text:
Witnesses at Auschwitz
We shall designate here as a "witness" any person who has affirmed, certified, or attested to having seen a homicidal gas chamber or a homicidal gassing in those camps. We shall make a distinction between two categories of witnesses: the judiciary witness and the media witness (a witness may on occasion be both a judiciary witness and a media witness). The judiciary witness is one who has been called to testify in court as to a fact: he has taken an oath; he has been questioned. The media witness has given testimony in a book, on the radio, on television, or by any other means of communication (media).
According to popular belief, the witnesses of one or the other category are very numerous; their testimonies are precise, essentially corroborate each other, and have been verified. How is it in reality?
The reality is different. But it was 1985 before many people realized it.
Before 1985
Before 1985, media witnesses were relatively numerous and judiciary witness relatively rare despite the abundance of trials concerning the two concentration camps of Auschwitz and Birkenau. And though it has generally gone unnoticed, the remarkable fact is that no judiciary witness had ever been cross-examined on the materiality of the reported facts (description of the weapon of the crime or description of the procedure in the use of that weapon); and no expert's report had ever been completed on the weapon of the crime, hence no testimony ever verified with regard to the contents and the conclusions of such a report.
The media witnesses have offered vague and contradictory evidence, some of which has been denounced as false or erroneous by authors who themselves nonetheless believe in the gas chambers.
In 1985
In 1985, at the first trial of Ernst Zündel in Toronto (Canada), the public prosecutor called two witnesses: Arnold Friedmann and Dr. Rudolf Vrba. The first was representative of the usual judiciary witness, while the second was a key figure and one of seminal importance in the history of the "genocide of the Jews": he, along with another Jew, had been the originator of the "Protocols of Auschwitz" or War Refugee Board Report published in Washington in November of 1944. That Report figured as the key document in the trials held by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, as well as in the briefs of the American trials concerning the two concentration camps. It attested to the existence and the use of homicidal gas chambers in Birkenau.
Breaking with a judiciary usage of some forty years, attorney Douglas Christie, relying on data furnished by Professor Faurisson and assisted by the latter during the cross-examinations, minutely cross-examined these two witnesses. In the end the two witnesses broke down: the one confessing that he had spoken only from hearsay and the other admitting that he had called upon "poetic license" in his writings.
In the second trial, in 1988, of Zündel (a trial still longer than the preceding one: four months instead of seven weeks), the public prosecutor forwent the calling of witnesses.
Since 1985
Since 1985, in the light of the first Zündel trial (1985) and the direct inferences drawn from it at the second Zündel trial (1988), the courts of the entire world have avoided calling witnesses on the homicidal gas chambers or homicidal gassings at Auschwitz and Birkenau.
The media witnesses have continued to make themselves heard, but their evidence has become still more vague; and some of their testimony has been denounced as false or erroneous by authors who believe nonetheless in the homicidal gas chambers.
The authors who believe however that there were homicidal gas chambers in these two concentration camps have had to admit, step by step since the end of the war, that there had been no order by Hitler to physically exterminate the Jews, that there had been no plan for that physical extermination (even at Berlin-Wannsee), no instructions, no supervisory measures, no budget. They are forced to admit that there has been no expert's report on the weapon of the crime confirming the existence and the operation of homicidal gas chambers (at Auschwitz and Birkenau or at any of the other concentration camps, labor or transit). They are compelled to admit that there is no autopsy report establishing that a prisoner had ever been killed by poison gas.
It remains for them to wonder if even a single witness to this crime ever really existed, whether a judiciary witness or a media witness, or if the witnesses of this crime at Auschwitz and at Birkenau are no more truthful that the witnesses of the same crime at Dachau (in the case of Dachau, it was not until 1960 that the historians and the judges admitted that when all was said and done, despite the supposed proofs and the supposed witnesses, there had never been any homicidal gassings there).
The very fact that we are still today unable to show by a mock-up that is scientific in character what a homicidal gas chamber at Auschwitz or Birkenau could have been and how it could have worked can be explained by the utter absence of the elements that would enable us to make such a mock-up: material, documentary, criminalistic, and testimonial elements.
R. Faurisson
10 November 1993
The witnesses of the Auschwitz gas chambers
Summary: Testimony should always be verified. There are two essential means of verifying testimony in a criminal matter: comparison of the testimony with the material evidence (especially with the expert's report on the weapon used in the crime) and the detailed cross-examination of the witness on what he claims to have seen. However, in the trials wherein the homicidal gas chambers of Auschwitz have figured, no magistrate or attorney ever called for an expert's report of any kind on the weapon of the crime; moreover, no attorney cross-examined the witnesses, requiring them to describe accurately even a single one of these chemical slaughterhouses. Or so it was until 1985. When finally, at Toronto in 1985, in the first Zündel trial, witnesses were cross-examined on these matters, their rout was total. Because of that resounding defeat and on account of others before and after 1985, the defenders of the thesis of the extermination of the Jews began to abandon a history of Auschwitz based essentially on witness testimony, and at present they are endeavoring to substitute for it a scientific, or at least seemingly scientific account based on the study of facts and proofs. The "testimonial history" of Auschwitz in the manner of Elie Wiesel and Claude Lanzmann is discredited. It has had its day. It remains for the exterminationists to attempt to work, as do the revisionists, on the basis of facts and proofs.
In the present study, "gas chambers" is to be understood in the sense of "homicidal gas chambers" or "Nazi gas chambers." "Auschwitz" must be taken to include Auschwitz I or Auschwitz base camp as well as Auschwitz II or Birkenau. Finally, by "gas chamber witnesses" I mean either those who claim to have witnessed a homicidal gassing in such places or those who merely say that they have seen or perceived a homicidal gas chamber. Lastly, by "witnesses" I mean those whom we customarily designate as such, whether we are speaking of judiciary witnesses or media witnesses; the first have expressed themselves under oath at the bar of a court of justice, while the second have borne witness in books, articles, films, on television or on the radio. It goes without saying that some witnesses have in turn been both judiciary and media witnesses.
This study is devoid of any psychological or sociological consideration of the testimony concerning the Auschwitz gas chambers, just as it does not consider the physical, chemical, topographical, architectural, documentary and historical reasons which make the testimony unacceptable. It aims above all to emphasize a point that the revisionists have not called attention to until now, but which is nevertheless of capital importance: until 1985, no judicial witness of the gas chambers had been cross-examined on the physical reality of the facts reported. When, in 1985, at the first Zündel trial, I succeeded at last in having such witnesses cross-examined, they simply fell apart. Since that date gas chamber witnesses have no longer been brought before the courts except perhaps in the Demjanjuk trial in Israel, where once again the testimony was revealed to be false.
To begin, I shall dwell at some length on the grave motives which, as early as 1983, led Simone Veil1 to admit that there were no gas chamber witnesses.
Simone Veil's point of view
After the end of the war the delusion that the witnesses of the Auschwitz gas chambers were without number gained ever more currency. At the end of the seventies, with the arrival on the scene of historical revisionism, particularly in France, it began to appear to some people that these witnesses were perhaps not so numerous as had been believed. Thus it was that at the time preparations were being made for the great trial being brought against me by the Jewish organizations, their attorneys, and in particular Robert Badinter, the future minister of Justice, experienced great difficulties finding evidence and witnesses. Taking up their pilgrim's staffs, they made everlasting trips to Poland and to Israel to fetch back from there, if possible, what they were unable to find in France. It was a waste of time. Then came my trial, first in the court of original jurisdiction (1981) and then on appeal (1983). Not a single witness ventured to appear before the court. On 26 April 1983, the Paris court of appeals delivered its judgment. I was sentenced, to be sure and as was to be expected, for "injury to others," that is to say, in effect for injury caused to the Jews by the statement of my views in a major newspaper. But the court coupled its sentence with remarks calculated to cause consternation in the ranks of my opponents. My work was judged serious but dangerous. It was dangerous because, in the opinion of the magistrates, it seemed I was affording other persons the possibility of exploiting my discoveries for reprehensible purposes! However, this work of mine was serious in the sense that, in the opinion of the court, it revealed neither negligence, nor levity, nor deliberate ignorance, nor falsehood, contrary to the affirmation of the opposing party that had accused me of "injury to others by the falsification of history" (sic).
On the subject of witness testimony, the court went so far as to state:
M. Faurisson's researches concerned the existence of gas chambers, which, to believe multiple testimonies, were used during the Second World War to put to death in a systematic fashion some of the people deported by the German authorities [author's emphasis].
The court summarized perfectly what it called my "logical approach" and my "argumentation" by stating that for me, the existence of the gas chambers, as they have usually been described since 198565 collides with an absolute impossibility that by itself would invalidate all existing testimony, or at the very least render it suspect [author's emphasis].
Lastly, drawing a practical conclusion from these considerations, the court decreed it the right of every Frenchman not to believe the evidence and the witnesses of the gas chambers. It stated:
The weight of the conclusions defended by M. Faurisson [concerning the problem of the gas chambers] depends solely on the judgment of the experts, of the historians and of the public.
Two weeks later, Simone Veil reacted publicly to this judicial decision—most upsetting for her and for her coreligionists—with an extremely important pronouncement. She admitted the lack of proofs, of traces, and even of witnesses of the gas chambers, but added that this lack was easily explained, because:
Everyone knows [she asserted] that the Nazis destroyed the gas chambers and systematically killed all the witnesses.
To begin with, "everyone knows" is not an argument worthy of a jurist. Next, S. Veil, although thinking perhaps to get herself out of the difficulty, worsened her own case; in effect, in order to support what she was saying, it would be necessary for her to prove not only that the gas chambers had existed, but that the Nazis had destroyed them and killed all the witnesses: an enormous criminal undertaking raising the questions of when, on what order, with whom and by what means the Germans had carried it out in the greatest secrecy.
