text:
NBA Live 97 – Release Details
Super Nintendo
Title Data
- Genre:
- Sports > Team > Basketball > Sim
- Developer:
- NuFX
- ESRB Descriptor(s):
- No Descriptors
- Wikipedia (EN):
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Live_97
Release Data
NBA Live is where players come to play. Real NBA competition. Real NBA skills and strategy. Real players. Like you. Right? 2-on-2 and 3-on-3 halfcourt games. 3-Point and Shoot Out competitions. 1996-97 updated rosters including rookies and over 300 NBA stars. All 29 NBA teams plus 2 NBA All-Star and 4 custom teams. Complete stats and ratings for all players, plus stat tracking during season play. Exhibition, Playoffs, and full 1996-97 NBA Schedule Season play.
Data and credits for this game contributed by vonc0rn , zoie the hedgehog , steamliner88 , PaperLink , odino , R351D3NT3V1L4 , chrono trigger fan , Guard Master , oliist , and irelandgamer94 .
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Going the Distance: Running Events in Whistler
You may know that Whistler is a world-class ski resort, but did you know it's also a runner's paradise?
With a wide variety of trails that cater to everyone from recreational runners to pros, Whistler's fresh air and outdoor vibes are undeniably good for the heart and soul. My personal favourites are the paved Whistler Valley Trail network and the gravel trails that circle Lost Lake. While my deer-in-headlights depth perception forces me to tiptoe carefully through the rocky terrain of the Coast Mountains, our high alpine trails are loved by many locals.
Whistler hosts a number of local and international running events, the 2019 running calendar is packed with unique events that cater to various abilities and interests. The sheer number of events can make picking one feel like a daunting task, so we're here to help with this handy guide:
Parkrun at GO Fest
Want to get the whole family involved? Look no further than Whistler's Great Outdoor Festival, GO Fest. This family-friendly event falls within the Victoria Day Long weekend and celebrates getting everyone out to enjoy Whistler's great outdoors.
Fun Fact: Whistler parkrun will host a 5 kilometre timed run every Saturday throughout the summer, including over GO Fest weekend. Registration is not required, show up before 9 AM at Lost Lake Passivhaus to join in.
Date: May 18, 2019
Difficulty: Easy-peasy, lemon squeezy.
Surface: Gravel.
Distances: 5 kilometres.
More Information and Registration
Whistler Half Marathon presented by Smartwool
The Whistler Half Marathon is one of Canada's most scenic runs and a personal favourite of mine. There are five distances to choose from ranging from 1 kilometre to 30 kilometres (including a 21.1 kilometre half marathon, of course), making it welcoming for all levels.
Don't want to run? You can walk or opt to be an official cheer squad member.
Date: June 1, 2019
Difficulty Rating: Tortoise to hare – there is something for everyone.
Surface: Pavement and gravel.
Distances: 1 kilometre, 5 kilometre, 10 kilometre, 21.1 kilometre, 30 kilometre.
More Information and Registration
Whistler X Triathlon
Looking for a new challenge? Whistler is excited to bring you the inaugural Whistler X Triathlon! Hosted by the Whistler Triathlon Club, this new off-road triathlon (that's a swim, bike and run) will take place within the picturesque Lost Lake Park. If you are like me and prefer not to swim, find a pal or two and enter as a relay team.
Date: Sunday, June 9, 2019
Difficulty Rating: Moderate. A personal challenge if you don't like one of the three.
Surface: Gravel and dirt.
Distances: Sport (750 metre swim, 13 kilometre bike, 5 kilometre run), Championship (1,500 metre swim, 26 kilometre bike, 10 kilometre run), plus Championship relay options.
More Information and Registration
Comfortably Numb Trail Running Race
This is a bucket list race for trail runners. It takes place on one of Whistler's longest mountain biking trails, Comfortably Numb. The 23 kilometre (ish) singletrack trail offers progressive climbs, a few descents and numerous sweeping, mountain vistas. New this year, the course will include a descent down the Yumby Numby trail to finish in Whistler Village.
Date: June 15, 2019
Difficulty Rating: Butt burner. Not recommended for the average couch potato.
Surface: Alpine trail – rocky, uneven, technical at times.
Distances: 23+ kilometres.
More Information and Registration
Tough Mudder Classic & Tough Mudder 5K
This famous military-style obstacle course returns to the rugged Whistler Olympic Park for an epic 2-day weekend of events, featuring the Tough Mudder Classic and Tough Mudder 5K. Let's be clear – this event is not a race, but a muddy adventure filled with wacky costumes, comradery and a great deal of high energy fun. No winners' podium nor medals will be in sight, just a ton of iconic orange headbands that signify who's crossed the finish line. They will be the Whistler fashion statement of the weekend!
Date: June 15– 16, 2019
Difficulty Rating: Moderate to difficult. Tough Mudder is a personal adventure, will you accept the challenge?
Surface: Mud, mud and more mud, combined with muddy obstacles.
Distance: Tough Mudder 5K (5 kilometres + 13 obstacles) and Tough Mudder Classic (13 – 16 kilometres + 25 obstacles).
More Information and Registration
Red Bull 400 World Championships
This race is guaranteed to put your calves, quads and endurance to the ultimate test – it is the steepest 400-metre race in the world, taking you from the bottom to the top of the ski jump at Whistler Olympic Park. The concept may be simple but the execution is punishing! This year's event will feature music, more sweat, a beer garden, air show and free shuttle from the Village.
Fun Fact: 400 metres is only a quarter mile but according to Insider Feet Banks, it feels like a marathon when you tilt it on a 37-degree angle.
Date: July 13, 2019
Difficulty Rating: Ultimate leg test. Don't let the distance fool you!
Surface: Grasslands to wooden planks.
Distance: 400 metres.
5 Peaks Trail Running Series
To get to this race, you must take a gondola ride up Whistler Mountain and cross over to Blackcomb Mountain via the PEAK 2 PEAK Gondola. There you start your journey through wildflower meadows, past alpine lakes and up and over boulder fields, all with panoramic views of the Coast Mountains.
Date: August 24, 2019
Difficulty Rating: Easy-breezy, these runs are for everyone.
Surface: Alpine trail – rocky, uneven, technical at times.
Distance: 6.6 kilometres Sports course, 10.6 kilometres Enduro course, 3 kilometre Kid's Race, 1 kilometre Children's Challenge
More Information and Registration
The North Face Valley to Peak Race
As the name suggests, this one involves going up, up and up. Starting at the base of Whistler Mountain, your challenge is to conquer the Top of the World trail. After running to the peak of Whistler Mountain you will race down to cross the finish line at the Roundhouse Lodge.
Date: August 31, 2019
Difficulty Rating: With a super casual elevation gain of 1,852 metres, the full distance is only recommended for well-trained runners! Shorter loops with less elevation are available for recreational runners.
Surface: Alpine trail – rocky, uneven, technical at times.
Distance: 22.5 kilometres main race. A 10 kilometres loop, 3 kilometres loop and a 1 kilometre Kids Fun loop also available (a valid lift pass is required).
More Information and Registration
Whistler Alpine Meadows Races
If you are up for the challenge of long alpine climbs over rugged mountain terrain, then the Alpine Meadows Races could be for you. These races have it all, 25 kilometres to 175 kilometres(!), and are not shy on the elevation profile. The reward is experiencing the amazing landscapes of the Coast Mountains, expect to see glaciers, waterfalls and wildflowers.
Fun Fact: The 2019 event marks the first time for the killer 175 kilometres distance will be included in the race schedule. If you want elevation, this one's for you.
Dates: September 20 – 22, 2019
Difficulty Rating: Wow to Triple WAMMY.
Surface: Alpine trail – rocky, uneven, technical at times.
Distance: 25 kilometres, 55 kilometres, 110 kilometres, 175 kilometres, Triple WAMMY!
More Information and Registration
Whistler Turkey Trot presented by Smartwool
Gravy is not a beverage? Say what! Signing up for this family-fun trot will make all of the indulging over Thanksgiving guilt-free. On this run, you will be served stunning views paired with the fresh aroma of autumn in the mountains. The event proudly supports Crohn's and Colitis Canada.
