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A Royal Enfield motorcycle (Picture credit: jeffkazama from pixabay)
Welcome to Youth Motivator. I would like to tell you how belligerence business strategies saved a bullet bike company from the brink of bankruptcy.
Now, Royal Enfield is one of the fastest growing and biggest Indian companies.
Introduction- The birth of Royal Enfield
Royal Enfield is a 64 year old company.
In the year 1892, Eadie Manufacturing Company Limited was started by Albert Eadie and Robert Walker Smith in England.
In the initial phases, this company used to manufacture the different parts of guns for Royal Small Arms Factory.
In the year 1896, a new subsidiary company of the Eadie Manufacturing Limited was formed, by the name The New Enfield Cycle Company Limited.
This company used to produce bicycles and its components.
In the year 1899, this company also manufactured a four-wheeled bicycle (Quadricycle).
After a period of two years, in 1901 The New Enfield Cycle Company produced its first motorcycle by fixing a motor produced by Minerva Company on to its bicycle.
And in the year 1903, this company also started producing cars.
Incurring heavy losses-
Unfortunately, after a few years, The New Enfield Cycle Company encountered huge loses, which made them to sell their car business to a company by name, Alldays and Onions limited.
Now, The New Enfield Cycle Company focused solely on manufacturing motorcycles.
This company later assumed the name Royal Enfield.
Serving in World Wars-
In the year 1914, Royal Enfield tasted its first huge success when it received a huge order from the British war department, which decided to use its motorcycles in First World War.
After which, Imperial Russian Government also decided to place orders with Royal Enfield.
This popularised the Royal Enfield motorcycles.
And during the Second World War, the British Authorities signed a big contract with Royal Enfield for the military motorcycles.
The Royal Enfield motorcycles were widely employed in the Second World War.
Entering India-
Eventually, Royal Enfield entered the Indian market in the year 1949.
These motorcycles gained immense popularity in India, when the Indian government decided to use these motorcycles for its army and police personnel.
For this purpose, 800-350 cc motorcycles of the Royal Enfield were employed.
In the year 1955, Royal Enfield partnered with the Madras Motors in India giving birth to Royal Enfield India.
Madras Motors used to assemble the components of the 350 cc motorcycle, which they used to import from England.
And from the year 1962, all the motorcycle components were locally manufactured in India.
Becoming an Indian brand-
The Enfield England encountered huge losses, by which, in the year 1896 it was shut down.
Luckily, even then the Enfield India was not shut down and this plant in India was manufacturing motorcycles.
But, even this company in India was making losses, so it was merged with Eicher Motors.
So, over the course of time this British company became an Indian brand.
These motorcycles are being used by Indian Army for patrolling since 1955.
When Eicher Motors bought Royal Enfield, Royal Enfield was in a very bad position.
The Royal Enfield was making negligible profits at that time.
After incurring heavy losses for a period of five long years, Eicher Motors decided to stop the production of Royal Enfield motorcycles.
The man who saved Royal Enfield-
Siddhartha Lal, the son of Vikram Lal (former chief executive officer of Eicher motors) had a great passion towards motorcycles.
So, he decided to give a new life to the Royal Enfield brand.
Siddhartha Lal was very confident that he could make Royal Enfield a very successful and profitable brand.
So, he requested for a chance to save Royal Enfield with Eicher Motors, as Eicher Motors was planning to shut down Royal Enfield brand.
Luckily, all the board members agreed with the decision of Siddhartha Lal to save Royal Enfield.
Siddhartha Lal was of 26 years of age at this time.
In the year 2005, Siddhartha Lal was appointed as the managing director of Eicher Motors.
Taking tough decisions-
At that time, Eicher Motors was into 15 businesses, some of which include manufacturing automotive spare parts and components, trucks, buses, tractors, consultancy, garments, etc.
Siddhartha Lal took a very bold decision to sell out 13 businesses out of the 15 businesses.
So, Eicher Motors fully concentrated on its two remaining businesses, which include truck and bike businesses.
As Siddhartha Lal firmly believed that instead of doing several businesses with low profits, it is much better to focus only on a couple of businesses and become a market leader in them.
By this, we can understand that Siddhartha Lal is a much focused person.
This decision was very emotionally challenging for Siddhartha Lal, as the tractor business was initiated by his grandfather.
But in order to save Eicher Motors, he took this decision.
Many criticised Siddhartha Lal for his decision and opined that this company would soon become bankrupt.
Success through joint venture-
Even though, the Eicher Motors trucks were doing somewhat well, they were not in a position to compete with the big players in the industry.
So, in the year 2008, Eicher Motors formed a joint venture with Volvo for support in manufacturing buses and heavy trucks.
This proved to be a very good decision, as within a short span of time, their trucks stood at number three position in the Indian market.
Saving his favourite company-
Even though their truck business picked up pace, their Royal Enfield business was still in a sorry state of affairs.
So, Siddhartha Lal decided to better their bikes by improving their performance without compromising on their vintage looks.
He hired many passionate employees into Royal Enfield management team.
Siddhartha Lal rode the Royal Enfield bikes for thousands of kilometres to understand the issues pertaining to the bikes and made numerous technical changes accordingly, like shifting the gear plate to the left side from right side.
And also the engine was improved significantly.
His post-graduation in mechanical engineering from Cranfield University helped him immensely in developing Royal Enfield motorcycles.
In addition to maintaining quality, Siddhartha Lal also strived to improve the customer experience by updating the company's brand outlets.
Understanding from a customer's perspective-
As he was a passionate rider himself, he grasped the various weaknesses of the bikes and started on improving them.
Before launching Continental GT motorcycle, Siddhartha Lal conducted the trial of this bike by riding it form Goa to Mangalore.
Creating a new bike segment-
At that time, many motorcycle companies in India were doing successful business by selling affordable bikes.
But Siddhartha Lal chose to step in the expensive and powerful bikes market.
Also, many motorcycle models like Continental GT, Thunderbird, Bullet Electra, etc. were launched.
Marketing made the company what it is today-
He vividly used various marketing techniques for popularising the Royal Enfield brand.
Royal Enfield was marketed as a powerful and adventurous bike.
So, Royal Enfield began to sponsor many off-road rallies, adventurous rides and many events, like Himalayan Odyssey, Rider Mania in Goa, etc.
Also, there are many rider clubs for Royal Enfield riders.
Also, Royal Enfield set up classic retail outlets at many parts of the country to enhance their customers biking experience.
Finally tasting the success-
These caused a spike in the popularity and sales of Royal Enfield bikes.
The Royal Enfield is aiming to become a world leader in the mid-size bike segment (250cc-750cc).
Now, in India Royal Enfield has over 90 per cent share in mid-size bike segment.
In the year 2014, Royal Enfield accounted for over 80 per cent profits of the Eicher motors.
Now, Royal Enfield sells over 70,000 bikes per month.
The net worth of Eicher motors is over 50 million USD.
Surpassing Harley Davidson-
In the year 2015, the sales of Royal Enfield motorcycles surpassed that of Harley Davidson globally.
Eventually, Royal Enfield became a market leader in over 250 cc bikes in India.
In 18 September 2017, Royal Enfield launched its classic 350 and Classic 500 bikes.
In the year 2018, Vikram Lal, the father of Siddhartha Lal became the 14th richest person in India.
Siddhartha Lal transformed a struggling business into a successful business with his hard work and passion.
After its huge success in India, Royal Enfield is eying on global expansion.
Royal Enfield also established its R and D centre in London.
