text:
Guide to House Records: Chapter 4
Records of the Armed Services Committee and Its Predecessors:
Committee Records discussed in this chapter:
- Committee on Military Affairs, 1822-1946
- Committee on the Militia, 1835-1911
- Committee on Naval Affairs, 1822-1946
- Committee on the Armed Services, 1947-68
Committee on Naval Affairs, 1822-1946
Jurisdiction and History
4.52 The Constitution of the United States grants Congress the power to provide and maintain a Navy and designates the President as its commander-in-chief. Select committees were appointed in the House to consider legislation pertaining to naval affairs during every Congress from 1809 until 1822 when the standing Committee on Naval Affairs was created. The jurisdiction of the committee, which remained unchanged for more than 60 years was as follows:
- It shall be the duty of the Committee on Naval Affairs to take into its consideration all matters which concern the naval establishment, and which shall be referred to them by the House, and to report their opinion thereupon; and also to report, from time to time, such measures as may contribute to the economy and accountability of the said establishment. 1
4.53 In 1885 a House Rule change amended the committee's jurisdiction to cover all legislation relating to the Naval Establishment, including the naval appropriations bills. A 1920 change in House rules removed the jurisdiction over appropriations from the committee and returned it to the Appropriations Committee. The Naval Affairs Committee's jurisdiction then included the following: "the naval establishment, including increase or reduction of commissioned officers and enlisted men and their pay and allowances and the increase of ships or vessels of all classes of the Navy." 2
4.54 During the 20th century, the jurisdiction of the committee was expanded to include naval and marine aeronautics; the construction of aircraft carriers for the Navy; the acquisition of sites for naval facilities, and the establishment, construction, improvement, and maintenance of such facilities; the authorization of special decorations, orders, medals, and other insignia for naval personnel, and the acceptance of offices and emoluments from foreign governments; claims of personnel and civilian employees of the Navy; and legislation relating to the Coast Guard, the Marine Corps, the Marine Band, the Fleet Marine Corps Reserve, the Naval Observatory, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey (in part).
4.55 The committee was abolished under the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 and its jurisdiction incorporated into that of the Armed Services Committee created under the 1946 act.
Records of the Committee on Naval Affairs (1822-1946)
|Record Type
|Congresses (Dates)
|Minute Books
|23 vols.
|38th-47th (1863-83), 50th-51st (1887-91), 55th-64th (1897-1917), 69th-70th (1925-29)
|Docket Books
|1 vol.
|72d-74th (1932-35)
|Petitions and Memorials
|13 ft.
|11th-74th (1809-1936), 76th-79th (1939-46)
|Committee Papers
|21 ft.
|11-68th (1809-1925), 70th-72d (1927-33), 76th-79th (1939-46)
|Bill Files
|28 ft.
|58th-79th (1903-46)
|62 ft. and 24 vols. (3 ft.)
|Committee Records Summary Table
4.56The minute books record the attendance of members and witnesses at committee meetings; describe the proceedings of hearings, debates, and discussions; and document votes on bills and resolutions. After 1900, most of the entries in the minute books are typewritten. In addition to providing the information given above, the 20th-century minute books record reports and petitions and memorials that the committee considered. The minute books for the period before 1899 provide the dates of meetings and individual or House resolution numbers where assigned, information that usually was recorded in docket books. Most of the minute books were transferred to the Armed Services Committee, and those volumes have been retired as part of the Armed Services Committee's Library Collection.
4.57 There are no extant docket books for any Naval Affairs Committee from 1822 to 1899. Only one docket book has been preserved for the 20th century. A thin volume covering the period between 1932 and 1935, it records the dates and times of regularly scheduled meetings of the committee, notes the members present, the assigned number of each bill, the name of the bill's proponent, and a summary of the bill's content. Occasionally, remarks were recorded concerning particular bills or the committee's actions on them.
4.58 The petitions and memorials either express public and private demands for congressional intervention in various areas of naval affairs or constitute prayers of individuals or groups seeking some special dispensation of congressional relief. Before 1899, claims form the largest single group of petitions and memorials. After 1899, many claims are in bill files. The petitions and memorials submitted or referred to the committee in the 20th century reflect significant changes in the interests of petitioners who were increasingly concerned with the economics of administering the Nation's growing Naval Establishment and the controversial aspects of American expansion abroad.
4.59 Some of the documents referred to in the discussion that follows are dated prior to the establishment of the standing Committee on Naval Affairs in 1822. Those petitions and memorials were received by various select committees on military affairs.
4.60 Among the claims petitions are numerous requests of Navy veterans and seamen seeking compensation for services rendered or injuries sustained in the performance of duty. For example, Surgeon Joseph G. Roberts prayed for prize money comparable to the shares awarded by Congress to Commodore Oliver H. Perry and his men for the capture of the British fleet in Lake Erie in 1813. Because Perry had put him in charge of the military hospital at Erie, PA, Roberts was not aboard ship at the time of the battle and did not qualify for the award (13A-G8.1). James Turnbull, a seaman on a privately armed vessel, the Elbridge Gerry, sought financial relief from Congress because while he was a prisoner in England during the War of 1812, he had been wantonly shot by a "musket ball in his left arm, which broke the bone and rendered an immediate amputation above the elbow necessary" (14A-F8.1). Veterans of the Union Navy presented petitions on their own behalf for services performed and sacrifices made during the Civil War. The officers and crew of U.S.S. Kearsarge asked for $192,000 for the destruction of the Confederate warship Alabama in 1864 (39A-H17.1).
4.61 Other petitions and memorials relate to claims of naval veterans seeking compensation for loss of personal property. Dr. Grenville M. Weeks, Assistant Surgeon aboard the ill-fated Union Navy ironclad warship Monitor, sought compensation for the loss of his medical books and personal belongings when the Monitor sank in stormy waters off Cape Hatteras, NC, in 1862. He asked for additional relief for injuries to his right hand and arm, "the first by being crushed, the latter by being wrenched from its socket," sustained when he attempted to evacuate himself and save others from the doomed ship (37A-G9.2).
4.62 Claims from veterans for pensions and from widows or close relatives of deceased veterans for financial relief constitute a considerable part of the petitions and memorials. They are found consistently in the records of the 11th through the 55th Congresses (1809-99), particularly after 1862, when Congress passed a bill granting lifetime pensions to all naval personnel disabled in the line of duty. Not all awards for military service went to members of the Armed Forces of the United States, however. In 1855, a law was passed granting 5-years pay to surviving officers who had been serving in the Texas Navy when Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845. Mrs. Sarah Brasher of Maryland cited this law when she sought the payment due her deceased son who had been a captain in the Texas Navy (35A-G14.2).
4.63 Another significant group of petitions and memorials documents the committee's responsibility for reviewing cases of naval courts-martial and making recommendations to the Secretary of the Navy and the President concerning the service status of officers and seamen who had been suspended from duty or cashiered. A midshipman cashiered for drunkenness and insubordination (21A- G14.2) and a lieutenant found guilty of "un-officer-like conduct" (34A-G12.2) are examples of naval personnel who appealed to the committee for redress. In 1932, the committee was asked to consider the case of a Navy officer in Hawaii who killed his wife's alleged rapist, a reprisal committed because the officer was convinced that the law enforcement measures taken by the civilian and military authorities were inadequate. Petitions sent to President Herbert Hoover by religious and civic groups from the officer's hometown in Kentucky and later referred to Congress and the Committee on Naval Affairs, demanded that the officer be released from custody and restored to duty (72A-H11.1).
4.64 Interest in technological advances in nautical science and engineering accounted for substantial numbers of petitions and memorials, particularly during the mid-19th century (31A-G12.4, 33A-G14.8, 36A-G12.2). Most petitioners sought contracts for the official adoption, mass production, and use or deployment of their contrivances or machines. James D. Woodside, for example, applied in 1827 for funds to test and produce his "Ship-Gauge" instrument for navigation (20A-G13.20).Other memorialists prayed for the adoption of a newly-designed steamboat (33A-G14.8); a rifle cannon (34A-G12.3); a ship timber bending apparatus(35A-G14.4); a bolt extractor, an improved lifeboat, and a brown sugar- making machine (36A-G12.1); and a battering ram (54A-H23.4). Some aggrieved inventors petitioned Congress demanding restitution for violation of patents (18A- F11.1, 19A-G13.2). As late as 1909, a petitioner requested that Congress take steps to recognize Theodore R. Timby as the inventor of the type of revolving turret used on the Monitor and other ironclad vessels (61A-H25.5).
4.65 The fervor and dedication of the great social reform crusades of the 19th century, especially in the antebellum era, are reflected in the petitions and memorials. State temperance societies insistently prayed for the repeal of the law that sanctioned the issue of the "spirit ration" to sailors--a protracted campaign of protest that ultimately resulted in congressional abrogation of the law in 1862 (26A- G13.3, 28A-G14.1, 30A-G13.3, 31A-G12.5, 32A-G13.5). Humanitarian groups meanwhile demanded an end to corporal punishment, particularly flogging, this effort culminating in legislative victory when Congress abolished the abusive practice in 1850 (27A-G14.3, 30A-G13.1, 31A-G12.2, 32A-G13.2). Before the Civil War, the Speaker of the House referred to the committee petitions from antislavery societies in the northern States. Among these were pleas for Congress to assist in establishing and maintaining a steamship line to Liberia, thus promoting the colonization of that newly-founded African republic by manumitted southern slaves and free northern blacks (31A-G12.7).
4.66 The institutional developments of the Naval Establishment through education was a major interest of the American people and the Committee on Naval Affairs. Numerous petitions concern improvements in naval education and proposals for the establishment of naval schools. Petitioners, for example, suggested that improved squadron communications would prevent collisions at sea and recommended the establishment of a board of examiners on marine signals; a copy of William H. Ward's 1858 manual Ward's Code of Signal Telegraph was submitted to bolster the proposal (35A-G14.1). Other petitioners wrote concerning the salaries of professors at the U. S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, MD (38A- G13.5, 45A-H19.4, 53A-H23.1), and the renovation and management of the U. S. Naval Observatory at Washington, DC (45A-H15.1, 47A-H15.1, 52A-H16.1). The 1879 Louisiana Constitutional Convention proposed the establishment of a naval and marine school at New Orleans (46A-H16.1); Pacific coast civic groups prayed in 1916 and 1919 for a naval academy and aviation school at some west coast port to complement the Naval Academy (64A-H18.4, 66A-H14.1); National Guard organizations and State legislatures proposed that the Government establish torpedo schools and submarine and aviation training stations on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and the Great Lakes (58A-H17.2, 60A-H26.4, 66A-H14.2, 69A-H13.1) to provide education on new naval weapons systems. In 1920 the Board of Aldermen and other officials of Newport, RI, protested the proposed removal of the Naval War College to Washington, DC (66A-H14.8), and in 1926, the Chicago City Council asked that the Naval Academy be removed from Annapolis to a location on Lake Michigan (69A-H13.6).
4.67 Other petitions focused on the construction, maintenance, repair, and improvement of strategic naval facilities such as navy yards and drydocks, matters of considerable concern because they affected naval preparedness and had an important economic impact on the American work force. Petitioners representing the commercial and economic interests of large cities on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and on the shores of the Great Lakes constantly asked the committee to award building contracts to local firms, trade associations, or public works agencies. For example, the Philadelphia Board of Trade wanted drydock work for local citizens (25A-G13.2), while the municipal government of Brooklyn prayed for a contract to construct a drydock in New York harbor (26A-G13.2). The local demands for naval construction work continued unabated, and most Congresses before 1920 responded to these petitions by appropriating funds for the improvement of naval facilities such as yards and drydocks (57A-H19.3, 60A- H26.6, 63A-H21.8, 64A-H18.3, 76A-H18.1), as well as ships (56A-H19.1, 59A- H18.1, 63A-H21.2, 71A-H13.2), and ordnance (57A-H19.2, 58A-H17.3, 59A- H18.2).
4.68 From the early 1900's, union-organized navy yard workers and privately employed artisans competed for contract work on naval construction projects such as shipbuilding. Memorials from sympathetic State legislatures, fraternal organizations, civic groups, trade federations, and naval veteran associations regularly prayed for committee assistance in ensuring that the Government grant contract work to navy yard employees, particularly those affiliated with labor organizations, and not to private or independent nonunion or antiunion groups (57A- H19.1, 2, 63A-H21.1, 66A-H14.8, 68A-H14.2, 69A-H13.3, 71A-H13.2, 73A- H15.1). New Orleans laborers, for example, demanded that Congress require that the Department of the Navy hire only union laborers (57A-H19.4), while other groups sought higher pay based on fairer systems of seniority and skill measurement (63A-H2.1, 64A-H18.2, 77A-H14.4). Ironically, a bill proposed in 1941 by Committee Chairman Carl Vinson to expedite the naval construction program by providing for the investigation and mediation of navy yard labor disputes aroused bitter and widespread opposition. The United Mine Workers (UMW), the Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO), and the Park City Ladies Auxiliary of Utah were just three of the groups that denounced the Vinson bill, which was characterized by the St. Louis Newspaper Guild as the "work of anti-labor forces," because it violated the collective bargaining provisions of the Wagner Act of 1935 (77A- H14.5).
4.69 Petitioners also sought the participation of the Navy in endeavors that would expand geographic knowledge or improve communication. In 1843, for example, John Wise of Lancaster, PA, urged the committee to appropriate funds to permit the Navy to conduct an aerial circumnavigation of the earth in his "Aerostatic machine," a balloon with a seaworthy gondola (28A-G14.2). Delegates from 15 States who met in Memphis, TN, in 1849 called for the construction of a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific coast and the construction of either an interoceanic ship canal or railroad across Central America (31A-G12.8). In 1850, Henry Grinnell, the New York merchant and philanthropist, suggested that the Navy could gain valuable knowledge of the Arctic if 30 Navy seamen were assigned to his expedition to search for Sir John Franklin and his party (31A-G12.8), who had disappeared while searching for the Northwest Passage.
