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Economic Guide lines for Muslims
PROPOSED BY IMAM AHMAD RAZA KHAN In 1912 AD
Written by:
PROF. MOHAMMAD RAFIULLAH SIDDIQUI Deputy Director of Colleges, Hyderabad Region.
Translated by:
Ex-.Principal Govt. Degree College, Sukkur, Sind
25-Japan Mansion, Regal (Raza) Chowk, Saddar Karachi
The treasure of knowledge and wisdom which Imam Ahmed Raza Khan left may be judged from the fact that it comprises of about 1000 books on 55 subjects. However his works so far published include only his writings on Religious aspects. Perhaps very few people know that besides being the greatest religious scholar of his time, he had also complete command over the subjects and problems of modern area, like Economics, Banking, Mathematics, Logarithm, Trigonometry, Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry, Geology etc etc. Regretfully, not much attention could be paid towards research and publication of such subjects.
It is, therefore, the earnest Endeavour of the Idara- i-Tahqeeqat Imam Ahmed Raza to publish such works not only in Urdu but also in different languages, specially in English.
With this objective in mind, we are presenting this booklet which shows Imam Ahmed Raza's farsightedness in financial matters concerning Muslim Ummah. These Economic Guide Lines were published from Calcutta in 1912 A.D in a booklet under the title of" حﻼﺻا و تﺎﺟﻧ و حﻼﻓ رﯾﺑدﺗ While Professor Mohammad Rafiullah Siddiqui, an eminent Economist, has made a great contribution by writing in Urdu a comprehensive commentary on these guidelines proposed by Imam Ahmed Raza Khan, Professor M.A. Qadir has translated them into English for which we sincerely thank these scholars for completing this unique task. Readers would observe that whereas the Theory of Employment, Interest and Money was enunciated by J.M. Keynes in 1936, the first Muslim Bank was established in 1941 and the European Common Market came into existence after the second World War, Imam Ahmed Raza
Khan presented his views on these issues as far back a' in 1912 A.D. Had due attention been 'paid to the suggestions put forth by Imam •Ahmed Raza at that time, the Economic Conditions of the entire Muslim World could have been altogether different now.
The First Edition of "Economic Guide Lines" proposed by Imam Ahmed Raza Khan (English Version) was published by us on the occasion of "Imam Ahmed Raza Conference 1988" at Karachi in limited numbers and was distributed free of cost among the Scholars and intellectuals all over the world. For the first time, Imam Ahmed Raza's thoughts regarding the Socio-economic aspect got recognition from the world Scholars. In view of the appreciation earned by the booklet and keen interest shown by the Students of Economics and other Social Sciences, we are presenting its Second Edition to quench their thurst for knowledge and better understanding of the versatile personality of Imam Ahmed Raza Khan.
We believe the best way to express our gratitude to a writer of Imam Ahmed Raza's caliber is to reproduce his writings and compilations in sufficient numbers with modern arrangements of editing and printing and to make them available to the readers of all classes for extensive study and to facilitate better understanding of his thoughts, works and his real contribution to Islamic Studies and literature.
To quote Hakim Mohammad Saeed Sahib, "the facets of his personality invite both the scholars of the present age and students of the Universities, to read and think about the problems of life and Universe. His accomplished works are the most valuable academic heritage for us, through a research full study of his life and works, we may bring many new vistas of knowledge (Sciences and Arts) into light".
Imam Ahmed Raza Khan has studied all the subjects in the light of Quran and Sunnah and always
strived for the unity and betterment of Muslim Ummah. May Allah give us the ability to follow his footprints and to do what we are expected to do as true followers of our beloved prophet Mohammad (May Allah's grace & peace be upon him).
Wajahat Rasool Qadri
In 1912 AD
PROF. M.A. QADIR Ex-Principal Govt. Degree College, Sukkur, Sind
Author's Profile
Professor Mohammad Rafiullah was born on 1st of March, 1934 at Muradabad, Bharat. He was educated at Lucknow, Lahore and Canada. The following are notable among his teachers:
1. Allama Tajwar Najibabadi
2. Prof. Ashfaque Ahmed Khan
3. Dr. Ibadat Barelvi
4. Dr. Abul Lais Siddiqui
5. Prof. Syed Waqar Azeem
6. Sufi Ghulam Mustafa Tabassum
7. Dr. Abdullah
8. Dr. S.M. Akhtar
The following are notable among the Foreign Teachers:-
1. Prof. Urquchart
2. Dr. Slater
3. Dr. Smith
4. Dr. Dane Usher
5. Prof. Aicheson
Professor M.R.U. Siddiqui passed his M.A. Economics in 1956 from the University of Punjab; in 1969, got M.S.C. Degree from the Queens University, Canada. He has been teaching Economics for the last couple of decades and belongs to the selected class of Professors who are fully acquainted with the new technique of teaching Economics.
