text:
|Latin name of the genus:
|Latin name of herbal substance:
|Trigonella foenum-graecum l.
|Botanical name of plant:
|English common name of herbal substance:
Used to:
Latin name of the genus: Trigonellae foenugraeci semen
Botanical name of plant: Trigonella foenum-graecum L.
English common name of herbal substance: Fenugreek
1. Introduction
The aim of this report is to assess the
1.1. Description of the herbal substance(s), herbal preparation(s) or combinations thereof
Herbal substance(s) Fenugreek seed
Herbal preparation(s) Powder, dry extract, soft extract
Fenugreek seed is rich in mucilage polysaccharides (consisting mainly of galactomannans
2003; Muralidhara et al, 1999; BRUNETON ,1998; Udayasekhara Rao et al, 1996; PARIS AND MOYSE, 1967).
The European Pharmacopoeia does not prescribe any assay (monograph ref. 01/2008:1323 corrected 6.6).
Combinations of herbal substance(s) and/or herbal preparation(s) including a description of vitamin(s) and/or mineral(s) as ingredients of traditional combination herbal medicinal products assessed, where applicable.
Not applicable.
1.2. Information about products on the market in the Member States
Fenugreek as single active substance is authorised in France, Poland and Spain.
The active substance is present on the market as herbal substance for herbal tea and for infusion for external use (Poland, over 30 years; Spain), powder (France 1990; Spain 1990, 1992), dry extract (solvent: ethanol 20% v/v, DER 4:1) (France 1970, 2003), soft extract (solvent: ethanol 60% v/v, DER
Regulatory status overview
MA: Marketing Authorisation TRAD: Traditional Use Registration
Other TRAD: Other national Traditional systems of registration Other: If known, it should be specified or otherwise add 'Not Known'
This regulatory overview is not legally binding and does not necessarily reflect the legal status of the products in the MSs concerned.
1.3. Search and assessment methodology
Online databases were used to research available
2. Historical data on medicinal use
2.1. Information on period of medicinal use in the Community
Based on the feedback obtained from Member States, a use is reported for a long period in the EU. Moreover, publications also report a use in non EU countries, in line with the fact that this plant is cultivated in the Indian continent, in the Mediterranean region and in North Africa.
2.2. Information on traditional/current indications and specified substances/preparations
Fenugreek (Trigonella
An annual plant, fenugreek grows to an average height of two feet. The leaves and seeds, which mature in long pods, are used to prepare extracts or powders for medicinal use. Applications of fenugreek were documented in ancient Egypt, where it was used in incense and to embalm mummies. In modern Egypt, fenugreek is still used as a supplement in wheat and maize flour for
The medicinally used plant part of fenugreek is the seed. It was already mentioned in the French Pharmacopoeia published in 1908. Herbal preparations like powder or liquid extract have been used in the past to stimulate the appetite (Paris and Moyse, 1967).
An internal use as adjuvant therapy in diabetes mellitus, anorexia, as an adjunct to a low fat diet in the treatment of mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia and an external use in case of furunculosis, ulcers and eczema are mentioned in the ESCOP Monograph.
Fenugreek is also a part of the ayurvedic pharmacopoeia and used in arthritis and spondylosis, adjunct in diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia (Selected medicinal Plants of India, 1992).
Fenugreek has been used as herbal substance since 1970 in France and over 30 years in Poland.
In France, Poland and Spain, fenugreek is a traditional herbal medicinal product. The current therapeutic indications in these European countries are:
For oral use:
In France: traditionally used to help weight gain
In Poland:
as appetite stimulant
in lack of appetite
orally as gastrointestinal emollient In Spain: loss of appetite
For external use: In Poland:
topically in a form of cataplasms in skin inflammations, as emollient, coating and for skin healing
topically in skin inflammations, topically in wounds, rashes, furunculosis
traditionally used externally in a form of cataplasms in skin inflammations (eruptions, furunculosis) as healing promotion
externally in skin inflammation conditions
In Spain: in minor local skin inflammations
2.3. Specified strength/posology/route of administration/duration of use for relevant preparations and indications
In France: 2 herbal medicinal products (extracts) have been on the market since 1970 and 1 (powder) since 1990 for oral use:
1.Dry extract (solvent: ethanol 20% v/v, DER 4:1):295 mg 2 times daily.
2.Soft extract (solvent: ethanol 60% v/v, DER
3.495 mg 3 to 5 times daily traditionally used to help weight gain.
In Poland: 5 herbal medicinal products for oral use (herbal tea) and external use (cataplasm) have been on the market for over 30 years:
1.Externally in a form of cataplasms in skin inflammations, as emollient, coating and for skin healing: 50 g of seeds, bring to the boil 5 min in 250 ml of water, use the obtained warm pulp as cataplasm 2 to 3 times daily. Orally as appetite stimulant: 1 teaspoon (2 g) of grained seeds, use before meals.
2.Orally in lack of appetite:
3.Orally in lack of appetite:
4.Orally: use a decoction, 8 g seeds in a glass of water; bring to the boil 15 minutes. Drink
furunculosis) 50 g of seeds in 250 ml of water, bring to the boil. Use the warm pulp as a cataplasm
5.Orally in lack of appetite. 1.6 g of ground seeds (1/4 of teaspoon), 3 times daily. Externally in skin inflammation conditions, mix 50 g of ground seeds with 250 ml (1 glass) of water, heat and use such a warm cataplasm several times a day.
In Spain: 1 herbal medicinal product on the market for external use and 3 herbal medicinal products on the market for oral use (1 herbal tea and 2 powders (1990 and 1992)).
1.Up to 50 g a day for external use, minor local skin inflammations.
2.Up to 3 times a day (6 g of herbal substance a day).
3.1100 mg 3 times a day.
4.380 to 760 mg 3 times a day. Used in loss of appetite.
3.1. Overview of available pharmacological data regarding the herbal substance(s), herbal preparation(s) and relevant constituents thereof
The WHO described the medicinal uses of fenugreek seeds, either, supported by clinical data, described in pharmacopoeias and
3.1.1. Primary pharmacodynamics
Only one study dealing with the effect of fenugreek seeds on appetite was located in the literature. Petit et al (1993) showed in rats that oral administration of a
Assessor's comment
Only sparse
3.1.2. Secondary pharmacodynamics
Hypoglycaemic effect
Most of the data found in the literature were performed to support the use of fenugreek seeds in diabetes mellitus. They are summarized in Table 2.
Fenugreek seeds as well as some water and ethanol extracts were shown to have a hypoglycaemic effect in normal as well as in diabetic models of rats. The seed powder was not tested in normal and diabetic mice, however aqueous and ethanol extracts induced the same effect. The hypoglycaemic effect of fenugreek seeds was also tested in a
The mechanism underlying this effect is not clearly established. A widely found hypothesis is that fenugreek interferes with intestinal glucose absorption as a result of local effects at the gastrointestinal level mainly due to dietary fibres contained in fenugreek seeds and/or viscosity of the preparation. However, Abajnoor and Tilmisany (1988) excluded the involvement of gastrointestinal
action of fibre to explain the hypoglycaemic effect they reported in mice because i) they used fasting mice and ii) they administered extract instead of the whole seed. Instead, they suggested that the mechanism of antidiabetic action of fenugreek seeds may be similar to that of tolbutamide, i.e. stimulation of pancreatic insulin secretion, but did not exclude other pathways. Yadav et al, (2008) also suggested that fenugreek seeds, more precisely the water extract, act as an insulin secretor but unfortunately, they did not monitor insulin levels in their experiments. Interestingly, increased insulin secretion was observed in the experiments conducted by Petit et al, (1993); Devi et al, (2003); Eidi et al, (2007). Further, Vijayakumar and Bhat (2008) also report that the hypoglycaemic effect of fenugreek seeds, at least in part, is contributed by its action on the modulation of insulin secretion.
Other authors suggested that fenugreek inhibits intestinal glycosidase or digestive enzymes (Riyad et al, 1988 cited by Eidi et al, 2007, Wong et al, 1985 and Edwards et al, 1985 both cited by Zia et al, 2001). However, Vijayakumar and Bhat (2008) mention that this mechanism could not explain the hypoglycaemic effect they observed in mice because they used the intraperitoneal route of administration. The ability of fenugreek seeds to modulate key glucose metabolising enzymes such as hexokinase (glycolysis),
In vitro investigations conducted by Vijayakumar et al, (2005) showed that fenugreek seed extract stimulates the insulin signalling pathway resulting in enhanced glucose transporter GLUT4 translocation to the cell surface in CHO cells and so enhanced mediated glucose uptake. It was notably shown in HepG2 cells that tyrosine phosphorylation of IR-
In addition, the compound(s) responsible for the hypoglycaemic effect is (are) not clearly identified. The main hypotheses found in the literature are summarized in Table 3. Zia et al, (2001) concluded that the substance responsible for hypoglycaemic activity is probably polar in nature. Ribes et al, (1984, 1986, 1987) showed in diabetic dogs that the hypoglycaemic effect of fenugreek seeds is due to the defatted fraction, and more precisely the defatted fraction containing testa and endosperm. The lipid extract had no such effect (Ribes et al, 1984; Valette et al, 1984).
Table 1: summary of primary pharmacodynamic studies
* 12.5% steroid saponins, 4.8% free amino acids, 0.002%
Table 2: summary of secondary pharmacodynamic studies dealing with potential activity in diabetes and/or hyperlipidaemia
apreparation containing 3.9% ash, 30.3% crude proteins, 53.9% dietary fibres (19.0% gum, 23.6% hemicelluloses, 8.9% cellulose, 2.4% lignin), 4.8% steroid saponins
btesta + endosperm: preparation containing 10.0% moisture, 3.0% ash, 6.8% crude proteins, 79.4% dietary fibres (32.4% gum, 28.6% hemicelluloses, 14.6% cellulose, 3.8% lignin), 0.6% steroid saponins
ccotyledons + axes: preparation containing 9.6% moisture, 4.9% ash, 52.8% crude proteins, 6.7% dietary fibres (traces of gum, 4.0% hemicelluloses, 2.1% cellulose, 0.6% lignin), 7.2% steroid saponins
Hypolipidaemic effect
The data are summarized in Table 2.
