text:
For example, the systems that controlled the space shuttle launch vehicle had the requirement of being very fast and very reliable. Therefore, an appropriate real-time computing language would need to be chosen. Additionally, to satisfy the need for reliability the choice could be made to have multiple redundant and independently produced copies of the program, and to run these copies on independent hardware while cross-checking results.
"Controlling software architecture erosion: A survey". Journal of Systems and Software.
Software development Multitude of stakeholders: software systems have to cater to a variety of stakeholders such as business managers, owners, users, and operators. These stakeholders all have their own concerns with respect to the system. Balancing these concerns and demonstrating how they are addressed is part of designing the system.
[4] : 29–31 This implies that architecture involves dealing with a broad variety of concerns and stakeholders, and has a multidisciplinary nature.
A number of methods have been developed to balance the trade-offs of up-front design and agility, [36] including the agile method DSDM which mandates a "Foundations" phase during which "just enough" architectural foundations are laid. IEEE Software devoted a special issue [37] to the interaction between agility and architecture. While in IEEE 1471, software architecture was about the architecture of "software-intensive systems", defined as "any system where software contributes essential influences to the design, construction, deployment, and evolution of the system as a whole", the 2011 edition goes a step further by including the ISO/IEC 15288 and ISO/IEC 12207 definitions of a system, which embrace not only hardware and software, but also "humans, processes, procedures, facilities, materials and naturally occurring entities".
This reflects the relationship between software architecture, enterprise architecture and solution architecture. Architecture viewpoints [ edit ]
The main concern addressed by the systems architecture is then the integration of software and hardware in a complete, correctly working device. In another common – much broader – meaning, the term applies to the architecture of any complex system which may be of technical, sociotechnical or social nature. Enterprise architecture The goal of enterprise architecture is to "translate business vision and strategy into effective enterprise".
[45] Enterprise architecture frameworks, such as TOGAF and the Zachman Framework, usually distinguish between different enterprise architecture layers. Although terminology differs from framework to framework, many include at least a distinction between a business layer, an application (or information) layer, and a technology layer. Enterprise architecture addresses among others the alignment between these layers, usually in a top-down approach.
See also [ edit ]
Mary Shaw and David Garlan of Carnegie Mellon wrote a book titled Software Architecture: Perspectives on an Emerging Discipline in 1996, which promoted software architecture concepts such as components, connectors, and styles. The University of California, Irvine's Institute for Software Research's efforts in software architecture research is directed primarily in architectural styles, architecture description languages, and dynamic architectures.
7 Software architecture erosion
IEEE 1471-2000, Recommended Practice for Architecture Description of Software-Intensive Systems, was the first formal standard in the area of software architecture. It was adopted in 2007 by ISO as ISO/IEC 42010:2007. In November 2011, IEEE 1471–2000 was superseded by ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2011, Systems and software engineering – Architecture description (jointly published by IEEE and ISO).
Com – independent resource of information on the discipline
"Foundations for the study of software architecture" (PDF). ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes.
[42] Requirements engineering entails the elicitation, negotiation, specification, validation, documentation and management of requirements. Both requirements engineering and software architecture revolve around stakeholder concerns, needs and wishes.
This insight has led to substantial research into software architecture knowledge management. [10]
"A Classification of Software Reference Architectures: Analyzing Their Success and Effectiveness".
A software architect does not work in isolation. They get inputs, functional and non-functional requirements and design contexts, from various stakeholders; and provides outputs to stakeholders. Software architecture knowledge is often tacit and is retained in the heads of stakeholders.
Software architecture knowledge management activity is about finding, communicating, and retaining knowledge. As software architecture design issues are intricate and interdependent, a knowledge gap in design reasoning can lead to incorrect software architecture design. [23] [30] Examples of knowledge management and communication activities include searching for design patterns, prototyping, asking experienced developers and architects, evaluating the designs of similar systems, sharing knowledge with other designers and stakeholders, and documenting experience in a wiki page.
Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Recurring styles: like building architecture, the software architecture discipline has developed standard ways to address recurring concerns. These "standard ways" are called by various names at various levels of abstraction.
Common terms for recurring solutions are architectural style, [11] : 273–277 tactic, [4] : 70–72 reference architecture [13] [14] and architectural pattern. [4] : 203–205
"An Introduction to Software Architecture" (PDF).
Software architecture as a concept has its origins in the research of Edsger Dijkstra in 1968 and David Parnas in the early 1970s. These scientists emphasized that the structure of a software system matters and getting the structure right is critical. During the 1990s there was a concerted effort to define and codify fundamental aspects of the discipline, with research work concentrating on architectural styles ( patterns), architecture description languages, architecture documentation, and formal methods.
[2] It functions as a blueprint for the system and the developing project, laying out the tasks necessary to be executed by the design teams. [3]
"What do software architects really do?". Journal of Systems and Software.
Architecture evaluation is the process of determining how well the current design or a portion of it satisfies the requirements derived during analysis. An evaluation can occur whenever an architect is considering a design decision, it can occur after some portion of the design has been completed, it can occur after the final design has been completed or it can occur after the system has been constructed. Some of the available software architecture evaluation techniques include Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method (ATAM) and TARA.
[28] Frameworks for comparing the techniques are discussed in frameworks such as SARA Report [16] and Architecture Reviews: Practice and Experience. [29]
Journal of Systems and Software.
Given the architecturally significant requirements determined by the analysis, the current state of the design and the results of any evaluation activities, the design is created and improved. [24] [4] : 311–326
Quality-driven: classic software design approaches (e. Jackson Structured Programming) were driven by required functionality and the flow of data through the system, but the current insight [4] : 26–28 is that the architecture of a software system is more closely related to its quality attributes such as fault-tolerance, backward compatibility, extensibility, reliability, maintainability, availability, security, usability, and other such – ilities.
Stakeholder concerns often translate into requirements on these quality attributes, which are variously called non-functional requirements, extra-functional requirements, behavioral requirements, or quality attribute requirements.
"On the similarity between requirements and architecture". Journal of Systems and Software.
Software Architecture in Practice, Third Edition.
As software architecture provides a fundamental structure of a software system, its evolution and maintenance would necessarily impact its fundamental structure. As such, architecture evolution is concerned with adding new functionality as well as maintaining existing functionality and system behavior.
) are usually ill-defined, and only get discovered or better understood as the architecture starts to emerge" and that while "most architectural concerns are expressed as requirements on the system, they can also include mandated design decisions". [24] In short, the choice of required behavior given a particular problem impacts the architecture of the solution that addresses that problem, while at the same time the architectural design may impact the problem and introduce new requirements. [43] Approaches such as the Twin Peaks model [44] aim to exploit the synergistic relation between requirements and architecture.
A software architect typically works with project managers, discusses architecturally significant requirements with stakeholders, designs a software architecture, evaluates a design, communicates with designers and stakeholders, documents the architectural design and more. [23] There are four core activities in software architecture design. [24] These core architecture activities are performed iteratively and at different stages of the initial software development life-cycle, as well as over the evolution of a system.
An architecture description language (ADL) is any means of expression used to describe a software architecture ( ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010).
Kruchten's 4+1 view suggests a description of commonly used views for documenting software architecture; [32] Documenting Software Architectures: Views and Beyond has descriptions of the kinds of notations that could be used within the view description. [1] Examples of documentation activities are writing a specification, recording a system design model, documenting a design rationale, developing a viewpoint, documenting views.