Date: October 13, 2019
Difficulty Rating: Cream puff to cakewalk.
Surface: Gravel.
Distance: You can do the 5-kilometre Drumstick Dash or really run off the calories on the 10-kilometre Gravy Burner.
More Information and Registration
Whistler 50 Relay & Ultra
This annual event held each fall in Whistler is a 50 mile relay race open to teams of eight, four, or two as well as solo ultra-marathoners. New for 2019, the Whistler 50 is changing up the course to include the incredible Lost Lake trails. This new course means all of the transitions will take place behind the rings at Whistler Olympic Plaza. Spectators can enjoy the comfort of the beer garden while cheering on their favourite athlete. With pre-race gatherings and post-race parties, this is a fun athletic event and a great, social weekend.
Date: October 19, 2019
Difficulty Rating: Walk in the park (relay) to extreme (solo ultra).
Surface: Paved and gravel.
Distance: 50 mile relay and 50 kilometre ultra marathon.
More Information and Registration
More Events:
- Tenderfoot Boogie – June 22, 2019
- Subaru IRONMAN Canada® and Subaru IRONMAN 70.3 Canada® – July 28, 2019
- The Terry Fox Run – September 15, 2019
- Brandywine Boogie – September 21, 2019
Want More? Check out the Whistler events calendar. For help with planning your race-cation, check-out Whistler.com and get local help from the cool kids who live and race right here.

subset: commoncrawl


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Daily Horoscopes: 06/11/2019
Daily Horoscopes: 06/11/2019
Life seems harsh and unyielding, which prompts you to withdraw to a private corner. Stay off social media, turn off your mobile and turn your attention inward. Solitary, soothing pursuits will help you connect with your higher power. You deflect stress when you're peaceful. Don't pretend to be knowledgeable about a subject you know little about. You'll make a much better impression by asking an expert all sorts of questions. They'll be happy to give you a quick overview of the topic.
When you're unhappy with the results of a routine, it's time to change. You're not sure which aspect of your system to alter. Sit quietly for a few minutes and review the process. If a step fills you with dread, it's a red flag. A lavish gift has strings attached. It's best to show your gratitude for the present and explain you cannot possibly accept it. Your refusal will be met with anger, but it can't be helped. You're dealing with someone who mistakenly thinks they can buy your affection.
Although you've got a great sense of humour about yourself, it's important to project a dignified image at work. Self-deprecating jokes can diminish people's opinion of you. Stop putting yourself down. Treat yourself with the care and compassion you deserve. Don't take a loved one for granted. Just because they have performed kind gestures in the past doesn't mean you can rely on them all the time. Have a backup plan for a relative who can't babysit or run errands.
Sharing your expertise is rewarding. You're good at presenting complicated information in an engaging way. People especially appreciate how patient and caring you are. Instead of treating them like soldiers, you approach them like delicate plants. Everyone thrives as a result. Overindulging in food and drink will be serious cause for regret. Before going to a party, it's wise to eat a healthy meal. This will keep you out of the path of temptation. It will also mitigate any excessive alcohol consumption.
People are drawn to your air of mystery. If you're looking for love, you'll find it with an artistic person who is extremely sensitive. Be careful about making jokes at their expense; they'll bristle at your good-natured teasing. They'll respond better to praise and appreciation. When things don't go your way, resist throwing a temper tantrum. Handling disappointment with grace will win the admiration of even your severest critics. Into everyone's life a little rain will fall. Get on with it.
Creating a beautiful, comfortable environment is your priority. Spend extra money on well-made furniture, colourful artwork and thriving plants. Arrange seating so that people are angled to each other in a sociable way. Check that the lighting isn't overly harsh or too dim. A relative is jealous of your success. Stop being defensive whenever they scoff at your taste. By projecting an air of contentment in the face of their nasty remarks, they'll slink away like a salted snail.
Your productivity soars. Take this opportunity to sequester yourself from a chaotic space so you can concentrate on detail-oriented jobs. Ensure that every aspect of an important project is perfect. Your attention to detail will bring bigger and better assignments. The best way to improve your relationship with annoying neighbours is to stop focusing on their negative qualities. Make a list of all the nice things about these people. At first, you'll struggle to think of a single item. Keep trying.
Being the centre of attention secretly thrills you. It's so much fun to turn heads wherever you go. If you're looking for love, you'll find it with someone who is tender, compassionate and receptive. Their influence will make you more open to abundance. Jealousy over other people's wealth is driving money from your door. Train yourself to rejoice whenever you see wealth, regardless of who owns it. The best way to become magnetic to money is to develop a more appreciative attitude towards it.
Are you overwhelmed by the beauty of life? Stop what you're doing, take deep breaths and say a prayer of gratitude. The Universe will shower you with even more abundance. Keep your eyes open for a prize win, lucrative job or inheritance. Beware of overestimating the importance of your opinions to a relative. If you disagree with their choices, they will not try to win your approval. There's a very good chance they'll do everything possible to defy you. Release your grip.
Many exciting possibilities are available. Choose the one that brings the most intellectual stimulation. Studying a subject that has nothing to do with your professional path will be fun. It will serve as a welcome counterbalance to thoughts of work, success and status. A hidden vice is more trouble than it is worth. The sooner you break this bad habit, the happier you will be. It's especially important to avoid secret romantic intrigues. They only lead to heartache. The last thing you want is to hurt some innocent bystanders.
Indulge in sensual pleasure. Treat yourself to a gourmet meal, new scent, bouquet of flowers or piece of jewellery. Any item that makes you feel prosperous and content is worth your money. You're not especially materialistic, but you do appreciate creature comforts. Don't make friends with someone solely based on what they can do for you. If you dislike an influential person, keep your distance. You don't want to get a reputation for being a hypocrite. There is no better reflection of character than authentic relationships.
It's time to take the first step towards a goal. You love the daydreaming phase of things. After you have envisioned every detail of an exciting idea, it will begin to lose its power. This is the sign to act. Beware of using your influence to get special favours. The last thing you want is to create resentment among your colleagues. If you're going to earn respect, you'll have to wait your turn like everyone else. When you get ahead, it should be because of your contributions, not your connections.


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July 1--Ultratech Inc. plans to webcast its upcoming Annual Meeting of Stockholders. The meeting is being held on Tuesday, July 19, 2005, at 2:00 p.m. Pacific Time. The event will take place at the company's corporate headquarters in Building 2, 2880 Junction Avenue, San Jose, CA.
To listen to the live webcast of the meeting, go to Ultratech's website at www.ultratech.com a few minutes prior to the scheduled start time. The webcast will remain available on the website for 10 days after the meeting.


text:
I'm busy working on my blog posts. Watch this space!
February 25, 2019
Lisa Palanca for Palanca Leadership
I just returned from a lovely trip to warm Mexico. The experience was educational and provided time for reflection. I would like to deliver my message from the eyes of a Mexican worker at the resort we spent our time. Although not her exact words, I am pretty sure if s...
February 12, 2019
As a college student, did you ever wonder what the "Student Fees" charges meant on your tuition bill?
I always had.
It turns out that at Western Michigan University, the Student Fees are applied by a Board comprised of students, who pitch enrichment ideas for different a...
February 9, 2019
Human adversity.
What does it look like in your personal world?
Sometimes one has but to watch the news to understand what is "small stuff" and what is actual adversity.
And yet, we often fall into the pity party pit.
Someone has posted a success story on social media. Pic...
Where did you get that sub?
January 20, 2020
So you want to be the BOSS
January 2, 2020
A group of ELITE Super Heroes
December 18, 2019
Why should I listen to adults?
December 12, 2019
That is a hard no.
December 5, 2019
Thank You Giving
November 22, 2019
I'm Fine
November 13, 2019
You can Catch more Flies with Honey
November 7, 2019
Lift UP Your Teachers
October 28, 2019
What are you doing to take care of you?
