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Garuda Upanishad
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Garuda Upanishad or Garudopanishad is one of 108 Upanishadic Hindu scriptures, written in Sanskrit language. It is dedicated to Garuda, the eagle-man mount of the god Vishnu. It belongs to the Vaishnava sect, which worships Vishnu, and is associated with the Atharvaveda.[1] It is considered as "late" Upanishad in terms of dating.[2] The Garuda Upanishad has mantras and charms that are said to cure poison. The text says that its charms can not only prevent and remedy snakebite and the venom, but also poison from any other source like other poisonous animals, weapons and supernatural beings.
The German orientalist Paul Deussen, who partially translated the Garuda Upanishad describes it essentially as a snake-charm dedicated to Garuda, the mount of Vishnu, and the eternal foe of serpents. It serves two objectives: to prevent snakebite and to alleviate the evil effects of the bite. The snake charm was elevated to the status of the Upanishad due to the imminent danger of snakebite in India, where people had to walk in the dark in snake-infested regions or work in fields and forests. Pious people following the dictum of Ahimsa have to resort to snake charm, as for them killing snakes is taboo.[3] The snake charm is similar to the other spells of the sage Bharadvaja, who is said to have taught the Garuda Upanishad charms to his disciples. Bharadvaja's spells are said to prevent or cure infectious diseases, wounds by weapons and carnivorous wild beasts like tigers and bites and infestations by insects and worms. However, snakes feature prominently in these spells due to higher probability and danger of snakebite.[4]
The Garuda Upanishad has 25 stanzas. It begins with a generic prayer to the gods for protection. Garuda, Indra, the sun-god Surya and Brihaspati are invoked for their blessing. The prayer ends with the wish: Let there be Peace.[5] The text declares this knowledge was taught by the god Brahma to the sage Narada. It was passed through successive teachers: Narada, Brihatsena, the god Indra, the sage Bharadvaja. Bharadvaja taught it to his students, who spread it across the world.[3] This scientific knowledge is said to destroy poison in all its forms.[3][6] Then starts the sermon of Brahma to Narada.
The second part is dedicated to the iconography or dhyana of Garuda.[5] A dhyana is the iconographical form of a deity that a devotee must visualize while performing Dhyana (meditation). Meditating on a deity is said to placate the god. The dhyana in the Garuda Upanishad is also replicated in other texts.[7] Garuda is said to be wearing various Nagas (serpent-gods) as ornaments. The Naga vasuki is his sacred thread. Takshaka is his girdle. Padma and Mahapadma are his earrings, Karkota his necklace, Shankha and Gulika his jewels. Other nagas serve him as his servants. Garuda's iconography is consistent with a bird of prey like an eagle or a kite. His body is reddish-saffron. His hips are white, his lower legs golden, his arms long and his shoulders broad. His face is fair. The beak is bluish-dark. The great mount of Vishnu, Garuda, is finally invoked to destroy poison.[8]
The third part is incantations. Garuda is praised as the Lord of birds with allusions to his iconography.[9] He is invoked to annihilate the poison. Then "she" is called to destroy the poison and kills it finally. It is unclear who the feminine pronouns are referring to, possibly the shakti of Garuda. The poison is killed by Garuda's magic, by Indra's thunderbolt weapon (Vajra).[9]
The fourth part is a hymn (stotra) to Garuda. Garuda is exalted. Various parts of his body are compared to Vedic poetic meters like the Gayatri mantra-meter, stomas (division of the Vedas), and sacred texts called Saman.[10]
The fifth part are charms to counter the divine Nagas or their messengers. The charm to counter the Nagas Anantaka (Ananta), Vasuki, Takshaka, Karkotaka (Karkota), Pulika, Shakha(ka), Padma(ka), Mahapadma(ka), Gulika, Kulika, Paundra, Kalika, Elapatraka (Ela) and Nagaka are told. The charm is repeated many times starting with the name of the Naga it counters. The charm which partly appears in the "Incantations" part of the Upanishad. "He moves", referring to Garuda; then "she will do the job, destroy the poison" and the poison is declared destroyed. The destruction of poison is again associated to Indra's weapon (Vajra).[11]
The end of this part states where the charms can be used. Diseases caused by the Nagas as well as wounds by their "venomous beaks, teeth, tusks, limbs and tails"; infestations caused by other poisonous animals like scorpions, spiders, lizards, rats, insects found in places such as houses, forests, fields, mountains, and bites by animals including tigers, dogs, worms and boars are cured by the charm.[11] The text declares that the charm is a remedy for cuts, spits and other wounds by poisonous arrows, swords and other weapons as well as wounds by harmful supernatural beings like Yakshas (nature-spirits), Rakshasas (demons), pretas (ghosts) and bhutas (ghosts).[11] The text emphasizes that poison from any source can be cured by these charms.[11]
The last part of the Upanishad is by tradition the "fruit" of the text, which tells the advantages of the text. One who listens to the Garuda Upanishad on an amavasya (new moon night) is said to immune a person from snake bite for 12 years. One who hears the text and keeps it with him as an amulet is saved from snakebite for life. One who teaches it to eight Brahmins, will be able to cure snakebite by touching the inflicted person with grass, wood or ashes. One who teaches it to a hundred Brahmins, can cure poison by looking the wound. One who teaches it to a thousand can cure it by mere thought.[3][12]
The Garuda Upanishad was first published in 1883 by S. Subrahmanya in Telugu language in Chennai, India and then in 1885 in Albrecht Weber. In 1891, G. A. Jacob published it in his Eleven Atharvana Upanishads. Paul Deussen partially translated it into German and published it in 1897. V. L. Panshikar Shastri published it numerous times in Mumbai in Sanskrit; first edition in 1913. Another version was published by Adiyar Library in Chennai in 1923. While the text is the same in Panshikar Shastri's and Adiyar Library's edition, numbering of paragraphs differs; the Chennai edition is considered more accurate.[4]
- ^ Farquhar, John Nicol (1920), An outline of the religious literature of India, H. Milford, Oxford university press, p. 364, ISBN 81-208-2086-X
- ^ Roshen Dalal (18 April 2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books Limited. p. 478. ISBN 978-81-8475-277-9.
- ^ a b c d Paul Deussen (1 January 1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 663–4. ISBN 978-81-208-1467-7.
- ^ a b Varenne p. 222
- ^ a b Varenne pp. 223–5
- ^ "Garuda Upanishad". vedarahasya.net.
- ^ Chittaranjan Das (1951). Studies in medieval religion and literature of Orissa. Visva-Bharati. p. 86.
- ^ Varenne p. 226
- ^ a b Varenne pp. 226–7
- ^ Varenne pp. 227–8
- ^ a b c d Varenne pp. 228–31
- ^ Varenne p. 231
- J. Varenne (1972). "The Garuda Upanisad". India Maior: Congratulatory Volume Presented to J. Gonda. Brill Archive. pp. 222–31. GGKEY:LHYW0J7RLK8.