4.70 Many of the petitions and memorials concern naval personnel matters and recommended changes in the organization of the Department of the Navy. Officers and enlisted men petitioned for increased pay and regular promotions (36A- G12.3, 37A-G9.1, 38A-G13.2), while other petitioners urged Congress to set higher rank for Navy medical officers, to establish a more equitable system of ranking officers and enlisted men, and to improve discipline and efficiency in the Navy (25A-G14.8, 29A-G12.5, 38A-G13.3, 48A-H19.30). Petitioners also advocated a more efficient clerical corps in the Navy (55A-H19.20), the upgrading of medical services, and the improvement of standards of professional practice within the Medical and Surgical Bureaus (40A-H12.1); others recommended a fundamental reorganization of the Medical Corps (38A-G13.8) and suggested the transfer of the Revenue Cutter Service from the Treasury Department to the Navy Department (52A-H16.3). From the 1890's onward, the committee received requests to create Naval and Marine Corps reserve units (51A-H15.1, 54A-H23.1, 56A-H19.2, 60A- H26.2). After Congress established the Naval Reserve Force and the Marine Reserve Force in 1916, petitioners turned their attention to the maintenance of the units (68A-H14.3, 71A-H13.3). The reserves were reorganized in 1925 and again in 1938.
4.71 Throughout the 19th century the United States remained basically a continental power, and strategic theory and planning regarding wartime use of the Navy did not fully evolve until after the acquisition of overseas possessions following the Spanish-American War of 1898. Nevertheless, the American public recognized the necessity for the improvement of the Nation's coastal and maritime defenses. For example, petitions, including some from legislatures in the States bordering the Great Lakes, called for the construction of naval depots, stations, and vessels on Lake Erie and Lake Michigan in the mid-1860's (38A-G13.8, 39A- H17.1); the Philadelphia Board of Trade urged the development of improved seacoast defenses in the late 1880's (49A-H19.4); and various chambers of commerce in California, Oregon, and Washington asked for the deployment of torpedo vessels to guard the Pacific coast against hostile attack in the mid-1890's (53A-H23.1).
4.72 The petitions and memorials submitted or referred to the committee after 1900 reflect significantly different concerns than those expressed in the requests received in the 19th century. The acquisition of overseas territories led to increased public and private concern over the administration of the United States Naval Establishment and naval operations after 1898.
4.73 Isolationist and pacifist groups who opposed overseas expansion demanded a reduction in American naval armaments and an end to what they perceived to be United States militarism. President Theodore Roosevelt's shipbuilding program, started in the early 1900's, provoked intense opposition among large well-organized groups of educators, clergymen, and other citizens. In 1908, for example, the name of U. S. Steel baron Andrew Carnegie headed a list of nearly 400 citizens of New York City who submitted a petition to the committee denouncing Roosevelt's proposed $60,000,000 naval construction program (60A- H26.10). Form petitions signed by hundreds of theological students, Pennsylvania Quakers, political liberals, constitutional advocates, and dedicated peace groups continued to decry naval expansion in succeeding years (61A-H25.3, 62A-H22.1, 63A-H21.1).
4.74 Peace groups insisted that Congress observe the limits on naval armaments established by agreements negotiated at various international conferences. Such demands began before World War I, but naval treaties concluded at Washington, DC and London, England, in 1922, and 1930 respectively, and the Geneva Conference of 1932 elicited the bulk of the petitions (63A-H21.12, 67A-H16.2, 71A-H13.1). In 1934, several national religious organizations, particularly the Council of the Churches of Christ, unsuccessfully opposed the passage of the Vinson-Trammel bill that authorized a 5-year building and replacement program of more than 100 ships. In 1935, fleet exercises in the western Pacific prompted protests from church groups in Kentucky, New Jersey, and New York, that considered the maneuvers to be threats to world peace since they might provoke Japan (74A-H12.2). Naval participation in the proposed atomic bomb testing in the Pacific in 1946 prompted opposition from church members in Allen, TX (79A-F27.1).
4.75 Opposed to the isolationists and pacifists were the advocates of naval expansion and preparedness. Their more chauvinistic orientation is equally well represented in the petitions and memorials directed to the committee after 1898. The supposed threat posed by the Japanese militarism in the early 1900's led to calls upon the committee to pass bills improving the naval base at Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu, HI (60A-H26.9). Meanwhile, private organizations such as the National Business League, the Spanish-American War Veterans, the American Legion, the Navy League, the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, and various labor associations advocated a substantial United States naval buildup on a two- ocean front (60A-H26.1, 63A-H21.2, 64A-H18.6, 69A-H13.2). Those groups also urged the committee to ensure that the United States achieve its full naval strength as defined by the ship construction limitations imposed by the treaties of 1922 and 1930 (68A-H14.1, 71A-H.13). Protection of the Pacific coast also was a critical issue among defense-minded advocates of naval preparedness, as numerous petitions and memorials demonstrate (60A-H26.7, 63A-H21.9, 65A-H13.4, 67A- H16.1, 73A-H15.5, 76A-H18.2).
4.76 In addition to the subjects already discussed, the committee received petitions and memorials on many other topics. During the early years of the Republic, piracy was an important issue to reform-minded Americans who considered ineffective an 1819 act that had authorized Navy vessels to convoy American merchant ships on the high seas. Some of the petitions on this subject proposed bold plans to combat maritime plundering in the Caribbean or to punish Chinese pirates in distant Asian waters (18A-F11.2, 34A-G12.3). Various charitable groups petitioned the committee to use Navy vessels to transport food to Ireland during the severe "Potato Famine" years of the 1840's (29A-G12.4), while Christian missionaries in India and the United States pleaded for similar naval assistance in shipping grain to famine-stricken South Asia in 1897 (55A-H19.3). In 1910 the Illinois Society Sons of the American Revolution petitioned for the funds necessary to complete and furnish the crypt of chapel at the U. S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, MD, as a permanent resting place for the body of John Paul Jones (61A- H25.5).
4.77 Other petitions and memorials relate to historic ships. Among these are petitions concerning the following: The preservation of the frigate Constitution, 1913-36 (63A-H21.5, 73A-H15.2, 74A-H12.1) and of Admiral David G. Farragut's flagship Hartford, 1919 (66A-H14.5); a controversy over a permanent port for the Constellation, 1935-42 (74A-H12.1, 76A-H18.3, 77A-H14.1); and the raising of the Maine from Havana harbor so the bodies of the crew members still aboard the ship could be properly interred (61A-H25.4, 62A-H22.4).
4.78 The committee papers consist largely of copies of committee reports on petitions, memorials, and proposed House bills; correspondence between chairmen and constituents from various congressional districts, Navy Department officials, and State political figures; affidavits and testimonials supporting claims; reports from the Secretary of the Navy; statistical reports and financial statements; copies of proceedings of Navy Department courts-martial; legislative calendars; and some original maps, charts, and plans and diagrams of ships in different stages of design and construction. Some of the reports are printed in the Congressional Serial Set.
4.79 For much of the early 19th century, naval personnel and owners and captains of privately owned armed vessels, or privateers, sought bounties or prize money for enemy vessels captured during the War of 1812. Some of the committee papers document their claims (13A-D9.1, 16A-D16.1, 22A-D17.1). Privateering was abolished in 1856 by the Declaration of Paris, but, during the Civil War, Union blockaders were granted monetary awards (47A-F17.2). The use of prize money as an incentive was abolished by Congress in 1899.
4.80 Interspersed among the committee papers are documents submitted by naval officers and enlisted men who sought restoration to duty or a correction of their service record through the intervention of the committee with the Secretary of the Navy or the President. Among these are papers concerning a Commander who was tried for drunkenness on duty during the blockade of Charleston Harbor in 1863 (39A-F17.4, 40A-F17.5), and a captain who was cashiered for being absent without leave from his pestilence-ridden Florida post (48A-F23.11). Some courtroom testimony may be found in the files for may of these cases.
4.81 A substantial portion of the 19th-century documents complement and support the claims that prompted the petitions and memorials from veterans or their heirs. One example is a copy of the committee's favorable report (17A-C17.1) on an 1823 petition for financial aid (17A-F10.1) from Sarah Perry, the mother of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry who had died in 1819. Documents concerning an 1846 report on a claim from the heirs of John Paul Jones, the Revolutionary War hero who died in Paris in 1792, include excerpts from the correspondence of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson (29A-D13.2). Typical of documents concerning claims for injuries sustained in war is one maimed sailor's prayer for relief and an accompanying committee report concerning his eligibility for a pension (22A-D17.1). The committee also reported on claims for losses of personal property under hostile or wartime conditions (16A-D16.2, 32A-D11.1). An 1863 letter from Gideon Welles, the Secretary of the Navy, concerned compensation for clothing lost by Union sailors who had been forced to evacuate the U.S.S. Cairo (37A-E11.4). Representative of papers concerning awards for extraordinary services rendered to the Navy is an 1858 report recommending additional compensation for Eliphalet Brown, Jr., a daguerreotypist employed as an artist on Commodore Matthew C. Perry's expedition to Japan, (35A-D13.1). The officers and crew of the Union ironclad Monitor were recommended for recognition for their participation in the battle with the Confederate ironclad, Merrimac (48A-F23.13).
4.82 The committee's concern with scientific advances in nautical and marine technology is amply illustrated by the committee papers. Typical of the inventions discussed in the records are Edward Clark's "projected floating battery" (12A-C7.2); Mrs.Sarah P. Mathers' submarine telescope (24A-D19.1); and John Ericsson's prototype battleship "Destroyer," which was armed with "submarine artillery" (48A- F23.8, 49A-F24.3). Also mentioned in the papers are other inventions, such as the following: A European-designed ship's anchor (18A-C11.2); armed steamers (27A- D14.1); live-saving equipment for American vessels (33A-D11.2, 48A-F23.9); and "Submarine Torpedo Boats" (58A-F25.1). The papers relating to some of these inventions include detailed reports providing illustrations and specifications.
4.83 The committee also heard from inventors who sought recognition for their contributions or redress for alleged infringements of their patented designs. Papers for the 29th Congress (1845-47), for example, include letters, testimonials, and other documents supporting a request from John Ericsson for recognition of his work in designing and constructing the Princeton and a claim from the heirs of Robert Fulton, designer of the steamboat, the Clermont, for services Fulton had performed for the Navy (29A-D13.2). Other records concern demands for compensation for the Navy's alleged use of patented designs for Captain Henry R. Shreve's snagboat to clear debris from rivers (33A-D11.1) and Charles Olcott's heavily armor-plated iron boat (34A-D13.1).
4.84 Committee papers also include records concerning the construction, maintenance, repair, and expansion of physical facilities. Documents relating to yards and depots, drydocks and stations, and shipbuilding projects are found for many Congresses from the 11th to the 55th (1809-99).Also included are records concerning improvements to coastal defenses on the Great Lakes, the "maritime frontier" (12A-C7.2), the east coast (16A-D16.2), the Pacific Northwest coast (34A- D13.2), and vulnerable harbors (48A-F23.9, 49A-F24.3). As early as 1899, the committee recognized the strategic value of improving the position of the Marine Corps in the Philippines and it recommended that the House vote to increase funds for new defensive fortifications and an extension of the Pacific cable, particularly that portion between Hawaii and the Philippines (56A-F26.8). Detailed maps showing the naval features of San Juan Harbor, Puerto Rico, are included among the committee papers (57A-F25.1), and one file includes a committee-originated bill that favored the purchase of additional land adjacent to the American naval hospital at Yokohama, Japan (58A-25.2).
4.85 Personnel matters are extensively represented in the committee papers. Among the records are bill, printed reports on petitions, and correspondence exchanged between the Secretary of the Navy and committee members concerning the following: pay and promotion, including that for female nurses (36A-D15.3, 50A-F25.2, 55A-F26.6); discipline (21A-D17.4, 24A-D14.2, 25A-D16.3); efficiency and ranking (15A-D9.1, 38A-E13.10, 51A-F26.4); pension and retirement funds (20A-D15.3, 21A-D17.3, 23A-D13.2, 38A-E13.9). Committee members considered and reported on bills authorizing an increase in the number of officers in the Marine Corps (60A-F38.3) and the number of Navy chaplains, a measure supported by the Women's Christian Temperance Union as a means of curbing the abuse of liquor by enlisted men (63A-F28.1). For the most part, however, personnel-related records are relatively sparse among the committee papers during the 20th century because most documents concerning pay, promotion, and status are among the substantially expanded bill files after 1915.
4.86 A broad range of miscellaneous subjects characterize the committee papers in the 1800's. Among these diverse records are statements of the aggregate naval forces of the United States and Tripoli (16A-D16.2) and the United States and Spain (44A-F23.1); reports on the exploits of naval commanders during the War of 1812 (12A-C7.1); and papers on the filibustering operations of William Walker in Central America (35A-D13.4), steamer communications with China and Hawaii (30A-D14.4, 31A-D13.1), and exploration of the Arctic and South Seas (20A- D15.2, 48A-F23.6, 48A-F23.7, 48A-F23.14).
4.87 Other subjects covered include education, the Naval Academy and the Naval Observatory, expansion of the naval aviation program, organizational changes in the Navy Department, and appropriations.
4.88 Bill files comprise over half of the total volume of committee records for the 20th century. They consist of printed copies of bills or other legislation accompanied by related documents, such as messages from the President; correspondence with officials of the executive agencies, and applicants for pensions or other relief; and testimonials supporting claims. Claims for relief, or private bills, are abundant, most of them concerning either applications for pensions or pleas from naval personnel seeking correction of service records, reinstatement, or restoration to duty. For most Congresses the private bills and the public bills--those relating to naval administrative matters, equipment, and facilities--are interfiled and arranged by type of legislation, thereunder by bill or resolution number. For a few Congresses the private and public bills are filed in separate groups and arranged numerically within each group. Researchers can locate appropriate bill numbers by using the index to the Congressional Record for each Congress.
4.89 The bill files cover the full range of subjects within the committee's jurisdiction. For example, those for the 64th Congress include files for H.R. 10752, a proposal to build a naval base at Astoria, OR, and H.Res. 354, a recommendation that ships stationed in the Atlantic submit battleship target scores for congressional inspection (64A-D16). A file for the 79th Congress concerns H.R. 3402, a proposal to establish a women's naval academy (79A-D26).
4.90 A collection of bound reports, hearings, and other printed documents from the Naval Affairs Committee are among the Library Collection of the Armed Services Committee.
1 Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, 31st Cong., 1st sess., p. 1612.
2 Clarence Cannon, Cannon's Precedents of the House of Representatives of the United States (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1935), vol. 7, p. 781.
Guide to House Records Table of Contents
Bibliographic note: Web version based on Guide to the Records of the United States House of Representatives at the National Archives, 1789-1989: Bicentennial Edition (Doct. No. 100-245). By Charles E. Schamel, Mary Rephlo, Rodney Ross, David Kepley, Robert W. Coren, and James Gregory Bradsher. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 1989.