October 23, 2019
January 2020 (2)
December 2019 (3)
November 2019 (3)
October 2019 (5)
September 2019 (4)
August 2019 (3)
July 2019 (3)
June 2019 (2)
May 2019 (4)
April 2019 (4)
March 2019 (3)
February 2019 (3)
January 2019 (6)
December 2018 (4)
November 2018 (5)


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One bright sunny day I received a sloppy text file which was most likely exported through a zone AXFR and my task was to import the records into a CDN's DNS. The import was not very happy with it, however, I did figure out how to fix the issue without manually editing any data by converting the DNS export into BIND format.
The command is called
named-compilezone and it's pretty awesome (included in the bind-utils pkg). Essentially all you need to do is import the text file and write it out as raw, then import the raw and export as text. It's a two step process but you could make it a one-liner:
$ named-compilezone -f text -F raw -o YourFile.com.raw DomainName.com OriginalFile.txt && named-compilezone -f raw -F text -o YourNewFile.bind.text YourDomain.com YourFile.com.raw
Originally I found the idea on Internet Systems Consortium. In my opinion, they are one of the least known and thanked software companies that have greatly contributed to the internet infrastructure in general.
BIND /ˈbaɪnd/, or named /ˈneɪmdiː/, is the most widely used Domain Name System (DNS) software on the Internet. On Unix-like operating systems it is the de factostandard.
The software was originally designed at the University of California Berkeley (UCB) in the early 1980s. The name originates as an acronym of Berkeley Internet Name Domain, reflecting the application's use within UCB. The software consists, most prominently, of the DNS server component, called named, a contracted form of name daemon. In addition, the suite contains various administration tools, and a DNS resolver interface library. The latest version of BIND is BIND 9, first released in 2000.
[credit goes to Wikipedia]
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Replacement rear drop-out screw
SRAM's Power Link system uses a full-plate chain link to replace the old fashioed push-pin type. They're quick and easy to use, reusable (at a push) and much easier to fit.
Holdsworth and Campagnolo, it's a historic pairing that dominated the UK racing scene throughout the 1970s, and with the launch of the new Holdsworth Super Professional Campagnolo race team, it's a pairing that's all set for the future.
Too many bikes? Space at a premium? We're here to help with the most cost effective bike storage going, the venerable Jobsworth Wall mounted Bike Hanger.
Shimano braze on front mechs are designed to benefit from additional support that comes from the rotation alignment screw used to set chainring/mech alignment on some frames.
A replacement mech hanger for a selection of Planet X frames. Just choose your frame from the drop-down menu.
Inline barrel adjuster, designed for bikes which don't have frame mounted adjusters to trim the front mech.
Be the first to hear about new products, competitions and vip discounts


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Keto Charge Plus: Read All Related Information Here!
Keto Charge Plus: Read All Related Information Here!
There are a surmountable number of advantages that you will see with Keto Charge Plus. It is an item that has been painstakingly been analyzed and intended to give you the best outcomes. Here are a portion of the outcomes that you are in the post for.
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The precise measurement subtleties of Keto Charge Plus are referenced with the item itself. Yet, what we can reveal to you right currently is that eating a sound eating routine and drinking a great deal of water will be to your greatest advantage as you will see the best of results as such.
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Read More:


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Watching DIRECTV
Learn how to watch DIRECTV on your TV, computer or mobile device.
Accepted Solution
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Why does the "Channels I Get" channel list show OXYGEN when no, I don't have it. Always wondered. Thx.
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Hello. Last month I received a hand-me-down Vizio smart TV. It turns on with the following resolution: Either unticking 720P or 1080i co
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is anybody unhappy with the changes to customer service for directv since AT&T took over?
Install or upgrade DIRECT TV Player
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World War Two evacuation experience for Worle and Bristol youngsters
PUBLISHED: 16:00 09 October 2016
Sub with credit - Tony Richards
Pupils were evacuated to Worle to give them a taste of what life was like during World War Two.
Worle History Society worked with Worle Village Primary School and Luckwell Primary School in Bristol to recreate the experience of leaving home to escape bombing.
The schoolchildren dressed up for the day, and went on a tour around Worle to see areas which were affected by the war.
They also spoke to some evacuees about their experiences.
The project was held as part of Worle Village Primary's attempt to become a heritage status school.
To gain the accreditation from Historic England, pupils must learn about the history of the area they live in.
* What was it really like to live in Weston-super-Mare during World War Two? Read our feature about VE Day to find out.


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UPDATE 17 January - Click here for the latest information on our systems outage.
In this section
The Sturt River Linear Park forms part of Adelaide's Metropolitan Open Space System and is identified in the State Government's 30 year plan for greater Adelaide as a specific target under its greenways policies spanning multiple local government areas.
Sturt River Linear Park Stage 3 (SRLPS3) will link the existing path near the Institute building (along Main Road) and continue through to Horner's Bridge (along Murrays Hill Road) in Coromandel Valley. The civil works will provide a shared use path and restored river environment for safe pedestrian and cyclist access for locals and visitors to experience the unique local heritage of Coromandel Valley.
SRLPS3 is a result of considerable planning and community engagement over several years and has been developed by drawing on Coromandel Valley's rich history, natural environment and indigenous and European heritage. The SRLPS3 civil works will be undertaken in conjunction with the public art project.
The project is co-funded by the City of Onkaparinga (CoO), City of Mitcham (CoM) and the state government's Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure.
Please see attached document for further details or contact Anna Hughes, Public Art Project Officer, for any queries.
Artists brief(PDF, 2MB)
Applications for Shimmer Festival of Photography are now open, application details can be found further down this page.
Application key datesSatellite exhibitor's applications close: 15 February 2020
Associated events applications close: 15 February 2020
Core exhibition applications closed on 31 October 2019
Shimmer Festival of Photography is a month long arts festival running from 11 September to 11 October 2020 and will celebrate the creative power of photography as one of the most prolific and celebrated story telling mechanisms available.
Representing photographers of all competencies, Shimmer Festival of Photography will platform current photographic trends alongside traditional technologies to pay homage to the 'perfect shot' and the alchemic processes that develop, print and capture life in all its complexity.
Spread across the City's six wards, Shimmer aims to bring to our region a rich variety of photographic experiences. Delivered through a multiplicity of events, the extended program will include a series of significant core exhibitions, satellite activations, outdoor installations, an industry forum, artist led workshops and professional opportunities for the wider community to engage in all things camera.
The City of Onkaparinga is proud to provide artists the opportunity to display their works or host an event throughout our City as part of Shimmer. We are seeking applications for photographers and industry professionals to:
All successful Shimmer photographers will have the opportunity for one of their submissions to be selected as a signature Shimmer outdoor installation. If selected, your piece will be printed in large format and installed in a prominent outdoor, high traffic, high visibility location within the City of Onkaparinga.
Please note, Core Exhibition applications closed on 31 October 2019.
All applications submitted for consideration will undertake the same selection process and be assessed against the following criteria:
The selection process is facilitated by the Shimmer Festival of Photography Reference Panel consisting of:
Selection by the reference panel is final and no further correspondence will occur.
To find out more about these opportunities, the application form and terms and conditions, select the plus sign below associated with your interest.
Photographers selected for core Shimmer exhibitions will be:
To be considered as a core exhibition artist, you must adhere to the following requirements:
Images uploaded on application must be:
Timelines (Applications now closed)
* This will depend on the chosen format of the printed program and is not guaranteed.
Photographers work selected for satellite exhibitions will be:
To be considered as a satellite exhibition artist, you must adhere to the following requirements:
Associated event holders selected for inclusion in the program will receive the following benefits:
To be considered as an associated event holder you must you must adhere to the following requirements:
* This will depend on the chosen format of the printed program and is not guaranteed
Expressions of interest are now closed for our July 2020 - June 2021 Artist in Residence program.
Practicing, emerging or established, local or visiting contemporary artists, working in any discipline were invited to apply to participate in Sauerbier House artist in residence program (non-residential) between July 2020 and June 2021. As a site-responsive residency, artists were asked to respond to the location or in a broader context, to the City of Onkaparinga.