External links[edit]
- Garuda Upanishad in Sanskrit


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3Global Effects Research, Pf izer Oncology, New york, NY, USA; 4Massachusetts Standard Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA; 5Memorial Sloan-Kettering Tumor Center, New York, NEW YORK, USA BACKGROUND: In some sort of randomized phase III test of sunitinib vs interferon-alfa Gemcitabine Gemzar in metastatic renal cell carcinoma, better baseline quality of lifestyle has been predictive of longer tactical. Using this dataset, we have developed a novel prognostic tool that establishes a connection between baseline QoL results and median survival time period. Historically, metastatic renal cell carcinoma has been a difficult disease to take care of, because of its resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The development of targeted therapies has triggered more promising clinical effects. Sunitinib malate is an oral multitargeted inhibitor with VEGF receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and several other kinases that is approved for the treatment of advanced RCC as well as imatinib-resistant/intolerant gastrointestinal stromal tumour. In a randomized, multicenter, stage III trial, sunitinib showed superior progression-free survival across interferon-alfa as first-line mRCC treatments; in addition, median entire survival (mOS) using sunitinib was 42 a long time. Various clinical factors such as haematological and inflammatory guns, site and number of metastases, performance status, tumour stage, time between prognosis and treatment, and previous surgery have been completely investigated to determine their ability to predict tactical in patients with mRCC.
These factors have been useful to categorize patients into risk groups to aid clinical trial design and also the tailoring of treatment ways of optimize outcomes. However, several studies have evaluated baseline standard of living as a predictor of survival. Using interim data from the sunitinib phase III trial mentioned above, we formerly showed that higher baseline QoL standing were associated with enhanced PFS. Using final data from the sunitinib stage III trial, we have now developed a novel prognostic application that converts baseline QoL results into median duration involving PFS and OS within patients treated with sunitinib. That phase III study people comprised 750 patients X18 years with histologically confirmed mRCC with a component of clear-cell histology. Key eligibility criteria included: no previous systemic therapy for RCC; measurable disease, Far eastern Cooperative Oncology Group effectiveness status 0 or 1;masitinib VEGFR-PDGFR together with adequate hepatic, renal, and cardiac function. All patients provided written informed approval. As described previously, tumor imaging was performed with screening, on day 28 of cycles 4 and cycles thereafter, whenever progression was suspected or to confirm response, and at the final of treatment. Tumour response was assessed by investigators as per Response Evaluation Criteria with Solid Tumours. PFS was defined as the time from randomization to first documentation of objective tumour progression or death due to any cause.
Patients have been followed off-study every 2 months for survival. QoL had been measured at baseline applying all available data with the following patient-reported questionnaires: that Functional Assessment of Melanoma Therapy Kidney Symptom Index (FKSI)- 15 product, which measures symptoms associated with kidney cancer such as feel fatigued, I have been short of breath, you are bothered by fevers, I have tried blood in my urine, and rates the severity of each one item; its nine-item diseaserelated signs (FKSI-DRS) subscale; Crizotinib c-Met inhibitor the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy General ; and its several subscales. Higher scores indicated better outcomes. Weibull models were used to establish a relationship involving baseline QoL score and median survival time. These models were applied separately to your sunitinib and IFN-a arms, and OS and PFS were analysed as separate final results. In order to estimate 95% confidence intervals for any between-treatment differences in estimated median survival times, 50 000 bootstrap simulations have been performed. Akaikes information requirement, a measure of goodness of fit, where reduced values indicate a better fit, was used to recognize the QoL instrument which provided the best predictive power for median survival time. Additionally, Imatinib a Kaplan Meier estimation method was used to perform sensitivity analyses as a result of forming, for each QoL measure, three tertile groups on QoL scores of approximately equal size, and estimating for any group the median OS time and median PFS time period, as well as as a result of examining the entire Kaplan Meier curve for any group across the QoL results. In addition, the survival selling point of sunitinib relative to IFN-a increased with worsening baseline kidney signs;

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The Reverberator - Penguin Random House Common Reads
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First Edition Thus; First Printing. Very Good in boards. Spine is slightly cocked. Owner name to half title page. One-volume first edition published in London, but a proper second edition of 3, copies published in June , following the issue, two-volume edition. Very good to fine.
First Edition. Very Good. Blue cloth, gilt-stamped lettering on spine, ornately gilt-stamped border at head of spine and along top edge of front board; 12mo; pp. Cloth rubbed and a touch faded on upper board; spine tips and corners bumped and a little frayed; tiny snag in the cloth on front board; ownership signature on verso of FFEP, otherwise internally bright and clean. London and New York: Macmillan and Co, Second edition, American issue.
Like many of James' novels, "The Reverberator" chronicles the adventures and misadventures of American innocents abroad. It opens with the visit to Paris of two young sisters who give an unfortunately forthright interview to a reporter working for "The Reverberator. Henry James is one of the greatest of American writers, and his literary techniques continue to be influential.
Born in New York, the son of a theologian and brother of the well-known philosopher William James, he was educated at Harvard and in Europe. The interplay of American and European values and attitudes is the theme of many of his complex and thoughtful novels. He eventually settled in London, where he became a British citizen shortly before his death.. Publisher's original blue cloth with gilt titling and decoration. Half title with ink ownership inscription, "Kate D. Wilson, Jan.
James Hart, Baltimore, 26 Feb. Spine slightly rolled, tiny snag at top of backstrip and one at bottom, light rubbing to small portions of the joints and extremities, but still a nearly fine copy, the cloth and gilt especially bright, the hinges solid, and the text with virtually no signs of use. He eventually settled in London, where he became a British citizen shortly before his death. Seller: Phillip J. Ships with Tracking Number! May not contain Access Codes or Supplements.
May be ex-library. Buy with confidence, excellent customer service! The Reverberator Henry James Cambridge University Press. London and New York: Macmillan, Dark blue cloth ruled in blind, lettered and decorated in gilt, black endpapers.
The Reverberator
A little leaned, page edges yellowed, nick and minor rubbing to spine ends and outer corners, else fine and bright, inner hinges not cracked. BAL First US issue. Gilt decorated blue cloth, first single volume edition, issued the same month as the London two volume edition. This copy from the library of Mary Cadwalader Jones , mother of renowned landscape architect Beatrix Farrand. The verso of the front free endpaper is initialed "M. July, " and Beatrix Farrand's bookplate is affixed to the front pastedown endpaper. Jones and Farrand were long time friends and correspondents with the author.
James' letters to Jones now reside in the Harvard University Library. First US edition.
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Top edge dusty, mild scuffing to covers, light wear to spine ends, gift inscription to half-title page, else about very good. Original gilt decorated blue cloth, octavo, pp. The London edition was published earlier the same year. BAL noting 2 different sheet sizes, this the larger of the two. Seller: Chanticleer Books Published: Condition: Top edge dusty, mild scuffing to covers, light wear to spine ends, gift inscription to half-title page, else about very goo Edition: First US edition.
The Reverberator. NY: Grove Press, [].. First edition, limited edition.. Spine sunned, else near fine in paper-covered boards with gilt-lettered cloth spine. No dust jacket. One of numbered copies. Introductory note by Simon Nowell-Smith. An uncommon issue of this early Grove title. Edition: First edition, limited edition. Second Ed. Publisher's Cloth, Gilt. According to the new James bibliography by David J. Supino, "Henry James: A Bibliographical Catalogue of a Collection of Editions to ", published Spring that substantially expands and amends Edel and Laurence, this copy is the second edition, American issue, variant A, as follows: "Binding: blue-diagonal-fine-ribbed cloth.
