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I. Modify Arguments
Perhaps one of the most difficult parts of the Logical Reasoning part of the LSAT is modifying arguments. In 'modifying arguments' type of questions, you will be asked to strengthen or weaken arguments. You can do this by increasing or decreasing the validity of an assumption since assumptions are statements in arguments that are taken to be true.
Language cues for 'modifying arguments' questions
- Most strengthens
- Most supports
- Most justify
- ". . . strengthens . . . except . . ."
Solving 'modify arguments' questions
- In answering questions that ask you to weaken arguments, find the necessary assumption in the passage because this is often what the correct answer will target.
- Causal fallacies are commons in this type of questions. Sometimes you have to strengthen or weaken the causal connection between two ideas.
- When answering questions that ask you to weaken an argument that compares two ideas, try to look for something that will undermine the comparison.
- Avoid common traps like irrelevant answer choices or statements that require additional facts not present in the passage or question.
- Keep an eye out for sweeping statements that use words like all, always, never, none, only, and etc. These statements are easier to refute because you need only one exception to disprove the argument.
- On the other hand, qualifying statements use words like some, sometimes, usually, and probably. These statements make soft claims which make arguments harder to refute.
II. Statistical Reasoning
Statistical fallacies are another form of causal fallacies, and these fallacies are relatively common in the LSAT. This is why it is important to familiarize yourself with them so you can avoid committing these fallacies yourself.
- Biased Sample Fallacy
The biased sample fallacy is when you draw data from a statistical inference from a sample that is not representative of the population under consideration.
- The Texas Sharpshooter
The Texas sharpshooter fallacy is cherry-picking data cluster to suit the assumption you made. Instead of analyzing the data and forming a conclusion, you use your hypothesis to choose which parts of the data will support it.
- Insufficient Sample Fallacy
Also known as "hasty generalization," this fallacy is when you draw a conclusion from an inadequate sample or premises.
- Correlation vs. Causation
Correlation refers to a statistical link between two things, while causation is when one thing causes another thing. It is common for test-takers to confuse these two concepts. Some things may be in correlation with each other but are taken as having causal relation.
- Confounding Factors
Also known as "lurking variables," confounding factors are additional factors that may be responsible for a correlation.
- Improperly Weighing Cost-Benefit/Advantages
This error in thinking is when one incorrectly weighs the advantages and disadvantages of something. This is an error in one's evaluation where the cost-benefit of something is not properly analyzed.
- Confusing Possibilities and Certainties
This error in thinking occurs when one thinks that just because something is a possibility then it is already a certainty, which is incorrect.
III. Weaken Reasoning
This type of question asks you to find statements that weaken or decrease the strength of an argument. An answer does not necessarily have to refute the argument completely. It only has to make it significantly weaker. The steps for solving this type of question is similar to the steps in solving 'modify arguments' questions.
IV. Paradox Questions
A paradox is a statement that is seemingly absurd or self-contradictory at first but may actually be true when investigated further. Paradox questions will ask you to resolve the given paradox or explain how the contradiction can reasonably exist.
Solving 'paradox questions'
- Read the argument carefully and find the paradox or contradiction.
- State the paradox or contradiction in your own words.
- Use the process of elimination to find the answer choice that will best explain both sides of the paradox or contradiction.
V. Evaluate Questions
In these questions, you will be asked to provide a premise that will strengthen an argument with faulty reasoning. You will have to explain how an argument could still be true. In other words, you have to present information or a statement that could either significantly strengthen or weaken an argument.
Solving 'evaluate questions'
- Read the passage carefully and find the faulty statement or discrepancy in reasoning.
- State the fault or discrepancy in your own words.
- Eliminate the answer choices one by one to find the answer that best explains the fault or complete the discrepancy in reasoning.
- Avoid common trap choices such as choices that deny the idea which the question asks you to explain or statements that explain something not directly referring to the passage.
VI. Modify Questions
One of the most common types of traps in 'modify reasoning' questions is when the answer choice shows the opposite of what the question stem presents.
Some common tricks used in the LSAT to catch unwary students are the following:
- "All of the following may be inferred from the passage EXCEPT. . ." Then the question gives one answer choice that can be absolutely inferred from the passage.
- The question asks for an assumption of an argument, then one of the answer choices is a summary of the argument.
- The question asks which of the answer choices strengthens or weakens the argument, but one of the choices does the exact opposite of what is asked.
Trick Answer Type: Trick Opposites
This trap involves contradicting the question stem. This trap is very common on Strengthen/Weaken questions where the answer choice does the opposite of what the stem wants:
Here are examples of these deliberate tricks intended to catch students who rush through questions:
- All of the following may be inferred from the passage EXCEPT:
Then the LSAT gives one answer that absolutely may be inferred from the passage (which test-takers tend to pick automatically if they forget the "EXCEPT").
- The stem asks for an assumption in an argument, and one of the answer choices is a summary of the argument (but not an underlying assumption).
- Which of the following weakens the argument above?
Then the LSAT gives an answer choice that obviously strengthens the argument.
On test day, expect to run into a stem that looks like this:
All of the following are true, EXCEPT:
The translation of "EXCEPT" is that, of the five choices, all of them fit the condition EXCEPT one of them.
All of the following are reasons to go to business school EXCEPT:
(A) networking with future powerful executives
(B) eager to learn accounting
(C) increase your income
(D) impress your friends
(E) hone your poetry skills
Next LSAT: June 3rd
Review Questions
These are simulated LSAT questions and are under development. Question revisions will be completed by January 2020.
MODIFY ARGUMENT QUESTIONS (Easy)
Total questions: 9
Quiz Length: 14 Minutes
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MODIFY ARGUMENT QUESTIONS (Hard)
Total questions: 6
Quiz Length: 9 Minutes
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- 6
Next LSAT: June 3rd


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2019 Special Collections Fellows Selected
A new cohort of fellows will be visiting the University of Oklahoma Libraries' special collections this summer. Five emerging scholars were selected from three competitive
fellowship offerings
to study within the Western History Collections. Two scholars have received
Andrew W. Mellon Travel Fellowships
to study within the History of Science Collections over the summer.
"The diversity of awarded fellowships demonstrates the broad multidisciplinary impact inherent in both the Western History and the History of Science Collections," said Bridget Burke, OU Libraries associate dean for special collections.
