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Why was nothing done to stop the majority of the killings during the Rwandan genocide and who intervened and for what reasons in the aftermath?
"[O]n 6 April 1994, President Habyarimana of Rwanda and several top government officials were killed when their plane was shot down by a surface-to-air missile on its approach to Kigali airport. Within hours, members of the Hutu-dominated government, presidential guard, police, and military started rounding up and executing opposition politicians……Once the Tutsi leadership and intelligentsia were killed, the army, presidential guard, and the Interahamwe militia, the youth wing of the ruling Hutu party, began executing anyone whose identity cards identified them as Tutsi"1. An estimated 800,000 people were slaughtered (UN figure). Why was nothing done to save these people?
This is a very important question to anyone interested in International Politics; answering this question will go a long way in explaining the actions of States, especially when it comes to the debated subject of Humanitarian Intervention.
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In 1992, under the then UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros Ghali the 'Agenda for Peace' was introduced. The UN "[w]ould strengthen civil societies in troubled States, foster the integration of ethic groups within countries, support democratic institutions, and protect human rights once a conflict had been resolved"2. The agenda also refined the long-developing UN rational for intervention in intrastate conflict, declaring that gross violations of international humanitarian law compels the international community to take 'all means necessary' to protect the civilian victims of conflict and to enforce peace. So why two years later was the UN going back on this agenda? Why was the UN breaking its word and letting hundreds of thousands of people die?
First I am going to concentrate on the question why the UN failed to prevent and stop the killings. In addressing this question I am going to concentrate on what I believe are the three most important factors; the realist argument that States do not intervene in other States affairs when there is no national interest at stake, the media coverage during this crisis, and what I am going to call the 'Somalia Factor'. I will then conclude why I believe these factors are the most important to discuss in the case of Rwanda. When concluding my points I will link my findings to the three dominant theories in humanitarian intervention, which are, realism, pluralism, and solidarism.
I will explain the reasons behind the genocide, because it obviously happened for a reason. I will then turn my attention to the intervention of the French. I will concern myself with answering the question why the French intervened, and what the implications of Operation Turquoise were. I will then explain the problem caused by the aid agencies, in relation to the collective labelling of refugees. The point of this paper is to discuss and put forward the view that the international community3 did little to save the people of Rwanda and when intervention was agreed and taken there were major implications with their actions.
So to start with, why did the United Nations fail to prevent and stop the genocide, particularly as they already had troops in the country (UNIMAR)?
The realist argument that States do not intervene in other States actions if no national interest is at stake is an interesting one in this case study. It was generally assumed that this argument had been proved wrong when the United States intervened in Somalia in 1992, however because of Rwanda, the realist argument has re-emerged. Realists see the World as it is, not as it ought to be. According to Nicholas J Wheeler one realist argument is that "[u]nless vital interests are at stake, States will not intervene if it risks soldier's lives or incurs significant economic costs"4. Rwanda was an unimportant land mass in the middle of an inferior continent, with nothing to fight for according to most Western politicians at the time. "[A]s far as the political, military, and economic interests of the World's powers go, it [Rwanda] might as well be Mars. In fact, Mars is probably of greater strategic concern"5.
So the first problem for the people of Rwanda is that like it or not, their country is not important in a global sense. The international community therefore had no will to get involved. If this humanitarian crisis had happened in a place of greater strategic importance would the international community have reacted with intervention? This is an impossible question to answer. What is important to us when answering this question is that Rwanda was seen as a country on the periphery and not in the core and that the UN did not intervene. Due to this "[m]any African peoples concluded that, for all the rhetoric about the universality of human rights, some human lives end up mattering a great deal less to the international community than others"6.
There has been a history of violence between the Hutu's and Tutsis in Rwanda, which has evolved from the colonial experience7. However the on going civil war between the RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front) and the Hutu government was drawing to an end and this was signified by the signing of the Arusha Peace deal between the RPF and the government. This led many Hutu extremists inside the government to fall out with the President; Habyarimana was going back on his word. Apparently Habyarimana had been a supporter of the 'final solution', but the signing of the Arusha Peace deal was a contradiction to the aims of the 'final solution'. Not long after the ink dried on the peace deal the Presidents plane was shot down and he was dead.
The UN's failure to quickly intervene inside Rwanda led to the 'final solution' being adopted quickly and murders taking place hours after the death of the President. According to Prunier the Hutu extremists' idea of the 'final solution' was that they would solve both the ethnic problem inside Rwanda, by killing all Tutsis, and the threat of democratisation, by killing all moderate Hutu8. Prunier, goes on to explain that only in such a small, tight, well organised country, like Rwanda could such a plan have any chance of success, and only in a tight, mostly military leadership could possibly carry the 'final solution' off9. Internally the killings were justified by self defence. The organisers of the genocide explained that the Tutsis wanted to destroy the Hutu government; they blamed the assassination of the President on the Tutsis, more specifically the RPF. Therefore killing your Tutsis neighbours and friends was not a murderous act but an act of survival10.
Due to the fact that there was no international will to intervene inside Rwanda, the international community refused to admit it was genocide. The phrase 'acts of genocide' was commonly used. The fear was that if they admitted it was genocide then they would be obliged to act under the Genocide Convention. The international community also described the humanitarian crisis as a renewal of the civil war, which justified them taking no action. Philip Gourevitch, author of We Wish To Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families, explains the international community had no right to call the crisis in Rwanda, civil war, because "[c]ival war involves two or more armies fighting one another……But a genocide is a completely different thing. You often ignore the enemy army to go after the people that you have decided to call the enemy"11 Gourevitch goes on to explain that calling the crisis a civil war was a way of ignoring that, in fact, what was happening was a systematic attempt to eliminate the Tutsi bloodline.
What makes the genocide worse was the fact that the important decision makers of the World knew what was happening in Rwanda, in fact they knew months before, but they still did nothing to prevent this inhuman behaviour. No one can hide behind the phrase "we didn't know". They knew what was going on inside Rwanda, there were peacekeepers that saw the atrocities first hand.
This realist argument can be summed up by the action of France; France did intervene, but only after the majority of the killings had taken place. However Operation Turquoise although justified on humanitarian grounds was and still is strongly criticised as being an action to serve self-interest. Operation Turquoise was suspected of beings implemented to protect French influence in Frencophone Africa12. The French also may have felt partly responsible for the genocide because they have been accused (most recently by the President of Rwanda) of being 'criminally responsible' for arming and training the Interahamwe13.
What is important to note when researching the Rwandan Genocide is that not all of the members of the UN were in agreement. The Czech Republic diplomat, Kovanda, who's family were survivors of the Holocaust, was "[s]o moved by what he heard [from Rwanda] that he appealed to the Security Council to declare that a genocide was taking place"14. The Czech Republic, along with Spain and Argentina wanted the Security Council to condemn the killings as genocide. However this was rejected by three of the more powerful states within the UN, China, the US and Britain. Britain believed the UN would look like a 'laughing stock' if the killings were condemned as genocide but nothing was done. This is how we got the play on words 'acts of genocide'. After the Belgium troops had been murdered the UN started to talk about UNAMIR's future. It was generally agreed that UNIMAR was fulfilling a useless role, because its mandate was extremely limiting.
The UN faced a decision, should UNIMAR be strengthened so it could do a worthwhile job, should UNIMAR be reduced or should UNIMAR be completely withdrawn. Nigeria opposed UNIMAR being completely withdrawn, however not one country, including Nigeria argued for strengthening UNIMAR15. The powerful permanent members of the Security Council argued for little or no intervention and a cut down UNIMAR16 so that's what happened. Even when eight African nations were willing to intervene, with the help and assistance from the US, the discussions were stalled because of the US fear of intervening and losing soldiers. What was happening inside the UN walls was classic power politics, which ended with the more powerful states getting their way.