But what does it matter! We shall make a note of this concession by S. Veil: there are neither proofs, nor traces, nor witnesses of the gas chambers. It goes without saying that in order to reassure her people, S. Veil sugared this surprising concession with the usual observations. Here, then, in her own words, is what she confided in an "event interview" with France-Soir Magazine (7 May 1983, page 47) entitled: "Simone Veil's warning apropos the Hitler diaries: 'We risk making genocide commonplace"':
What strikes me today is the paradox of the situation: we publish a journal attributed to Hitler with a great fanfare of publicity and a lot of money without, it seems, taking great precautions to make certain of its authenticity, but at the same time, in the course of a trial brought against Faurisson for having denied the existence of the gas chambers, those who instituted the proceedings are compelled to provide formal proof of the reality of the gas chambers. Well, everyone knows that the Nazis destroyed the gas chambers and systematically killed all the witnesses.
A choice as fraught with consequences as that of S. Veil's was not be be explained solely by the disaster of 26 April 1983, but by a whole series of events which had made 1982 a black year for her from the point of view of the history of the gas chambers and the credibility of the witnesses. I shall recall here only three of these occurences:
- On 21 April 1982, historians, political personalities and former deportees had founded an association in Paris having as its purpose the search for proofs of the existence and functioning of the gas chambers (ASSAG: Association for the Study of the Murders by Gas under the National Socialist Regime); a year later this association had still not found any proof [that is still the case today, in 1993, since the association, whose charter provided for it to continue "only until it had achieved its purpose," is still in existence].
- In May of 1982, the Veterans Ministry had inaugurated at Paris an important "Exhibition of the Deportation 1933-1945"; later this exhibition was due to make the tour of France. I immediately circulated an article in which I demonstrated the false nature of this exhibition: neither proofs — other than fraudulent ones — nor accurate testimony as to the existence of the gas chambers could be shown to the visitors; and so Mlle Jacobs, the person responsible for this initiative in the ministry, at once cancelled this traveling exhibition.
- From 29 June to 2 July 1982 an international symposium on "Nazi Germany and the Extermination of the Jews" had been held at the Sorbonne. This symposium had been announced as a decisive reply to the revisionist offensive in France, and it was supposed to end with a resounding press conference. The reality had been quite different: on the opening day we had distributed brand-new copies of my Réponse à Pierre Vidal-Naquet in the entrance hall of the Sorbonne (which didn't go off without some risk to ourselves). The symposium wound up behind closed doors and in tumultuous circumstances; finally, at the time of the press conference, the two organizers of the symposium, the historians François Furet and Raymond Aron, didn't so much as utter the words "gas chambers."
I often say that it was on that date, the 2 July 1982, that the myth of the Nazi gas chambers and their witnesses died or entered its death throes, at least from the point of view of historical research. In the very heart of the Sorbonne, people had thus, to their consternation, discovered the lack of any solid proof and of any witness worthy of belief. Beforehand it had been trumpeted that this symposium would put an end to the "foolishness of Faurisson" by producing a host of proofs and testimonies. After so much hullabaloo, such a silence was eloquent.
The written testimony of Fajnzylberg-Jankowski
I mentioned above that at my trial, not a single witness ventured to appear before the court. At the last minute, the prosecution had nevertheless produced the written testimony of a Jew who was living in Paris but whom they had taken care not to bring into court. The Jew in question was the famed Alter Szmul Fajnzylberg, born in Stockek (Poland) on 23 October 1911. The former waiter, Pole, atheistic Jew, Communist, and political delegate of the international brigades in Spain, had been interned for three years in the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp.
In his brief written testimony, he affirmed essentially that while working at the Auschwitz crematorium (Altes Krematorium or Krematorium I) he had spent a good part of his time locked up in the coking plant, because each time the SS were gassing Jews in the room next door, they took the precaution of sequestering the Sonderkommando in the coking plant so that no Jew might verify the gassing operation de visu! Once the gassing operation had been completed, the Germans released the members of the Sonderkommando and had them collect and cremate the victims. Thus the Germans, it seems, hid the crime from and revealed the result of the crime to the same individuals!
This non-ocular witness is also known under the names of Alter Feinsilber, Stanislaw Jankowski, or Kaskowiak. His testimony may be read in another form in the Cahiers d'Auschwitz.2
The defeat of the witnesses at the first Zündel trial (1985)
The important victory won on 26 April 1983 by revisionism in France would be confirmed in 1985 with the first Zündel trial at Toronto. I should like to pause a moment at this trial to underline its significance from every point of view and especially as it concerns the testimony on the Auschwitz gas chambers: for the first time since the war, Jewish witnesses would undergo a normal cross-examination. Moreover, without wishing to minimize the importance of the second Zündel trial (that of 1988), I should like it to be understood that the 1985 trial already contained in principle all that was gained in the 1988 trial, including the Leuchter report and all the scientific reports that would proliferate in the wake of the Leuchter report.
In 1985, I acted as advisor for Ernst Zündel and his attorney, Douglas Christie, as I did again later, moreover, in 1988. In 1985, I had accepted that heavy responsibility only on the condition that all the Jewish witnesses would, for the first time, be cross-examined, and cross-examined moreover quite bluntly on the physical reality of the facts reported. I had as a matter of fact noted that from 1945 to 1985, Jewish witnesses had been given the benefit of a veritable privilege. No defense attorney had ever thought or dared to ask them for material explanations concerning the gas chambers (precise location, physical appearance, dimensions, internal and external construction) or homicidal gassings (operating procedure from beginning to end, instruments utilized, precautions taken by the persons involved before, during and after the execution). On rare occasions, as in the Tesch, Drosihn and Weinbacher trial,3 lawyers had formulated exceptional questions of a material nature that were somewhat embarrassing for the witness, but such questions were always marginal to the central questions that ought to have been asked. No lawyer had demanded explanations about a weapon that he had in any case never seen and that had never been shown him. At the big Nuremberg trial (1945-1946), the German trial lawyers had exercised total discretion in this regard. In the Eichmann trial, at Jerusalem (1961), attorney Dr. Robert Servatius had not wished to raise the question; in correspondence on the subject, he wrote me: "Eichmann hat selbst keine Gaskammer gesehen; die Frage wurde nicht diskutiert; er hat sich aber auch nicht gegen deren Existenz gewandt" [Eichmann himself saw no gas chamber; the question was not discussed; but he didn't question their existence either] (21 June 1974). In the Frankfurt trial (1963-1965), the lawyers proved to be especially timid, although it must be said that the atmosphere was smothering for both the defense and those accused. This spectacular trial will forever be a blot on the escutcheon of the German judge and person of Hans Hofmeyer, first Landgerichtsdirektor, then Senatspräsident. During more than 180 sessions, the judges and the jury, the public prosecutor and the plaintiffs, the accused and their lawyers, as well as journalists from all over the world, accepted it without protest when, as the one and only physical representation of the "weapon of the crime," they were furnished nothing but a map of the Auschwitz camp and a map of the Birkenau camp in which, at the site of the alleged homicidal gas chambers, there were five tiny geometric figures with the words, for Auschwitz, "Altes Krematorium" and, for Birkenau, "Krematorium II," "Krematorium III," "Krematorium IV," and "Krematorium V"! These maps4 were exhibited in the courtroom. Among the revisionists, the Frankfurt trial has often been compared to the witchcraft trials of the years 1450-1650. However, in those trials, sometimes at least an effort was made to describe or to draw the witches' Sabbath. In the Frankfurt trial, even among the trial lawyers who gave a witness like Filip Müller a bad time, not one of them ever asked a Jewish witness or a penitent German prisoner at the bar to describe for him in detail what he claimed to have seen. Despite two visits of the court to the scene of the crime in Auschwitz, along with some German lawyers, not a single one of the latter, it seems, demanded a technical explanation or a criminology expert's report on the weapon used in the crime. On the contrary, one of them, Anton Reiners, a Frankfurt attorney, carried complaisance so far that he had the press take a picture of him in the act of lifting the lid of the trapdoor through which, it was said, the SS poured the granules of Zyklon B into the alleged gas chamber of Auschwitz.
Therefore, at Toronto in 1985, I had definitely made up my mind to put an end to these anomalies, to break the taboo and, to begin with, to ask the experts and the Jewish witnesses—or rather, to have the intermediary D. Christie ask them—the questions that are normally asked in any trial where one is supposed to establish whether a crime has been committed and, if so, by whom, when and how. Happily for me, Zündel accepted my conditions and D. Christie consented to adopt that line of conduct and to put to the experts and the witnesses the questions I prepared for him. I was convinced that in this way everything could change, and that the veil woven of so much false testimony would thereby be torn. For all that, I didn't count on the acquittal of E. Zündel, and we were resigned to paying the price of our boldness, but I had the hope that with the aid of this man of character and penetrating vision, and thanks to his intrepid lawyer, history, if not justice, would finally triumph over the legend.
From the moment of the first cross-examination, an atmosphere of panic began to stir amind the ranks of the prosecution. Every evening and during a large part of the night, I would prepare the questions to be asked. In the morning, I would send these questions, together with the necessary documents, to attorney Doug Christie, who, for his part and with the aid of his colleague,66 carried out an essentially legal task. From the beginning of the cross-examination sessions, I stayed right next to the lawyer's desk and, by means of stick-on lables, tirelessly provided him with supplementary questions to use on the spur of the moment according to the responses of the expert or the witness.