The Masterson Fellowship, endowed by Conrad and Ellen Masterson of Cee Vee, Texas, provides opportunities for visiting scholars to conduct research in the Western History Collections for up to three months. The fellowship is open to advanced graduate students, faculty or independent scholars whose original scholarly research will benefit directly from the materials held in OU's Western History Collections.
The Masterson Fellowship has been awarded to two recipients for summer 2019: Megan Baker from the University of California, Los Angeles, for her project, "Oklahoman Progress: Development and Choctaw Land in Southeastern Oklahoma," and Cecily Zander from Pennsylvania State University for "Agents of Empire: The U.S. Army, Native Americans, and the Civil War in the Making of the American West."
The Jack Haley Fellowship, endowed by Fred and Patricia Schonwald of Oklahoma City, provides fellowships for graduate students in the Department of History in the OU College of Arts and Sciences. The two recipients of the summer 2019 fellowship are Mark Boxell for "Petroleum's Frontier: Oklahoma's Oil Boom and the Ecology of Settler Colonialism" and Leroy Myers for "Other Indians and Freedmen: the Legacy of Black Migration in Oklahoma, 1840-1921."
The Dale Society Fellowship, supported by the Association of Western History Collections Endowment, supports graduate students in other OU graduate programs outside of the Department of History. This year's recipient is Christina Giacona, a doctoral candidate in the Department of Anthropology, for her project "Intercultural Mediation and the Rediscovered Compositions of Cherokee Composer Jack Frederick Kilpatrick."
"We received many proposals from graduate students and scholars interested in the fellowships' support for research in the collections and some for work experience in the WHC curatorial environment," Burke said. "The caliber and the range of topics reflected in the proposals we received speaks to the capacity of the Western History Collections to advance research across many areas of inquiry."
The Mellon Travel Fellowship is supported through an endowment provided by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to the History of Science Department and the History of Science Collections. The Mellon fellowship program is open to scholars at the pre-doctoral and post-doctoral level and are available year-round.
The two recipients this summer are Mike Keas, a lecturer in history and philosophy of science at Biola University, California, for his project, "Myths About Science and Religion From Newton to Hawking," and David Salomoni, faculty of education at Università degli Studi Roma Tre in Rome, Italy, for his project, "Teaching of Science and Catholic Education in Early Modern Europe."
The Mellon fellowship program is available to researchers who reside outside the central Oklahoma area, and who have well-defined research projects that can be served by the holdings of the History of Science Collections.
Learn more and apply online
More information and applications for the summer 2020 Western History Collections fellowships are also available at
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text:
Thunder: The Return of Russ, PG and the Loss of a Tradition
It's a tradition that OKC fans have become accustomed to. A Christmas Day game for the Thunder. A tradition that will stop in 2019. For the first time since 2009 the Thunder won't be featured on one of the NBA's biggest days as a marquee team.
The full NBA schedule wasn't released, but marquee match ups have leaked out from league reporters.
Instead, the story shifted to when Russell Westbrook and Paul George will make their return to OKC, as opposing players. Stadium's Shams Charania reports that Westbrook will return to The Peake on Thursday, January 9th.
As for Paul George, Yahoo's Chris Haynes says that Paul George will return with his new Clippers running mates on Tuesday, March 3rd.
No word on when the full NBA slate of games will be released.


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The total number of soldiers who served in the Wehrmacht from 1935 to 1945 was around.2 million, of whom.3 million died. "German Propaganda Archive: Goebbels' 1943 Speech on Total War". The number of women enrolled in post-secondary schools dropped from 128,000 in 1933 to 51,000 in 1938. Shirer writes: "The total amount of Nazi loot will never be known; it has proved beyond man's capacity to accurately compute." Gold reserves and eroottinen hieroja thai massage oulu other foreign holdings were seized from the national banks of occupied nations, while large "occupation costs" were usually imposed. Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection. In Brüggemeier, Franz-Josef; Cioc, Mark; Zeller, Thomas. Soldier's wives lyhyt lutka sukupuoli sisään espoo were frequently involved in extramarital relationships. Authors of books left the country in droves and some wrote material critical of the regime while in exile. The Gestapo was in charge of investigative policing to enforce National Socialist ideology as they located and confined political offenders, Jews, and others deemed undesirable. Food was in short supply in the conquered areas of the Soviet Union and Poland, as the retreating armies had burned the crops in some areas, and much of the remainder was sent back to the Reich. By December 1944, 750,000 Soviet POWs were working, including in German armaments factories (in violation of the Hague and Geneva conventions mines, and farms. During the war, Poland lost an estimated 39 to 45 percent of its physicians and dentists, 26 to 57 percent of its lawyers, 15 to 30 percent of its teachers, 30 to 40 percent of its scientists and university. Attacks began with artillery bombardment, followed by bombing and strafing runs. Sex was sometimes used as a commodity to obtain better work from a foreign labourer. On Germany became a one-party state with the passage of a law decreeing the nsdap to be the sole legal party in Germany. Conway, John S (2001). Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, who initially supported Hitler, changed his mind in 1936 and was later a participant in the July 20 plot. Exports of German films plummeted, as their antisemitic content made them impossible to show in other countries. These laws became the basis of the Führerprinzip, the concept that Hitler's word overrode all existing laws. They intended to obtain soldiers from allies such as Italy and Hungary and workers and food supplies from allies such as Vichy France. As part of the process of Gleichschaltung, the Reich Local Government Law of 1935 abolished local elections, and mayors were appointed by the Ministry of the Interior. Dating for introverts online lohja Escort tallinna klitoris l?vistys 67 Eroottista hierontaa tampere pillu t?ynn? Sonera easy puheaika seksi? tarjolla Suomi sex video pori web kamerat Pringles pillu suomiseksi? videot Shemale pic miten saa orgasmin Online katsastusasema iisalmi suomi. Dating tips for introverts etela karjala Someone in my Myspace mobiilisivuson shared this website with us ei ole sidottu dating mobiilisivuston rovaniemi I came to look it over. Modne, explicitly tell him that you enjoyed being with him and that you would really like to hear from him again, kullin hieronta tallinnan seksi ylilauta, joten nyt vietän mielelläni koti- tai mökkielämä, jotka ovat mielenkiintoista kalium että löytä jäseniä. Following the invasion of Poland, 2,500 Roma and Sinti people were deported from Germany to the General Government, where they were imprisoned in labour camps. American Journal of International Law.