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Surprise [minutelovestory #54]
You so provocatively texted me "I have a surprise for you", that my thoughts ran from the salacious to the sweet. I imagined naked photos of you, a tripod arranged in your bedroom, dim lighting, but that didn't seem like something you would do. You could be, however, surprising. And so I thought you'd bought us Springsteen tickets, because I could easily imagine us singing Born to Run together, drunk on the tequila you'd snuck into the stadium, a slim metal flask tucked into the waistband of your dark denim AG jeans. Or maybe you'd purchased a silk geisha robe in the turquoise color I'd been wanting, but unable to find, snatched it up downtown for a steal and wrapped it in purple tissue with a tulle bow.
But none of this. No.
When I arrived at your house, on the Shaker-style dining table was a photo of us, arms slung over shoulders, heads tilted toward one another, a moment captured at a friend's birthday party. I was wearing red and my skin seemed oily, a shining white swath on my forehead. You looked distant, wary, left eye smaller than the right. I'd never noticed this before. What a surprise.


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Jim Rubens claims U.S. Senator Jeanne Shaheen, D-NH, was the deciding vote to pass Obamacare
With glitches continuing to hamper the federal health care website that went live in October 2013, a group of Senate Democrats is asking the White House to extend the open enrollment period for people to buy coverage.
Sen. Jeanne Shaheen, D-N.H., and nine others say individuals shouldn't be penalized for lack of coverage if they can't get health insurance through the new website, healthcare.gov. They want to push back the March 31, 2014 enrollment deadline to compensate for the technical problems.
"Extending this period will give consumers critical time in which to become familiar with the website and choose a plan that is best for them," the senators wrote to Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius.
With Shaheen emerging as a leading voice in favor of extending the enrollment period, her opponents in New Hampshire are seizing the opportunity to remind voters that Shaheen was one of the Democrats who helped usher in the president's health reform law in 2010.
"In Jeanne Shaheen, New Hampshire has a Senator who was the deciding vote to pass Obamacare," wrote Republican Jim Rubens, who plans to challenge Shaheen next year, in a Nov. 4, 2013 email.
New Hampshire GOP Chairwoman Jennifer Horn offered the same criticism. She said Shaheen's call to extend the enrollment period is "too little, too late" and does nothing to address the "burdensome tax increases that Granite Staters will face as a result of the individual mandate."
"Senator Jeanne Shaheen was the deciding vote in favor of ObamaCare, and she is the reason why New Hampshire families are dealing with disastrous consequences of this awful law," Horn said.
It's true that Shaheen voted to pass the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. But was she really the "deciding vote" in favor of the law?
PolitiFact has seen numerous politicians called "the deciding vote" for Obamacare in the past. In Florida, a campaign ad from the 60 Plus Association attacked Democratic Sen. Bill Nelson for being "the deciding vote" for Obamacare. It was ruled Mostly False.
PolitiFact Wisconsin looked at campaign literature from Republican Senate candidate Ron Johnson that claimed Democratic Sen. Russ Feingold "cast the deciding vote" for the health care bill in 2009. The claim earned a rating of Mostly False.
In Michigan, a Republican committee said it was Sen. Debbie Stabenow. Pennsylvania Sen. Bob Casey and Missouri Sen. Claire McCaskill have also been credited with casting the "deciding vote."
The claims reflect the gamesmanship that every incumbent faces when opponents take a look at the voting record. Rather than just say the senator voted for a bill, the attackers up the ante by declaring it was the single vote that made the difference.
In the case of the health care law, there's a sliver of truth. All of the Democratic senators were needed to pass the bill. One of the key votes happened on Dec. 24, 2009, when 58 Democrats and two independents voted together in favor of the bill. (Sixty votes were needed for a preliminary cloture vote to prevent filibusters; otherwise the final vote couldn't happen and the bill would have been blocked.)
"Any one of those 60 Democrats who voted for it in the U.S. Senate, had they voted no, it would not have passed," Rubens said in an interview. "So any one of those 60 would have been the deciding vote."
However, PolitiFact has been unsympathetic to that argument in the past, since calling someone "the deciding vote" implies he or she played a pivotal role, such as withholding support until the last moment.
When it comes to the health care law, Shaheen wasn't a holdout. If any Democratic senator deserves the distinction of clearing the way for the health reform law, it was then-Sen. Ben Nelson of Nebraska. As was widely reported at the time, Nelson delivered the 60th vote needed to send the bill to the floor of the Senate for a vote.
Shaheen's staff provided a few examples of her public comments in support of health care reform before the vote.
"The status quo is simply not sustainable," Shaheen said on Sept. 23, 2009. "Now is the time to act."
She repeated her call for health reform in floor speeches on Oct. 1, Dec. 7 and Dec. 14, 2009, saying the bill will begin to address soaring health care costs.
Shaheen said years of "perverse incentives" have encouraged doctors to do more procedures rather than practice better medicine, and that the bill will shift the industry away from the fee-for-service model.
"The many programs supported in the bill before us move us in the direction of delivery system reform, which is so important to our effort," Shaheen said on Dec. 15. "By promoting innovative practices like accountable care organizations, payment reform and medical homes, we can move away from the current fee-for-service system that rewards volume over value."
As the horse-trading that produced the final Senate bill was underway, there was one brief period of tension between Shaheen and some members of the Democratic leadership.
Shaheen signed a Dec. 11 letter to Senate President Harry Reid imploring him to reject a proposal to allow people to buy into Medicare at age 55.
That notion was floated while negotiations were underway about including a public option in the health reform plan. But Shaheen and 11 other Senate Democrats said expanding the Medicare pool without changing reimbursement rates would exacerbate existing funding inequities in their states. The provision was dropped from the final health reform bill that passed the Senate at the end of 2009.
Our ruling
Rubens said Shaheen was "the deciding vote to pass Obamacare." It's true that all 60 Democratic votes -- including Shaheen's -- were needed to pass the measure through the Senate. However, Shaheen, unlike Ben Nelson, was hardly a holdout until the last minute; she gave indications early on that she supported the president's reform plan. We rate Rubens' claim Mostly False.