For further information please contact Jaynie Langford, Coordinator Sauerbier House on (08) 8186 1393 or email email@example.com
Proposals are now closed for our May 2020 - June 2021 [GRAFTd] Exhibition program.
Sole or collaborative contemporary visual artists or curators, local or visiting artists were invited to apply to exhibit new or previously unseen work through the [GRAFTd] Exhibition program at Sauerbier House between May 2020 and June 2021.
For further information please contact the Jaynie Langford, Coordinator Sauerbier House on (08) 8186 1393 or email firstname.lastname@example.com
Customer Relations Centre
E email@example.com
Postal: PO Box 1,
Noarlunga Centre SA 5168
Submit feedback or request


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Collaboration History
William Kentridge first started collaborating with David Krut in 1992, with the latter publishing Kentridge editions in South Africa. At that time, he also invited Kentridge to work with Jack Shirreff at 107 Workshop in Wiltshire, UK. Subsequently, Krut published many of the resulting prints (like the General, the HMV set and the Baedeker suite) and was the first to bring Kentridge's work to the USA with ensuing exhibitions in New York, Chicago and Washington in the mid- and late-90s.
In 1997, the first major publication on Kentridge was published in CD-ROM format by David Krut. After Krut established his own print workshop in Johannesburg in 2002, Kentridge became a frequent collaborator with Master Printer Jillian Ross (and before her, Randy Hemminghaus) and her team at David Krut Workshop (DKW), working on various print series, among others: the Nose series from 2006-12, The Universal Archive from 2012-16 and the Triumphs and Laments woodcut series from 2016-19. Other collaboration results are the Magic Flute series, Zeno Writing and various other prints that were created in relation to Kentridge's ongoing theatre and film productions.
David Krut Publishing released numerous books about the artists, among others William Kentridge Prints in 2006, the first book to give an overview over Kentridge's printmaking career up to that point.
In total, Kentridge has had more than eight solo exhibitions with DKP and many more group exhibitions he took part in.
Kentridge, who was born in 1955 in Johannesburg, South Africa, is a multidisciplinary artist – a printmaker, a director of theatre and opera, a drawer and an animation filmmaker. One might call him a maverick of the arts for the unparalleled ways in which he combines old and new artistic mediums, such as film and charcoal. While he does not define as a "political artist" per se, Kentridge is widely regarded as a go-to contemporary South African artist whose cannot be detached from his country's recent history and fraught present. For example, Kentridge is conscious of the colonial history of linocut printmaking in Africa, where the medium was introduced in the 1960s under the influence of German expressionism, which was, in turn, inspired by African mask-making.
While many artists dabble in printmaking on the side of their practice, Kentridge is a modern pioneer in the medium – drawings and theatre projects regularly emerge from his prints. For Kentridge, printmaking is in itself a multi-disciplinary practice. He says that "there is also a way of thinking of an etching as an extraordinary, ridiculously complicated form of animation, different states of the plate, when you know that you will rework them".
One of Kentridge's key marks is the inter-relatedness of his various works. Often he is working on a multitude of projects at the same time and so the works inform each other. When he is producing an opera, it's probable that he is doing some drawings and prints on the way. The Nose series was inspired by the adaptation of Shostakovich's opera The Nose, Kentridge did for Metropolitan Opera New York, for example.
As the winner of the Apollo Artist of the Year award in 2015, Kentridge has been dubbed "one of the most important artists working today". His "remarkable range" is acknowledged and credited for having "followed its own unique path, irrespective of contemporary fashions, over the past 25 years".
Kentridge's work lies in hundreds of collections worldwide.
Related blog posts:
Kentridge does a DKW walkabout with Harvard University Art History postgrads,
The Refusal of Time at The Metropolitan Museum of Art,
Nose and Other Subjects travels to Syracuse University Art Gallery.
Related articles:
William Kentridge: Officially Africa's Most Powerful Artist,
Black & White: Interview with Kentridge,


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Performed; Lab Partners
North Carolina State University has an Industrial Extension Service (IES) for the purpose of assisting small to medium size manufacturing companies in NC compete and succeed.
Industrial Extension Service is a vital part of North Carolina State University. It provides a foundation for the North Carolina business in various areas of work. The company boasts "the latest technologies and best practices in both engineering and business management." ("ies.ncsu.edu") Their main focus is to lead a manufacturing business to success. Their website illustrates the demand for manufacturing and the possible profits through various statistics. "Manufacturing continues to be the leading contributor to North Carolinas $398 billion Gross Domestic Product (GDP), at 18.2% in 2009, or over $72 billion. The next highest contributor to the states GDP is real estate, rental and leasing: $41 billion, or just over 10%. In addition, manufacturing employs 15.1% of the total workforce, providing above-average wage jobs to more than 500,000 individuals. business to success."("ies.ncsu.edu")
Their claim of having the best to offer will be evaluated by the quality of the website and the information it offers along with the success stories. Can the IES website back its claims? Can their success stories validate their status as North Carolinas foundation of business? There are video testimonies along with a large number of success stories to evaluate. The success stories are current, with the latest being in April.
For the purpose of this lab, one case study will be reviewed. This case study is titled: "Saab Barracuda LLC: Provider of Camouflage Net Systems and Other Signature Management to Enhance Survivability"
Purpose: The problem is to evaluate the validity of IES as an assistant to success for various manufacturing companies in North Carolina by reviewing Saab Barracuda LLCs success story.
Hypothesis: If the success story proves IES competency, then the claims made by North Carolina State University in regards to IES will be proven true, because companies can succeed under their influence.
Websites utilized: www.ies.ncsu.edu and www.saabgroup.com
Word Processor
Step 1: I will read the article titled: "Saab Barracuda LLC: Provider of Camouflage Net Systems and Other Signature Management to Enhance Survivability."
Step 2: I will research the company and determine the validity of the facts presented in the article as well as provide background information on the company.
Step 3: I will determine how IES assisted the Saab Barracuda LLC in succeeding.
"With the help of the Industrial Extension Service (IES) at North Carolina State University, their internal auditing has helped them maintain a clean record leading to zero action requests — three years running as noted by their third party auditor. "("ies.ncsu.edu")
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New Jade Breakthrough
Posted 06 May 2013 - 10:59 PM
Jade often flies over to investigate my snack of the evening and I usually give her a taste or the option of rejecting it, but she sits on Maggie's cage (which is next to my chair) to do her begging. Tonight I had ice cream and none of the birds likes that, though they usually swarm around to see what I've got before going on about their business. Tonight Jade flew over and landed on my KNEE. I offered her some, and she tasted it to be polite, but she didn't really want any (I know ice cream is not a suitable snack for parrots, but I also knew she wouldn't want any). And she sat on my knee for a few minutes and watched TV with me. This weekend, she came over and sat on my shoulder when I didn't have a snack, just to be sociable. I always expect a face chomp just in case, but I didn't get one. She pulled my hair and asked "whatcha doin'?"
- Bene_Gesserit, breemom and Cmenke2 like this
Posted 07 May 2013 - 03:46 AM
Posted 07 May 2013 - 11:46 AM
Posted 07 May 2013 - 04:35 PM
Posted 07 May 2013 - 05:26 PM
I know very little history on her. I got her from a fellow forum member, whom I haven't seen on the boards for a long while. She and her neighbor both got QPs from the same breeder at the same time. Jade was a couple of weeks older than the other bird. Apparently at some point -- probably sexual maturity -- Jade got nippy, so the people stuck her in her cage and that was that, the best the other forum member could guess. Before that, she'd been a favorite of the people's granddaughter (and many of the things she says are said in a little-girl voice she must've learned from that child) and got lots of attention. They also fought in front of her, or within hearing, because she repeats things that are clearly her version of a couple arguing bitterly.