Investigations were conducted on the ability of fenugreek seed to lower blood lipids levels. In normal rats, Petit et al, (1993) observed decreased levels of total cholesterol and
In normal and diabetic dogs, a hypocholesterolaemic effect was reported for the defatted fraction of fenugreek seeds. Further work in diabetic dogs showed a hypolipidaemic effect (decreased cholesterol and/or triglycerides) for the defatted fraction containing testa and endosperm shown to induce also hypoglycaemic effects. However, the defatted fraction containing cotyledon and axes also showed a hypolipidaemic effect in this experimental model, whereas it did not induce a hypoglycaemic effect. The authors conclude that saponins may play a role, but exclude any effect of amino acids on lipidaemia (Ribes et al, 1984, 1986, 1987; Valette et al, 1984).
Table 3: compounds claimed to be involved in the hypoglycaemic activity of fenugreek seeds
Other effects
Ahmadiani et al, (2001) reported an
Assessor's comments
Fenugreek seeds were shown to induce hypoglycaemic effects in various animal models of diabetes. The mechanism underlying the hypoglycaemic effect remains unestablished but a number of hypotheses were found in the literature: local action at the
A lower number of studies also showed that fenugreek seeds have a hypolipidaemic effect in diabetic rats, and in both normal and diabetic dogs. It was also shown in dogs that the active part is the defatted fraction.
According to the results, an action that may be relevant in humans is the effect on glycaemia. Warnings could be included in the monograph regarding potential interactions with treatments for diabetes mellitus.
3.1.3. Safety pharmacology
Two publications describing the results of experimental studies dealing with the potential undesirable effect of fenugreek preparations on some of the main physiological functions were found in the scientific literature. A summary is provided in Table 4.
Abdo and
Either a slight effect or an effect similar to that reported for the control vehicle was reported on the motility of isolated guinea pig intestine pieces.
A positive chronotropic effect was observed in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts with the water extract; a negative chronotropic effect was reported for the ethanol extract and ethanol control vehicle. However, no effect on blood pressure or respiratory movements was reported in anaesthetized dogs treated with each extract.
Both extracts showed stimulating effect on uterine contractility, particularly in tissues obtained from pregnant guinea pigs.
Parvizpur et al, (2006) showed that a water extract of fenugreek leaves inhibits the aggregation of rabbit platelets in a
Table 4: summary of safety pharmacology studies
Assessor's comment
From the studies detailed above, two results may deserve a particular attention:
A water extract of fenugreek leaves was shown to inhibit the aggregation of rabbit platelets in a
The uterine stimulant properties reported on pieces of guinea pig uterus should be viewed in the context of its historical use as an abortifacient or for labour induction that is mentioned by Ulbricht et al, (2007).
3.2. Overview of available pharmacokinetic data regarding the herbal substance(s), herbal preparation(s) and relevant constituents thereof
No data were found in the literature.
3.3. Overview of available toxicological data regarding the herbal substance(s)/herbal preparation(s) and constituents thereof
The available data are summarized in Table 5.
Table 5: summary of
supplied by M/s Sterling Home Products (Chennai, India)
divided into two equal doses and dosed at
Assessor's comment
Studies performed by
Muralidhara et al, (1999) also showed a low acute toxic potential in rodents with a debitterized powder obtained from an unknown part of fenugreek.
The available data are summarized in Table 6.
Table 6: summary of
Lungs: mild to moderate chronic interstitial pneumonitis: 17/24, 18/24, 16/24, 18/24 (at 0, 5, 10, 20%, higher frequency in males) Lungs: severe chronic interstitial pneumonitis: 3/24, 0/24, 1/24, 0/24 (at 0, 5, 10, 20%)
supplied by M/s Sterling Home Products (Chennai, India)
Assessor's comment
No toxic effect was observed in the first study. Udayasekhara Rao P et al, (1996) reported increased liver weight in females receiving 10 and 20% of seed powder with increased ALP levels. However, this did not correlate with any hepatic finding at histopathological examination. Chronic interstitial pneumonitis was observed at a similar incidence in all groups including controls (
In both studies, the list of organs selected for histopathological examination was quite limited. Contrary to results obtained in rats and rabbits which are further detailed in the reproduction toxicity section, no testicular finding was reported. In addition, no decrease in blood glucose levels (or corroborating finding) was noted in both studies, although this was expected due to the hypoglycaemic effect of fenugreek seeds (see pharmacology).
3.3.3. Genotoxicity
The available data are summarized in Table 7.
In addition, the WHO monograph on Semen Trigonellae Foenugraeci reports that an aqueous and a chloroform/methanol extract of the seeds were not mutagenic in the Salmonella microsome assay using S. typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 (Rockwell and Raw, 1979 and Mahmoud et al, 1992 / cited by WHO 2007).
Table 7: summary of genotoxicity studies
*containing 40%
**OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, Test n°476: in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test, 1997
Assessor's comment
Flammang et al (2004) performed an
The data reported in the WHO monograph were obtained with irrelevant extracts and the number of strains used is not sufficient.
Overall, it is considered that conventional genotoxicity data obtained with a clinically relevant herbal preparation is lacking, thus precluding the inclusion of Trigonella
3.3.4. Carcinogenicity
No conventional carcinogenicity study is available.
Assessor's comment
From a
3.3.5. Reproduction toxicity
The available data are summarized in Table 8.
Kamal et al, (1993) treated male rats with the steroidal fraction of fenugreek seed extract for
2 months. The sperm count and motility of treated animals were decreased. In addition, the weight of reproductive tissues and
Kassem et al, (2006) showed that administration of fenugreek seed powder in feed (30%) for
3 months induced testicular toxicity in rabbits, as shown by marked decreases in testosterone levels, testes weight and sperm count. This correlated histologically with a decreased number of seminiferous tubules and disruption of spermatogenesis (mild hypoplasia). According to the authors, these results are coherent with those of Kamal et al, (1993). However, they indicate that fenugreek may induce testicular toxicity rather than
In female rabbits treated the same way as their male counterparts,
Sethi et al, (1990) administered fenugreek seed powder to rats during the first ten days of gestation at 175 mg/kg a day. The number of resorptions was increased. This is coherent with the results published
by Elbetieha et al, (1996) and Adhikary (1990) with fenugreek seed extracts administered from the beginning up to the 6th or 10th day of pregnancy, respectively. In addition, some gross and visceral anomalies were reported in the study published by Sethi et al, (1990).
The only negative study was conducted by Mital and Gopaldas (1986) by administration of up to 20% fenugreek seed powder in the diet of rats for the whole gestation period.
Table 8: summary of reproduction toxicity studies
acontaining 0.6% total steroidal sapogenin
bassuming a body weight value of 225 g as mentioned in the article
Assessor's comment
Studies published by Kamal et al, (1993) and Kassem et al, (2006) were designed to evaluate the effect of fenugreek seeds preparation on fertility. Both studies report testicular toxicity shown by decreased testosterone levels, altered sperm parameters, decreased testis weight, lowered/arrest of spermatogenesis, degenerating seminiferous tubules. This toxicity is attributed to the treatment- related decrease in testosterone, which seems consistent. A NOAEL was not determined. A potential impact on fertility cannot be excluded.
In female rabbits, changes in estrogen and progesterone levels were reported by Kassem et al, (2006).
Three studies showed that fenugreek seeds preparations (extract or powder) could increase the number of resorptions when given to rats from the first day up to the 10th day of gestation. In two studies, the number of implantations was not reported to be affected, in the third the authors did not indicate whether this parameter has been monitored. In the study performed by Kassem et al, (2006) in rabbits, the number of implantations was also not affected by administration of seed powder but the litter size was decreased by 75% compared to controls. In the study performed by Kamal et al, (1993), successful mating occurred but there is no data provided regarding the number of implantations. Therefore, it seems reasonable to conclude that fenugreek seed induces embryolethality in rats. This conclusion is also supported by the reported historical/theoretical use of fenugreek as an abortifacient and labour inducer (Ulbricht et al, 2007). Other supportive data were summarized by Farnsworth et al, (1975) who performed an extensive review of published articles dealing with the effects of various plants on fertility and the underlying mechanism. Fenugreek was classified among plants having abortifacient and emmenagogue (which induces or hastens menstrual flow) applications based on the following data:
Regarding the impact of fenugreek seed on
The design of both studies is not in line with current recommendations for evaluation of
Therefore, the information on
Other studies
Some studies focused on the impact of fenugreek seeds on thyroid function because thyroid hormones are involved in carbohydrate metabolism. The data are summarized in Table 9.
Table 9: summary of studies focused on effects on thyroid
Assessor's comment
Results from 3 experiments in rodents showed that a
3.4. Overall conclusions on
Fenugreek seeds were shown to induce hypoglycaemic effects in various animal models of diabetes. The mechanism underlying the hypoglycaemic effect remains unestablished but a number of hypotheses were found in the literature: local action at the
A lower number of studies also showed that fenugreek seeds have a hypolipidaemic effect in diabetic rats and in both normal and diabetic dogs. It was also shown in dogs that the active part is the defatted fraction.
No specific safety pharmacology study is available which is acceptable according to current guidelines. However, the inhibition of rabbit platelet aggregation with a water extract, and uterine stimulant properties reported in guinea pigs with a water and ethanolic extracts could be taken into consideration.