In the year 2015, Royal Enfield was awarded for the best marketing and sales award.
Siddhartha Lal, the CEO and managing director of Royal Enfield was awarded EY Entrepreneur of the year for 2018.
Fans across the world-
Royal Enfield has garnered fans not only in India but all over the world.
Currently, the bikes of Royal Enfield are sold in over 50 countries, some of which include USA, South Africa, France, Russia, Japan, Australia, etc.
Royal Enfield has also set up a wide network of its brand stores and authorised dealers across India.
The waiting period of bikes is around four to six months.
All the Royal Enfield bikes are manufactured in India.
Royal Enfield is one of the oldest motorcycle brands in the world which is still manufacturing motorcycles.
Financial Freedom-
If you had a sum of 1 lakh rupees in the year 2001, what would you buy a Royal Enfield bike or shares in the Eicher Motors limited (the company which manufactures Royal Enfield bikes).
In the year 1994, Eicher Motors bought Royal Enfield.
If you chose to purchase the bike, I would say it would not be a wise decision.
Because the bike is a liability and, as this bike is a high capacity bike, it requires high maintenance and fuel costs.
Moreover, if this bike is purchased in 2001,it will now be out-dated and would not perform well.
If you chose to purchase shares in Eicher Motor limited, then you would be the luckiest person.
Because shares are assets.
The value of liability (bike) decreases with time but the value of assets (shares) multiplies with time.
In the year 2001, each share of Eicher Motors costed just 18 rupees.
But now, each share of Eicher Motors costs over 19,717 rupees.
That means the value of each share has increased more than a thousand times.
You could have become a millionaire-
So, if in the year 2001, instead of purchasing a Royal Enfield bike, if with the same money, if you had bought the shares of Eicher Motors, now you would be able to afford hundreds of Royal Enfield bikes or even super cars.
Thank you very much for reading. Please visit my blog and share the content, follow this blog as I will be updating my blog on a very regular basis with interesting information. And also, subscribe to my blog.
Feedback from readers is highly appreciated; it helps me to deliver better results to you.
Once again thank you for your time


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tv News Al Jazeera December 29, 2014 6:00pm-7:01pm EST
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helter. >> a special one hour look at global attacks on free press. tonight 9:00 eastern. on al jazeera america. >> we cannot lose hope. >> but hope of finding survivors may be fading. as the united states prepares to join the search for an airliner that disappeared from radar. one year later three al jazeera journalists remain imprisoned on false charges. >> it's been a very, very long struggle. >> and although america answer longest war is official over, u.s. troops may still face danger from the taliban in
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afghanistan. >> this is be al jazeera america, live from new york, i'm you tonytony harris. crews are beginning beginning the search for the missing airasia aircraft probably at the bottom of the sea. family members of the 162 on board are waiting for news of their loved ones but authorities are not giving them any clear information. the plane was heading from surabaya indonesia to singapore when it disappeared over the java sea. planes and ships are searching over the java sea. scott heidler has more. >> in the morning they got a
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private briefing, where the plane took off with 162 people on board. annandreas's sister-in-law was on board. >> we hope the team will find the plane immediately. >> reporter: but nothing has been found. no evidence pointing to the plane or where it might be. just after first light more aircraft and more ships were sent to a nearly 200 kilometer stretch of the java sea looking for any sign of the airplane. it is a bigger search area than sunday's with more countries involved more ships and more aircraft. australia has joined malaysia and singapore in the search for airplane. >> our evaluation of the coordinates we received suggests it is underwater so our
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presumption now is that the aircraft is under the sea. it can be expanded based on our evaluation. >> reporter: officials say they are looking at the profiles of the passengers and studying the x rays taken here at terminal 2 of the luggage and the cargo before this airbus took off on sunday morning. they are also going to be looking at the maintenance records while they review airasia's meanltsairasia's maintenance operations. they are doing all they can to find the plane. >> malaysia couldn't find air trance in the few months. we hope as far as possible. >> also in the afternoon an indonesian air force official said the australian plane spotted something in the sea. but as the missing malaysia aicialsis malaysiaplane, nothing was
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found. scott heidler surabaya, indonesia. >> family members of the passengers have gathered at singapore's airport. al jazeera's ver veronica pedrosa is there. >> we're getting updates from the public relations side of the airport operation. what they're saying is that there are relatives in the relative holding area which is open for 24 hours to make sure that next of kin of the passengers who were on board the flight qz8501 can get the assistance they want and get any time. but they have kept them away from the media to protect their privacy. we did see one man go in and we understand that he's related to a woman or the husband or boyfriend of the woman who was on board the airplane.
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that wasn't clarified because again we were not allowed to have any further access to him. it's very difficult time obviously for the next of kin. we're also getting updates from the ministry of transportation, the civil aviation authority of singapore who have said that indonesia has accepted the offer of two specialist divers and two sets of specialized equipment for investigation to look for the flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder when it cams to that point. it has been accepted but hasn't been deployed yet. obviously the emphasis is supporting the families and looking for what happened to that missing airasia plane. >> the head of indonesia's search and rescue agency says the missing airasia jet is likely at the bottom of the sea but finding it will be a challenge since officials do not know where or when it might have gone down. libby casey has that story.
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>> reporter: in an age when gps can precisely track your car's location and you can view your house through online mapping the acting head of the national transportation safety board admits aviation tracking seems old fashioned. >> against this backdrop of ubiquitous flow of information how can they possibly lose an entire airplane? glsh butglshairplane. >> reporter: but it's complicated. in october the ntsb gathered together aviation experts to better track planes. a time during which technology made major advancements. among proposals upgraded satellite tracking of planes in the air instead of relying on
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land based radio towers. imprinting messages sent from the cock cockpit expanding the voice recording to 24 hours instead of one to two hours. the best way to find out what's happening on a plane stream all of the black box data during the flight so its valuable information doesn't go down with the plane. >> there's no reason with the technologicaltechnology we have today we can't have streaming data from the airplane. it shows to me the complete lack of data of how to do an underwater search. knowing whetherring the plane was underwater for one minutes or two minutes is the difference between one week and omonth of searching. >> wide swath of ocean that poses the biggest problem. there's no sign of malaysia airldairlines mh370.
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it took three months to find the black box of an air france plane that crashed in 2009. >> former national transportation safety board john golian, i asked him if we were on the verge of creating an international tracking system for airlines. >> i believe the international communities is on the verge of requiring a tracking system. it's not easy to do. it's not going to happen in one year or two years. it's going to take multiple years to get the hardware and to get it installed on the 20-plus thousand airplanes that are flying in the skies. but i believer as a result of these accidents -- i believe as a result of these accidents recent events we'll have realtime reporting from these airplanes where they are especially the ones that travel internationally over large pieces of ocean or over the north pole. >> john is it expensive to create it and implement it, such
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a system? >> the hardware itself that goes on the airplane is not that expensive in the whole scheme of things. but when you start thrig about thinking about streaming data up to the satellites and the satellites sending it back down, the amount of data we're talking about from 20,000 plus airplanes will quickly overwhelm our satellites in the sky the satellite capabilities. one thing i heard about is to further compress the data so it doesn't use up so much of the space from the satellites to take the data. so it's going to be a anchor but i believe we're going to get there. >> -- a chore but i believe we're going to get there . >> officials are saying the splean likely at the bottom of the sea. aside from how painful that has to be, for family members to hear, what factors would lead officials to come to that conclusion?