The expert called by the prosecution was Dr. Raul Hilberg, the author of The Destruction of the European Jews. Day after day, he had to suffer such humiliation that when he was asked in 1988 by a new public prosecutor for a new trial against E. Zündel, he refused to return to testify. He stated the reasons for his refusal in a confidential letter in which he confessed his fear of having to face D. Christie's questions again. What was clearly apparent from the cross-examination of Dr. Raul Hilberg is that when all was said and done, no one had any proof of the alleged attempt to effect a physical extermination of the Jews; nor did anyone possess either a technical report on the weapon of the crime (gas chamber or gas truck), or an autopsy report establishing the murder of a prisoner by means of poison gas. But in the absence of any proof, of any weapon and of any corpse, were there any witnesses of the crime?
Testimony should always be verified. The usual first means of making that verification is to compare the assertions of the witness with the results of official inquiries or of technical reports bearing on the physical reality of the crime. In the present case, there had never been an official investigation or a specialist's report regarding the alleged Auschwitz gas chambers. And that was what made any kind of cross-examination difficult. But that difficulty ought not to have served as an excuse, and in fact a cross-examination became all the more indispensable, for without it, there was no way of knowing whether the witness was telling the truth or not.
Jewish witness cross-examined at last: A. Friedman and Dr. R. Vrba
To any persons interested in the technical and documentary means whereby we were able despite everything to rigorously cross-examine the two principal Jewish witnesses, Arnold Friedman and Dr. Rudolf Vrba, I can only recommend that you read the transcript of the 1985 trial (Queen versus Zündel, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 7 January 1985). Pages 304-371 recount the examination and the cross-examination of Arnold Friedman; the latter collapses on pages 445-446 when he ends up confessing that he in fact didn't see anything, that he spoke from hearsay because, he said, he had met people who were convincing; perhaps, he added, he would have adopted D. Christie's position rather than that of those people if D. Christie had been able to tell him then what he told him now!
Dr. Vrba was a witness of exceptional importance. One may even say that for the Toronto trial, the prosecution had managed to recruit the No.1 "Holocaust" expert in Dr. Raul Hilberg and the No. 1 witness in Dr. Rudolf Vrba. The testimony of the latter had been one of the principal sources of the famous War Refugee Board Report on the German Extermination Camps — Auschwitz and Birkenau, published in November 1944 by the Executive Office of the President [Roosevelt]. Dr. R. Vrba was likewise the author of I Cannot Forgive (New York, Bantam, 1964), written in collaboration with Alan Bestic, who, in the preface, had stated with respect to him: "Indeed I would like to pay tribute to him for the immense trouble he took over every detail; for the meticulous, almost fanatical respect he revealed for accuracy"; (p.2).
A court of justice had perhaps never before seen a witness express himself with such assurance on the Auschwitz gas chambers. But at the end of the cross-examination, the situation had reversed itself to the point where Dr. Vrba no longer had any explanation for his errors and his lies save one: he admitted that in his book he had had recourse to "poetic licence" or, as he was pleased to say in Latin, to "licentia poetarum"!
A sensational development occurred at the end: Prosecutor Griffiths himself, who had sent for this No. 1 witness, but was apparently exasperated by Dr. Vrba's lies, fired the following question at him:
You told Mr. Christie several times in discussing your book I Cannot Forgive that you used poetic licence in writing that book. Have you used poetic licence in your testimony? (p.1643).
The false witness tried to parry the blow, but prosecutor Griffiths finished him off with a second and equally treacherous question, this time concerning the figures given by Vrba for the number of people gassed; the witness responded with sheer drivel.
Griffiths prepared to ask him a third and final question when things came to a sudden halt, and the prosecutor was heard to say to the judge: "I have no further questions for Dr. Vrba (p.1643).
The witness left the witness box with a wry look on his face. The examination, cross-examination and reexamination of this individual take up 400 pages of the transcript (pp. 1244-1643). These pages could well appear in an encyclopedia of the law in the chapter on the methods of detecting false evidence.
The prosecution waives the calling of witnesses
Three years later, in 1988, at the time of the second trial of E. Zündel, the public prosecutor judged it prudent to forgo the calling of any witnesses. Canadian justice had apparently grasped the lesson of the first trial: there were no true witnesses of the existence and functioning of the Nazi gas chambers.
Little by little, all the other countries of the world have come to understand the lesson as well. In 1987, in France, at the Klaus Barbie trial, there was much talk about the gas chambers of Auschwitz, but strictly speaking no witnesses of those gas chambers were produced. Counsel Jacques Vergès, courageous but not foolhardy, preferred to avoid the subject. That was a godsend for the Jewish lawyers who feared nothing so much as to see me appear at the side of J. Vergès. If the latter had accepted my offer to advise him, we could have dealt a formidable blow in France to the myth of the Nazi gas chambers.
It is still the case in France that on the occasion of a few revisionist trials, Jewish witnesses have come and alluded to the gas chambers a few times, but no one has testified in the witness box to having seen one or to have witnessed a homicidal gassing.
Today gas chamber witnesses are extremely rare; and the Demjanjuk trial in Israel, which once again revealed how general was the use of false testimony in the matter, has contributed to the change. No more than a few years ago it happened that I was aggressively challenged in the back of the courtroom by some elderly Jews who presented themselves to me as "living witnesses of the gas chambers of Auschwitz"; they showed me their tatoos. I had only to ask them to look me in the eye and describe a gas chamber for me, to elicit the inevitable rejoinder: "How could I? If I had seen a gas chamber with my own eyes, I'd not be here today to be talking to you; I'd have been gassed myself." Which, as we see, leads us back to Simone Veil and her statement of 7 May 1983, and we've already gone over what must be thought of that.
The media witnesses
In addition to judiciary witnesses, there are media witnesses of the gas chambers or of homicidal gassings at Auschwitz or at Birkenau. We think, in this connection, of the names of Olga Lengyel, Gisela Perl, Fania Fénelon, Ota Kraus, Erich Kulka, Hermann Langbein, André Lettich, Samuel Pisar, Maurice Benroubi, André Rogerie, Robert Clary… My library is full of these accounts that copy one another. Paul Rassinier was the first to point out to us how the falsity of these testimonies could be demonstrated; he did it notably, for Auschwitz, in Le Véritable Procès Eichmann ou les Vainqueurs incorrigible (Les Sept Couleurs, 1962), in which appendix V is devoted to Miklos Nyiszli's Médecin à Auschwitz.
In the years from the fifties to the eighties, there was some interest among revisionists for undertaking such critical studies of the testimonies. It seems to me that today that has become superfluous. Let us refrain from flogging a dead horse and leave the effort of criticizing those second-rate writings to the exterminationists themselves, and to Jean-Claude Pressac in particular, since — as we can readily observe today — the fiercest anti-revisionists are finally enrolling themselves in the revisionist school. The result is sometimes quite lively. In October 1991, the periodical Le Déporté pour la liberté, the organ of the National Union of the associations of deportees, prisoners and families of the deceased (UNADIF), announced on the front page: "On the center pages of this issue, part one of the testimony of Henry Bily, one of the rare Sonderkommando survivors." In his November 1991 installment, H. Bily continued the account of Auschwitz experience under the title of "My extraordinary story."
Well, in the following issue of the Déporté pour la liberté, the December 1991/January 1992 issue, there appeared a "Rectification following the insertion in our columns of the text of Henry Bily." The management and the editorial staff of the publication revealed the forgery: H. Bily, in the greater part of his testimony, had simply made:
a verbatim copy, with no mention of references, of passages (especially from chapters 7 and 28) of the book by Dr. Myklos Nyiszli: Médecin à Auschwitz, written in 1946 and translated and published in 1961 by René Julliard publications. Unfortunately, the errors committed originally by Dr. Nyiszli were also repeated; finally, the longest excerpt relates to the description of the work of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Sonderkommando that Henry Bily claims [e.e. mendaciously) to have worked in … It follows from this analysis that it is not possible in any way to consider Henry Bily's text as an original and personal testimony.
The sentence "Unfortunately, the errors committed originally by Dr. Nyiszli were also repeated" could well give an attentive reader of this statement to understand that, to crown the misfortune, H. Bily, a Jewish haberdasher, had copied a statement that was a falsification to begin with. P. Rassinier, as I have just said, had long since proven that Médecin à Auschwitz, a work dear to the heart of Jean-Paul Sartre, who had published extracts from it in les Temps modernes, had to be the most flagrant kind of a fraud. Many revisionists, and in particular Carlo Mattogno, later confirmed this diagnosis. For my part, in my review of Jean-Claude Pressac's book, Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers (New York, Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1989), I slipped in a section entitled "Pressac's drollery [unintentional] apropos of Dr. Nyiszli." In it I venture to refer to the devotees of false statements about Auschwitz, false statements which pharmacist J.C. Pressac attempts to defend at all cost by means of distortions, labored inventions and irrelevant speculations, but which, without intending it, he discredits for all time (R. Faurisson, "Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers (1989) or Tinkering and 'itty-bitty gassings' at Auschwitz and Birkenau according to J.C. Pressac," Revue d'histoire révisionniste, November 1990, pp. 126-130).
False witnesses Elie Wiesel and Primo Levi
A few words on Élie Wiesel and Primo Levi are necessary.