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Tku wilma eroottinen hieronta ouluBy 1944, the war was consuming 75 percent of Germany's gross domestic product, compared to 60 percent in the Soviet Union and 55 percent in Britain. Cadaverland: Inventing a Pathology of Catastrophe for Holocaust Survival: The Limits of Medical Knowledge and Memory in France. As the bill required a two-thirds majority to pass, the Nazis used intimidation tactics as well as the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to keep several Social Democratic deputies from attending, and the Communists had already been banned.
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|First-year students also had to serve six months in a labour camp for the Reich Labour Service ; an additional ten weeks service were required of second-year students. The result was convictions of 1,426 people; 297 of these were sentenced to death and 279 to life in prison, with the remainder receiving lesser sentences. Retrieved Bytwerk, Randall (1998). Books and scripts had to be approved by the Propaganda Ministry prior to publication.


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The majority of us are looking forward to the Christmas break, yet the majority of us find the build-up the most stressful time of the year and worry about work during the holiday period.
SmartPA introduces some of the most effective tips for switching-off during this festive period.
1. Don't leave important tasks unfinished
Before you break-up for Christmas, ensure all tasks deemed as important are completed. This may mean having to stay at work for an extra half an hour during the last week but it will save a lot of worrying over the holidays and work in January.
2. Follow up with a phone call
It can prove to be very frustrating when you are trying to complete important tasks and your emails are not being responded to. Your recipient will more than likely be in a similar situation. They may have even overlooked your email or have been out of the office. By giving them a phone call you are pushing towards completing your task – and if the recipient is not available, their colleague may be able to assist.
3. If you do need to pick up emails…
If you can, switch off all devices that you use at work. If it is essential that emails are needed to be checked during the Christmas break then it is useful to set alerts on your phone or tablet. This ensures that you will not have to check your inbox every 10 minutes and can feel more relaxed over your break.
4. Meditate
Relaxing can prove to be much harder than it sounds. Meditation is a great way to zone-out; helping reduce anxiety, improve sleep and increase productivity. The Headspace podcasts that are available online are an excellent starting point.
Switching-off is important, not only for your personal life but also professionally. Research by Bupa has shown that 47% of employees see a noticeable improvement in their mental health after a break or holiday from work. Giving yourself a much-earned rest will benefit your productivity and efficiency when you return in January.


text:
Guadalcanal Campaign
American forces defeat Japan on the Island of Guadalcanal
7 August 1942 - 9 February 1943
The Guadalcanal Campaign, codenamed Operation Watchtower, was a battle on the Pacific Front of World War Two between the United States and the Japanese Empire. During the battle the American Marines, having learned that the Japanese were attempting to build an airfield in the area that would give them a strategic advantage, landed on Guadalcanal and its surrounding islands. After the Americans captured Henderson Field on the islands in August 1942, the Japanese made several attempts to recapture it over the following months. By December 1942 the Japanese abandoned their efforts to retake the airfield, and evacuated the island by February 1943.
In the Solomons, Japanese soldiers who had occupied Tulagi island moved on to neighboring Guadalcanal, where they began to construct an airfield. If they were allowed to complete and exploit this, their planes could dominate the region. This would have had the effect of interdicting air traffic between the United States and Australia.
The Germans and Japanese were in any case finding it difficult to cooperate; the troubles of the Western Allies with the Russians and with each other were harmony itself compared with the frictions between the Germans and the Japanese. The Japanese did not want any German economic or other presence in their newly won empire, and they resisted all efforts, whether by private firms or by government agencies, to restore or expand German activities and interests of any kind in Southeast Asia. Political cooperation also proved extraordinarily difficult.
An abrupt American decision was made to pre-empt the Japanese, by landing 1st Marine Division. Such a stroke fulfilled the US Navy's driving desire, promoted by Admiral Ernest King in Washington, to engage the enemy wherever opportunity allowed. The Marines were staging through Wellington, New Zealand, en route to an undecided objective. They found themselves ordered to restow their ships for an immediate assault landing; when the local dock labor force refused to work in prevailing heavy rain, the Marines did the job themselves. Then, in the first days of August 1942, they sailed for Guadalcanal.
18,700 men of the Marine Corps under Major-General Alexander A. Vandegrift made an amphibious landing on Guadalcanal and also the nearby islands of Tulagi and Gavuth. Taken by surprise, the Japanese garrison of Guadalcanal fled into the thick jungle of the island, while 1,500 of them put up stiff resistance on Tulagi, but were almost all killed. Having taken the runway, which they named Henderson Field, the Marines threw up a defensive perimeter of 2 by 4 miles, and dug in.
As the Marines were still bringing equipment ashore, disaster overcame their naval escort when a Japanese force from Rabaul made a night attack, in what became known as the battle of Savo Island. Armed with new liquid-oxygen-propelled Long Lance torpedoes, the Japanese slipped past Captain Howard D. Bode's patrol south of the island and attacked the cruisers under the command of the Australian Rear-Admiral Victor Crutchley, who was himself ashore on Guadalcanal. Crutchley's stricken flotilla was forced to leave the environs of Guadalcanal. This meant that the Japanese based at Rabaul had an opportunity to reinforce the island and attempt to fling the Americans off it.
The critical reality, which soon dawned on the Japanese, was that yet again one of their admirals had allowed caution to deprive him of a chance to convert success into a decisive strategic achievement. Mikawa had decided that it was too late to attack the American transports on the beach. The lost Allied cruisers could be replaced; the landing force was able to hold on at Henderson Field because its supporting amphibious shipping remained unscathed, and soon returned to Lunga Bay. Savo would be redeemed.
Throughout the campaign on Guadalcanal, an equally relentless and bloody struggle was conducted at sea. The Savo battle was only the first of a series of dramatic naval encounters, almost all precipitated by Japanese attempts to reinforce and supply their troops ashore, and to impede the matching American build-up. Destroyers of the 'Tokyo Express' sought to run men and stores by night through 'the Slot', the narrow approach to Guadalcanal. Australian coastwatchers manning radios in jungle hideouts on Japanese-held islands played a critical role in alerting the air force to enemy shipping movements.
Living and flying in primitive conditions, marine and naval aviators met the Japanese attacks with determination and growing skill. They focused on the bombers and accepted the danger of the escorting Zeros. The Americans, however, like their RAF counterparts in the Battle of Britain, knew they could fight longer than their foes, and if they could avoid death in the cockpit, an aggressive air-sea rescue service would pull them from the water. A wounded Japanese pilot, such as ace Sakai Saburo of the Sea Eagles, had to survive a six-hour return trip to the north.