The 'Media factor' also had implications. This is because of the simple fact that, television coverage increases the public awareness of such events like the genocide in Rwanda, and therefore has a lot to do with creating emotion, which leads to public pressure on domestic governments to act. Before the interventions in Northern Iraq (1991) and Somalia (1992/93), there had been great public pressure to act17. This had a lot to do with the media coverage. However there was not this same kind of public pressure on governments in the case of Rwanda "[e]ven after sustained media coverage of the genocide in late April and May"18. Why was this?
According to Gerard Prunier, in his book, The Rwanda Crisis History of a Genocide, Westerner's knew that the genocide was happening but they could not relate to the news reports, because there were no graphics showing the suffering. It has been stated before that the international community is more affected by famine than to genocide19. If true, why is this? One explanation, supporting Prunier's view is that it is easier and safer to film people who are starving than people who are getting hacked to death with machetes. Therefore in a famine you see the suffering and in genocide you only hear about it. However this could be an over simplification. Prunier, concludes that the lack of 'real' TV coverage later proved to be an important factor "[s]ince in contemporary Western society events not seen on a TV screen do not exist" 20.
I am sure that public pressure to act would have mounted if the people of the World knew what was actually happening in Rwanda, but because they did not then certain members of the UN could turn a blind eye to the suffering.
The major factor was what I call the 'Somalia Factor'. At the end of 1993, eighteen American Rangers on a peacekeeping mission in Mogadishu had been killed, and their bodies dragged through the streets, televised around the World. This was a major blow for the American ego; they believed they were invincible; they therefore underestimated the enemy and had to face the consequences. Somalia was embarrassing for America, the US were their on a peacekeeping mission justified on humanitarian grounds and their men had lost their lives. The slogan "Never again", which was most famously used in the context of the Holocaust and the Genocide Convention (1948), which should have been protecting the people of Rwanda, became the US policy towards humanitarian intervention after Somalia. After Somalia the US threshold for humanitarian intervention was raised. This is an important factor as by this time US influence in international politics was immense.
The memory of Somalia had devastating affects for Rwanda. The US would agree to PDD25, "[W]hich amounted to a checklist of reasons to avoid American involvement in UN peacekeeping missions"21. PDD25 also contained "what Washington called 'language' urging that the United States should persuade others not to undertake the missions they wished to avoid"22. The US position was summed up by the then Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Colin Powell "[I] will not agree to commit American men and women to an unknown war, in an unknown land, for an unknown cause, under an unknown commander, for an unknown duration"23. As the memories of Vietnam clouded the judgment of the US in the case of intervening in Iraq (1991), another Somalia was haunting the decision makers in 199424. All this built up to the Clinton administration arguing that the US had no interest at stake in Rwanda25.
The US fear can be linked to another realist argument. This one is that States do not risk their soldiers to save non-nationals. However the US was not the only State to have this fear; "[o]ne week after the murder of the ten Belgium blue helmets, Belgium withdrew from UNAMIR"26. The UN itself had some fears about intervening in Rwanda because of the fact that "[U]NAMIR had a much more limited mandate than the Somalian mission: it was prohibited from using force, except in self defence, and even for that it was poorly equipped"27.
Therefore "[U]N troops offered little resistance to the killers"28 and they became "[l]ittle more than spectators".29 The international community was turning its back on Rwanda and more importantly Genocide. The International Community seemed to get to a stage where they believed in a 'doctrine' of humanitarian intervention, as long as it did not risk their nationals' lifes. The 'body bag dilemma' started to dictate State's actions when it came to humanitarian intervention.
There are three main theories that explain States actions when it comes to humanitarian intervention, realism, pluralism and solidarism. Realists believe that States should not and do not intervene in other States when there is no self interest at stake, especially when the economic and political costs are high and when there is a chance of losing soldiers. Pluralists believe that international order is more important than international justice, which is linked to the 'morality of States' – States should be desensitized to each others' domestic wrongdoings in the interest of order amongst them, and the egg box analogy – the job of international society (the box) is to separate and cushion the States (the eggs)30.
Therefore both realists and pluralists believe that States should not intervene in other States affairs. On the other hand solidarists believe that in some circumstances humanitarian intervention is justified; the solidarist Michael Walzer is of the belief that humanitarian intervention is justified when it is a response to acts "[t]hat shock the moral conscience of mankind".31 We must be careful that we do not get blinded by the humanitarian intervention argument when self interest and commercial gain could be the real justification, for example the US and Iraq. However as Wheeler argues providing humanitarian benefits are obtained the justification is not important.
The Cold War Period was dominated with the pluralist mindset that order was more important than justice, however with the falling of the Berlin Wall and the end of the bipolar World, soldiarist thinking came to the fore; the US could now spread their influence because they were not being checked. We then had the interventions in the likes of Northern Iraq and the dreaded Somalia. Somalia seemed to transform the World to a realist way of thinking. The deaths of the US soldiers in Somalia ended the period of equality in international human rights, where everyone's basic human rights were seen as on an even par. Another Somalia would have had great domestic implications for the Clinton administration. US citizens do not want to hear about US soldiers dying for some people's human rights in a far off country; they are much more interested in the price of petrol than the human rights of non nationals.
Peacekeeping after Somalia was therefore classified as being an unnecessary risk. When the UN was again tested, with the reports of genocide in Rwanda, this realist mindset dominated the proceedings. No 'Core' countries wanted to risk it. There was therefore a lack of a 'political will' to intervene. Even when General Daillaire claimed that he could stop the genocide with a force of five thousand well armed troops, nothing was done. According to Wheeler "[S]topping genocide requires a willingness to use force and to risk soldiers' lives"32 and this willingness was lacking in the UN Security Council in 1994. So in a way one could say that the Rwandan people became victims of Somalia.
In July 1994 France did intervene in Rwanda. As I stated before, Operation Turquoise has been accused of serving French national interest, which reaffirms the realist belief that there is strong links between self interest and intervention. The French had propped up the one-party Hutu State for 20 years and even provided troops when the RPF threatened to overrun the country in 1990 and 199333. This made Mitterrand, the French President anxious to restore waning French credibility in Africa34.
The UN gave the French a two month mandate "[w]ith the permission to use aggressive force that had systematically been denied to UNAMIR"35. Why had the UN changed its mind about the use of force? Was it because the UN felt guilty for not having intervened earlier? If UNAMIR had been given a similar mandate more Rwandan's would have been saved. This shows the ineffectiveness of the UN to make decisions quickly to save lives.
What were the implications of the French intervention? Gourevitch explains that the Interahamwe, sang and waved French tricolour flags, and carried signs with slogans like 'Welcome French Hutus'. Gourevitch continues to explain that "[H]utu Power brigades draped their vehicles with French flags to lure Tutsis from hiding to their deaths"36. It has also been noted that the French lacked the right equipment to protect so many Tutsis, they therefore could not evacuate all Tutsis in an area and when they returned the Tutsis left behind would be dead37. So with the question of the French motives for intervening inside Rwanda goes the question of the actual effectiveness of their operation. However despite their motives for intervening the French did manage to save lives, but as Wheeler and Bellamy suggest it did come too late38.
According to Reliefweb and MSF, as a result of government instructions, over two million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda to neighbouring countries to avoid reprisals, during the aftermath of the genocide. This caused massive problems for the aid agencies that had come to help. The 'Aid World' came with the intention of helping the people in need, but they did not realise the situation was more complicated than that. Along with the innocent Hutu's fleeing Rwanda were the organisers and operators of the killings. This had major moral implications. Aid agencies were supplying food and shelter for some of the murders. However "[t]he international aid effort construed the Rwandan Hutu refugees as a collectivity, as a 'blur of humanity', which should have no say in its own destiny"39.
As John Pottier explains, in his book, Re-imagining Rwanda, "[T]he labelling may have been business as usual, but the impact went beyond degrading"40. According to Pottier the refugees were not seen as thinking human beings, as professionals, "[a]s people prepared to take an active part in the everyday running of the camps"41, because of this the refugees became heavily dependent on the aid handouts and were hardly given the opportunity for self help policies. This as Pottier states reinforced "[t]he legitimacy of an essentialist stereotyping through which blame for the 1994 genocide was apportioned to 'the Hutu' collective"42. Pottier explains that not all the Hutu refugees were guilty of taking part in the killings, only a few had, but they were all treated as if they had done.