Then they decided to move away and they didn't want to take her with them. The forum member lived next door and intended to buy their house, so they left Jade in the house and left. Donnella took care of her, but she remained in her cage in that house alone (except for Donnella's visits two or three times a day) because by then she had turned completely wild. No touching and no even getting within reach unless you wanted to bleed. We are not talking playful bites. We are talking crazy attack parrot.
So, being crazy ourselves, Hubby and I drove about two hours to get her and two hours to get home with her, and here she's been ever since. As I said, the first months were a battle of blood, with all the blood coming from US. Then Hubby started to make a little headway with her, and Jade occasionally deigned to land on his shoulder or sit on the arm of the couch as long as he didn't try to touch. Then she got so we could give her treats from our fingers (she takes even the tiniest tidbit very, very gently and politely). I taught her to let me clean her cage and clean and refill dishes by just gritting my teeth and letting her attack my arms, while I kept saying stuff like, "I'm cleaning your cage! I'm changing your paper! Maid service!" until she realized attacking me wasn't going to stop me and that in the end she had a clean cage and fresh food and water.
A year ago on her birthday (ironically, she's the only member of the flock whose birthday and age I am absolutely certain of), I took out all her toys and perches and swings, cleaned the salvageable ones, replaced the worn out ones and rearranged, and she LET me. She sat on top and bossed the job and I did ask her opinion of some placement ("Do you want this toy here? Or here? Can I put this swing here or would you like it better over here?") but she didn't bite or attack or object, and believe me, her cage had not been rearranged for YEARS. Nobody had dared reach in and touch her stuff. I knew then that we'd turned a corner, because while I was determined to do the rearranging and replacing, I was also prepared to end up with bruises and bloody bites. I had not one bite or even an attempt to bite. And when I finished, and not before, I told her "there you go," which is what I usually say after the daily cleaning, and only then did she go in to inspect and give her approval.
Posted 07 May 2013 - 06:16 PM
Posted 07 May 2013 - 10:43 PM
Posted 07 May 2013 - 10:44 PM
Posted 08 May 2013 - 04:39 AM
Posted 08 May 2013 - 10:14 AM
- Bene_Gesserit likes this
Posted 08 May 2013 - 08:30 PM
Posted 08 May 2013 - 09:50 PM
- Cmenke2 likes this
Posted 08 May 2013 - 10:06 PM
Posted 09 May 2013 - 03:44 AM
Posted 09 May 2013 - 07:58 AM
Posted 09 May 2013 - 10:31 AM
Jade has lots of birdy company but she doesn't like anybody. She has warmed up to Benjy a little, amazingly, and they have some games, but her patience is in short supply and when he gets on her nerves, he gets his tail pulled. She'd like to be friends with Clyde but he refuses. She's very good at entertaining herself, though.
Posted 09 May 2013 - 09:06 PM
My face must have been really bad this morning because he picked at it for ever so long (it really hurt too) and then did the clothing and jewellery check out. I always thank him profusely when he finishes. I know he doesnt want his parront to look bad to the outside world. I nearly missed my bus because of this inspection.
- Bene_Gesserit likes this


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2 mentions on Trippy
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Atmospheric Environment (v.39, #40)
Editorial board (i).
List for forthcoming papers (I-II).
Copper complexation in marine and terrestrial rain water by Melanie Witt; Tim Jickells (7657-7666).
The complexation of copper was studied in rainwater collected in Norwich, UK, and during Atlantic and Indian Ocean cruises. The complexation was measured with Chelex resin, Sep-Pak columns and adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry with tropolone as a competing ligand. Strong organic complexation was observed in semi-urban and marine rain samples with conditional stability constants between 1011 and 1014. Model solutions of copper and humic matter found organic complexes of a similar strength to those observed in the rain samples suggesting humic material as a potential ligand. A large proportion of the copper in the rains was associated with strong organic complexes over the pH range 4–8 in both filtered and unfiltered rain samples suggesting organic complexation is an important process both in the atmosphere and on arrival to oceans.
Keywords: Speciation; Humic; Tropolone; Chelex; PH;
Kinetics of OH-initiated oxidation of oxygenated organic compounds in the aqueous phase: new rate constants, structure–activity relationships and atmospheric implications by A. Monod; L. Poulain; S. Grubert; D. Voisin; H. Wortham (7667-7688).
The kinetics of OH oxidation of several organic compounds of atmospheric relevance were measured in the aqueous phase. Relative kinetics were performed using various organic references and OH sources. After validation of the protocol, temperature-dependent rate constants for the reactions of OH radical with ethyl ter-butyl ether ( k 297 K = 1.5 ( ± 1.7 ) × 1 0 9 M - 1 s - 1 , E a / R = 580 (±560) K), n-butyl acetate ( k 297 K = 1.8 (±0.4)×109 M−1 s−1, E a / R = 1000 (±200) K), acetone ( k 298 K = 0.11 (±0.05)×109 M−1 s−1, E a / R = 1400 (±500) K), methyl ethyl ketone ( k 298 K = 0.81 ( ± 0.18 ) × 1 0 9 M - 1 s - 1 , E a / R = 1200 (±200) K), methyl iso-butyl ketone ( k 298 K = 2.1 ( ± 0.5 ) × 1 0 9 M - 1 s - 1 , E a / R = 1200 (±300) K) and methylglyoxal ( k 298 K = 0.53 ( ± 0.04 ) × 1 0 9 M - 1 s - 1 , E a / R = 1100 (±300) K) were determined. A non-Arrhenius behavior was found for phenol, in good agreement with the contribution of an OH addition to the mechanism, which also includes H-abstraction by OH radicals. Global rate constants of acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde and valeraldehyde were studied at 298 K only, as these compounds partly hydrate in the aqueous phase. All the obtained data (except those of phenol) complemented by literature data were used to investigate three methods to estimate rate constants for H-abstraction reactions of OH radicals in aqueous solutions when measured data were not available: Evans-Polanyi-type correlations, comparisons with gas-phase data, structure activity relationships (SAR). The results show that the SAR method is promising; however, the data set is currently too small to extend this method to temperatures other than 298 K. The atmospheric impact of aqueous phase OH oxidation of water-soluble organic compounds is discussed with the determination of their global atmospheric lifetimes, taking into account both gas- and aqueous-phase reactivities. The results show that atmospheric droplets can act as powerful photoreactors to eliminate soluble organic compounds from the atmosphere.
Keywords: Relative kinetics; Photo-oxidations; Structure–activity relationship; Tropospheric lifetime;
Using dispersion and mesoscale meteorological models to forecast pollen concentrations by Robert Pasken; Joseph A. Pietrowicz (7689-7701).
This work describes the results of research into a source-oriented pollen concentration forecasting technique. Tests were conducted using the National Center for Atmospheric Research/ Penn State Fifth Generation Mesoscale Model (MM5), the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT_4) Model combined with the locations of oak trees and their aerial coverage from biogenic emissions land cover database version 3.1 (BELD3). Daily forecasts of pollen concentrations via MM5 and HYSPLIT_4 were made with 30-min increments and tested against 30-min oak pollen data collected by the St. Louis County Department of Health in Clayton, Missouri, for the month of April 2000.Results from these tests show that the combination of MM5 and HYSPLIT_4 with accurate source locations can provide short-term forecasts as indicated by the levels of forecast pollen and actual oak pollen levels, which follow similar profiles for the day. From the 30 individual pollen concentration forecasts, two example forecasts are presented. Additional studies need to be conducted to further validate these results, using an array of pollen collectors. A better understanding of the biology of pollen release is critical to improving these pollen concentration forecasts.
Keywords: Mesoscale; Meteorology; Pollen concentrations forecasting;
Analysis of particle-associated semi-volatile aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in urban particulate matter on a daily basis by Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis; Martin Sklorz; Anette Peters; Josef Cyrys; Ralf Zimmermann (7702-7714).