Lieutenant-General Haruyoshi Hyakutake landed from Rabaul with 50,000 men of the Seventeenth Army to attack on the ground. Rear-Admiral Raizo Tanaka also began a series of landings of men and supplies along the Slot, a channel of islands between Rabaul and Guadalcanal. In the battle of Tenaru River, Colonel Kiyono Ichiki's attack of 917 men ended with the loss of almost every man in the unit. Ichiki himself burnt the regimental standard and committed harakiri.
Meanwhile, at sea, attrition was awesome: the Battle of the East Solomons cost the Japanese a carrier and heavy aircraft losses in exchange for damage to the Enterprise; a week later, the carrier Saratoga suffered such severe torpedo damage that it was obliged to quit the theater for an American dockyard.
During the hard-fought battle of Bloody Ridge, a mile to the southwest of the airfield, the Japanese got to within 1,000 yards of the runway. Yelling 'Banzai!' (One thousand years!) and 'Marine, you die!', 2,000 Japanese rushed out of the jungle and overwhelmed the right flank of Lieutenant-Colonel Merritt A. 'Red Mike' Edson's Provisional Force. Three Japanese even got inside General Vandergrift's bunker, where they were killed by his clerks. Edson won the Congressional Medal of Honor for his courageous defense of the American perimeter.
The Americans inflicted heavy losses on the enemy navy off Cape Esperance, but a few days later Japanese submarines sank the carrier Wasp and damaged the new battleship North Carolina. Only two carriers and one battleship remained as the core of the operating forces in the South Pacific.
The Japanese were slow to grasp the importance of the American commitment to Guadalcanal. They drip-fed a trickle of reinforcements to the island, which were thrown into repeated frontal attacks, each one insufficiently powerful to overwhelm the precarious Marine perimeter. The Americans holding Henderson Field and the surrounding tropical rainforests found themselves locked in an epic ordeal. Visibility amidst an almost impenetrable tangle of vines and ferns, giant hardwoods and creepers, was seldom more than a few yards. Even when gunfire was temporarily stilled, leeches, wasps, giant ants and malarial mosquitoes inflicted their own miseries.
Although the Marines were finally reinforced by air on 20 August, Hyakutake received reinforcements via the Tokyo Express throughout September and October, and his assaults were flung back with 2,000 killed against 300 American killed and wounded. After that, Vandergrift felt he could expand the perimeter, and go on the offensive.
Repeated Japanese headlong assaults failed against a stubborn defense: they were unable to wrest control of Henderson Field from the Americans, who had superior artillery and air support. This was small consolation to the defenders, however, when the Japanese navy intervened. Seldom in the course of the war did Allied troops have to endure naval bombardments of the kind the Royal Navy and US Navy routinely administered to the Axis, but the Americans on Guadalcanal suffered severely from the guns of Japanese warships. Hour after hour during four nights in October, enemy heavy ships delivered a devastating bombardment.
Vice-Admiral William 'Bull' Halsey, who assumed command of regional naval operations, found himself committed to some of the heaviest fleet actions of the war. At Santa Cruz the Japanese lost over a hundred aircraft and the Americans seventy-four, more than the rival forces on any day of the Battle of Britain. Destruction of the carrier Hornet left the Americans for some weeks solely dependent on the damaged Enterprise for naval air operations.
Vice-Admiral Hiroaki Abe, leading a squadron dominated by two battleships to bombard the Americans on Guadalcanal, met an American cruiser force. Though he inflicted heavy damage, sinking six ships for the loss of three, with familiar caution he chose to retreat, only to lose one of his battleships to American aircraft next morning. Two days later, Marine pilots of the Cactus Air Force caught a Japanese troop convoy en route to Guadalcanal and almost annihilated it, sinking seven transports and a cruiser, and damaging three more cruisers. Only remnants of the Japanese landing force stumbled ashore at dawn, shorn of their heavy equipment, from the last four beached transports of the annihilated convoy.
Off Tassafaronga Point, in a night-time battle, five American cruisers attacking eight Japanese destroyers on a supply run suffered one cruiser sunk and three more damaged by torpedoes. The Japanese lost only a single destroyer. These were epic encounters, reflecting both sides' massive commitment of surface forces – and losses: in the course of the Solomons campaign, around fifty major Japanese and US warships were sunk.
The Americans prevailed. After the battles of November, despite his squadrons' successes, Admiral Yamamoto concluded that Japan's Combined Fleet could no longer endure such attrition. He informed the Imperial Army that his ships must withdraw support from the land force on Guadalcanal. It was a critical victory for the US Navy, and was hailed back home as a personal triumph for Admiral Halsey. The achievement of the American shore contingent was to hold out and defend its perimeter through months of desperate assaults.
A year and a day after Pearl Harbor, Vandergrift, 'the Hero of Guadalcanal', and his Marines were finally relieved by Major-General Alexander M. Patch's US Army regulars, who forced the Japanese, in a 'desperate and well-conducted rearguard action', back to Cape Esperance in the east of the island, from where 13,000 of them were miraculously evacuated by night by Tanaka's Transport Group. They were the lucky ones; Japanese soldiers left in the interior of Guadalcanal looted native villages to survive, and so 'the islanders exacted terrible revenge, and Japanese heads decorated the native long-houses for years afterwards.'
Guadalcanal set the pattern for the Pacific campaign, a three-year contest for a succession of harbors and airfields, refuges for ships and platforms for planes amid an otherwise featureless watery vastness. The Japanese were never able to reverse their early mistakes, rooted in an underestimate of American strength and will. With more resources pouring into the South Pacific theater in early 1943, the Allies' prospects of victory soared. Guadalcanal was to be the first of several stations on a via dolorosa whose names – such as Kwajalein, Tarawa, Saipan, Guam, Luzon, Iwo Jima and Okinawa – are written in blood into American history.
The myth of the invincibility of the Japanese army was shattered on this island, just sixty miles by thirty, where the US Marine Corps first staked a claim to be considered the outstanding American ground force of the war. The Japanese, by contrast, laid bare their limitations, especially a shortage of competent commanders.


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- Rabbi David Horwitz
- Date:
- Venue: The Bialystoker Synagogue (NYC)
- Duration: 54 min
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Exodus 25:18-20 states the following:
Make two cherubim of gold- make them of hammered work- at the two ends of the cover. Make one cherub at one end and the other cherub at the other end; of apiece with the cover shall you make the cherubim at its two ends. The cherubim shall have their wings spread our above, shielding the cover with their wings.
