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How can you make your research worthy of being published in Nature? Watch the highlights of the Pioneers discussion club meeting featuring professor Valerian Kagan of Sechenov and Pittsburgh Universities. His h-index is 92; he is the author of several hundred articles published in the best periodicals of the world.
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From our September 2019 Newsletter
This past Sunday's gospel lesson on the lost sheep and the lost coin has become so profound to me as I've experienced so many losses over the years. When I was younger, my mother and godmother would encourage me to pray to St. Anthony, the patron saint of lost items, in the Catholic tradition, as I would inevitably lose a mitten or glove or even my keys and eyeglasses.
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Woman suddenly has sex drive. Common causes of a low libido
Low sex drive in women has many potential causes, including underlying medical issues, emotional or psychological problems, or work- and family-related stress. The good news is that identifying the root cause of low libido can lead to effective treatment options. It is not unusual for couples to have a disparity in their sex drives. This can be distressing for both partners and even put the relationship at risk if it can't be resolved. The medical term for low libido and lack of interest in sex is hypoactive sexual desire disorder HSDD , though there is some debate as to whether or not a woman's lack of sex drive should be viewed as a disorder.
Cristina Bosch of The Hormone Zone tell SheKnows that at this age, our Woman suddenly has sex drive levels — especially testosterone, the main libido hormone — can decrease, but that is not what always dictates a woman's sexual desire. If these conditions affect healthy suddenlt and disrupt normal daily routines, it's normal for women to feel 'out-of-place' and lose the sense of balance necessary for a healthy sex Woman suddenly has sex drive. Journal of Sex Research. Libido is appetite in its natural Busty babes getting screwed. To overcome low sex drive and regain a healthy relationship with your sdudenly body, you must look into the major reasons for low sexx drive and how they're affecting you. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Some antidepressant users have tried decreasing their dosage in the hopes of maintaining an adequate sex drive. Stress impacts your sex life. Prioritizing friends and quality time with family over housework.
Woman suddenly has sex drive. Types of Changes
But just a few days after my operation, I had strong sexual dfive and experienced my first post-op orgasm soon after. The sexual repertoire, or palette, was very restricted, but that has been evolving. Female Sexual Desire—Beyond Testosterone. Horm Behav. After I burned out a few years ago, I realised I had to change how I approached things.
No one sums up the opposing attitudes of what constitutes a healthy, normal sex drive better than Woody Allen.
- In the past say months my sex drive has gone crazy high.
- However, women can have a high sex drive, too.
- Based in East Stroudsburg, Pa.
- Relationship issues, anger, and resentment towards themselves all result from unaddressed sex drive issues.
Relationship issues, anger, and resentment towards themselves all result from unaddressed sex drive issues. Cultural aspects of a women's upbringing, such as religion and subtle messages about female sudfenly anatomy passed through esx, also affect women's sexuality. Familial and cultural influences have a lot to do with the psychological aspect of female sexuality. Having a lack of sex drive? Common stressors that affect the women's overall wellbeing including her sex drive include:.
While only a doctor can pinpoint the exact causes of low sex drive, you can do a lot to relieve stress from your life and regain a sense of balance and satisfaction. While getting the right treatment to help you overcome low sex drive, you can try easing the load in your daily life by:. Physical illness can affect your body sudfenly a way that reduces your desire for sex.
What can you do to reduce the effect on illness on your sex drive? You can discuss the issue with your physician.
Hqs will recommend you the right methods to improve your mood and regain Nude polynesians. Healthy lifestyle changes in this case include:. Imbalances in hormone levels, such as cortisol, estrogen, testosterone, and thyroid hormones, affect sex drive. Women's sex drive naturally decreases starting at the age of 40, with menopause playing a vital role.
Women's high sex drive after 40 is also common and can result from reduced stress with children leaving home and not having to bother with birth control due to menopause. Crashing estrogen levels in the women past 40 cause the women to feel less desire for sex. Taking too much alcohol and cigarettes over an extended period of time can reduce sex drive, or even cause impotence.
Alcohol can also reduce your chances sudsenly getting pregnant, especially if you're experiencing fertility issues. Cutting back on alcohol and smoking, and focusing on a healthy lifestyle is an overall better option for you, and it can affect your sex drive in a positive way. Mental illness can reduce stress drive, put underlying psychological problems that don't require treatment can have a lot to esx with your sex drive.
Here are some of the underlying problems that Sexe hilton paris affecting your desire for sex:. There are many low sex drive remedies available in pharmacies and drug stores, but you shouldn't use them without consulting your doctor.
Women's sex drive pills are a pharmaceutical innovation, and they might help you overcome your issues. Still, considering how complex low sex drive issue is, you want to look into the right causes behind it. What drives women's libido is a tender balance between physical and mental health, as well as satisfaction with one's self and personal sudddenly. When a woman experiences distress in one Jessica simspon ass multiple Woman suddenly has sex drive these areas, be it physical illness, stress, or being in a bad relationship, sexual dysfunction might follow.
To overcome low sex drive and regain a healthy relationship with your own body, you must look into the major reasons for low sex drive and how they're affecting you. While it's normal to feel a lack of desire for sex at times, you should seek help if the issue starts to concern you.
You don't have to have a diagnose of any illness to treat low sex drive. If you feel like lack of sexual Womsn is causing you distress, or you simply want to improve quality of life sex includedphysicians and therapists are there to help. Low sex drive in women. Explore your sexuality. Stress impacts your sex life.
Common stressors that affect the Woman suddenly has sex drive overall wellbeing including her sex drive include: Financial problems: debt, low income. Stress at work: hostile and dysfunctional work environment, long hours, overworking, lack of motivation and appreciation for the made efforts. Relationship problems: unaddressed relationship issues, lack of communication about sex, lack of emotional support. Family issues: parenting and pregnancy, or not having enough help and support with children and housework.
