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In Timothy Greenfield-Sanders's studio, the ground floor in a former rectory on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, famous artists, novelists, actors and politicians come to be photographed. Toni Morrison, Brian Dennehy and James Watson each sat for a formal portrait recently, and Gore Vidal, Norman Mailer and Kurt Vonnegut were brought together for a surprisingly fraternal literary trifecta that appeared in Vanity Fair. And then there was Gina Lynn, who on a July afternoon also posed before Mr. Greenfield-Sanders's Deardorff camera.
For those who may have missed her latest films ( "Dirty Work," "High Rise" and "Retro Lust"), Ms. Lynn is a big star  as big a star in her own world, the world of pornography, as those other celebrities are in theirs. Of course, in contrast with the others, Ms. Lynn posed nude, wearing only six-inch plastic heels.
Ms. Lynn is one of 30 pornography stars  women, men, gay, straight  who will appear in Mr. Greenfield-Sanders's new book, tentatively titled "XXX: 30 Portraits of Porn Stars." Actually she is No. 20, 19 others, including Jenna Jameson, the so-called queen of pornography, having already been photographed either in the New York studio or in Los Angeles. Each model will have two matching color portraits, one clothed, the other unclothed  as you are, as you bare.
The pictures will be accompanied by essays on pornography by John Malkovich, Nancy Friday and Karen Finley, among others. The book does not yet have a publisher, but when it comes out, presumably about a year from now, there will be a simultaneous exhibition of the photographs at the Mary Boone Gallery in Manhattan.
For Mr. Greenfield-Sanders, whose portraits have been marked by their dignity as well as their perceptivity, this is decidedly a change of pace. He is, he said, "a portrait photographer in my studio." It is almost as if Yousuf Karsh had suddenly been transformed into Robert Mapplethorpe.
But Mr. Greenfield-Sanders is taking no moral stand. "I've never been judgmental about the people I shoot," he said. "So I wouldn't start with this." He added, "I don't think who I shoot is a reflection on who I am."
On the other hand, Mr. Greenfield-Sanders said, the essays will show a range of viewpoints about pornography. "I'm not saying everything should be positive," he said. "I'm also trying to look for people who would write negatively about the subject." He also takes note of the growing awareness of the industry's perils. One subject photographed for the book is Sharon Mitchell, a former pornography star who has started an organization called Adult Industry Medical Health Care Foundation, which hopes to regulate the industry and require participants to undergo medical testing.
Mr. Greenfield-Sanders said he was first drawn to pornography after seeing "Boogie Nights" several years ago. "I thought it was a fantastic movie," he said, "and I started to think maybe some of those people would be interesting subjects. I had always wanted to shoot nudes but could never figure out a way to do it that hadn't been done before."
He is known as a serial photographer, taking sequences of pictures of people in the same profession (artists of the 1950's, art critics, architects). With the rising popularity of adult films and their proliferation on the Internet, he decided to take a look at pornography. One of his first steps was to go to an industry convention in Manhattan. It was "like a high school science fair," he said.
"The whole discussion of porn is supercharged," Mr. Greenfield-Sanders said. "Whatever you say about it has so many meanings. If you say, `I watch porn,' or `I don't watch porn,' it's a much more complicated remark than saying, `I go to museums,' or `I don't go to museums.' It's very personal."
When he told his friend Ms. Friday about the project, he said, she reminded him that pornography was first about exhibitionism, that the actors and actresses liked to perform sex acts in the presence of others.
"I found with porn stars that they're much more comfortable nude than they are clothed," he said. "They're energized, and they feel more in control. I was very inhibited myself. After shooting a few of them, I don't feel uncomfortable, because they're not uncomfortable. They talk about sex so openly. At first I was shocked, but you go with the flow."
With the help of Jordan Schaps, a photography-production coordinator, he began making contacts in the industry. The performance artist Laurie Anderson suggested that he call his book "XXX," and that suggested a play on the Roman numerals, convincing him to limit his exploration to 30 people, as representative of the thousands in the business. "The range is wide," he said. "There's the girl next door, the dominatrix, and in the gay world there is a whole range of different types."
When she arrived for her sitting, Ms. Lynn looked, if not exactly demure, at least like an actress auditioning for a role as a girl next door. Cuddling her Shih Tzu, Gizmo, she was a vision in powder blue  blue blouse, blue jacket  with long blond hair. She was accompanied by her husband, Travis Knight, who is also her manager and an actor in these films. (Both their names are pseudonyms.) They had driven to New York from their home in Reading, Pa.
Over lunch Ms. Lynn, who is in her late 20's, spoke about her entry into the business. She was born in Puerto Rico and grew up in Jackson, N.J. As a senior in a Catholic high school, she worked as a dancer in a strip club, and that led to her career. She does what she does and does not do anything she does not want to do, she said. In a four-year period, she has made 50 to 60 films, her salary increasing with each.
More recently she has begun to enter the mainstream, doing a music video with Eminem and acting in several Hollywood movies, including "Analyze That," in which she plays a dancer for whom Billy Crystal feels a sudden passion. She also has a speaking role in the fifth season of "The Sopranos."
Mr. Knight said he had been running his own roofing company for 11 years when he met Ms. Lynn. "I was bringing in about $200,000 and then I met her and started off doing the adult," he said. "At first I only did the adult on the side. It was so easy: go to L.A. for a week and come home with $20,000 for doing nothing but being nude."
Still in her street clothes, Ms. Lynn posed for Mr. Greenfield-Sanders. Getting in the spirit, he took off his sandals and worked in his bare feet. With the help of his assistant, he photographed her with his large-format portrait camera and simultaneously with a Polaroid. Explaining the nature of the book, he told her that he would take her picture twice, in basically the same pose. As she stood before the camera, he said, "I don't want it to be too pin-uppy. I want it to be more natural, kind of cooler." Then he directed her: "Your head is too tilted back. A little sweetness in the eyes. Mouth closed. Don't make it so sexy. Hold that." Pop. He took her picture, checked the Polaroid and took it again and again, until he was satisfied. In the pictures she looked sweet and natural.
She went to the dressing room to change, or rather to undress, and was a long time primping. Finally she walked out, stark, except for those heels. She is short, 5 foot 2, but her long legs give the illusion of height. The photographer fixed her hair to cover part of her breast. "Straighten your head more," he said. "That's lovely."
Being photographed by Mr. Greenfield-Sanders has a certain cachet, which Ms. Lynn can add to her other mainstream credits. For the present, however, she does not plan to give up adult films. But as Mr. Knight made clear, even in pornography people have standards. He said that Ms. Lynn had been asked to appear on "The Howard Stern Show."
"They wanted her to do a contest where she had sex with a listener," Mr. Knight said. "I don't feel that we have to do that." He added, "It's just degrading."


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Year, Departure Type
Select small group departures (averaging 24 Tauck guests), or classic departures, and the year you would like to travel.
TAUCK EXCLUSIVE – Private live Motown band performance during dinner in Dearborn
Two nights in Tower Rooms at the Grand Traverse Resort & Spa, set on 900 scenic acres
Wine-pairing dinner at Chateau Chantal winery on the Old Mission Peninsula
Private horse-drawn carriage tour of Mackinac Island
A private presentation by a local historian during a two-night stay at the legendary Grand Hotel
Ford Rouge Factory Tour of state-of-the-art production facilities
Private tall ship sailing aboard the Manitou on Grand Traverse Bay
Guests should be able to easily walk one to two miles, which may include climbing one or two flights of stairs and walking over uneven pavement, groomed hiking trails or cobblestones. Standing up to one hour or more may be required.
Moderately paced, and may include some early morning hotel departures, one or two on-tour flights, and extended motor coach travel.
Legendary Journeys and Adventures
Day 2
Located on a 65-acre estate on Michigan's Old Mission Peninsula in Grand Traverse Bay – one of the most scenic areas of the Great Lakes – Chateau Chantal is a French-style winery, Bed & Breakfast and vineyard estate opened in 1993 by the Begin family… Robert, Nadine and daughter Marie-Chantal. A unique destination combining vineyards, winery and B&B complete with winding roads, fresh air, friendly hospitality and kind company, Chateau Chantal produces Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot Grigio, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Franc and other varietals. The Chateau is the genteel setting for a winery tour and wine-pairing dinner for Tauck guests only.
Day 7
Opened by the Ford Motor Company a century ago, the Rouge Plant in Dearborn was the realization of Henry Ford's vision of an ideal automotive complex where every aspect of production could be processed, manufactured and assembled in one place. Its first products in 1918 were anti-submarine boats for World War I; by the time it began producing Model A's in the late 1920s, it was the largest integrated factory in the world. Everything from tractors to jeeps, tank engines, amphibious vehicles, and iconic cars like the Thunderbird and Mustang rolled off the Rouge assembly lines until 2004, when the complex was transformed into the model of 21st-century sustainable design you'll visit today – building F-150 trucks and celebrating Ford's past and future.