Specific studies conducted in rats with a
Testicular toxicity was reported in rats treated for 2 or 3 months with either seed powder or the steroidal fraction of seeds. It was characterized by altered sperm parameters, decreased testis weight, lowered/arrest of spermatogenesis and degenerating seminiferous tubules. These effects are attributed to the
Three studies showed that fenugreek seeds preparations (extract or powder) could increase the number of resorptions when given to rats from the first day up to the 10th day of gestation. From the available data, it seems reasonable to conclude that fenugreek seed induces embryolethality in rats. This conclusion is coherent with the reported historical/theoretical use of fenugreek as an abortifacient and for labour induction.
The information on
No information is available regarding potential effects on pre- and
Overall, the administration of fenugreek seeds impacted on various components of the endocrine system: pancreas (effect on insulin levels), thyroid (effect on T3 and T4 levels) and gonads (effects on testosterone, estrogen and progesterone levels).
Some warnings could be included for patients treated for diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders.
Embryolethal effects could be reported in the monograph. Regarding
The wording proposed for section 5.3 is:
"Tests on genotoxicity have not been performed with preparations of fenugreek covered by this monograph.
Decreased thyroid hormone levels (T3, triiodothyronine) were reported in rodents treated with
4. Clinical Data
4.1. Clinical Pharmacology
4.1.1. Overview of pharmacodynamic data regarding the herbal substance(s)/preparation(s) including data on relevant constituents
Clinical pharmacology on fenugreek is not well documented in humans. The majority of pharmacological effects have been studied in animals, mainly in rats and dogs and to a lesser extent in
rabbits, either through in vitro or in vivo experiments to search or reveal the hypocholesterolaemic and hypoglycaemic effects of fenugreek (see data previously detailed in the
4.1.2. Overview of pharmacokinetic data regarding the herbal substance(s)/preparation(s) including data on relevant constituents
Pharmacokinetic data are not available for all components of fenugreek or for the compound as a whole. In humans, it has been shown that saponins present in fenugreek are believed to be primarily absorbed in the terminal ileum as a potential mechanism assessed for its hypocholestaerolemic activity.
In a rabbit study by Zhao et al, aimed at studying the pharmacokinetics of trigonelline determined by HPLC, after
4.2. Clinical Efficacy
4.2.1. Dose response studies
According to the provided literature, no
According to the WHO monograph, available dosage recommendations are the following:
for internal use, average daily dose, cut or crushed seed, 6 g or equivalent of preparations; infusions, 0.5 g of cut seed macerated in 150 ml cold water for 3 hours, several cups.
According to the ESCOP monograph, available dosage recommendations are the following:
for internal use, in adults, as adjuvant therapy in diabetes or for hypercholesterolaemia, 25 g of powdered seeds or equivalent preparations daily; for lack of appetite,
for external use, in adults, as an emollient 50 g of powdered seeds boiled in 250 ml of water for 5 minutes then applied as a warm moist poultice.
4.2.2. Clinical studies (case studies and clinical trials)
Appetite stimulant effect
The French approved indication stated as follows: "traditionally used to gain weight in adults" is granted for more than 30 years in France. The traditional use of fenugreek is based on the experience and historical use of this herbal product in the European Community.
When searching reference to substantiate the efficacy/safety of fenugreek in the literature in this indication only one reference has been found: M. Rguibi and R. Belahsen (2006). Fattening practices among Moroccan Saharawi Women. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, Vol.12, No.5, 2006.
This reference reports a survey of Moroccan Saharawi women as regards their fattening practices for gaining weight as a
Use of fenugreek is reported as an appetite enhancer in this survey.
Methodology of the survey
All participants were interviewed
To determine the perceptions of body weight, participants were invited to answer the following questions: Have you wanted to gain weight in the past? Do you want to gain weight now? Do you want to lose weight now? Participants were asked to describe any actions that they have taken to lose or gain weight. All fattening practices used by the women were recorded, as well as other details such as portion size, frequency of eating, food composition and food preparation techniques.
This survey is conducted between October 2001 and April 2002 on a sample of 249 urban non- pregnant women aged 15 to 70 years old, without any previous systemic disease.
Demographic characteristics
Women belonging to the Saharawi ethnic group: communication skills in Hassaniyya dialects, traditional clothing, history of their family's residence. Informed consent obtained verbally before they took part to the survey.
Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) and height (m2) The World Health Organization (WHO) definitions were used for underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25 kg/m2), overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2).
Investigations regarding their perceptions of body weight have been recorded as well as their potential actions that they have taken to lose or gain weight.
Clinical Results
The mean BMI was 29.6 kg/m2 and 30% of women were overweight and 49% were obese.
A large majority of women (79.9%) described their weight as appropriate and only 50 described it as inappropriate (8 desired to lose weight and 42 desired to gain it). The desire to gain weight was in
most cases accompanied by practising certain behaviours, for example using drugs, overfeeding and restriction of physical activity. The fattening practices changed between the past and currently as shown in the following table.
Fattening practices used by Saharawi women desiring to gain weight
In addition to the therapeutic medication, the women reported that some seeds such as fenugreek (halba) consumed directly or added to dishes have been used to stimulate hunger.
Assessor's comment:
This study is the main "clinical support" of the use of fenugreek as an appetite stimulant besides the animal data. It is an observational survey where fenugreek is "mentioned" as being used by women desiring to gain weight. However, the study description does not enable to quantify the use of fenugreek among the appetite enhancers and ultimately to appreciate the potential contribution of fenugreek in the weight gain.
Therefore per nature, this observational study is of no relevance to substantiate the efficacy and safety of fenugreek as an appetite enhancer.
To complete the data above, there is some information in the WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants which are also substantiated to some extent by the literature data, in particular hypoglycemic/hypolipemiant effects which are described hereafter.
Hypoglycaemic and antihyperlipidemic properties
The possible hypoglycaemic and antihyperlipidemic properties of oral fenugreek seed powder are suggested in the literature. However, the references suffer from critical methodological limitations (most available studies are case series lacking proper controls, randomization or blinding) precluding any formal conclusion on these properties. They could only be regarded as exploratory.
As an illustration, the Rapporteur will particularly describe one recent study (2009) from Chevassus et al, and a
A fenugreek seed extract selectively reduces spontaneous fat consumption in healthy volunteers. Chevassus H, Molinier N, Costa F, Galtier F, Renard E, Petit P. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Dec;
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a repeated administration of a fenugreek seed extract on the eating behaviour of overweight subjects.
Study design
The study was designed as a
Data analysis and statistics
The sample size (40 subjects to be enrolled in two groups of 20) was determined using data obtained in a previous study, with an expected mean difference for energy consumption (main outcome) between the fenugreek seed extract and placebo of 216 kcal per day, a common standard deviation (SD) of 238 kcal per day, a
Test compound
The test compound was a marketed dry
The diet and physical activity of the patients were assessed under
Reported energy intake (REI) was determined with
Assessor's comment:
Referring to a
Daily fat consumption was significantly decreased by the higher dose of fenugreek seed extract [3.73 vs. 4.51 MJ
Table 10
Comparison of fasting data of plasma glucose, serum insulin and lipid profile between healthy overweight subjects receiving fenugreek seed extract 1176 mg/day and those receiving placebo
Values are given at the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM)
The ratio of fasting serum insulin/plasma glucose was significantly decreased in subjects treated with fenugreek seed extract relative to the placebo group [0.89±0.09 (n=19) vs 1.06±0.10 (n=19) mUI
Authors' conclusions: The repeated administration of a fenugreek seed extract slightly but significantly decreased dietary fat consumption in human volunteers in this
Assessor's comments:
According to the authors, the lower ratio of fasting serum insulin/plasma glucose may reflect an improved insulin sensitivity. However, still as underlined by the authors, this property cannot be regarded as established and specific investigations would be required. This is all the more disputable that in this study FPG even increases from baseline to
Sharma RD et al. Use of fenugreek seed powder in the management of
Study population
Sixty patients with mild (22), moderate (35) and severe (7) non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) were registered for the study. These patients were drawn from the outpatients' diabetic clinics, OPD and the Postgraduate Department of Medicine, S. N. Medical College, Agra (India). Of these 45 were male patients and 15 female. Their ages ranged between 30 to 70 years.
According to body mass 21 were obese and 39
All patients registered had uncontrolled blood glucose levels. They were not taking adequate medicine due to either poverty or ignorance. Poor patients who could not afford adequate food were given suboptimal doses of drugs. Initially, 18 patients took a product with 4.72 mg glibenclamide
daily. Eight patients took a product with 1.06 mg of metform daily. A combination of both drugs was taken by 5 severe diabetic patients, 17 mg of glibenclamide + 1.7 mg metform daily. Nine patients took other drugs of homeopathy treatment. Twenty patients did not take any medication for diabetes.
A control group comprised of 10 subjects was also run simultaneously. This group was drawn from staff of S. N. Medical College, Agra. of these, 7 were male and 3 were females. Their ages, like study group patients, ranged between 30 to 70 years.
In the beginning of the study, both control and diabetic subjects were put on a prescribed diet comprising of 300 g carbohydrate for seven days of the control period. For the estimation of basal parameters, glucose tolerance test with 75 g glucose load was initially performed for each subject. For the
Glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed for each subject at an interval of 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks.
Both control and experimental diets provided similar calories and had similar nutrient composition except fibre content which was higher in the fenugreek seed powder diet.
The food and mean energy intake of diabetic subjects during control and experimental periods were almost similar and constant. The mean energy intake being 2056±289 kilo calories, of which 63±5.1% was derived from carbohydrates, 18±2.8% from fat and 19.1±2.7% from protein.
There was no significant change in the body mass for these two groups.
A significant fall in serum levels were observed at ½ h, 1 h and 2 h during GTT. Although fasting levels of insulin remained unchanged, the mean insulin area was reduced significantly (p<0.05).