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Tips for saving money in your first home
Buying your first home can be an exhilarating experience. After months or years of saving for a deposit on your dream home, it can come as a great relief to finally move your things into the property. However, while you may have had some experience with energy bills while renting, electricity prices can sometimes be a shock to young home owners.
Your energy requirements can depend on the property itself, as well as the climate, but you needn't be disheartened if your first utility bill is higher than expected - you can still cut down on energy usage and shave dollars from your expenses. Here are some tips for reducing energy use in your first home.
Hot (and cold)
Australia has a diverse climate, but heating your home during winter and cooling throughout the summer months accounts for around 40 per cent of your energy bill, according to the Australian government's Your Home website. This is the largest share of energy use in the home, but there are ways to reduce your usage and remain comfortable.
The type of heating and cooling you need will depend on the size of your home. To reduce the amount you spend on cooling, focus on the rooms you use most often - a centralised system can be zoned to certain areas of the home, or only install air conditioning units where they are needed most.
According to the Victorian state government, room temperatures should be set between 18 to 26 degrees over the year. It suggests 26 degree during the height of summer and 18 to 20 degrees at other times of the year - in fact, every 10 degrees above this level can add a further 10 per cent to your bill. Keep the thermostat consistent and switch it off when you are not at home.
Light it up
According to Your Home, lighting accounts for 8 to 15 per cent of a household's energy bill. To bring this proportion down, replace standard incandescent light bulbs throughout your new home with energy-efficient lighting. There are often local or state government incentives for this purpose - it could be worth investigating the options available in your region.
An effective lighting plan can create sizeable savings each year. Think about the areas in your home that require more lighting than others and research what lighting technology would work for that area's purpose. For instance, the NSW Office of Heritage and Environment notes that compact fluorescent bulbs are best for rooms where lights are switched on for at least three hours a day, and are a good source of general light in a high-use area like the kitchen.
Switching gear
It's important to get into good energy habits in your first home, so think about doing an electricity comparison. This might involve pinpointing where and how you use energy and comparing prices across suppliers to find the a cost-effective deal. Switching to an alternative energy provider could be a good solution - and a service like Make It Cheaper can help take the hard work out of the process.
Posted by Nikki Wilson-Everett