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>> well, we know where the airplane was on the last transmissions. we know where it was when the transponder stopped sending a signal when it was still in the air. they're making an assumption that it came down at that point. you know what assumptions are. you don't always get what you want. >> yeah. >> so it could be much further away than where they say. but we know it's someplace because there isn't enough fuel for it to go anywhere else. we know it didn't get close to land because if it got close no to anywhere where there was radar we would have gotten primary returns which were not rienl they would have showed up at least we would have realized there was something in the air. so i think it's you know the most reasonable assumption is the airplane went down in the area where we had the last snrals. thelast -- signals. the search will tell us whether
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we have to expand that further. >> john, in terms of finding a debris field so much of an aircraft is buoyant, it will float. explain if the plane came apart at altitude as opposed to if the plane crashed into the sea. >> well i think if it came apart at altitude it's going to complicate the problem. that storm was pretty severe. it could carry that light weight material quite a distance and that would complicate the search considerably. if that debris is scattered over a wide, wide area. if it came down relatively intact and then impacted the water before it broke apart then we should find fairly compact debris fields. now, the sea had to be pretty agitated with the size of that storm. >> right. >> so what i'm saying pretty compact debris field it's not going to be like we saw at twa 800 where everything was really very closely four or five
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miles, square miles. i think we're talking about a lot of distance here. >> at least 15 ships and nearly a dozen aircraft are currently involved in the search. it's been confirmed now that ten people died when a ferry caught fire off the coast of greece. working through night workers managed to evacuate more than 400 people. simon mcgregor-wood has more. from bari italy. >> 36 hours after the fire took hold, worked a shuttle system hovering aboard the burning ship and winching officers from the upper decks. then taken to safety at nearby vessels. there is confusion over the number of people rescued and it appears to be lower than the number of the ship's manifest,
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of 478. this leads to speculation that some are still missing. >> translator: the fact is that among the people rescued there are some names that are not on the manifest. we need to review entirely all those that embarked on this trip. this is giving us some concern. >> earlier on monday 49 passengers were transported to the italian port of bari. a number needed medical treatment but most of them including some children were transferred later to continue their onward journeys. some described chaotic scenes on board the norman atlantic when the crisis first started. >> no communication nobody to teld teleus what to do. i had to look for myself to find the life jackets. i had to put it on my kids by myself. nobody was there to -- okay it was a panic pnl it pnl it was crazy. >> we had to jump into a boat and then we're about three hours in the sea because there was -- it was very, very unbelievably
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wavy, ropes broke lots of times. we did two three times attempts to get up on the boat and we had to go up a rope ladder. >> the italian navy and the coafg, said given the appalling rming conditions and people had to spend so long in appalling conditions waiting to be rescued it's amazing why more people weren't injured. it appears that be injuries are relatively low. sphecialtd teams are continuing to search the stricken vessel's lower decks in case other bodies there are. a number of passengers arrived in greece, and many are still at sea to be taken ashore, waiting for further fremont needed. the ferry will be towed into
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port to see what went wrong. >> strike against the senior leader of the al shabaab group the town of sekau in somalia. that is former region where a sr. intelligence operative from al shabaab turned himself in over the weekend. the leader was killed in a one year ago. >> calls for al jazeera journalists release. andrew simmons has the story. >> the rest of the world finds hard to absorb. it is now one year since a phone call to the news desk reporting the arrest of three of the network's journalists in cairo.
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then one year behind bars for just doing their job. across the world there were newsroom vigils. the trial in cairo had failed to come one any evidence to incriminate the staff or associate them with what egypt described as terrorists. all the charges against correspondent peter greste, bureau chief mohamed fahmy and producer baher mohamed were false. ing being baher's wife spoke of her desperation. >> my life is a wreck and so is the lives of our children. the head of our family is in jail for a year with no justification or crime. >> peter greste's parents spent christmas day in egypt getting an hour and a half to visit their son. >> he's truly amazing the way he's been able to draw upon his reserves of resilience and strength and in fact, inspire us all to carry on. because as we all know this has
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been a very, very long struggle. >> reporter: it's a struggle that will carry on with journalists from other media organizations helping in the campaign. >> i think a lot of journalists and a lot of people and we're just people as journalists have been appalled at the specter of three people three men who are simply doing their job in a diligent professional fashion who have ended up in prison, we'd hoped maybe for afew days few weeks and now today are it's a whole year. is. >> it's been a year that's seen protests spread around the world. the hashtags, #freeajstaff went viral and it wasn't only journalists who were appalled by events. world leaders including u.s. president added their voices. >> weaver been clear both publicly and privately that they should be released. >> al jazeera has maintained its media campaign.
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>> al jazeera we wore in soful different places and we should be taken as a professional yeet institution not as part of any political or ideologic or any other establishment. >> is egypt's president abdel fattah al-sisi insisted it was a decision for the courts. their appeal process is due to start this week. what's going on hinder the behind the scenes is less clear. beings al i.s. se has being reported to say he would have preferred to have the journalists deported. as 2014 comes to an end al jazeera's team remains in jail having commit noticed crimes. andrew simmons. al jazeera. >> and earlier i spoke to the united nations david kay. he works to protect the rights to freedom of opinion and expression around the world and i asked him for his reaction to the continued attention of our colleagues in egypt.
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>> it's frankly very depressing to be sitting here you know, a few years after the so-called arab spring and to be talking about such a crack down on not only on dissent and muslim brotherhood and political opposition but the crack down on freedom of information and the right of all individuals to have being access to information and that's the service that's the profession that journalists provide. so when you ask what to make of it, i think it's a very sad time and a very difficult time, obviously, for joinlts for outlines in journalists in egypt. we're not just talking about the three al jazeera journalists -- >> there are others aren't there? >> there are nine others. a crack down on dissent. >> speaking about jean-baptiste egyptians
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here we will sentence members of a political party and to jail time sis the president so don't cross us ordinary egyptian citizens. this is not much of a democracy at this moment in time, is it? >> well, i think that you know look a democracy depends upon the free flow of information. it depends on individuals voters, having access to all the information they can have, in order to make decisions about their own destiny. that's clearly not what's happening in egypt i think it's unfortunate, we don't show the signs of a turning point of going back to a place where there is a free flow of information, where the government isn't censoring information before it's out and then detaining people after information is actually put out there. so i think this is a very
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difficult time to be sure. >> yeah. david kay also told us that egypt's allies need to push the egyptian government to allow greater freedom of expression in the country. so in a couple of minutes here we will hear from another al jazeera journalist who was held in an egyptian jail. and join us tonight at 9:00 for journalism is not a crime,ing an in-depth look at journal across the world. china appears to be going after google. coming up the crack down that has blocked millions of g-mail users. and ali velshi is working today and he's with "real money." as you know he takes a look at the big picture next.
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>> on wall street today crude oil prices took a bit of a spill after early trading bounce. a rocket attack on oil tanks in libya fueled the early uptick but real concerns of oversupply erased those gains. "real money"'s ali velshi joins us. oh, the barrel is back! >> that's a barrel. >> how far did oil price fall today? >> 53.61. down 45% since this time last year. it was $99 a barrel a year ago. gasoline prices afgd averaged $3.31 a gallon according to aaa it's $2.29 a gallon today. this has been a gain of a lot of america. six months of falling prices.