Table 11
Blood glucose and insulin levels and the area under the curve for diabetic subjects before and after administration of fenugreek seed powder
Level of significance for comparison of initial versus 24th week values
In 10 diabetic patients, 24 h urinary sugar was estimated at the beginning and at the 8th week, after fenugreek seed powder administration. A fall of 13% in urinary sugar was observed which was found to be statistically significant (p<0.001) (table 12). Glucosylated haemoglobin was also determined
initially and at the end of 8th week. A highly significant reduction was observed with a percentage decrease of 12.5% as compared to initial values (table 12).
Table 12
Urinary sugar and glycosylated haemoglobin levels in diabetic subject before and after administration of fenugreek seed powder
Level of significance initial versus 8th week (** p<0.001)
The degree of glycaemic control was assessed by measuring 2 h
Table 13
Percent distribution of patients according to glycaemic control at the initial and 24th week of fenugreek seed powder administration to NIDDM patients
As compared to other literature data, this study presents the interest of providing
Indeed, these patients were badly controlled for their diabetes before the study entry and appear to have benefitted from standard treatments after inclusion. It is unclear whether both the experimental and control groups have received superimposable therapeutic, biological and clinical monitorings to enable an adequate assessment of the fenugreek effect.
4.2.3. Clinical studies in special populations (e.g. elderly and children)
No clinical data are available in children.
4.3. Overall conclusions on clinical pharmacology and efficacy
When scrutinizing the published literature to substantiate the clinical efficacy of fenugreek in the adopted indications, it has to be acknowledged that the data are scarce and of poor relevance.
Subsequently, the effect of fenugreek relies more on a traditional use than on a
5. Clinical Safety/Pharmacovigilance
5.1. Overview of toxicological/safety data from clinical trials in humans
The safety and efficacy of Trigonella
Adverse events including transient diarrhoea and flatulence have been reported in studies evaluating the effects of fenugreek on blood glucose (Sharma RD et al, 1996).
Some patients developed dyspepsia and mild abdominal distension after fenugreek seed intake in one double blind placebo controlled study (Gupta et al, 2001) evaluating the effects of Trigonella
Assessor's comments:
It should be pointed out that the number of patients included in these studies is very limited. However, the administration of fenugreek seems to be potentially associated with digestive disorders, dizziness and increase in micturition frequency. We agree that no conclusions can be drawn with regard to the reduction of potassium levels observed in the first study.
5.2. Patient exposure
Not applicable.
5.3. Adverse events and serious adverse events and deaths
Three publications highlight the risk of allergy after fenugreek ingestion, inhalation or external application:
The first publication (Patil SP et al, 1997) reports two cases of immediate allergy following inhalation and external application of fenugreek seed powder. In the first case, inhalation of the fenugreek seed powder resulted in rhinorrhoea, wheezing, and fainting. The second case was of a patient with chronic asthma who developed numbness of head, facial angioedema and wheezing after application of fenugreek paste to her scalp as a treatment for dandruff. Skin scratch test was performed with fenugreek and revealed strong sensitivity to fenugreek and chickpeas. Immunoblots demonstrated binding of specific IgE from the patients' sera with the protein from extracts between 20 kD to 70 kD bands.
The second one, reports one case of bronchospasm after inhalation of curry powder (Ohuma et al, 1998).
The last case report involves one patient having used fenugreek powder orally as an appetite stimulant and topically as a healing agent (Bessot et al, 1996). He experienced asthma and rhinitis. The prick test performed with fenugreek powder was strongly positive.
Three publications report a false diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease owing to ingestion of herbal tea:
The first case (Sewell et al, 1999) involved a
Two similar reports were published earlier in 1981 (Bartley et al) and 2001 (Korman et al).
A publication reports one case of aplastic anaemia in a 51
Assessor's comments:
According to these data the local application, as well as inhalation or ingestion of fenugreek have been associated with allergic reactions that are sometimes serious. Positive skin scratch test and prick test in two of the three
5.4. Laboratory findings
5.5. Safety in special populations and situations
Drug interactions
An interaction between fenugreek and warfarin has also been retrieved in 2 publications, including one case report (Heck et al, 2000 and Lambert et al, 2001). The case report involved a patient who was treated with warfarin for atrial fibrillation. During treatment, an increase in international normalized ratio (INR) and the patient's admission that she was taking a variety of natural products which included boldo and fenugreek, led the authors to suspect that some of these natural products could alter the effect of warfarin. When the patient stopped the herbal products, the INR returned to normal after 1 week. The
determined by the Naranjo algorithm, suggests a probable association between
Assessor's comments:
The data regarding a possible interaction with oral anticoagulants are definitely too sparse and the evidence is very weak.
Only one clinical case is available (Lambert JP, Cormier A in Pharmacotherapy,
Firstly, these increases are to be considered slight. Moreover, the patient seemed to present with memory disorders ("It was difficult to make a precise list of OTC and natural products consumed because the patient has some memory confusion"). Moreover the authors themselves appear disbelieving ("we did experience some difficulty in obtaining the exact name of the various OTC products the woman consumed. It is not impossible that she may have omitted or forgotten to mention some change in nutrition such as decreased consumption of food rich in vitamin K or excessive consumption of alcohol").
The French Pharmacovigilance Database with 22 reports of patients receiving fenugreek as an active substance did not reveal any case sustaining this hypothesis.
Taking into account all these elements, it is considered not suitable to add a specific warning in the 4.5 section of the monograph as regards this putative, poorly documented, far not proven interaction.
Use in pregnancy and lactation
In one study, both water and alcoholic extracts of fenugreek exerted a stimulating effect on the isolated guinea pig uterus, especially during late pregnancy. As a result, the authors concluded that fenugreek may possess abortifacient effects and is not recommended for use, in doses higher than those found in foods, during pregnancy (Abdo et al, 1969)
Assessor's comments:
No data are available in humans regarding pregnancy and lactation. As a precautionary measure, the use of fenugreek should not be recommended in this population.
Overdose, drug abuse
No data available.
Withdrawal and rebound
No data available.
Effects on ability to drive or operate machinery or impairment of mental ability
No data available.
5.6. Overall conclusions on clinical safety
Data from the literature have enabled to identify mainly two kinds of adverse effects after fenugreek intake: digestive disorders and allergic reactions. However, other adverse effects have been reported in some studies: dizziness and increase of micturition frequency.
The risk of false diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease and potential unnecessary investigations underlined in young children will not be introduced in the monograph as fenugreek is not recommended for children and adolescents under 18 years of age because of incomplete safety data.
Taking into account all the elements mentioned above regarding the potential risk of interaction between fenugreek and anticoagulants (page 48/49), it is considered not suitable to add a specific warning in the 4.5 section as regards this putative, poorly documented, so far not proven interaction.
6. Overall conclusions
Fenugreek containing preparations are reported as being on the EU market for more than 30 years in products for oral use in lack of appetite (Poland and France) and in products for external use for skin inflammation treatment (Poland). Only the preparations which have been used for at least 30 years are described in the monograph.
Nevertheless, when scrutinizing the published literature to substantiate the clinical efficacy of fenugreek in the first indication, it has to be acknowledged that the data are scarce and of poor relevance in adults.
The clinical data are of poor relevance in adolescents. In children, no efficacy data are available, clinical experience is sparse and mainly through case reports of adverse events.
The literature data appear to be relatively more abundant concerning the hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic properties of fenugreek, however, due to significant methodological deficiencies and inconsistencies, still without providing adequate demonstration of their clinical impact.
Finally, the cutaneous clinical use of fenugreek for skin inflammation is not substantiated in the literature data.
Consequently, the effect of fenugreek is plausible and relies on a traditional use (data cannot substantiate a
As regards the safety profile of fenugreek, it is mainly characterized by digestive disorders and allergic reactions.
The use of fenugreek in pregnant women should be avoided, in view of the uncertainties surrounding a beneficial effect of this plant on one hand, and the uterine stimulant properties reported in animal studies (even justifying an historical use as an abortifacient) on the other.
The use in children and adolescents under 18 years of age is not recommended because of incomplete data on safety.
Available genotoxicity data do not allow the inclusion of Trigonellae foenugraeci semen in the list of herbal substances, preparations and combinations thereof for use in traditional herbal medicinal products.
List of references


text:
IMRT blends research, production, training and advocacy to help citizens innovatively harness the power of media and advance human rights, freedom of expression, peace, and social justice.
Media and terrorism have a symbiotic relationship, as the latter relies on the former to achieve its impact. This poses a great dilemma for journalists and news institutions: if they report on terrorism, they essentially serve its goals of spreading fear. If they don't cover it, they fail to serve their publics. As non-state actors become increasingly sophisticated in using modern digital media technologies and integrating them with their terrorism operations, it is important to examine this relationship in depth and try to help journalists find effective innovative ways to cover terrorism. See reports on media and terrorism below.
The way news media cover a conflict, especially in distant lands, influences our perception of that conflict. News frames of war define the problem, designate blame, construct legitimacy, provide moral justifications, and ultimately offer solutions. They designate who are the good guys and the bad guys, the winners and the losers, the victims, the aggressors and the saviors, and have the power to help resolve conflicts or escalate antagonism. Millions of people's lives sometimes are influenced by what is included in the news frames, and more importantly what is excluded. See studies about news framing of war and conflict below.
How do people living under dire situations of war and conflict use media to serve their information needs, connect with family and friends, follow up on the progress of political, military and diplomatic campaigns, and sometimes advocate their own views of the conflict and support certain solutions and groups? Research in conflict zones is rare and dangerous. IMRT's team is uniquely situated to conduct such studies in a reliable, valid and safe manner. Read some reports we published that tackled these issues.