Nights 3 and 4
You may recognize the great wrap-around porch and lobby of the Grand Hotel from the movie, "Somewhere in Time," when a dashing Christopher Reeve travels back in time to declare his love for the lady in a photograph, played by Jane Seymour. The 1980s film may have wrapped long ago, but the romance remains in the Mackinac Island landmark. You'll go back in time too during your two-night stay here, learning more about its history (and its famous porch, the longest in the world) from an expert who knows it well... you may also upgrade to a water view room for your stay at the Grand Hotel (ask for details at booking).
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Your Journey
Double – $670; Single – $1330; Triple – $500
A Tauck Exclusive upgrade option to a limited number of water view rooms at the Grand Hotel on Mackinac Island (nights 3 and 4) is available at additional cost per person; ask at booking for details.
Our small group departures, averaging just 24 guests, are designed for travelers who want more time to experience each destination up close and personally. One of the benefits of small group travel is the personalized service and attention you'll enjoy. Small groups enable our Tauck Directors to spend more time in the places you explore with more opportunities to connect with them. Smaller groups foster camaraderie and lasting friendships among like-minded travelers; you'll engage more closely with local experts and enjoy enhanced insider access, ease of travel and freedom to linger longer.
Traveling solo doesn't mean traveling alone – with Tauck, it means camaraderie on a journey with like-minded travelers who share similar interests, enjoying the spirit of travel that makes exploring the world a necessary part of life – and sharing the special travel experiences found on Tauck's guided land trips and cruises that create lifetime memories. For 90+ years, solo travelers have found a special "travel" home with Tauck in destinations the world over – and we're offering solo travelers an additional reason to travel with Tauck – special Solo Traveler Savings on select departures.
Upon arrival and departure, transfers to and from your hotel are included as noted.
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Book Today... And Travel Dreams Begin
Call us, or call your travel advisor, to book your preferred departure date today – and explore our beautiful brochures to find your inspiration for your next journey.
Book Today... And Travel Dreams Begin
Call us, or call your travel advisor, to book your preferred departure date today – and explore our beautiful brochures to find your inspiration for your next journey.
To help you plan your trip, here's an overview of average temperatures, weather conditions, and what you might expect from Mother Nature.
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subset: commoncrawl


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- Compression Type: SCS/Spider HIC
- Total Height: 240mm
- Fork Tube Length: 160mm
- Wheel Compatability: 100mm, 110mm or 120mm
- Wheel Hub Width: 24mm
- Axle Diameter: 8mm
- Includes Axle
- Weight: 360g
- 7005 Aluminium
Catch the latest trend with the SCS/Spider HIC Scooter Fork range from Chilli Pro! CNC milled out of a single block of aluminium, these freaky forks are suitable for SCS, HIC and the revolutionary Spider HIC!
Designed with 4 cut-outs at the top of the fork tube, by simply acquiring their unique Spider HIC kit you can slot the shim perfectly into place resulting in a IHC/mini HIC finish. With no change to the external diameter, you can then sling on a set of standard bars and you're good to go!
Alternatively, if HIC is more up your street, simply throw on your average HIC shim and use the in-built thread at the top of the fork tube to string it all together!
SCS your buzz? No problem! These forks are SCS ready right out of the box!
With a plethora of options to choose from, the possibilities are endless! Go that extra mile by hunting down this creepy-crawly component today!


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'[American War] creates as haunting a post-apocalyptic universe as Cormac McCarthy did in The Road, and as devastating a look at the fallout that national events have on an American family as Philip Roth did in The Plot Against America . . . El Akkad has written a novel that not only maps the harrowing effects of violence on one woman and her family, but also becomes a disturbing parable about the ruinous consequences of war on ordinary civilians.' Michiko Kakutani, New York Times
Sarat Chestnut, born in Louisiana, is only six when the Second American Civil War breaks out in 2074. But even she knows that oil is outlawed, that Louisiana is half underwater, that unmanned drones fill the sky. And when her father is killed and her family is forced into Camp Patience for displaced persons, she quickly begins to be shaped by her particular time and place until, finally, through the influence of a mysterious functionary, she is turned into a deadly instrument of war. Telling her story is her nephew, Benjamin Chestnut, born during war – part of the Miraculous Generation – now an old man confronting the dark secret of his past, his family's role in the conflict and, in particular, that of his aunt, a woman who saved his life while destroying untold others.
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Giant Panda Sighting
The Broken Panda appeared on ABC's Good Morning America television program, which aired on May 7, 2006. He discussed his experiences researching his family genealogy in China as part of the In Search of Roots program. Click on the "play" button to view the segment below:
ABC's website also has an article about the Roots program. Click here to read more: http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=1933763&page=1
Air Avalanche
Broken Panda proudly presents the brand new "I Am the Avalanche" hoodie, featuring our very own "Air Avalanche" logo. You can see the original black and white design for the logo on the top, and underneath you can check out the final version on the new hoodie. Find out more about the band "I Am the Avalanche" by visiting their website: www.iamtheavalanche.com
The Panda's shirt design was selected as the winner of the The Movielife t-shirt design contest. For those of you who don't know, The Movielife (was) a punk rock band from Long Island, NY. All proceeds from sales of the shirt went to charity too, so don't ever say that the Panda doesn't care.
Speechwriters LLC
Based off of the '90s hit video game Street Fighter II, this action-packed t-shirt design proudly supports one of today's most innovative new bands, Speechwriters LLC. Hailing from Claremont, CA this acoustic duo turned power quartet is slowly but surely assuming worldwide domination. Find out when they're headed to play in your neighborhood on their website: www.speechwritersllc.com
Pomona College Magazine Sets Off A Firecracker
In his younger days, the Broken Panda spent a number of years honing his educational faculties at an institution known as Pomona College. Afterwards, he convinced those in authority to hand over a huge sum of money so that he could travel to his homeland in search of the unknown. Then someone heard about the Panda's adventures and decided to write an article about him and publish it in Pomona College Magazine.
Check out writer Michael Balchunas' interview with the Panda online:


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outside dreamin'
it seems my mind is in a gagillion places at once these days. the past few weeks have truly been the definition of an emotional roller-coaster. with everything that's kept me busy {from letterpressing to wedding planning to car accidents*} I've hardly had a moment to really catch my breath. a few friends and I are going camping this weekend – just the thing I need to clear my mind.
{photos: untitled, untitled, child size leather library chair for some outdoor reading?, untitled}
*I was rear-ended a few weeks ago which totalled my car. thankfully, I'm not hurt aside from a bit of whiplash, but it's really a sad thing to see my good old car taken away to be sold for salvage parts. thankfully, I live in a neighborhood that biking and walking is more accessible than driving!


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Finding the Joy in Simplicity & Giveaway Love
6 comments
- traci said...
Even though it sounds so simple, finding joy in simplicity is not often easy. But I try to do this on a daily basis. Your beautiful images of the rusty truck and greens - perfection. Thanks for sharing the love Sheila!!!
- December 12, 2012 at 6:27 AM
- Julie Marie at Idyllhours said...
Hi Sheila... love your photos of the old truck!... and you are right... joy truly is found in the simple things in life... xoxo Julie Marie
- December 12, 2012 at 8:35 AM
- A Vintage Chic said...
You're photography is so beautiful, Sheila--what an artistic eye you have---but that comes as absolutely no surprise! Everything you do is so wonderfully creative...
Wishing you the most fabulously festive week, dear friend!
- December 12, 2012 at 1:18 PM
- Janice@GypsyFarmGirl said...
Beuatiful pictures and I agree sometimes the simply things are the best. (Found your blog through Farmgirl Chaos and now a new follower)
- December 12, 2012 at 2:44 PM
- Leah C said...
Simple is good. The simple joys are often the best:) Gorgeous photos!
- December 13, 2012 at 5:00 PM
- Jennifer Rizzo said...
Thank you so much for sharing your holiday home!!!
- December 15, 2012 at 9:25 PM


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Best price, great service
"This company is the best tree removal service I've ever encountered-- they were far below the other estimates, they were fast, efficient, and cleaned up a very large job in what i would consider record time for a fairly complex job. They have any and all future work I might need sewn up."
Todd, 9/4/2013 at Kudzu
Superb service
"The young men from Maple, Inc., arrived on time, did what they were supposed to do (and more), and cleaned up after themselves well. They were most courteous and profesional. Excellent value for the price."
Hunter Sohn, 6/5/2012 at Kudzu


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Mettez les tuyaux dans la bonne zone afin de faire passer la boule.Un jeu agréable.Pipe down is a 3D game, you need to build a pipeline that allow the successful passage of the ball from top to the box at the bottom, through the pipeline. Use your mouse to move the pieces, click on the green arrows to change their position, when you finish, just click on "Drop Ball" button to see the result.
|Pipe down


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WOODCARVING SCHOOL online
Alexander Grabovetskiy
Learn the classical, art of European wood carving with
Alexander Grabovetskiy.