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Oh lucky me! I was in Florida recently staying in the Bradenton area (just north of Sarasota). It's only 1.5 hours to Disney World so it was just too tempting not to head over there. We did two parks in two days.
With our two young adult daughters we decided to visit Epcot and Animal Kingdom (this would be their third visit to Epcot and second to Animal Kingdom). As any of you Disney fans know, there is so much there to entertain you and the classic rides are quintessential fun, that you are practically planning a return visit before you leave. And Disney does a great job at rejuvenating what is there and adding new attractions so there's always a reason to go back.
We left Bradenton at around 6:15 a.m. and arrived for a one night stay at Animal Kingdom Lodge at around 8 a.m. I planned the early departure to miss early morning rush hour but the roads were actually pretty busy. I had booked a Savannah room with the promise of animals strolling by our balcony and wowee wow wow that was a sight to see. It became just so commonplace to see giraffes, zebras, gazelles and so much more, munching and playing just feet away.
This was mid-April which according to my online research would see the crowds dissipating but it was more hectic than I would prefer. (At Undercover Tourist see the Orlando crowd calendar: https://www.undercovertourist.com/orlando/crowd-calendar/#calendar). Day one was spent at Epcot with one hour waits for the most popular rides early in the day. The FastPass+ system was different from what I thought it to be and I neglected to book times for the most popular rides which would have sped things up greatly. Doing this the morning of your visit is too late!
However I was in time to book FastPass+ times for Animal Kingdom the next day which worked really well, particularly since it's not a huge park. Well it's huge in geographic area for the animals to roam, but the pedestrian traffic seems to cover a smaller space in comparison to Magic Kingdom and Epcot.
The highlight for me was the Kilimanjaro Safari; so many animal sightings. Oh bliss, when a young giraffe emerged through long grass and started walking towards us. And it was interesting to learn that many of the animals are moved inside at the end of the day, for their health, safety and protection, a process that takes over two hours but the animals have learned to come in turn when they are "called". We saw this area of the park while we rode the Wildlife Express Train to Rafiki's Planet Watch.
My husband and two daughters are commited vegans and we had come prepared with snacks although we did scout out a vegan lunch of falafel pita wraps and potato chips. I had read online that dairy free ice cream was available and we had a comedy of errors being directed here and there to find it; I got a lot of steps on my FitBit during this treasure hunt. The staff we spoke to really weren't so sure and to be fair Disney had altered where these products were offered. But finally we were directed to Dinosaur Bites in Dinoland USA (we laughed because we had walked by there so many times during the course of the day) where I was assured that we would have success.
But I was told by the young woman at the window that she needed a manager to serve it. So after repeatedly trying to determine if she could or could not serve us (Disney obviously trains them well not to use the word "can't") I finally realized that I had to clearly ask her to call a manager, that it wasn't something she would take initiative with and offer to do. So she called and it turned out that the manager was only 2 minutes away which was great. As the manager began to scoop out our ice cream she asked if we would like to have two vanilla and two chocolate, an odd request, why not just ask us which we wanted? After a quick poll, we decided on four chocolate ice creams, and the girls swear they saw an eye roll – as it turned out it meant her opening another of the little ice cream containers to give us four chocolate. We laughed about it, how that here in Animal Kingdom, it could be so difficult to get a dairy-free ice cream but perhaps they are just a little behind the times.
By very great contrast, we felt like royalty asking for the vegan options at Boma- Flavors of Africa, a buffet style restaurant in Animal Kingdom Lodge. We had a really great server, Rob, who brought Chef Greg to our table who personally took us through the buffet showing us the many vegan options. He also offered to make us a lentil soup (delish!) and a couple of vegan salads which we happily took him up on – a watermelon tomato salad (yum!) and a hearty lentil salad. To top it off, he listed some desserts that he could specially prepare for us and we had brownie sundaes and fruit with sorbet. I asked him if he was aware of the great reviews that they get online amongst the vegan Disney visitors and he said that yes they are well aware of what is said online. Well thanks to my fellow reviewers for putting us on to this restaurant. If you are interested in vegan dining at Disney World you will find lots more information online. Here's a great source at Vegan in Disney World: https://veganindisney.wordpress.com/
And as for our favourite park, Animal Kingdom, the day was packed with fun: riding Expedition Everest, the Kilimanjaro Safari, getting soaked to the skin on the Kali River Rapids, letting my hair down on the Primeval Whirl, visiting the petting zoo at Conservation Station, watching A Bug's Life, and little surprises throughout the day like coming across a flock of colourful parrots in front of the Tree of Life, chancing upon fabulous live entertainment, and the many animal sightings if you take your time and look beyond the rides, restaurants, and gift shops. I can't wait to go back.
More on Epcot in a future post.
What's your favourite Disney World park?


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Declaring bankruptcy can be a difficult process for anyone. You may feel pretty discouraged as it can affect your credit scores, reputation and self image as well.
When you are filing for bankruptcy under Chapter 7, there are some factors you need to keep in mind. Of course you need to know what are the advantages and disadvantages of filing for Chapter 7. Here are some of them listed out for you:
- Debts cleared: Filing for Chapter 7 helps in clearing all your debts which if not cleared, can have complication on your credit scores in future. This could be worse than bankruptcy. The filing of Chapter 7 takes anywhere between 3-6 months. After that you will be free from all your debts, law suits, repossessions and defaults.
- Your Possessions and Income: Most of the State exemptions allow you to keep your property and possessions more than what you might need. You can also keep the property you buy after filing of Chapter 7. You can also keep the salary you earn after filing for bankruptcy.
- Loan Possibilities: You can still get loans after filing for Chapter 7. Although it is not fair to say this for someone who has just cleared all his financial issues but there are specialists who lend for "bad risks".
- Credit Cards: You can get new credits within 1-3 years of filing for bankruptcy. Of course the interest rates will be much higher as you have just filed for bankruptcy.
- Filing Chapter 13: If you have filed for bankruptcy with Chapter 7, you have a time limit to file bankruptcy again under Chapter 7. You cannot file until 6 years from the first filing of bankruptcy.
However, if you have any similar situation in future, you can still file for Chapter 13. Of course you must know that it will show on your credits. If you have received a Chapter 13 discharge in good faith after paying 70% of your unsecured debts, the 6 year bar for Chapter 7 will not apply.
- Alimony and child support obligations: If your spouse has filed for bankruptcy, it cannot relieve him of your alimony and your child support obligations unless he has a court order from the family court.
- Student Loan Debt: If you have taken a student loan and you have filed for Chapter 7, it can prevent the lenders from taking aggressive collection action against you. But the loan has to be cleared by you only.
- Credit: Filing for bankruptcy can spoil your credit. Your credit report will carry this for at least 10 years.
- Credit Cards: You will surely lose all your credit cards post filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy.
- Property & Possessions Lost: If you have any luxury possessions or a property which is not exempt from sale by bankruptcy trustee, you will surely lose it.
- Mortgage: You cannot go for a mortgage after filing for bankruptcy filing under Chapter 7.
- Cannot file Chapter 7: If you have just completed all your processes and filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, till another 6 years you cannot file again. So, even if something really bad happens again, you cannot file again.
If you have filed for a previous Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 case and it was dismissed within the past 180 days, you cannot file for Chapter 7 again. The reasons for dismissal could be that you might have violated a court order or requested for dismissal after a creditor asked for relief from the automatic stay.
- Obligations & Loans: You cannot get rid of your obligations like alimony or child support as well as any student loans if you file for bankruptcy under Chapter 7.
Hopefully these will help you to understand the filing of Chapter 7 better. And you can now plan your bankruptcy filing in advance online at https://mydebtadvisors.com/Milwaukee-WI-Office-Locations. However, as professional bankruptcy attorneys in Milwaukee, WI, we feel obliged to share that a consultation with us before going ahead to file will probably yield better results in the long term than filing a Chapter 7 will.