Kozman, Claudia, and Melki, Jad. (2017). News Media Uses During War: The case of the Syrian conflict. Journalism Studies. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1279564
Melki, Jad (PI.), Anke Fiedler, Bart Veenstra, Dirk Spilker (Eds.) (2016). Syria Audience Research. Free Press Unlimited (FPU). https://www.freepressunlimited.org/en/news/syria-audience-research-2016
Palmer, Lindsay and Melki, Jad. (2016). Shape Shifting in the Conflict Zone: The Strategic Performance of Gender in War and Conflict Reporting. Journalism Studies. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1161494
Melki, Jad, and Jabado, May. (2016). Mediated Public Diplomacy of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria: The synergistic use of terrorism, social media and branding. Media and Communication. http://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/432
Melki, Jad (PI.), Fiedler, Anke, Reimpell, Philippine, and Maul, Gunnar (Eds.) (2014). Syria Audience Research. Media in Cooperation and Transition (MiCT): Berlin, Germany. http://www.mict-international.org/projects/syria-audience-research-2016/
Melki, Jad. (2014). The interplay of politics, economics and culture in news framing of Middle East Wars. Media, War and Conflict, 7(2), 165-186. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1750635214537405
Melki, Jad, and Deeb, Amal. (2013). The media framing of war: Global media coverage of the 2006 war. Al-Mustaqbal Al-Arabi, 413 (July), 42-61.
Melki, Jad. Fromm, Megan, and Mihailidis, Paul. (2013). Trauma Journalism Education: teaching merits, curricular challenges, and instructional approaches. Journalism Education, 2(2), 62-77. http://journalism-education.org/2013/12/trauma-journalism-education/
Melki, Jad. (2010). Media Habits of MENA Youth: A three-country survey. Issam Fares Institute Working Paper Series, #4. The Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs. http://www.med-media.eu/library/media-habits-mena-youth-three-country-survey/
Melki, Jad. (2009). Why Journalists Need to Learn About Trauma. Nieman Reports, (winter), Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard. http://niemanreports.org/articles/why-journalists-need-to-learn-about-trauma/
Melki, Jad, & Moeller, Susan, and Mihailidis, Paul. (2007). The Summer 2006 Conflict Between Hezbollah and Israel, One Year Later. Al-Mashriq, 6(22), 13-34.
Melki, Jad, & Moeller, Susan. (2007). Covering War. Analyzing coverage of the summer 2006 Hezbollah-Israel war, International Center for Media & the Public Agenda, University of Maryland. http://www.icmpa.umd.edu/pages/studies/hezbollah_israel_war/z_main.html
Melki, Jad, & McConnell, Herbert. (2004). Troops, Political Advertising Resource Center, Center for Political Communication and Civic Leadership, University of Maryland, Sept. 28.
Melki, Jad, & McConnell, Herbert. (2004). War on Terror Agenda, Political Advertising Resource Center, Center for Political Communication and Civic Leadership, University of Maryland, Oct. 18.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
By Jonathan Anker
updated 4:24 PM EDT, Thu November 01, 2012
New Yorkers have enough to worry about above ground. But below, the city's massive rat population may be on the move after Sandy, adding another potential concern to residents' long list of post-superstorm challenges.
But for all we hear about New York's legendary sewer-dwelling armies of rodents, is this really likely to happen? Millions of rats flushed from their subterranean habitat?
Dr. Rick Ostfeld is a senior scientist who specializes in both disease ecology and rodent population dynamics at New York's Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies. We asked him about the potential for a rat infestation and where these rats may go next if they've been flooded from their homes.
HLN: Do you think this will actually happen? A broad dispersal of the rat population?
Dr. Rick Ostfeld: I think it's quite likely that rat populations that inhabited low-lying areas of NYC (sewers, storm drains, subways, etc.) will be massively affected by Sandy. Some individuals likely will be killed, but rats are excellent swimmers and climbers, and I expect them to disperse widely over the next few days to weeks. Some might return home when the floodwaters subside, but others will set up shop in some new place.
HLN: Is it possible to know how many rats may be living around NYC? Best guess?
Ostfeld: No one has done the type of study needed to make a good estimate -- this would involve capturing, marking, and recapturing rats all over the city, a rather tall order. But my understanding is that there are at least as many rats as there are people in NYC.
HLN: Where will these rats try to go?
Ostfeld: Initially to higher ground. Unfortunately, much of that higher ground consists of stores, apartments, warehouses, schools, and other places where we don't want rat companions. We can expect a phase of dispersing, wandering rats followed by their establishing new colonies and social orders. The wandering phase, which could take weeks, presents a problem as the animals mix with one another (increasing risk of disease transmission to other rats) and look for food, often near people.


text:
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We don't require a referral, but some insurance providers require one from your primary care provider before you make an appointment with us. If you need help securing a referral, please call us and we'll be glad to assist.


text:
A Whole New Look To Our Website!
It's finally here! I've been working on this improved website design for what seems like months (OK, it has been months), and today we've finally launched it. It's live to look at!
Here is a brief list of the improvements:
Each page no longer opens in a new window so you can navigate easily with the forward and back buttons of your browser.
Each painting and each print gets a page of its own, so you can get to them quickly.
Each painting or print now has a button which allows you to contact us from right there.
The Coastline, Landscape and Aviation galleries feature all the paintings and are good for a browse through.
The Prints and 'Available Work' galleries are more tightly organised to enable you to find works and places quickly. For example, the prints of Cullen can now be found in the 'Findochty to Cullen' part of the Coastline Gallery.
There are lots of other, more minor tweaks too.
Please enjoy a look around our new website. We've built over 120 new pages to create it, and so there's bound to be some mistakes somewhere. If you find any, please do let us know!
Thanks, Rob and Sharon.
If you can, get out there...
In response to a few questions about painting water, and particularly crashing surf and big waves, I'm going to make a plea. It's not open to all of us to get out there and observe nature at work, but when we can, we really should! If you want to paint big water, you really need to understand the way it moves and why. You could study the physics for a long time, but the best way, I think, is to watch the water at work.
The point I'm making here is not how to paint water, but to get out there and watch it. As it 'heaves' up in one place, it pulls back from another, but there are always lines you can see relating to the overall pattern, they move all the time, but here, in this quick study I did for an art group class of the rocks off the caravan site at Findochty, you can see a single line of wave running from the top of the foreground rocks at left to the top of the foreground rocks on the right. This single line, unnoticed unless you're looking, holds the water together. In front of it, the water is swelling and pouring over the close rocks. Behind, the water has been sucked away ready for the big wave that's currently breaking behind it. Using these simple thoughts about the water's movements, we as artists can express our thoughts on the movement of the waves while avoiding that broken effect that makes them look artificial. So, if you can, get out there and watch the water, making big lines on a sketch pad as you see the big lines form. Then go and paint!!
Rough Seas
I've not added anything to this blog in quite a while - sorry about that! Anyway, here we are back in action...
This is my latest painting: 'Our Town's Faith, Hope and Glory', a name suggested by one of the inhabitants of Buckie, on the north-east coast of Scotland, whose harbour stars in this painting. I had initially intended a painting of a trawler leaving port (Buckie is a working port) but as I was skecthing the harbour entrance, the lifeboat put to sea on a training exercise. This painting was born at that moment!
Once I had the idea for the lifeboat, I couldn't make do with the calm sea as I wanted to reflect the fact that these crew members stand into danger in all sorts of weathers, and the weather and sea around here can be pretty bad! Although the view here is within the harbour, there's still some swell from outside. The majority of the dramatic effect here comes from the waves we can't see crashing over the walls. I loved doing these waves and spray, and I'm sure they'll be featuring again soon.
For this painting, I'm glad to say that we'll be donating a framed copy to the Buckie Lifeboat crew in early March, and they've invited us over to the station for a look around. I'm delighted that the finished painting pays tribute to the bravery of the crews - especially important in this coastal region. I'll be staying with Buckie for the next painting too...
Evening Calm
My work recently has featured a lot of bright, sunny days, with quite a lot 'going on'. I thought it was time for a return to a different atmosphere, and there's nothing I like painting more than a gentle and peaceful sunset!
For this I have returned to a favourite spot of mine - Lossiemouth, a small town on the Moray Firth coast just a few miles from where I live. here, we are looking across the River Lossie on its final run to the sea: the river turns right after it flows under the bridge and empties into the sea by the edge of the town just behind the sand dune on the right of the painting.
The Moray Firth coast gets its share of mist and fog, mainly due to the Haar, a fog which rolls in off the sea and varies from a light mist to a real 'pea-souper!' Here I have applied only a light mist, allowing the sunset to shine through, lending its wonderful colours to the low cloud and reflecting them in the river and on the sand. The town and distant buildings around the harbour are rendered indistinct by the mist - one of my favourite aspects of watercolour!
I hope this all gives an overall impression of serenity and harmony, as the river flows gently past and the sun shines softly through the mist. I enjoyed getting a little atmospheric!
The original is available, and prints will be available soon - see my Coastline Gallery for details.
More Beaches!
Wow - it seems ages since I last posted here. Sorry, there's been lots going on! But I've been busy with more paintings of the beautiful coastline around where I live:
This is the latest one: 'Hopeman Harbour from the Headland', watercolour, 52 x 34 cm - it's in my Coastline Gallery. I'm really enjoying painting the local landscapes at this larger size - there's so much opportunity for detail and atmosphere! I think you can probably tell that what attracted me to this scene (apart from the beautiful view) was the variety of colours in the water. Hopeman beach is quite rocky, and I wanted to capture the contrast between the greeny-blues of the sandy bottom against the submerged rocks and seaweed, with the sand under the water lit up by the sunshine. I really enjoyed painting this sea! The scene is also very close to life, and I hope I've captured the essence of this pretty little seaside town and harbour here on the Moray Firth.
I think this will be my last Hopeman scene for a while - this has really wetted my appetite for painting more of the stunning views along this Jurassic coastline!
The original of this painting is available, as well as prints in two sizes.
Nairn Beach - Both Ways!