The front cover is decorated with elaborate frieze design in gilt at the top and three rules in blind at bottom. The back cover is decorated with four rules in blind across top and three rules in blind across bottom. The 'o' in 'Co. The endpapers are of black coated paper, and the text is printed on wove paper.
All edges are trimmed. Others have noted these dimensional differences, although Edel and Laurence do not identify variants: the Supino bibliography is the first to do so. A very well preserved copy in near fine condition. London: Macmillan, First one volume edition. MacMillan and Co. Octavo, pp Publisher's blue cloth, trimmed in gilt, coated black endpapers.
Very good. Seller: Adrian Harrington Rare Books. Second Edi. According to a new James bibliography by David J.


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It probably didn't surprise too a lot of people that Christina Walker, whose mother founded a school, is an education entrepreneur.
"During school, people kept asking me if I was going to be a Instructor," Walker stated. "And although I brushed it aside at the moment , I did minor in education at Stanford and after graduation, sure enough, I went to the classroom," she explained.
With Casandra, Walker reconnected after a run teaching in Connecticut Stewart, a former Stanford classmate and her eventual founder, that was only leaving a stint in enterprise capital. It was 2015. They had an idea. They understood parents were searching to get out-of-school learning and enrichment activities for their children. And they understood that teachers were looking for additional income. Connecting them seemed like a natural thought.
"It kind of worked," Walker said. "But we were unable to scale"
But when they partnered with an elementary school, it struck them. "We watched these parents and PTA groups take with this monumental responsibility of finding and coordinating these after school activities," Walker stated. "They have been bringing them , apps like karate and communicating, and advertising them and we saw the demand and the pressure mounting with scheduling, record keeping, safety. Parents desired it, but it was a nightmare to manage."
Seeing the pain factors, Walker and Stewart pivoted from conducting their Own after college classes to building the stage to handle them and relaunched their service, Homeroom, one year ago. It was a simple idea — help parent groups locate, manage and book after college activities and assist parents locate them, pay for them and keep track of them.
"We began the new version with just nine schools, giving the Software away," Walker said. "Forty-five days later the parents in these schools had spent $500,000 on the activities," she explained. "People just didn't understand what was going on."
The demand, Walker says, is enormous — a $22 billion market. "It's Actually bigger than that, because that doesn't count kids on wait lists," she said. "One course we had, jump rope, sold out 32 spots in 27 seconds," she said. "It's magnificent."
And that demand is fueling rapid growth. A year later starting With nine schools, Homeroom is currently in some 60, across 25 districts in seven states — Washington, California, Colorado, Texas, Virginia, Illinois and New Jersey. Their biggest application, in Seattle, offers 53 after school classes weekly. Parents at one school spent $121,000 on just ten weeks-worth of courses. "We hope to process 10,000 enrollments in another six months," Walker said. "That is four times what we processed past August," she said.
The advantage for parents and college groups was the first benefit — Eliminating the need to repeatedly enter things like allergies and birthdays, for instance. But secondary benefits are materializing too. With Homeroom, activity providers can easily expand their reach and action organizers can comparison shop, enhancing quality and reducing prices.
"If an origami course starts at one college, the vendor has to turn Around and locate different schools — then ask about the legal requirements, leasing fees, insurance requirements, which can differ," Walker stated. "It was a true barrier to entry, and it retained some of the greatest classes, the best experiences from dispersing." Homeroom, she says, has that information for many of their partner schools, which makes the courses almost instantly available, greatly expanding the instruction experience market.
But origami? Yes. By making the offerings easy to Discover and classes More accessible, schools using Homeroom are offering classes from origami and jump rope to clay producing and Harry Potter studies.
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From a company perspective, the model seems clear — raise capital and expand. Homeroom recently closed a seed round of $3.5 million and, Walker states, will last to make the software and app free for colleges. "We will unlock a nice revenue stream in the fall," she says.
Having a Marketplace that large and demand so large, a revenue flow may not Be too difficult to discover. In reality, it might feel like an ocean. And that Probably puts Walker precisely where people thought she'd be but not in a Classroom but in tens of thousands of them, all at once.


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An Informed Future?
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Chris Targett
19 April 2016
As Careers Management Professionals and Educationalists working together, we are the bastions of truth. We are there to ensure that students are aware of all of their options, from School Leaver Schemes through to Sixth Form, Further Education, Higher Education and Apprenticeships, as well as entrepreneurial activities. We show them the theoretical paths they can take; which options may lead to which areas of work and the lifestyles they can aspire to beyond this.
What we also seek to do is show students how malleable and changeable the careers landscape is. In this way, when contemplating their potential paths they can see which ones are on a broad thoroughfare and which (metaphorically speaking) are limited, narrow or close to a cliff edge. In this way our students are informed of the potential risks, can prepare for them and own them. For example, if they know that a particular path is going to be risky they pack the proverbial parachute or safety harness, unless they (as some people do) prefer such journeys without the safety net, which remains their choice.
Knowing and being informed about the careers landscape is important, as without this individuals cannot prepare for the potential pit falls practically and psychologically. However, being given an inaccurate map of the landscape is more of a hinder than help as potentially it is highly damaging and could lead individuals down the wrong path.
Yet within the mass media some quite contradictory maps of the UK careers landscape are provided. Consider these two contradictory statements from the UK Government, both published in 2014: "Creative Industries worth £8million an hour to UK economy" and "Arts subjects limit career choices". Both statements are backed up with labour market statistics and from a seemingly trustworthy source. How can a student make an informed choice, and how can their parents or carers help assist them in this, when faced with a metaphorical map which curls itself in knots?
To ensure that students are informed we must help them, and those looking after them, to learn the difference between propaganda and fact. We need to support students so they are able to read between the lines and can access objective labour market information (LMI) to build an informed picture of the actual labour market, as opposed to an imaginary one built through misinformation.
We must also assist students in understanding how narratives of potential career pathways and possible barriers add meaning to the LMI and how these can be used by various agencies, to steer or lead their thinking. Learning to compare one careers narrative with another is useful in making an informed choice, for example, imagine you are going for a walk in the woods and you ask two friends what they think of your potential route; their personal opinion or bias will dictate how they interpret the path ahead for you. If they have an ulterior motive this may affect what they advise you if it suits their purpose or agenda.
If we take the latter of the two earlier quotes, further details can be found in a longer interview between Nicky Morgan and Sir John Sorrell, Chair of the Creative Industries Federation, and John Kampfner, CEO. In the dialogue more detail and facts are unpicked which round out the headline statements and the articles which appeared with them. It is so important for students to dig deeper to gain a more insightful understanding.
It is this interpretation of the careers landscape, through narratives combined with LMI data, which we must remain objective about and assist our clients with learning how to research. We must provide access to a variety of useful, unbiased and comprehensive sources of LMI which they can use as a sounding board to compare information they may find from other more biased sources. We must also provide students with a balanced narrative in our own careers conversations with them. Otherwise there is the risk that we will not be equipping our students with the necessary tools to be able to make an informed decision beyond their immediate option choices in Years 8 or 9, 11 and Post 18.