Can you think of a better way to learn wood carving than 1 on 1 lessons? How about 1 on 1 lessons with a man recognized as the International Woodcarver of the year. We are talking about a guy who got a Wikipedia page by carving wood. Whatever your reasons, if you want to
Immortalize your creativity in an art-form that predates written history, or you just have a lot of free time and need a hobby, wood crafting is a classy way to get your hands dirty, and you won't find a better teacher.
Wood Carving Lessons
Imagine yourself in the workshop of Alexander Grabovetskiy. You hear the distinctive sounds of him carving away and swear that you can smell the rich, earthy wood as it peels into looping spirals. Now it's time for a bit of expectation management. These lessons won't take you to his workshop, but you can take them from just about anywhere. How does the embrace of your comfortable living room couch sound? A lot of students take their laptop into their own tool shed. Really, you can do whatever works for you. Alexander likes to call it, a classic European apprenticeship from the comfort of the modern home.
His mentoring of these century-old techniques is delivered through a curriculum of uploaded video woodcarving workshops. Pause, rewind and repeat the lessons as you strive toward the proficiency of Alexander himself one day at a time. It is a virtual apprenticeship woodcarving school.
The lessons themselves have a teach by doing approach. It is amazing just how much you can learn watching an artistic process from start to finish. Study a master as he works and listen as he explains and in no time at all, you will grasp at the thinking behind his skilled hands. There are courses for the absolute beginner, the hobbyist, and the professional woodworker.
How does this online wood carving school actually work? A new woodcarving lessons are released every week, to ensure constant growth and improvement of your technique. You can ask questions and engage with this brilliant mind or silently follow along whilst trying to mimic Alexander's technique.When your art fills the house, and all your friends can't help but compliment you on your new found creative streak, it is time to learn the techniques that distinguish a master wood carver from a hobbyist. Alexander's advanced woodcarving lessons and his opening up about how he approaches woodcarving, and his personal craft methodology. This is the stuff that takes a lifetime to learn on your own.
Rather than charge per lesson or sell a set of videos, Alexander wants to build a community, so he can guide and mentor you towards woodworking excellence. Members have access to an ever-increasing repository of wood workshop videos. Start learning a skill for life, today.
Something holding you back from ticking wood carving of your bucket list? Click the link below and you will speak to an understanding compassionate person who will peer pressure you into learning how to carve wood. It will make you cool. But if you have a genuine question, we answer them all the time, and we will be as much help as we can to you.
Let Woodcarver,
Alexander Grabovetskiy
help you with Mastering Wood Carving Skills. Learn Old world wood carving skills and techniques through online video lessons. You are going to learn the ways of how Master Wood Carvers work, develop 3D thinking for Wood Carving, and perfect your tool sharpening and maintenance.
Monthly Membership
Yearly Membership
On May 14 of this year (2018) I will be attending Alexander Grabovetskiy's workshop at the Marc Adams School of Woodworking…for the third time. Why? Well, I will be joining other aspiring woodcarvers to learn techniques of course, but for me it is the critique from the master.
As useful and helpful as an actual workshop is, the Alexander Grabovetskiy on line workshop is essential for further development of the wood carving craft.
- History: As Alexander demonstrates he also explains the history of what he is carving and gives quotes and sources.
- Techniques: When Alexander demonstrates a project he proceeds from the beginning to the end and never skips a step. Also he shows alternate ways to get to the goal. His lessons build on one another, so that when one project is finished, many of the techniques and information are brought forward to the next project.
- Composition: Have you ever wondered how the actual form is placed on a project? For me the most informative part of Alexander Grabovetskiy's instruction is composition from a historical point of view. Also by demonstration drawing techniques fear of picking up a pencil is eliminated.
All this is contained on-line and comes from Alexander Grabovetskiy's long experience with the craft and art of wood carving
Alexander Grabovetskiy's online woodcarving school.
It is the best online woodworking school I have seen, and I have seen a lot of them over the years. There are no gimmicks, just European craft tradition solidly rooted in a lifetime of training and experience, taught by a true master woodcarver (if you know me you know I do not use that word lightly, and I believe that is what sets this school apart from many of the other schools out there). Part of that tradition entails sitting at the feet of a master and watching how they work. It's remarkable how much you can learn watching someone take a piece from beginning to end and learning the framework that their personal craft methodology exists within. Learning to connect the dots of different skills and techniques is really what pushes you to the next level in whatever skill you are pursuing.
Alexander's school gives you a look into his personal work philosophy and allows you to see the most important parts of carving through his eyes: drawing throughout the carving process, learning to think of carving in three dimensions, how to achieve that vision through your tools, gouge techniques and grips, and other minute details that take a lifetime of experience to gain and make a world of difference in practice. For example, hearing Alexander explain his methodology for using specific tools in certain situations, watching his workflow, how his sharpening setup and frequency, workholding, and workshop all flow together synergistically are things I've already taken away from his lessons.
I think one of the best ways to learn a skill is by watching a master, and Alexander is one of the few people I truly believe is a master in woodcarving. This probably sounds like a paid advertisement at this point, but I'm not affiliated with the school. I simply think this is the best carving school available to students today.
I sign for the lessons couple of weeks ago and find Alexander very good in his teaching abilities. I am very happy. Site has a lot of very interesting and helpful information. This school great for beginners as well as advanced wood carvers. He offers variety of lessons for different technics. Alexander is really friendly and trying to serve you the best…
Highly recommended…
May 1st 2017
Have you ever wanted to watch a woodcarver create a masterpiece? Have you wanted to learn how he approaches and executes his work? Alexander Grabovetskiy has opened up his carving world to us, with friendly, welcoming dialogue and progressively improving filming that gives us the feel of looking over the master's shoulder. Still trying to sharpen that V-tool correctly? Alex shows us his approach, and I'm happy to say it takes much of the mystery out of the process. If you are beyond the beginner's stage and want to be challenged, or if you are ready to take that next step, Alex will lead you by example. In addition to carving his free-flowing, fluid artistry, he will be explaining and demonstrating furniture carving, and I can't wait. Oh – and expect to suffer some serious tool envy.
Alexander Grabovetskiy, He as an Artist, as a Wood Carver has in his possession the Vision and Masterful Execution of a Lifetime of experience. As an Educator Alex brings foresight and a wonderful senses of humor in addition to his Incredible Carving skills to the classroom…
I am honored to receive his tutelage.!
Testimony after 3 years of being a part of a school.
Alex, It has been my experience as a student enrolled in your Alexander Grabovetskiy Wood Carver/ Wood Carving School Online your approach in educating the student on how to use the carving tools, which tools to use (Why,How,When) and alternative tools to try is well worth the small enrollment fee.On top of masterful tool usage you also offer subject matter NOT FOUND anywhere else in any online carving classes….Last but not least there's your personality..you set the student at ease making sure they receive your tutelage ..setting in stone the confidence to execute your techniques every budding artist needs to succeed. THANK YOU!
I was fortunate to have been able to take Alexander Grabovetskiy's weeklong class at the Marc Adams School of Woodworking titled "Carving with a Classical Flair" last week and it was not only very educational but also a lot of fun. As anyone who has seen his work can certainly appreciate, Alex is a truly gifted carver. However, he is also an excellent teacher who genuinely wants his students to learn. He repeatedly asked us, both as a group and also individually, if we were enjoying the class, if we were getting what we wanted out of it, if we understood what he was explaining, and so on.
As a beginning woodcarver, I wasn't as concerned about the end result "project" as I was in learning more about "technique". We started out with a review/demonstration of the sharpening techniques used for the various carving tool shapes, which I think most of us found quite valuable. We carved a deep relief of a grouping of grapes, grape leaves and acanthus leaves, with heavy undercutting. The various techniques presented (for me, learning the four basic design principles and gaining the confidence to draw my own fluid designs were of particular value) were exactly what I had hoped for. However, I am also very pleased with the project we did, and I now have the knowledge and confidence to attempt similar carving on my own. I still need to add some refinements, complete the undercutting even more, clean it up, and put a finish it, but my wife is already very pleased with how well it turned out in only my second attempt at carving. Many of the students left with very nice pieces, including Tom, who had never carved anything before the class and was using his late father's carving tools for the first time.
I am a relatively new member of Alexander's online school and I have watched all but two of the lessons thus far. There is a lot of value in watching someone carve, without the use of time lapse or heavy editing. As Alex says, it is a lot like being an apprentice, watching the master closely in order to learn the techniques involved. It helped me to see the pace of the carving, how the design is developed as things progress, etc. I am looking forward to the new lessons that he has announced will be coming shortly, but I am also very interested in seeing the final version of the Grinling Gibbons project, which is an enormous undertaking.