This is one of my favourite ways to present a scene - 2 views painted from the same spot! In the paintings above, we are looking first left and then right from a place on Central Beach at Nairn. The originals are sold but both paintings are available in print form at just a little less than original size - the prints are around 32 x 21 cm each. They come mounted ready to fit a 50 x 40 cm frame and look absolutely fantastic (IMHO!) together. Check out My Landscape Prints for details and price!
Happy Customers!
As you will read on my 'what you get' page, I put a huge amount of effort and quality into all the work I produce, from the quality of the paint, paper and ink that I use to the care and attention to detail I put into each piece of work. So it's nice to get good feedback! I thought I'd share these photos of one of my works - '51 Squadron Centenary 2016' - hanging in the Squadron building depicted in the painting. I was honoured to be commissioned to paint a piece to commemorate the Squadron's 100th birthday this year and here it is framed in the Squadron colours of green and red:
I am delighted that the Squadron was very pleased with the result, and quite a few people purchased prints of their own to celebrate. I am so proud that several of my works now belong to the histories of RAF Squadrons, and of course many more are treasured possessions on the walls of their owners' homes. One of these days I'll find time to update my 'testimonials' page as I love to get feedback on my work and service - and I do!
If you've not seen this particular painting, here's a link to my 'Aviation Gallery' where you'll find it.
Remembering Why I'm an Artist!
Well, after the long winter months and the changeable weather of Spring, it's great to get out again painting on site. This is my favourite way of painting - my only reference being what I see. It is also a relaxing way of painting, I find. On a complex commission, for example, which can take many days, I'm always aware that if I mess it up, an awful lot of work will be wasted (there's only a little repair work possible in watercolour, unlike some other media). By contrast, when painting en plein air it's necessary to work briskly and boldly - if you take too long, shadows move, the light changes and you risk an incoherent painting. With the work only taking a couple of hours in each go, there is also a sense in which it doesn't matter if it goes wrong - there's always another day! This, in turn, encourages a very direct and bold approach, and often I prefer the results to a painting I have spent very much longer on.
I also like painting in the open air - doing what I enjoy in the fresh air on a beautiful day is a great way of reminding myself why I'm an artist! I don't have as much equipment with me - pretty much just the paint, paper and brushes, so again there's less messing about. It's a very pure way of painting. Although when painting I tend to get carried away in my own little world, I find a lot of people are interested in what I'm doing, and that also makes the work a sociable experience - it's amazing how many people you meet are amateur artists or who at least appreciate art. In all the years I've been doing this, I've only ever had one negative remark. A gentleman described my painting as rubbish but, considering I'd only just started the preliminary washes to set the tone and background, I didn't take it too hard! Mostly I find appreciative interest and friendliness.
So I'm looking forward to more of the same over the Summer - I really must make the effort to get out more!
All the best, Rob
Body Colour
This is 'Storm Break', watercolour and gouache, and represents my second experiment in 'body colour'. Body colour was popular in watercolour back in Turner's day, when it became a mainstream movement. It stemmed from the introduction of Chinese White, which is a very bright and opaque medium which could be mixed with watercolour to provide opacity. At its most extreme, it was used by watercolourists to both provide a highly reflective underpainted surface, and as body colour within the watercolours, which together could result in a watercolour which had more the appearance of an oil painting than a watercolour.
Here, I've simply used permanent white gouache to strengthen some of the colour in the storm clouds, and to join the white colour of the cloud edges, which is a mixture of unpainted white paper and touches of gouache, with the transparent watercolour of the cloud darks. By doing so, I have tried to model the clouds lights, darks and shapes in a little more detail than I could achieve with a simple watercolour wash. I rather like the effect! The aircraft and the water have been painted conventionally for watercolour, with some of the wave crests highlighted with gouache to match the cloud treatment.
The use of body colour and gouache is frowned upon by some watercolourists who consider that all watercolours should be transparent. I love watercolours of all sorts and transparent watercolours can be beautiful. However, the likes of Turner showed that there was no need to restrict ourselves, as artists, in the media we use. In this painting, I wanted these effects, so I used some body colour. As long as the results are pleasing and permanent so that the overall painting is as durable as the permanent watercolour, I really see no reason to be restrictive. There are plenty of rules in this world - so I'm delighted that there are no rules in art!
A Surprising Find.
It's amazing what you come across when you're least expecting it. Although these waterfalls are only 10 miles from my home, I had never heard of them. I had dropped my wife off for a meeting at work and thought I'd spend the time I had to wait for her walking my dog in some nearby woods. After about ten minutes walking, I heard the unmistakable sound of fast-running water and suddenly there they were. As soon as I saw this view, I just knew I'd have to paint it!
This is 'Spring Dawn, Falls of Tarnash, Keith', watercolour, 24 x 34 cm. In this painting I wanted to do more than just paint the waterfall. I wanted to convey the contrasts I saw between the massive solidity of the rock and the gentle glow of the ephemeral woods. I wanted to convey the contrast between the stillness of the damp trees and the constantly flowing water. And most of all I wanted to make you feel intimate with the landscape, that you could reach out and touch the tree, hear the water and feel the crisp morning air.
I hope you enjoy experiencing my surprising find!
A professional artist living and working in the beautiful north of Scotland. My work is realistic and quite traditional, though strongly interpretational in nature. My inspiration is the beauty of Nature, and the wonderful colours and moods she shows everywhere.
November 2018


text:
Dear Mr. Pitman:
Regarding your inquiry (question from Mr. Michael D. Pitman, Cox Media Group) on Keystone XL, here's the deal short and to the point: this project should have been passed years ago let alone rejected.
The president would have us believe that we posses all the technology in the world to achieve higher "cafe-standards (Corporate Average Fuel Economy)" as well as mitigate green-house emissions in order to fight global warming (now referred to as climate-change) all the while producing amazing innovations in the field of computers etc. –the list could go on; but nevertheless we and our Canadian brethren to the north simply do not have the technical skills necessary to build and deploy a petroleum product distribution pipeline. It's just too hard and too dangerous; the environmental impacts are too risky.
Reasons cited in his press conference show no leadership and worse, no understanding of business/economic issues. Americans know better. Mr. Obama often tells us decisions must be based on facts and not hyperbole but he shows no credibility when he takes actions based purely on political allegiance to his liberal base.
I believe we can safely harvest natural resources and produce quality products in America and at the same time be good stewards of our water, air and natural resources. No, the president was dead wrong– we can build and maintain a petroleum product distribution pipeline; we have the technology and the best people, engineers and companies in the world to get that job done and many more like it. Yes, with respect to the grand scale of our economy this project, for all the publicity it commanded, is a relatively small issue. That's not the point! It's about the Obama/Clinton/Sanders/Left liberal theology which cripples America's businesses both domestically and abroad. Bad principles just like bad presidents lead to poor decisions and bad policies. America needs relief, vision and leadership. Start with congress; vote Life, Liberty and Freedom; vote Kevin F. White for congress. Let's take back the White House along the way and work on reducing government's burden on our people, our companies and our lives.
"Of the people, By the people & For the people"
Kevin F. White, Lt Col USAF Ret. (Republican)
People for Kevin F. White
1833 N. Dayton-Lakeview Rd.
New Carlisle, OH 45344


text:
HALIFAX — The Dalhousie Tigers punched their ticket to the final of the Rod Shoveller Memorial men's basketball tournament Saturday night as they defeated the McGill Redmen 64-50 at the Dalplex sports centre.
It was the lowest offensive output on the season in 19 games played by the Redmen and the fewest point total that the Tigers have allowed all season against CIS competition. Dalhousie has now won seven consecutive contests and improves to 13-4 overall.
Four of the Tigers starters finished in double figures, led by Devon Stedman who tallied a team-high 14 points and eight rebounds. Teammate Ritchie Kanza Mata, a third-year point guard, was named the player of the game after collecting eight assists, five steals, four points and three rebounds.
For McGill, Francois Bourque had a team-high 13 points on 5-for-8 shooting for McGill, while Vincent Dufort, the team's leading scorer, was held to just eight points and eight rebounds. Dele Ogundokun also had eight points with a team-high 31 minutes of court time.
The Redmen took an early four-point lead but Dalhousie quickly gained control, leading 16-12 after the opening quarter, upping that to 34-19 at haltime and extending their advantage to an 18-point margin early in the third stanza. McGill's Ogundokun made a three-pointer in the third quarter to trim the deficit to nine points, but that's as close as the Redmen would get as the Tigers took 49-39 margin heading into the final period.
McGill connected on 38 per cent from the field (19/50), 36.4 from three-point range (8/22) and went 4-for-9 from the free-throw line. Dalhousie shot 40.7, 30.4 and 86.7 (13/15), respectively. The Redmen had a 35-32 edge in rebounds but committed 22 turnovers compared to 16 by Dalhousie, which led to an 18-9 margin for the Tigers in points from miscues.
The Tigers (2-0) advance to the tourney final, where they will face No. 2 ranked Ottawa (2-0) at 3 p.m.
McGill (1-1), which dropped to 7-8 against CIS opponents, will tip off against St. Francis Xavier (1-1) in the bronze medal affair at 1 p.m. Atlantic (12 noon Eastern). The X-Men own a 5-14 record overall.
2015 Rod Shoveller Tournament Schedule & Results
Previous Champions
Friday, January 2
|Game 1
|1 pm
|Ottawa 115, Saint Mary's 72
|Game 2
|3 pm
|StFX 84 vs UPEI 82
|Game 3
|6 pm
|McGill 84, Acadia 73
|Game 4
|8 pm
|Dalhousie 89, Mount St. Vincent 38
Saturday, January 3
|Game 5
|1 pm
|Saint Mary's 103, UPEI 81
|Game 6
|3 pm
|Acadia 92, Mount St. Vincent 50
|Game 7
|6 pm
|Ottawa 89, StFX 71
|Game 8
|8 pm
|Dalhousie 64, McGill 50
Sunday, January 4
|Game 9
|9 am
|UPEI vs. Mount St. Vincent
|Game 10
|11 am
|Saint Mary's vs. Acadia
|Game 11
|1 pm
|McGill vs. StFX
|Game 12
|3 pm
|Ottawa vs. Dalhousie
Earl Zukerman
Communications Officer
Athletics & Recreation
McGill University
514-398-7012 (Tel.)
m.athletics.mcgill.ca (mobile website)
www.mcgill athletics.ca


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The Master Plan
The new Bloom offers more choice and flexibility with the freedom to appoint your preferred, professional builder and find a home design that's right for you. Our team is here to help you every step of the way with expert advice, simple guidelines and a friendly support service that will help you make the most of your land, on budget and on your way to living in one of Melbourne's most prestigious new neighbourhoods.