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White Glove Concierge Services
As a home or business owner, you likely have your own ideas about how you prefer your building to look. And, when it comes to remodeling or renovating, you're sure to have suggestions for any contractor that works on your property. Unfortunately, many contractors do not offer fully customizable services; instead, they give clients a set of options from which to choose.
You don't have to settle for premade plans when you're re-imagining your property. Instead, turn to All American Construction to discover how our team can create the plans you want. We offer concierge contracting services in Cumming, Georgia, for every client that cares about the details. This means we'll work closely with you and your family or workplace to tailor our design to your exact preferences.
What Are Concierge Services?
Many home and business owners struggle to find contractors that adjust their processes to suit their needs. Most contractors only undertake projects that they've completed in the past; even then, you may feel constrained by their requirements. However, when you have unorthodox ideas about your renovation or remodel, you need professional assistance from a team that's up to the challenge.
That's why our contractors offer concierge services. Much like a traditional concierge, our company acts as a guide, helping you navigate the complex landscape of municipal permits, codes, and other essential items. No matter the size or complexity of your project, we rise to the challenge, keeping you in the loop during every phase of the process. We work closely with you to create the home or business you've always wanted.
Concierge Services, Your Way
Collaborate with a contracting company that cares about your needs. As a team with more than 16 years of experience, we're proud to have built our reputation on good customer service. We understand that living or working in a building that doesn't suit your needs can be difficult. That's why we work tirelessly to install the additional rooms or features you need to be completely comfortable.
Along with concierge services, our contractors are capable of handling any odd jobs around your property. Whether you're looking for a team to handle indoor or outdoor projects, we're prepared to arrive at your location with all the tools and equipment needed. Just a few of the handyman areas in which we specialize include:
- Board-Up Service
- Carpentry
- Disaster Recovery
- Dry Rot Repair
- Electrical Work
Sit back and relax as our contractors design and install every feature you've always wanted.


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Day 03 — My favorite song from the year I was born…
I'm torn between Like a Prayer by Madonna, Another Day in Paradise by Phil Collins or Love Song by the Cure!
Day 03 — My favorite song from the year I was born…
I'm torn between Like a Prayer by Madonna, Another Day in Paradise by Phil Collins or Love Song by the Cure!
Day 02 — The most expensive item I have ever stolen is…
I have to admit this embarrasses me a LOT because apparently my rebellious phase came a little early (say, when I was in 5th or 6th grade) and mostly revolved around me taking stuff from the school cafeteria!
I don't really know what the most expensive item I've ever stolen is but if I had to take a guess, I suppose it would be a set of 4 or 6 books I shoplifted from a book stall the school had set up for us. I don't think it cost all that much because the books were at a discounted price for us but seeing as how its the biggest thing I've ever taken…
I was a horrible, horrible child and I have no excuse.
Was it "like a red-hot iron in my shoulders" and was this "like a blunt wooden stake driven into the base of my head?" — a simile would only stand for something else and in the end we would be led around by the nose in a hopeless carousel of comparisons. Pain was what is was. There's nothing further to say about it. Qualities of feelings are as incomparable as they are indescribable. They mark the limits of language's ability to communicate.
– Jean Amery (on his experiences as a victim of the Holocaust)
Being the horribly lazy blogger that I am, I seem to pop up right when something interesting is going around. This time its 31 Days of Blogging Honesty. Kind of like the 31 Day Picture Challenge I tried to do on FB (failed miserably, FYI).
If the stars and planets aligned perfectly for me (regardless of my current situation), the celebrity I would marry is and this is why…
(Easy peasy. Never had an easier question…or a funner one. Shameless googling of hot men = FUN.)
Ryan Reynolds. He's hot, tall, hot, funny, hot. Need I go on?? I like to think I'm beyond the petty, superficial things but I'm really not. He's just so pretty! I mean LOOK AT HIM. But I suppose he's a nice person too, seems smart, I think I read somewhere he wanted to go to college and study something super smart before becoming an actor. So its not alllll about the looks. Might just be the power of his smoldering gaze talking though!
And I know I don't need to give my second choice. But I'm going to give it anyway…because who doesn't want an excuse to google this face?!
Henry Cavill, if things between Ryan and me don't work out- I'm coming after you!
There's something about you that makes me want to revert to anonymous blogging.
I was doing all good. I had a new blog where people knew my name, they knew who I was. Granted, I wasn't writing as much and as freely anymore. But it was something. I was trying to get over my issues and trying to open myself up to the people I knew. And you killed it. You made me want to write. And I couldn't write, not about you, not there. So now, I'm back here.
You make me want to crawl into a little hole and stay there forever.
You and your stupid face just make me want to punch you and then hug you and punch you and then hug and then do it all over again.
I hate you. But I don't hate because I like you so incredibly much. You put me on an emotional roller-coaster and you don't even know it. I hate your stupid face for going on with your stupid life the same way. But why do you have to be so nice and so funny and so cute?! I wish I could kick you in the face. You can't be allowed to waltz in here, turn me upside down and be all "hey, its me, I'm so cool, I don't care about anything, especially not you and especially not in THAT way". You suck.
And you make me sound like a thirteen year old idiot.
I haven't been blogging much mainly because I don't have much to say nowadays. But I saw this and HAD to reblog it.
For all the children fighting cancer =)
(Courtesy: Muslim GIFS)


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We can help. You can overcome drug addiction and have a better life than you ever thought possible!
There are many drug and alcohol rehab facilities options available to people living in the Lewisville area. You should recognize all the varieties of rehab options that are offered in Lewisville, AB., to be able to choose the appropriate rehabilitation option for yourself or a loved one. Choosing the right alcohol and drug rehabilitation center in Lewisville is an essential factor in the process of treating of drug abuse, drug addiction and alcoholism. This info will assist you to fully grasp your numerous treatment possibilities so that you have the highest probability of an ideal outcome.
Let's examine the many drug and alcohol rehabilitation programs in Lewisville, Minnesota options that coincide with the circumstances of the person seeking treatment.
Inpatient alcohol and drug rehab in Lewisville, AB. is really a treatment option best for many who will need health-related intervention in the course of rehab or clients with considerable drug use histories. Men and women can develop both mental and physical dependence to alcohol and drugs even after a short time period, so inpatient drug treatment in Lewisville is considered the most beneficial rehabilitation possibility in nearly all instances. Because of substance abuse and addiction, people will usually struggle to make a full recovery using the limited services offered by outpatient treatment facilities in Lewisville, Minnesota where alcohol and drugs remain easily accessible when they depart the outpatient facility. Likewise, people in treatment who take part in outpatient rehab as an alternative to inpatient alcohol and drug rehabilitation in Lewisville continue to be vulnerable to detrimental relationships and conditions which might compromise their process of recovery. If someone lives with an abusive companion or continues to maintain relationships which entail substance abuse, any rehab activities in outpatient treatment are done in vain. This is why in-patient drug and alcohol rehabilitation in Lewisville, AB. will produce more fruitful outcomes that can prove lasting contrary to an outpatient alcohol and drug rehab program where benefits are often very limited and acute.
In Lewisville there is both short-term and long-term inpatient drug and alcohol treatment. Short-term is a 30-day program, while long-term inpatient alcohol and drug rehab in Lewisville, Minnesota is much more extensive and rehab lasts 90-120 days on average. It is deemed an ideal environment for clients since it is a secure drug free environment where they're able to heal both physically and mentally without distraction. Ideally, women and men will continue inside a long-term in-patient drug rehabilitation center in Lewisville for the optimum stretch of time allowed, to be able to deal with anything which may cut across their abstinence when they depart treatment. Due to the fact detoxing and becoming physically stable can require 2-3 weeks alone, the 3-6 months in long-term in-patient alcohol and drug rehab in Lewisville is going to be time spent well and significantly more efficient than short-term centers.
The most important aspect of all if you or someone you love is struggling with a drug abuse or addiction concern is to get it resolved right away, call someone and seek the advice of trained addiction professionals and get an assessment and rehabilitation possibilities to guarantee the best potential for a recovery.
Drug Rehab Exact Match:
We can help! You can overcome addiction and have a better life than you ever thought possible.
1212 Heckman Court
St. James, MN. 56081
620 1st Avenue SW
Winnebago, MN. 56098
1100 Indus Street
Fairmont, MN. 56031
828 North Avenue
Fairmont, MN. 56031
825 South Front Street
Mankato, MN. 56002
12 Civic Center Plaza
Mankato, MN. 56001
Counselors available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.1-800-405-8409
We have addiction treatment specialists available 24/7, ready to help you find the right treatment choice that meets your financial ability.addictionca.com