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In North America, a bowl game is one of a number of post-season college football games that are primarily played by teams from the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision. The term "bowl" originated from the Rose Bowl Stadium, site of the first post-season college football games. The Rose Bowl Stadium, in turn, takes its name and bowl-shaped design from the Yale Bowl, the prototype of many football stadiums in the United States. In turn, the NFL's "Super Bowl" is a reference to college football bowl games.
Prior to 2002, bowl game statistics were not included in players' career totals and the games were mostly considered to be exhibition games involving a payout to participating teams, which had to meet strict eligibility requirements. As the number of bowl games has grown (in 2010, in terms of team-competitive games, there were 35), a bowl game has become a season-ending event for virtually every team with a non-losing record and the games have gained increased importance for the revenue they bring to participating programs and the opportunity to recruit new players to the teams. In recent years, the term "bowl" has become synonymous with any major American football event, generally collegiate football with some significant exceptions (such as the Super Bowl). One example is the Iron Bowl, a nickname given to the annual game between the University of Alabama Crimson Tide and the Auburn University Tigers.
The use of the term has crossed over into professional and collegiate Canadian football. A notable example is the annual Banjo Bowl between the Winnipeg Blue Bombers and Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS) plays two semi-final "bowl games" before the Vanier Cup national championship game. The Uteck Bowl is normally played between the Atlantic Division Champion and the champion from another division. It is usually held at the venue of the easternmost team playing in the semi-finals. The Mitchell Bowl is played at the westernmost team's venue participating in the semi-finals.
Read more about Bowl Game: History, Professional Bowl Games
Other articles related to "bowl game, bowl, game, bowl games":
... This includes five Bowl Championship Series (BCS) game appearances and one appearance in the BCS National Championship Game ... As of completion of the 2011 bowl season, the Hokies have been invited to a bowl game every year since 1993, a 19-year active streak that is the sixth longest all-time streak and the third longest presently-acti ... League draft picks have played for Virginia Tech in bowl games, including two first-overall selections Bruce Smith and Michael Vick ...
... From 1998 through 2000, MicronPC sponsored the MicronPC Bowl, a post-season NCAA Division I college football bowl game played at Pro Player Stadium in ... In 2000, the bowl was renamed the MicronPC.com Bowl to emphasize the company's Internet presence ... Before and after the sponsorship of MPC Computers, this bowl game was known as the Humanitarian Bowl its name was changed to the Famous Idaho Potato Bowl in 2011 ...
... The annual championship game of the British American Football Association National Leagues is known as the Britbowl ...
... The Military Bowl (fully named Military Bowl presented by Northrop Grumman, previously known as the EagleBank Bowl and known in planning stages as the Congressional ... The game was originally sponsored by Washington-area financial institution EagleBank ... defense contractors, became its sponsor in 2010, it was renamed the Military Bowl ...
... 1952 Alabama Crimson Tide football Orange Bowl, W 61–6 vs ... Stadium Legion Field Ladd Stadium Cramton Bowl Seasons « 1953 ... » 1952 SEC football standings Conf Overall Team W L T W L T #2 Georgia Tech 7 – 0 – 12 ... – 0 – 0 ... The Crimson Tide went to its first bowl game in five years, against Syracuse in the Orange Bowl, and destroyed the Orangemen 61–6 ...
Famous quotes containing the words game and/or bowl:
"Lyke as a huntsman after weary chace,
Seeing the game from him escapt away,
Sits downe to rest him in some shady place,"
—Edmund Spenser (1552?1599)
"Clearly, some time ago makers and consumers of American junk food passed jointly through some kind of sensibility barrier in the endless quest for new taste sensations. Now they are a little like those desperate junkies who have tried every known drug and are finally reduced to mainlining toilet bowl cleanser in an effort to get still higher."
—Bill Bryson (b. 1951)


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Mack Anthem
rossco4653 posted a topic in ArchiveDoes anyone see the Mack truck line coming into ats officially through ScS I would sure love cruising in the Mack anthem
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Getting out of cab
rossco4653 posted a topic in ArchiveSo do you guys ever think there will be option to get out of the cab. To maybe connect airlines (suzzies) manually and raise trailer legs this would be pretty cool I think Evan if there was a box so you can't go to far from truck. Would be a good to get out the truck tho
Scania T cab
rossco4653 posted a topic in ArchiveDo you think Scania will ever liscence SCS to allow them to use the Scania T Cab in MP or single player with out the mod I think it would be a great element in the game. Or maybe Evan the Renault T range but I heard Renault T maybe Evan coming yet what don't you think BTW I know Scania have no say on the Renault T I didn't want to create a whole new topic on Renault T
Reporting timer when reporting a player
rossco4653 posted a topic in ArchiveI have noticed that some people just defy the rules and just do what they want, like overtaking on C-D road, cause accidents, drifting and hitting people deliberately, but when you report these individuals after 10 or so minutes the report just times out with no action taken may just be me but the timer should be extended or just put in a queue for the mods to look at. anyone else agree?
Wear and tear damage in trucks and trailers?
rossco4653 replied to Nidos's topic in Archiveto be honest i noticed the same thing but i think it has been implemented for a while now, or thats what i got told anyway


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Tzippori (Hebrew: צִפּוֹרִי, ציפורי), also known as Sepphoris, Diocesaraea (Ancient Greek Διοκαισάρεια) and Saffuriya (Arabic: صفورية, also transliterated Safurriya and Suffurriye) is located in the central Galilee region, 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) north-northwest of Nazareth, in Israel.[1] It lies 286 m above sea level and overlooks the Beth Netofah valley. The site holds a rich and diverse historical and architectural legacy that includes Assyrian, Hellenistic, Judean, Babylonian, Roman, Byzantine, Islamic, Crusader, Arabic and Ottoman influences.
In later Christian traditions it is believed that the parents of the Virgin Mary, Anna and Joachim, were natives of Tzippori.[2]
Notable structures at the site include a Roman theater, two early Christian churches, a Crusader fortress that was renovated by Daher el-Omar in the 18th century, and upwards of forty different mosaics.[3]
After the end of Judaea, following the Bar Kokhba revolt of 132–135, Tzippori served as a center of Jewish religious and spiritual life in the Galilee and took in many Jewish refugees; remains of a 6th-century synagogue have been uncovered in the lower section of the site. In the 7th century, the town came under the rule of the Arab caliphates like much of the rest of Palestine. Successive Arab and Islamic imperial authorities ruled the area until the end of the first World War I, with a brief interruption during the Crusades.
Until the eviction of its inhabitants by Israeli forces in 1948-1949,[4] Saffuriya was an Arab village. The Israeli moshav Tzippori was established adjacent to the site in 1949. The area occupied by the former Arab village was designated a national park in 1992. Moshav Tzippori falls under the jurisdiction of Jezreel Valley Regional Council, and in 2006 had a population of 616.
Although the date of the city's founding is a point of some dispute, it is at least as old as the 7th century BCE, when it was fortified by the ancient Assyrians. It subsequently served as an administrative center in the region under Babylonian, Hellenistic and Persian rule.