Local Amenities of Clyde North
Register to secure your priority access now.
Register Your Interest
Reap the rewards of life in a pristine new neighbourhood with land sizes to suit every need. Established infrastructure, easy travel, village style, modern convenience and natural open spaces make the new Bloom the perfect place to call your home.


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A Separately Managed Account (SMA) is an account managed on a discretionary basis. A Trapeze SMA represents a one-on-one relationship between the client and the portfolio manager. A Trapeze portfolio manager consults with each client to determine an appropriate investment mandate that fits with the client's specific objectives and circumstances. We then construct a portfolio for the client's mandate based on the relevant model portfolio(s) described below. We offer SMA strategies for taxable accounts and registered plan accounts (e.g. RRSPs, RRIFs, RESPs, IRAs), and for institutional clients.
Growth (Equity) Strategies
Generally for clients whose principal objective is long-term capital appreciation.
Trapeze All Cap Global All Cap Value
The Trapeze All Cap model combines our systematic large cap strategy (i.e., Trapeze Global Insight) with our best North American small and medium cap ideas, often concentrated in individual positions and sectors. The All Cap Model has a notional guideline of a minimum weighting of approximately 60% or more in large cap stocks, typically with market caps over $5 billion at the time of purchase, but may invest in companies with market caps of $2 to $5 billion (allocation in actual client accounts depends on clients' specific preferences and circumstances). The small/medium cap stocks typically have less liquidity and potentially higher volatility than large cap stocks. Short-selling and option strategies may be implemented for clients who authorize them.
Trapeze Global Insight Global Large Cap Value
The Trapeze Global Insight model utilizes a rigorous and proprietary process to uncover undervalued global equities. The Trapeze Global Insight model invests only in large cap stocks, typically with market caps over $5 billion at the time of purchase, but may include those in the $2-5 billion range. Compared to the small/medium cap securities in the Trapeze All Cap model, the securities selected for the Global Insight model will generally have higher liquidity and lower expected volatility. Short-selling and option strategies may be implemented for clients who authorize them.
Income Strategies
Generally for clients whose principal objective is the generation of current income from investments.
Trapeze Income High Yield
Our Income model seeks to provide consistent income, with lower volatility than Growth strategies (i.e., equities), often with the potential for capital appreciation. Trapeze Income portfolios typically hold higher yielding corporate bonds and debentures, and may hold preferred shares, REITs, income trust units, and high dividend-paying stocks. They may hold securities issued by smaller corporations which tend to be less liquid than government-issued bonds or securities issued by larger corporations.
Balanced and Custom Strategies
For clients with both capital appreciation and income objectives, we construct balanced portfolios drawing on our Growth (equity) and Income strategies, with the percentage allocated to each tailored to clients' particular objectives, risk tolerances and financial circumstances.
For clients with unique goals, needs and/or circumstances, we can also construct custom portfolios; for example, for clients who wish to restrict their account from specific sectors or who desire a socially responsible mandate.
Contact us to learn more about our SMA strategies:
Mike Vinokur, CFA
Vice President and Portfolio Manager


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About the Workology Podcast
Since 2014, the Workology Podcast has been a podcast for the disruptive workplace and HR leader who's tired of the status quo. Hosted by Jessica Miller-Merrell, founder of Workology.com. She sits down with guests to discuss trends, tools and case studies for the business leader in 25-minute, bite-sized episodes.
Companies We've Featured on the Podcast
Favorite Podcast Episodes
How to Subscribe to the Workology Podcast
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Suggest a Podcast Topic or Person to Interview
We're always looking for new and interesting topics, information and people for the Workology Podcast. If you have a suggestion or an idea for a future episode, click the button below to complete our podcast suggestion form.
How to Sponsor the Workology Podcast
The Workology Podcast accepts sponsors. If you are interested in learning more information, click here to learn more about sponsorship options. Contact Jessica at (405) 293-2564 or by email at jessica(at)workology(dot)com.
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Causes Of Software Challenge Failure
Microsoft Excel is spreadsheet application that may be a wonderful software to calculate financial and statistical info. Place the disc containing the firmware replace file within the disc tray after which shut the disc tray and then close the tray. Developers lose income from pirated software, from current merchandise as well as from future programs. GASOLINE consists of a collection of computer program routines that can read laptop files, choose desired information, perform repetitive calculations, and print reviews in an Auditor-specified format.
This created confusion for the principle dealers and specialized mechanics, as producers generally did updates and changes even from one model to another. Wage and value following: Easily display screen how much cash your online business is getting and how much it is investing over specific times of power.
– Availability of a suitable testing instruments compatible with the product being created. Software units embody the downloadable variations. Once you choose your product, you'll be re-directed to the software developer's touchdown web page where it is possible for you to to enter all of your data and file your tax return directly from the software utilizing the NETFILE webservice.
So, before buying your software it's good to make …


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4839 Inverness Street, Vancouver Listing #: R2413632
Very modern, absolutely stunning new house with 8 bdrms and 7 bathrooms, including 2 bdrm laneway (4843 Inverness St) and 2 bdrm legal suite (4841 Inverness St) The main floor has an open style concept with gourmet kitchen S/S appliances, soft close cabinetry, huge island, all cabinets are lacquered with beautiful recessed lighting. Den on the main is very useful. 3 bedrooms upstairs w/access to balcony and 2 full bathrooms . 2 bdr legal suite and 1 bdrm nanny suite w/shared laundry in the basement. Below msmts refer to 2 bdr legal laneway house (4843 Inverness Str.This house is located in the most desirable area of Vancouver. Easy access to the shopping,recreation and parks.You owe to yourself to see it!!!!! Open house Jan 25 2-4 is cancelled.
Taxes (2019): $5,506.30Amenities: Air Cond./Central
- Air Conditioning
- ClthWsh
- Dryr
- Frdg
- Stve
- Drapes
- Window Coverings
- Security System
Similar Listings
Listed By: Sutton Group-West Coast Realty
Disclaimer: The data relating to real estate on this web site comes in part from the MLS Reciprocity program of the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board. Real estate listings held by participating real estate firms are marked with the MLS Reciprocity logo and detailed information about the listing includes the name of the listing agent. This representation is based in whole or part on data generated by the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board which assumes no responsibility for its accuracy. The materials contained on this page may not be reproduced without the express written consent of the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver or the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board.


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Job Information
Bank of the West Senior Product Manager - Wealth in San Francisco, California
Senior Product Manager - Wealth
At Bank of the West, our people are
having a positive impact on the world. We're investing where we feel we can
make the most impact, like advancing diversity and women entrepreneurship
programs, financing for more small businesses, and promoting programs for
sustainable energy. From our locations across the U.S., Bank of the West is
taking action to help protect the planet, improve people's lives, and
strengthen communities. We are part of BNP Paribas, a global leader supporting
the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Yes, we're a bank, but as the bank
for a changing world, we are continually seeking to improve the ways we help
our customers, while contributing to more sustainable and equitable growth.
We are undergoing a dramatic
transformation to reimagine our brand, experiences, and products. We know real change is hard work, which is
why we need people who are aligned with our values and ready to make a serious
impact on our industry and the world. We
need your experience, optimism, and energy to define, design, and build the
We are throwing past constraints and
assumptions out the window as we redesign and rebuild all of our digital
products. From our native mobile apps to
our extensive portfolio of online products and services we aim to reset the bar
for consumer experience in the financial industry. To accomplish our goals, we
are building a team of professionals assembled from e-commerce, entertainment,
Fintech, and social media.
We are looking for people unafraid
of bringing their authentic selves to work.
Our inspiration and collaboration depend on the diversity of our teams,
and inclusion of all voices in our process.
We value honesty, transparency, and positive leadership. We are not interested in corporate
politics. We appreciate action. We reward continual improvement. We want you
to grow. We want you to be yourself. We want you to ask for help and help your
peers. We want you to work hard and be
proud of the results. We want you to
take vacation. We know that when we
support you, you will do the best work of your career.
Our eyes are on the future and we
need you to help make it happen, join us.
Our organization operates in a
Centralized Partnership model.
Management of assigned product(s) including market research; financial
analysis; product planning, development and implementation; and coordination of
sales and marketing strategies, objectives and programs. Our partnerships include deep collaboration
with Design, Engineering, Data, Marketing, and Business teams.
Essential Job Functions
- Analyzing
product opportunities, advocating for great digital-channel experiences
- Partnering
closely with different business teams representing user and bank needs,
presenting to internal stakeholders as the product expert
- Provides
direction and collaborating with leadership and internal stakeholders to
determine product priorities
- Contributing to overall product vision, strategy, development and execution
including product definition, vision, strategy, and initiative/roadmap
- Collaborating with leadership to ensure product backlog represents a plan for
increasing customer value over time through market differentiation and the delivery
of great customer experiences across channels and touchpoints
- Tracking
and reporting customer and digital success metrics
- Partnering
closely with engineering, user experience, customer experience strategy, and
design to ensure quality and consistency of experiences
- Leveraging
customer-centric thinking, discovery and research, rapid iteration, and lean
practices to quickly validate backlog concepts
- Managing
product management activities by developing expertly defined stories,
identifying and managing dependencies, ensuring research and design, following
and enhancing processes, defining acceptance criteria and quality measures
- Generating
all product, project, and platform artifacts for product development (business
cases, cost-benefit analyses, product overviews) and product management
(platform requirements, project briefs, epics, stories etc.)