Prioritizing friends and quality time with family over housework. Addressing relationship issues. Would your relationship benefit from counseling? Talking about sex. If sex is a taboo topic in your circles, find friends who you trust enough to share your struggles. Diseases decrease libido. Any injury that affects reproductive organs, as well as nerves and blood vessels can reduce sex drive.
Procedures like hysterectomy, but also injuries that result from childbirth, link to less desire for sex.
Chronic illness, particularly pain, harms the overall physical and mental wellbeing. A range of illnesses, from hormonal imbalance, hypothyroidismdiabetes, anemia, or neurological disorders, all affect the female body's normal functioning.
If these conditions affect healthy sleep and disrupt normal daily routines, it's normal for women to feel 'out-of-place' and lose the sense of balance necessary for a healthy sex life. Mental problems. Aside from underlying issues with self-love and self-confidence, depression and anxiety drain physical energy. If you're taking medications for mental illness, such as anti-depressants, or regular treatment for other chronic illness, the side effects can also include low sex drive.
Ease the load of daily work and focus on healing. Diet improvements. Consult a dietitian to tailor a drjve plan specifically for Legal pussies health situation and lifestyle.
Physical activity. Hormonal imbalance. Cortisol levels can fluctuate due to daily stress. If you constantly feel tired, overall drained and overwhelmed, it's possible your cortisol levels are off-the-chart. Cortisol also links to blood sugar problems and cravings for unhealthy foods. If you feel like you're constantly running around, feeling restless, but not energized, you Dysfunction family key three look into your suddenl levels.
Estrogen, the main hormone to affect women's health, causes many health issues once out of balance. Aside from reduced sex drive, increase or low levels of testosterone link to bloating, sudden weight gain, mood swings, dryness of the vagina, light or heavy periods, and abnormal Pap smears.
Underactive thyroid causes fatigue and rapid weight gain. It will also cause you to feel constantly tired and be in a bad mood. Treating underactive thyroid is simple, but you need a detailed health check to make sure the gland is healthy.
Testosterone typically starts declining in your twenties, which is why you might experience low sex drive. Alcohol or smoking abuse can affect sexual performance. Psychological issues may cause loss of libido. Here are some of the underlying problems that are affecting your desire for sex: Confidence and self-esteem. A woman needs to carry love and acceptance for herself and her own body in order to have a healthy sex life.
If your confidence is shaken, you could feel insecure about your body and desire less sex. Trauma and abuse. Being in an abusive relationship, whether the abuse is emotional, physical, or sexual, can cause low seex in women. Childhood trauma. Dysfunctional and unhealthy views on the female body and sexuality can pass through generations, and these familiar influences can stand in the way of feeling liberated and enjoying sex.
How to put sexual desire back? When to seek professional help? Updated October 25, Video Courses by Flo. Boost your mindfulness, health, and well-being with courses from Flo created by experts.
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Women's sex drive naturally decreases starting at the age of 40, with menopause playing a vital role. Women's high sex drive after 40 is also common and can result from reduced stress with children leaving home and not having to bother with birth control due to pioneerkitchenwareltd.com: Anna Klepchukova, MD. Common causes for a loss of sexual desire and drive in women include: Interpersonal relationship issues. Partner performance problems, lack of emotional satisfaction with the relationship, the. I am in my early 40s and have an overnight increase in my sex drive. This past week I haven't been able to think of anything else. As I write this and read the words I am getting turned on. If you knew me, you would know this is completely out of character. I am married with 2 young children. I .
Woman suddenly has sex drive. Sites Menu
Everything you need to know about death but were afraid to ask Thinking ahead about the details — from headstones to church music — is a good idea for you and your family. Sadownik LA. Taking too much alcohol and cigarettes over an extended period of time can reduce sex drive, or even cause impotence. We reserve the right to remove any content at any time from this Community, including without limitation if it violates the Community Standards. Stereotypes about Aging adults and sexuality often regard seniors as asexual beings, doing them no favors when they try to talk about sexual interest with caregivers and medical professionals. These things make sense of course, but I couldn't help but wonder if something else is going on in women's bodies with our hormones at this age. Research has found that the female libido differs from that of men and that women naturally have a lower libido and think about sex less often than men. The professors determined that dopamine, the neurotransmitter which motivates us to seek sex, is stimulated by unpredictability. International Journal of Women's Health. She has a point. Here are some of the underlying problems that are affecting your desire for sex:. But you don't have to meet this medical definition to seek help. The infidelity of a partner may be an indication that a partner's changing sexual desires can no longer be satisfied within the current relationship. Would your relationship benefit from counseling? The turning point for sexuality in the West coincides with the Industrial Revolution, when great swathes of people were pushed together into compact, crowded and culturally mixed cities.
Libido is influenced by biological , psychological , and social factors. Biologically, the sex hormones and associated neurotransmitters that act upon the nucleus accumbens primarily testosterone and dopamine , respectively regulate libido in humans.
I can vividly remember a conversation with a girlfriend of mine when I lived in California. Back then, she was approaching 40, while I was 35 and a stay-at-home mum with two small children under two years old. This friend told me that she and her husband were trying to have sex days in a row.


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Self-care is a big buzzword these days. From books about the Danish concept of hygge to TED talks to "Treat. Yo. Self" on Parks and Recreation, it seems like everywhere you turn there's yet another discussion about self-care. Although self-care might seem like another Millennial fad, it has existed for decades and has long been encouraged by healthcare professionals. From a business standpoint, proper self-care can reduce stress and improve office efficiency. More importantly, self-care combats burnout -- an epidemic problem that sabotages productivity for businesses. For a business owner, proper self-care is essential to maintaining a healthy work-life balance -- particularly during the holiday season, when stress levels are at an all-time high and you're told to think of everyone but yourself.