However despite this fact, as late as 1996 there was a fear that these camps "[c]ould trigger a repeat of the 1994 massacre in Rwanda unless the international community helps the country and its neighbours deal with the scars of genocide"43. In 1996, Iain Guest, of ReliefWeb, explained that the "[c]amps are poisoning the entire region. They have enabled the Hutu extremists to collect their strength, filter arms to guerrillas in Burundi, and plant land mines in Western Rwanda"44. MSF also explained that the "[s]ame government officials who incited the Hutu population to genocide with extremist propaganda continue to manipulate the refugees by controlling the flow of information and political discourse in the camp. They talk tirelessly about the victimization of the Hutu people"45. MSF go on to give details about the international aid workers being ill-equipped to confront a crisis of such proportion. "[C]holera and dysentery and dehydration due to lack of water quickly swept through the crowded camps and within one month, an estimated 50,000 refugees died"46.
According to Pottier, it was through the normal procedures, and the ways that the aid agencies dealt with refugees "[t]hat the international aid effort reinforced the nation of globalised Hutu guilt"47. This 'globalised Hutu guilt' became the justification in November 1996 from the RPF to call all the remaining refugees in Zaire, murders. This therefore legitimised the actions of the RPF, going into Zaire and slaughtering most of the Hutu refuges there. UNAMIR did nothing again. "[T]he same leaders who in 1994 had wanted to save the image of the UN at all costs now seemed just as desperate to have an RPF-led 'African solution' whatever the costs"48. This 'African solution' can be described as nothing but murder. According to Pottier "[T]he aid world was self-centred and immoral, which gave the RPF its lever and absolute right to hold the moral high ground" – the refugees in Zaire were seen and portrayed as "one mass of people who spoke with one (extremist) voice"49.
In conclusion, it is obvious that none of the 'core' countries in the UN had any interest in intervening in Rwanda; Rwanda was a little, unimportant State in the middle of civil war. Also there was little media coverage about the killings, the lack of 'real' footage led to limited public pressure for action and the failures of Somalia were hanging over the international community, especially the Americans. The legacy of Somalia had changed the way the international community looked at humanitarian intervention. 'Rwanda' was the result of the soldier's deaths in Somalia. However can we now say that, the reaction to the crisis in Rwanda has changed, like Somalia did before, the international view to humanitarian intervention? Now can the UN afford the international community to ignore genocide? Can domestic governments afford to ignore the signs of genocide again due to increased interest in international relations since September 11th 2001?
The international consensus for justified humanitarian intervention has changed over the years and it will change again in the future. There is no official doctrine for humanitarian intervention, and I am not sure if one will ever exist. States are selfish, they only truly care about their own nationals, so the decision making process is dominated by domestic public pressure and the media. There is always going to be disagreements at an international level, especially when dealing with debatable subjects, such as humanitarian intervention.
The French intervention was taken in self interest, and the success rate of it is questionable due to their lack of equipment and the Hutu's extremist's tactics to lure the Tutsis to their deaths behind the French flag. Also the international aid effort was also questionable, due to the labelling of the refugees. I therefore conclude that the international community, be it the UN or aid agencies, let the people of Rwanda down. The international community was asked to act in 1994 but because of the reasons highlighted in this paper, when intervention finally came it was ineffective. The UN is ineffective due to the power of the veto, the 'image of the State', and national interest, and aid agencies as de Waal argues seem to be more interested in their logo and their 'brand image' than the people they are suppose to be protecting and helping. The UN needs to treat all members' citizens equally and it needs some formal guidelines to sick too when it comes to intervening inside another State, while aid agencies need to fully understand the situation before they intervene.
Rwanda is a classic case study in the way the World works, and it symbolises the realist views of the World. As different States will always have different national interests and opinions it is likely that another Rwanda could happen while the World stands by and watches. George W Bush said in the campaign debates before his election that "[h]e felt it was the correct thing to ignore the genocide in Rwanda and that if there were another similar situation, he would do the same thing"50 , so with this man ruling the World it is more than likely. However, even with this belief Mr Bush still used the UN Security Council's failure to intervene in Rwanda as a justification to go to war with Saddam Hussein and Iraq51. The World is entering a testing time; the international community will again be tested.
1 Holzgrefe and Keohane, Humanitarian Intervention, page 15
2 www.thebulletin.org.
3 by international community I mean the UN and aid agencies.
4 Nicholas J Wheeler, Saving Strangers
5 Phillip Gourevitch, We wish to Inform You that tomorrow we will be killed with our families, Page 149
6Responsibility to protect
7 Gerard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis 1959-1994, History of a Genocide
8 Gerard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis 1959-1994, History of a Genocide
9 ibid
10 ibid
11 www.pbs.org
12 Nicholas J Wheeler, Saving Strangers
13 BBC World
14 Nicholas J Wheeler, Saving Strangers, page 226
15 Humanitarian Intervention
16 ibid
17 Nicholas J Wheeler, Saving Strangers
18 Nicholas J Wheeler, Saving Strangers, Page 238
19 Television Documentary, Biafra- 'fighting a war without guns
20 Gerard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis History of a Genocide, page 274
21 Phillip Gourevitch, We wish to Inform You that tomorrow we will be killed with our families, page 150
22 ibid
23 L R Meluern, A People Betrayed, page 191
24 Holzgefe and Keohane, Humanitarian Intervention
25 Nicholas Wheeler, Saving Strangers
26 Phillip Gourevitch, We wish to Inform You that tomorrow we will be killed with our families, page 150
27 ibid, page 103
28 ibid, page 114
29 Globalization of World Politics, Page 154
30 R. J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations
31 Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars, page 107
32 Nicholas Wheeler, Saving Strangers, page 240
33 Globalization of World Politics
34 ibid
35 Phillip Gourevitch, We wish to Inform You that tomorrow we will be killed with our families, page 155
36 Phillip Gourevitch, We wish to Inform You that tomorrow we will be killed with our families, page 158
37 ibid
38 The Globalization of World Politics
39 John Pottier, Re-imagining Rwanda, Page 131
40 ibid
41 ibid
42 ibid
43 relief web
44 ibid
45 www.doctorswithoutborders.org
46 ibid
47 John Pottier, Re-imagining Rwanda, Page 150
48 ibid
49 John Pottier, Re-imagining Rwanda, Page 150
50 Radio Netherlands website- www.rnw.nl/hotspots/us010823.html
51 Gerald Caplan, How dare Bush invoke Rwanda to justify his war, wwww.commondreams.org/views03/0312-07.htm


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Octane boosters are often seen as magic elixirs to make your car run better. The truth is, though, increasing your octane won't make a huge difference for your car if it doesn't require a higher octane level. When using an octane booster, you should first check to ensure you're buying the correct booster, and then you can add it to your fuel tank to boost the octane level.
Part 1 of 2:
Buying Octane Boosters
1Check your owner's manual for your octane level. Your owner's manual should specify what octane level your car requires. Mixing gas with an octane booster to create a higher octane level than required will not give you a huge power boost. You just need to get it to the required level.[1]
2Look at the rating on the bottle. Most products can only raise your octane level by about 3, meaning you could move from 90 to 93, for instance. A few will raise it higher than that, so be sure to buy what you need.[2]
- Octane is a measurement of how much compression will cause the fuel to "knock." Typically, your fuel doesn't ignite until it's lit by the spark plugs. However, knocking is when the compression causes it to ignite spontaneously. A higher octane level means the fuel can withstand higher compression before igniting, but you really only need the octane level required by your car.[3]
- However, be careful about labels. Some cheaper products put the boost number in points, which is deceiving. If it claims a boost of "3 points" for instance, that actually means it will only raise the octane level by 0.3.