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you can predict or not predict about the stock market, maybe i'll be right or maybe i'll be wrong. nobody was predicting the price of oil at the end of the year at around $59 a barrel. last time we saw this, we were in a recession. very interesting to see a 5 handle on oil. >> take a moments here walk us through this. what does this mean for u.s. economy? >> well it generally means good things you've got extra money you spend it somewhere else, that creates demand, that creates jobs. meanwhile the companies from write wii you're buying are spending less on energy, so they have more to vest. at $80 a barrel unemployment was 5 many.7%. if it's $60 a barrel some
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speculate it could be 5.2%. as oil prices fall so does the inflation rate that's in most cases pretty good but the longer inflation stays low the longer the fed will hold off increasing interest rates. people are saying, why is this a problem velmingingproblem ali? the problem fracking, a lot of americans have made a lot of money through their 401(k)s working in north dakota in those shale fields, this is closing some of those fields down because it's too expensive to frack oil that you are only getting $50 on. that's a mixed blessing. >> what else are you work on? i can tell it's a good one. >> you're talking about three al jazeera colleagues who are in
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jail for ayear in a year in egypt. i'm talking about the amount of aid that goes to egypt. >> ali velshi america's great fire wall has taken g mail users off line. cutting off google's service offline on friday and still down today. the government started disrupting access to google, on the anniversary of the tienanmen square crack down. analysts say china is trying to create a country being being cut off from the rest of the world. one year from when egypt put three al jazeera journalists in jail we'll hear from abdullahal
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>> welcome back to the program. in afghanistan four afghan soldiers were killed today during a feergs battle with a fierce battle with the taliban in helman province. moved into a training and support role, jamie mcintyre joins us, from the white house. the war may be officially over but a huge number of troops are staying in the country. >> that's right tony. one of the lessons united states took from iraq, don't leave without leaving behind some troops. the obama administration is pinning its hopes on the afghan security forces even as a resurntresurge ent taliban is claiming
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victory. most u.s. troops now leaving afghanistan will never return. president obama says the original mission of denying terrorists safe hairch has been accomplished. >> because of the extraordinary work of the men and women in the armed forces, afghanistan has a chance to rebuild its own country. >> labeling the ceremony marking the departure of most nato troops a clear indication of their defeat and disappointment. the taliban were dramatically ramping up attacks killing 3200 afghan since and more than 1400 average forces and police in 2014. u.s. afghan troops have not cut and return. >> the afghan national security forces and police reacted bravely and dwoiblg each one quickly
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to each one of those attacks. >> but the taliban have succeeded in reestablishing areas formerly are cleared noticeably in helman province. taking back those gains will now have to be done with less help from nato. much smaller assistance and training mission dubbed resolute support which starts officially january 1st. that will provide some 12,500 to 13,500 nato forces including about 5,000 american troops to back up the 350,000 strong afghan security forces as they take on taliban and al qaeda insurgents. so after 13 years hundreds of billions of dollars and more than 2200 american lives lost it's not so much that united states has won in afghanistan but more that it's done with
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afghanistan. tony some of those troops that are staying behind will have an unspecified counterterrorism mission. so even if the war is officially over the fighting will continue. >> jamie mcintyre at the white house, jamie, thank you. matt del zeller is here, good to see you again. it wasn't yesterday it was earlier today i saw a pretty provocative headline. if i say to you the afghan war that didn't really end yesterday, ended in defeat, what do you say to that? >> it did. at least from our perspective. i mean, i don't think the war ended. the taliban get a vote, and they've clearly voted with their guns and their road side bombs and their suicide bombers that they're going to continue fighting. adding a great disservice to people we still have in uniform over there in our behalf to tell
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them hey you're no longer at a war. i don't know what we're calling it now maybe it's a training application with a new name but let's be clear. people are still going to fight people are still going to get shot and injured and die and that, to me, still sounds an awful lot like a war. >> but if the united states isn't calling it a war and the taliban is still fighting, i'm not sure what the taliban is claiming victory for. what is this? what is the taliban claiming victory of? and what do you call this? >> well, i think at this point this is just -- it's a pr game. i mean only in washington right can we think of a press conference where we can declare the war over without a peace treaty or the absolute defeat of our enemies, with the enemies still being on the battlefield and very much coming testing our
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presence. it's been mismanaged sings the beginning. what we have is an afghan government that is not responsive to the majority of the people's needs. i feel we've repeeded the old soviet strategy, we'll withdrawn from the be rural areas which is where the majorities of the afghans live. they have the luxury of driving north relatively peacefully when they left. we're going to have to fly from about one of five different air fields most of which are surrounded by very large tall mountains from which you can easily make those air fields grave yards to our aircraft. this is a nightmare. the only way it gets resolved is politically. >> yes. >> we have to realize that the taliban has fought us to a stalemate. there is no military palatable solution to this. we're not going to send in 500,000 u.s. troops and go in
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with our pakistani allies and wipe out the taliban period. what has to be is a political solution to this conflict. sitting down with people who we quite frankly right now cannot stomach. >> wow. if i'm looking for a silver lining and i'm not i'm just posing it as a question, look ngos are in the country and i'm told they're building wells and people who otherwise wouldn't have drinking water now have drinking water more schools are being built, more women are going to school and getting an education what do we say to those positive developments? they are certainly positive developments. >> yeah, i think last one is probably the most important is the education of women. so i'm sitting here talking to you now because my translator saved my life in a firefight. the day after when i could take
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stock of what happened, i asked him why did he do that? he told me i was a guest in his country and he was trying to protect me. i said i'm glad you're on our side and trying to not take a slot. i asked why are you on my side he said because my mom would being be knowledge ashamed of me if i worked for the taliban. and my mom was educated. you can't fight with these people they're not true muslims. that's going to be our lasting legacy, is the millions of afghan women who have been given some semblance of an opportunity oget some basic literacy. once you have implanted that seed of literacy the whole marketplace of ideas is
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potentially opened up to that individual and they are no longer to be controlled by what is essentially thought control. the taliban has beaten us as to how they get their information out to a highly illiterate afghan population but imagine the people can read for themselves and write for themselves. that's the taliban's greatest fear and our greatest asset. >> i guess the latest discount 2224 u.s. soldiers killed fighting there in afghanistan since 2001. no one knows how many afghans have been killed in that same time span. what becomes of afghanistan? does it become for u.s. interest does it become korea? what does it become? >> i would hope that it would. you know, i think too nonthis country we have thought of the item of nation-building as some sort of cursed term. but i'd ask you what has it
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gotten us? it's gotten us a situation in iraq in which we are now recommitting u.s. military forces. a situation in afghanistan that i think people if you would have said this would have been ten years ago, argued what's the point of being there in the first place? but compare that to place he where the u.s. actually left behind a lasting commitment not just militarily but economically and politically and developmentally. the germanys and being japans and south koreas of the world. trading partners not just in economics but this culture and in science. and that's what afghanistan and iraq could be, if we were willing to actually engage in the type of true national commitment it takes to help bring our friends and allies along with us in our ride of prosperity. but thus far i would argue as a soldier, we too often looked to the military as this broad
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policy, you use us as oscalpel dom remove the cancer in your being overall quality of life. that's the state department, the u.s.a.i.d.esu.s.a.i.d.s, the socioeconomic thaings america hasthings that the u.s. brought to bear. we have been reactionary back amo mode. whakingary whackam offeringswingwhackamo mode. >> thank you for joining us.
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today marks the one year anniversary everring peter greste, mohamed fahmy and baher mohamed sentenced to being irm prisonment. abdullah al shami earlier todaying described the conditions of his captivity. >> if i may use the expression it's like a owsk experience because you get to be totally denied from your basic human rights, you don't get to see your relatives, except once in a week and in my colleagues case, just once every two weeks, of course there's no kind of medical care, there's no any kind of free sometime for them go around or do whatever they could think about and the conditions nsh any prisoner in egypt, that applies to my colleagues as well miserable conditions.