The holidays are upon us and for consumers and retailers alike, this means one thing: gift shopping. The holiday season accounted for roughly 20 percent of total annual retail sales in 2013-2014 and has been growing ever since. This year, holiday sales are expected to increase by as much as 4.5 percent, with each shopper estimated to spend an average of $743 on gifts. Naturally, most of this shopping is expected to take place during major sale events, such as Black Friday and Cyber Monday. RetailMeNot reports that at least half of all consumers are planning to shop for deals on Black Friday and Cyber Monday.
If you're a business owner, summer is like every other time of the year: busy. Instead of family vacations and cruise getaways, there's work, meetings, contracts, emails, work, deadlines, reports, and work. In the past, this meant spending long hours at the office and never seeing your family. These days, modern technology has allowed business owners to focus on work and family simultaneously. With the right technology, you can keep track of all your business proceedings, from analyzing performance to reviewing contracts, from the comfort of your home. And for busy business owners on the go, no technology is more right than the new Evosus Dashboard.
As a business owner, you know how expensive trade shows and sales events can be. In addition to advertising the event, you have to consider staffing, labor costs, exhibit costs, travel expenses, equipment and other miscellaneous expenses. In fact, according to E&E Exhibits, the average price for a 20x20 square foot exhibit at a trade show can cost $40,000 to $60,000 – and that's just the exhibit.
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NASHVILLE, Tenn. (WKRN) – Three days after George Carpenter was killed at Shelby Golf Course, a place he worked and loved, is reopened.
While it's almost always peaceful at the golf course, Wednesday was eerily quiet and somber.
"Usually there's a lot of laughter and carrying on, but it was really quiet," Jerry Hendrixson told News 2.
Friends who often visit the course say there's certainly a piece missing.
"It's not the same, it won't be the same. There's some other great people that work here, Charles and Daryl and a whole bunch of them and they'll carry on his spirit I'm sure but yeah, he was a unique individual, really good person, so yeah it won't be the same," said Jim Hungate.
You could feel the heartache on the grounds, as George Carpenter was at the top of everyone's mind.
"Almost every time I came out I would always see George and you know George he's a golfer, a different person almost reminded me of Willie Nelson to a certain extent, just always a really bright light, just a super nice person," Hungate explained.
Wednesday regulars came to pay their condolences to employees, while others like Hungate came to tee off just in George's honor.
"The feeling I would get from my interaction with George is, you know. get out and play and go on with life."
Hungate said he knows George is looking down on them.
"He won't physically be there to ask me how I hit 'em, but I hope I can tell him, hey I'm doing better George."
Orange cones replace the yellow sign in the spot where Carpenter was senselessly killed in the parking lot outside of his work.
As the sweet sound of the wind chime in George's honor rang, mourners brought flowers, golf balls and a wood sign bearing their dear friend's name.
Carpenter's says that his son is planning a private memorial, while they hope to have a small celebration of life in his honor.


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Australia yesterday abandoned one of the most criticized aspects of its immigration policy by releasing dozens of children from detention, while a Federal Court ruling left the way open for more than 1,000 asylum-seekers to escape deportation.
Facing a backbench revolt over its immigration policy, the conservative government of Prime Minister John Howard announced last month that children, and long-term detainees who could not be returned to their country of origin, would be released from immigration detention centers.
Immigration Minister Amanda Vanstone said 21 children were leaving Sydney's Villawood detention center yesterday and the remaining minors in custody would be free within 48 hours.
"As of this morning there were 42 children from 20 families in immigration detention centers. By the end of this week, there will be none," she said in a statement.
Australia's policy of mandatory detention for illegal immigrants, including children, has been strongly criticized by human rights groups here and abroad. The policy was credited with stopping the flow of mainly Afghan and Iraqi asylum-seekers from arriving in dilapidated boats from Southeast Asia.
"With this new, flexible approach for families, the government is maintaining its strong stance on border control while being sensitive to the special needs of families in detention," Vanstone said.
In a separate development, the Federal Court has ruled that the government cannot deport asylum-seekers whose temporary protection visas have expired unless it can prove their country of origin is safe. Wednesday's ruling means that people do not have to prove their refugee status again when their three-year visas expire. If they had been unable to prove their refugee status, they could have been deported.
In arguing his case for an unnamed Afghan man, Brisbane immigration lawyer Bruce Henry challenged the immigration department's assessment that the removal of the Islamic fundamentalist Taliban regime in Afghanistan meant the country was safe for his client to return. Canberra recently announced the deployment of 150 troops to Afghanistan to help fight insurgents. Henry said the ruling could open the way for 1,000 Iraqi and hundreds of Afghan asylum-seekers to remain here.
"What the court has said is that because people have already been recognized as refugees, the question that the department and the tribunal have to be asking is, `Is there a good reason why this person has ceased to be a refugee?' and not `Can they prove a case all over again?'" he told ABC radio.
"It means that all of the TPV [Temporary Protection Visa] holders that have been refused visas should now have their cases reviewed."
The government could mount a High Court challenge against the ruling.


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Contents1. 2. Introduction Historical Background
IntroductionNot so long ago, the Asian sky was dominated by a few longestablished airline companies. Most of these airlines, known as flag carriers of each countrysuch as PIA, Singapore Airlines and Thai Airwaysare in fact owned or partly owned by their respective governments. Rapid development of Asian economies, as well as their popularity as tourist destinations, contributed to these flag carriers high growth from the 1970s until the early 1990s. These airlines catered to travelers needs, flying domestic routes, short-haul regional flights and also international travel, and also providing full on-board and ground services, with connectivity and transfer to other carriers, operating in a hub-and-spoke network model, and covering as many demand categories as possible by offering several classes of services. Government protection allowed them to dominate their domestic markets. PIA, for example, was virtually the only carrier available for domestic routes in Pakistan, as the government restricted other domestic airlines. In Indonesia, although there were a few other carriers serving domestic and regional routes, they either had business relationships with Garuda or were owned by people close to inner government circles. These airlines dominant position, combined with government protection, allowed them to charge high fares on their
services, particularly for domestic and regional flights, yielding very high profits. Deregulation and liberalization in several Asian countries have created a new competitive environment in the Asian airline industry. A number of new Asian airlines have emerged, predominantly in the cut-fare sector, including Malaysias Air Asia, Indias Kingfisher Airline, IndiGo, Pakistana Air Blue and Shaheen Air, Japans JAL Japan Airline and Indonesian Lion Air, Adam Air and AWAir, radically changing the nature of the airline business in Asia. This document attempts to assess the development of these low fare airlines and their impacts on the regions airline transport industry. This document also discusses the characteristics of low cost airlines and their presence in the South Asian market. It also discusses the impact of the presence of low-cost carriers in the South Asian market. Moreover, this document also discusses policy issues regarding the emergence of low-cost carriers in the market.