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If you have worked on corals and coral reefs, then you're probably well acquainted with the most comprehensive resource for corals there is, the 3-volume Corals of The World by John Edward Norwood Veron or as cited in the scientific community, J.E.N or Charlie Veron. Can you imagine your life without such a valuable resource? The thing is, Charlie Veron almost did not become a scientist.
He is known today as the "Godfather of Coral" and likened by David Attenborough to Charles Darwin.
In his memoir A Life Underwater, Charlie chronicles his love for marine life as a child, his long holdup (how he almost didn't make it back to the sea), how one chance helped him pursue his true passion, and how he became a revolutionary self-taught coral specialist.
His work has been instrumental in our present understanding of coral reefs, from how they reproduce to how they evolve, and how they, in the light of climate change, have been dying. "Without his early work we wouldn't have had the basic benchmarks to see the nature of the changes that we are now seeing. He provided that baseline to put everything in context," says the scientist Tim Flannery [1].
Veron's contributions to coral reefs and marine biology are monumental. He was the first to compile a global taxonomy on corals. Also, contrary to common notion, he shed light that the the Indo-Philippines archipelago has the most diverse corals in the world, not the
Great Barrier Reef. He is also known for his seminal
theory, Reticulate evolution, on how corals have evolved [1].
To date, he he has worked on all the major coral reef regions of the world and has over 100 research publications, including 12 books and monographs on corals and coral reefs.
Among his many books, his three-volume Corals of the World (2000), with his permission to use data and photos, has been invaluable to documenting the diversity of reef-building corals in SealifeBase.
Over his 50-year career, Veron hasn't only been an insatiable learner of corals. He's been fearless in protecting the marine life he has reveled in his whole life.
In his memoir, his adventures urge us not only to guard scholarly independence, but more importantly to learn to be persistent and take risks. He explains why today is the most pivotal time to protect our incredible marine life.
You may purchase Charlie's delightful memoir through this link.
[1] Elliott, T. (2017, July 14). Live near the beach? Coral reef expert Charlie Veron has some advice for you. The Age. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/2vFfOMo


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The Architectural Barriers Act (ABA) is the first federal law to address access to the built environment. Passed by Congress in 1968, it ensures access to many federally funded facilities to this day. The ABA greatly informed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 and its requirements for access to facilities in the private and state and local government sectors. This session will compare the ABA and ADA and review differences between the accessibility standards issued under these laws. The presenter will explain how the ABA and ADA Accessibility Standards differ in application, scope, specific provisions, and enforcement. The relationship of these laws to other federal mandates that address facility access, such as the Rehabilitation Act and the Fair Housing Act, will also be covered.
Link To Blackboard Webinar Archive
Note: Captioning will only be available on the Blackboard Collaborate Formated
version of the presentation available in the Blackboard Webinar Archives link. Captions are not available in the MP4
version of the presentation.
Paul Beatty
Accessibility Specialist, Office of Technical and Information Services,
U.S. Access Board
Great Lakes ADA Center
MC 728 · 1640 W. Roosevelt Road · Room 405 · Chicago, Illinois 60608
877-232-1990 (V/TTY) · 312-413-1407 (V/TTY) · 312-413-1856 (Fax)
Some of the contents of this website were developed under a grant from the National Institute on Disability,
Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR grant number 90DP0091-02-00). NIDILRR is a Center within
the Administration for Community Living (ACL), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The AccessibilityOnline
program is funded through a contract with the U.S. Access Board. The contents of this page does not necessarily
represent the policy of NIDILRR, ACL, HHS, or U.S. Access Board and you should not assume endorsement by the
Federal Government.


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Capable of recycling and processing almost any material, including C&D waste, asphalt, concrete with rebar, natural rock, glass, coal, slag, and more.
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Diesel-over-electric drive system lowers fuel consumption up to 30% without sacrificing performance or throughput.
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Service Second to None
RUBBLE MASTER and its dedicated dealer network are committed to help you get the most out of your machine. You're not alone and you'll never be left alone with RUBBLE MASTER!
The RM 60 is the most compact RM crusher available and the ideal choice for crushing smaller quantities, particularly for businesses that are looking to expand their activities and increase profits. Like all RM crushers, the 29,000 lb model can also be combined with screening attachments.
The RM 70GO! 2.0 is the perfect crusher for contractors who want to start with crushing and recycling. Thanks to the simple design and ease of operation, it doesn't require aggregate/mining skills to operate the machine. Also ideal for owner-operators!
The RM 90GO! has an unmatched performance / footprint ratio which allows contractors to use this machine on inner-city construction sites, indoor sites as well as in the mountains. The beefy 6 cylinder John Deere engine provides the power to crush up to 200 TPH.
The RM 100GO! is the high-performance mobile crusher for high volume producers. It excels in recycling as well as hard-rock applications. Weighing in at only 74,850 lbs. it crushes up to 275 t/h with an extremely efficient fuel burn.
The RM V550GO! merges the technology of a cone crusher and vertical shaft impactor. Combined with the benefits of the RM GO! principle, it is a compact mobile sand and grit mill. The crushing technology produces an unsurpassed reduction ratio, even with hard rock.
Attachments & Options
RUBBLE MASTER offers a range of attachments and options that can be ordered with a machine or retrofitted later, such as scales, light towers, pre-screen grizzly covers, and many more. Contact RUBBLE MASTER or your local dealer for options available for your unit.
RM crushers in comparison
RM crushers are extremely flexible and suitable for many applications. From the RM 60, the smart problem solver, to the high-performance RM 100GO! crusher which is in a class of its own in terms of mobile processing: robust, extremely high throughput and compact nevertheless.


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AquaSource Super Antioxidant with Pycnogenol
If you've noticed how an apple turns brown when it's cut or how iron rusts when exposed to the elements, you've seen the effects of oxidation. Fortunately, nature provides antioxidants – factors which have been shown to be helpful in minimizing the effects of this oxidation. AquaSource Super Antioxidant contains Pycnogenol and other excellent antioxidants.
Price £31.70
AquaSource Super Antioxidant with Pycnogenol
"I genuinely believe that anyone concerned about their health and well-being should take this remarkable product every day of their lives".
"I am a Purser with British Airways. I alternate between using pure algae with Super Antiox & Algae. I feel that these products help keep me feeling energetic and alert." S. Sowka
Who May Benefit?
- the elderly
- those who have reduced their food intake
- smokers
- travellers taking long-haul flights or long car journeys
- heavy drinkers
- frequent aspirin or pain killer users
- people with a compromised immune system
AquaSource Super Antioxidant with Pycnogenol
60 capsules
Two capsules provide:
Wheatsprouts 740mg
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Klamath Lake Algae) 80mg
Bilberry 4:1 extract 30mg
(equivalent to 120mg of Bilberry powder)
Dunaliella Salina Algae 20mg
Green Tea Extract (30% Polyphenols) 20mg
(equivalent to 100mg of Green Tea Powder)
Ginkgo Biloba 50:1 extract 20mg
(equivalent to 1000mg of Ginkgo powder)
French Maritime Pine Bark Extract (Pycnogenol) 20mg
Milk Thistle Extract (80% Silymarin) 20mg
(equivalent to 400mg of Milk Thistle powder)
Natural Vitamin E 13.4mg 20iu
Capsule: Vegetable cellulose
What are antioxidants and why are they important?
If you've noticed how an apple turns brown when it's cut or how iron rusts when exposed to the elements, you've seen the effects of oxidation.
Oxidation causes similar damage to the cells of the body.
But unless you have discovered how to live without breathing, you cannot escape the consequences of oxidation. It takes place whenever you breathe, digest food, exercise, or even sleep – and produces potentially harmful agents called free radicals.
Free radicals are unstable molecules that trigger chain reactions that eat away at the cells of the body and damage the genetic material they contain. Countless free-radical chain reactions take place in the body each day. In addition, emotional stress, ultraviolet light, air pollution, and cigarette smoke also generate free radicals that can put your health at risk.
Fortunately, nature provides antioxidants – factors which have been shown to be helpful in minimizing the effects of free radicals.
Key Ingredients:
- Pycnogenol® – a patented extract of Maritime Pine bark extract. It has potent antioxidant properties that support healthy circulation and athletic performance.
- Wheatsprouts – contain a remarkable level of a variety of antioxidants.
- AquaSource Algae – on a gram for gram basis, provides a wide range of nutrients including antioxidants, beta-carotene and chlorophyll.
- Dunaliella Salina Algae – a marine algae prized for its extremely high beta-carotene content, another powerful antioxidant.
- Bilberry Extract – Bilberry extracts may help maintain micro capillary circulation throughout the body, and may be particularly of benefit to the health of the eyes.
- Natural Vitamin E – Vitamin E is a powerful biological antioxidant.
- Green Tea – Green tea extract powder has become another popular source of certain antioxidants.
Key Advantages:
- Contains Pycnogenol®, one of the most powerful antioxidants and anti-aging products known today
- AquaSource Algae provides antioxidants, including carotenoids, in a highly absorbable form
- AquaSource has combined it with a combination of herbs and carotenoids that work synergistically together, resulting in a highly potent product
As a food supplement for adults only, take 2 capsules daily.