3Use octane boosters for turbocharger engines only. Most of the time, an octane booster isn't going to provide much benefit for a normal car. However, if you have a turbocharger or another similar engine, you may find that an octane booster is beneficial.[4]
4Weigh the cost versus the benefit. Octane boosters can range from $10 USD to $50 USD per bottle. Since a whole bottle is typically used for one tank, that can get fairly expensive. To save money, you may consider only purchasing an octane booster for special occasions, such as a road trip.[5]
5Upgrade your fuel at the pump instead. If you're considering buying an octane booster, you may just want to buy a higher octane gas at the pump. In many cases, it will be cheaper and easier to boost your octane this way. However, if your car needs a higher octane than what's available at the pump, you'll need to buy an octane booster.[6]
6Buy boosters based on your desired octane level. To know how much booster to buy, you'll need to read the back of the package. It will tell you how much of the octane booster you need to raise your gasoline to a certain octane level. There's not a standard amount because it is based on what octane level you want and how much gasoline your tank holds.[7]Advertisement
Part 2 of 2:
Adding the Octane Booster
1Pour the booster into the gas tank. The booster goes into the tank before you add the fuel. Pop off the cap and pour in the amount you need, based on the back of the bottle. This process ensures that the booster will get mixed into the gas properly, as pouring in the gas will stir up the booster.[8]
2Add the gas. Once you've got the booster in the tank, all you need to do is add the regular gas on top of it. Keep in mind that your octane level will be the octane number of the gas you're buying plus the amount the octane booster ups your level. Therefore, if you're buying 93 gas and you add a booster that increases it by 3, your level will be 96.[9]
- Higher octane gas burns more slowly, making it less likely to knock, which is only beneficial if your car needs a higher octane level.[10]
3Use the booster within a year. You'll get the best performance out of the product if you use it within a year. While some boosters will last longer than a year, it goes bad faster when it's not stored in ideal conditions, such as not in its original container.[11]
4Keep the booster in the original container. Some boosters are light sensitive, so it's important that you keep them in the original container. Also, follow any other recommendations on the back of the bottle about storing the mixture.[12]
5Try not to leave the octane booster in your tank for extended periods. When adding an octane booster, it's a good idea to use them up quickly. If you have a car that you don't use much, only add as much as you need for the amount of fuel you're planning to use. Many boosters are ethanol based, and as they sit in your tank, their drawbacks become more of a problem. Buy what you're going to use in the short term, and try to mostly use it up.[13]
- For instance, ethanol isn't as efficient as other types of gasoline, and that becomes worse over time. It's not as efficient because it burns more slowly, causing a slight reduction in the power.
Community Q&A
QuestionWill my car cut off some time after I use it?Community AnswerNo, it shouldn't create any problems with operation of your car. The car should not cut off until you turn the car off or run out of gas.
QuestionWhat is best when you have a 30 gal tank? Do I fill till my gauge reaches 1/2 level?Community AnswerYou should be okay using all of it. I only have a 12 gallon tank on my commuter car, and I've used a full can of seafoam probably once every three months, for about five years now.
Unanswered Questions
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- You can use octane boosters every time you fill up your car.Thanks!
About This Article
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 20,958 times.
- ↑ https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2014/04/11/tech-101-octane-the-facts-and-the-fiction-behind-those-higher-priced-fuels/
- ↑ https://www.garagechief.com/best-octane-booster-review/#respond
- ↑ https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2012/09/octane-ratings
- ↑ https://www.garagechief.com/best-octane-booster-review/#respond
- ↑ https://www.garagechief.com/best-octane-booster-review/#respond
- ↑ https://itstillruns.com/octane-booster-4779644.html
- ↑ https://itstillruns.com/octane-booster-4779644.html
- ↑ http://www.superchevy.com/how-to/car-care/1509-everything-you-need-to-know-about-octane/
- ↑ http://www.superchevy.com/how-to/car-care/1509-everything-you-need-to-know-about-octane/
- ↑ https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2014/04/11/tech-101-octane-the-facts-and-the-fiction-behind-those-higher-priced-fuels/
- ↑ http://www.superchevy.com/how-to/car-care/1509-everything-you-need-to-know-about-octane/
- ↑ http://www.superchevy.com/how-to/car-care/1509-everything-you-need-to-know-about-octane/
- ↑ https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2014/04/11/tech-101-octane-the-facts-and-the-fiction-behind-those-higher-priced-fuels/
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text:
Nowadays spell check is an important part of our writing. How-do-you-spell.net is the place where you can find the correct spelling of attachment and find out the common misspellings with percentage rankings. Here you can even get a list of synonyms for attachment. Checking antonyms for attachment may also be very helpful for you.
Spell check of attachment
Correct spelling: attachment
box, concomitant, romance, taste, devotion, lieutenant, conjunction, relationship, tenderness, bond paper, garnish, bristle, fondness, connect, adhesion, imputation, devotedness, address, fastening, splice, fastener, preference, passion, loyalty, accreditation, consolidation, secondary, chuck, accompaniment, extension, desire, adapter, ASCII art, accoutrement, hamper, alliance, marriage, bail, communion, broomstick, addition, coda, branch, coupling, chemical bond, fealty, acknowledgement, attention line, adornment, blank, adjunct, appliance, mark, appendage, connectedness, piety, penchant, annexe, bit, bounce, endearment, jointure, intimacy, sentiment, holdfast, digital signature, allegiance, amalgamation, abutment, amendment, friendship, blind copy, consort, adoration, option, worship, blame, feeling, affixation, bond certificate, infatuation, supplement, blade, claw, appurtenance, correlation, steadfastness, deference, foot, attribution, adjacency, kinship, wedding, connection, trammel, annex, constancy, regard, companion, faith, junction, juncture, assembly, meeting, awe, oneness, edge, link, sentimentality, integration, fixing, dedication, shackle, idolization, ornament, reverence, synergy, the business end, faithfulness, bail bond, assignment, amorousness, crush, adhesiveness, love, juxtaposition, auxiliary, fond regard, contents, cross-post, admiration, fixture, increase, fastness, union, second, annexation, attach, extra, merger, affinity, credit, addendum, citation, add-on, brother, affiliation, appendix, accessory, application, leaning, combination, commitment, friendliness, association, predilection, dot, affection, bond, troth, love affair, warmth, copy in, liking, adherence, respect, ardor, ascription.
repugnance, falseness, rancor, separation, falsity, whole, allergy, disgust, repulsion, antipathy, hate, essential, disfavor, aversion, estrangement, original, abomination, animosity, necessity, disaffection, disloyalty, abhorrence, faithlessness, revulsion, enmity, hostility, misanthropy, loathing, hatred, perfidiousness, requirement, antagonism, treachery, unfaithfulness, infidelity, dislike, perfidy, total, inconstancy, requisite, alienation.
Examples of usage:
1) But he wisely preferred to quit his apartments under the King's roof,- without, however, breaking the bond of mutual attachment. - "Holbein", Beatrice Fortescue.
2) " Too Late" expresses an attachment as individual as it is complete. - "A Handbook to the Works of Browning (6th ed.)", Mrs. Sutherland Orr.
3) On being examined he affected a disorder in his senses, and said his reason for doing so was his strong attachment to the present Government, and that he thought it was not sufficient that a traitor should merely suffer death; that this provoked his indignation, and that it had been his constant practice for three nights past to amuse himself in the same manner. - "England in the Days of Old", William Andrews.


text:
Year 5 2019 - 2020
Mrs Whiteside
Mrs Button
Welcome to Year 5
Mrs Whiteside and Mrs Button!
SpringTerm 2020
Welcome to Class 5!
Welcome back after the Christmas break. We hope that you had a lovely Christmas and wish you all the best for the new year.
This term is full of exciting learning opportunities and new responsibilities and we can't wait to get started.
Our PE days are Wednesday when we will be going swimming and Thursdays, when we will be enjoying hockey from Formby Hockey Club.
Homework - Maths homework will be given on Friday to be completed by Tuesday morning and English homework will be given on Monday to be completed by Thursday morning.
Keep checking the website for further information and updates.
If you have any questions or queries please don't hesitate to ask. Our door is always open.
Class Five Responsibilities
Class Five will receive spellings on a Friday allowing them to practice for their spelling test on the following Friday.The back of the spelling sheet now includes a place for children to look up and write down the meaning of each word. The completed spelling sheet must be returned to school on Friday mornings.