Historical BackgroundAmerican aviation pioneers, such as Rufus Porter and Frederick Marriott, attempted to start airlines using airships in the mid-19th century, focusing on the New YorkCalifornia route. Those attempts floundered due to such mishaps as the airships catching fire and the aircraft being ripped apart by spectators. DELAG; Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft was the world's first airline. It was founded on November 16, 1909 with government assistance, and operated airships manufactured by The Zeppelin Corporation. Its headquarters were in Frankfurt. The four oldest non-dirigible airlines that still exist are Netherlands' KLM, Colombia's Avianca, Australia's Qantas, and the Czech Republic's Czech Airlines. KLM first flew in May 1920, while Qantas (which stands for Queensland and Northern
Australia, in late 1920. At the end of the World War II, many countries had at their disposal a large number of new airplanes and airfields equipped with the latest technology. Within 15 years of the end of the war, using these assets as a starting point, a number of international airlines became major participants in commercial aviation. In 1960, the United States had 58 percent of the share of world air traffic (in terms of passenger-miles), while European airlines accounted for 24 percent. An important difference in Europe was that, with a few notable exceptions, most passenger air travel companies that flourished after the war were state-owned and not privately operated. This rapid increase in the airlines resulted in the competition between them. These airlines started new strategies of attracting passengers to traveler from their airline. This ultimately resulted in the development of the Low Cost Carrier concept.
frills such as meals or in-flight-entertainment, but offered ultra low fares on short haul point to point routes. In 1970s, along with the traditional concepts of airlines, a new concept was introduced the Low Cost Carrier Concept. The Low Cost Carriers also known as the budget flight revolution began in America with Southwest Airlines in Dallas, Texas. With flights turning profitable in 1973 and remaining so ever since, former lawyer Herb Kelleher proved the viability of low cost flights. In terms of passengers carried each year, southwest are now the biggest airline in the USA and the second biggest airline in the world. It has no plans to expand to international flights.
low-fare carriers. While it is difficult to specifically define low-cost carriers, it is important to compare this new business model with other models of airline services. The most commonly-noted difference between low-cost carriers and conventional airlines is, of course, the difference in fare. But beyond this the differences between low cost carriers and conventional full services carrier are much more complicated. Tretheway (2004) noted that low-cost carriers tend to provide point-to-point services, rather than extensive hub-and-spoke networks. Other authors have defined the low-cost carriers according to their cost structures (Hansson et al. 2003), as well as the no-frills level of services they provide compared to full-service carriers. Hooper (2004) applies Porters generic business strategies to
differentiate between cost-leadership airlines, service-differentiated airlines and market-focused airlines. Low-cost carriers usually start as cost-leadership airlines trying to carry passengers at the lowest cost possible and providing minimal servicesin contrast to the traditional carriers, which provide a full-range of services and products to cater for a wide range of market segments. At the next stage of development, most of the low-cost airlines tend to focus on particular markets and routes, transforming themselves into niche airlines. Another perspective on low-cost carriers position in the airline industry comes from Franke (2004), who argues that the main characteristics of the airline business model are the services, including on-board services; interconnectivity; and complexity (Figure 1). Low-cost carriers strive to reduce costs substantially and offer low-fare flights by providing only basic services to customers. On the other hand, conventional airlines compensate for high fares by providing fullservice flights. Between these two extremes, other airlines offer lower fares and operate at lower cost than traditional airlines, but still provide a range of services, albeit limited.
Low-cost carrier business model practices vary widely. Some practices are more common in certain regions, while others are generally universal. The common theme among all low-cost carriers is the reduction of cost and reduced overall fares compared to legacy carriers Some low-cost carriers operate aircraft configured with a single passenger class, and most operate just a single type of aircraft. In the past, low-cost carriers tended to operate older aircraft, such as the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 and older models of the Boeing 737. Since 2000, fleets generally consist of smaller, newer, more fuel efficient aircraft, commonly the Airbus A320 or Boeing 737 families, reducing training and servicing costs. Many Low cost carriers like Southwest Airlines, do not operate a traditional hub in any market. Southwest operates point-to-point service, with focus cities serving as mini-hubs for passenger connections to other cities.