A framework is usually implemented in terms of one or more viewpoints or ADLs. Other types of 'architecture' [ edit ]
Ca/sites/default/files/Full%20Text. Pdf
5th Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture (WICSA'05). The Mythical Man-Month – Essays on Software Engineering. Documenting software architecture facilitates communication between stakeholders, captures early decisions about the high-level design, and allows reuse of design components between projects. [4] : 29–35
Software Architecture Knowledge Management. Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York: Springer.
"The role of software architecture in requirements engineering". Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Requirements Engineering: 239–245. "How do you define Software Architecture?".
3 Other types of 'architecture'
"Solution Architecting Mechanism". Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International EDOC Enterprise Computing Conference: 23–32. Separation of concerns: the established way for architects to reduce complexity is to separate the concerns that drive the design. Architecture documentation shows that all stakeholder concerns are addressed by modeling and describing the architecture from separate points of view associated with the various stakeholder concerns.
[12] These separate descriptions are called architectural views (see for example the 4+1 Architectural View Model). The outputs of the analysis activity are those requirements that have a measurable impact on a software system's architecture, called architecturally significant requirements. [27]
Scope [ edit ]
4 Architecture frameworks
"The past, present and future of software architecture".
Software architecture supporting activities are carried out during core software architecture activities. These supporting activities assist a software architect to carry out analysis, synthesis, evaluation, and evolution. For instance, an architect has to gather knowledge, make decisions and document during the analysis phase.
"Architectural Blueprints – The '4+1' View Model of Software Architecture" (PDF).
There is no sharp distinction between software architecture versus design and requirements engineering (see Related fields below). They are all part of a "chain of intentionality" from high-level intentions to low-level details. [11] : 18 Characteristics [ edit ]
Org – website of IFIP Working Group 2. 10 on Software Architecture
[11] : 18
"A general model of software architecture design derived from five industrial approaches". Journal of Systems and Software.
There are two major techniques to detect architectural violations: reflexion models and domain-specific languages. Reflexion model (RM) techniques compare a high-level model provided by the system's architects with the source code implementation. There are also domain-specific languages with a focus on specifying and checking architectural constraints.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Software architecture.
1 Design Related fields
The field of computer science had encountered problems associated with complexity since its formation. [20] Earlier problems of complexity were solved by developers by choosing the right data structures, developing algorithms, and by applying the concept of separation of concerns. Although the term "software architecture" is relatively new to the industry, the fundamental principles of the field have been applied sporadically by software engineering pioneers since the mid-1980s.
Early attempts to capture and explain software architecture of a system were imprecise and disorganized, often characterized by a set of box-and-line diagrams.
"An Introduction to Software Architecture" (PDF).
An architectural pattern is a general, reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem in software architecture within a given context.
Software architecture exhibits the following: According to the Intension/Locality Hypothesis, [41] the distinction between architectural and detailed design is defined by the Locality Criterion, [41] according to which a statement about software design is non-local (architectural) if and only if a program that satisfies it can be expanded into a program that does not. For example, the client–server style is architectural (strategic) because a program that is built on this principle can be expanded into a program that is not client–server—for example, by adding peer-to-peer nodes. Architecture description languages [ edit ] Some treat architectural patterns and architectural styles as the same, [35] some treat styles as specializations of patterns.
What they have in common is both patterns and styles are idioms for architects to use, they "provide a common language" [35] or "vocabulary" [33] with which to describe classes of systems. Motivation [ edit ] "
[9] [31] It entails gathering and associating decision contexts, formulating design decision problems, finding solution options and evaluating tradeoffs before making decisions. This process occurs at different levels of decision granularity while evaluating significant architectural requirements and software architecture decisions, and software architecture analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Examples of reasoning activities include understanding the impacts of a requirement or a design on quality attributes, questioning the issues that a design might cause, assessing possible solution options, and evaluating the tradeoffs between solutions.
" [39]
[16] A number of techniques have been developed to perform such analyses, such as ATAM.
"Introduction to the Special Issue on Software Architecture".
"An ontology for micro-architectural design knowledge".
It also explains how to complement the architecture views with behavior, software interface, and rationale documentation. Accompanying the book is a wiki that contains an example of software architecture documentation.
Journal of Systems and Software.
The viewpoint specifies not only the concerns framed (i. , to be addressed) but the presentation, model kinds used, conventions used and any consistency (correspondence) rules to keep a view consistent with other views.
Software Architecture Knowledge Management:Theory and Practice (eds.
These supporting activities take place throughout the core software architecture process. They include knowledge management and communication, design reasoning and decision making, and documentation.
8 Software architecture recovery


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My Air Conditioner Is Not Turning On? What Can I Do? The weather is finally hot, you go to turn on your air conditioner, and a whole lot of nothing happens. What is going on? What can I check for? Here are a few things to look at before calling for service! The weather outside finally breaks 80 degrees and you look forward to finally kicking that old air conditioner on for the first time of the year. It apparently has other ideas as a whole lot of nothing happens when you go to turn it on. Be sure to check these items before calling for service to possibly save yourself some time and money. Check Your Filter & Outdoor Coil Make sure to check you furnace filter to verify that it is clean enough for air to pass through it. Did you know that the number one cause of HVAC breakdowns is dirt and other buildup? Yep. Also, go outside and check your outdoor condensor unit for any build up of grass and other dirt on the coils of the unit. These fins and coils on your condensor need to be able to breathe in order for your AC to run properly. Is Your Thermostat Set To "Cool"? If your air conditioner isn't turning on, this is the most obvious place to start! Most programmable thermostats have 3 settings: Heat, Auto, and Cool. Make sure your thermostat is set to cooling mode to ensure your air conditioner turns on....Read More
When Was The Air Conditioner Invented? Summers before the air conditioner was invented could be down right miserable for some people! When the summer heat sets in, those who live in areas affected by the temperature understand the importance of air conditioning. It helps make the summer months bearable and even enjoyable for us. It was not always that way. Prior to the invention of the air conditioner, residents in warmer areas of the country had to face the summer heat with just the help of fans and the local swimming hole. The development of the modern air conditioner, however, was an adventure itself. The First Air Conditioner The building blocks for the first air conditioner began back in 1902, thanks to an engineer working for a printing company. Willis Carrier had sought to find a way to prevent heat and humidity from expanding and contracting the paper, thus disrupting the company's work. Carrier developed a way to circulate cold water through heating coils. He was thus able to drop the air temperature down to the appropriate degree within the printing factory. The idea quickly caught the attention of people everywhere. Willis Carrier, 1915In 1914, an air conditioner was first used inside a residence. The Charles Gates mansion in Minneapolis, Minnesota, was the first for this honor. Within the next decade, department stores began to take advantage of the idea, with J.L. Hudson's in Detroit, Michigan, being the first. The following year, movie theaters began to take advantage of the...Read More