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The analytics function allows detailed reporting on a variety of system actions, broken down by user group and filtered by a number of different filter options.
Creating a new report
The report management screen is accessed from the Admin menu at the top of the screen by clicking "Analytics". Reports are specific to your user account - other users will not see the reports you create. By default you will have no reports and must click "Create new report" to set up your first report.
Report options
- Report name - the report name as displayed in your managed list
- Activity - the type of activity that you wish to report on - by default, all activities are displayed producing a large report
- Group - optionally allows you to filter activity actions performed by users in a particular user group or groups (multi-select)
- Period - filter to activity in the last X days or a specific date range. Important - if publishing tiles to the dash then it is probably best to filter by a number of days rather than a fixed date range. This way, the dash tile is dynamic and will update the date range automatically to always show the last X days.
- Collection filtering - select one of your own collections or a Featured Collection to show only activity performed on resources in the selected collection. Note that this will limit the activity list to only actions that it is possible to perform on those resources as you would expect.
- External shares - select how external shares are handled. Options are:
- "...are ignored" - do not report at all on any actions performed when the user was accessing via an external share link
- "...are combined with the user group of the sharing user" - any actions performed via external share links are treated as if it is the sharing user that is performing the action
- "...are reported as a separate user group" - actions performed via external share links are reported separately, just as if there is a dedicated user group for all external share activity
- Graph types - Limit the report to a specific type of graph
- Breakdown pie - (if applicable) for certain activities a breakdown by the object that the action was performed on can be shown.
- User group pie - a pie chart breaking down activity by user group
- Time line - A line graph of activity over time for the selected period
- Summary block - total figures for activity
Report description
For each selected activity type a report block will be displayed summarising that activity for the selected period / group / collection (etc.) as selected.
Hovering over the pie charts with your mouse will display the name of the selected segment. Likewise, hovering over the points on the line graph will display the exact date and action count.
Add report to dash
"Add to dash" next to each report graph will add the selected graph to your ResourceSpace home page as a dash tile. This can be dragged / dropped to reorder or can be dragged to the 'bin' that appears on the left side of the screen when dragging.
There is the option to add a custom title to the dash tile. This could for example include some of the filter options so it's obvious to you what this represents, such as "User sessions last 30 days".
Note - subsequent changes you make to the report options WILL NOT be reflected on the dash tile as this shows a 'snapshot' of the options at the time the dash tile was created. Clicking on the dash tile will take you to the originating report.


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Have you ever passed by the homeless on the street and assumed that what brought them to that place was a series of poor decisions? Or have you ever thought that a single mother was single because she wanted her freedom and wasn't willing to make things work with the man she married? Perhaps what comes to mind when you meet a house cleaner is that they have no education or motivation to progress in life?
Unfortunately, too many times we assume we know the story just by what we see. But the truth is, not everyone's story is according to our assumptions. Take the nation of Israel for example. This country is made up of people groups from around the world. Immigrants from Ethiopia, Ukraine, the Americas and the like all come to Israel in search of a home. But these immigrants face incredible challenges, one of which is learning the Hebrew language. Parents who make Aliyah with their children come with very little and need to find work immediately or they will not be able to eat or rent an apartment. Many of these immigrants make Aliyah with skills, knowledge and degrees from their homelands. But without the ability to communicate in Israel's national language, their degrees and skill-sets are entirely unusable. They must choose to either learn the language and face a mound of debt, or to work jobs such as house cleaning in order to feed themselves and their families.
*Cynthia, like many other single mothers, shared this exact predicament with the staff of CBN Israel. She had made Aliyah nearly two decades ago, but being abandoned by her husband, she had no choice but to find menial jobs to cover hers and her children's basic needs. With determination, Cynthia managed to teach herself the Hebrew language over time and even began helping others who were struggling in their Hebrew courses. She dreamed of the day that she too could take courses in Hebrew, specifically the study for tour guiding. It was no longer the Hebrew that was holding her back, but the finances. The expense for such a course was well beyond her small, monthly income.
When the staff saw the obstacle that was keeping Cynthia in this holding pattern of poverty, they worked on gathering the funds needed to pay her way through her studies. The funds came through and Cynthia was told the great news. "Thank you so much!", she enthusiastically exclaimed. Presently, Cynthia is enrolled in her studies towards her dream come true.
*Name altered for privacy.
It is because of those who give to CBN Israel that immigrants, both new and old, are finding help and hope in their times of need. Would you consider partnering with CBN Israel and helping us make a very real impact on the lives of real people? On behalf of our staff and the many lives we have touched through your support we say, "Thank you!"


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Beautiful Traditional English Style Christmas Decorations
Located in Britain, this beautiful house showcases classic, vintage style Christmas decorations, reminiscent of the romantic, good old-time England era. The walls of one of the living rooms are coloured dark violet, which makes a fantastic match with white Christmas decorations. The kitchen and the dining room feature mainly white, and are decorated with old-fashioned lanterns, ornaments, candles amongst others.
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One Island (Japanese: 1のしま Island 1) is a small town located on Knot Island in the Sevii Islands. It houses a tiny center to communicate with the Hoenn region, and a small hot springs along the side of Kindle Road and Mt. Ember. A Legendary Pokémon, the Fire-type Moltres, resides on Mt. Ember's peak in Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen. Treasure Beach is located to the south of One Island. The Hoenn communication machine is housed in the Pokémon Center here. Celio is the person who watches over. He often says that it isn't quite ready yet.
|This article is a stub. Please help the Pokémon Wiki by expanding it.
|Sevii Islands
Knot Island · Boon Island · Kin Island · Floe Island · Chrono Island · Fortune Island · Quest Island
One Island · Two Island · Three Island · Four Island · Five Island · Six Island · Seven Island
Caves, Tunnels & Mountains
Mt. Ember · Icefall Cave · Lost Cave · Altering Cave · Pattern Bush · Dotted Hole · Tanoby Key · Tanoby Chambers · Navel Rock
Berry Forest
Place of Interest
Rocket Warehouse · Birth Island
|Kanto (Sevii Islands) · Johto · Hoenn · Sinnoh (Battle Zone) · Unova · Kalos · Alola · Galar (Isle of Armor · Crown Tundra)
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.


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Delivery Information
Where does Butler & Bentley deliver?
Butler & Bentley deliver to the Inner West, Lower North Shore and Eastern Suburbs of Sydney.
When does Butler & Bentley deliver?
Once an order is made customers then proceed to choose a 2hr time slot of their conveinience on Friday 12pm - 6pm and Saturday 12pm - 5pm. A same day e-mail confirmation will be sent to you. A printed invoice copy will be hand delivered with your goods to you after all items are packed and delivered.
When can I receive my order?
Orders will be received by the customer within 18 hours from the time it was placed with Butler & Bentley, provided it was placed before the cut off time of 6pm. For example: If an order is placed on Friday before cutoff at 6pm, the earliest delivery slot will be Saturday from 12pm onward.
Is there a minimum order?
There is no minimum order, however unless you reach a total of $100 spend you will incur a delivery fee as per below.
What is the delivery charge?
The delivery charge are as set below. Please note that there are no delivery charges for orders over $100.00 (including GST) anywhere within our specified delivery zone of the Inner West, Lower North Shore and Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, and are subject to our normal delivery times. Butler & Bentley has dedicated drivers and refrigerated vans on the road Friday 10am-6pm and Saturday 10am-5pm
Delivery Charge
$100 or above
$80 - $99.99
$60 - $79.99
$40 - $59.99
$0.00 - $39.99
Can I change the delivery day?
Once your order has been processed, an invoice is generated and you will not be able to go back in and change the date. To discuss special circumstances, please contact Customer Care on 02 9713 9067. Depending on the amount of notice, it may be possible to arrange a different delivery day or a cancellation and refund.
How is my order transported to me?
Once your order is packed, our temperature-controlled Vans maintain the quality and freshness of your order.
We can't deliver your goods if nobody's home
If a delivery can't be made because you weren't home during your scheduled delivery time, we'll try to contact you. If you think you missed your delivery, call us at 02 9713 9067.We won't leave goods unless they're signed for, or specified to be left at the door in the delivery instructions. A cancellation fee of your delivery total may be charged.


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wow, it's been a while. a lot has happened. i hope i can be here often again.
there's a lot to write about. i hope i can write soon. i miss writing again.
Thursday, April 29, 2010
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