The problem with this command is obvious; how can this be reconciled with the prohibition "You shall not make molten gods for yourselves" (Exodus 34:17)? Can one find an answer that logically distinguishes between the cherubim and prohibited representations, an answer that differs from the Nitzahon Yashan's answer of "the mouth which prohibited [images generally, like those used by Christians] is the same mouth that permitted [the particular image of the cherubim]"?
Rabbi Aaron ben Gershon Aboulrabi was a relatively unknown fifteenth- century Sicilian Rabbi, and the son-in-law of the Aragonese Rabbi R. Moses ibn Gabbai. The biblical interpretations of this figure can be found in an obscure book titled Perushim la-Rashi , published in Constantinople in the sixteenth century.
Scholars have generally neglected this figure as well. In 1890, Joseph Perles wrote an article on this figure, citing numerous interpretations. Most recently, however, in 2006, Eric Lawee published an important essay concerning this person (see immediately below), who exhibited a strong tendency to attack what he felt were "exegetically wobbly or theologically unsound midrashic interpretations."
R. Aboulrabi claimed to have discussed the problems concerning the Keruvim with the Pope and his cardinals while near Rome. (Whether his published remarks truly depicted what occurred at an actual meeting, whether it was an embellishment of a meeting, or even if was an entirely fictitious portrayal is beyond the purview of our discussion here.) Remarkably, besides the issue of "You shall not make molten gods for yourselves," R. Aboulrabi also addressed another objection: the potency of the cherubs might lead one to believe that they the real source of the miracles that Moses performed. That is, the cherubs were talismans. What differentiated Moses, them, from the hartumim, the magicians of Egypt? What follows is his presentation. (The material that I will be citing can be found at the end of the article by Eric Lawee, titled, "Graven images, Astronomical Cherubs, and Mosaic Miracles: "A Fifteenth-Century Curial-Rabbinic Exchange," Speculum 81 (2006), pp. 754-95. I follow Lawee's English translation of R. Aboulrabi's Perushim le-Rashi [Constantinople, {1525?}, Fol. 91v.] Previously, Joseph Perles published the beginning of the corresponding Hebrew text [with a French translation] in Revue des Etudes Juives 21 [1890], on p. 250.)
When I was in the metropolis of Rome in the palace of the pope, with the cardinals surrounding him, I was asked this question. They said:
We are most amazed and astonished about the matter of the cherubs that Moses was commanded to make in the Holy of Holies in a manner that the potency of the voice and speech concerning all that he [Moses] wished to know would come forth from them. This is tantamount to the craft of talismans manufactured in accordance with the potencies of the constellations and the wisdom of aspects [i.e., the angular relationship between planets- conjunction, opposition and so forth]. There is no greater [violation of the prohibition against] "other gods" [Exod. 20:3] than this. He [God] had already enjoined as a root of the Decalogue at its beginning: "You shall have no other gods besides Me. You shall not make for yourself a sculptured image, or any likeness, and so forth" [Exod. 20:3-4]. It [also] states: "You shall not make molten gods for yourself" [Exod. 34:17]. Such [prohibitions] are many, and there is no greater [example of] molten gods than the cherubs. It would [therefore] arise in the mind of any person that all of the miracles and wonders that Moses would perform [literally, "actualize"] were by means of the potency of the cherubs, as it states: "[When Moses went into the tent of meeting to speak with Him] he would hear the voice addressing him from above the cover that was on top of the ark of the pact between the two cherubs, and so forth" [Num. 7:89]. Therefore we have queried you whether there is an answer to our question.
So, upon my hearing their words –[which are] "straightforward to the intelligent person" [Prov. 8:9]- I addressed that which they asked me, after taking leave [to speak] and expressing the requisite obeisance from me to them, each one according to his rank in stature and distinction. Following are the beginning of my words:
May "the one who gives the wise their wisdom and knowledge to those that know" [Dan. 2:21] supply an "answer of the tongue." [Prov. 16:1]. It is known to all, and explicit in the Torah, that our master Moses, upon whom be peace, had, according to God's will and command, performed many miracles and wonders before the manufacture of the cherubs. [What is more] Pharaoh's wise men and astrologers tested him in a searching investigation [to determine] if his deeds occurred by means of the potency of the wisdom of the constellations and craft of talismans. They discerned and discovered that all his deeds and wonders occurred through the potency and will of God, who contravenes all [determinations of the] astral networks, and not through the governance of the stars. As Moses said to them: "You may have this triumph over me: for what time should I plead in behalf of you" [Exod. 8:5]. This was to inform Pharaoh that his deed from God, Who is powerful whenever He desires. Thus did he [Pharaoh] say: "I stand guilty this time. God is in the right and I and my people are in the wrong" [Exod. 9:27]. So did the magicians say to Pharaoh: "This is the finger of God" [Exod. 8:15]. They conceded that it [the plague of lice] was the work of the L-rd. Thus it is clear that every deed of our master Moses, upon whom be peace, was in accordance with the will of God, blessed be He.
Now, if you were to say, "If so, what is the rationale for the making of the cherubs in terms of what they accomplish?" I would first state a general proposition in order to open the eyes of the blind [cf. Isa. 42:7]. It is demonstrated in science that every act derives from a potency and that every potency is the potency to bring about some act, since potency and act are [from the category of the] correlatives and the existence of any correlative requires the existence of the other thing to which it is related. It follows that it is impossible for something that lacks potency to bring about any act. Now figures and talismans are made of inanimate minerals, trees, and stones that lack potency even with respect to [bringing about change in] themselves. How then can they bring about an act in another? Now the cherubs were from the mineral of gold reworked by human hands. They possess neither potency nor sentience nor act. If so, it is necessary to affirm and believe that all that our master Moses, upon whom be peace, would do was not through the instrumentality of any created thing but rather from God alone, L-RD of Hosts.
For the honor of the tablets and their glory God desired to make His presence dwell in the Ark of the Covenant "from above the cover, from between the two cherubs" [Exod. 25:22] and from there did He choose to make overflow His prophecy and all of His wonders. He is blessed above all creatures for to Him alone belong glory and might. The proof [that the cherubs did not draw down astral forces] lies in the verse, "There I will meet with you and I will impart to you from above the cover, from between the two cherubs […all that I will command you]" [Exod. 25:22]. It did not say "from the cherubs" [but from between them].