Aircraft often operate with a minimum set of optional equipment, further reducing costs of acquisition and maintenance, as well as keeping the weight of the aircraft lower and thus saving fuel. Often, no in-flight entertainment systems are made available, though many US low-cost carriers do offer satellite television or radio in-flight. Some do not offer reserved seating, hoping to encourage passengers to board early and quickly, thus decreasing turnaround times. Some airlines even use only non-reclining seats, or operate aircraft with no window shades. Airlines often offer a simpler fare scheme, such as charging one-way tickets half that of round-trips. Typically fares increase as the plane fills up, which rewards early reservations. Often, the low cost carriers fly to smaller, less congested secondary airports and/or fly to airports in offpeak hours to avoid air traffic delays and taking advantage of lower landing fees. The airlines tend to offload service and re-load the aircraft (turnaround) in shorter time periods, allowing maximum utilization of aircraft.
on short-haul routes. Low-cost carriers reduce costs by not providing in-flight meals or entertainment, and sometimes by simplifying or even eliminating seat allocation. Typically, they will unbundle these services and sell them separately to passengers. This strategy results in cost reduction and allows cheaper fares. The low-cost structure differs from traditional airline structures in distribution channels and marketing strategies. Loading factors became an important element in operational cost reduction. Therefore, low-cost carriers need to simplify booking and purchasing procedures. While traditional airlines depend on travel agent networks for distribution, low-cost carriers have introduced new distribution channels, such as direct selling, call centers, bank and supermarket networks. Innovative marketing strategies not only bring in more passengers, but also allow significant reductions in distribution and marketing costs. Of course, each low-cost carrier is likely to choose a particular combination of cost-reduction strategies from this general list, depending on the specific travel, domestic regulation and market access environment it faces.
travel has fallen and the size of the airline industry has grown rapidly. However, Borenstein (1989) finds that high levels of route and hub concentration correlated with higher airfares. Thus, the low-cost carrier has become the new choice for travelers since 1990s in US and has become more favorite in UK and Europe in early 2000. Deregulation and liberalization of airlines industry in Asia spurred rapid growth in its airline industry. The rapid growth was driven by the emergence of low-cost carriers. At least seven new airlines in Asia claimed to be low-cost carriers. Asian low-cost carriers operate on a point-to-point basis to optimize fleet use. In addition, ASEAN low-cost carriers made some innovations not commonly found in other regions in their attempts to reduce costs, ranging from short messaging service (SMS) booking, to call centre reservation with payment through ATM, using convenience store networks such as 7-Eleven, and facilitating payment in installments. The emergence of low-cost carriers in Asia has prompted more people to fly due to the substantial decrease in fares. It has also pushed the network carriers to adjust extensively to survive and remain profitable. Many of the network carriers were pushed to restructure, some even established low-cost subsidiary carriers to compete with the new entrants.
single-model aircraft fleet. Other US airlines, recognizing Southwests success, adopted the same model, but only some survived. In the early 1990s, the low-cost carrier model was introduced in Europe. Irish carrier Ryanair transformed itself from a conventional regional airline into the European Southwest Airlines in 1991. Focusing initially on the large leisure market between Ireland and the United Kingdom, the airline dramatically shook up services across the Irish Sea. It then rapidly built a network of intra-EU routes linking Londons third airport, Stansted, with more than 50 other underutilized secondary airports in several countries, making it the second largest low-cost carrier in Europe. Since then several other low-cost carriers have been established, including Easyjet, currently the largest low-cost carrier in Europe. This new airline business model was soon adopted in Asia, particularly South Asia, as young entrepreneurs saw its potential in the regions growing travel market. Now, at least seven carriers in South Asia claim publicly to be low-cost carriers, while some others also offer low-fare tickets with additional services. Nonetheless, the development of the low-cost carrier model in the region remains questionable. Indeed, several differences in the nature of airline business in South Asia compared to European or American markets could hinder their development in the region. The airline business in South Asia has changed rapidly over the past five years. Deregulation and liberalization of the industry in many Asian countries accelerated the growth of the industry. Development and change has been driven, however, by a new breed of low-cost airlines serving domestic and short-haul regional routes. In fact, the growth of low-cost carriers since 2001, when Air Asia announced its strategy with the catchy slogan now everyone can fly, has been tremendous.
most convenient way for certain passengers, but it has also significantly reduced costs. This system might not work successfully for South Asian low-cost carriers, however, for several reasons. First, the proportion of the population with access to the internet has not reached a significant level in the region. Internet access rates in Pakistan and India, the two markets with the greatest potential, were about 7 per cent and 8 per cent respectively. Second, credit cards and online payment are relatively limited in the region. While airlines based in Malaysia and Singapore provide online booking and payment, only a few airlines based in Pakistan have these facilities. At the moment no airline in Indonesia offers online reservation and payment. To overcome this problem, most carriers come up with innovative ideas. Lion Air of Indonesia, together with its low-cost subsidiary, Wings Air, provides reservations via short message services (SMS), which can be finalized and paid for through ATMs. Recently, call-centre reservation with subsequent ATM payment has become the most effective distribution channel for many airlines, particularly the low cost carriers, in Asian countries. Sales through call centers accounted for about 4050 per cent of low-cost carriers total ticket sales in the region. A more innovative ticket sales system has been implemented by several low cost carriers in Thailand, notably NokAir and One-Two-Go. They use convenience store networks, such as 7-Eleven, to sell tickets. Customers can purchase their airline ticket while doing their groceries. These two airlines even offer passengers a range of installmentpayment options to purchase airline tickets. Innovation in distribution has not only provided convenience to consumers, but has also raised awareness of these airlines in the market. NokAir has reported that the load factor was more than 78%, meaning their flights were filled 78 per cent on average, and boasted that it will have over two million passengers in 2005. One-two-go has also maintained a stable position
distribution channels. Some other low-cost carriers in the region preferred to employ more conventional ways of rising market awarenessprice discounts. AWAir allocated 18,000 seats with unreasonably low prices to attract consumers attention when the company re-launched its operations. Air Asias other subsidiary, Thai Air Asia, also applied a similar strategy to get more attention from the Thai public.
which allow airlines to increase their fleet utilization. Secondary airports can also provide a solution for the market access problem in international destinations.
