 2015, Seismogeodesy of the 2014 Mw6.1 Napa, California, Earthquake: Rapid response and modeling of fast rupture on a dipping strike-slip fault, Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth, 120, doi:10.1029/2015JB011921.
See, for example new results in Bird et al., 2015 . Here the GEAR1 forecast is for years 2014 and after, representing the magnitude forecast rate of 1% per year within a local circle of radius 100 km about each point.
[May 30, 2015] Geoff Blewitt elected President of IAG Commission 1: Reference FramesThe National Delegates of the International Association of Geodesy have voted Geoff to be President of Commission 1: Reference Frames. This organization defines and redefines longitude, latitude, and height that are of primary importance for much Earth science based research and applications, satelite navigation as well as for practical applications in geo-information. For more information on the commission see this link.
Congratulations, Geoff!
[November 18, 2014] New Global Strain Rate Model published in G-cubed.
|The cover of this month's issue of G-cubed shows this figure with contours of the second invariant of strain rate from the new Global Strain Rate Model (v. 2.1). The model is based on 22,415 horizontal geodetic velocities, 6705 of which were determined by the Nevada Geodetic Laboratory, the rest are from the literature. Non-linear color scale is saturated at high values. White areas were assumed to be rigid plates and no strain rates were calculated there. Instead, the rigid body rotation of these plates was imposed as boundary conditions when solving for plate boundary strain rates.
Kreemer, C., G. Blewitt, E.C. Klein, 2014, A geodetic plate motion and Global Strain Rate Model, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15, 3849-3889, doi:10.1002/2014GC005407.
Links to:
Online version
Files of Interest
[October 14, 2014] Geoff Blewitt Honored with Vening Meinesz Medal
Geoff has been awarded the Vening Meinesz Medal for 2015. The medal was established by the European Geosciences Union Division of Geodesy and
is the highest award offered in Europe that recognizes distinguished research in Geodesy.
The official announcement of the medal recipients was posted on October 13, 2014. A description of the medal and a list of past recipients is given here.
Congratulations Geoff!!
[October 10, 2014] Bill Hammond Elected Secretary of AGU Geodesy SectionBill will serve a two year term as Secretary. See The AGU Elections Page for this year's results.
[August 25, 2014, 4pm PDT] M6.1 American Canyon earthquake seen in next day rapid GPS results
On August 24, 2014 at 3:20 am Pacific time a magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck the northern San Francisco Bay Area, near American Canyon and Napa California. By the next day, August 25 at 9:00 am we had estimated coseismic displacements, i.e. the amount the earth permanently shifted during the earthquake. Because continuously recording GPS stations are located on both sides of the fault these measurements can help to quickly identify which fault slipped, providing an independent corrobortion that it was likely the West Napa Fault Zone that activated during the earthquake.See the NGL low-latency earthquake geodesy page for this event for more information.
[August 15, 2014] Paper published by Corné Kreemer in GeologyPlate tectonics is one of the universal theories in Earth science that people have learned about in school. We challenge here a fundamental part of this theory: that the plates are rigid. Plate rigidity is plate tectonics' central approximation and gives the theory its rigor and predictive power. This study predicts and quantifies significant deformation within the young parts of the Pacific plate by assuming that the plate must contract horizontally due to the cooling of the plate as it moves away from its adjacent spreading centers. Thus one cannot assume that parts of the plate near the Pacific-Antarctic spreading center move rigidly with parts off the coast of California. Estimates of the relative motion between the Pacific and North America from sea-floor data in the south Pacific and Atlantic oceans differs by 5 mm/yr from direct observations, and this study can explain about half of this difference (the remainder may come from deformation of the oceanic parts of other plates). We find that the implied deformation in the Pacific plate has the same spatial distribution as the locations of earthquakes, which suggests that thermal contraction is (at least, partly) released seismically and improves our understanding of the cause of those enigmatic earthquakes.
Link to the Kreemer and Gordon, 2014 article: here.