Children are encouraged to be prepared for each day of school life. P.E. is on a Wednesday and a Thursday. On P.E.days children should come to school wearing their P.E. kit with joggers or shorts , a sweatshirt and trainers.
Purple Mash
St. Jerome's has access to a brilliant online software package called Purple Mash. The children's user names and passwords remain the same and this can still be accessed from home.
To log in simply click on this link: https://www.purplemash.com/sch/stjeromesl37
Enter your details and you should be taken straight to the home page. Here the children can access all the content which covers the entire curriculum. The children are encouraged to use whatever activities they wish and save their work which on approval could be placed on our Class Five Display Board.
The software will be used for homework at different times throughout the year.
Maths web links
Here are a number of links which will be extremely useful for your child concerning Maths. Including websites that we currently use for homework throughout the year.
Topic Web Links
Here are some external website links that are full of information on the topic we are studying at the moment.
Files to Download
Year 5: News items
Language Stars 10.01.20, by Mrs Binns
Stars of the Week 10.01.20, by Mrs Binns
Stars of the Week 13.12.19, by Mr Whiffing
Year 5: Blog items
There are no blog items to display
Year 5: Gallery items
Junior Christmas Lunch, by Mrs Quinn
Junior Disco, by Mrs Quinn
Year 5: Calendar items
Bikeability - Y5, by Mrs Howard
Beach School - Y5, by Mrs Howard
Robinwood Residential Year 5, by Mrs Lyonette


text:
Brian Stanleyellenton, FL (USA)
C-Level Executive (CEO, CFO, etc.)
The Stanley Ventures Corp
Find More Startups Startup
Location: Tampa
Industry: Food Service/Restaurant
Year Founded: 2017
Number Employees: 1-10 people
Business Stage: Growth (profitable)
Entity Type: "S" Corporation
Description: Stanley Ventures has the resources to develop a restaurant growth company. If you have the concept and the funding we can provide everything else. I have been in the industry for 25 years and have held just about every position in a company. Our goal is to lead a franchise to a national brand.
C-Level Executive (CEO, CFO, etc.)
The Stanley Ventures Corp
Find More Service Providers Service Provider
Location: Tampa
Description: We have the resources to develop any type of a growth restaurant concept. We can advise or we can manage the process from beginning to end. We will get you to the point of franchising or we can take a franchise to a national brand. Please call with any questions.
Services Provided:
- Business Planning
- Printing/Signage
- Phone Systems
- Legal
- Accounting Services
- Marketing/Advertising
- Logo Design
- Project Management
- Staffing
- Sales Consulting
- Business Consulting
- IT System Development
- Website Development
- Outsourcing
- Business Insurance
- Website Hosting
- Credit Card Processing
- Search Engine Optimization
- Point Of Sale
- Equipment Leasing


text:
. He never gets enough credit for his bass.
Musically it's a tour de force, that still sounds super heavy nearly fifty years on. I love how it lapses into an almost Latino style beat on the solo and the last verse, it always makes me think of Santana. Paul's bass playing is on another level, I think Abbey Road showcases his finest work.
Ringo shows why he's one of the best drummers in the world. Not showy, but clever, especially in the outro. Oh, the outro! After the spine-chilling 'Yeeeaah' The song just goes to another stratosphere.
If you're gonna play the same riff over and over for three minutes, it had better be a damn good one! A genius song.
Can't believe that hasn't been on there yet. I think I got it!
A real listener, listens to the Author's meaning, not what it tells, but what it shows. It's just a song about wanting a girl who is so deep, that the distress it causes him to lose himself. BTW, many of the assertions made by commenters below are incorrect.
As for the Led Zeppelin comments - my personal thoughts are that LZ was perhaps influenced by the Beatles, but their roots lay more in blues-rock. I do sense a lot of progressive rock in this song (influencing the likes of Yes, ELP, and perhaps Pink Floyd), and "Helter Skelter" predates heavy metal by a few years. But one of the less-noticed trends the Beatles set with the Abbey Road album was that of rock medleys (or "conjoined songs" as I like to call them).
PM continued this trend with Wings in the 70s (Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey, Band On The Run, etc. ), and also don't forget that Derek And The Dominos' "Layla" (1970) is two separate songs joined together.
I want you so bad, it's driving me mad, she's so heavy. No time for clever wordplay or imagery here, just a passionate declaration of love.
I just luv this though, and its one of my fav beatles songs cuz i am a big zeppelin fan And secondly, if you are truely in love with a woman, and you see her, she gets en hypnotizes you every single time, just as the solo.
The LOVE version of this song (with Mr. Kite) is the most amazing sounds I have ever heard. So wicked, so tortured, so delightfully evil. Idk, maybe it was the mushrooms. REGARDLESS, listen to it, Track 10.
Comments: 113
Someone whos complex in personality or philosophical or hard to figure out sorta
"they've lost themselves instead", "I don't know why.
Nobody told you how to unfold your love", "I don't know how.
You were diverted",
But (she's so heavy)
Also, one of the heaviest and most hypnotic songs the Beatles ever did. This thing could've come from Led Zeppelin! Wait, I see something here. "There's a fog upon LA and my friends have lost their way", "and I told them where to go". This is because the solo starts when he sings: 'She's so', as if the solo is what the woman is, you know?
As he enters the recruitment station, the wall is covered with posters of Uncle Sam that say "I WANT YOU", and one of the Uncle Sams leaps out of his poster and begins singing the song. It is a quite surreal scene that features American soldiers carrying the Statue of Liberty across a jungle battlefield in Vietnam, crying "She's so heavy!"
I believe Billy Preston is playing organ. I love playing guitar to this track.
This is also the first track I have ever wanted to plays the bass to. All in all, I think that every aspect of this song proves the greatness and uniqueness of the Beatles music. How many albums could you find to-day with a track like this.
The Beatles had a habbit of hearing certain sounds and going, yeah we can do that too, which of course they could. I doubt Zep (whom I love) took anything from this song. In 1969 Zep was criss crossing the states and their 2nd album was also hitting the stores. It's not like Lennon hadn't heard them, or that Zep needed inspiration.
" sort of sounds like the bass part of "House of the Rising Sun" Does anyone else notice this?
Kind of like the endless loop at the end of A Day in the Life.
It is one of a few songs that does everything right. Lennon had to cut the tape, because his "want" for "you" NEVER ends. Its just keeps going, and going, and going Also, during Johns scream if you listen closely you will here a crackle, and if you listen even closer after the scream you will notice a mumble at around the 3:11- 3:14 mark. Well what I heard was that the crackle was just because John screamed so loud in the mike that it made it crackle, and shortly afterward someone from another studio walked in during the session and yelled "KEEP IT DOWN!!" and it was caught on tape.
If it's true that's a pretty cool story. Sal Bardonia,NY
Cool song
But then again the Moody Blues also used it without knowing what kind of result would be gotten on the song, (oh, my, another mind crunch)Lucky Man was it? You know what? I probably am just too sleepy to know what I'm talking about. Feel free to post corrections to this shabby recollection of mine! haha
The other song the Beatles worked on those same two days was, "The End. "
I was so proud of myself, especially because this is one of the best Beatles songs. It makes you feel like you are going on some kind of trip. And knowing it's the last time the Beatles were all in the studio together makes all the more better.
They put what they had into this last recording, and it shows. From the Beatles early songs to this, they have made quite the transition (and for the better).
I remember being 13 years old, discovering an Abbey Road CD, playing it alone in my room, and becoming completely hypnotized by this song. The sudden ending that goes into those first gentle notes of "Here Comes the Sun" never fails to take me by surprise.
If it wasn't for Paul's amazing bass this song wouldn't be so heavy. Then he gets really melodic in the fills.
Louis, Moyou only have to listen to this song to know what its about. His want for this woman is driving him insane.
Amazing, the same guy made this and 'across the universe' and 'julia'. Thats the great thing about the beatles, they had some of everything.