Fleet utilizationHigh rates of fleet utilization, as well as high load factors, are also a major factor in low-cost carriers business model. With high utilization and high load factors, a low-cost airline will reduce costs significantly. The key for high utilization is to shorten the time between one flight and another. This requires good operating systems to ensure that all necessary ground handling procedures can be completed during a limited period. Low-cost airlines in South Asia targeted 12 hours utilization of their aircraft per day in order to increase flight frequency. This number is much higher than the traditional carriers, which normally utilize their aircraft for 68 hours per day. In order to reach such a high rate of utilization, the time gap between flights is restricted to only 2530 minutes. One way to simplify ground handling procedures and cut down the time gap is by using one type of aircraft for the airlines whole fleet, typically the Boeing 737-200 or Airbus 320, which are suitable for short-haul flights carrying a relatively large number of passengers. There are a lot of other major benefits from this approach. The major benefit comes from cost cutting in maintenance spending: low-cost carriers do not have to hire a lot of people with different skills to do the inspection and checking; they need only prepare staff capable of checking one type of aircraft. Similarly, flight attendants and pilots can be assigned to any flight needed. Most of the regions low-cost airlines rely on leased aircraft. This allows them to reduce the sunk costs and the need for capital, but in the
longer run it may prove more expensive than simply owning the aircraft.
crucial to stimulate economic growth, setting a minimum service standard would be counterproductive. Leaving it to the market would allow for automatic adjustmentthe low-cost carriers would increase their service standard gradually, albeit slowly. The more important issue is probably ensuring that consumers are well-informed on the conditions of low-cost carriers services and allowing them to make an informed decision when purchasing airline tickets. So far, however, the campaign and advocacy on matters relating to low-cost carriers has been limited.
Although, such protection is not necessarily binding, offering such protection would distinguish particular airlines from others. The responsibility for such cases needs to be clearly stated.
Safety concernsOne of the main concerns about low-cost carriers operation is their attitude to flight and aircraft safety. Uninformed members of the public may feel that low-cost carriers, attempting to cut costs wherever possible, might also reduce expenditure on maintenance and other related aspects of flight safety. Recent serious and small accidents involving the Pakistani low-cost carriers, the Air Blue and the Bhoja Air, have raised the issue of aviation safety, particularly among low-cost carriers. There are calls for tighter regulations, which would impose additional costs on the airlines. The real problems, however, lie more in the implementation of safety regulations, as most Asian countries do not have sufficient capacity to conduct evaluation and control of airlines operating in the region. One of the oft-proposed solutions to the safety concerns is the establishment of independent regulatory bodies. The implementation of this proposal can become a talking point of regional cooperation between Asian countries.
Minimum fareAt the same time, there are competition concerns related to the incumbents reaction in terms of pricing. In some cases they have gone
further, pressuring other transportation sectors to seek a minimum fare regulation to try to limit the substitution away from their services.
International issuesAs discussed above, international market access for air transport services in the Asian member countries remains restricted. Market access can be seen as the right of an airline to serve a given route between its own country and another country, and also the right to carry passengers between those countries. These rights are known as the fourth and the fifth freedom of the air. Access can be further provided to allow foreign airlines to operate domestic services, known as cabotage. Asian countries usually rely on bilateral agreements between individual countries to give access for international routes, while access for cabotage remains closed for most countries. Some attempts have been made to establish multilateral agreements for air services in the region. The Asian Free Trade Agreement on Services (AFAS) has placed air transport as one of the three priority targets on the roadmap of services-trade liberalization. Another way of increasing access, particularly to domestic markets, is to set up a subsidiary with a partner from the target country. Low-cost carriers who want to operate across borders may be limited by bilateral agreements. It may be possible to bypass this problem by setting up a joint-venture airline in the designated market.
term promotional rate (Asiatime, 2004). In early 2005, a new Singapore budget airline, Tiger Airways (established in December 2003), went even lower, offering promotional rates of US$72 for the SingaporeBangkok return trip. In contrast, a Singapore Airlines flight on the same route would cost roughly US$106 per adult, without taxes, and would be conditional on a minimum two-day stay in Bangkok. Meanwhile, Thai Airways was much more expensive even than this. Recent quotes from several airlines show that airfares have fallen further.
carriers. Second, network carriers have had little success in capturing a share in the price-sensitive market segment stimulated by the low-cost carriers. There have, of course been some exceptions, but these typically have been at a higher-cost base compared to the competing low-cost carrier. Third, network carriers have not only lost market share to low-cost carriers without being able to access the new demand, they have also experienced declining yields. Clearly, therefore, the full-service carriers are responding to the competitive threat posed by the low-cost carriers. This is not the first challenge faced by the incumbentsanother was that from the charter operatorsbut most other earlier threats have come from technological change, such as larger aircraft or those which promoted new direct services. An important advantage of the full-service carriers is their ability to operate across a range of markets (defined in terms of both geography and types of travelers) and thereby diversify their risks. As discussed below, the removal of restrictions inherent in the bilateral system which limits full-service carriers ability to capture benefits from their structure and position will add to their capacity to compete.
Market dominanceDeregulation is expected to reduce market dominance. Before the crisis hit, the airline industry in Pakistan was dominated by stateowned companyThe Pakistan International Airline Corporation PIAC. But the 1997 crisis destabilized the Pakistani airline industry, with indebted airline facing severe financial difficulties, restructuring and staff cut-backs. The financial crisis also made airline companies of the region increase fares, partly because of the high dollar-component of costs. On the other hand, as the crisis drove incomes down, the number of people travelling by air also fell, particularly in 1997 99. In Pakistan, deregulation of the airline industry also attracted some new players, following the low-cost carriers business model. In 1992, when the open sky policy was adopted, two low cost and secondary airlines initially emerged in PakistanAir blue and Shaheen Air, taking
away a significant share of the incumbent market. More Low Cost Carriers are making their space in the region including the Bhoja Air.
ConclusionDeregulation of the airline industry in South Asia has prompted the emergence of low-cost carriers. More people than ever are flying due to the substantial decrease in fares. It has pushed the network carriers to adjust extensively to survive and remain profitable. Many of the network carriers have had to restructure, some even going so far as to open low-cost subsidiary carriers to compete with the new entrants. Ease of entry and flexible price setting have transformed the industry from being state-dominated to a mixture of public and private, a process that has in turn spurred competition, innovation and dynamism in the regions aviation industry.