PM2.5 Particle-associated semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) were determined in the city of Augsburg, Germany. Daily samples were collected at a central monitoring station from late summer to late autumn 2002. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), oxidized PAH (O-PAH), n-alkanes, hopanes and long chain linear alkylbenzenes were determined by direct thermal desorption-gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (DTD-GC-TOFMS). Additionally, PM2.5 particle mass and number concentrations were measured. The sampling campaign can be divided into two parts, distinguished by a lower temperature level in the second part of the campaign. The particulate mass concentration showed no significant changes, whereas most of the SVOC had significant higher mean and peak concentrations in the colder period. The analysis of the data showed an increased influence of non-traffic sources in the colder period, reflected by a weak shift in the PAH profile and a significant shift in the hopane pattern. Statistical analysis of the inter-group correlations was carried out. Eight clusters partly representing different sources of the aerosol have been identified.
Keywords: PM2.5; DTD-GC-TOFMS; PAH; Oxidized PAH; Hopanes; Linear alkylbenzenes;
Gas-phase ozonolysis of the monoterpenoids (S)-(+)-carvone, (R)-(−)-carvone, (−)-carveol, geraniol and citral by Fabíola Maria N. Nunes; M.C.C. Veloso; P.A. de P. Pereira; J.B. de Andrade (7715-7730).
Biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a fundamental role in atmospheric chemistry. Vegetation is the most abundant natural source of VOCs, while terpenoids, as limonene, α and β pinene and mircene, top the plants emission list. Much interest has been demonstrated in oxidation and photooxidation reactions of VOCs, particularly of monoterpenoids, owing to their diversity and to uncertainties regarding their mechanism of reaction. Quantification of primary carbonylic compounds, as well as of biradical reaction components, is highly relevant to the understanding of the major reactions. In this context, taking into account both structural factors and the fact that these compounds are found in the essential oils of plants typically found in Brazil and that they may be present in the atmosphere from emission by the plants, the monoterpenoids (S)-(+)-carvone, (R)-(−)-carvone, (−)-carveol, geraniol and citral (a mixture of the isomers geranial and neral) were selected for this study.The ozonolysis reactions of the monoterpenoids were carried out under dark conditions for all experiments, due to their photochemical reactivity. The analysis of the results lets us propose a mechanism by which these reactions occur. The observed results of the ozonolysis of S and R carvone suggest that the stereochemistry of asymmetric carbon does not affect either in the yields of both formaldehyde and of OH radicals produced in the reaction, or in the reactivity of these compounds, for which the rate constants were in the scale of 10−6 s−1.We found that, in the (−)-carveol's cis and trans mixture, even though the hydroxyl in the axial position—in the case of trans-(C) and cis-(D′) isomers—favors the attack by the ozone molecule on the external double bond, thus increasing the mixture's reactivity ( k = 2.0 × 1 0 - 4 s - 1 ) , it affects the average production of formaldehyde. The presence of geraniol and citral led to the production of formaldehyde, propanone, glyoxal, methyl–glyoxal and cyclohexanone (OH radicals) as reaction products. The influence of an electron attractor group bonded to the carbon of the double bond, on the reactivity of the double bond, could not be observed in the case of citral, due to strong interference occurring in the instrument in all experiments with this monoterpenoid. For this reason, only the kinetics of geraniol was monitored ( k = 9.0 × 1 0 - 4 s - 1 ) .
Keywords: Monoterpenoids; Ozone; Gas-phase ozonolysis;
Modeling secondary organic aerosol formation from oxidation of α-pinene, β-pinene, and d-limonene by Jianjun Chen; Robert J. Griffin (7731-7744).
The biogenic species α-pinene, β-pinene, and d-limonene are among the most abundant monoterpenes emitted globally. They are also important precursors to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the atmosphere. This study involves the development of proposed oxidation mechanisms for these three species. Semi- and non-volatile oxidation products with the potential to lead to SOA formation are predicted explicitly. Simulation code that describes the gas-phase oxidation mechanisms including reactions that lead to ozone (O3) formation is coupled to an equilibrium absorptive partitioning code. The coupled model is used to simulate both gas-phase chemistry and SOA formation associated with oxidation of these three species in chamber experiments involving single as well as multiple oxidants. For the partitioning model, required molecular properties of the oxidation products are taken from the literature or estimated based on structural characteristics. The predicted O3 and SOA concentrations are typically within ±50% of measured values for most of the experiments except for the experiments with low initial hydrocarbon concentrations and the nitrate radical experiments with α-pinene. The developed model will be used to update a gas-phase chemical mechanism and a SOA formation module used in a three-dimensional air quality model.
Keywords: Environmental chamber modeling; d-limonene; Ozone; α-pinene; β-pinene; Secondary organic aerosol;
Assessment of contribution of SO2 and NO2 from different sources in Jamshedpur region, India by A.D. Bhanarkar; S.K. Goyal; R. Sivacoumar; C.V. Chalapati Rao (7745-7760).
Contribution of pollution from different types of sources in Jamshedpur, the steel city of India, has been estimated in winter 1993 using two approaches in order to delineate and prioritize air quality management strategies for the development of region in an environmental friendly manner. The first approach mainly aims at preparation of a comprehensive emission inventory and estimation of spatial distribution of pollution loads in terms of SO2 and NO2 from different types of industrial, domestic and vehicular sources in the region. The results indicate that industrial sources account for 77% and 68% of the total emissions of SO2 and NO2, respectively, in the region, whereas vehicular emissions contributed to about 28% of the total NO2 emissions. In the second approach, contribution of these sources to ambient air quality levels to which the people are exposed to, was assessed through air pollution dispersion modelling. Ambient concentration levels of SO2 and NO2 have been predicted in winter season using the ISCST3 model. The analysis indicates that emissions from industrial sources are responsible for more than 50% of the total SO2 and NO2 concentration levels. Vehicular activities contributed to about 40% of NO2 pollution and domestic fuel combustion contributed to about 38% of SO2 pollution. Predicted 24-h concentrations were compared with measured concentrations at 11 ambient air monitoring stations and good agreement was noted between the two values. In-depth zone-wise analysis of the above indicates that for effective air quality management, industrial source emissions should be given highest priority, followed by vehicular and domestic sources in Jamshedpur region.
Keywords: Air quality management; Air quality modelling; Emission sources and inventory; ISCST; Source contribution; Statistical analysis;
Seasonal variation of indoor radon in dwellings of Malwa region, Punjab by Surinder Singh; Rohit Mehra; Kulwant Singh (7761-7767).
Indoor radon measurements in 105 dwellings belonging to 21 villages of Muktsar and Ferozepur districts of Malwa region, Punjab, have been carried out, using LR-115 type II cellulose nitrate films in the bare mode. The annual average indoor radon value in the study area varies from 76.25 to 145.50 Bq m−3, which is well within the recommended action level [ICRP, 1993. Protection against radon at home and work. Annals of ICRP, ICRP Publication, p. 65]. Seasonal variation of indoor radon shows high values in winter and low values in summer. The winter/summer ratio of radon concentration has been computed for all 105 dwellings. The winter/summer ratio of indoor radon ranges from 0.84 to 1.89 with an average of 1.46. The indoor radon values obtained in the present investigation are more than the world average of 40 Bq m−3
Keywords: Radon; Thoron; Cancer; Dwellings; LR-115;
A new environmental chamber for evaluation of gas-phase chemical mechanisms and secondary aerosol formation by William P.L. Carter; David R. Cocker; Dennis R. Fitz; Irina L. Malkina; Kurt Bumiller; Claudia G. Sauer; John T. Pisano; Charles Bufalino; Chen Song (7768-7788).