With regard to the first named, I refer to my article "Un grand faux témoin: Élie Wiesel"[A great false witness: Elie Wiesel], (Annales d'histoire révisionniste, Spring 1988, pp.163-168; see also "Un grand faux témoin: Élie Wiesel (suite) [A great false witness: Elie Wiesel (continuation)], Nouvelle Vision, September 1993, pp.19-24). In La Nuit (preface by François, Les Éditions de Minuit, 1958), a biographical account in particular of his internment in Auschwitz and in Buchenwald, E. Wiesel does not even mention the gas chambers, but it appears that by some sort of universal media agreement, he is held to be the witness par excellence of the "Holocaust" and of the gas chambers. According to him, if the Germans exterminated hordes of Jews, it was done by throwing them into furnaces or fires of glowing coals! The end of his account includes an extremely curious episode (pp. 129-133) that I have been waiting for years to have Elie Wiesel explain: in January 1945, he tells us, the Germans gave him and his father as well the choice of staying in the camp to await the arrival of the Soviets or leaving with the German troops; after talking it over together, father and son decided to leave with their exterminators for Germany instead of waiting where they were for their Soviet liberators…5
Curiously, Primo Levi has for some years figured in the media posthumously among the first rank of the Auschwitz gas chamber witnesses. He is the author of Si c'est un homme (Se questo è un uomo), Julliard/Presses Pocket, 1993. The first part of the book is the longest and most important part; it comprises 180 pages (pp. 7-186) and was written in 1947. As early as page 19 the author says that it was after the war when he learned about the gassing of Jews at Birkenau; he himself worked at Buna-Monowitz and had never set foot in Birkenau; hence he speaks of "the" gas chamber only in extremely vague terms and only upon five occasions (pp. 19, 48, 51, 96, 135). He merely makes mention of it, always in the singular and as a rumor that "everyone talks about" (p.51). Then all of a sudden, in his "Appendix" written in 1976, that is to say nearly thirty years later, the gas chambers make their appearance in force: in the space of twenty-six pages (pp. 189-214) which, given the smaller type, may be counted as thirty pages, the author mentions them eleven times (p. 193 (2 times), 198 (3 times), 199, 201 (2 times), 202, 209, 210). On two occasions he speaks of "gas" and on nine occasions of "gas chambers" (always in the plural). He writes as if he had seen them: "The gas chambers were in fact disguised as shower rooms with plumbing, faucets, dressing rooms, clothes trees, benches, etc…" (p.198). Again, he doesn't hesitate to write: "The gas chambers and crematory furnaces had been deliberately designed to destroy human lives and bodies by the millions; the record in horror belongs to Auschwitz, with 24,000 deaths in a single day in the month of August 1944" (pp. 201f.).
Elie Wiesel and Primo Levi are not the only ones to have thus "enriched" their memories.
Primo Levi was a chemical engineer. On the shambles or delirium in his Si c'est un homme from a scientific point of view, one may refer to Pierre Marais, En lisant de près les écrivains chantres de la Shoah—Primo Levi, Georges Wellers, Jean-Claude Pressac, La Vieille Taupe, 1991, 127pp.; see in particular "Le chimiste, la batterie de camion et…les chambres à gaz"[the chemist, the truck battery and…the gas chambers] (pp.7-21), the chapter dealing with Primo Levi. Levi committed suicide on 11 April 1987. It was owing to his status as a Jew that he had not been shot when he was taken prisoner by the Fascist Militia on 13 December 1943 at the age of 24. "The Fascists had captured him as a partisan (he was still carrying a pistol), and he had confessed to being a Jew in order not to be shot out of hand. And it was as a Jew that he was turned over to the Germans. The Germans sent him to Auschwitz…" (Ferdinando Camon, "Chimie/Levi, la mort," Libération, 13 April 1987, p. 29).
From 1945 to 1985, the so-called judicial witnesses of the Auschwitz gas chambers had the benefit of an uncommon privilege: they had always been spared the trial of cross-examination on the materiality of the facts they alleged to be reporting. In 1985, at the first of the two Zündel trials at Toronto, attorney Douglas Christie, at my suggestion and with my assistance, was determined to cross-examine this kind of witness in the normal way. The result of it was the rout of witnesses Arnold Friedman and Dr. Rudolf Vrba. That rout was so serious that witnesses are no longer to be found today who will venture to affirm before a court that they have seen a homicidal gassing at Auschwitz or in any other concentration camp of the Third Reich.
The so-called media witnesses continue to flourish in the world of radio, television and books, where they run hardly any risk of being troubled by embarrassing questions. But even those witnesses are growing more and more vague, and they may meet with denunciation on the part of representatives of the exterminationist position. The latter, in effect, are becoming ever more schooled in revisionism, because they realize that they have hitherto upheld the lies of too many false witnesses, lies which end up costing their own cause dear.
Since there is manifestly more risk now in presenting oneself as a witness of the gas chambers—as the Jew Filip Müller still did in 1979—the solution that tends to prevail today is the one Simone Veil had had to adopt on 7 May 1983 following a decision of the Paris court of appeals on 26 April 1983 judging my work on the problem of the gas chambers to be serious, work in which I demonstrated that the so-called testimonies collided head-on with physical/chemical impossibilities. The solution, or rather the evasion recommended by S. Veil consisted in saying that if in fact there were no proofs, nor traces, nor witnesses of the crime, it was because the Germans had destroyed all the evidence, all the traces and all the witnesses. Such an affirmation, besides being absurd, would require proof on its own account that S. Veil does not provide. But it is of little matter. Let us record that affirmation and, with S. Veil and those who in practice seem to support her point of view, let us duly note this fact long since brought to light by the revisionists: not only are there no proofs nor traces of Nazi gas chambers; there are no witnesses of them.
Today, at the end of this year of 1993, the testimonies with regard to the gas chambers of Auschwitz are discredited even among the exterminationists. The history based on the testimonies is beginning to give way to history based on facts, that is to say on arguments of a scientific nature. That is what I had recommended in my article in Le Monde of 29 December 1978 and in my letter to Le Monde of 16 January 1979. It would be necessary to waid more than ten years before we'd see our opponents venturing into the terrain where I invited them to come and try conclusions with us: the scientific terrain. J.-C. Pressac was commissioned, notably by the Klarsfelds, to denounce "testimony history" and replace it with scientific history, or at any rate history that appeared to be scientific.
Claude Lanzmann and those who hold with "testimony history" are in despair about it.6 The revisionists are congratulating themselves. A half century of unverified testimony must now give way once and for all to a quest for the facts and the proofs from legal, scientific and historical points of view.
- S. Veil, former minister of Justice, former president of the European parliament.
- Hefte von Auschwitz, Sonderheft (I), Handschriften von Mitgliedern des Sonderkommandos, Verlag Staatliches Auschwitz-Museum, 1972, pp. 32-71.
- On the cross-examination of witness Dr. Charles Sigismund Bendel by attorney Dr. Zippel, see "Excerpt from transcript of proceedings of a Military Court for the Trial of War Criminals held at the War Crimes Court, Curiohaus, Hamburg, on Saturday 2nd March, 1946, upon the trial of Bruno Tesch, Joachim Drosihn and Karl Weinbacher, transcript, pp.30-31 (doc. NI-11953). On that abominable trial, it is indispensable to read: Dr. William Lindsey, "Zyklon B, Auschwitz, and the Trial of Dr. Bruno Tesch," The Journal of Historical Review, Fall 1983, pp. 261-303. That article has been reproduced in part by Udo Walendy in Historische Tatsachen, No. 25 (1985), pp. 10-23.
- For a reproduction of these two maps, see Hermann Langbein, Der Auschwitz-Prozess, Eine Dokumentation, 2 volumes, Frankfurt, Europäische Verlagsanstalt, 1965, 1,027 pp., pp. 930-933. For a magisterial study of the trial, see Dr. Wilhelm Stäglich, Der Auschwitz-Prozess, Legende oder Wirklichkeit? Eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme, Tübingen, Grabert Verlag, 1979, xii-492 pp.
- A point that is not without interest: in the German translation of this book (Die Nacht zu begraben, Elisha, German translation by Curt Meyer-Clason, Ullstein, 1962, pp. 17-153), the crematory furnaces of the original French version are eliminated and replaced by gas chambers (in Buchenwald as well). I owe this discovery to the Swiss revisionist Jürgen Graf, and it is to a German revisionist living in France that I am indebted for the list of the places where the German translator has thought it advisable, on fifteen separate occasions, to insert gas where there was none in the original text (see appendix).
- See especially the article signed by Robert Redeker which he published in his review Les Temps Modernes under the title "La Catastrophe du revisionnisme" (November 1993, pages 1-6); revisionism is presented therein as the catastrophic sign of a changing era: "Auschwitz" was—and remains for the author—a "mystical doctrine," that is to say a belief surrounded by a religious reverence; now, "Auschwitz" is becoming, he says, the while deploring it, a subject for historical and technological considerations. The article was in the process of being printed when a complete dossier appeared in L'Express on Pressac's new book (23 September 1993, pp. 76-80, 82-87). C. Lanzmann protested bitterly against this turn taken by the history of the "Holocaust." He writes: "Even to refute them, we legitimize the arguments of the revisionists, who are becoming the point of reference with respect to which everyone takes his position. The revisionists are taking up the entire terrain." (Le Nouvel Observateur, 30 September 1993, p. 97).


text:
Temporarily out of stock.
Please call us toll free at 1-877-983-0451 to order.
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Fits Broil Mate : 24025BMT, 24025HNT, 30030BMT, 30030HNT
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This item is not an original manufacturer part
To ensure you choose the correct replacement part for your grill, we recommend removing the original part and comparing it to what we list. You can also check your owner's manual to make sure this part will work with your grill.
Posted by tom j jones on 3rd Apr 2019
Called BBQ Depot and they were great. Item was out-of-stock. They followed-up with me and were very polite and cooperative. Everything went well. Thanks for the help and great product.
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Works great
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Our family would rather spend time outdoors than indoors. We love nature!