Alexander's school has been a great resource for me, even as a beginner in traditional carving. It is not just a collection of videos but is an interactive course in which he is very responsive through email. He faithfully posts new lessons and resources that are above and beyond what I had expected. By the way, after his demonstration of sharpening, I was even able to get the essential (but much dreaded) V-gouge sharpened to a razor fine edge. This was worth the cost for the whole month! Thanks, Alexander.
I joined Alex's online carving school a couple of months ago, never having carved before, and I am thoroughly enjoying the experience. I have now completed the beginner's course and struggle to wait to the end of each working day before I can continue with my lessons.Alex's model of 'apprentice watching a master' works surprisingly well online. The camera angles are great, the courses are taken with every step explained, Alex chats away about carving history, his life, his thoughts and his opinions while he is carving, just as if he is chatting to an apprentice watching over his shoulder. He makes the odd mistake which is quite refreshing, but more importantly Alex shows how he corrects these mistakes and that is super valuable to a beginner like me.Last but not least, the fact that Alex takes the time to critique my work, give feedback by mail, and is always available – even welcoming phone calls! really just finishes the master / apprentice model off quite well, especially for the more complicated work where it's important to have a real discussion.Thanks Alex for starting your school and taking the time to share your craft with someone like me who could never normally have access to your talent and teaching.March 21.2018
I'm 59 and I've been carving for about 10 years and have dabbled in many areas: shallow relief, caricature, whimsical houses in cottonwood bark. But I fell in love with high relief floral carving while reading "The Lost Carving: A Journey to the Heart of Making" by David Esterly. While reading that book I found out that he was leading a class at Marc Adams Schools of Woodworking, took that class, completed my fist piece (of high relief floral carving) and was hooked.
I knew of your work long before I knew of your on-line school. When I found the school last fall, I immediately came onboard and followed many of the projects, especially the Grinling Gibbons inspired piece but somewhere in one of your introductory videos you showed something akin to your Hashemi Flowers. I now see that the Hashemi Flowers are soon to become a real project. I'm there!
Your videos are complete showing nearly every stroke, the "whats", "whys" and "how-tos" are all explained, and the bit of personal history thrown in makes the viewer feel like they're having a very personal conversation with you.
By the way I did follow your tool sharpening series and I can say for the first time ever I can get my tools not just sharp but almost "scary-sharp".
I personally believe that anyone who has been looking for high relief floral carving instruction will be well rewarded to follow along with you and your school.
Thanks for putting yourself and your skills out there for others to learn and grow from.
Master Grabovetskiys School of Woodcarving is by far a best course I found for learning woodcarving. Being a full-time working dad of two beautiful toddlers my main challenge with progressing in my passion of woodcarving have always been (besides lack of time of course) finding an accessible and flexible way to learn and progress from a self taught hobby carver to a "real" woodcarver in a way the fits me. I really don't like learning things from just books or quick "fast-forward" clips on Youtube, can't really connect very well with that. So I think that's why this course is really the prefect fit for me, getting the whole apprentice-master relation at my own convenience and pace.
Learning-by-doing is learning that sticks with you for ever..And lastly I'd like to thank you on a more personal level for sharing your superpower skills of how to turn regular wood in to amazing art.
I joined the online school here not long after Alexander started it. There was not much content at the time since the online school was relatively new, but from Alexander's credentials (2012 International Carver of the Year, for instance) and the body of work he had produced over the years as a master woodcarver (and still does) I knew this would be something special. And my expectations have been exceeded.
Over the past year Alexander has added a significant amount of content (courses and lessons) that cover a wide variety of styles and forms. There is something for everyone, from beginners to very accomplished carvers; from small rosettes and cutting boards, to furniture carvings, to Grinling Gibbons style ornament. You will find courses that require only a few tools, or even just a single knife, if you do not have a larger selection of tools available to you. And that's not all. Many of the courses include lessons on design and drawing which was a total surprise to me and invaluable for someone who doesn't want to rely only on (and be limited by) whatever templates and patterns can be found (he provides drawings for download too). There is also content about creating stains from natural and common household resources, the old-world way. Not only is Alexander an extremely talented wood carver, he is a designer, an artist, a historian, a teacher, and a fairly accomplished technologist as well. Alexander does all the video recording and editing himself and it is very well done. Well worth the price of admission and far better than other online carving schools I've used in the past.
Then as a bonus I had the privilege recently of meeting and working with Alexander in person at a week-long workshop he teaches at Marc Adams School of Woodworking. As a class group Alexander walked us through the design process, applying the laws and rules of proportion that all the great historical works of art are based on for determining focal points and flow that are pleasing to the eye. We developed a project together in the classroom that was suitable for the materials that were available, and then carved it. The online experience is great for watching how the master does it, but the in-person experience allows the master to watch and interact directly with YOU, one-on-one, to provide feedback to further develop and refine your techniques and skills. Alexander is a wonderful teacher both online and in person, and he makes it fun! It was a memorable experience and I hope to be able to do that again next year.
Dan A Currie – Austin, TX (May 24, 2018)
I have spent, not an inconsiderable amount of time looking for instructional resources, finally discovering Alexander Grabovetskiy. After spending modest amounts of resources and sampling elements of his school, I am confident that you can find no better teacher in the art of wood carving. He has an easy and sincere teaching style, which belies preternatural skill and a deep understanding of his craft. Additionally, Mr. Grabovetskiy is a tech savvy artist who brings to bear the full force of modern technology to an ancient craft. Under his tutelage, anyone may become more than competent if not a master of wood carving. If you are serious about learning this art, get to know Alexander Grabovetskiy. Regards to all, DBF
This has been an excellent course for several reasons. Watching the instruction in real time might at first seem a little tedious, but instead is extremely helpful. It shows clearly the patience, time, and effort needed even by a master to complete a project. Watching the video then going to the bench to attempt to duplicate the moves, then watching again to catch more detail and begin to understand the mistakes, then going back to the wood to try again is surely the next best thing to having the master at your elbow and looking over your shoulder commenting. Watching carefully also assists in developing one's own fluidity of progression and economy of motion.
The sessions on mechanical shaping, sharpening, and honing aids are particularly helpful and complement hand sharpening instruction available elsewhere. They are practical applications of the principles of the solid geometry of edge tools detailed in Leonard Lee's The Complete Guide to Sharpening and R. Bruce Hoadley's Understanding Wood. Both volumes explain the importance of the primary outer, the inner, and the micro bevels on gouges and show why slicing cuts are smoother and easier than direct cutting motion. These course segments, however, deal mainly with changing the primary bevel on tools that already have a keen edge. I would like to see in addition a detailed demonstration of when to switch power grits in gradually diminishing the line of white of a dull or damaged tool.
Although at present I feel more comfortable and confident with a gouge than with a knife, I am continuing to work on the knife skills presented in the beginning sessions. The demonstrations of various ways to handle to tools in addition to the standard two are also very useful.
Perhaps the most valuable and distinguishing features of the course, however, are the fine esthetics of the etudes. What you get for your efforts is not just another clunky carving but an object of joy and beauty that inspires and encourages you to come up with your own designs. It's clear that to be a good carver one must draw, draw, draw, erase, throw away, draw again before even picking up a gouge.
Thanks again for putting together such a fine instructional program.
I just joined the course but right now as I work on oil rigs and work 28 days on and 28 days off, I can practice only in my off days, still happy when watching videos and learning basics. As I am a DIY hobbyist and want to be a carver. Very very impressed with the overall quality of your teaching I decided to buy 1-year membership even though I can practice only for 6 months in a year. I brought lots of gourd designing and wood-burning videos too. But for me, as I just browsed through the course vow top one difficult to get. I was planning to go somewhere and learn Carving, but now I have the top school courses in my reach. Thanks a lot. I want to make it count.
[tvo_shortcode id=34190]
My Wood Carving School.
My wood carving school was founded to share my passion for making pretty things out of harvested trees. I received my first wood carving lessons from my grandfather at the age of 6. What he shared sent me down a path that would see me receive rewards and accolades for my ability to make art out of wood.
Why Teach Wood Carving
What an amazing time we live in. If you told a 16-year-old me tucked away in Dimitrovgrad, Russia, that I could speak to an internationally renowned master, regardless of where I was in the world, ask him questions and study his technique in high definition, I wouldn't have believed you. But here we are at my own personal wood carving school doing exactly that.
When people ask me, what motivates you? I never say profits. I might be a romantic at heart but for me this school is an ode to the passion that became a career. A digital legacy if you will. It's my way of teaching the next generation, like my grandfather taught me, and passing on the traditions of European wood carving.