In 104 BCE, the Judean priestly dynasty of the Hasmoneans conquered Galilee under the leadership of either Alexander Jannaeus or Aristobulus I.[5] The city was called Tzippori, a name derived from the Hebrew word for 'bird', tsippor, perhaps because of its bird's-eye view the hilltop provides.[6] Sepphoris came under the direct rule of the Romans in the year 37 BCE, when the Roman client king Herod the Great captured the city from his rival Mattathias Antigonus, reportedly at the height of a snowstorm (Josephus, Ant. 14.414-6).[7]
After Herod's death in 4 BCE, Tzippori became the center of one of several Jewish rebellions against Roman rule. The Roman army moved in under the command of the Roman Governor in Syria, Varus. After burning the city, the Romans sold many of its inhabitants into slavery and crucified 2000 Jewish rebels (Josephus, Ant. 17.271-87; War 2.56-69).[7] After Herod's son, Herod Antipas was made Tetrarch, or governor, he proclaimed the city's new name to be Autocratoris, in honor of the emperor (called Autocrator in Greek) and rebuilt it as the "Ornament of the Galilee (Josephus, Ant. 18.27)."[8] An ancient route linking Tzippori to Legio, and further south to Sebaste-Samaria, is believed to have been paved by the Romans around this time.[9] The new population was loyal to Rome.
At the time of Jesus, Tzippori was a large, Roman-influenced city. It has been suggested that Jesus, while living in Nazareth, may have done business there.[10] Archaeological investigations at the site have led to numerous debates about the influence of this town on Jesus, and shed light on differences within Galilean society.
The pro-Roman inhabitants of Tzippori did not join the resistance against Roman rule in the Great Jewish Revolt of 66 CE. Rather, they signed a pact with the Roman army and opened the gates of the city to the Roman general Vespasian upon his arrival in 67 CE[7] They were rewarded for this allegiance by having their city spared from the destruction suffered by many other Jewish cities, including Jerusalem. Coins minted in the city at the time of the First Revolt carried the inscription Neronias and Eirenopolis, "City of Peace". After the revolt, symbolism used on the coins was little different from other surrounding pagan city coins with depictions of laurel wreaths, palm trees, caduceuses, and ears of barley.[8]
Just prior to the Bar Kokhba revolt, the city's name was changed to Diocaesarea. Following the Bar Kokhba revolt in 132–135, many Jewish refugees from devastated Judea settled there, turning it into a center of Jewish religious and spiritual life in the Galilee. Rabbi Yehuda Hanasi, one of the compilers of the Mishnah, a commentary on the Torah, moved to Tzippori, along with the Sanhedrin, the highest Jewish religious court.[11] Before moving to Tiberias by 150, Jewish academies of learning, yeshivot, were also based there. Diocaeserea, so named in honor of Zeus and the Roman emperor, became not only a center of spiritual and religious study, but also a busy metropolis of trade because of its proximity to important trade routes through Galilee.
Diocaesarea was destroyed by the Galilee earthquake of 363, but rebuilt soon afterwards, and retained its importance in the greater Jewish community of the Galilee, both socially, commercially, and spiritually. Jews and pagan Romans lived peacefully alongside one another during the Byzantine period, and the city welcomed a number of Christians as well.
Ya'qubi noted that Saffuriyyah was taken during the first conquest by the Arab armies in Palestine,[12] in 634.[13] The city was incorporated into the expanding Umayyad Caliphate, and al-jund coins were minted by the new rulers.[14] Saffuriya was engaged in trade with other parts of the empire at the time; for example, cloaks made in Saffuriyya were worn by people in Medina.[15] Umayyad rule was replaced by Abbasid rule, and Arab and Islamic dynasties continued to control the city, with a brief interlude during the Crusades, up until its conquest by Israel in the war of 1948. Throughout this period of time, the city was known by the Semitic name Saffuriya.[16]in fact - Arabization of the previous Hebrew and Greek name.
The early 12th century brought the Crusaders to Palestine. They built a fortress and watchtower atop the hill, overlooking Saffuriya, and dedicated it to Anne and Joachim, the parents of the Virgin Mary. This became one of their local bases in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and they renamed the city La Sephorie. In 1187, the Crusaders were dispatched from La Sephorie to fight the Battle of Hattin. After the defeat of the Crusaders by Saladin, the Ayyubid Sultan renamed the city Saffuriya. In the 15th century, Saffuriya came under the control of the Ottomans. It remained a titular see of the Roman Catholic church.
In the 14 centuries between the rule of Herod of Antipas and that of the Ottoman empire, the city reportedly thrived as a center of learning, with a diverse, multiethnic and mutlireligious population of some 30,000 living in relatively peaceful coexistence.[17]
Saffuriya (Arabic: صفورية, also transliterated Safurriya and Suffurriye), along with the whole of Palestine, came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire after it defeated the Mamluks at the Battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516. An Ottoman firman of 1572 describes Saffuriyya as one of a group of villages within the sanjak of Safad, which was part of the Qaysi faction, and that had rebelled against the Ottoman authorities.[22] At the end of the 16th century, the population was recorded as consisting of 366 families and 34 bachelors, all Muslim. Saffuriyya was larger than neighboring Nazareth but smaller than Kafr Kanna.[23] A number of important scholars came from the village during this period, including the qadi, al-Baq'a al-Saffuri (died 1625) and Ahmad al-Sharif (died 1633), a poet and qadi.[24]
It is reported that in 1745 Daher el-Omar, who grew up in the town,[25] built a fortress on the hilltop above Saffuriya.[13] In the early 19th century, the British traveller J. Buckingham noted that all the inhabitants of Saffuriya were Muslim, and that the house of St. Anna had been completely demolished.[13][26]
In the late 19th century, Saffuriyya was described as village built of stone and mud, situated along the slope of a hill. The village contained the remains of the Church of St. Anna and a square tower, said to have been built in the mid-18th century. The village had an estimated 2,500 residents, who cultivated 150 faddans (1 faddan = 100-250 dunums), on some of this land they had planted olive trees.[27] In 1900, an elementary school for boys was founded, and later, a school for girls. A local council was established in 1923. The expenditure of the council grew from 74 Palestinian pounds in 1929 to 1,217 in 1944.[13]
Though it lost its centrality and importance as a cultural centre under the Ottomans (1517-1918) and the British Mandate (1918–1948), the village thrived agriculturally. Saffuriyya's pomegranates, olives and wheat were famous throughout the Galilee.[28]
In summer of 1931, archaeologist Leroy Waterman began the first excavations at Saffuriya, digging up part of the school playground, formerly the site of a Crusader fortress.[1]
In 1944/45 a total of 21,841 dunums of village land was used for cereals, 5,310 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards, mostly olive trees.[13][29] By 1948, Saffuriya was the largest village in the Galilee both by land size and population, which was estimated at 4,000 Arabs.[30]
On July 1, 1948, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the village was bombarded by Israeli planes.[30] On 16 July it was captured by Israeli forces along with the rest of the lower Galilee in Operation Dekel. The villagers put up some resistance and managed to destroy several armoured cars in an ambush.[31] Following the collapse of the resistance all but 80 of the villagers fled. Some made their way northwards toward Lebanon, finally settling in the refugee camps of Ein al-Hilwa, Sabra and Shatila in Lebanon. Others fled south to Nazareth and the surrounding countryside. After the attack, the villagers returned but were evicted again in September 1948.[4] On January 7, 1949, 14 residents were deported and the remaining 550 were resettled in neighboring Arab villages such as 'Illut.[4] Many settled in Nazareth in a quarter now known as the al-Safafira quarter because of the large number of Saffuriyya natives living there.[28] As the Israeli government considers them absentees, they cannot go back to their old homes and have no legal recourse to recover them.[32]
The area remained under Martial Law until 1966.