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State police, Butler
• Joshua Howland, 30, of Hilliards, was charged with aggravated assault after an argument with an 18-year-old Harrisville man at 6:05 p.m. Aug. 9 at a home in the 500 block of Boyers Road, Marion Township, police said.
Police said Howland threatened to shoot the man and discharged four rounds from a .45 caliber pistol before running off. He was caught by police a short time later.
State police, Mercer
• Michael Sturgin, 40, of Clarks Mills, was arrested after an incident at 3:30 p.m. Aug. 14 in the area of Airport and Hadley roads, Perry Township, police said.
Police said Sturgin got into an argument with a woman and struck her in the face, giving her a bloody nose. She walked away from him, and a passerby picked her up and took her home.
Police said Sturgin went to the home and pointed a silver revolver at the woman, the passerby, and a friend who had come to take the girlfriend away.
The three women fled, and Sturgin was found a short time later with the handgun and a shotgun, police said. He was charged with simple assault, recklessly endangering another person, and harassment.
Grove City
• Rose Minner, 71, of Bensalem, Pa.; at 8:46 p.m. Aug. 4 on South Center Street at Tidball Avenue, police said.
EDITOR'S NOTE: These reports are taken from police files and do not indicate guilt or innocence.


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"Employment package" too shy on SMEs as job creators, warns UEAPME18 April 2012
by UEAPME -- last modified 18 April 2012
The "employment package" presented by the European Commission today is spot on when it comes to addressing both the demand and supply sides of labour markets and encouraging structural reforms. However, it is too limited on the key role of small and medium-sized companies as job creators, according to UEAPME, the European craft and SME employers' organisation.
On the positive side, the association welcomed the strong political signal launched by the EC to tackle unemployment, as well as its call for labour market reforms. It also praised the EC for stressing once again the need for a better involvement of social partners in the macroeconomic governance at EU level, with a stronger focus on wage developments. On the negative side, UEAPME stressed the lack of references to the Small Business Act and to the "Think Small First" principle, which must be taken into account when designing the needed reforms. It also criticised the chapter on skills, as it disregards the importance of vocational education and training and work-based learning, including apprenticeship.
Secretary General Andrea Benassi offered the following comments:
"Our society and our economy cannot function with unemployment rates hovering around double digits. The communication unveiled today by the European Commission is an important political signal in this respect, and a clear call to responsibility for policymakers to deliver, especially at national level. We appreciate the focus on labour market reforms, which are long overdue in many Member States, as well as on the need to act both on the supply and demand sides of job creation. On the other hand, the 'SME dimension' should have been much more prominent in the text. Data clearly show that SMEs create the vast majority of new jobs. Between 2002 and 2010, 85% of the total employment growth in Europe was attributable to SMEs. Against this background, the Commission could have gone much further in supporting SMEs' job creation role, as it did in other policy initiatives, most recently in its proposals for the 2014-2020 financial perspectives."
"On the positive side, the Commission rightly stressed the need to base all reforms on the 'flexicurity' principles and to set growth and job creation as their goal. It also pinpointed the important role of active labour market policies and the need to reduce the tax wedge on labour. Once again, the main challenge now is to deliver and implement these recommendations at national level. Another step forward in this communication is the reiterated importance of macroeconomic coordination and of the link between wages, competitiveness and productivity. In a market that is closely linked and very interdependent, the effects of wage developments are not limited to a single country, but affect the system as a whole, as it was demonstrated during the latest crisis. The Commission rightly acknowledges that a serious discussion at EU level is needed, and that social partners must be closely involved. We are ready to do our part in this respect."
"On the negative side, there are no references to the Small Business Act, to the 'Think Small First' principle and to the need to seriously take into account the reality of SMEs. No reforms will be successful unless they start from the needs of the companies that are likely to be the most affected. In addition, the chapter on skills rightly identifies the need to bridge the gap between education and employment, but remains unclear and non-committed on work-based learning and apprenticeship, although it is widely recognised and proven that they are a key factor to improve employability, notably for young people. We certainly expected more in this respect, as these issues were clearly identified in the 'Youth Opportunities Initiative' recently published by the Commission. We hope that the EC will not put these topics on the back burner."
UEAPME is the employers' organisation representing exclusively crafts, trades and SMEs from the EU and accession countries at European level. UEAPME has 84 member organisations covering over 12 million enterprises with 55 million employees. UEAPME is a European Social Partner.UEAPME - European SMEs employers' association


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What you NEVER knew about whales, the giants of the sea
'The magic is in the unspoken': Whale 'whisperer' who swims with the giants of the sea reveals their secret worldRead more
'The magic is in the unspoken': Whale 'whisperer' who swims with the giants of the sea reveals their secret worldRead more
Getty Images; Shutterstock; Melissa Herwitt/E! Illustration We love these products, and we hope you do too. E! has affiliate relationships,Read more
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Hamilton creator Lin-Manuel Miranda reveals theatre-lover Meghan knew EVERY word to his hit show on the 'surreal' night he satRead more
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Seeing the signs. Duane "Dog the Bounty Hunter" Chapman's wife, Beth Chapman, "knew something was up" before finding out thatRead more
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Your Guide to Road Trip Safety: Winter Edition
Icy roads and dicey driving conditions don't paint a pretty picture for the perfect road trip across the Lone Star State. However, with fall colors in full swing, college football games calling, and the holidays coming, it'd be a shame not to hit the road this season.
"Winter road trips can present unique challenges, particularly for people who live in parts of Texas where snow and ice are uncommon," says David Glessner, spokesperson for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) in Austin. "Charting your course, planning ahead, and allowing extra time to reach your destination are great ways to avoid unforeseen delays and stress."