Common HVAC Myths Debunked Here are some common HVAC myths that simply aren't true! Myth: The Bigger The System, The Better It Is This one seems like it would make sense at first thought, but unfortunately, it just isn't true. If you end up having a system installed that is too big for your home, it will likely just cycle on and off repeatedly and cause you higher monthly bills. Not to mention, a unit short cycling will drastically reduce it's lifespan. Make sure your system is properly sized for your home and installed by a licensed HVAC professional. Myth: Close Vents In Rooms Not Used To Increase Efficiency: Unfortunately, air flow does not work like this. By closing off vents in your home, you are increasing the air pressure within the duct work which can cause leaks at vent seams. It's always best to keep your vents open and clear from any debris to maximize efficiency. Myth: The Location Of My Thermostat Doesn't Matter False. The location of your thermostat matters a lot actually. If you put it too close to air vents or sunlight, you run the risk of your thermostat giving you false temperature readings and not properly cooling or heating your home. The best place for your thermostat is on an interior wall away from windows and air vents. Myth: Routine Maintenance Is Not Necessary False. Routine maintenance is necessary for you HVAC system just like it is for your car. If you fail have annual...Read More
What Does My Air Conditioner's Contactor Do? The capacitor and contactor work hand in hand to keep you air conditioner running all summer long. AC Power Center Along with the capacitor, the air conditioner's contactor works all summer long to keep power flowing to your air conditioner's most important parts. The contactor is essentially a type of switch that receives a low voltage signal (24V) from your furnace to power on. By creating a magnetic field, it pulls down a piece of metal that will connect both of the higher voltage sides. This closing of the circuit allows electricity to power the air conditioner's fan and compressor motors. Contactors come in generally two different types: single pole and double pole. A single pole contains one magnetic coil that will connect one circuit. A double pole is essentially the same thing but it has two coils and connects two circuits. How To Know If A Contactor Is Bad One of the most classic signs a contactor has gone bad is a loud "chattering" type of noise coming from your outside condenser unit. Without a chattering noise, the best way to diagnose a bad air conditioner capacitor is to use a multi-meter device that measures the flow of electricity. Also, you may notice that some of the contacts on the contactor itself may have become pitted and worn down which happens naturally over time as the contactor ages. The average lifespan of a good contactor can be anywhere from 5-10 years assuming...Read More

subset: commoncrawl


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CHESAPEAKE — A golf course built on 1.5 million tons of coal ash that loses $100,000 a month and is a magnet for headlines about potential environmental contamination might not seem like a property to covet.
Yet for three years, a bitter legal brawl that reached the Supreme Court of Virginia a year ago has unfolded over the ownership of the 216-acre Battlefield Golf Club in Chesapeake, crafted out of fly ash from Dominion Virginia Power's Chesapeake Energy Center from 2002 to 2007.
And the utility itself now could be drawn directly into the fight.
A document filed last week in a lawsuit over ownership of the golf course claims that Dominion — which has spent millions bankrolling much of Battlefield's maintenance, operations and legal fees — engaged in a "conspiracy" to prevent the property from changing hands in an attempt to avoid cleaning up the site.
The allegations were included in an amended complaint filed by Neil Wallace and his Williamsburg-based business Combustion Products Management Virginia, which struck a deal in 2002 with Dominion to use the ash to build the 18-hole course on Centerville Turnpike. The motion to amend the complaint must be approved by the court before Dominion and others can be added as parties to the lawsuit, as Wallace seeks.
In 2006, before the golf course was finished, Wallace signed a contract with MJM Golf LLC to transfer ownership to the group of local businessmen. But Wallace maintains the contract contained a buy-back option if MJM failed to pay the full $700,000 asking price by Jan. 1, 2013.
"We were having some problems," Wallace said. "I had been paid to take the ash. ... I really wasn't interested in owning and operating the golf course."
Wallace sued MJM in 2013 to regain ownership, saying he and others were misled by Dominion's promises that the ash posed no risks to groundwater, human health or neighboring homes and that the controversy over potential contamination from the site, including lawsuits filed against him, Dominion and other parties on behalf of hundreds of neighbors, devastated his business.
"Who would want a golf course that has a half a billion dollar environmental liability and is losing $100,000 a month?" Wallace said. "If I buy it, I can shut it down and force them to remediate it. ... Had they told me about the risk of building that golf course I wouldn't have done it. They knew there were significant risks."
Dominion has been providing as much as $1 million a year or more to cover losses for the struggling golf course, according to depositions in the lawsuit. Robert Richardson, a Dominion spokesman, said that figure is roughly accurate.
The litigation has stunted development of the course, Richardson said, calling the contribution "Dominion's way of being a good neighbor and trying to do the right thing."
Wallace says that if he succeeds, he expects to make some money performing some of the remediation work.
He is also, in effect, seeking to buy another lawsuit, since regaining ownership would allow him to go after Dominion for what he claims was the company's misleading marketing of the safety of using the ash and failing to treat it properly before using it to build the course.
"The golf course in question was sculpted out of 1,500,000 tons of toxic coal ash provided by Dominion pursuant to contract between Dominion and CPM, as well as others," the lawsuit states. "Because the material provided was not inert pursuant to the terms of its separate contract with Dominion, that Dominion and others are in breach and are liable for damages for cleaning and remediating the site, anticipated to cost in excess of $750,000,000."
Wallace's lawyer, Richard S. Phillips, says the $750 million figure is an "extrapolation" from an assessment provided several years ago by an engineer.
In a case that was ultimately dismissed, Wallace also sued Dominion in 2012 over kidney cancer he claimed was related to his work with the coal ash.
"I'm doing this for money. I'm also doing it because my business was destroyed," Wallace said.
Dominion spokesman David Botkins said the company would not comment on "this meritless lawsuit." He said the federal Environmental Protection Agency, the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality and outside consultants "have found no issues with the golf course."
Botkins added that "Dominion is a good corporate citizen and is committed to ensuring that the golf course remains compliant with regulations and succeeds as a business."
After Wallace sued, MJM, the entity that owned the golf course, filed a counterclaim, alleging Wallace's company had failed to adequately cover the ash with topsoil, which required the new owners, with money supplied by Dominion, to spend $2 million to buy, transport and place the dirt.
When the Chesapeake Circuit Court later awarded MJM more than $694,000 in damages, Wallace appealed.
The Virginia Supreme Court reversed the decision last year, finding that the contract held MJM responsible for the final soil cover. The court remanded the case for additional proceedings on "the alleged buy-back option," the opinion says.
For Wallace, that meant the only matter left to settle was the price of the property.
Instead, in February, lawyers for MJM launched an attempt to assert a claim for "equitable redemption" and had $1.2 million, allegedly fronted by Dominion, at the ready to pay Wallace so they could keep the golf course.
Wallace refused and the circuit court determined the claim did not apply to the case. Faced with the prospect of having to sell him the property, what happened next was a maneuver that Wallace calls a bald-faced attempt to thwart his claim to the golf course.
Early this year, the golf course was transferred to another entity called 3G Real Estate Holdings, LLC, via a foreclosure sale, which the court allowed to proceed.
"MJM cannot perform because it does not own the property," MJM attorney Richard H. Matthews told Judge Randall D. Smith in court last week, arguing that the case should be dismissed because the property was now owned by 3G.
That foreclosure sale was a "sham," orchestrated after a Norfolk lawyer named Robert Roussos "reached an agreement with representatives of Dominion to cheat CPM out of its property rights" by forming 3G, which at one time shared a business address with MJM and still includes the same people, Wallace and his lawyer maintain.