For the Hobbyist and My Fellow Wood Carver
I apologize. It might seem at first like my wood carving school is just for beginners, but I assure you that it isn't the case. Most of my students are lifelong woodworkers. I have taught doctors, lawyers, and even university professors who are passionate and devoted to carving beauty from wood. Your pursuit of knowledge is perhaps the noblest, and I would be honored to help you enrich and deepen your wood craving passion with techniques I have devoted my life to.
If woodworking is your profession I have practical workshops that teach techniques which will showcase your talent and creativity. Before I was able to take a more artistic route, I worked an honest day building furniture. I can promise you that some extra flare will do wonders for your trade and craftsmanship, and I want to help you get there.
My Promise to You
I promise to always provide accurate information and techniques that will help you become a better wood carver. There is no end to an education. Even I still learn new ways to do things and find flaws in my technique. All we can ever do is take the next step, and I will hold your hands when the going gets a little rough and you want to give up. Leonardo da Vinci said, "Art is never finished, only abandoned." My dream for this word carving school is that my voice tells someone to hold onto their art a little longer. You might abandon it later, but a lucky few will find something truly beautiful in the wood, and wood carving will stay with them forever.
"Art is never finished, only abandoned.
I am uploading multiple Video Workshops every week.
My approach to teaching Carving Skills is an old European tradition. Part of that tradition entails sitting at the feet of a master and watching how they work. Master wood carver works and explains apprentice watching every move and makes attempts and asks questions. All videos are in real time "uncut". Multiple courses are offered. "Hands on" Advanced Carving in Grinling Gibbons Style for s Advanced Students. Beginner or Advanced, all will find the workshops helpful. I am covering in my workshop design process for carving, sharpening carving tools techniques and carving, carving, carving.
All workshop videos are available.
Will the students be able to log in and watch the tutorial video's more than once? (any time I want within my subscription..?)
You can watch as many times and whenever you wish. You can watch on Computer, Tablet, Smart Phone. All workshop videos optimized for all devices.
Google Chrome is recommended but all browsers except for Mozilla Firefox should support video playback. Firefox does not fully support Vimeo hosting and may result in stuttering. On mobile, any browser should have supported playback.
You can buy PFEIL woodcarving set. It is sold buy Woodcraft.com
Are courses self-paced? I have a really busy schedule and travel, but would love to sign up if I can go at my own speed.
School of Woodcarving | Woodcarving School Online | Woodworking School | Woodworking School
woodworking school | wood carving course | woodcarving lessons online | woodcarving workshops online | woodcarving courses online| woodcarving lesson online | woodcarving video school | woodcarving virtual apprenticeship | become master woodcarver
#woodworking #woodcarving #schoolofwoodcarving #woodcarvingschool
Woodcarving process
- Design process for woodcarving
Design for Wood Carving is a science and it is based on a laws.
During this Class we will discover some of the laws or Principles and answer a really important Design questions.
The Law of Space. – How to emphasize parts of a Design – "The Big Idea" position in Space
The Law of Main Movement – How to be "on the same page" with Human Brain. Baroque diagonal vs Sinister diagonal in Artistic Design.
The Law of Armature- How to Structure over all Design and be "Kosher" (clean) in it.
The Law of Golden Ratio – How to implement Fibonacci Sequence – the Art Secret for Pleasing Human eye
The Law of Arabesque – How to implement Natural Flowing Movements in Design
The Law of Rhythm in Design. How to apply what is known to Music world to Design for Wood Carving.
- Knowledge of Woodcarving tools
Woodcarving Mallets
Woodcarving Chisels
Woodcarving Gouges
Woodcarving Veiners
Woodcarving V-tools
Woodcarving Macaroni tools
Woodcarving Fluteroni tools
Woodcarving Stahli V-Parting tools
Woodcarving Sheller tools
Woodcarving undercuting tools
Woodcarving Gonzales tools
woodcarving grounding tools
- Sharpening woodcarving tools process for woodcarving
there is a multiple ways You can sharp your tools
1. by hand
— Using Water stone
— Using Oil stones
— Using Slip stones
— Using diamond stones
2 using machines like
– Koch Sharpening system
– Tormek Sharpening System
– Worksharp Sharpening System
and few more.
- Carving process for woodcarving
thee are a lot of different techniques like
woodcarver's slicing cuts
woodcarver's stepping cuts
woodcarver's stroking cut
woodcarver's wiggling cut
My approach to teaching Carving Skills is an old European tradition. Part of that tradition entails sitting at the feet of a master and watching how they work. Master wood carver works and explains apprentice watching every move and makes attempts and asks questions. All videos are in real time "uncut". Multiple courses are offered. "Hands on" Advanced Carving in Grinling Gibbons Style for s Advanced Students. Beginner or Advanced, all will find the workshops helpful. I am covering in my workshop design process for carving, sharpening carving tools techniques and carving, carving, carving.
How often you offer new video's?
I am uploading multiple Video Workshops every week.
All workshop videos are available.
You can watch as many times and whenever you wish. You can watch on Computer, Tablet, Smart Phone. All workshop videos optimized for all devices.
Google Chrome is recommended but all browsers except for Mozilla Firefox should support video playback. Firefox does not fully support Vimeo hosting and may result in stuttering. On mobile, any browser should have supported playback.
You can buy PFEIL woodcarving set. It is sold buy Woodcraft.com
You are absolutely correct!
All courses self-paced. Even if you have a busy schedule and travel You still can go at Your own speed. All Courses are available 24/7 and You can access them on Computer or Tablet, Smart Phone from anywhere.


text:
8 Oz Bow-Tie Pasta
3 Oz Sun Dried Tomatoes
3 Oz Pitted Kalamata Olives
3 Oz Feta Cheese, Cubed
2 Oz Pine Nuts
2 Teaspoons Basil
1 Tablespoon Olive Oil
When Romano's Macaroni Grill opened near me in the early '90s, I was thrilled. This restaurant really took Italian Cuisine to a new level, one heretofore unseen by a chain restaurant. Over the years, they've changed their menu from time to time, but I'm still pretty happy with their fare. Except for the fact that they discontinued my favorite dish, Farfalle Ronaldo.
You can still sort of get them to 'manufacture' this dish for you from the build-your-own-pasta-menu, but it just doesn't seem to be the same. Can't recall why--perhaps there was some ingredient missing. Anyway, the next best thing is to make it at home--in fact, that may even be the better thing. I've been making my own version for years. It's quick, easy, and can be made from ingredients that you probably have on hand, or should. Here's how:
You could use any sort of olives in this, but the Kalamata are traditional.
Sun Dried Tomatoes come all sorts of ways, including suspended in oil. These are two oily for me, I just buy them dry. You can even get them already julienned.
Pine Nuts: Make sure you get fresh pine nuts. Because of their high fat content, these can go rancid quite quickly, so avoid buying them in little packets that have been hanging on the grocery store shelf for who knows how long. I buy them from Central Market in bulk, then freeze them in a ziplock until I need them.
Feta Cheese comes in all sorts of flavors these days. Just get regular. Also resist the urge to buy the already crumbled version--the crumbs in these are too small and melt when you mix things. Buy the block and cube it.
Okay, let's get down to business.
First, get some water boiling in a large pot. Do the same in a small sauce pan or saucier, then boil your sun dried tomatoes in the small sauce pan. Let things boil for a few minutes to soften the tomatoes.
Once they are soft, drain them and return them to the same pan.
Add the olive oil and saute them a minute or two.
While this is going on, add your pasta to the now boiling water in the big pot. Boil for 6-8 minutes, until Al Dente, or to your liking.
You can also cube your Feta right now.
After a couple minutes, add the olives to the sun dried tomatoes. Olives, with their high levels of fat, taken on a whole new level of flavor when heated through.
Stir the whole concoction with a fork or spoon while its heating, to keep it from scorching on the bottom.
Add the basil. If you have fresh, you can certainly use that, but our garden was bare when we made this batch, so we used dried.
Add the pine nuts.
Cook another minute or two to let everything heat through.
Keep stirring it from time to time.
Drain your pasta, place some in a bowl, then spoon on your tomato concoction. Top with some of the feta. Serve immediately.
Until Next Time,


text:
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3390/s120506331 OPEN ACCESS
sensors ISSN 1424-8220 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensorsReview
Science and Technology on Inertial Laboratory, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China;E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Received: 7 March 2012; in revised form: 12 April 2012 / Accepted: 16 April 2012 /Published: 11 May 2012
Abstract: With the rapid development of modern physics, atomic gyroscopes have been demonstrated in recent years. There are two types of atomic gyroscope. The Atomic Interferometer Gyroscope (AIG), which utilizes the atomic interferometer to sense rotation, is an ultra-high precision gyroscope; and the Atomic Spin Gyroscope (ASG), which utilizes atomic spin to sense rotation, features high precision, compact size and the possibility to make a chip-scale one. Recent developments in the atomic gyroscope field have created new ways to obtain high precision gyroscopes which were previously unavailable with mechanical or optical gyroscopes, but there are still lots of problems that need to be overcome to meet the requirements of inertial navigation systems. This paper reviews the basic principles of AIG and ASG, introduces the recent progress in this area, focusing on discussing their technical difficulties for inertial navigation applications, and suggests methods for developing high performance atomic gyroscopes in the near future.