A new state-of-the-art indoor environmental chamber facility for the study of atmospheric processes leading to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) has been constructed and characterized. The chamber is designed for atmospheric chemical mechanism evaluation at low reactant concentrations under well-controlled environmental conditions. It consists of two collapsible 90 m3 FEP Teflon film reactors on pressure-controlled moveable frameworks inside a temperature-controlled enclosure flushed with purified air. Solar radiation is simulated with either a 200 kW Argon arc lamp or multiple blacklamps. Results of initial characterization experiments, all carried out at ∼300–305 K under dry conditions, concerning NO x and formaldehyde offgasing, radical sources, particle loss rates, and background PM formation are described. Results of initial single organic–NO x and simplified ambient surrogate–NO x experiments to demonstrate the utility of the facility for mechanism evaluation under low NO x conditions are summarized and compared with the predictions of the SAPRC-99 chemical mechanism. Overall, the results of the initial characterization and evaluation indicate that this new environmental chamber can provide high quality mechanism evaluation data for experiments with NO x levels as low as ∼2 ppb, though the results indicate some problems with the gas-phase mechanism that need further study. Initial evaluation experiments for SOA formation, also carried out under dry conditions, indicate that the chamber can provide high quality secondary aerosol formation data at relatively low hydrocarbon concentrations.
Keywords: Environmental chambers; Chamber characterization; Atmospheric chemical mechanism evaluation; Ozone; PM formation; Secondary organic aerosol; Oxides of nitrogen; SAPRC-99 mechanism;
Anthropogenic mercury emissions in China by David G. Streets; Jiming Hao; Ye Wu; Jingkun Jiang; Melissa Chan; Hezhong Tian; Xinbin Feng (7789-7806).
An inventory of mercury emissions from anthropogenic activities in China is compiled for the year 1999 from official statistical data. We estimate that China's emissions were 536 (±236) t of total mercury. This value includes open biomass burning, but does not include natural sources or re-emission of previously deposited mercury. Approximately 45% of the Hg comes from non-ferrous metals smelting, 38% from coal combustion, and 17% from miscellaneous activities, of which battery and fluorescent lamp production and cement production are the largest. Emissions are heaviest in Liaoning and Guangdong Provinces, where extensive smelting occurs, and in Guizhou Province, where there is much small-scale combustion of high-Hg coal without emission control devices. Emissions are gridded at 30×30 min spatial resolution. We estimate that 56% of the Hg in China is released as Hg0, 32% as Hg2+, and 12% as Hgp. Particulate mercury emissions are high in China due to heavy burning of coal in residential and small industrial settings without PM controls. Emissions of Hg2+ from coal-fired power plants are high due to the absence of flue-gas desulfurization units, which tend to dissolve the soluble divalent mercury. Metals smelting operations favor the production of elemental mercury. Much of the Hg is released from small-scale activities in rather remote areas, and therefore the activity levels are quite uncertain. Also, emissions test data for Chinese sources are lacking, causing uncertainties in Hg emission factors and removal efficiencies. Overall, we calculate an uncertainty level of ±44% (95% confidence interval) in the estimate of total emissions. We recommend field testing of coal combustors and smelters in China to improve the accuracy of these estimates.
Keywords: Speciated mercury; Emission inventory; Coal combustion; Metals smelting; China;
Effects of soiling and cleaning on the reflectance and solar heat gain of a light-colored roofing membrane by Ronnen Levinson; Paul Berdahl; Asmeret Asefaw Berhe; Hashem Akbari (7807-7824).
A roof with high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance (e.g., a white roof) stays cool in the sun, reducing cooling power demand in a conditioned building and increasing summertime comfort in an unconditioned building. The high initial solar reflectance of a white membrane roof (circa 0.8) can be lowered by deposition of soot, dust, and/or biomass (e.g., fungi or algae) to about 0.6; degraded solar reflectances range from 0.3 to 0.8, depending on exposure. We investigate the effects of soiling and cleaning on the solar spectral reflectances and solar absorptances of 15 initially white or light-gray polyvinyl chloride membrane samples taken from roofs across the United States. Black carbon and organic carbon were the two identifiable strongly absorbing contaminants on the membranes. Wiping was effective at removing black carbon, and less so at removing organic carbon. Rinsing and/or washing removed nearly all of the remaining soil layer, with the exception of (a) thin layers of organic carbon and (b) isolated dark spots of biomass. Bleach was required to clear these last two features. At the most soiled location on each membrane, the ratio of solar reflectance to unsoiled solar reflectance (a measure of cleanliness) ranged from 0.41 to 0.89 for the soiled samples; 0.53 to 0.95 for the wiped samples; 0.74 to 0.98 for the rinsed samples; 0.79 to 1.00 for the washed samples; and 0.94 to 1.02 for the bleached samples. However, the influences of membrane soiling and cleaning on roof heat gain are better gauged by fractional variations in solar absorptance. Solar absorptance ratios (indicating solar heat gain relative to that of an unsoiled membrane) ranged from 1.4 to 3.5 for the soiled samples; 1.1 to 3.1 for the wiped samples; 1.0 to 2.0 for the rinsed samples; 1.0 to 1.9 for the washed samples; and 0.9 to 1.3 for the bleached samples.
Keywords: Roofing; Single-ply membrane; Polyvinyl chloride (PVC); Black carbon; Organic carbon; Biomass; Fungi; Algae; Solar spectral reflectance; Solar reflectance; Solar absorptance; Absorption; Optical depth; Soiling; Cleaning; Wiping; Washing; Rinsing; Bleaching;
Investigation on the gas particle separation efficiency of the gas particle partitioner by C. Asbach; T.A.J. Kuhlbusch; H. Fissan (7825-7835).
A gas particle partitioner (GPP, US patent 6,761,752 B2) that allows highly efficient separation of gas and particles with no effect on the thermodynamic conditions and substantially no change of the composition of the gas has been developed. The GPP is a coaxial arrangement with inner and outer electrode. It utilizes a corona discharge to electrically charge the particles and a strong electric field in a separate unit to take them out of the sample flow. Several measures were taken to minimize an effect of the corona discharge on the gas composition. The GPP is designed such that when switched on, the sample flow is particle free, whereas when switched off, the sample flow contains a representative sample of the aerosol.The GPP as described in this manuscript was designed to meet the requirements for precise artifact correction with particle mass concentration monitors, such as the TEOM. This paper focuses on the gas particle separation efficiency of the instrument. The separation efficiency was determined for both, (ultra-) fine and coarse particles. The (ultra-) fine particles were generated with diameters ranging from 18 to 255 nm of polystyrene latex particles and their size distributions measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Coarse particles with diameters between 4.5 and 10.7 μm were generated from a sodium chloride solution and characterized with an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) and a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM). The investigations showed that the separation efficiency was very near 100% for all particles with diameters larger than 25 nm, whereas it decreased for smaller diameters. Particles of size 18 nm were separated from the gas flow with an efficiency of approximately 97%. Along with near 100% separation efficiency, the additional gas concentrations were 42 ppbV for O3 and 15 ppbV for NO2.
Keywords: Airborne particles; TEOM; Artifact correction; Electrostatic separation; Corona; PM sampling;
Effect of fuel composition and engine operating conditions on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from a fleet of heavy-duty diesel buses by McKenzie C.H. Lim; Godwin A. Ayoko; Lidia Morawska; Zoran D. Ristovski; E. Rohan Jayaratne (7836-7848).
Emissions from 12 in-service heavy-duty buses powered by low- (LSD) and ultra low-sulfur (ULSD) diesel fuels were measured with the aim to characterize the profile of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the exhaust and to identify the effect of different types of fuels on the emissions. To mimic on-road conditions as much as possible, sampling was conducted on a chassis dynamometer at four driving modes, namely: mode 7 or idle (0% power), mode 11 (25% power), mode 10 (50% power) and mode 8 (100% power). Irrespective of the type of fuel used, naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, fluoranthene and pyrene were found to be the dominant PAHs in the exhaust emissions of the buses. However, the PAH composition in the exhausts of ULSD buses were up to 91±6% less than those in the LSD buses. In particular, three- and four-ringed PAHs were more abundant in the later than in the former. Lowering of fuel sulfur content not only reduced PAH emission, but also decreased the benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (BAPeq) and hence the toxicity of the exhaust. Result from multicriteria decision-making and multivariate data analysis techniques showed that the use of ULSD afforded cleaner exhaust compositions and emissions with characteristics that are distinct from those obtained by the use of LSD.