That said, sometimes mother nature is uncooperative. On these days, it can be fun to pull out some nature games. Nature games are also a wonderful way to add to your nature study.
5 + Nature Games for Your Homeschool
We have only recently added nature-themed games to our routine. When you are finished reading, I'd love for you to share your favorites in the comments so we can all build our game collections!
Using nature games in your homeschool
If you are a gameschooler, you'll want to check out our 31-Day Gameschool Challenge and explore some of the nature games mentioned in this post!
Bird Bingo
Your little birders will love this spin on an old classic! The game is beautifully illustrated and will be enjoyable for adults and children alike. I am amazed by how much my children have learned just by playing this game! To add to the fun, make these bird cookies and hang them on a tree. Watch the birds snack while you play!
Bug Bingo
My oldest son was obsessed with insects for several years. His favorite book was 1001 Bugs to Spot! Featuring over 60 bug species from around the globe, Bug Bingo will have your children completely enchanted. This would be a great way to follow-up a hike or pond study!
Cardline Animal
This handy little game is from the makers of Timeline. Similar to Timeline, the goal of Cardline Animals is to arrange cards in the proper order. You can choose to play the game based on one of three categories: lifespan, size, or weight. These options keep the game fresh. We often play this game during meals and have even taken it on vacation- it's so portable!
Hit the Habitat Trail
My kids love this one and I have to admit that I learn something every single time we play. In this game, players travel along a spiral rock path through the earth's various habitats. As they journey, they acquire habitat cards and answer knowledge questions. Children will learn about habitats, environmental concerns, and animals. The player with the most habitat cards at the end of the game is the winner.
Hoot Hoot Owl
This is a fantastic cooperative game- perfect for children who do not enjoy competition! In this game, players must work together to help the owls get back to their nest before the sun rises. My children love this game and all the other fantastic cooperative games by Peaceable Kingdom including Dinosaur Escape, Race to the Treasure, Friends and Neighbors, Count Your Chickens, Mermaid Island, and more!
Into the Forest: Nature's Food Chain Game
After playing this game for years at our local nature center, we finally decided to invest in our own copy. It can be played in several ways, but we enjoy playing it like the old "war" card game. The best part? Children quickly learn about the forest, food chain, and life cycle!
The Sneaky Snacky Squirrel Game
This game works on fine motor, color recognition, matching, and fun! Forage for nuts but watch out for sneaky squirrels who will steal from you or storms that will blow away your stash! My kids love using the colorful squirrel tweezers that come with this game!
This is the latest nature game addition to our homeschool and the kids adore it! I do, too. This cooperative game teaches children about herbs and medicinal plants through play and stories. Together, you'll work to hike from granny's house to a mountain top where there is a huckleberry patch. Along the way, you'll encounter obstacles: insects, injuries, and allergies. Learn which plants can help each situation and have fun in the process!
More top science, STEM, and nature games for gameschoolers
Love nature?
Be sure to check out these related posts:
This post has been part of a 5-day iHomeschool Network hopscotch. Please click the image below to see the other posts in this series:
Do you love Gameschooling?
I rely heavily on educational games in our homeschool. Read more here:
Now, it's your turn. Tell me: What are your family's favorite nature games? Share here!
Caitlin Fitzpatrick Curley
Cait co-hosts The Homeschool Sisters Podcast and is co-founder of Raising Poppies, a community for parents of gifted and twice-exceptional children. Cait is also founder of the Family Book Club at My Little Poppies, a fantastic community of book-loving parents and the Gameschool Community at My Little Poppies, a vibrant community of gameschoolers.
Cait is a contributing writer for Simple Homeschool. Her work has also appeared on The Huffington Post, The Mighty, Scary Mommy, GeekMom, and many others. You can find her on Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, Instagram
and G+.
Latest posts by Caitlin Fitzpatrick Curley (see all)
- The Best Math Picture Books for Your Homeschool - January 20, 2020
- The Best Poetry Books for Your Homeschool - January 19, 2020
- Gameschooling: January's Most Played Games - January 19, 2020


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Emotional Sobriety
Just what exactly is emotional sobriety and how do we attain it is a question most of us have whether we are new to recovery or have a few twenty-four hours under our belts. Many agree working a good program is vital to emotional sobriety. AMOT Audio offers a nice selection of AA Speakers that help answer this question.
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GRAND RAPIDS — The demand for a downtown grocery store appears to be getting heard loud and clear.
According to an application filed with the Grand Rapids Planning Commission, Jeff VandenBerg and business partners plan to open a 3,500-square-foot neighborhood grocery store in the vacant ground-floor space of 38 Commerce Ave. in downtown's Heartside neighborhood.
The store will focus on grocery staples, specialty food, as well as Michigan craft beer and wine, according to the an application filed by Shark Market LLC.
The firm's owners did not immediately respond to requests for comment from MiBiz.
"It is our intention to provide the growing downtown population with the convenient food market they've been calling for, and to do it right the first time," the principals wrote in their application. "We will fill the beautiful space at the corner of Commerce and Weston with a colorful and inviting selection that will be a beacon to and from the surrounding businesses."
The owners added that they might consider adding curbside pickup, a deli and event catering.
[RELATED: Reporter's Notebook — Downtown grocery stores beginning to materialize]
The proposed location for the market is just down the street from one VandenBerg's other businesses, The Pyramid Scheme at 68 Commerce Ave. SW, of which he is the co-owner.
The proposed market still requires approval from the Planning Commission, whose members will hear about the project at a May 12 meeting.


text:
Hide Forgot
Description of problem:
Using either pine, Squirrelmail, or Eudora clients to my dovecot imap server, we
are experiencing frequent (5-10 per week) corruptions of the mbox files on the
server. This corruption involves the loss of the first 7 characters from the
file and then these messages show up in syslog:
imap(akrherz): File isn't in mbox format: /home/akrherz/mail//INBOX.old
The fix is to open the file in vi and add "From xx" to the begining of the file.
Version-Release number of selected component (if applicable):
How reproducible:
I can't seem to find something concrete. Usually, deleting the first message in
the folder will trigger it, but not always.
Steps to Reproduce:
Try to read mail from a folder, leave the folder, and then watch the client dump
"Internal Errors"
Actual results:
corrupt mbox
Expected results:
happy mbox
Additional info:
With Squirrelmail, I have users complaining that they are having emails being
lost from the folder. I can't prove this though. The imap server was happily
running uw-imap on RHEL3 before my recent upgrade and thus migration to
troubles. The user folder come from a NFS RHEL3 server. The INBOX folder is
local on the server. We have experienced corruption of both.
There have been a number of bug fixes in the upstream release of dovecot since
the version in RHEL4. I believe some of the bug fixes include fixes for
corruption. The latest dovecot official release is 0.99.14 and is scheduled to
be included in RHEL4 Update 2. I suggest you try updating your dovecot release
with this latest rpm and see if it solves your problems, you may down load it
here in advance of the update:
Please update this bugzilla with your results. Thank you.
Hi John,
Wow! Thanks for the fast response. After I posted this bug, I found a 100%
repeatable mbox corruption with one of my folders. Simply delete the first
message in the folder, expunge, and then corruption.
Having installed the advanced update, I am not able to repeat it. So we are
back in business :) I will update this bug if I find another repeatable
example, otherwise feel free to close it appropriately.
Thanks so much. You really made my day!
Unfortunately, this bug is still biting us. :( For one user, the same bug of
having the "From" part of the email chopped off appeared. For me, it just
occured with having the last 3 lines of a previously deleted email show up at
the beginning of the mbox.
I am not much for you :( Both of us were using pine today when this happened,
which I know is not supported anymore and perhaps is causing trouble?
I am now getting a new error in my /var/log/messages file on the server:
imap(akrherz): Error syncing mbox file /home/akrherz/mail//INBOX.old: LF not
found where expected
This cropped up with having a blank line as the first line in my mbox. Oye,
something flaky is going on :(
sorry to be of little help debugging this,
I'm not a pine user so I'm not sure how pine can be configured to access a
user's mail, but I suspect it can be configured either to access the mbox
directly or via the IMAP protocol. The only corruption I'm aware of with dovecot
mbox's occurs when processes other than the MTA and dovecot manipulate the mbox
file. As indicated earlier procmail is a good example of this, but I suspect
pine falls into the same category. Can you configure pine such that it uses IMAP
and not direct file manipulation, this would restrict mbox edits to just dovecot
and the MTA and not other processes.
Also what file locking is pine configured to use? Have you changed dovecot's
file locking parameters?
Sorry for the confusion. We are using pine to access our folders and INBOX over
I assume the pine locking question is not necessary with only IMAP involved...
I am using the default dovecot.conf file, with only changes for:
default_mail_env = mbox:~/mail/:INBOX=/var/spool/mail/%u
for dovecot locking, I am using 'fcntl'.
My ~/mail/[] folders come from a RHEL3 NFS server. The /var/spool/mail/[] is
local on the RHEL4 ext3 partition with "defaults" used for mounting.
thanks for the continued help....
I have the same problem, I'm usign the dovecot-0.99.14-1.EL4.i386.rpm package
and I have "mbox_locks = dotlock" in the dovecot.conf file, but the problem
persist, some users show the follow line in maillog:
file mbox-rewrite.c: line 429 (mbox_write_header): assertion failed:
(hdr_parsed_size.physical_size == hdr_size)
With reference to comment #6:
1) Is any other process accessing the mbox besides dovecot? (e.g. procmail or
some other MUA?)
2) Are your mboxes files local to the machine dovecot is running on or are they
NFS mounted?
You should set your locking to fcntl (mbox_locks = fcntl). As an aside flock is
NOT NFS safe.