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the way the cells look like, the hygiene, everything related to normal human conditions, basic human rights, they have been deprived of. >> guide dispietdespite the dangers journalists still go out and do their job. including intimidation from their own governments. roxana saberi has more. ♪ ♪ >> mikel zeber says running an independent tv station isn't easy. he's earned the rath of russian authorities. >> unfortunately we are targeted and we had several blows during the last year. >> reporter: under government pressure they were evicted from their studio and dropped by cable and stlielt operators. the channel's audience shrank from 18 million households to 2
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million. then this summer russia banned private tv channels from selling advertising. >> that means on the state owned tv channels can have it and we cannot. that sounds ridiculous. but that's true. >> zeger hopes the channel will survive on subscriptions and donations. >> our main goal is to keep doing business as usual. >> serial hoffage keeps trying too. >> i've worked for 20 years for freedom. >> as the chief editor of city press in being south africa's being johannesburg..
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>> we must try keep their standard as high as possible. >> reporter: in myanmar when the country's military leaders began supporting some democratic reforms on zo moved his news organization the iriwadi back home after 20 years in in exile. >> but the press in burma known as myanmar still faces many restrictions. >> the hopes of many in myanmar are being squandered i feel. >> interrogations and requests to tone down its reports. >> if you speak out there's increased threat for you risk for you. >> for their courage zo, zeger and hoffage won awards. they all say they won't stop telling stories that need to be
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told. roxana saberi, al jazeera. >> the hashtag #freeajstaff is getting support from around the world. ines is here with the toy. >> samantha power tweeted this out today. al jazeera reporter verdicts rain justifiable pickup egypt must consider all available methods forking addressing verdicts. she goes on to say journalism is not a crime. and being peter greste, hoping the new year will bring him home to his family. journalists from around the world are taking part in the #freeajstaff campaign including alex thompson from channel 4. here you got ross atkins live, doing my job for a year now peter greste and two colleagues
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can't do theirs. this is newsroom abc news in london, journalism is not a crime, 265 free a.j. staff. reliable source is also tweeting out #freeajstaff. tony. >> ines thank you. join us at 9:00 for journalism is not a crime. as we mark one year since our colleagues were imprisoned in egypt. 2014 will be remembered as a watershed year for legalized marijuana. colorado and washington became the first states to allow pot to be sold for recreational use. there are a lot of hurled rurdles associatedhurdlesassociated with this change. >> january 1st 2014, thousands be stood in freezing temperatures to celebrate a
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moment many compared to the end of prohibition. >> i have been waiting 40 years for this day. >> fast forward almost a year to the day and economics 101 marijuana supply exceeded the demand. marijuana is now as easy to bias a beer. places like denver's antiques row is now more like the green mile. >> the neighbors are very glad we're here and we have a very good rapport. >> legal weed has created 10,000 jobs here and brought in $60 million from taxes licenses and fees. >> iowa hmm? >> and onew kind of tourism. a recent denver post poll, shows many coloradoians are happy
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about their decision. and few think it's a risking drug. >> law professor sam cayman teaches at the university of denver, adding a class called representing the colorado client. high marks for its first year. >> i think it's an a. there weren't huge terrible headlines. there weren't some of the real catastrophes that people were warned about. >> reporter: but the question of how to regulate and package marijuana edibles, so consumers can tell the difference between what's pot and what's not is still a challenge. the obstacle what, to do with all that money coming in. >> this is the safe that we keep deposits due petty cash. >> banks don't want to touch marijuana cash. regulations from the banks it's still as illegal as heroin.
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>> there are plenty of dispensaries operating unfortunately without a banking relationship. and basically they're putting that money in their mattresses. >> nebraska and oklahoma are suing colorado in the u.s. supreme court argue that state legalized marijuana is spilling across their borders muddying federal laws. >> it is a step back and something i know the folks at the time attorney general's office are looking at very carefully and it may be one of the things that gives us some clarity. >> the world is watching colorado's victories in november voters gave the green light to legal be recreational weed and be using colorado's green print moving forward. >> coming up. heidi zhou-castro reports in the drop in illegal immigration to the united states. >> we're back at the border where national guard troops have been stationed since this summer. but we'll take you behind the
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>> in an interview released today, president obama tells npr that he is optimistic about his executive action on immigration despite strong disagreement from republicans. >> if your view is that immigrants are either fundamentally bad to the country or that we actually have the option of deporting 11 million immigrants regardless of the disruptions, regardless of the cost and that that is who we are as americans i reject that. on the other hand, i think that there are a lot of republicans who recognize we have to show realism, practicality, and insist on accountability from those who are here illegally and that the best way to do that is to provide them a path to get legal.
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>> the flow of thousands of immigrants over the border this past summer created the situation that president obama called a humanitarian crisis. now, the activity in the area has certainly slowed but many migrants have been left in a strange kind of limbo stuck at shelters just south of the border with very few option he. heidi zhou-castro joins us -- options. heidi zhou-castro joins us, and how do people end up in shelters? >> these shelters are mostly church run so close to the border, and this this case of the shelter i just visit id it signatures on the banks of the rio grande, just southwest of the united states. the shelter was a launching point of many central american migrants many teenagers who had traveled hundreds of miles alone, on foot, on buses and trains to escape poverty and felonies their ownandviolence in their
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own home countries. but today that is not the case, the sense of anticipation is missing, it's more ever a purgatory. they can go no further north thanks to border security and national guard troops. serge this is the sign of success of increased border security keeping migrants out but when you see people continues showing up at the shelters tony it is the sign of desperation that continues to drive people from their homes. >> the people showing up at the shelters like the one you are now, what can you tell us about some of those people. >> that one young mother who asked us to call her rosa and she didn't want her face to show on camera, rosa was 20 years old and she had already been living in the united states for six
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years before she was deported just six months ago. she was taken in as a live in nanny for her children. she was deported by border patrol. the sad thing about rosa's opinion is she was deported just five months before obama made his executive action that would have offered her as well as other parents of u.s. citizens the opportunity to stay longer and she missed out often that. >> heidi zhou-castro in dallas, heidi, good to see you. a turkish bus driver is given boot. ines has more on the backlash, and then it's "real money" with ali velshi. >> still israel is getting more than $1 billion in aid every year from america and sony has
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>> start with one issue education... gun control... the gap between rich and poor... job creation... climate change... tax policy... the economy... iran... healthcare... ad guests on all sides of the debate. >> this is a right we should all have... >> it's just the way it is... >> there's something seriously wrong... >> there's been acrimony... >> the conservative ideal... >> it's an urgent need... and a host willing to ask the tough questions >> how do you explain it to yourself? and you'll get... the inside story ray suarez hosts inside story
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weekdays at 5 eastern only on al jazeera america >> have you seen this video? a turkish bus driver's license has been revoked after video showing him dancing while driving went viral. ines is on with that. >> watch this video and you'll see why it went viral. ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ >> what is with the hands? what's with that? what kind of dance is that? >> a traditional dance they do. >> with the hands and everything? >> that's right it got to a certain folksong. the driver just got up to dance while the bus is -- he's going to do it right now again in istanbul. the bussing is going down the highway there. >> what is the crazy person with his hands -- >> he is dancing with a
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passenger. some of the passengers are laughing and one ever them took this and posted it online. the comments online, they're saying what you're probably thinking, this is crazy one says the video is funny another one says this guy should be arrested and charged. be today turkish authorities revoked his license and fined him. you may recall over the summer this driver was fired after he -- he was filmed reading while driving. both are bad. this is in turkey as well. but that one doesn't seem as bad as the guy that's dancing. i would just say you know what, i'll get at the next stop, thanks. >> thank you very much. you are not paying attention to your job life and death situation here. you're telling me the guy wasn't arrested in either case here, just fined and licenses taken away. >> he was first detained and then he was -- yeah, his license was revoked.