Keywords: Diesel buses; Sulfur; PAH emissions; Toxicity evaluation and multivariate analysis;
Results from a pilot-scale air quality study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia by V. Etyemezian; M. Tesfaye; A. Yimer; J.C. Chow; D. Mesfin; T. Nega; G. Nikolich; J.G. Watson; M. Wondmagegn (7849-7860).
Twenty-one samples were collected during the dry season (26 January–28 February 2004) at 12 sites in and around Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and analyzed for particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <10 μm (PM10) mass and composition. Teflon-membrane filters were analyzed for PM10 mass and concentrations of 40 elements. Quartz-fiber filters were analyzed for chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium ions as well as elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) content. Measured 24-h PM10 mass concentrations were <100 and 40 μg m−3 at urban and suburban sites, respectively. PM10 lead concentrations were <0.1 μg m−3 for all samples collected, an important finding because the government of Ethiopia had stopped the distribution of leaded gasoline a few months prior to this study. Mass concentrations reconstructed from chemical composition indicated that 34–66% of the PM10 mass was due to geologically derived material, probably owing to the widespread presence of unpaved roads and road shoulders. At urban sites, EC and OC compounds contributed between 31% and 60% of the measured PM10 while at suburban sites carbon compounds contributed between 24% and 26%. Secondary sulfate aerosols were responsible for <10% of the reconstructed mass in urban areas but as much as 15% in suburban sites, where PM10 mass concentrations were lower. Non-volatile particulate nitrate, a lower limit for atmospheric nitrate, constituted <5% and 7% of PM10 at the urban and suburban sites, respectively. At seven of the 12 sites, real-time PM10 mass, real-time carbon monoxide (CO), and instantaneous ozone (O3) concentrations were measured with portable nephelometers, electrochemical analyzers, and indicator test sticks, respectively. Both PM10 and CO concentrations exhibited daily maxima around 7:00 and secondary peaks in the late afternoon and evening, suggesting that those pollutants were emitted during periods associated with motor-vehicle traffic, food preparation, and heating of homes. The morning concentration maxima were likely accentuated by stable atmospheric conditions associated with overnight surface temperature inversions. Ozone concentrations were measured near mid-day on filter sample collection days and were in all cases <45 parts per billion.
Keywords: PM10; Africa; Lead; Carbon monoxide; Ethiopia;
Carbonaceous aerosol emissions from India by D.C. Parashar; Ranu Gadi; T.K. Mandal; A.P. Mitra (7861-7871).
Budget estimate for carbonaceous aerosols including black carbon (BC) and organic carbon, emitted from the combustion of various fuels, is very important for regional climate studies. Emission factors for carbonaceous aerosols from bio-fuels and soft coke were determined in a controlled combustion study. The emission factors thus obtained along with those available for other fossil fuels consumed in different sectors have been applied to assess the budget for carbonaceous aerosols from India. Preliminary calculations give a range of 1.6–1.8 Tg of carbonaceous aerosols that include 0.4–1.4 Tg of BC. A major (∼80%) portion of carbonaceous aerosols emitted from India is found to originate from the use of biomass for energy as 70–80% of energy requirement in rural India is met by combustion of traditional bio-fuels.
Keywords: Carbonaceous aerosols; Organic carbon; Black carbon; Emission factors; Biomass burning; Bio-fuels; Fossil fuels;
Observational and modeling studies of chemical species concentrations as a function of raindrop size by K.M. Wai; C.W.F. Tam; P.A. Tanner (7872-7879).
The Guttalgor method has been used to determine the chemical species concentrations in size-selected raindrops in nine rain events at Hong Kong from 1999 to 2001. The curve (concentration against raindrop radius) patterns for all the species are similar but depend on the starting time of sampling within a rain event. In these plots, the maximum concentration occurs at the same range of droplet radius, irrespective of the species, and this indicates the importance of coalescence and breakup processes. The maximum is located at a smaller droplet radius than was found in previous studies in Germany. All results show almost constant concentrations with size for large raindrops, and these indicate the in-cloud contributions. The pH of raindrops of similar size is linearly correlated with a function of the sulfate, nitrate, acetate, formate, calcium and ammonium ion species concentrations. Within a single raindrop, chloride depletion is not significant, and sulfate, ammonium and hydrogen ions are found in ratios compatible with the precursor solid-phase mixture of ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulphate. When simulated by a below-cloud model, good agreement between the modeled and measured sodium and sulfate concentrations has been found. Below-cloud sulfur dioxide scavenging contributes at most 60% of the sulfate concentration in a single raindrop.
Keywords: Guttalgor; Concentration and radius; Below-cloud; scavenging;
Experimental and numerical study of the dispersion of motor vehicle pollutants under idle condition by Z. Ning; C.S. Cheung; Y. Lu; M.A. Liu; W.T. Hung (7880-7893).
The aim of the work presented here is to study experimentally and numerically the dispersion characteristics of vehicular exhaust plume at an idle condition in an idealized and simplified environment. The gaseous and particulate concentrations in the exhaust plume of three idling motor vehicles were measured in an isolated environment under calm weather conditions. Despite the difference in the initial concentrations, the pollutants decayed exponentially in all directions.The CFD code PHOENICS 3.3, with the k–ε eddy dissipation sub-model, was used for the numerical simulation. The simulated results match very well with the experimental results close to the source of emission but decay to the ambient concentrations much slower. The effects of the initial emission concentration, exit velocity, exit direction and crosswind intensity have been investigated parametrically. The initial pollutant concentration will increase the local concentrations but the pattern of dispersion remains the same. The exit velocity will increase the momentum of the jet, resulting in a deeper penetration downstream. The exit angle has a stronger influence on pollutant dispersion than both initial pollutant concentration and exit velocity. When the exit angle is 15°, the pollutants tend to spread on the ground region. Crosswind shows a significant effect on the dispersion of the exhaust plume also. It will divert the plume to disperse in the same direction of the wind with limited penetration in the downstream direction.
Keywords: Exhaust plume; Dispersion; Concentration; Pollutant; Idle condition;
Concentrations and trends of benzene in ambient air over New York State during 1990–2003 by Nenad Aleksic; Garry Boynton; Gopal Sistla; Jacqueline Perry (7894-7905).
Since 1990s, a systematic program to measure air toxics has been active in New York State with monitors located both in urban and rural areas. In this study we examined the spatial and temporal characteristics of benzene, a known human carcinogen that is emitted by many source categories. The analysis indicates that ambient concentration levels of benzene have decreased by as much as 60% over this period not only in the ozone non-attainment area of New York City that had the reformulated gas (RFG) requirements, but also over the rest of the state as well. Although the rate of decrease appears to have flattened out in recent years, the annual average concentration levels are found to be above the health risk threshold even at the remote location, Whiteface Mountain, suggesting the need for further reductions in benzene emissions.
Keywords: Air toxics; Benzene measurements; New York State; Spatial and temporal concentrations and trends;
Dicarboxylic acid concentration trends and sampling artifacts by Joshua Ray; Stephen R. McDow (7906-7919).
Dicarboxylic acids associated with airborne particulate matter were measured during a summer period in Philadelphia that included multiple air pollution episodes. Samples were collected for two 10 h periods each day using a high-volume sampler with two quartz fiber filters in series, and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) with diazomethane derivatization. Among the dicarboxylic acids investigated, phthalic acid and adipic acid exhibited the greatest diurnal variations and the strongest linear relationship with maximum daily ozone concentration. Dicarboxylic acids and ozone concentration exhibited a poor linear relationship with organic to elemental carbon ratio. All species investigated were affected by significant sampling artifact errors at low concentrations, but sampling errors were negligible at high concentrations observed during ozone episodes.
Keywords: Dicarboxylic acids; Secondary organic aerosol; Sampling artifacts;
Comments on "Instantaneous secondary organic aerosol yields and their comparison with overall aerosol yields for aromatic and biogenic hydrocarbons" by Weimin Jiang (2003, 2004) by Shaocai Yu (7920-7922).
On the issues regarding instantaneous secondary organic aerosol yields raised by Yu (2005) by Weimin Jiang (7923-7926).