"It went to 3G. We knew it would go to Dominion or a surrogate of Dominion and it went to a surrogate of Dominion," Phillips, Wallace's lawyer, told the court. "We know from discovery that the people involved in this collusion, this conspiracy, include MJM. ... It just doesn't get past the nose."
According to the deposition of J. Mark Sawyers, a former managing member of MJM who was also involved in the formation of 3G, Dominion provided the money that allowed 3G to buy the mortgage for the golf course. Asked if the foreclosure was intended to "wipe out CPM's right" to buy back the golf course, Sawyer said, "Yes, I understood that."
After the hearing last week, during which the judge delayed ruling, Roussos asked a reporter to call his office for comment. He did not return a subsequent call.
"I don't think that there's any validity to any position CPM has taken in any litigation filed to date," said Matthews, the MJM attorney. "We expect the ultimate decision of the court to validate that assertion."
In 2012, the city of Chesapeake required the golf course to post notice to golfers that the site contains fly ash.
That was a year after the City Council passed a resolution calling the fly ash "a public nuisance" that should be "remediated and/or removed." The resolution referenced a report by an independent city consultant that found that the ash is "leaching contaminants into the groundwater and that these contaminants are likely to migrate off-site."
Since then, the same consultant's review of the data from monitoring wells shows the initial projections were "gloomier than what the data's been showing," said J. Bryan Plumee, Chesapeake's outside environmental counsel. A boundary ditch on the southern edge of the property appears to be keeping contaminants from moving, he added.
Despite opening to the public nearly a decade ago, the course has no clubhouse or other structures because the city will not issue permits.
"Because of the potential for contamination from the fly ash, the city cannot approve a final site plan for the operation until a remediation plan is submitted and approved by the city," Chesapeake spokesman Mark Cox said.
Since 2010, the golf course has also been subject to a monitoring program overseen by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. Dominion monitors samples from 19 groundwater wells quarterly and submits the results to DEQ as well as an annual report.
DEQ spokesman Bill Hayden said a review of those numbers conducted this year "concluded that some contaminant levels are increasing and some are decreasing in shallow and deep layers of the coal ash used at the golf course."
Those contaminants include heavy metals frequently found in coal ash, which can contain arsenic, mercury, lead, selenium and others, though Hayden said DEQ does not anticipate migration of metals in groundwater.
"We do continue to monitor to make sure no problem develops," Hayden said. "We expect that it's pretty much going to stay in place."
When the course was built, regulations did not require DEQ approval to use coal ash, though DEQ did review the project and had "no problems with it," Hayden said. Asked if DEQ believes the site needs to be cleaned up, Hayden referred to the groundwater monitoring and said the agency will have "ongoing information about where potential contamination lies."
"Under those circumstances, digging the golf course up and then disposing of the coal ash could do more harm than good," he said.
The federal Environmental Protection Agency in 2010 found that metals were not migrating from the course to drinking water wells and pronounced that "there is no evidence that there is a threat to the public or the environment from the fly ash at the golf course." An EPA spokesman said last week that the agency is not contemplating any additional action there, noting that connecting residents who used private wells to public water "mitigated any potential threat to drinking water."
In 2008, Dominion committed up to $6 million to connect residents to municipal water, just before lawsuits were filed on behalf of several hundred residents alleging the ash from the course had contaminated drinking-water wells. Many of those cases have been dismissed, some have been refiled and some are still pending.


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Government of Dubai Media Office Hosts 8th Station of MBRSG 'Future Trip' Programme
The Government of Dubai Media Office (GDMO) hosted the eighth station of the 'Future Trip' programme, an innovative educational course developed by the Mohammed Bin Rashid School of Government (MBRSG) for future leaders of government entities. Participants, who included executives, CEOs, and Director Generals, attended a comprehensive session that discussed the accomplishments and future challenges facing the media sector in Dubai.
The session also shed light on ways of utlising the media as a driver of national development, aligning targets with the aspirations of the UAE's leadership, and building on the success of unique UAE initiatives that have made a mark on the Arab media scene.
Director General of the Government of Dubai Media Office HE Mona Al Marri welcomed the participants and commended the Mohammed Bin Rashid School of Government for setting the bar high for future leaders in attaining excellence and preparedness for the digital age.
Al Marri said: "It is our pleasure to partner with the Mohammed Bin Rashid School of Government to support the development of human capital. Such initiatives play a key role in raising the competitiveness of Dubai in line with the vision of Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum that focuses on empowering future Emirati leaders."
Executive President of the Mohammed Bin Rashid School of Government Dr. Ali Sebaa Al Marri thanked the Government of Dubai Media Office and underlined its role in creating a deeper understanding of media among 'Future Trip' participants, how to read between the lines, and connect the dots to ensure a sound analysis. "It is imperative for future leaders to have the necessary skills to interact with the media, and utilise media to drive sustainable development forward," he said.
"At MBRSG, we strive to prepare generations of leaders who are capable of taking on future challenges and turning them into opportunities for growth and development. Our collaboration with a number of strategic partners offers valuable insights that can help shape a holistic approach in dealing with different challenges," Dr. Al Marri added.
The 8th station of the 'Future Trip' programme held at the GDMO headquarters featured two discussion groups. The first tackled strategic issues concerning the media sector in Dubai. Participants included Mona Al Marri; Majed Al Suwaidi, Managing Director of Dubai Media City, Dubai Studio City, and Dubai Production City; and Jamal Al Sharif, Chairman of the Dubai Film and TV Commission and Managing Director of Dubai Studio City.
The second discussion group shed light on the practical aspects of the media sector. Participants included Ahmed Al Hammadi, Executive Director of the Publishing Sector at Dubai Media Incorporated (DMI); Saleh Lootah, Deputy CEO - TV & Radio Support at DMI; Khadija Al Marzouqi, Editor-in-Chief of Dubai Post; and Salem BelYouha, Director of Media Services at Government of Dubai Media Office.
Mona Al Marri highlighted the progressive vision of His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum as part of which he outlined a roadmap for the growth of the media sector in Dubai in the late 1990s. His Highness issued directives to develop a comprehensive media strategy that aimed to position Dubai as a leading global destination for the media industry. Al Marri also noted the success of key initiatives like the Dubai Press Club (DPC), which after being established in 1999, went on to organise the Arab Media Forum and the Arab Journalism Award, two of the most important events in the media calendar.
Speaking at the event, Majed Al Suwaidi said that the role of Dubai Media City is not confined to providing services to media companies. It helps its clients develop their business models according to the evolving requirements of the media sector.
Talking about the development of digital media, Salem BelYouha shed light on the importance of developing media tools to meet future requirements. He said that technology is the way forward, and that the challenge at hand is to develop sustainable media tools that can be upgraded on a continuous basis. "The media sector needs to embrace the evolutionary power and reach of mobile apps," said BelYouha.
The 'Future Trip' programme takes executives, CEOs, and Director Generals on an educational tour of nine key government entities in Dubai; the Mohammed Bin Rashid School of Government (MBRSG), Dubai Government Human Resources Department, the Executive Council, the Supreme Legislation Committee, Dubai Future Foundation, the Mohammed Bin Rashid Centre for Government Innovation, Smart Dubai, the Government of Dubai Media Office, and Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC).


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|Wojciech Dera, M.Sc., Eng.