With reference to comment #5:
You are correct, if pine is using IMAP then pine locking is irrelevant.
I noticed that your mbox files are in your users home directories. Are the users
who are reporting corruption also running procmail?
To all who are seeing this problem: Can you tell me which MTA you're using and
what local delivery mechanism it's configured to use and what locking mechanism
the MTA's local delivery is using.
Thanks for the continued help. I just tried to reproduce the corruption and was
able to again by just deleting the first message in the folder. I have a folder
that this is somewhat frequent on :)
None of our users use procmail.
MTA: sendmail-8.13.1-2 (I am not sure about locking mechanism, it is stock RHEL4)
(In reply to comment #7)
> With reference to comment #6:
> 1) Is any other process accessing the mbox besides dovecot? (e.g. procmail or
> some other MUA?)
Yes, my MTA (Postfix) call the procmail as LDA, procmail use dotlock (creates
*.lock files).
> 2) Are your mboxes files local to the machine dovecot is running on or are
> NFS mounted?
The mboxes are local, in mailbox format.
> You should set your locking to fcntl (mbox_locks = fcntl). As an aside flock
> is NOT NFS safe.
In dovecot.conf says:
# dotlock: Create <mailbox>.lock file. This is the oldest and most NFS-safe
# solution. If you want to use /var/mail/ like directory, the users
# will need write access to that directory.
I don't use NFS, but procmail use *.lock files and must be more safe that
Dovecot use dotlock too if both, procmail and Dovecot, work together. I have
near of 30,000 users, and only very few present the problem, random, generaly
webmail clients with imap when they are deleting messages.
A last question, when the users download their messages by POP with the
"Leave in the Server" option, the messages continue as a new messages in the
Webmail that works with IMAP. Before, in RHEL 3 with the wu-imap server, the
messages appear like open or read with the Webmail. I don't know is this is a
bug or is a normal procedure with Dovecot, is possible to change it?
I have not reproduced this problem yet, Daryl your reproducer of deleting the
first message sounded ideal for reproducing, but so far I have yet to reproduce
the problem by the method you suggested. Would you please attach a copy of an
mbox file which if you delete the first message will corrupt the file. If the
mbox file has anything sensitive in it you do not want to appear in this
bugzilla you may email the file to me privately.
For those seeing problems with squirrelmail could you please attach a copy of
/etc/squirrelmail/config.php. In particular I'm curious if you've set your imap
server type to something and if so what.
I think this may be related to bug #163550 and the mbox files have bad
content-length values in them.
I have spent a lot of time looking at this as I view corruption as a serious
problem deserving attention. I regret to say I have not reproduced the
corruption problems reported. Daryl kindly sent me his mbox file privately and I
could not reproduce the corruption using the method he suggested. I used both
evolution and squirrelmail. This was tried on both RHEL4 and FC4. I also wrote a
utility to verify the content-length fields in his mbox were all valid and they
I've also researched this topic on the dovecot mailing list, procmail sites,
etc. Here are some references you might find useful:
I cannot find any problems with corruption with the 0.99.14 release and as such
I'm going to close this bug out because I don't think its a dovecot problem, but
I'm not suggesting folks aren't see corruption, but rather this is most likely
locking problems with other processes which dovecot can't be held responsible for.
Here are a collection of thoughs and observations you may want to take into
* Don't use the mbox format. It never was a good design, its inefficient, it
suffers from multiple incompatible formats, and is susceptable to locking
corruption problems. If you can consider switching to maildir.
Here are places you can look for help doing the conversion:
* If you are using procmail make sure BOTH procmail and dovecot are using
dotlocks AND make sure the .lock files are being created in the same directory
AND make sure any procmail rule that writes the mbox file has locking enabled
(trailing colon on filter) AND make sure a lock file name is not specified in
the filter option see:
* Keep your dovecot indexes on a local disk
(see /usr/share/doc/dovecot-0.99.14/mail-storages.txt)
* I cannot explain why squirrelmail would be a culprit in mbox corruption. What
should be occuring in this scenario is squirrelmail will be creating a new imap
client connection to the SAME dovecot server which may already have one or more
other client connections open on the same mail storage. But the inter-client
locking in dovecot is known to be fine (to the best of my knowledge). The only
other likely process that might create mailbox locking corruption is an LDA, of
which procmail is the most likely suspect.
With respect to the question in comment #10 concerning the "\Seen" flag in
conjunction with pop3. Dovecot does not modify any of the per message flags when
the mail store is accessed via pop3, this includes the \Seen flag. There is no
way to change this behavior. Plus I believe the behavior is logically
consistent, even though the same mail store can be accessed via either pop3 or
imap4 those flags are a property of imap only, it would be inconsistent for pop3
to modify something which does not belong to it.
One more item of interest, you probably will want to verify your dotlock files
are actually being created, especially if its in the spool directory. See bug
#143707 comment #9 for an explanation.
Thanks *so* much for looking at this issue and the very detailed summary. We
migrated to maildir/postfix this evening and everybody seems to be happy. Sorry
that this was sort of a wild goose chase. For others reading, maildir is so
much faster :)
Thanks again!


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The problem arises when more than one application wants to use the common code but for different target environments. Application1 wants to target DatabaseA while Application2 needs to target DatabaseB. I'm all for having a default configuration of beans provided in the libraries to ease integration with applications with appropriate reference documentation to understand the bean configuration and how to replace it. IMHO this is something that helps make Spring stand tall in the field.
However when a default configuration gets injected with a resource bean (eg: a DataSource), for an application to use that configuration with a different resource (ie: a DataSource pointing to a different DB) then the entire configuration has to be copied and pasted into the application context and jiggled around so that the correct resource bean is injected at ApplicationContext boot time.
Ugly and painful!
What should happen is that a resource factory bean should be specified in domain libaries, with applications providing their own implementation.
This is of course another reason why wiring annotations in code is ultimately self defeating as this sort of architecting becomes more difficult if not impossible to do.
Fortunately we're Agile, so it shouldn't be too hard to clean up.


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Level playing field? The implications of school funding
Level playing field? The implications of school funding by Luke Sibieta, Haroon Chowdry and Alastair Muriel
Despite undergoing significant reform in recent years, the system of state school funding in England remains opaque and poorly understood. Yet the process by which schools are funded has important implications, both for the effectiveness with which funds are targeted and for the incentives schools face to attract pupils and improve quality.
The four chapters of this report discuss the following questions:
- How have overall levels of public spending on education and schools in the UK evolved in recent years?
- How does the English school funding system allocate money to individual schools?
- How redistributive is the school funding system, and to what degree do funding variations reflect educational needs and parental background?
- What incentives do state schools face to attract new pupils and to improve school quality?
The following summarises these four chapters:
Chapter 1 – Overall trends in spending
- Education spending in the UK has seen increases averaging 4.3% a year in real terms over the past ten years, with particularly large increases over Labour's second term of office. However, this rate of increase will slow to 3.4% a year over the period covered by the 2007 Comprehensive Spending Review (2008–09 to 2010–11). Schools spending in England has enjoyed larger increases than education spending as a whole over the past ten years (averaging 6.0% per year in real terms), with particularly large increases in schools capital spending.
- School spending per pupil has increased by 6.4% a year in real terms under Labour to date, compared with increases averaging 4.7% in the private sector. As a result, state spending per pupil has risen from 50% of the private sector level in 1997–98 to 58% in 2006–07. Gordon Brown promised in Budget 2006 to increase state school spending per pupil to the level seen in the private sector in 2005–06, but there is no timescale attached to this pledge. Even if there were, it would not guarantee a further narrowing of the contemporaneous gap between spending in the state and independent sectors.
Chapter 2 – The current school funding system
While the provision of schools may be the responsibility of local authorities, the vast majority of schools' funding comes from the central government's education budget.
- Changes to the system over recent years have gradually reduced the discretion local authorities have in distributing these funds. This is the result of increased 'ring-fencing' (whereby local authorities are forced to spend grants on specific purposes) and increased use of direct payments and grants that must be passed on to schools in full.
- Other changes have also reduced the discretion local authorities have over school funding in their area, including the Minimum Funding Guarantee, which guarantees minimum increases in funding per pupil for nearly all schools. As well as reducing local authority discretion, the Minimum Funding Guarantee is likely to have made it more difficult to tackle funding inequalities between schools.
- However, powers over funding decisions have not simply been transferred up from local authorities to central government; schools themselves now have an increasing influence on funding decisions via Schools Forums.
- The bottom line is that reforms to the system of state school funding have largely 'hollowed out' local authorities, with powers being both transferred up to central government and transferred down to schools.
Chapter 3 – How redistributive is school funding?
- Funding is skewed towards schools with relatively large numbers of pupils from deprived backgrounds. On average, pupils who are eligible for free school meals (i.e. pupils from low-income families) attract over 70% more funding to their school than those who are not eligible. This holds true for both primary and secondary schools, and the funding 'premium' that follows FSM pupils has grown over time.
- This extra funding comes both from local authority funding of schools and from direct payments and grants from central government, but the latter are a disproportionate source of the FSM premium given their share of overall funding.
- Local authorities only allocate around 40–50% of the extra funding they receive for pupils who are eligible for free school meals towards the schools these pupils attend. In other words, local authorities seem to spread the funding targeted at low-income pupils more widely (i.e. 'flatten' it). If local authorities did not flatten extra income in this way, the additional money following a low-income pupil would be roughly 50% higher in secondary schools and more than doubled in primary schools.
- Under the current system, the amount of funding that schools receive does not respond quickly to changes in their numbers of pupils from deprived backgrounds or with additional educational needs. This persistence of historical funding levels when pupil characteristics change may have been exacerbated by the Minimum Funding Guarantee.