John Lennon has one of the best screaming voices in rock n' roll and that's really showcased on this track. The last three minutes is especially hypnotic and then you're snapped back into reality when it suddenly comes to a hault "I'm crying,.
I guess it was their big bang finish along with the documentary. Dig?
EXPECIALLY comparing them to Motely Crue.
This song should not be analazed. This song, and everything that the beatles did was so deep that every song was ment to be interpurted differently by the listener to the point of the song being able to relate to the listener in different ways, people always say, oh their lyrics don't make sense. Yes, if you are not phylicophical and cannot think about the song other than in a lyrital manner than yes, it makes no sense.
The Doors are my favorite band and after reading "Five to One," a book about the doors, specifically Jim Morrison most of the songs were made to hit people in different ways, how the songs were made to get people to actually use their brains. Much like what the Beatles whanted people to do. People always say, oh it's cause they were on LSD, possibly yes, but LSD causes the user to use all of their brains instead of the 10% non-intoxicated individuals use everyday, they were thinking deeply, creativly, and songs like "She's so heavy" were a result of this.
It doesn't matter if John wrote it for Yoko or not, he wanted to write it for others to actually hear the words and not just analyze the words, otherwise he would have kept it to himself and not made a song of it. Think about this next time you listen to the song. Please be more wise than to actually compare this movie to the actual beatles. The beatles are not to be put in a box and their songs should not be analyzed and made into a movie. The movie is cool, but only if you don't actually relate the song meanings to this movie.
John most likely would be rolling over in his grave if he knew that people were relating "She's so heavy" to soliders carrying the statue of liberty over a simulated version of what vietnam and everything that went with vietnam was like.
Over the last month or so I have suddenly realized it is not just good.
Took me all these years to click in.
U can be a fan of one band, and appreciate the others too. So what do u mean, when u say that unlike Led Zep, this song has a heart warming chorus?? I guess, u haven't heard enough Led Zep, coz if u would, u would know that there are some great 'Heart Warming' led zep songs. Dont get me?? Try Tangerine, The Rain Song, Thank you, All My Love and countless others and then judge for yourself. Led Zeppelin weren't just about pounding drums and face melting guitars (which i love too), they could get mellow and 'heart warming' when they wanted to. Just like The beatles could get rough and loud. Ok, I'm done now, thanks for your time.
The Beatles are probably the only band (well mabey the doors) who are handsome, and cute, AND beyond amazing singers. I mean come on look at the guy from Aerosmith. He's a good singer but his mouth is the size of a small dog.
He was rated the 5th best Bass Player of all time thats pretty good for a man that could also Play a Mean guitar. He was also rated the 2nd best creator of Bass lines of all time
It's an excellent song, off a great album. One of Rock's greatest lyricist recorded such a gem with so few words.
I mean, come on- give this guy some credit! He is always shut out, and in the background- not many people really give him the appreciation and praise he deserves. Ringo has a NICE voice- I mean, did you NOT like Octopus's Garden? Ringo sang that! I think he has a good voice. His career is also very successful. This song is real great! I LOVE the bass thing that Paul does- I mean, that is SO wicked. This has a real nice jazzy, or more blues type of sound.
But I distinctly remember hearing it in the original 1987 CD release (was JL's "YEAAAAAAHH" recorded just a little too loud for the original master tape?).
I really feel his pain inside when it comes round; as of my fifth listen to my "Abbey Road" CD the sound seems to penetrate a little deeper into my soul each time.
Lennon felt that Yoko's singing was the only thing more addictive than heroin.
What's this about a Walrus? Paul is dead? He looks ok.
Instead, during a playback, John screamed cut it here. Emerick said he, the other Beatles and George Martin were shocked because songs don't just end like that. But Lennon was insistent and that's why it just ends.
Also, Paul disliked this song because of the last two minutes. The "white noise" drowns out the Beatles music, which he thought was an insult to the band. Again, Lennon was insistent on the white noise being really loud and purposely drowning out the music, Emerick wrote.
It was part of Lennon's interest in experimental music such as "Revolution 9" and "What's the New Mary Jane. "
Wonderful song, one of my fav's, (obviously, look at this post) but very under appreciated. Thank you
The song progression,lyrically and musically!!! the beatles is the greatest band of all time.
Let me tell you what your subconscious is hearing when you listen to this song. When the variations kick in, John is saying "I want you," (Yoko) in every which way possible, in every variation. When the lyrics end, there is nothing more to be said. The music continues without lyrics.
John is obsessing about it via the music. The song does not have an ending in the classic sense, but is "cut off," as if the tape ended or someone said "enough already.
It's an excellent job I must say. Lennon often took the leads on selected songs and showed everyone that he could carry some of that responsibility along with George (like Get Back as well). Also, the melow blues chord progressions on this song are great.
Paul's bass part is very creative and exceptional. He's definitely thinking 'out of the box' here.
Anyone know what the "shes so heavy" means
It is a rock song on an album that is not that much rock.
Well just listen to more beatles songs and then you will distinguish the voices.
Yeah, people guessed it was Leso island and they wanted us all to meet there. They quessed Paul was buried there. But Paul looks very much alive to me and there's no such island named Leso. Then there's the back of the Abby Road album,. Hernán Brace yourself, you're about to learn "Something" about the Beatles that few people know.
I love the way it is repetitive. And I know it was written about Yoko and everything, but I prefer Julie Taymor's Across the Universe renidition. Vietnam) and SHE'S (america) SO HEAVY.
This must be 1 of the greatest songs ever.
It reminded me of the beatles very early sound, strait forward 4-peice rock and roll. An old friend had a recording of it and I've lost touch with him. Are any of you familiar with this version and can you tell where I might find it? I just grab my harmonica and play along. It's what a real listener and musician does. "one thing I can tell you is you've got to be free", "come together, come together", "I want you so bad it's driving me mad".
Come together at Haight Ashbury and Also listening to this song in the dark when the songs completely HALTS (when the tape ran out) is a defining SCARY moment.
What wenrt wrong?
It has a great rock groove at the beginning. Then there's the incredibly smooth lead in the middle. And then they layer upon layer the guitar riff/chords at the end.
The windy effect we all hear at the end is the result of all the layering they did with the guitars. The reason it ended so abruptly.
They ran out of tape!!!! Terry, Stoke-on-Trent, England.
" then his voice gets deep,
So what if he's no crooner, he's still more successful and influential, than any of you could hope to be.
Just thought id throw that in there. John understood how that solo had to be used.
You need to connect the dots But that was "soooo long ago",.
"was it just a dream", "seems so real to me". Maybe we should just "let it be". Let's just "Imagine" this world of love and peace, some day "there will be an answer "when all the broken hearted people in the world agree" , "you're asking me will my love grow" " I don't know", "you stick around now it may show".
There's a fog upon LA and my friends have lost their way! That's it!, "BE AT LES". "BE AT los angeLES!", Haight Ashbury. "Come together right now", "Please don't be long", "all you need is love", "we can save the world". Read on:
Hard to say that Yes could have become as big as they did if not for this song.
;) There's something mesmerizing about this song. I like how each Beatle plays in turn, as if they've worked out that this is their last go-'round together so they're giving each other some space.
It is so perfectly scary, yet so brilliant.


text:
Technical Paper
Development and Experimental Validation of a Combustion Model with Detailed Chemistry for Knock Predictions
Aim of this work is to develop a general purpose model for combustion and knocking prediction in SI engines, by coupling a thermo-fluid dynamic model for engine simulation with a general detailed kinetic scheme, including the low-temperature oxidation mechanism, for the prediction of the auto-ignition behavior of hydrocarbons. A quasi-D approach is used to describe the in-cylinder thermodynamic processes, applying the conservation of mass and energy over the cylinder volume, modeled as a single open system. The complex chemistry model has been embedded into the code, by using the same integration algorithm for the conservation equations and the reacting species, and taking into account their mutual interaction in the energy balance. A flame area evolution predictive approach is used to evaluate the turbulent flame front propagation as function of the engine operating parameters.