Recent publications
|Jenczyk P., Gawrońska M.♦, Dera W., Chrzanowska-Giżyńska J., Denis P., Jarząbek D.M., Application of SiC particles coated with a protective Ni layer for production of Ni/SiC co-electrodeposited composite coatings with enhanced tribological properties, CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL, ISSN: 0272-8842, DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.08.063, Vol.45, pp.23540-23547, 2019
In this paper, the mechanical properties of composites consisting of electroplated Ni and co-electrodeposited SiC particles, coated with a thin protective layer of Ni, were studied. The protective layer was on the SiC particles prior to adding them to the electrolyte bath. It was demonstrated that due to the application of the protective layer it was possible to decrease sliding friction force, and improve the wear resistance, of the composite coatings in comparison with standard electroplated composite coatings made of Ni and co-electrodeposited pure SiC particles. Coating SiC particles with Ni was achieved by means of a PVD process. The main advantage of this step is avoiding oxidation of the surface of the particles during the contact with an electrolyte. Particles protected from oxidation lead to stronger interfacial bonding between the matrix and the reinforcement. Furthermore, better bonding protects the SiC particles from being extracted from the matrix by a counter-probe during friction and wear tests. The influence of the particle's concentration is studied. A smaller friction force and constant wear rate was observed.Keywords:
Wear, Friction, Interfacial bonding strength, Metal matrix composites, Silicon carbide, Electrodeposited nickelAffiliations:
|Jarząbek D.M., Dziekoński C., Dera W., Chrzanowska J., Wojciechowski T.♦, Influence of Cu coating of SiC particles on mechanical properties of Ni/SiC co-electrodeposited composites, CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL, ISSN: 0272-8842, DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.08.271, Vol.44, pp.21750-21758, 2018
In this paper, the study of the mechanical properties of composites consisting of electrodeposited Ni and co-electrodeposited SiC particles coated with a thin Cu layer was presented. It was demonstrated that the coating allowed to increase the concentration of ceramic particles in the composite. Although the plating parameters were the same for both types of composites, the concentration of SiC was 15% for the composite containing coated particles (Ni/SiC-Cu) and 10% for the composite containing uncoated particles (Ni/SiC). Furthermore, tensile tests showed that the Ni/SiC-Cu samples exhibited higher Young's modulus than the pure electrodeposited Ni samples or Ni/SiC samples. The measured Young's modulus of the Ni/SiC-Cu composite was 250 ± 10 GPa. However, the ultimate tensile strength of the Ni/SiC-Cu composite was lower than that of pure Ni. To explain the mechanical behaviour of the Ni/SiC-Cu composite, the microstructure of the interface of this composite and its bonding strength were studied. Microstructure studies conducted using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the SiC/Cu interface was smooth and of good quality whereas the Cu/Ni interface was rough but also of good quality. The measured bonding, normal, and shear strength values demonstrated that the SiC/Cu interface was weak, and that was the main reason for the low ultimate tensile strength of the composite. The shear strength of the SiC/Cu interface was measured using a novel method: micropillars shearing including atomic force microscopy (AFM). Finally, a simple finite element model of the Ni/SiC-Cu composite, based on cohesive elements, was developed.Keywords:
Interfacial bonding strength, Metal matrix composites, Tensile strength, Silicon carbide, Electrodeposited nickelAffiliations:
|Jarząbek D.M., Gwiazda M.♦, Dera W., The Influence of Alkali Metal Chloride Treatments on the Wear Resistance of Silicon Surfaces for Possible Use in MEMS, TRIBOLOGY TRANSACTIONS, ISSN: 1040-2004, DOI: 10.1080/10402004.2017.1296211, Vol.61, No.1, pp.178-184, 2018
The wear of contacting silicon surfaces in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has been a longstanding concern. To address this issue, the effects of immersing silicon surfaces into alkali metal chloride solutions (LiCl, NaCl, CsCl) on their sliding friction and wear were investigated. A custom-built reciprocating tribometer was used with a sapphire ball as the counterbody. Results indicated that the friction coefficient between the silicon surface (p-doped, orientation (100)) and a sapphire ball can be reduced by up to 30% by treating the silicon surfaces in aqueous salt solutions (concentration 1 mol/L, exposure for 24 h). These modified surfaces also have higher wear resistance and a significant change in wettability. After immersion, the contact angle between the silicon surface and water was reduced by approximately 50%. These results may lead to new, simple, and inexpensive methods to increase the wear resistance of silicon surfaces for use in MEMs devices.Keywords:
silicon surface, wear, friction, alkali metal chloridesAffiliations:
|Frąś L.J., Dziekoński C., Dera W., Jarząbek D.M., Piezoelectric bimorph as a high-sensitivity viscosity resonant sensor to test the anisotropy of magnetorheological fluid, REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS, ISSN: 0034-6748, DOI: 10.1063/1.5025123, Vol.89, No.10, pp.105111-1-7, 2018
In this paper, we present a device which is very sensitive for small changes in the viscosity of the investigated fluid. The main part of the device is a piezo-electric bimorph which consists of the brass shim with two piezo-ceramic layers on the opposite sides. One of them is responsible for generating vibrations, whereas the second one is meant to measure system response which is produced by the damping properties of the surrounding fluid. During the experiment, the cylindrical bar is forced to move by the series of sinusoidal waves with different frequencies and at constant amplitudes. The probe is immersed in the fluid and then the amplitude vs frequency and phase vs frequency curves are obtained. Next, one can determine the viscosity according to a proper mathematical model. The resonant frequency is related to the damping coefficient which depends on the viscosity of the surrender fluid and immersion depth of the probe. The coefficients necessary for calculating viscosity are obtained by fitting the resonance curve to the amplitude vs frequency data obtained from the experiment. The device has been applied to study the anisotropy of magnetorheological fluids. The weak anisotropy of viscosity has been observed. The highest value of viscosity was observed in the case of viscosity measurement in the direction orthogonal to the magnetic field and the lowest in the direction parallel to the magnetic field.Affiliations:
|Dziekoński C., Dera W., Jarząbek D.M., Method for lateral force calibration in atomic force microscope using MEMS microforce sensor, ULTRAMICROSCOPY, ISSN: 0304-3991, DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.06.012, Vol.182, pp.1-9, 2017
In this paper we present a simple and direct method for the lateral force calibration constant determination. Our procedure does not require any knowledge about material or geometrical parameters of an investigated cantilever. We apply a commercially available microforce sensor with advanced electronics for direct measurement of the friction force applied by the cantilever's tip to a flat surface of the microforce sensor measuring beam. Due to the third law of dynamics, the friction force of the equal value tilts the AFM cantilever. Therefore, torsional (lateral force) signal is compared with the signal from the microforce sensor and the lateral force calibration constant is determined. The method is easy to perform and could be widely used for the lateral force calibration constant determination in many types of atomic force microscopes.Keywords:
A precise and direct method for lateral force calibration, Inaccuracy equal to approximately 2%, Wedge method is proven to give inaccurate resultsAffiliations:
|Kujawska T., Dera W., Dziekoński C., Automated bimodal ultrasound device for preclinical testing of HIFU technique in treatment of solid tumors implanted into small animals, HYDROACOUSTICS, ISSN: 1642-1817, Vol.20, pp.93-98, 2017
In Poland cancer is the second cause of death overall, and the first before 65. Demand for new anticancer therapies is increasing every year. The main objective of studies on medical and technical aspects of new anticancer methods is to reduce unwanted side effects and costs associated with conventional methods of treatment. Percutaneous (noninvasive) HIFU (High Intensity Focused Ultrasound) technique gives the chance to radically reduce both of these factors. The main goal of this work is automation of HIFU technology for producing thermal damage to the entire volume of a solid breast tumor implanted into a rat mammary gland using the proposed bi-modal ultrasound equipment, enabling the ultrasonic heating of a small volume within the tumor under the ultrasonic imaging control, as well as 3D scanning of the heating beam focus throughout the entire tumor volume. Design of the proposed equipment includes the heating probe of low frequency (about 1MHz), allowing penetration of pulsed focused waves into tissues, and the linear phased array probe of high frequency (from 4 MHz to 10 MHz), allowing visualization of the locally heated area inside the tumor in real time. Automatic 3D scanning of the heating beam focus provides the thermal damage to its entire volume.Keywords:
High Intensity Focused Ultrasound beam, focal volume, tissue damageAffiliations:
List of chapters in recent monographs
|Jarząbek D.M., Dera W., Ceramic Matrix Materials - Materials, Manufacturing and Engineering, Series: Advanced Composites, rozdział: The measurement of mechanical properties of interfaces in ceramic composites, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston, Printed in Germany, 5, pp.77-108, 2016
Conference abstracts
|Fura Ł., Dera W., Dziekoński C., Kujawska T., Evaluation of targeting accuracy of a robotic ultrasound imaging-guided HIFU ablation device for treating solid tumors in small animals, 2019 ICU Bruges, 2019 International Congress on Ultrasonics, 2019-09-03/09-06, Bruges (BE), pp.1, 2019
|Fura Ł., Dera W., Dziekoński C., Kujawska T., Evaluation of influence of ultrasound exposure parameters on necrotic lesions induced in tissues by robotic ultrasound-guided HIFU ablation device, 2019 ICU Bruges, 2019 International Congress on Ultrasonics, 2019-09-03/09-06, Bruges (BE), pp.1, 2019
|Fura Ł., Dera W., Dziekoński C., Kujawska T., Experimental evaluation of the impact of ultrasound exposure parameters on necrotic lesions induced in tissue by a robotic ultrasound-guided hifu ablation device for treating solid tumors in small animals, ISTU 2019, The 19th International Symposium for Therapeutic Ultrasound, 2019-06-13/06-15, Barcelona (ES), pp.1, 2019
|Fura Ł., Dera W., Dziekoński C., Kujawska T., Experimental evaluation of the accuracy of targeting of a robotic ultrasound imaging-guided hifu ablation device for treating solid tumors in small animals, ISTU 2019, The 19th International Symposium for Therapeutic Ultrasound, 2019-06-13/06-15, Barcelona (ES), pp.1, 2019
|Dziekoński C., Jarząbek D.M., Dera W., The investigation of fracture of Silicon nanopillars: study of intrinsic and external size effect., FFW, 7th International Conference on Fracture Fatigue and Wear, 2018-07-09/07-10, Ghent (BE), pp.1, 2018
A material strength depends on its microstructure, which in turn, is controlled by an engineering
|Dera W., Method for lateral force calibration in AFM and its applications, Nanosurf user meeting, 2018-11-05/11-06, Bazylea (CH), pp.1, 2018
Method for lateral force calibration in AFM and its applications.Affiliations:
|Dera W., Dziekoński C., Jarząbek D.M., Manufacturing Method and Characterization of mechanical properties of laminated metal nanocomposites with graded layer thickness, TMS 2018, 147th Annual Meeting and Exhibition, 2018-03-11/03-15, Phoenix (US), pp.1, 2018
|Dera W., Dziekoński C., Jarząbek D.M., Method for lateral force calibration in atomic force microscope using MEMS microforce sensor, 8TH International Colloquium Micro-Tribology, 2017-09-11/09-13, Warszawa (PL), pp.1, 2017
|Frąś L.J., Dziekoński C., Dera W., Jarząbek D.M., The anisotrophy of viscosity of magnetorheological fluid., 8TH International Colloquium Micro-Tribology, 2017-09-11/09-13, Warszawa (PL), pp.1, 2017
|Dera W., Dziekoński C., Jarząbek D.M., Lateral force calibration in atomic force microscope using MEMS microforce sensor, EUROMAT 2017 , European Congress and Exhibition on Advanced Materials and Processes, 2017-09-17/09-22, Thessaloniki (GR), pp.1, 2017
|Dziekoński C., Jarząbek D.M., Dera W., Influence of mode of electrodeposition, grain size on mechanical propertice of electrodeposited nanocrystaline nickel coatings., EUROMAT 2017 , European Congress and Exhibition on Advanced Materials and Processes, 2017-09-17/09-22, Thessaloniki (GR), pp.38, 2017
|Dziekoński C., Dera W., Frąś L.J., Jarząbek D.M., Precise force sensors for micro and nanotensile tests., SolMech 2016, 40th Solid Mechanics Conference, 2016-08-29/09-02, Warszawa (PL), pp.1, 2016
|Dera W., Dziekoński C., Jarząbek D.M., The measurement of viscosity of thin polymer films, SolMech 2016, 40th Solid Mechanics Conference, 2016-08-29/09-02, Warszawa (PL), pp.1, 2016
|Jarząbek D.M., Dera W., Rymuza Z.♦, The measurement of viscosity of ultrathin polymer films, EUROMAT 2015, European Congress and Exhibition on Advanced Materials and Processes, 2015-09-20/09-24, Warszawa (PL), pp.1, 2015
Viscosity is a very important property of thin polymer films used in modern microelectronic technology i.e. in nanoimprint lithography. Hence, in this work we present a method for viscosity of ultrathin polymer films determination. The viscosity is evaluated from the response of the oscillating piezoelectric cantilever at the end of which an indentation probe is mounted (Fig. 1a). When a polymer film is indented, the resonant frequency of the oscillations is changed and the parameters of used model (i.e. Maxwell model) can be identified. The frequency of the oscillations is equal to tens of kilohertz therefore the influence of extremely high deformation velocities can be investigated by means of this method. It is also possible to conduct the experiments in elevated temperature (up to 150 o C). The oscillations direction can be parallel as well as perpendicular to the fil m's surface. The investigated films were made of PMMA. Their thickness ranges from a few nanometers up to 1 micrometer. The results were compared with other methods of the viscosity determination: the investigation of the creep response during nanoindentation, sinus mode nanoindentation and atomic force microscope based techniqueAffiliations:
|Jarząbek D.M., Dera W., Rymuza Z.♦, The measurement of viscosity of ultrathin polymer films, Nanomechanical Testing in Materials Research and Development V, 2015-10-04/10-09, Albufeira (PT), pp.1, 2015
|Filing No./Date
Filing Publication
Protection Area, Applicant Name
|Patent Number
Date of Grant
|Kujawska T., Dera W., Dziekoński C.Bimodalne urządzenie ultradźwiękowe do nieinwazyjnego niszczenia litych guzów nowotworowych u małych zwierzątPL, Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN
|Jarząbek D., Dera W., Dziekoński C.Urządzenie do pomiaru lepkości cienkich warstw materiałów lepkosprężystychPL, Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki PAN


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I bought a car 08/09/19. Having problems
with the dealer about the model. Is there
anyway u can pull up the original listing.