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>> ines appreciate it. that's all of our time. "real money" with ali velshi. two hours from now we'll air a special, journalism is not a crime, that is at 9:00 p.m. eastern time. journalism is not a crime, yet three of our al jazeera colleagues remain in prison one year after they were arrested, a country that gets $1.5 billion a year in aid from america. plus the biggest movie in america never made it to a theater near you. and the crude reality of the economy. the effect overtime may not be good for everyone. i'll explain. i'm ali vels
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Thu, January 9, 2020
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Happy Trees West Bottoms
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Blood-based TB Diagnostics
Intuitive's TB diagnostics simplify workflow, reduce errors, and increase efficiency for improved performance of laboratory-based TB testing.
Since 2012, we have utilized our expertise in rapid multiplex immunoassay development for custom and OEM manufacturing in the IVD and research markets. The AIM platform leverages the benefits of our proprietary SilverQuant detection reagents for optimal performance in blood-based tests. We are looking for partners, distributors, and early adopters for our human TB diagnostics.
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Donna is well known for being a four time Olympian for Team GB as well as being one of team GB's best team captain. Retiring from a 25 year athletics career due to breast cancer Donna transferred her resilience, determination and inspirational mindset to the business world and now works at EDF Energy. As Chair of the BAME Network and leader of EDF Energy's Health and well being initiative Donna has earmarked as a future director at the company. Donna is also the current President for the South of England Athletics Association, an Olympians Committee Member, an Ambassador for Breakthrough Breast Cancer and a motivational speaker.
By antonyjsmith


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A few days ago I mentioned that we were doing a little sprucing up around the store. Carried up a few vintage suitcases and old dictionaries and went to work!
This is just a peek at the beginning of the project. I am painting the suticase with Behr paint from Home Depot, it is paint and primer all in one-Heaven! Anyway, I am swishing some paint on the exterior of the suitcase to freshen it up a bit-and papering the inside with pages torn from an old dictionary. Might do a little rubber stamping on top of the paper, and collage some of our vintage images on too. This is one of those projects that I really don't know what the end result will be until it is finished.
Hopefully more photos in a day or 2.
A short story:
Several years ago we were lucky enough to buy the contents of a large art supply store, and some of the fixtures. If you have been at the store you probably noticed some metal cabinets painted all zany. Red and White of course. When we moved they were put in the basement, and we kind of forgot about them. Until a few adays ago. They have found a new home in the studio and are begging for paint and paper. Brights? Vintage? Florals? All 3?
Red Lead ... where your art journey begins!
Rubber Stamps. Paper. Trinkets. Workshops!
27 North Gore Ave. Historic Webster Groves, Mo. 63119
Always something new and creative going on!
xo Chris and Sharon


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New York Times Article on Value-Based Contracting Doesn't Tell Full Story, Says Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy
Alexandria, Va., July 31, 2017 — Conclusions reached in a recent New York Times article on outcomes-based contracting are premature, if not inaccurate, stated Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP) CEO Susan A. Cantrell, RPh, CAE, adding, "It's still the early innings for outcomes-based, or value-based, contracting for prescription drugs, and therefore, too soon to dismiss."
In a letter to the editor, Cantrell wrote:
The diagnosis of outcomes-based contracting in "Considering the Side Effects of Drugmakers' Money-Back Guarantees" (July 10) is premature, if not inaccurate: "Scant evidence" of cost savings? Well, then, it doesn't work, is the suggestion.
It's still the early innings for outcomes-based, or value-based, contracting (VBC) for prescription drugs, and therefore, too soon to dismiss. More important is its potential, as evidenced by the broad-based interest at our recent conference in reducing barriers to VBC.
In addition, VBC is not just about lowering drug costs. In this era of biopharmaceutical innovation, it's an innovative way to give patients access to extraordinary, but expensive new therapies, while controlling costs through incentives that reward real-world value. In fact, by getting patients medicines that truly improve outcomes, VBC should reduce total health care costs.
With the overall health care system's shift towards rewarding quality over quantity, pharmacy benefit managers too must explore new ways to pay for medications.
According to Cantrell, the Times' July 10 article also mischaracterized a pay-for-performance program in Italy. In a letter to the Times editor, Luca Pani, MD, former general director at the Italian Medicines Agency and the principal architect of the country's pay-for-performance program, noted the article cited the results of a research study based on 2014 data – concluding that "the amount of money refunded by the companies was trifling." However, Dr. Pani stated, the registry system for the program wasn't fully operational until the end of 2014, and the study in the article fails to capture 2015 results. That year saw nearly $200 million dollars refunded to the Italian drugs budget, and annual reimbursements since the full system was implemented are steadily increasing.
Furthermore, the article fails to address how Italy has successfully used the system to not only guarantee the performance of new medicines, but also secure better pricing in negotiations with the companies before granting access. For example, Dr. Pani points out that Italy's prices for therapies in areas such as Hepatitis C are very competitive compared with prices paid by other countries. "Our team who put the system in place is now asked by other governments to help them deliver similar results for their health systems and insurers," he wrote.
"AMCP believes value-based contacting is a promising concept worth pursuing," Cantrell said. "Our health care system continues shifting towards rewarding value over volume, and we must explore new ways to pay for prescription drugs, to ensure patients get the medicines they need and health care resources are used wisely."


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Mack Brown doesn't get his second back this time, and UNC loses to Wake Forest
Mack Brown isn't in Austin anymore. His current team isn't fighting for a national championship. He's dealing with ACC officials now instead of Big 12 officials. And he doesn't get a second chance at a miracle.
Brown's North Carolina Tar Heels were trying to complete a huge rally at Wake Forest on Friday when Michael Carter stepped out of bounds as time expired. There was a booth review to make sure the game had indeed ended.
Across the college football landscape, there may have been a flashback or two to this:
Brown raised his index finger once more Friday, but unlike that Texas-Nebraska Big 12 championship game a decade ago, no time was added to the clock.
The Heels (2-1) had suffered their first loss of the 2019 season, 24-18.
SCHLARP: Mack Brown is back, and the Tar Heels may be close behind
Give Brown's kids credit, though. They cut a 21-0 deficit on the road vs. a conference opponent (even though the game didn't count in the ACC standings) to 21-18 in the fourth quarter. Wake (3-0) added a field goal with 1:09 remaining in regulation, forcing UNC to score a touchdown.
The Heels took over at their 25 on the ensuing kickoff. Freshman quarterback Sam Howell, playing the role of Colt McCoy, moved UNC to midfield, but Carter was a second too late in getting out of bounds on a fourth-down run, and the comeback dream had hit :00.
There was no do-over this time.


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Of course, the primary thing you'll want in a locksmith is trustworthiness. Recognize can you tell if this man is honest or only pretending to always be? Scammers are all over the world, for you to attack on innocent afflicted individuals. Locksmiths have the unspoken creed for truthful in their dealings, but let's face it: some are just incapable of secrecy. A few obvious methods some steps that the to take on ensure the reliability of the locksmith steer clear of hiring a locksmith who'll possibly break into your home by making copies of all your house keys.