text:
Wall Street is increasingly nervous about the fate of the proposed merger of
T-Mobile US Inc.
pique Corp.,
while the lawyers of the companies are preparing to present final arguments on Wednesday in defense of their agreement.
Sprint shares are quoted at a discount of more than 40% on the value of the T-Mobile share offering, which now has a value of approximately $ 34 billion after constant gains in the market value of T- Mobile It is the widest gap since the merger of the two cellular providers merged almost two years ago.
The discount has doubled in recent months as the two companies have become entangled in court with a group of state antitrust officials led by California and New York, a sign of growing doubts about the deal.
"The market is becoming more pessimistic," said Ric Prentiss, an analyst at investment bank Raymond James. He said investors are realizing the risk that "if this agreement is not finalized, Sprint will fall quite hard."
The representatives of Sprint and T-Mobile declined to comment.
The states argue that the combination of the third and fourth largest mobile phone operators in the country would harm consumers. They have maintained their opposition to the agreement despite a series of concessions that both the Department of Justice and the Federal Communications Commission took from both companies last year.
Officials from 13 states and the District of Columbia, all Democrats, took the case to trial in December, forcing several high-profile industry executives to testify on the merits of the transaction. US judge Victor Marrero plans to hear the closing statements of both parties on Wednesday morning in Manhattan. I could give an opinion in a few weeks.
Speaking on Wednesday before the court before closing arguments began, New York State Attorney General Letitia James said he hoped the coalition had proven his case and would win.
Either party could appeal Judge Marrero's decision. But the merger agreement has expired, allowing Sprint or T-Mobile to withdraw without paying a fine. The divergent fortunes of the two companies and the current realities of the market could lead companies to renegotiate the terms if they extend the agreement.
When asked if there could be a pattern of state attorney generals involved in the agreements, James said he would work with his counterparts across the country to enforce the law.
"I don't know if it will be a pattern. I just know that the New York state attorney general and other attorney generals across the country will continue to defend the law," he said, adding that the group was operating within its sovereign powers.
Sprint shares ended Tuesday at $ 4.86 and T-Mobile closed at $ 79.80. From Japan
SoftBank Group Corp.
owns more than 80% of Sprint shares while
Deutsche Telekom AG
control T-Mobile. The relatively small number of Sprint shares in the open market has deepened its latest stock fade.
T-Mobile and Sprint have argued that joining forces would create a stronger and more efficient competitor for market leaders.
Verizon Communications Inc.
AT&T Inc.
Many of the benefits come from its holdings of complementary spectrum licenses, which would reduce the combined costs of the company to transmit music, videos and other data to its customers.
Wall Street analysts say T-Mobile could win billions of dollars in market value if it achieves the merger, although it is also considered a relatively safe bet without Sprint. The company added more than one million cell phone subscribers in the fourth quarter, continuing a trend in customer earnings at the expense of competitors.
The T-Mobile merger partner faces a worse prognosis. Sprint has not yet reported the results of the last quarter, but the company has had trouble retaining its most lucrative customers. He has lost money in four of the last five fiscal years.
Share your thoughts
Will investors be better if the merger between T-Mobile and Sprint is allowed to close? Join the conversation below.
Sprint Executive Director
Michel Combes
He testified in December that his company offers "an inferior product" that places it in a "vicious circle" of customer losses and decreased resources. But he and other executives failed to say that the company would disappear in the next two years.
The states challenged the most difficult predictions of the companies during the trial, drawing parallels between T-Mobile's weak balance in 2011, after government opposition forced him to sink a planned link with AT&T, and Sprint's current situation . A recent judicial presentation of the states had a half-full view of their situation.
"With the right leadership and a commitment to innovation, Sprint can follow the precedent of T-Mobile and strengthen its competitive position," the states wrote.
—Sarah Krouse contributed to this article.
Write to Drew FitzGerald at [email protected]
Copyright © 2019 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 87990cbe856818d5eddac44c7b1cdeb8
. (tagsToTranslate) Sprint (t) S (t) T-Mobile US (t) TMUS (t) SoftBank Group (t) 9984.TO (t) Deutsche Telekom (t) DTE.XE (t) Michel Combes (t) crime corporate (t) legal action (t) financial performance (t) ownership changes (t) acquisitions (t) mergers (t) participations (t) corporate actions (t) corporate (t) industrial news (t) news from the states United (t) business in us (t) telecommunications services (t) wireless telecommunications services (t) mobile telecommunications


text:
Website Design for General Tiling
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FITC Amsterdam takes place on February 24-25 2020 in Amsterdam Pakhuis de Zwijger.
FITC Amsterdam is host to the latest and greatest in design, technology and cool shit from all around the globe. Join fellow digital creators and world renowned speakers this February at Pakhuis de Zwijger to learn about design, development, creativity and so much more. This event will leave you inspired, educated and challenged to do something new and set the bar higher. You'll also have the opportunity to connect with people who share your passion – you could very well meet your next business partner, employee or boss.
Who Should attend?
CREATIVES – From artists and illustrators, to filmmakers and animators, plus designers from UI to VFX, FITC Amsterdam will leave you full of ideas to bring back to your personal and professional work.
TECHNOLOGISTS – Learn how to bring your most creative self into your projects from some of the most exciting minds pushing technology forward. From techniques to toolkits to emerging platforms and wearables, you'll walk away inspired by innovative solutions.
EXECUTIVES / MARKETERS – Explore the future of innovation, technology, and creativity through presentations from cutting edge artists, studios, creatives, and technologists from around the world.
Why should you attend
This isn't your ordinary conference. FITC Amsterdam features the world's most innovative, technical and creative talks that will inspire you to pursue your dreams and create your very best work. You'll have the opportunity to meet and mingle with like-minded individuals who have the potential to become key collaborators throughout your career. Connect with people who share your creative passion, whether in the exhibitor hall or at one of the legendary after parties. Who knows, you could meet your next business partner, employee, mentor or boss at FITC.
For more information please visit the event website.


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Alibaba Group is an Iranian technology-oriented and leading tourism holding company with 12 brands and more than 600 staff. Vision of Alibaba Group is to generate wealth through tourism by pivoting technology and transforming organizational culture in Iran. The headquarter is located at Azadi Innovation Factory; the building has a highly modern and dynamic environment as well as a very distinguished architecture. Growth and transformation is easy to explore Alibaba Group; such a context is inherited from confronting real challenges. Staff at Alibaba Group can access generous resources in order to explore their potentials. Alibaba Group is the land of opportunities. We enjoy friendly interactions while making all the decisions collectively. A league of champions and professionals are accompanying Alibaba Group who are bold and ambitious enough to create anything they want. Alibaba Group stands for the future while sky is the limit. It is our duty to transform the quality of people's lives: colleagues, clients and our fellow Iranian citizens. Alibaba Group's 12 brands are as follows: • Alibaba • Jabama • Toosha • Brandist • Altrabo • Simorgh • Medgo • HelloPersia • Neshanet • Sindbad • Nabro • Dobby
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South Africa has summoned the Rwandan envoy in Pretoria over apparently offensive remarks directed at South African International Relations minister, Lindiwe Sisulu.
Ms Sisulu's spokesman told the BBC the remarks were "unacceptable" and "must stop".
Ms Sisulu recently met an exiled critic of the Rwandan leader, angering Kigali.
A senior Rwandan official, Olivier Nduhungirehe, had criticised the meeting on Twitter.
A headline on a Rwandan pro-government website also described Ms Sisulu as a "prostitute", a South African government source told the BBC's Milton Nkosi in Johannesburg.
The story was removed, but the damage was done, our reporter adds.
Ms Sisulu's spokesman, Ndivhowo Mabaya, said that the Rwandan envoy in Pretoria had been told that the tone of comments was unacceptable.
He said the South African High Commissioner in Kigali, George Twala, had also been recalled to Pretoria for consultations.
"It is our commitment to normalise the relations, but we can be more focused without being insulted on social media and the use of undiplomatic language," Mr Mabaya said.
Ms Sisulu told a press conference last month that she had met Rwanda's former army chief, Gen Faustin Kayumba Nyamwasa, in Johannesburg.