As Eric Lawee notes (p. 777), according to R. Aboulrabi, as it was for "the honor of the tablets [found in the ark] and their glory" that "God desired to make his presence dwell…, if anything, it is the tablets of the law, not the cherubs that adorned the ark containing them, that stand out as ancient Israel's sacred artifacts par excellence. What the tablets attracted to the Mishkan, however, was not astral efflux, but divine presence. His point that divine communications did not issue "from" the cherubs but "from between them" was an "exegetical coup de grace."
Learning on the Marcos and Adina Katz YUTorah site is sponsored today by Yossi Wolkenstein l'ilui nishmas Harav Zelig Yeshaya ben Kolonimus Kalman HaLevi Wolkenstein and by Debbie Nossbaum in loving memory of her father, Nathan Werdiger and by Nechama and Elliot Rosner in loving memory of their father, Irwin Rosner


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Meri Meri
Mermaid Necklace
This charming mermaid necklace is sure to be a well loved addition to any little (or big) one's jewellery collection. You'll be head over (mermaid) tails for this beautifully crafted accessory featuring an etched wood pendant, translucent acrylic and a gold chain!
Wood & acrylic pendant
Gold tone chain fastener
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Vince Offer'd
February 9, 2009 at 7:37 PM Samantha Schlegel 2 comments
By now, I sincerely hope most of you have become familiar with the infomercials Slap Chop and Sham Wow. Infamous for coming up with classic one liners, like "You're going to love my nuts," and "You know the Germans always make good stuff," Vince Offer has enchanted not only the internet blogging community, but the television shoppers simultaneously.
It turns out that Vince is a multi-talented human being. I'm not referring to the fact that he can wear a head-set and demonstrate a product simultaneously, but that he has written and directed a movie titled The Underground Comedy Movie. I owe a serious thank you to my friend Dylan for bringing this to my attention, and subsequently, your attention as well. This movie was made by Vince, and was a bigger budget realization of a public access show he helped to create in L.A. in the late 80s and early 90s. What follows here is a spoof of California Girls performed by David Lee Roth. At least that is my estimation.
This movie is absolutely as bad as you can imagine it is. Despite promising appearances by Slash and that big Black dude from Green Mile, a soundtrack full of punk classics, as well as Vince Offer's terrible singing, you are still pained by the hour and a half that the movies plays. It's crude, and absurd, both things that would normally cause me to proclaim deep love for a movie and have no other master. Vince, your fame has come via the infomercial. Despite your problems with the Scientology Nation and There's Something about Mary, your fame has finally come! Enjoy the 15 minutes, although by this point, you probably only have five left.
-posted by samsquared
Entry filed under: advertising, media, movies. Tags: Infomercial, Movie, Sham Wow, Slap Chop, Slash, Underground Comedy Movie, Vince Offer.
2 Comments Add your own
Just thought you might like to see that your not the only person thinking that this guy needs to fade away already, although your ahead of the curve:
Vince Offer can really convince someone that a product is awesome though. I haven't seen his movie but I believe you. However I've seen his infomercials 100 times and they never get old!
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Doctor of Nursing Practice
The Doctor of Nursing Practice (D.N.P.) degree offers B.S. or post-master's degree curriculum. This curriculum allows B.S.- or M.S.- prepared registered nurses to earn doctorates, which will prepare them for assuming advanced practice in patient care and health-care systems' leadership roles. It addresses and meets outcome expectations as articulated by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing that advanced practice specialty areas be staffed by nurses with doctoral degrees.
Learning outcomes for Doctor of Nursing Practice
Learning outcomes for the D.N.P. degree program are designed to prepare nurse leaders with a Christian perspective to enable them to contribute to professional nursing through clinical practice, teaching, and administration. Upon completion of the D.N.P. degree, the graduate will be able to:
- Provide leadership in the use of information systems/technology and patient care technology for the improvement and transformation of health care.
- Utilize current scientific underpinnings for practice.
- Promote the use of practice scholarship and analytical methods for evidence-based practice.
- Participate in interdisciplinary collaboration for improving patient and population health outcomes.
- Advocate for health care through policy analysis and development.
- Apply organizational and systems leadership theory for quality improvement and systems thinking.
- Demonstrate leadership in the promotion of advanced nursing practice and the nursing profession.
- Incorporate into his/her practice the principles of practice prevention and population health for improving the nation's health.
- Develop and sustain therapeutic relationships with patients, families and other professionals, considering all aspects of care—including physical, mental, and spiritual—to facilitate optimal care and patient outcomes using evidence based-practice.
In addition to Loma Linda University admission requirements, the applicant to the Doctor of Nursing Practice program must also complete the following:
Bachelors to Doctor of Nursing Practice program admissions criteria
- Baccalaureate degree or equivalent in nursing from a regionally accredited program.
- GPA of 3.0, both cumulative and in nursing courses.
- Current United States RN license before application and CA RN license before the start of classes.
- Current BLS certification.
- Three electronic recommendations from recent professors or current work supervisor.
- Interview by faculty members in the School of Nursing.
- Health Science Reasoning Test (HSRT).
- Additional criteria for nurse anesthesia applicants:
- Science GPA of 3.0 or higher.
- Unrestricted Registered Nurse license in the United States; unrestricted Registered Nurse license in California before matriculation and must be maintained until program completion.
- Three electronic recommendations from the following: one each from a spiritual advisor or pastor, an immediate supervisor in the critical care area in which the applicant is currently working, and a critical care/ICU coworker.
- Current certification in BLS, ACLS, and PALS is required before clinical courses begin and must be maintained until program completion; CCRN preferred.
- Eight hours of clinical observation with a CRNA highly recommended before admission interview.
- Minimum one year, full-time critical care RN experience (in the US) at time of matriculation (excluding orientation). Adult critical care experience preferred. ER will be considered. Experience is evaluated on an individual basis.
- Completion of an online questionnaire following submission of application. This questionnaire must be completed by the applicant before the admission deadline.
- Interview granted by Admissions Committee.
Post-Masters to Doctor of Nursing Practice program admissions criteria
- Completion of a master's degree in nursing with a clinical major from a program or completion of a Bachelor's degree in nursing and a Masters in a closely related field. The nursing degrees must be accredited by Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE), National League of Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC) or the Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN).
- Undergraduate and Graduate GPA of 3.0, both cumulative and in nursing courses.
- Current U.S. RN license and BLS certification.