Keywords: atomic gyroscope; atomic interferometer; atomic spin; cold atom; guided atom; SERF; comagnetometer
1. Introduction
Gyroscopes are one of the key sensors for Inertial Navigation Systems (INSs), and are used widelyfor underwater robots, cars, airplanes, satellites, etc. [1–3]. The Global Position System (GPS) canprovide high accurate position information and is used everywhere in our daily life, but GPS cannot beSensors 2012, 12 6332
used for underwater and indoor navigation. Meanwhile, GPS signals are easily disturbed, so GPSbased navigation systems cannot work alone in some situations such as navigation for airplanes [4,5].INS is based on Newton's law. To give a position, accelerations in three axes must be integrated twicewhile gyroscopes provide the directions to which the accelerometers are pointing. The principle of INSis simple, but position errors are accumulated rapidly due to the errors of the accelerometers andgyroscopes. With the development of modern inertial technology, high performance accelerometers areavailable. However, from the mechanical gyroscope to the optical gyroscope, the improvements ofthose gyroscopes have been very slow in the past 10 years. The best mechanical gyroscope is still inthe 10−6°/h level, while the best optical gyroscope is in the 10−4°/h level [6]. For long time inertialnavigation applications such as underwater robots in deep sea, the limited precision of gyroscopes hasbeen the main problem to increase the performance of INS [7–9]. In recent years, with the rapid development of modern physics such as the progress on quantummechanics, atomic manipulation and modern optics, especially the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1997,2001 and 2005, the atomic interferometers using these atomic manipulation technologies has reachedultra-high sensitivity and has been used widely [10]. The Atomic Interferometer Gyroscope (AIG),which has been demonstrated in recent years, is one of the most important applications of atomicinterferometers. The AIG has ultra-high sensitivity of rotation, and is believed to be the developmenttrend for the ultra-high precision strategic grade gyroscopes in future. Meanwhile, with the deeperunderstanding of the atomic spin, devices based on atomic spin have been ranked as the most sensitivesensors or powerful tools for wide applications in the World. For example, the atomic clock which utilizesatomic hyperfine structure, has become the World's most accurate time standard [11]; the nuclearmagnetic resonance (NMR) analyzer, which utilizes NMR phenomena of atomic spin, has become oneof the most powerful tools in modern medicine [12]; and the Atomic Spin Gyroscope (ASG) is also animportant sensitive atomic spin sensor for high performance inertial navigation applications, which isbelieved to be the development trend for the high precision and compact gyroscopes in future. In aword, with the development of modern atomic physics, AIG and ASG have been designed anddemonstrated that they will be the next generation gyroscopes for future high precision inertialnavigation applications [13,14]. Since AIG and ASG are based on different principles, they will beintroduced and analyzed separately.
The atom, like the photon, has the property of wave-particle duality. Like with the Sagnac effect inthe optical gyroscope, the atomic interferometer can work as a gyroscope. The principle of AIG tosense rotation is shown in Figure 1. The prepared atoms are split in the start point and merged in theend point to form a closed loop, and there will be a phase shift at the end point in the presence ofrotation. The fundamental principle of AIG is much like that of the optical gyroscope, but the structureof AIG is different from the optical gyroscope because the "splitter", "mirror" and "detector" aredifferent. As can be seen in Figure 1, for constructing an AIG, lots of atoms must be prepared firstsuch as to be concentrated in phase space and to be selected in proper atomic states, and then, theatoms are manipulated by the standing waves of light as the gratings which are used to "split" and"reflect" atoms into a coherent supposition of momentum state [10]. The atom motion under these lightSensors 2012, 12 6333
gratings can form a closed loop. Finally, the laser is used to detect the phase shift of the combinedatoms to tell the rotation rate.
where m is the mass of the atom, h is the plank constant, Ω is the rotation rate vector and A is theclosed loop area vector. The phase shift of optical gyroscope due to rotation is: 4 ·
where λ is the wavelength of light and c is the speed of light. To compare the sensitivity between AIGand optical gyroscope, we have [15]:
10 /
So, AIG is more sensitive to rotation by a factor of 1010 than optical gyroscope if they have thesame closed loop area, as the mass of the atom is much larger than the relative mass of photon (h/λc). The theoretical sensitivity of AIG is ultra-high, but the demonstrated AIG prototype in 2006 onlyreached 6.8 × 10−5°/h, which was far from its theoretical precision [16]. When comparing with opticalgyroscopes, the limited performance of this AIG prototype is mainly due to the small area of the closedloop. The area in this AIG was only 22 mm2, which was several orders smaller than that of modernoptical gyroscopes. This was because the atoms moved around the closed loop only once, and it wasdifficult to manipulate the atoms to move around the closed loop several times as the optical gyroscopedoes. On the other hand, the "splitter" and "mirror" were not effective, whereas only two photon recoilmomentum were transferred to the atom motion so that the angle (shown in Figure 1) between thesplit atoms and the incident atoms was small, which limited the atoms from forming a large closedloop, even when the atoms moved around the closed loop once [16]. The limited closed loop area of the available AIG is one of the problems to realize a highperformance AIG, and to apply AIG for inertial navigation applications has other difficulties. To buildan inertial measurement unit for inertial navigation, three AIG must be used to sense the attitudechange of the carrier in three orthogonal directions, so the AIG not only needs to measure the rotationSensors 2012, 12 6334
in the gravity direction, but also needs to measure the rotation in the horizontal direction. However, theAIG is based on the atomic interferometer, which can sense acceleration at the same time, especiallythe gravitational acceleration [17,18]. The most important thing is that the typically phase shift inducedby the acceleration is 5–6 orders larger than induced by the rotation [19]. For a typical three pulseatomic interferometer, the total phase shift is [20,21]: 4 · · ·
where k is the effective light propagation vector, g is the gravitational acceleration and T is the atompropagation time. In the presence of gravity, the phase shift mainly includes three items, which arerotation rate, gravitational acceleration and the cross product of rotation rate and gravitationalacceleration. Because of the phase shift induced by gravitational acceleration is relative larger than therotation rate in the presence of tiny rotations, the items of gravitational acceleration and the crossproduct of rotation rate and gravitational acceleration are strong while the item of rotation rate is faint,which indicates that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is low for the AIG. To improve the SNR of theAIG, traditional atomic interferometry methods such as the balanced three light pulses [22,23] and thefour light pulses [19,24,25] can be used to cancel the item of gravitational acceleration in the totalphase shift. However, the cross product of rotation rate and gravitational acceleration cannot beovercome by these methods, which means that the gravitational acceleration should be measuredaccurately enough or kept strictly constant both in magnitude and direction, otherwise the gravitationalacceleration is the noise which will decrease the precision of AIG for long time navigationapplications. That is why the current available AIG can measure the rotation in the gravity directionvery accurately (the cross product of rotation rate and gravitational acceleration is zero at thissituation) when the AIG is in a laboratory environment, but the sensitivity of the rotation in thehorizontal direction is decreased significantly, even it is equipped with a high performance vibrationisolation system [26]. Gravitational acceleration is only one kind of acceleration, and otheraccelerations can also have a significant influence on the AIG since the changed accelerations affectthe sensitivity and scale factor of AIG via the cross product of rotation rate and acceleration. Thus,AIG for inertial navigation applications must isolate the influence of acceleration effectively. The volume of the AIG is a very important parameter when the AIG is considered for inertialnavigation applications. The volume of the AIG with 6.8 × 10−5°/h [16], was above 2 m in one direction,in that the atomic sources used in that system were hot atoms that had high velocity. If the atomicsources are changed to cold atoms, the side length of the closed loop will be shorter than that of the hotatoms, but for the same atom propagation time, the area of the closed loop decreases with cold atoms,which will decrease the sensitivity of the AIG. To maintain the same sensitivity, one way is to increasethe cold atom propagation time so as to increase the area of the closed loop, but the bandwidth of theAIG decreases at the same time, so, the limited bandwidth of the AIG with cold atoms is still aproblem that must be overcome for future applications, and the balance between the sensitivity and thebandwidth must be considered carefully for different inertial navigation application fields [27,28]. AIG with guided atoms is a new atomic manipulation method developed in recent years [29–32].The atoms, guided by a magnetic potential field or light potential field, can be suspended in thesefields to isolate the influence of the gravity and other accelerations as well. Moreover, the guided atomSensors 2012, 12 6335