She said she was "pleasantly surprised" to hear that Mr Nyamwasa, who has established an opposition party in South Africa, was willing to negotiate a reconciliation deal with his former government.
Gun attack
Mr Nyamwasa has been living in exile in South Africa since 2010, after falling out with Rwanda's President Paul Kagame.
Mr Nduhungirehe, Rwanda's deputy foreign minister, criticised the meeting on his Twitter account, in remarks South Africa said were offensive.
He said that if any South African official wanted to negotiate with a "convicted criminal" who was leading a "subversive movement", they were free to do so but they should "never think" about involving Rwanda in the process.
In 2014, South Africa expelled three Rwandan diplomats in connection with an attack on Mr Nyamwasa's home in Johannesburg.
Rwanda retaliated by ordering out six South African envoys.
Mr Nyamwasa has survived at least two assassination attempts in exile.
Four men were found guilty in 2014 by a South African court over a gun attack that left him with stomach wounds.
Mr Nyamwasa described the attack as politically motivated.
Relations between South Africa and Rwanda also became strained after Rwanda's former intelligence chief, Col Patrick Karegeya, was murdered in a hotel suite in Johannesburg in 2014.
Shortly after the murder, Mr Kagame said: "You can't betray Rwanda and not get punished for it. Anyone, even those still alive, will reap the consequences. Anyone. It is a matter of time."


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Shop for free at CAC's Clothing Center: Regular hours Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday from 10-3pm
Jefferson County Koats for Kids Poster '19
CAC's Clothing Center serves over 9,000 low-income individuals and families each year. We provide seasonally appropriate clothing for school, work, home, as well as job interviews. Many families are living paycheck-to-paycheck and the Clothing Center allows them to stretch their budgets just a little further. The Clothing Center relies on generous donations from the community and over 500 volunteers each year!
- To qualify for the Clothing Center, your income must be at or below 125% of the Federal Poverty Level: View the Federal Poverty Level Guidelines.
- Participants are entitled to shop once per month and receive 1 bag per person in their household.
- Please bring an ID every time you shop. First time shoppers will need to fill our demographic forms for anyone they wish to shop for in their household.
- ID from outside of Wisconsin and USA are accepted.
Valid ID for shoppers includes:
- Driver's License
- State ID
- Social Security Card
- Birth Certificate
- Passport
- School ID
- Forward Card
- Insurance Card
- Medical appointment summaries
- Rental leases


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Pet Services & Supplies
Chicago Cat Nannies
Welcome! Chicago Cat Nannies is comprised of an exceptional group of individuals who currently work, or have worked in Chicago's local veterinary clinics for many years. We provide the perfect solution to your travel concerns by delivering highly qualified in home care for both healthy and recovering
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Chicago Paws
It's easy to feel overwhelmed by all of the training advice available today. At the center of my practice is positive reinforcement, which my experience has shown produces not just the highest results in training but secures and strengthens the bond between people and their dogs. I am confident I can
Chicago IL, 60657
Pet Pros Plus
Dog walking, pet sitting / sitter & sitters (pet vacation care) feed dogs, cats, birds, etc. Walk dogs, supply exercise for and play with your dogs & other pets. Clean bird cages, cat boxes, etc. Water and care for plants (indoors & out) Check your house for security, safety and to prevent problems.
Chicago IL, 60641
Waggin Wheels Mobile Dog Grmng
Doggy Man's Mobile Dog Grooming serves the western area of the San Fernando Valley, California including: Calabasas, Hidden Hills, Woodland Hills, West Hills, Canoga Park, Chatsworth, Porter Ranch, Granada Hills, Northridge, Reseda, Tarzana and Encino. We work by appointment only, this way we can serve
Chicago IL
Central Bark Doggy Daycare
There are those who give their dogs food and shelter, and those who give them so much more. You know who you are. And you're not alone. At Central Bark, the Unkennel, we are as dedicated to your dog's happiness and well being as you are. Since 1997, we currently have dedicated our unparalleled industry
Chicago IL
Dynamic Dogs Training & Behavior
In addition to Jennifer's understanding of dog psychology and behavioral science, her natural ability with animals has given her the capability to be a top tier dog trainer. Since a young age, she's been able to communicate with animals in an extraordinary way. Jennifer's educational background is in
Chicago IL
The Pawfessionals Dog Walkers & Pet Sitters
Do you know what The Pawfessionals Dog Walkers & Pet Sitters does? The Pawfessionals Dog Walkers & Pet Sitters offers in-home pet sitting and dog walking in Chicago, IL. We specialize in: in-home pet sitting, dog walking service, pet sitter, over-night stays in your home, exercise service for your dog,
Chicago IL


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Appliances, lightings, heating and air conditioning, audio entertainment, security and video surveillance, irrigation (you just name it) are capable of being controlled momentarily or on schedule, locally or remotely via your phone from any location in the world.
The ultimate in home security, "ASCA" provides you with a peace of mind against burglary and unwelcome guests. We offer smart sensors to your doors and windows, motion detectors, and video surveillance that you can access straight from your phone at any time. Receive emails or text messages for any events regarding to home security for your information.
Door Lock Control
With "ASCA" Smart Home, you will have full control to your home entrances, garage doors and gates. We use smart and secure locks with touch screens that open with a personal access code. You will never have to worry about losing your house key, or leaving one under the mat or in the mailbox for your family member or friends.
"ASCA" Smart Home has many features vital to the safety of your property. Stay informed via emails or text messages to any changes in your home, such as activation of fire or smoke alarm. Have your gas or water valves automatically shut off in event of water or gas leak. Have your sump pump turned on when flooding. These safety features are excellent not only for cottages and vacation homes that you might visit periodically throughout the year, but also for your primary residence.
Energy Management
Monitoring the use of energy in your home with "ASCA" Smart Home automation has never been easier. Have instant access to your power consumption and hourly / daily / monthly statistics.
Climate Comfort & Weather Forecast
With "ASCA" Smart Home you have easy access to all climate comfort needs in your home. Heating and cooling can be modified with a simple click, no need to get up and manually change the thermostat settings. Remote thermostat control, ventilation, humidity control on single or multi zone HVAC systems, are just some of the features that can be custom added to your home automation experience.
No need for a separate weather app, when you can view forecast straight from "ASCA" Smart Home control panel.
Multimedia & Entertainment
Quickly and easily play music or turn on the radio from all over your house, which means each room or zone can listen to a different audio sources, for example: from TV, CD, DVD, PC or streaming via internet at the same time. For those, who already has an existing home theatre or surround system we can connect it to our "ASCA" Smart Home for the ultimate experience.
Living Comfort
"ASCA" Smart Home gives you the ease to remotely turn light switches on and off. Set the mood for an elegant dinner or bed time reading with access to your light dimmers and scenes selector. Open window shades to start your day, or close them for your child's nap time routine. Put these events on automatic schedule for an even easier experience. For instance, program your porch light to turn on as evening approaches, and turn off at sunrise. As custom to your needs, many smart small appliances (IoT) can also be controlled via your home automation system.
Irrigation System
With "ASCA" Smart Home, we can automate your irrigation system as well, either it is a single or multi zones setup. You will have full convenience of monitoring and adjusting up to 15 zones of your sprinklers remotely from your smart phone. Set up a convenient schedule and have the option for a manual override. Adjust your watering needs for each zone depending on the weather and soil condition to avoid wasting water.
Major Equipment
Tailored to your specific needs, major equipment around the house can be easily controlled by "ASCA" Smart Home system. Have full remote access to your pool equipment, hot tub, and sauna. Turn your pool pump and water heater on to maintain comfort temperature, or turn your sauna heater on prior to your arrival, or likewise turn it off if you're planning a weekend out of town.
Smart Home automation systems from Ascotek simplify your life by allowing your smart phone or tablet to act as a remote control. There are limitless possibilities to what we can customize in your home through the use of smart devices and wireless technology.
Take a quick tour into "ASCA"
Turn your house into a Smart Home
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