The site of the Arab village was planted with pine trees.[30] On February 20, 1949, the Israeli moshav of Tzippori was founded southeast of the former village.[30] The pomegranate and olive trees were replaced with crops for cattle fodder.[33]
The history of Tzippori as presented in the modern day national park covers the periods up to Roman and Byzantine rule, with a brief mention of the Crusades.[34] The period of rule under the Arab caliphates, Ottoman Empire and the rest of the modern history of the site is not mentioned at all.[34]
The Crusader/Ottoman tower sits high atop the hill, overlooking both the Roman theater, the majority of the Jewish city and the destroyed Palestinian village. It was built in the 12th century, on the foundation of an earlier Byzantine structure. The tower is built as a large square, 15m x15m, and approximately 10 m. high. The lower part of the walls are built of reused antique spolia, including a sarcophagus with decorative carvings.
The upper part of the tower and the doorway were constructed by Daher el-Omar in the 18th century. Noticeable features from the rebuilding are the rounded corners which are similar to those constructed under Daher in the fort in Shefa-'Amr. The upper part of the building was converted for use as a school during the reign of Abdul Hamid II in the early 1900s (decade), and used for this purpose until 1948.[35]
Much of the town itself has been excavated, revealing Jewish homes along a main cobblestone street. Several images have been found carved into the stones of the street, including that of a menorah, and another image that resembles some ancient game reminiscent of tic-tac-toe. Mikva'ot (pl. of Mikvah ), or Jewish ritual baths, have been found as well, identified by the steps leading to the bottom, carved out of the earth along with the rest of the bath.[36]
The Roman theater sits on the northern slope of the hill, and is about 45 m in diameter, seating 4500. Most of it is carved into the hillside, but some parts are supported by separate stone pillars. The theater shows evidence of ancient damage, probably from the earthquake in 363, but also quite possibly from the Arab conquest.
A modern structure stands to one side of the excavations, protecting the remains of a 5th-century public building, with a large and intricate mosaic floor. Some believe the room was used for festival rituals involving a celebration of water, and possibly covering the floor in water. Drainage channels have been found in the floor, and the majority of the mosaic seems devoted to measuring the floods of the Nile, and celebrations of those floods.[37]
Finally, a Roman villa is arguably the centerpiece of the discoveries, containing one of the most famous mosaics in all of Israel. It was built around the year 200, and destroyed in the earthquake in 363. The villa is in the traditional form of a triclinium; seats would have been arranged in a U-shape around the mosaic, Roman villa mosaic floor and people would have reclined while dining and drinking, talking and contemplating the mosaic images. The mosaic, for the most part, is devoted to Dionysus, god of wine, and of socializing. He is seen along with Pan and Hercules in several of the 15 panels.[37]
The centerpiece of the mosaic floor, however, at least for the archaeologists, is an image of a young lady, possibly meant to be Venus, which the researchers have dubbed "The Mona Lisa of the Galilee." Smaller mosaic tesserae were used to allow for greater detail and a more lifelike result. The image is certainly more lifelike, and more detailed (as in the shading and blush of her cheeks) than most expect mosaics to be.[37]
The remains of the ancient Tzippori Synagogue have been uncovered in the lower section of the city. It was built in the late 5th or early 6th century, at a time when the town's Christian population was increasing and the strength of the Jewish population was diminishing. Measuring 20.7 meters by 8 meters wide, it was located at the edge of the town.
The mosaic floor is divided into seven parts. Near the entrance there is a scene showing the angels visiting Sarah. The next section shows the binding of Isaac. There is a large Zodiac with the names of the months written in Hebrew. Helios sits in the middle, in his sun chariot. The last section shows two lions flanking a wreath, their paws resting on the head of an ox.
The most interesting are the central sections of the mosaic. One shows the "tamid" sacrifice, the showbread, and the basket of first fruits form the Temple in Jerusalem. Also shown are a building facade, probably representing the Temple, incense shovels, shofars, and the seven-branched menorah from the Temple. Another section shows Aaron dressed in priestly robes preparing to offer sacrifices of oil, flour, a bull and a lamb.
An Aramaic inscription reads: "May he be remembered for good Yudan son of Isaac the Priest and Paragri his daughter Amen Amen"[38]
Jesus, Italy, Christianity, Arabic language, Israel
Jerusalem, Pentarchy, Eastern Orthodox Church, Israel, Cana
Jerusalem, Israel, Jordan, Archdiocese, Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)
Turkey, Roman Empire, Diyarbakır, Tiberias, Lod
Palestine Exploration Fund, Palestinian people, Haifa, Galilee, Yafa, Ma'alul


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Black and Gold
Breanne Elwell Age 13, Jazz Solo "Black and Gold" choreographed by Matthew Kazmierczak. Kim Massay Dance Productions. Former student at the Joffrey Summer Intensive in Dallas. "Dancing the Dream" is the focus in my life and sharing this dream with all those around me is my ultimate goal. I feel that I am at my best when I can express myself through dance.


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Having chickens on the homestead is one of the best ways to make sure that your household has a steady supply of food. Whether you gather the eggs for fresh omelets, or raise meat chickens for future dinners, caring for chickens is a worthwhile experience. Many country … [Read more...]
Best Homestead Animals (Pros & Cons of Each)
Are you thinking about raising animals on your homestead? The idea is an exciting one and can be a great next step in becoming more self-sufficient. It can also be a daunting task, especially if you are new to animal husbandry. Which animal should you start with? How do you … [Read more...]
How To Clip Chicken Wings
Chickens are a very strange type of bird. They have wings, and yet they can't fly. Well, that's not quite accurate. Chickens can fly, just not very far. Most chicken breeds can only fly a few feet off the ground, but some of the lighter breeds can fly as high as 10 feet and as … [Read more...]
Should You Raise Different Types Of Birds Together?
Chickens are the gateway pet to an entire farm full of animals, especially other types of fowl. Once you get a hold of a couple of chickens for your backyard, you might not want to stop. I personally found ducks and quail to be an easy addition after raising a flock of chickens … [Read more...]
How to Cut Your Chicken Feed Bill by 25%
I've known people who got backyard chickens just to save money. They wanted to be able to eat eggs every day without buying several dozen eggs a week, but they soon realized they were just spending that money on chicken feed and other supplies instead. That's why saving money … [Read more...]
7 Essential Items You Need For Raising Chickens
When you get your first little clutch of chickens, you want to be able to enjoy them to the fullest, so having everything ready before your new peepers arrive is essential. Your chickens will do a very good job taking care of themselves, as long as you lay the foundation for … [Read more...]