AIG is able to guide the atoms to move around the closed loop several times to increase the closedloop area, which will not only increase the sensitivity of the AIG but also make the whole system ofcompact size. However, when implementing the guided atom technology with atomic interferometrymethods, the traditional internal state atomic interferometry method (where the internal state of theatom is changed) such as Raman pulse [10] cannot be integrated with guided atoms because thedifferent atomic states are difficult to guide in the same potential field; on the other hand, traditionalsingle state atomic interferometry method (where the internal state of the atom remains unchanged)such as Talbot-Lau pulse, can be used with guided atoms, but the sensitivity with this method isrelative lower [10,30,31]. Thus, for the guided atom approach, the AIG technique needs a new atomicinterferometry method. Numerous scientists and engineers have contributed greatly to promote AIG, and several researchgroups have demonstrated gyroscope effects with their AIG research platforms. They will be introducedin the following paragraphs. The research group at Stanford University demonstrated the World's first AIG with a sensitivity of1.1 × 10−6°/s/Hz1/2 in 1997 [33], then improved the sensitivity to 3.4 × 10−8°/s/Hz1/2 in 2000 [22], andobtained a bias stability of 6.8 × 10−5°/h in 2006 [16]. However, these AIG used hot atoms as atomicsources, and the volume of the whole system was still large. In order to demonstrate a compact systemfor inertial navigation applications, they designed an AIG with cold atoms and realized a angularrandom walk (ARW) of 2.3 × 10−3°/h1/2 in 2008 while keeping the whole volume under 1 m3 [21].To achieve a high performance AIG, they also proposed to use optical lattices to guide and splitthe atoms [32]. Recently, by employing a novel π/2-π-π-π/2 pulse sequence, they improved the ARWof the AIG with cold atoms to 2.95 × 10−4°/h1/2, and a rotation rate in excess of 5.73°/s can bemeasured [34]. To further improve the sensitivity of AIG, they wanted to form a large area AIG, anddemonstrated a sequential Bragg large momentum transfer beam splitter, which can transfer 102photon recoil momentum to the atom motion so that the angle can be increased significantly [35]. The research group at Harvard University focused on the AIG with magnetic guided atoms. In2007, they demonstrated the World's first AIG with guided atoms [30]. This AIG was able to guide thecold atoms to move around the closed loop twice, and resolved 10 times the Earth's rotation rate perinterferometry cycle. In recent years, they have focused on the delta-kicked rotor to improve thecoherence of the atoms during the interferometry cycle to increase the times of the guided atoms whichmoves around the loop [36,37], and they designed a new macroscopic magnetic guide based onnonsymmetrical geometries to decrease the guided potential field noise to improve the guided atomicinterferometer performance [38]. The research group at Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais-Système de RéférencesTemps-Espace demonstrated the World's first AIG with cold atoms in 2006 [26]. This AIG had asensitivity of 8 × 10−6°/s/Hz1/2 in the gravity direction and a sensitivity of 1 × 10−4°/s/Hz1/2 in thehorizontal direction. To investigate the various noises which establish the sensitivity limitations of thedemonstrated AIG, they analyzed the sensitivity function in the AIG and pointed out that the Ramanphase and residual vibrations were the main noises of the AIG, and proposed methods to decrease thesenoises [39]. In 2009, they achieved a new Raman transition with a symmetric momentum-space splittingof four photon recoil momentum, and increased the area of the closed loop by a factor of two [40]. Then,an improved atomic interferometer gravimeter was demonstrated based on this beam splitter [41].Sensors 2012, 12 6336
To increase the interrogation time and decrease the vibration noise, they operated their atomicinterferometer in the microgravity environment of an airplane in free fall, and achieved significantimprovements of the atomic interferometer accelerometer [42,43] which will hopefully improve theAIG performance as well. In recent years, they cooperated with other scientists to propose a SpaceAtom Interferometer project funded by European Space Agency, and wanted to place the atomicinterferometer in space to demonstrate its possibility for future space missions [44,45]. The research group at Leibniz Universität Hannover has focused on designing a compact and highresolution AIG. They have designed a compact 87Rb atomic source for AIG based on the two stagemagneto optical trap (MOT) with a two dimensional MOT and a three dimensional MOT, and haverealized a high atomic flux with 1010 atoms/s [46]. Based on this high performance atomic source,they demonstrated an AIG with a dual atom interferometer to cancel acceleration, and a sensitivity of1.1 × 10−2°/s/Hz1/2 within interrogation time of up to 4 ms has been achieved [47]. In a word, although there are lots of difficulties that need to be overcome before the AIG for inertialnavigation applications can be a reality, the future of the AIG technology is still bright due to itstheoretical ultra-high sensitivity and the development of atomic manipulation technology. As describedin the analysis above, the approach of "cold atom + guided atom" maybe a feasible way to developAIG in the future for inertial navigation applications which can keep the AIG in a compact size,improve its sensitivity and isolate the accelerations.
For an ensemble of atoms, the atomic spin is able to keep pointing at its original direction in theinertial coordinate system, which is similar to the mechanical rotor in the traditional mechanicalgyroscope, so the atomic spin can be utilized to sense rotation as well. Since the 1960s, scientists andengineers have developed a new gyroscope, which uses nuclear spin angular momentum (NSAM) forrotation measurement [48–50]. Since NMR technology was used for signal detection, the gyroscopewas also called NMR gyroscope. Singer and Litton had separately developed the prototype of ASGbased on NMR, whose accuracy both reached the navigation grade [51,52]. The principle of this typeof ASG is shown in Figure 2.
The NSAM is able to keep pointing in its original direction in the inertial coordinate system. SinceNSAM has magnetic moment as well, when there is an external magnetic field, the NSAM will precessaround the external magnetic field with Larmor precession frequency (LPF) [53,54]. A detection laserwhich fixed in the carrier coordinate system is used to detect the precession frequency of the NSAM.When the carrier rotates, the NSAM keeps its original LPF in the inertia coordinate system, but theprecession frequency detected by the laser is the sum of the LPF of NSAM and the carrier rotation rate.As the LPF of NSAM is determined by the gyromagnetic ratio of the nucleon and the strength of themagnetic field, the LPF can be calculated theoretically when the gyromagnetic ratio and the magneticfield are known [55], so the carrier rotation rate can be obtained if the LPF is deducted from thefrequency detected by the laser. Replacing the mechanical rotor with atomic spin, the ASG based on NMR does not have anymechanical friction and moving parts when compared to traditional mechanical gyroscopes. The ASGhas a lot of prominent features such as high precision, compact size and high impact resistance, whichbecame a hot research field in many countries at that time. However, to accurately measure the rotationrate, the magnetic field must be controlled precisely so that the carrier rotation rate can be effectivelydistinguished from the detected precession frequency. To generate a stable and homogeneous magneticfield environment, superconducting coils and superconducting shield had been used [56,57], but withsuperconducting technology, the ASG is expensive and the whole volume of the ASG is large. Anotherway to overcome the unstable magnetic field problem is by using two nucleon species [58]. Since thesetwo species are in the same magnetic field and same rotation frame, with the precession frequency ofthese nucleons are detected separately, the rotation rate can be obtained even with unknown magneticfields. However, in a real system, the magnetic fields experienced by these two nucleon species aredifferent, such as polarization dependent frequency shifts from collision between alkali metal atomsand noble gas atoms [59,60]. In addition to a magnetic field, an inhomogeneous electronic field alsoaffects the precession frequency of NSAM [61–63], which results in a significant drift of the ASG.Therefore, because of these limitations, the ASG based on NMR only achieved navigation gradeprecision at that time. When comparing with the optical gyroscopes developed at the same time, lots ofinstitutes and companies gradually quit doing research on the NMR-based ASG technology. However, with the development of microfabrication technology, the ASG based on NMR hasreceived new attentions recently [64]. The structure of this ASG is simple, allowing it to bemanufactured with microfabrication processes. Due to its high sensitivity even with a small volume,the chip-scale ASG is a new research direction for navigation grade micro gyroscopes. The researchgroup at National Institute of Standards and Technology designed a chip-scale ASG based on NMRwith a diverging beam to form both the pump and probe light [65,66]. The research group at NorthropGrumman did a lot of great work to develop a chip-scale ASG based on NMR in recent years, fromgeneral structure and method design [60,67,68] to micro cell fabrication [69,70], and many novel ideashave been proposed. Since ASG based on NMR has been developed now for several decades, with thetechnology developed for chip-scale atomic sensor such as atomic clock [71] and atomicmagnetometer [72,73], the chip-scale ASG based on NMR is expected to reach navigation gradeprecision in the near future, which was previously difficult to achieve with the existent MEMSgyroscopes.Sensors 2012, 12 6338
In 2005, Princeton University researchers discovered a new type of ASG [74,75], which used aØ25mm sphere cell to achieve a ARW of 2 × 10−3°/h1/2 and a bias stability of 4 × 10−2°/h, but thetheoretical performance of this ASG is orders higher. This type of ASG, which utilized both electronspin angular moment (ESAM) of alkali metal atoms and NSAM of noble gas atoms to form acomagnetometer structure for rotation rate measurement, is different from the ASG based on NMRmentioned above. The principle of the ASG based on comagnetometer is shown in Figure 3. TheESAM is able to keep pointing at its original direction in the inertial coordinate system. In order toavoid the Larmor precession of ESAM in the external magnetic field, noble gas atoms are added in thesame cell. Under special situations, the NSAM of noble gas atoms can strongly interact with theESAM of alkali metal atoms. The NSAM and ESAM couple together, and the NSAM has two assets insuch a comagnetometer configuration. The first one is that the NSAM is able to automatically trackand compensate for the changes of the external magnetic field, thus isolating the external magneticfield sensed by the ESAM. When the carrier rotates, the ESAM will remain in its original pointingdirection. Since the detection laser is fixed in the carrier, the angle, which is between the ESAM andthe detection laser, reflects the rotation only. In addition, the NSAM can enhance the component ofESAM that rotates into the detection laser direction as the carrier rotates so it increases the ability ofESAM to sense rotation [13].