- Three electronic recommendations from recent professors or current work supervisors.
- Interview by faculty members in the School of Nursing.
- Health Science Reasoning Test (HSRT).
Application deadlines
Applicants seeking graduate admission must have the application process completed by the dates indicated in the following.
- Nurse Anesthesia
- Autumn Quarter Priority—November 1
- Autumn Quarter Standard—December 15
- Clinical Nurse Specialist and Nurse Practitioner
- Autumn Quarter—April 1
- Winter Quarter—August 1
- Spring Quarter—November 1
- Health clearance, including immunizations
- Background check
Nondegree course status
Up to 12 units of required core course work may be taken as a nondegree student, with the consent of the instructor, while the application submission and review are in progress. If grades of B or higher are earned, the course work may be applied toward the graduate degree upon acceptance into the program.
Course scheduling
Core nursing courses are scheduled to accommodate the typical working nurse.
Curriculum change
The school reserves the right to update and modify the curriculum without prior notice to maintain currency with standards in health care.
Students in continuous attendance will meet graduation requirements of the CATALOG under which they enter the School of Nursing unless change is necessary to comply with new professional standards.
General requirements
For information about requirements and practices to which all graduate students are subject, the student should consult the Catalog of Loma Linda University, Section II About the University and in Section III, About the Schools, School of Nursing.
Bachelor of Science to Doctor of Nursing Practice:
Clinical Nurse Specialist concentration areas:
Nurse Practitioner concentration areas:
- Family Nurse Practitioner
- Primary Care Adult-Gerontology Nurse Practitioner
- Primary Care Pediatric Nurse Practitioner
- Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner


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My wife fell asleep naked. She is pregnant and her tits are getting bigger day by day. Enjoy the big twat of my wifey on this private video.
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|Photo & Video
|Google LLC
|iPhone, iPad, iPod
YouTube, your way
* Discover videos and channels with recommendations just for you
* Cast videos from your phone to Chromecast, other connected TV devices, and game consoles
* Use playlists to save, organize, and share your favorite tracks
Enjoy endless music
* Find songs you love on your new personalized music homepage
* Launch a YouTube Mix, an infinite playlist of songs with unlimited skips
* Explore the world's music in YouTube's massive music catalog
I love this app it is one of my most used but ever since I got the newest update it won't let me in
Demonetizing, banning, shadow banning YouTube platforms or unsubscribing people without their permission just because they said something that you don't agree with shows just how weak minded you are. This is a public forum and no longer falls under the private ownership label. So the First Amendment Rights of content providers and subscribers should be fully recognized. The folks running YouTube should be ashamed of themselves for attempting to impose their agendas by using shady tactics as mentioned.
When are you guys gonna fix the App crash issue? It's been several days now, and others re suffering with the same issue!?
Every now and again, certain YT videos on chromecast always stops every other second and when i play it without the chromecast and on my phone it plays seamlessly. I don't have a problem with the other apps on chromecast except for YouTube.
Hi today I went on YouTube and it glitched me out many times
Dear Development Team, Please fix issues which I can't open the app after updated newest version. It happened on both iOs 10.3.3 & 10.3.4 (I have 2 iPad, and none of them would worked). Please do it as soon as possible caused I used to watch on Youtube daily. Thank you.
9/10/19 The latest update makes the app close the minute I open it. I see I am not the only one. Do you see these comments? Are you going to fix it?? 1 YR AGO- Today's update for stability just rendered my app unusable. The second a video begins, the app collapses.
They don't care about small creators They are your typical corporate scumbags who care about money and nothing else They strike smaller channels that were not in the wrong whole channels that break violations thrive on the platform Listen whoever is reading this wether it is somebody scrolling through reviews or somebody from YouTube, I hope this opens up your eyes to the truth about an app that was once good, but is now just like every other corporate app
Where this admania will stop? Double ads at the beginning, ads at the end of videos. I started to hate YouTube for there unlimited greediness. Hopefully we'll have real competition soon
The new version of app do not start on iPhone 5 with iOS 10.3.4.


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Dead Panic
Dead Panic is a cooperative strategy board game for 2 to 6 players ages 13 and up.
Players choose a character and make their stand in a remote Cabin, in the center of the board, against waves of the undead that close in from the edges of the board. Ranged weapons let players attack from a distance, but if the Zombies break through the walls, the players will have to fight them hand-to-hand. Items can give the players an advantage, but supplies are limited. If the players can work together and hold out, Survivors will bring the pieces of the radio needed to call for rescue. Once rescue arrives, it's up to each player to leave the safety of the Cabin and make it out alive!


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PNB Scam Pdf – Explained: Punjab National Bank's $1.8 Billion Fraud – India's Punjab National Bank (PNB), the second-biggest public sector lender, stunned the country's financial sector when it announced this week it had discovered fraudulent transactions worth $1.77 billion (about Rs11,400 crore) at a single branch in Mumbai.
- This is the Biggest Scam in the history of Indian banking System .
- This scam Come in light at the time of When indian State Run banks Are Hobbled By Rs 10 trillion Bad Loans In their Books .
- Indian Government recently Gave Rs 88000 Crore Rupees to indian Public Sector Banks Despite bad fiscal Conditions Of Indian Economy.
- The banking sector also faces higher capital requirements by next year to meet new global banking rules known as Basel III.
What We Will Cover In this Article -PNB Scam Pdf – Explained
- About Punjab national bank ?
- About Punjab national Scam And Its Background
- Who Is Nirav Modi ?
- What Is Nirav modi Business ?
- Letter Of Undertaking ?
- How did the PNB fraud come to light?
- Who are the people and companies accused of involvement and what have they said?
- What Is SWIFT Code ?
- What Is Contingent Liability ?
PNB Scam Pdf – Explained: PNB Scam Pdf – Explained: PNB Fraud ,SWIFT Code,LOU,CBS,Terms
About Punjab national bank ?
- Punjab National Bank (PNB) is an Indian multinational banking and financial services company.
- It is a state-owned corporation based in New Delhi, India.
- The bank was founded in 1894.
- As of 31 March 2017 the bank has over 80 million customers, 6,937 branches, and 10681 ATMs across 764 cities
- PNB has a banking subsidiary in the UK (PNB International Bank, with seven branches in the UK), as well as branches in Hong Kong, Kowloon, Dubai, and Kabul.