- Acting as
product owner in agile/scrum product development or project owner in
conventional product development, as needed
- Define and
track product-specific analytics
- Ensures
all new and existing products and communication related to those products are
in compliance with bank policy and regulatory requirements.
- Gather
market intelligence so that market opportunities may be capitalized on as they
occur and the effects of competitive activity are minimized.
- Identifies new or revised products by researching, or directing research, of
identified target markets to determine customer/prospect needs, acceptance, and
probability of purchase. Formulates a best practices approach to handling them.
Other Job Duties
- Counsels
on the development of marketing and advertising programs for the assigned
product or products.
- Evaluates
current economic conditions and advises management of possible impact on
assigned products and services. May develop plans to impact.
- Develops
criteria for testing newly developed products, reviews test results and
recommends necessary alteration of testing of product.
- Evaluates ideas for new products, investigates market opportunities and effect
on market of present products, and recommends exploitation of economically
attractive products.
- Entrepreneurial with a strong inclination towards action, preferably with
experience at a startup, fintech or digital industry
- Understanding of experience product development concepts including product
- Experience
with customer-facing desktop, web or mobile software product offerings, for
either end users or internal users
- Organizational skills, including the ability to juggle multiple tasks
- A strong
sense of urgency to help customers and the ability to identify insights and
deliver quality work quickly
- An
attitude that includes being self-motivated, learning, and dead-set on optimizing
- Thorough
knowledge of product line assigned including operational and marketing aspects.
Understanding of product planning and market research.
and research
- Digital
Bank product and service knowledge
Negotiation skills
Presentation skills
- Bachelor's degree in engineering, computer science, marketing or related
business degree, MBA/MIS/MS desired
Work Experience
- 3 years
relevant product management or product development experience working in a
fast-paced, digitally-oriented environment related to consumer services,
preferably in a regulated industry
- Experience
operating in an environment driven by KPIs where you had the accountability to
determine the best course of action to meet your numbers
- Experience in product development activities (including managing/partnering for
what it takes beyond software development: research, operations, and
Equal Employment Opportunity Policy
Bank of the West is an Equal
Opportunity employer and proud to provide equal employment opportunity to all
job seekers without regard to any status protected by applicable law. Bank of
the West is also an Affirmative Action employer - Minority / Female / Disabled
/ Veteran.
Bank of the West will consider for
employment qualified applicants with criminal histories pursuant to the San
Francisco Fair Chance Ordinance subject to the requirements of all state and
federal laws and regulations.
Job: Product Development
Location: United States-California-San Francisco
Requisition ID: 048984


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Design Illustration
#compilation #graffiti #posters and prints
500 Black Markers
Toronto-based artist Allister Lee of Studio B.I.B. has been slowly amassing an enormous stockpile of black markers in an attempt to one day hold the world's largest collection. To celebrate his halfway point, Lee has meticulously illustrated by hand all 500 markers currently in his collection and released it as a print. The 80-lb. gloss poster is only $40 over at Studio B.I.B. (via coolhunting)


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City of Tempe, AZHome Menu
Other Places to Help or Find Help
City of Tempe Municipal Volunteer Program
Where to Help
The following list of volunteer opportunities was compiled by Tempe Community Council and includes non-profits in and around Tempe, other than the City of Tempe municipal volunteer program. Please contact the person listed and NOT the City of Tempe Volunteer Office.
Opportunities with other agencies
Where to Find Help
Arizona Association of Area Agencies on Aging promotes understanding of aging and long-term care needs and serves as advocates and leaders in developing policies and resources http://www.azaging.org/
Arizona Community Action Association promotes economic self-sufficiency for low-income people through collaborations http://www.azcaa.org/
Arizona Council on Faith-Based and Community Initiatives dedicated to engaging and mobilizing faith communities to improve the quality of life for our most vulnerable and impoverished people http://godenriches.org/
Arizona Department of Economic Security Arizona's state human services agency - strengthening individuals and families, increasing self-sufficiency, and developing the capacity of communities https://www.azdes.gov/
Arizona Department of Health Services Arizona's state agency that promotes and protects the health of Arizona's children and adults http://www.azdhs.gov/
Arizona Partnership to End Childhood Hunger collaboration of families, nonprofits, community organizations and governments working to end child hunger in Arizona http://endchildhungeraz.org/
Arizona Self Help free and easy way to find out if your family can get help from 31 different health and human services programs http://www.arizonaselfhelp.org/
Arizona Workforce Connection employment tools designed for job seekers, students, case managers, employers, training providers, workforce professionals, and others seeking benefits and services http://www.arizonaworkforceconnection.com/
ArizonaSERVES initiative to educate, equip and engage faith and community organizations to help families during these challenging times https://www.azdes.gov/arizonaserveshome.aspx
Association of Arizona Food Banks includes listings for food banks, pantries, soup kitchens, shelters, and other facilities that distribute emergency food http://azfoodbanks.org/
AZ Links - Aging & Disability Resource Center connecting individuals, families and organizations to aging and disability resources and information across Arizona https://www.azdes.gov/main.aspx?menu=8&id=46
Benefits Checkup for adults 55 and older or adults with disabilities. Screens for eligibility in 70 federal and state programs http://www.benefitscheckup.org/
Benefits QuickLINK Find programs that help save money on health care, medication, food, utilities, children's health costs and more! http://www.aarp.org/money/low-income-assistance/info-06-2011/benefits-quicklink-program-nm.html
CASA of Arizona mission is to advocate for the best interests of abused and neglected children who are involved in the juvenile courts http://www.azcourts.gov/casa/Home.aspx
Child Care Resource & Referral statewide program in Arizona that helps families find child care http://www.arizonachildcare.org/
Community Information & Referral easy access to information about health, human, and emergency services provided in Arizona http://www.cir.org/
Emergency Food Assistance Locations location and contact information for emergency food assistance in Arizona https://www.azdes.gov/main.aspx?menu=359&id=5288
First Things First quality early childhood development and health http://www.azftf.gov/Pages/default.aspx
Food Safety gateway to food safety information provided by government agencies http://www.foodsafety.gov/
For Our City where municipal, business and faith leaders unite to initiate community projects
Health-e-Arizona a single on-line application for Medical, Cash and Nutrition Assistance
My Family Benefits an online system that offers Arizona families an easy and secure way to access information about Medical, Cash and Nutrition Assistance
Native American Connections improving the lives of Native American individuals and families http://www.nativeconnections.org/
Native American Community Health Center provides a wide range of health and wellness programs http://www.nativehealthphoenix.org/
People's Information Guide information on a variety of low-cost and free services and programs available to low-income families and individuals
Stop the Spread AZ campaign to educate the public about the Flu; how it can impact you, your family, and our community


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Hey guys. I am proud to introduce the Official April Tournament!. It is going to be an awesome event!!!
It will be 6players red speed, all curves allowed!
PS: Will I get a ban for this? XD
Averazon's reason of edit: Please do not create official tournament posts when this is not the case, of a real tournament. For information on how to host unofficial tournaments can be found here Guidelines for unofficial tournament/event hosting


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Everywhere I look, I see the term 'lead generation'. It's clear that businesses need to generate lots of new leads all the time in order to achieve sales. However, I'm not sure what the right approach to lead generation is for us? I wish someone could point us in the right direction and help give us some guidance on how to build a successful lead generation programme in 2019.
We thought we were doing the right thing in terms of trying to generate more leads but our website is not getting enough visitors and those that do get onto our website don't stick around for very long and they never fill out our enquiry forms or want to engage with us.
We have a reasonable sized database and run quite regular email campaigns, but still our open and click rates are low and the opt out rate is high. We have set up a Google advertising campaign but I don't think the landing pages we send clickers to are effective enough. We're paying out money each month but delivering few or no conversions. It's the same for LinkedIn, as time goes on we're struggling to justify our budget spend.
Combined with some pretty 'thin' content, we just aren't engaging people. We just don't know where to start or what to begin with in order to run successful campaigns that will generate more leads.
What I would like to be able to achieve is synergy through all our marketing activities that is going to help us generate more leads and we must be able to measure more accurately what our return on investment is.
The Next Step
Terry Forsey Consulting have a proven track record for helping smaller software businesses to grow. We have been working closely with a number of software businesses who have challenges in attracting and engaging with prospects in order to generate more sales leads. We have developed a winning four stage sales and marketing methodology. This helps businesses to attract, engage and then nurture their prospects to the point that they become a qualified sales lead and the lead is passed to sales in order to close the deal and win new business.
Our methodology works because all the lead generation activities that are carried out in each stage are underpinned by some outstanding marketing automation software.
You start by 'attracting' prospects. At this stage the focus has to be on driving more relevant visitors to your website in order to get them to register for demonstrations, sign up for newsletters or contact you. This is done through social media, blogs and online advertising.
Marketing automation helps us to successfully manage the engage and nurture stages. The automation measures and captures prospects behaviour i.e. what forms they complete, what landing pages they visit, what whitepapers and marketing collateral they download, what videos they watch etc. We get a complete picture of how our prospective buyer is behaving, this is invaluable.
We know what prospects are interested in and just how warm or hot they are. We send them relevant and timely content to build up valuable contacts. Through impressive lead scoring captured by the automation software we are able to tell when a prospect is 'hot' and ready to buy.
This supports the successful transition from prospect to qualified sales ready lead.
If you recognise yourself or your own software business here please contact us in the first instance and we will arrange a convenient time with you to have an initial chat about the challenges you are currently facing. Call us on 01536 771440 or register your interest for a free no obligation consultation on our website.