Chapter 4 – Incentives and school funding
- Most money 'follows the pupil' in the English school funding system, with the majority of funding directly determined by pupil numbers (weighted by age and background). This pupil-led funding system is combined with a flexible demand side in which parents are in principle free to apply to any school, informed by school performance information that is published each year.
- But the current system does not live up to the 'school choice' programme enthusiastically described in the 2005 White Paper, in which successful schools expand, new entrants compete with existing providers, and weaker schools either improve their performance or else contract and close. Proponents of such schemes argue that they would create strong incentives for all schools to put effort into maintaining and improving their performance.
- However, rigidities elsewhere in the school system blunt the incentives created by parental choice. Of the three criteria often used to determine whether genuine 'school choice' exists (pupil-led funding, supply flexibility and management freedom), the English system probably 'fails' on the last two.
- The supply side appears to be largely inflexible, with little threat of entry from new providers. New school entry is decided by local authorities, which have little incentive to encourage new entry – not least because they are placed under pressure from both the government and the Audit Commission to keep surplus places to a minimum.
- School management is constrained by binding collective agreements covering many aspects of school operations, including pay and conditions. Where schools (such as Academies) have been given freedom from these agreements, they appear to have responded with innovation and experimentation. However, Academies supply only a tiny fraction of school places in England, and the success of these experiments is as yet unproven.
- i-wigt - what is good teaching?
- wigl – what is good leadership?
- project-based learning resources
- creative teaching and learning
- school leadership and management
- every child
- professional development today
- learning spaces
- vulnerable children
- digital learning
- leadership briefing
- manager's briefcase
- school business


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It's easy to rattle off the necessary and wide-ranging tasks that trees perform in urban areas. They're unarguably invaluable.
However, it can be tricky when quantifying the exact monetary value of these air-scrubbing, temperature-cooling, mood-improving, flood-mitigating machines. Urban trees are obviously worth a lot. But how much?
According to a comprehensive new study from U.S. Forest Service's Northern Research Station, the nation's urban canopies, which are home to an estimated 5.5 billion trees, provide roughly $18 billion in annual benefits to society through the removal of pollution from the air ($5.4 billion), carbon sequestration ($4.8 billion), reduced emissions ($2.7 billion) and improved energy efficiency in buildings ($5.4 billion). That's a lot.
Per Forest Service findings, five states are particularly bankable when it comes to the economic perks associated with urban trees. Florida leads the way with roughly $2 billion in annual savings while California, Pennsylvania, New York and Ohio follow in the ballpark of $1 billion of value per year. This doesn't mean, however, that these states necessarily have the most urban trees. Georgia, for example, has more urban trees (372 million) than California (343 million) while North Carolina (320 million) and Texas (309 million) both have more urban trees than Pennsylvania, New York and Ohio. Florida, which indeed has the most urban trees with an estimated 407 million leafy specimens, remains the most valuable.
Wait … swampy, flat, hot and golf course-riddled Florida?
Trees have long played a prominent role in the landscape of Florida's capital city. (Photo: Boston Public Library/flickr)
It's true. Florida has more urban trees than any other state. Florida's life-bettering verdant splendor is especially on full display in the northern half of the state. In fact, Tallahassee, which is currently in the process of developing an Urban Forest Master Plan, is among America's most tree-blessed cities with 55 percent total tree coverage — that's the highest percentage of any comparable city. (Interestingly, Tallahassee's arboreal claim to fame sprung from tragedy: In 1843, a catastrophic fire leveled large swaths of Florida's capital city. In addition to fire safety, one of the top imperatives when rebuilding Tallahassee was not only replacing the urban canopy that was lost but adding to it.)
In 2017, Jacksonville, Florida's most populous city and the largest city by land area in the contiguous United States, announced plans to launch a major canopy survey to gain a better understanding of where more hardworking trees might be needed.
Tree coverage crucial in expanding urban areas
The Sunshine State's hugely beneficial — not to mention somewhat surprising — urban lushness aside, the Forest Service study stresses the importance of preserving, protecting and planting city-dwelling trees in states where the amount of urban land area is expected to grow exponentially.
Between 2010 and 2060, the total urban land area of the U.S. is estimated to increase from 95.5 million acres to 163 million acres — a jump that would claim an area roughly the size of Montana or 8.6 percent of land area in the Lower 48. States with the greatest projected amount of urban land growth include California (9 million acres), Texas (7 million acres) and good old Florida at 6 million acres. Over a 50-year period, the spread of urban land in these three states, joined by North Carolina and Pennsylvania, will comprise an area the size larger than Connecticut.
The leafy streets of Pittsburgh: Pennsylvania is home to some seriously high-value urban trees. The Keystone State set to experience some of the highest urban land growth in the coming decades. (Photo: Nick Amoscato/flickr)
States with the highest percentage of urban land overall consist of the nation's densest and most diminutive states, all of them located in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast: Rhode Island (35 percent), Delaware (29 percent), Connecticut (28 percent), Massachusetts (23 percent) and New Jersey (23 percent). It's in these highly urbanized locales where the Forest Service notes that the "impact of current urban forests is likely greatest due to the relatively large proportion of urban land."
"Urbanization and urban forests are likely to be one of the most important forest influences and influential forests of the 21st century," says the study's lead author David Nowak, who works with the Forest Service's Inventory and Analysis Program. "A healthy and well-managed urban forest can help reduce some of the environmental issues associated with urbanization such as increased air temperatures and energy use, reduced air and water quality, and increased human stress, and ultimately help people living within and around urban areas."
Previous studies conducted within a 10-year period (2000 to 2010) found that the amount of urban land jumped from 2.6 percent (57.9 million acres) to 3 percent (68 million acres). States that experienced the highest amount of urbanization during this time were largely limited to the South and Southeast.
When it comes to urban tree value, typically woodsy states like Oregon (pictured here in Portland) aren't as high-ranking as you might think. (Photo: Jonathan Miske/flickr)
Not surprisingly, the states with the lowest value of urban trees are the ones where cities are small or far and few between, even though the states in question might be impressively forested: North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Montana and Idaho. For example, the value of North Dakota's urban trees when it comes to sequestering carbon, removing pollution, curbing emissions and reducing energy use was $7.3 million annually compared to the $1 billion-plus figures claimed by the top five states. Still, not too shabby for a sparsely populated state that's largest city, Fargo, boasts a population just north of 100,000.
States with large and heavily urbanized metro areas that are often thought of as being "woodsy" like Washington, Oregon and Colorado have urban trees that provide annual benefits amounting to $328 million, $136 million and $40 million, respectively. (I would have figured the amounts to be higher for these states.)
Unrelated to urban growth and the value of city-bound greenery per state detailed by Nowak, the Arbor Day Foundation, in cooperation with the Forest Service's Urban & Community Forestry Program and the National Association of State Foresters, oversees the Tree City USA program, which brings together more than 3,000 communities that have made a similar four-pronged commitment to protecting and expanding their urban canopies. Ohio has the most Tree City USA communities (243) following by Wisconsin (193), Illinois (181) and, you guessed it, Florida (179.) California, New Jersey, Georgia and Pennsylvania also have a healthy number of cities looking out for their urban canopies while communities in states such as Nevada, New Mexico, Louisiana and Vermont have some serious work to do.
Published in the Journal of Forestry, you can read the study — US Urban Forest Statistics, Values and Projections — in full here to find out the life-bettering monetary value of urban trees in your state. You can also discover if your state is poised to experience rapid urban land growth and, in turn, requires larger urban canopies to allow for trees to do what they do best: improve air quality, mitigate climate change, boost energy efficiency and make our cities safer, healthier and more attractive places to live.
Via [CoDesign]


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When working with clients who understood the nature of games and had excellent interpersonal skills a few of them came across people whose behaviour they just could not deal with. These people who we labeled 'arch manipulators' could create chaos where none had existed before, set one party against another when before they got on … Continue reading
The book is a cumulative build so that one chapter builds on the previous one so that at the end there is a coherent story about relationships in the twenty first century. Having said that I have also written all the chapters in such a way that they can be 'stand alone' blogs. The list of contents and the date I posted each blog is below to help orientate you around the book. Continue reading
What arch manipulators do is create chaos where none existed before and know what 'buttons' to press to get people to act emotionally and fall out with people that they used to previously get on with. When this over reaction occurs the spotlight is taken off the manipulator who can then carve out a pathway to their goal. Continue reading


text:
You are here
Oil prices mixed in Asia ahead of Fed move
[SINGAPORE] Oil prices were mixed in Asian trade on Tuesday after rebounding from sub-US$35 levels in New York, but traders were braced for more downward pressure ahead of an expected hike in US interest rates.
With global oversupply still dictating price trends, West Texas Intermediate for delivery in January was up two cents at US$36.33 by 0330 GMT, while Brent crude for January dipped four cents to US$37.88.
WTI had fallen briefly in New York below US$35 a barrel, the lowest levels since February 2009 during the global financial crisis.
Ted Sloup of iiTrader.com called the rebound "a healthy correction" in a technically oversold market but added that the mood was "still very bearish" as investors continued to worry about global oversupply.
BMI research said in a report that more downside pressure is expected in the coming months.
"Oil prices will remain anchored by oversupply," it said, predicting that the global surplus "will only narrow significantly post-2018."
Prices have fallen more than 60 per cent from levels above US$100 in June last year owing to slack global demand and a slowdown in key markets including China.
Also, the world market is awash with the commodity as the Opec exporters' group refuses to cap production in a move to preserve its market share, while Iran is expected to restart pumping its own crude for shipment in 2016.