where γn is the nuclear gyromagnetic ratio of the noble gas atom, γe is the electron gyromagnetic ratioof the alkali metal atom, n is the density of alkali metal atoms, V is the active volume for detectedalkali metal atoms, T2 is the relaxation time of the alkali metal atom and t is the measurement time.Since this ASG is based on the atomic magnetometer, the fundamental sensitivity of the atomicmagnetometer is [77]:
1 1Sensors 2012, 12 6339
To calculate the fundamental sensitivity of the ASG based on comagnetometer, we know the theatomic magnetometer can be realized with better than 1aT/Hz1/2 sensitivity [77] with a measurementvolume of around 150 cm3. If 21Ne is used where γn is 2.1 × 107rad/s/T, the sensitivity of the ASGbased on comagnetometer is 1.2 × 10−9°/s/Hz1/2 (an equal ARW of 7.2 × 10−8°/h1/2), which indicatesthat this type of ASG has outstanding advantages of high sensitivity and compact size. Themeasurement volume around 150 cm3 is quite small when compared with traditional mechanical andoptical gyroscopes, and the performance of the ASG based on comagnetometer can be furtherimproved with increased measurement volume. The ASG based on comagnetometer does not need to precisely control the magnetic field whencompared to the ASG based on NMR. The direction change of the ESAM is only due to the rotation,which is different from the ASG based on NMR. Moreover, the sense direction of the ASG based oncomagnetometer is in the vertical direction of the plane formed by the pump and probe lasers, whilethe sense direction of the ASG based on NMR is in the applied external magnetic field. The demonstrated ASG based on comagnetometer used alkali metal atoms which are in the Spin-Exchange Relaxation Free (SERF) regime [78,79] to increase the fundamental sensitivity of rotation.As it can be seen in the fundamental sensitivity equation of the comagnetometer-based ASG, toincrease the sensitivity of rotation, the item of n·T2 should be increased. However, with the increaseddensity of atoms, the relaxation time will normally decrease dramatically, mainly due to the increasedspin exchange relaxation between atoms. When the atoms are in SERF regime, the atoms not onlyhave the characteristics of high atomic density so as to improve SNR of the whole system, but alsohave longer relaxation time which can be increased by three orders when compared with atoms in thetraditional optical pumping regime at the same atomic density, so the SERF enables the alkali metal atomsto achieve both high density and long relaxation times so as to produce a high performance ASG [80]. To consider the ASG based on comagnetometer for inertial navigation applications, severalproblems must be overcome. Firstly, the start-up time of the gyroscope must be considered. Therealized 3He-K ASG needed several hours to spin exchange optical pumping of 3He [81], and then theNSAM of 3He can be worked to form the comagnetometer, which cannot be used in some inertialnavigation situations with quick start-up requirements. To overcome this defect, one needs to changethe atomic spin species used in ASG, such as the NSAM of 129Xe, which is easier to be spin exchangeoptical pumped by Cs within several minutes. However, the fundamental sensitivity of 129Xe-Cs ASGis lower than 3He-K ASG due to its shorter relaxation time, so for future inertial navigationapplications, it must be a balanced choice between start-up time and sensitivity. Secondly, the NSAMplayed an important role to help the ESAM not be affected by the magnetic field, but the strength ofthe compensation field generated by NSAM is limited, and the NSAM cannot automaticallycompensate the magnetic field very fast. This will be a big problem when the ASG based oncomagnetometer is used in strapdown INS. The ways to solve this problem maybe by increasing thestrength of the NSAM and using feedback control of the NSAM and ESAM to form a closed loopASG so as to increase the measurement range and bandwidth. Thirdly, further improvement of theASG must be considered to compete with the available gyroscopes. At present, to further improve thesensitivity of ASG, one can increase the relaxation time of the atomic spin and use noble gas atomswhich have smaller nuclear gyromagnetic ratios. Since the alkali metal atoms are already in the SERFregime, to further increase relaxation time, the surface coating of the alkali metal cell at highSensors 2012, 12 6340
temperature must be solved [82,83]. On the other hand, ASG based on comagnetometer is a dual axisgyroscope by nature, so the dual axis ASG could be realized in the near future. The ASG based on comagnetometer has been developed only in the past 7 years, but theperformance of ASG is comparable to the best AIG to-date. The research group at Princeton Universitydiscovered the ASG based on comagnetometer when conducting CPT violation experiments in 2005 [75].Since then, they built a second generation research platform integrating several new features, whichmainly focused on combating long term drift [84,85]. Although they used this device for CPT violationexperiment, the device essentially cannot distinguish the rotation from CPT violation. In 2010, thesecond generation research platform achieved 0.7 nHz energy resolution for CPT violation (an equalresolution of 2.52 × 10−7°/s of gyroscope), which is nearly 100 times better than the 60 nHz theyreached in 2005 [86]. They did not show the test data when this device worked as a gyroscope, but theperformance of this ASG should be orders better than the previous one. Since the nucleargyromagnetic ratio of 21Ne is an order lower than 3He, the fundamental sensitivity of the ASG shouldbe improved by a factor of 10 if 3He is replaced with 21Ne. In 2011, they used 21Ne-Rb-K to form anASG and reached a 0.5 nHz energy resolution [87]. Such available techniques can increase theperformance of the ASG based on comagnetometer significantly.
Our research group at Beihang University proposed a new ASG based on comagnetometer whichused 129Xe-Cs. The relaxation time in this ASG is shorter than the ASG that used 3He or 21Ne whichresulted in a lower fundamental sensitivity of rotation, but the 129Xe is used to decrease the start-uptime. This ASG can be set up by spin exchange optical pumping between Cs and 129Xe for aroundseveral minutes, which is shorter than the several hours used in 3He-K ASG. To test the gyroscopeeffect, the ASG research platform was air floated and vibrated by hand with a small angle, and a highprecision fiber gyroscope with 0.03°/h was used to calibrate the gyroscope signal. Figure 4 showed theASG signal compared with the fiber gyroscope, and Figure 5 shows that the ASG reached a sensitivityof 7 × 10−5°/s/Hz1/2 (an equal ARW of 4.2 × 10−3°/h1/2) with the scale factor calibrated by the fibergyroscope. The peak signal in Figure 5 is the resonant frequency of the ASG research platform. Like the ASG based on NMR, the chip-scale ASG based on comagnetometer was also developed.The research group at Honeywell designed a chip-scale ASG based on its chip-scale atomic clockresearch experience [88], the integration methods and microfabrication processes for each elements ofthis ASG were designed. In a word, the ASG based on comagnetometer has pointed a new way to obtain a highly sensitiveand compact gyroscope, and with the development of microfabrication technology, the chip-scale ASGhas also pointed a new way to obtain a navigation grade microgyroscope. Since several companieshave been involved in the development of ASG, it seems that the ASG is ready for inertial navigationapplications in the near future.
Recent progress on atomic gyroscopes has demonstrated that AIG is an ultra-high precisiongyroscope for strategic grade inertial navigation in the future, and ASG is a high performancegyroscope which features both high precision and compact size. There are still lots of problems thatneed to be overcome when considering the atomic gyroscope for inertial navigation applications,however with the technologies available in the near future, the AIG could be used in space forfundamental physics research, the ASG based on comagnetometer can be used in strategic gradegimbaled INS, and the navigation grade ASG based on NMR can be demonstrated on chip-scale size.Furthermore, with the development of new theories and technologies for atomic manipulation, thefuture of high performance inertial navigation applications using AIG and ASG is indeed bright.
This work is supported by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60825305and No. 61121003, the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No. 2009CB724002,and the Defense Industrial Technology Development Program of China under Grant No. B2120110002.
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