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Nope. There are no ad archives. Next time print out the ad. If you search the VIN it is possible that you could pull up some old ads from other sources.


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Modern three bedroom, two bathroom, fully furnished, self contained apartment with a spacious balcony with a view of the Canals.
Linen, Towels and Bedding provided. Please Note: Beach Towels are not provided
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This property is ideal for 6 people,
There are three bedrooms with the following configurations:
Bedroom 1: 1 x King bed
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Awkward Turtle Card Game for Adults
Awkward Turtle The Word Card Game for Adults [A Party Game]
Brand: da Vinci's Room
Color: Green
Edition: First Edition
- A WORD GUESSING GAME: Like Taboo with that awkward neighbor you had to invite over - Guess the awkward word that is sometimes outright dirty and other times only your imagination will make you cringe.... "Moist."
- EASY TO PLAY, HARD TO WIN: Give clues to get your team to guess the words on your card. 352 Awkward Looking Sounding and Feeling Words on 90 cards makes this a challenging word game
- A GAME FOR LARGE GROUPS: Made for 4+ players split into two teams. You can play with a small group of friends or an entire party.
- YOUR NEXT WHITE ELEPHANT GIFT: Bring the gift of awkward turtle to your next white elephant gift exchange to see who fights over keeping the game you brought.
- BREAK THE ICE: What are the best ice breakers for adults? An easy to play game that involves laughter. If You Love High Brow Humor, This Game is Not For You.
Genre: Party
Legal Disclaimer: Grown-up card-game for adults. Must be 17+ to play.
Publisher: da Vinci's Room
Awkward Turtle is the ice breaker adult party game for people with a crude sense of humor and love for word games.
It's made for small groups or large groups, no matter whether its a Halloween, birthday or regular party.
The rules are simple, with four or more players, divide into two teams. Each team takes turns trying to guess awkward looking, sounding and feeling words from the dictionary that a teammate is describing to them. First team to 30 points wins the game.
Words from the always cringeworthy "moist" to overtly awkward like some body parts which will remain unnamed as well as featuring some words that are just awkward or weird to think about like "cesspool."
da Vinci's Room's Most Popular Board Game/Card Game of 2015 by Sales
Probably the Most Awkward Deck of Cards You'll Ever Own.
Compact box design for easy travel
Made with 90 premium quality cards for durability
Timer not included.
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December 2019 - Think King 3 month course
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25 live, interactive hour-long lessons, twice a week. Regular tasks are set outside of the lessons that support each modules learning; free guides, checklists, and templates to support building towards your own strategy; and online support throughout.
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The ability by micro-organisms developed in landfilled waste totransform phenol, dimethyl phthalate (DMP), aniline, tetrabromophthalic acid (TBPA), 3-chlorobenzoate (CB) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) was investigated using a method modified after ISO 17334. Forty-four solid waste samples from landfills and landfill simulation reactors (LSRs) were used. The LSRs were run over a five-year period and simulated acid and methanogenic landfill conditions. The biodegradability of each aromatic compound (0.5-0. 7 mM) was assayed over 100-200 days. The degradation capacity was monitored both by quantification of the aromatic compounds and by methane analysis
The degradation capacity for the halogenated aromatics was poor or completely lacking by the landfill inocula investigated showing that this kind of compounds might persist in landfill. TCP inhibited both the methanogenic and fermentative micro-flora present in the waste samples, however, in early LSR assays no inhibition was observed. Phenol and DMP was transformed to non aromatic products in most assays. The biodegradation capacity towards these compounds increased over time in the LSR studies i.e. the acid and early methanogenic land fill phases had no or poor degradation capacity. These results indicates that the earlymethanogcnic tlora developing in landfills and landfill simulation reactors is different from the one later established by being less efficient in transformation of aromatic compounds but also less sensitive to aryl halides.
Phenol and other simple aromatic compounds have been found in water leached from landfills, showing that these types of compounds could be either present in disposed waste, or released from it via transformation and degradation processes. Hence, the fate anddegradation potential of such compounds under landfilling conditions is of great concern. Therefore, using micro-organisms from landfills, I have investigated the anaerobic biodegradation of phenol, dimethyl phthalate, 3-chlorobenzoate, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, tetrabromophthalic acid and aniline. The compounds were chosen to represent substrates of potentially important reactions in the transformation and degradation of aromatic compounds. 24 waste samples from landfills and a time series of samples taken over five years from fourlandfill simulation reactors (in all 20 waste samples) were used as sources of microorganisms. The capacity of these waste samples to degrade the halogenated aromatics was poor or completely absent, indicating that halogenated compounds could be more persistent inlandfills than in other previously investigated anaerobic environments. Phenol and dimethyl phthalate were more readily transformed by most landfill samples, but the degradation capacity was poorer in the landfill simulation experiments. Here the unique sampling series showed an increase in degradation capacity with time, indicating that one to two years is needed to allow a micro-flora capable of degrading aromatic compounds to develop. However, the landfill samples showed higher degradation potentials than the simulation reactor samples, even from the later stages.
A more extensive study designed to elucidate the phenol degradation pathway under anaerobic, fermenting conditions is also presented. Here, phenol was for the first time shown to be degraded to non-aromatic products in a non-methanogenic fermenting culture. The endproductsformed were benzoate, acetate and butyrate. The conversion of phenol to benzoate was proved to be an electron sink reaction, used during processes such as degradation of glucose and is a new example of the diversity of compounds that can used as electronsinks/ acceptors in anaerobic environments. The degradation pathway in the studied cultureproceeds via fom1ation of 4-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA and benzoyl-CoA, and the activity of a CoA-transferase which activates 4-hydroxybenzoate was measured.


text: The Roman Colosseum is one of the most popular ancient architectures located in Italy at Rome. It is the most recognizable classical building in Rome. About Roman Colosseum It is the first amphitheatre established in Rome. It can accommodate about 60,000 audiences and has capacity of 10,000 people standing. The design of the colosseum is […]Read More


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Workers' Youth League (Sweden)
(Redirected from Arbetarnas Ungdomsförbund)Jump to navigation Jump to search
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The Workers' Youth League (Arbetarnas Ungdomsförbund, abbreviated AUF) was the youth organization of the Communist Party of Sweden. It was active during 1924-1926.
AUF published Arbetets Ungdom (Youth of Labour).
|This communist youth movement-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
|This article about a Swedish political party is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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Oslo Foodie Classics
Collected by Alexandra Redisch , AFAR Local Expert
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These tried-and-true Oslo restaurants are wide-ranging in style and menu offerings, but always full of locals.
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Seilduksgata 15A, 0553 Oslo, Norway
The Edward Hopper-inspired Nighthawk Diner in funky area Grünerløkka delivers an authentic 1950s American diner feel, complete with pancakes, burgers, and countless cups of joe. They use only organic beef in their patties (apart from the...
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Dronningens gate 27, 0154 Oslo, Norway
"Everyone should afford to eat well and drink fine wine", is Café Bacchus' motto. Sounds good, right? That's just what it is, too! Bacchus serves well made food and local beer and wine. Probably most famous for their cakes, the Kahlua Cake is a...