An anticipated US interest rate hike on Wednesday could put further pressure on oil demand because the commodity is priced in dollars, making it more expensive for economies with weaker currencies.


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Test Code F2ISO F2-Isoprostanes, Random, Urine
Reporting NameF2-Isoprostanes, U
Useful For
The assessment of in vivo lipid peroxidation and considered to be an index of systemic oxidative stress over time
Additional Tests
|Test ID
|Reporting Name
|Available Separately
|Always Performed
|Creatinine, U
Testing Algorithm
When F2-Isoprostanes testing is performed, urine creatinine will always be performed at no additional charge.
Performing LaboratoryMayo Clinic Laboratories in Rochester
Specimen TypeUrine
Specimen Required
Patient Preparation: Patient should not have taken nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs within 72 hours or aspirin within 2 weeks prior to collection of a specimen.
Container/Tube: Plastic, 5-mL urine tube (T465)
Specimen Volume: 5 mL
Collection Instructions:
1. Collect a random urine specimen.
2. No preservative.
Specimen Minimum Volume
1 mL
Specimen Stability Information
|Specimen Type
|Special Container
|Refrigerated (preferred)
|7 days
|90 days
|7 days
Reference Values
≥18 years: ≤1.0 ng/mg creatinine
<18 years: not established
Day(s) and Time(s) Performed
Wednesday; 11 a.m.
Test ClassificationThis test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. This test has not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
CPT Code Information
LOINC Code Information
|Test ID
|Test Order Name
|Order LOINC Value
|F2-Isoprostanes, U
|In Process
|Result ID
|Test Result Name
|Result LOINC Value
|15-F2t-Isoprostane, U
Reject Due To
|All specimens will be evaluated at Mayo Clinic Laboratories for test suitability.
Method Name
F2ISO: Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
AACT: Enzymatic Colorimetric Assay
If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send a Cardiovascular Test Request Form (T724) with the specimen.


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PD Image: A rabequista árabe (The Arabic fiddler), 1884 oil on canvas painting by Brazilian academic painter, writer and teacher Pedro Américo (1843-1903), dimensions 87.6 cm x 60 cm (34.49 x 23.62 inches), currently located at Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, Rio de Janeiro.
The photos and images in this blog are in the public domain. There are no copyright restrictions. You are free to use them in your websites, blogs or anywhere you like. Click on the photos to enlarge the photos and save them to your computer. If you like, you can show us as the source of the photo by a link to this blog, though not compulsory.
Sunday, September 19, 2010
Pedro Américo - A rabequista árabe
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Adobe FDK workshop at Typofonderie, 26-28 March 2013
Adobe FDK Workshop at MA Typeface Design, Reading University. Image courtesy Ben Mitchell.
The goal of the Adobe Font Development Kit for OpenType is to offer tools created and developed by the team in charge of typography at Adobe. These tools can produce OpenType fonts (and in some cases TrueType) of high quality, adding OpenType features beyond what some software typeface design can propose. The FDK is largely based on the Python language. The purpose of the workshop which will be held for the first time in France is to provide a professional high-level training.
The workshop will be conducted in English by Miguel Sousa, who comes specially from the production department font Adobe, San Jose, United States. Experience in the field of typeface design is required. Knowledge of the Python language is a plus but not required. Miguel will make his presentation via projector and follow participants individually. We would like to thank Adobe Type Team, without whom this workshop would not have occurred in France.
— Plan to come with your laptop.
— Internet access and printers on site.
Adobe FDK Workshop at KBAK Type & Media, The Hague. Image courtesy Erik van Blokland.
26 March 2013
– Command line basics
– Install the AFDKO
– Learn about the required files
– Build the first font using MakeOTF
– Use Instance Generator
– Introduction to the feature file syntax
27 March 2013
– Use CheckOutlines
– Use Autohint
– Build family of 8 fonts
– Use CompareFamily
28 March 2013
– Understand hinting
– Set hinting parameters
– Use StemHist
– Use Autohint
– Use the proofing tools: plot (ProofPDF), spot, tx
29 March 2013 (optionnal)
– Whatever font-releated topics people would like to know more about
Gare de Clamart, 6 mn from Montparnasse
Métro line 13, Malakoff Étienne Dolet stop + Bus 191 Lazare Carnot stop
Métro line 12 (see also RER C), Corentin Celton stop + Bus 189 Lazare Carnot stop
Registration and price
195 euros includes 3 days workshop, breakfast, coffee breaks
option: + 65 euros for the 29 March 2013
Full, registration for the waiting list only
8 participants maximum
Register now, very few seats available
Registration through our contact form: Regarding Workshop Provide full contact detail, link to your portfolio. We confirm your registration by email, with invoice to be paid via Paypal or bank transfert. If based in Europe, provide your VAT number to avoid to pay the French VAT.
Organized by Typofonderie, sponsored in part by Adobe Type team.
Adobe FDK
Adobe FDK update
Miguel Sousa
Dave the Designer about FDK workshop
Oh Bendy about FDK workshop


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Aramund is an Elvish word said to mean "Kingly bull".[1]
Helge Fauskanger includes the word in his Neo-Quenya wordlist, but notes that the form "may not be pure Quenya, because of the final consonant cluster".[2]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 345, (dated 30 November 1972)
- ↑ Helge Kåre Fauskanger, "Quettaparma Quenyallo" at Ardalambion (accessed 16 June 2011)


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Blackboard Learn Resources
- Blackboard's On Demand Center – Blackboard's library of Video and PDF tutorials for you and your students!
- Blackboard's Help Center – Blackboard's searchable help center, frequently asked questions, and manual for Blackboard Learn.
OCC's BbLearn Quick Lessons
Eric Wilson, of OCC, has created PDF documents demonstrating important aspects of Blackboard Learn.
GWC's Archived CCC Confer Webinars
We held a series of webinars to cover the basics of Blackboard Learn. You can view the recorded archives at the CCC Confer website:
- Visit the CCC Confer Archives Site
- Type "gwc" in the "Search Archives" field.
- Click "Find Archives".
- Start at the bottom of the list to view the sessions chronologically, and click "Archives".
- Enter your information, and click "Connect".
Blackboard Suggestion Box
If there is something that is functioning properly, but not ideally, in Blackboard Learn, or if there is a feature you would like added to the system, please submit it to Blackboard's Product Suggestion Box.
System information needed for filling out the suggestion box form:
– our product is Blackboard Learn
– our version is 9.1
External Resources
There are many great resources on the web, provided by Blackboard and other Blackboard Learn users.
- USC Blackboard Instructor How-To Movies – USC has created a wonderful library of tutorial videos.
Respondus Resources
Respondus is a useful program that simplifies the process of importing tests to Blackboard Learn. We have a campus-wide license for Respondus, so you can download and use it for your course. (Please contact the Online Instruction Department for details.)


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Premier of KZN Senzo Mchunu says:
We are keenly aware of the challenges facing KwaZulu-Natal, particularly the high levels of poverty. As Nelson Mandela aptly asserted, poverty is human made and therefore it can be defeated. This is the approach of thinking we have adopted as KwaZulu-Natal, which is guided by our master plan on poverty eradication that we launched this past October. We are clear in our approach that poverty is a human rights issue – and that its eradication is at the heart of the realisation of a people's right to development. Our role therefore is to develop programmes and interventions that will get to the core of this challenge. Each progress we register in changing the lives of the citizens of our Province (most importantly those in the margins of society), significantly undermines the legacy of under-development that we inherited whose impact remains prevalent.
The master plan is an outcome of our Poverty Lab, which pointed us to specific areas that are hardest hit by poverty. The product was to outline specific interventions needed to defeat extreme poverty in the province, and these are stated as "gamechangers". The master plan is a holistic approach that talks to our Provincial Growth and Development Plan. Our October launch, was an extension of our R100-million plan initiated in May this year. At the heart of this programme is agriculture and proper land use.
There are massive tracts of land already available to our rural communities. We have tasked the Department of Agriculture to ensure that despite prevailing drought conditions and the temporary setbacks this present to the sector, the available land must be put to effective agricultural use.
We are making discernable progress in this regard. We will work with our social partners and those concerned with attainment of equitable society to achieve our intended objectives. The nexus between commerce and development requires that government, academic institutions and business work closely as development partners to end poverty. It is possible to eradicate poverty by 2030 and it is possible to eradicate poverty in our lifetime.


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One of the most important things that children can learn is to persevere when confronted with a challenge. As our small children grow into excelling adults, we want them to see set backs as learning experiences and opportunities for growth. Challenges come in many forms. Some are innately obvious and some can be a bit obscure. Pre-K is a wonderful ground for observing all of these.
From the first moment your babies breathed, they were attempting to make sense of their world. They had to make many mistakes along the way. Remember when they were so very little and their arms and legs seemed to wildly flail about without any real purpose? Each movement taught their brain something about how they could interact with the world or control each muscle. Zoom ahead a few months and watch a baby learn to sit. They fall. They get up. They don't give up just because it is hard. We are wired from the beginning to be tenacious.
Yet, somehow, as we age, we begin to start reflecting on our actions more. Children begin to see themselves as "good" at some things, and "not good" at others. For some children, and many adults, this translates into finding ways to circumvent tasks and activities that do not come easily. A fear of failure dictates the types of things we choose to do.
For this reason, Winchester Thurston and many other acclaimed independent schools make persistence a major goal for each of our students. From Pre-K forward, we work together to encourage our students to revel in a challenge. By teaching our children how to approach all aspects of life as an experiment and how to view failures as simply data to inform our next decision, we guide them to a true gift: permission to grow.