17 Ways To Protect Your Chickens From Predators
I didn't think it could ever happen to me, but it did. I lost half of my flock of chickens in a vicious predator attack. It was swift, it was silent, and it happened just fifteen minutes after my family left the yard to go inside for dinner. We were devastated by the loss of our … [Read more...]
Easy DIY Nesting Boxes For Chickens
There are countless designs for chicken nesting boxes, but these are probably the easiest ones to make, and chickens love them! If you're a chicken owner but not great at building things or don't have a lot of time to spare, I highly recommend trying this out. Basically, you … [Read more...]
DIY Chicken Coop for Less Than $15
If you've ever thought about getting chickens so you can have fresh eggs every day (thus saving any money that you spend on eggs), then you probably already know that you will need a chicken coop. The problem is, most prebuilt coops cost several hundred dollars, thus erasing … [Read more...]
Chickens Not Laying Eggs? Here's What To Do
Have your chickens been laying fewer eggs than they used to or stopped altogether? Some people think there's nothing they can do about this and that they'll just have to wait for their chickens to start producing more eggs again. Fortunately, that's not true at all. There are … [Read more...]
Top 5 Birds To Raise On Your Homestead
Poultry birds are essential to the sustainability of a homestead. It is simply the most economical way to provide protein for the kitchen table in both good times and bad. While a chicken surely cannot provide the same amount of meat as a cow or even a goat, they are far … [Read more...]
10 Ways To Keep Your Chickens Happy And Healthy This Winter
Raising chickens in the winter can seem challenging, especially for new chicken owners. Cold mornings and less daylight make the wintertime unenjoyable for most people. You walk outside to tend to your chickens and feel frozen immediately. Just because you are cold and don't … [Read more...]
4 Things to Feed to Your Chickens So They Lay Eggs Year Round
Contrary to popular belief, chickens can lay eggs year-round. Some people say the heat of the summer, the short days of winter, or old age will stop chickens from producing eggs. Those things do have an effect, but even so, chickens will keep producing eggs all year and for years … [Read more...]
Chicken Coop for $50 and 1 Hour To Build
Why buy something expensive when you can make it yourself? Even a halfway decent chicken coop is going to cost you at least $100, probably more. But what if I told you it's possible to get a great chicken coop for only $50? Want to save this post for later? Click Here to Pin … [Read more...]
Feed This To Your Chickens and They'll Produce Tastier Eggs
The foods you feed to your chickens have a huge effect on their overall health and the quality of their eggs in both taste and durability. The old adage, "You are what you eat," definitely holds true when it comes to poultry flocks. Want to save this post for later? Click Here … [Read more...]
4 Reasons NOT To Get Chickens
Raising chickens is awesome. You get fresh eggs, chicken meat (if you want), and the satisfaction of caring for your little flock. However, it's not for everyone, and that is the topic of this video by Big Family Homestead. Brad came up with four reasons why you might not want … [Read more...]
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NAL Announces 2019 Championship Weekend Schedule
Lexington Hotel & Conference Center to host Media Day & Awards Banquet
The National Arena League announced the Events for the 2019 Championship Weekend today, and starting on Friday, its all about Arena Football. Kicking off Championship weekend is Media Day and the League will unveil the 2019 National Arena League championship trophy. Following the trophy reveal media day will begin by featuring both championship bound coaches and several players from both the #1 Jacksonville Sharks and #2 Carolina Cobras.
There will be a on-stage Q&A for the featured coaches and players. Following the on-stage Q&A the league will allow a media breakout off stage to allow all media to access all Jacksonville & Carolina players and coaches. Media Day is expected to conclude by 1:30pm.
Media Day will be held at the Lexington Hotel & Conference Center Jacksonville Riverwalk in downtown Jacksonville. Media Day will be open to the public and is located inside the main ballroom. It begins at noon. League, local, and traveling media is invited to attend this event, for specific requests regarding Media Day please contact email@example.com .
For non-hotel guests, please be aware there is a $15 hotel parking charge.
Following Media Day the league will host the 2019 National Arena League Award Ceremony which will also take place at the Lexington Hotel & Conference Center. The league award banquet is an invite only event, all invited guests are expected to dress in business attire. The award ceremony will take place in the main ballroom of the Lexington Hotel & Conference Center. Doors will open at 5:30pm and the award presentation is expected to begin at 6pm. During the league award ceremony many franchise & individual awards will be announced for 2019 season. In addition to the awards, there will be a banquet dinner. Following the conclusion of the awards and dinner Commissioner Chris Siegfried will make an announcement before concluding the event at 8pm.
Saturday the 2019 National Arena League Championship presented by Tom Bush Family of Dealerships and James J. McCall Comprehensive & Cosmetic Dentistry will take place between the hosting Jacksonville Sharks (14-1) and the defending champion Carolina Cobras (10-5). Kickoff is scheduled for 7pm at the Veterans Memorial Arena. For tickets to the National Arena League Championship call: 904-621-0700 or visit: ticketmaster.com. If you are planning to travel to Jacksonville for this Championship Weekend the Lexington Hotel & Conference Center is offering a special rate for the National Arena League fans. Call 904-396-5100 to receive a special rate and enjoy an action packed championship weekend.


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About TakhatpurIn India's central region, that is called the heart of India, lies the state of Chhattisgarh, south-east of Madhya Pradesh and north of the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh; now the Telangana state. On the east of it lies the state of Orissa and on the west; Maharashtra. Takhatpur is a small town in the Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh. Sitting in the shadow of the Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary, Takhatpur is a comparatively large town in the region.
Geography of TakhatpurTakhatpur is situated in the central-western region of the state of Chhattisgarh, in the Bilaspur district. The satellite location of Takhatpur is 22.15°N 81.87°E and has an average elevation of 269 metres (882 feet). Takhatpur town is located in the Takhatpur Tehsil, which is accompanied on the east by Bilaspur and Bilha, on the south by Patharia, on the west by Mungeli and Lormi and on the north by Kota. The distance between the towns of Takhatpur and Bilaspur is around 31km. From the state capital of Raipur, Takhatpur stands at a distance of 121km. Takhatpur is situated in the central-western region of Chhattisgarh, which is also the river basin, where the loamy soil is known for its red colour and is very fertile for agriculture.
Administration in TakhatpurNagar Panchayat is the administrative authority over the town of Takhatpur. In its administrative borders, there are 15 wards and over 3,881 houses. Representatives on the Nagar Panchayat are elected every 5 years. In the Takhatpur Tehsil, there are about 106 Gram Panchayats. Administratively, the Takhatpur Nagar Panchayat falls under the administration of the Collector of Bilaspur district. The Collector is the appointed functionary of the state government and also performs the duties of the District Magistrate.
Collector & DM Bilaspur
Shri Anbalagan P. (IAS)
Phone: 07752-223344
Population of TakhatpurAs per the 2011 Population Census of India, the total population of the town of Takhatpur stands at 19,968 of which 10,168 are males while 9,800 are females. The population of Children (age 0-6) is 2,652 which is 13.28% of the total population under the Takhatpur Nagar Panchayat. In its administrative borders, the Female Sex of Ratio of Takhatpur is 964, which is a little lower than the impressive state average of 991. However, the Child Sex Ratio is considerably lower at 902 when pitted against the Chhattisgarh State Average of 969. Still, compared to many "developed" cities in India, the overall female sex ratio and child sex ratio are still higher in Takhatpur, which primarily is a rural town in one the most remote states of India. Since Takhatpur consists of a variety social and ethnic groups, the total Schedule Caste (SC) population amounts to about 3001, which makes up for 15.03% of the total population. The population of Scheduled Tribes (ST) is about 579 and makes up for about 2.90% of the total population.