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Hire Hog Roast in Chichester
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A hog roast is a fun way to cater for any kind of event. We have 93 caterers available for your event in Chichester, West Sussex. Among our top requested categories this month: hog roast in London, hog roast in Manchester, wedding catering in London, BBQ Catering in London, private chefs in London, wedding venues in London.
South Coast Hogs
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Love By Lucy And Liam
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Flip - Burgers and Street Food
Recent review: Fantastic! Arrived on time, set up discretely and served our guests delicious food for the evening. We had so many compliments on the standard of service and quality of the food provided which was as lovely for my wife and I to hear as it will be for you guys too. I know we have had some guests interested in knowing your details for their events so will forward them over in due course. Well done guys 😊
Fabulous Catering and Events
Recent review: Delicious food, beautiful presentation and extremely professional service. Cannot recommend Richie highly enough.
Chilli Pepper Catering Limited
Recent review: "Dear Martin Now we have time to catch our breath, we wanted to write and thank you and all the team from Keats for the key part you played at Eleanor and Pete's wedding. We were delighted with all the food served. The canapés were delicious and the main meal was excellent and both were so beautifully presented. Our late evening food was also very much appreciated. We would particularly like to thank you, for all the organisation in advance and on the day. We want to thank Harry, too, for all his hard work in the set-up, his cheerful, friendly "no problem" attitude to everything and his swift service during the meal, keeping us all supplied with drinks as required. He was a great hit with all our guests but particularly, if I dare say it, with the ladies (young and not so young!!)!!!! We would like to thank Paddy too, for his thoughtfulness for the bride and groom and for ensuring everything ran smoothly, no mean feat at such an event. It was great to know that he was constantly in charge of the running order. Finally we would like to thank all your waiting staff, especially those serving during the meal, as the service was swift, unobtrusive yet very friendly. We received so many compliments from our guests about both the food and the service. We were delighted with the whole day and Eleanor and Pete have said that they were overwhelmed by the fact that this really was the wedding of their dreams. We can ask for no finer accolade! Thank you again for all that you brought to our special day."
Mann and Moore
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The Hog Shack
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Wild Garlic Catering
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Eat Food Love Food
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Calshot Catering (Hampshire)
About: Baked Jacket Potatoes & Spit Roaster, Hog Roast, Outside Catering for Events, Private Functions
Hayling Hog Roast
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Bricks Catering
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Jay Geddes
Recent review: Lovely guy but very very poor food quality and value for money. The meal was more a £20per head leaves and it cost over £100 per head so was very very disappointed.
The Little Kitchen Company
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Hot & Tasty
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text:
heres a pencil sketch i made
its not so good, but meh ha
heres a pencil sketch i made
its not so good, but meh ha
That's insanely good...TOO good.
So how old are you? Nice work!
im 12, im thinking about doing some art for my job, who knows lol
o yeah thats sketch of me.
it was a year ago.
Don't kill me, but it's hard for me to believe a 12-year old could do that.
It looks like a photo that has been edited.
whattttt! since when does age go over skill! seriously!
im sick of people fucking downing on me casue im 12!
art is a passion man
yea ive known him since he was at least 4 and hes has always been good at drawing its really amazing :]) .
Well, you killed me, like I asked you not to do.
Maybe you're just another child prodigy, and can make a very highly detailed self-portraitAlthough, I'll hardly believe that it can be done quickly or not. And I do think age is a factor when considering skill in some areas. Simply because an older person will have had more time to practice in that area and become more skilled.quickly
well i hope you people belive me..and im sorry for killing you(i pretty much sniped you in the head) but that is my art...even ask mr.f! hes known me all my life and is a huge supporter of my work..i also am decent at graffiti...
looks eerily close to a photo that had a filter applied (-cool_) If it isn't, crazy work, I think it's just too perfect to be a sketch
He lost all his friends
He didn't need his friends
He lived with his mother and repeated himself[/center:16hbm10o]
madness good! dude that MUST MUST FUKING BE A PHOTOSHOPPED PHOTO!!!
This sentence has just insulted you, and you have no idea how.


text:
Professor Patricia Erickson | Professor Andrew Hathaway – Cannabis Use: The New Normal?
As more countries begin to decriminalise and legalise cannabis, understanding attitudes towards its use will be essential in anticipating the risks and benefits of these legislative changes. Professor Patricia Erickson of the University of Toronto and Professor Andrew Hathaway of the University of Guelph provide new insights into the attitudes and practices of both cannabis users and non-users in order to better understand the ongoing normalisation of cannabis use.
Cannabis: Friend or Foe?
Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug worldwide by a wide margin. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime estimate that approximately 4% of the world's population use cannabis on an annual basis. Recent years have seen a growing body of literature concerning the health effects of cannabis, both positive and negative. Studies have linked smoking cannabis to lung conditions and the worsening of pre-existing mental health conditions; conversely, cannabis has been investigated and used as a treatment for chronic pain, loss of appetite caused by chemotherapy, and a host of other health issues. Considerable research is underway to obtain a more precise picture of effects.
The prevalence of cannabis use in society and the volume of contemporary studies into its potential medical benefits have led to the widespread reform of cannabis laws in recent years. Some countries, such as the UK, have approved the use of cannabis as a treatment for specific medical conditions. A number of countries around the world have gone on to decriminalise the possession of cannabis, while very few have legalised its production and sale; in Canada, where statistics for use have consistently been among the highest in the world, cannabis has been legally available for medicinal purposes since 2001, and for recreational access to adults since 2018. However, individual attitudes vary greatly on the acceptability of its use according to age, location and social context.
Professor Patricia Erickson from the Department of Sociology and the Centre for Crime and Socio-legal Studies at the University of Toronto, and Professor Andrew Hathaway at the University of Guelph, have published prolifically regarding harm reduction policies and the normalisation of attitudes towards cannabis in Canada. They aim to understand the perspective of young people regarding cannabis use, particularly the stigma associated with the use of cannabis and the shift in attitudes towards regarding cannabis use as a 'normal' activity.
What's the Harm?
Harm reduction measures aim to reduce the negative impact of drug use, whether controlled, recreational forms or more problematic dependencies. Examples of harm reduction measures include needle exchange programs, used to reduce the risks of blood-borne infections for intravenous heroin users, and safer consumption sites to prevent overdoses. A number of studies have argued that an increase in the incidence of high-strength strains of cannabis means that appropriate harm reduction approaches are now needed to mitigate their possible negative health effects, particularly to protect youthful consumers.
In a 2003 review, Professors Erickson and Hathaway called this approach into question and argued that there is little evidence that cannabis smokers experience greater toxicity from more potent strains. They argued that most evidence shows that the harms associated with cannabis use tend to be minor compared to those associated with the criminalisation process. Of course, current forms of consumption such as edibles and concentrates pose additional concerns to consider in relation to health and safety effects.
Professors Erickson and Hathaway argued that in addition to being harmful, prohibition was also not an effective deterrent. The origins of global prohibition were based on misconceptions or misinformation, exaggerating the harms and addictive potential of illicit drugs overall.
Social Stigma
In a 2011 study, Professors Hathaway and Erickson surveyed a large cohort of frequent, adult cannabis smokers in four cities in different provinces in order to obtain meaningful data regarding attitudes towards cannabis use and gauge the effectiveness of the prohibition laws in Canada at that time. Their data showed that although some frequent users were somewhat worried by a threat of criminal punishment, others were concerned with the social stigma associated with their cannabis use being 'outed' to employers or family; however, most felt little disapproval among their friends and colleagues.