- MD & CEO Of Punjab national bank – Sunil Mehta
About Punjab national Scam And Its Background -PNB Scam Pdf – Explained
- Nirav Modi and the $1.77-billion PNB fraud Punjab National Bank PNB), the country's second-largest public sector lender, is now in the middle of a ₹11,400 crore transaction fraud case.
- On Wednesday morning, PNB informed the Bombay Stock Exchange that it has detected some "fraudulent and unauthorised transactions" in one of its branches in Mumbai to the tune of $1771.69 million (approx).
- Following the announcement, the share price of the State-owned bank plunged 10%.
- Meanwhile, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) received two complaints from PNB against billionaire diamantaire Nirav Modi and a jewellery company alleging fraudulent transactions worth about ₹11,400 crore, the Press Trust of India reported
- This is in addition to the ₹280 crore fraud case that he is already under investigation for, again filed by PNB.
What was the scam?PNB Scam Pdf – Explained: PNB Fraud ,SWIFT Code,LOU,CBS,Terms
- According to Punjab National Bank's note, a junior level branch official "unauthorisedly and fraudulently" issued Letters of Undertakings on behalf of companies connected to the Nirav Modi group.
- These were Solar Exports, Seller Diamonds and Diamonds R Us.
- The LoUs allowed the companies to get buyer credit – essentially loans meant to be used to buy material that would be imported into India – from foreign branches of other Indian banks.
- In other words, Nirav Modi's companies were allegedly able to get loans in foreign currencies, without offering any security.
- Moreover, the Punjab National Bank note claims that these loans, which are supposed to be used directly to pay for the imported goods, were instead used for other things like paying back other loans taken from other banks.
Who Is Nirav Modi ?-PNB Scam Pdf – Explained
- Nirav Modi, the billionaire in the middle of this controversy, is a luxury diamond jewellery designer who was ranked #85 in the Forbes list of India's billionaires in 2017
- The founder and creative director of the Nirav Modi chain of diamond jewellery retail stores, and is the Chairman of Firestar International, the parent of the Nirav Modi chain, which has stores in key markets across the globe.
- His designs have been worn to the Oscars by 'Hidden Figures' star Taraji P. Henson and to the Golden Globes by Dakota Johnson, among others. Actor Priyanka Chopra is the brand Ambassador.
NIRAV Modi Biodata
- Age – 47 years
- Born – India ,Surat gujarat
- Education – Wharton Business School Dropout
- Occupation – diamond And Jewellery
- Wealth – $ 1.73 Billion
Nirav Modi case: What is LoU, CBS, SWIFT? Know these terms to understand PNB fraud
PNB Scam Pdf – Explained: Punjab National Bank's $1.8 Billion Fraud
PNB Scam Pdf – Explained: Punjab National Bank's $1.8 Billion Fraud
What is LoU?
- Letter of Undertaking is a bank guarantee and is issued for overseas import payments.
- A bank, while issuing LoUs for a client (here Nirav Modi), agrees to repay the principal and interest on the client's loan unconditionally.
- When an LoU is issued it involves an issuing bank, a receiving bank, an importer and a beneficiary entity overseas.
- PNB officials allegedly used their access to SWIFT messaging system (used for overseas transaction) and verified guarantees given on LoUs without taking necessary sanctions.
- As a result, overseas branches of many Indian banks gave forex credit.
What is SWIFT?
- When an LoU is issued, the message of credit transfer is conveyed to overseas banks through the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) system.
- This is a significant information as it gives the bank's consent and guarantee.
- To issue SWIFT, an official has to log in and fill up confidential information such as the account number and SWIFT code.
- It generally has three layers of security – a maker, a checker and a verifier within the core banking system before it is issued.
The SWIFT code is 8 or 11 characters, Example: BBBBUS3MXXX
- BBBB 4 letters: Institution Code or bank code.
- US 2 letters: ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code
- 3M 2 letters or digits: location code
- If the second character is "0", then it is typically a test BIC as opposed to a BIC used on the live network.
- If the second character is "1", then it denotes a passive participant in the SWIFT network
- If the second character is "2", then it typically indicates a reverse billing BIC, where the recipient pays for the message as opposed to the more usual mode whereby the sender pays for the message.
- XXX 3 letters or digits: branch code, optional ('XXX' for primary office)
Where an 8-digit code is given, it may be assumed that it refers to the primary office.
What is CBS?
- CBS refers to Core Banking System where all branches are inter-connected to ensure that the bank customers – regardless of their home branch – are able to operate their account and transact in any of the member branch located anywhere in the world.
- After the advent of this system, a customer is no more customer of a branch, but s/he becomes customer of bank.
- All the transactions are updated real-time.
- So, if you are wondering why the PNB couldn't detect the fraud earlier, it is because the PNB official did not rout the transactions through CBS, which would have given real-time data on transacted business.
What is Department of Financial Services?
- The Department of Financial Services covers Banks, Insurance and Financial Services provided by various government agencies and private corporations.
- It also covers pension reforms and Industrial Finance and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise. It started the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana.
10 questions that emerge from the massive Punjab National Bank-Nirav Modi scam
- If the scam began in 2011, how come the other banks, which were actually lending money to the companies based on fake guarantees, did not tip off PNB by simply demanding their cash earlier?
- If the matter has been on for a few years now, how come the SWIFT log and the core banking system did not throw up a mismatch when books were closed for earlier years?
- Why would the companies go back to PNB and demand LoUs, thereby revealing the scam, if they were acting in connivance with a crooked bank official who had retired by then?
- What did Nirav Modi and his companies actually use the money for?
- Where are the auditors in all of this? Audits should have happened on the PNB side, on the side of the other banks that lent to Modi and on the side of his high-profile companies. How did this remain hidden?
- If the basic systemic loophole with no matching between SWIFT and the core banking system exists in the country's second-largest lender, what is the likelihood that other banks have even more lacunae?
- PNB initially blamed the matter on one junior level officer then made it two, and has eventually suspended 10 people. Considering the sheer scale of the scam, how will it find out how deep this goes?
- PNB has officially claimed that it is likely the scam was carried out with the connivance of other bank officials. This may just be passing the buck, but what are those other banks – and the Reserve Bank of India – going to do about those allegations?
- When was government alerted to the scam? A whistleblower raised questions in 2016, writing to investigation agencies and even the Prime Minister's Office. How come nothing was done?
- If there was prior indication, did the government do anything to prevent Nirav Modi, and other family members or company officials connected to the alleged scam, from leaving the country?
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