Literacy in TakhatpurSince Chhattisgarh was one of the most backward states India at the time of its formation in 2000, it still lags behind in terms of literacy rate. However the literacy rate of Takhatpur is impressively high at 82.54%, that is higher than the State Average of 70.28%. Out of the total population in the Takhatpur Nagar Panchayat, the male literacy is around 90.39% whereas the female literacy rate still languishes at a much lower 74.47%.
Economy of TakhatpurSince the town of Takhatpur is located in the plains of the state, its soil and climate are conducive to the growth of agriculture. Most of the economy of this Nagar Panchayat stands on the agricultural business activity and employs a majority of its population in the related employment. The main agricultural produce of Takhatpur are wheat, rice, sugarcane and cotton. As per the 2011 Population Census of India, out of the total population under Takhatpur Nagar Panchayat, about 6,826 (34.18%) of its residents are engaged in the business or work activity. Out of the total working population, the total number of working males comes to 5,330 while the number of working women comes to about 1,496. Out of the total working population, 6,451 (94.51%) are engaged in main work whereas only 375 (5.49%) are employed in marginal work.
Climate in TakhatpurThe climate of Takhatpur comes under the sub-tropical, semi-arid category. Like the rest of the state of Chhattisgarh, the climate of Takhatpur is on the warmer side. There are about three main seasons – Summer, Monsoon and Winter. The summer sets in by the middle of March and continues until the end of June. The maximum summer temperatures regularly climb into the 40s and during the peak of summer it stays around 45°C. Since most of the rivers in the basin dry up during the summer, the nights are also fairly warm. Due to the high temperatures, dust storms are a regular occurrence in the region. October and November are the months of transition which see a spike in temperature and sporadic rainfall. By the end of November, winter sets in and lasts until the middle of March. The winter is quite cold and is made bitter by cold winds blowing across the plains. The climate of Takhatpur is fairly conducive to agriculture and coupled with the fertile soil, it helps the agricultural growth in the region.
Culture and Language in TakhatpurThe state of Chhattisgarh is known for a large number of ethnographic and tribal communities and groups. Around 40% of the total area of Chhattisgarh is covered in forests which provide shelter to these communities that speak a number of languages. However, like the rest of the urban regions of the Chhattisgarh, Chhattisgarhi is the official and most practiced language of Takhatpur. The language draws heavily from the Hindi and also has influences from Munda and Dravidian languages. Since Chhattisgarh is home to a number of ancient tribes of India and also because of its agrarian economy, the people of the region celebrate a number of festivals with much fervour and happiness. Although the nature of festivals varies in urban and rural regions, like the most other urban, semi-urban places in Chhattisgarh, Takhatpur also takes joy in the celebration of festivals such as Dussehra, Diwali, etc.
Tourism in TakhatpurSince Takhatpur is a fairly small town situated in a semi-rural set up, there aren't many places of tourist interest in Takhatpur. There is a village known as Belpan, at a distance of 11km from the town of Takhatpur which is famous for a big pond (Kund) and a Samadhi. Apart from this there are a few temples. But in terms of tourism, Takhatpur is not as developed as some other places in Chhattisgarh.
Healthcare in TakhatpurAs is the case with tourism, Takhatpur does not have any hospitals of repute. If you are a resident of Takhatpur, or are planning to visit this town, it is a better idea to head to the city of Bilaspur, at a distance of about 31km from Takhatpur. There are a number of government and private clinics and hospitals in Bilaspur.
Utility Services in TakhatpurWhether it is the residents of a village, city or the visitors, it is imperative that they are offered the necessities and comforts of modern lifestyle. Utility services such as gas connection, banks, postal and courier services are a must for its residents. Along with the utility services, it is also important to have a robust network of police to maintain the law and order in the region. Since Chhattisgarh is turbulent in terms of skirmishes between the police, paramilitary forces and guerrillas, it is important to be aware of the nearest police station in case you need any help. Shri A. N. Upadhyay is the Director General of Police of Chhattisgarh. For emergencies, you could contact the police station in Takhatpur town.
Takhatpur Police Station
Address: Police Thana Premises, Takhatpur, Bilaspur-Chhattisgarh - 495330, Takhatpur Thana, Bilaspur
Phone: 07753-264641
Postal Services in TakhatpurThe Indian Post has played a pivotal role in the development of the rural regions of India. From postcards to large shipments, from inland letters to the Airmail and Speedpost, the Indian Post has been one institution that has internalised the rural as well as urban systems of communication. To complement the Indian Post, many private courier and shipping companies have also been operating in India, delivering packages across the country as well as abroad. Following are the details of the postal services in Takhatur.
Indian Post
Post Office Status: Sub Post Office
Pincode: 495330
Taluk: Takhatpur
District: Bilaspur
State: Chhattisgarh
Postal Division: Bilaspur
Postal Region: Raipur
Postal Circle: Chhattisgarh
Phone: 07753-264639
Madhur Courier Services
Working Hours: Monday to Saturday 09:00 am to 09:00 pm
Address: Takhatpur, Bilaspur-Chhattisgarh - 495330, Old Bus Stand
Mobile: 9893598811
Phone: 07753-264545
Website: www.madhurexpress.net
Transport in TakhatpurThe Nagar Panchayat of Takhatpur is at a distance of 31km from the district headquarters of Bilaspur via the State Highway 7 (SH7). From the state capital Raipur, the town of Takhatpur can be reached at the distance of 121km via the National Highway 130A (NH130A) and National Highway 200 (NH200). If you are travelling by a state transport bus, you can hitch a bus ride from Bilaspur that goes in the direction of Mungeli.
By Train : Takhatpur does not have its own railway station. The nearest railway station is Uslapur Railway Station at a distance of about 28km. Further ahead is the Bilaspur Junction. You can board several express and passenger trains from here. If you plan to travel to Takhatpur by train, it is better to come to either Bilaspur Junction or Uslapur Railway Station and then you can take a bus from these places to go to Takhatpur.
By Air : Swami Vivekananda International Airport at the state capital Raipur is the nearest airport to go to Takhatpur. The airport has been ranked Number 1 in overall customer satisfaction in 2014. From here you can take daily flights to go to several important Indian cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Nagpur, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai, etc. Currently there are Air India, IndiGo and Jet Airways that offer flight services to the passengers. The airport is at a distance of about 136km by road from Takhatpur.
Takhatpur at a glanceCountry : India
State : Chhattisgarh
District : Bilaspur
Elevation : 269 m (883 ft)
• Official : Hindi, Chhattisgarhi
Time zone : IST (UTC+5:30)


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Another product of perfect weather conditions. Classic wood and tobacco notes even at this early stage of bottling. Low tannins - our gift from the desert!
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