The perception of many of those interviewed was that use of the drug, in the larger society, was still seen to be associated with 'deviant' behaviour, including the use of other drugs and criminal activity. Most were sensitive to the importance of restricting use to social situations where others would not be bothered by use, such as avoiding use around children, for example. These findings supported their previous conclusion that criminal threats were not necessarily the most effective deterrent towards the use of cannabis, and indicated that social attitudes were more likely to limit or prevent use and channel where and how the drug was consumed.
In a subsequent study in 2015, Professors Hathaway and Erickson and their team conducted interviews with undergraduate students, both users and non-users, from the Universities of Toronto, Alberta, and Guelph. The first analysis was mostly focused on those students who abstained from cannabis use. Questions asked by the team considered each student's reasons for abstaining and their perceptions of responsible cannabis use, and the perceived differences between users and non-users.
The general perception of non-users was that cannabis is a relatively safe, unproblematic drug. Most students indicated that use was inappropriate when it clashed with commitments or priorities such as doing schoolwork. Non-users also indicated that a major reason for abstaining from cannabis use was due to worries regarding the possibility of arrest, and worries about it affecting future job prospects. Family and cultural issues also factored into decisions to abstain from cannabis use. Some abstainers saw cannabis smokers as less mature or foolish, or irresponsible, echoing the results of the previous studies in which cannabis smokers expressed concern about social stigma emanating from certain audiences, and hence their caution in disclosure.
Cannabis Use and Gender
Interestingly, the researchers' findings showed a difference in attitudes towards the use of cannabis by men and women. More men use cannabis – and use it more frequently – than women according to surveys. Gender inequality and biases seemed to contribute to the attitudes of non-users towards users. The social consequences of using cannabis were perceived to be greater for women than men, men, with both men and women suggesting that women are more concerned with the potential risks of cannabis use and that they are more vulnerable to gendered social criticism (e.g., being stigmatised as sexually promiscuous, immature, or attention-seeking).
The Social Network: Cannabis Distribution in Peer Groups
In a later analysis of the campus study data in 2018, Professors Erickson and Hathaway investigated the role of social supply networks in normalising the use of cannabis by undergraduate students. The team interviewed students who were regular or occasional cannabis smokers, and asked them questions regarding how they usually acquired the cannabis that they smoked.
The team found that 44% of their respondents reported that they bought cannabis from a friend or that a friend bought it on their behalf. Like the previous study, they found a gendered difference in attitudes, noting that women were more likely to have someone purchase the cannabis for them. Use of such a 'broker' was seen to be beneficial through providing a safe distance between the buyer and dealer. Users saw social supply networks and the availability of free cannabis from peers as advantageous as a way of reducing consumption and keeping its use occasional and limited to social functions.
The prevalence of these social networks led Professors Erickson and Hathaway to conclude that legalisation would be unlikely to reduce the high levels of cannabis use among young people in Canada, as individuals would still be able to obtain cannabis through these social networks, and that in many cases, these illicit contacts would be desirable over legally available sources of cannabis.
Professors Erickson and Hathaway also pointed out issues with the recent legislative approaches enacted in Canada. They noted that one of the main objectives of legalisation measures is to prevent access of drugs to younger people; following legalisation, cannabis products are now age-restricted in Canada, available for purchase from the age of 18 in Alberta and 19 in other provinces. The authors noted that this approach is unlikely to prevent the use of cannabis by youths, as legal supplies of cannabis can be diverted to the black market for distribution to younger people, much as alcohol is. Moreover, the age restrictions or high retail prices of the regulated product could drive younger users back to their already established peer networks.
These findings have very important consequences for legalisation measures. For example, overly restrictive guidelines following legalisation could lead to users finding alternative routes to save money or get better access to cannabis. The authors concluded that formal drug policies, no matter whether they may favour legalisation or prohibition, tend to be less effective at curtailing or moderating use than the informal control of cannabis use practised by the users themselves.
Legalisation and the Future
The work of Professors Erickson and Hathaway has provided a nuanced insight into the use of cannabis. Their rigorous studies have helped them recommend more effective harm reduction and legislative measures. It is not yet clear how legalisation will impact the views and social preconceptions of users and non-users alike. Normalisation has been accompanied by the reduction of stigma, but it has not been eliminated. Understanding attitudes towards cannabis both before and after legalisation will be especially important as other countries around the world begin to reconsider their policies on cannabis use and legal availability.
Meet the researchers
Professor Patricia Erickson
Department of Sociology
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario
Professor Patricia Erickson completed her PhD at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, after working as a research scientist at the Addiction Research Foundation (ARF), and on her return she became the Head of the Drug Policy Research Program at ARF. In 1992, she became a Professor of Sociology and Criminology at the University of Toronto. In addition to her professorship, Professor Erickson is also Scientist Emerita at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH). Professor Erickson's research interests include illicit drug use and drug policy, with a recent focus on examining ways of improving screening for youths with substance use and mental health problems in custodial facilities. She has published over 150 articles, chapters, books, and monographs on drug policy, illicit drug use, and drug and mental health issues in marginalised groups.
E: firstname.lastname@example.com
W: http://sociology.utoronto.ca/tag/patricia-erickson/
Professor Andrew Hathaway
Department of Sociology and Anthropology
University of Guelph
Guelph, Ontario
Professor Andrew Hathaway is an Associate Professor in the Criminal Justice and Public Policy program of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Guelph. His PhD is from McMaster University. Professor Hathaway conducts research in the areas of illicit drug use, harm reduction, human rights and Canadian drug policy. His main focus is the study of cannabis for medical use and understanding the normalisation of cannabis consumption. Professor Hathaway is the author of the textbook Drugs and Society published in 2015 and has published a host of articles over the past 20 years concerning trends in and attitudes towards drug use in Canada.
W: https://www.uoguelph.ca/socioanthro/people/andy-hathaway
T: @GuelphSOAN
Mark Asbridge, Dalhousie University
Serge Brochu, University of Montreal
Marie-Marthe Cousineau, University of Montreal
David Marsh, Northern Ontario School of Medicine
Elaine Hyshka, University of Alberta
Geraint Osborne, University of Alberta
Amir Mostaghim, University of Ontario Institute of Technology
Kat Kolar, University of British Columbia
Mark van der Maas, Rutgers University
Cameron Duff, Melbourne University
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), 2007–2011, $116,895
'Drug normalisation and stigma: Canada's experience with cannabis and tobacco'
'Cannabis, stigma and policy change: A 3 campus study of normalisation among university students'
AD Hathaway, A Mostaghim, PG Erickson, et al, "It's Really No Big Deal": The role of social supply networks in normalizing use of cannabis by students at Canadian universities, Deviant Behaviour, 2018, 39, 1672–1680.
K Kolar, P Erickson, A Hathaway, G Osborne, Differentiating the drug normalization framework: a quantitative assessment of cannabis use patterns, accessibility and acceptability attitudes among university undergraduates, Substance Use & Misuse, 2018, 201, 8, 53(14), 2339–49.
P Erickson, M van der Maas, A Hathaway, Revisiting deterrence: Legal knowledge, use context and arrest perception for cannabis, Czech Sociological Review, 2013, 49(3), 1–22.
P Erickson, A Hathaway, Normalization and harm reduction: Research avenues and policy agendas, International Journal of Drug Policy, 2010, 21, 137-139.
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