Texas' fickle weather presents challenges for drivers when the seasons change; temperatures can fluctuate from warm to freezing over just a short period of time, causing roadway conditions to worsen with little to no warning. The Texas Department of Transportation and the Texas Department of Public Safety both recommend that drivers think through their trip when packing up their vehicles during winter.
Plan Ahead
Successful winter road trips start way before the keys enter the ignition, since even familiar and frequently driven routes could change due to weather. Glessner recommends drivers think through multiple aspects of the route before starting the journey, from considering weather forecasts and researching recent road closures to figuring out the best time to depart to avoid holiday and event traffic.
"Being well-rested, organized, and informed will give you the added peace of mind that can help make your trip more relaxed," Glessner adds. "If hazardous weather is expected, consider delaying your trip and leaving during a safer time, or just staying home altogether. TxDOT offers a road conditions hotline (800-452-9292) and road condition information online at drivetexas.org, so drivers can check for delays and plan alternate routes before getting behind the wheel."
Prepare for the Worst
Gather together items for a road trip emergency kit, which will help keep you and your loved ones safe and warm in case anything goes wrong. Use this checklist when preparing your winter emergency car kit:
- Blankets
- Extra warm clothes
- Rain jacket
- Ice scraper
- Flares
- Set of matches
- Jumper cables
- Flashlight
- First aid kit
- Tow chains
- Fully charged cell phone
- Snacks
- Water (approximately 64 ounces per person)
- Batteries
- Spare tire; ensure it's properly inflated
- Tire jack; ensure this is in good working order before loading it into your vehicle
- Basic tool kit
- Collapsible shovel
Pack Properly
It's not only what you pack for your road trip that will keep you safe, but how you pack it. "The most important thing to remember when packing for a road trip is to make sure all items in the vehicle are secure and not obstructing your field of vision through any windows or mirrors," Glessner advises.
When packing your vehicle, make sure heavy items are secured in the cabin area of the vehicle or in the trunk at the lowest possible positioning, as these items can become dangerous in a crash, possibly causing serious injury to the occupants of the vehicle if heavy objects fly around the interior.
Perform a Pre-check
The last step before starting your winter road trip is to perform one final check of your vehicle. This will ensure you're starting off the trip with a charged battery, properly inflated tires, functioning windshield wipers, and a tank full of gas.
Phone a Friend
Notify a friend, neighbor, or family member of the route you'll be taking to your destination so that, in the case of an emergency (e.g., a breakdown, blown tire, accident, etc.), someone with knowledge of the trip will be able to alert the appropriate responders to your location. But remember, in an emergency, always dial 911 first.
Winter in Texas is all about fun, family, and festive outings, and there's no better way to take in the season's best than a road trip with your loved ones. Winter road trips require drivers to be alert to changing highway conditions, so remember to take frequent breaks to avoid becoming fatigued.
Topping off the fuel tank when it reaches half a tank is one way to take more breaks. Making sure to fuel your adventure with auto insurance from Texas Farm Bureau Insurance Companies will ensure that the only tough decision you'll have to make on the road is where you want to end up.
Coverage and discounts are subject to qualifications and policy terms and may vary by situation.
© 2017 Texas Farm Bureau Insurance


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BERKELEY HIEGHTS, NJ - The staff members of Gov. Livingston's The Claymore yearbook and The Highlander newspaper had the opportunity to interview Principal Robert Nixon, Assistant Principals Tara Oliveira and Jackie Bartlett, and Director of Guidance Dr. Ashley Janosko as an exercise to practice their interview skills. The student journalists were interested in many of the same things as their peers: open campus, changes in class scheduling, and how GL is becoming more environmentally friendly.
During open campus, seniors have the option to leave school during lunch and during their study hall periods. Currently students must pick up a paper pass in order to leave school. However, this creates a backup of traffic in front of the main office when students are lining up to get their passes to leave the building. Oliveira hopes that in the future students will be able to use a card with a barcode that they could scan and sign out. This process will hopefully get students out of the building more efficiently.
Over the summer, the district made many changes to GL that are noticeable. However, there are many behind the scenes changes as well. A new scheduling process was put in place at the end of last year. This process is designed to help students change their classes with ease, however, it is a lot more work for the Counseling Department. There is also a new Advanced Placement registration process, requiring all AP teachers to take a special workshop to gain an understanding of the changes to the process. Also, teachers are able to utilize additional College Board AP resources to share with their students in preparation for the final exams in May. All of these changes are in an effort to help create a less stressful year for the students.
Something new added this year was the Wellness Room, thanks to a grant from the Governor Livingston PTO. The Wellness Room serves a great purpose, as it is a safe place for students to go when feeling overwhelmed. In the Wellness Room there is comfortable seating as well as coloring books for students to use in the attempt to calm them down. Anyone can use the room as long as they have a pass. The room can be used for a maximum of 10 minutes. So far students and staff are taking advantage of the new opportunity and using it for positive influence for their minds.
Another important topic that concerned students was how GL is working to minimize its carbon footprint. Nixon mentioned how the Environmental Science class annually creates new ideas to help the school become more environmentally cautious. In addition, they plant new trees each year. Oliveira brought up how every year, administration works to become less dependent on paper. Nixon encourages the administration to minimize the use of sending messages to families through paper, but more so via emails and website updates, including sending news out on Fridays through a Google Drive folder.
The interview not only allowed journalism students to practice skills, but it also allowed students to learn about changes and the thought process of the administration. The administration has great hopes for the future, as they plan to give GL students an effective learning experience.


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Gets the "bargains". Hee hee.
A quick early run yesterday to the supermarket for today's potluck. Since The Mouse was there …
On the day old shelf. Ten seconds in the microwave, good as new. Hee hee.
Filling was not skimpy at all.
The sandwich, also from the day old section, the apple, on sale. Total breakfast and lunch, under four dollars! Cheap eats.
Enjoy. Eat well.
The Mouse