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Thorvald Meyers gate 59, 0552 Oslo, Norway
Located on Olaf Ryes Plass sits Ryes, a cousin of the Nighthawk Diner (another afar.com highlight). Like the Nighthawk, Ryes also serves American diner food and shakes, and poses as a nightclub after hours. The breakfast burger is apparently the...
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Bryggetorget 14, 0250 Oslo, Norway
Did it get late last night? Do you need carbs? Don't fancy going to Grünerløkka? Beach Club is your only choice. Located on trendy Aker Brygge, Beach Club serves burgers and melts along with heavenly sandwiches. The boho-surfer style décor mixes...
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2, Akersgata, 0158 Oslo, Norway
Since opening their doors in 1997, Brasserie Hansken (The Glove) has been recommended by several foodie guides (Michelin Guide included) and local newspapers. They pride themselves with good solid food made by ambitious chefs who care deeply for...
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Calmeyers gate 6, 0183 Oslo, Norway
Vietnamese soup kitchen Hai Café serves dishes with beef, chicken or sea food, and prides itself on its quick and efficient service. The interior design is simple and under stated, leaving the senses free to focus on the food, which is also priced...
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Karl Johans gate 23B, 0159 Oslo, Norway
Xích Lô is located in the heart of Oslo, in fashionable shopping centre Høyer Eger. The name is pronounced Seek lo, and is taken from the traditional bicycle that Vietnamese use for transport. The people at Xích Lô pride themselves by serving high...
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Rådhusgata 19, 0158 Oslo, Norway
Kafé Celcius is located in one of the older parts of Oslo, not far from Akershus Fortress and Bankplassen. The cheefrul yellow brick building bears witness to a time long gone, and helps to bring a sense of calm to the restaurant. The wide menu...
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Henrik Ibsens gate 36, 0255 Oslo, Norway
French pastry chef Pascal Dupuy has made a name for himself as the macaroon man du jour in Oslo. His patisserie, Pascal, has several brances in Oslo city centre, the nicest one located in Henrik Ibsens gate. They serve lunch and dinner from 11am...
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A contract for difference (CFD) is an agreement for the exchange of the difference in the value of a currency, equity stock, or a commodity product between the times in which the contract is valid. CFD trading is the new, easier, flexible, and far more sophisticated way to invest your capital.
CFD trading is a geared product and provides investors firms like CMC Markets with unprecedented trading leverage opportunities. Designed as a financial derivative, a CFD gives the investor the potential to invest in a wide array of investment tools in a variety of markets. With CFDs, the trader can discover profits by trading on the price movements of securities and indices. It also enables the trader to invest in different market conditions and makes it easier to hedge positions.
CFDs provide a flexible platform for trading in various commodities including foreign exchange. A trader can make profits in two ways – buying a currency when it is expected to appreciate or selling when its value depreciation is anticipated. Forex trading with CFDs allows the trader to consider the buying price as the base price. The trader need not worry about the least or the maximum value of the currency pair. As CFDs are highly leveraged products, the trader can open positions that are almost 20 times the margin money deposited. Sometimes the leverage options can go as high as 500 to 1. One should be wary of opening up highly leveraged positions which may be difficult to cover. It may result in diminishing the initial capital.
CFDs are subjected to an alternative tax treatment as it does not result in the actual acquisition of the underlying instrument being traded. The trader receives only a contract, similar to the futures.
CFD trading is gaining popularity with investors across the world. This is because of the ease and flexibility of operations and the variety of instruments on which a trader can trade with a contract for difference.
CFD Trading – How Can You Profit By Short Selling?
Short selling in CFD trading is a technique to make money when the price of share falls. At this time, you, along with a good broker and trading tool, sell the share and buy it back after some time. This technique gives you a chance to profit from the 'bear' market (when the share market is at its low).
Going 'Long' and 'Short.'
Going long means you buy a share or CFD with an aim to sell it at a higher price. In trading terms, going long means making an upward move. On the other hand, going short means a downward move, which is when you sell a share with the aim of purchasing it at a lower price.
Trading long as well as short positions in the market can provide you a good uniformity in CFD trading. When the market is 'bullish' (at its high), your long position can profit you well, whereas when the market is 'bearish,' your short position comes to profitable use. The consequence is that you get consistent returns, irrespective of market conditions.
Wish to short a stock? Do it by short selling physical shares. This is a simple technique. In short selling, you deal with the share directly. There are other techniques too, but they require you to deal with financial products that are again influenced by the share price. This makes them complex to deal with. You can also sell CFDs over shares.
* In opening a long position, you profit when the share price rises and lose when the share price falls.
* In opening a short position, you profit when the share price falls and lose when the share price rises.
Before entering a short trade in CFD trading, you must know that you sell borrowed shares. You have not acquired their ownership. Your stockbroker holds the proceeds of the trade until you close your trade by buying those shares and returning them. The profit is credited, or the loss is debited from your account.
A large number of stock brokers borrow stocks from big financial institutions that are apt in managing funds and feature a vast and diverse portfolio.
Risks in CFD Trading
When you enter with a short position in the trade, you expose yourself to unlimited risk for loss. This is because, according to theory, the price can rise endlessly, but you can earn a limited maximum profit, which will be in line with your first sale proceeds.
On the other hand, when you enter with a long position in the trade, you enjoy limited risk to the total share cost. Again, as the price can rise endlessly, and so theoretically speaking, you can earn an infinite profit!
What you learn in theory may not always be the case in the real world. However, as you master your CFD trading skills, you would realize that there is a pattern to how the prices rise and fall in the market. Once you catch the tricky pattern of Contracts For Difference, you increase your chances of becoming a millionaire!


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Buy the best you can afford. Good tools will last a lifetime and can be passed down through generations. Here are 88 essential tools for your plumbing tool kit.
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One of a Kind Online Shop is part of the Global Exhibitions Division of Informa PLC
This site is operated by a business or businesses owned by Informa PLC and all copyright resides with them. Informa PLC's registered office is 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG. Registered in England and Wales. Number 3099067.
Sierra Boake
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Originally from a theatre costume background, I moved into the fashion industry as a seamstress and designer. My love of modern design and stylish, functional clothing combined with my love of fantasy inspired me to start
All pieces are inspired by fantasy character archetypes to create stylish and comfortable clothing. Every piece is lovingly handmade in Toronto, Canada.
Lots of natural fibre knit fabrics, as well as some poly blends.
Processing Time: All items are made to order, please allow 1-2 weeks prior to shipping.
Returns: Please contact within 14 days of delivery. Buyers are responsible for return postage costs. If the item is not returned in its original condition, the buyer is responsible for any loss in value.


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Black, Blue & Red Velvet Bow Clips
- Brand: Fashion Tid Bits
Transform a simple hairdo or headband into something a lot sweeter with Black, Blue & Red Velvet Bow Clips! These darling bows are made of velvet fabric with black, blue, and red colors and alligator clips attached to their backs. Add them to scarves, headbands, vests, and more for lots of girly style!
- Length: 2 7/8"
- Width: 3 1/2"
- Thickness: 3/4"
Package contains 3 clips.
Item not available in Hobby Lobby Stores.
Check your local store for availability.
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