Professor Siddiqui was also connected with P.A.F. in 1953 and 1954 and took flying training from Air Marshall Zulfiqar Ali Khan, but his fate willed otherwise. So he left Pakistan Air Force and joined Teaching line for the benefit of his thousands of students.
Translator Profile:
Professor M.A. Qadir was born on 7th June 1921. He did M.A. Economics in the year 1943 and M.Com in 1946 from Agra University, Bharat. He joined Government College of Commerce in 1948 as a Lecturer in Commerce; became the professor of Commerce in 1953 and a senior Professor of Economics (Grade-19) in December, 1966, when he was transferred to Government Degree College, Sukkur. He served as the principle of two Degree Colleges at Sukkur viz: Govt. Degree College and Govt. College of Education and also as Principal of the C & S Govt. College, Shikarpur from where he retired in June, 1981.
He is the author of a number of books on Economic Theory, Banking, Modern Economic Development and Business Management and numerous standard articles on Economic and Commercial topics. He is also the author of a book on the life and Mission of the Holy Prophet ( مﻠﺳو ہﯾﻠﻋ ﷲا ﯽﻠﺻ) which is yet to be published.
Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan is a unique personality of the present Century. One who is an erudite like him can fully appreciate him. When Mohammad Rafiullah Siddiqi, Professor of Economics, read the economic guide lines of the Maulana, he extolled him. The first quarter of this century was a turbulent period when great 'Ulema' and leaders could not maintain their balance. In such a stormy period, Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan presented four principles for the economic welfare of Muslims entitled "TADBEERE FALAH-O- NIJAT-WA-ISLAH". These four are important even today. Something has been said about these guide lines in this monogram.
The economic viewpoints of Imam Ahmad Raza Khan like that of a true Muslim resemble Nizam-e- Mustafa. The Quranic verses tell us that the aim of human life like that of quadrupeds are sally eating and drinking, but it is to follow the commandments of Allah in this life. The obedience of Allah is a must in all sphere of life, be it Articles of Faith or Acts or Economics or Politics. And obedience to Allah is impossible without obedience to the Holy Prophet
The essence of the teachings of Imam Ahmad Raza Khan is that obedience to Allah should emerge from obedience to Muhammad. Then you will become free from the anxiety of earning your bread. Allah says in the Holy
Quran, "We have apportioned among them their livelihood in the life of the world". And there is not a living creature on Earth left the sustenance thereof depends on Allah (Chapter 11/1).
In the beginning of the present century controversy was rife whether India is "Darus – Salam" or "Darul - Harab". A group of Ulema declared India to be "Darul - Harabs". Due to th4s 'Fatwa' (1) it became necessary for the Muslims to migrate from India to other countries, (2) Usury business was allowed with the Hindus of India. Hijrat movement caught momentum. Thousands of Muslims sold their properties on nominal rates and migrated to Afghanistan. When they returned, they were penniless. Interest is a curse that spreads poverty and penury. Interest vitiates the nobility of man. Compound interest makes human life object ly miserable. The Muslims were already burdened with the interest of the Hindus. This 'Fatwa' made the situation still worse.
Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan said that India was 'Darus- Salam'. If this fatwa was accepted, the Indian Muslims would not have suffered the privations caused by Hijrat, nor the Muslim nation would have suffered from the curse of interest. The Maulana in his book "KIFLAL FAQIHAL FAHIM Fl QARTAS-AL-DRAHIM" (The position of currency Note and its related matters according to Shariah) has suggested such devices which benefit the Muslims without interest business. Beggary is a great national curse. It is not only the height of mental interia, but is a great problem for the entire nation.
Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan has strongly condemned beggary in his pamphlet "KHAIRAL AMAL Fl HUKM AL-KASAB WA ASSOAL SUWAL" and has emphasised the importance of hard work and legitimate
ways of earning one's livelihood which opens the doors of individual and social property.
Sunnat' to popularize the services of Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan and the other Ulema of that to the nation.
"Idara-i-Tahqeeqat-e-Imam Ahmed Raza is distributing the booklet under review gratis. Before this the ldara has distributed thousands of pamphlets and booklets on Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan. May Allah confer his benedictions on the members and patronisers of the movement.
ALLAMA Mohammad Abdul Hakeem Shraf Qadri 1st Ramzan-ul-Mubarak 1397 AH Lahore
******** ****** t***** *****
The research work Dr. Muhammad Masood Ahmed has done on Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan Bareilvi is well known. In course of his research work Dr. Masood Ahmed focused his attention on the Economic Guide lines of Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan which he enunciated in his pamphlet Tadbeer-e-Falah-o-Nijat-wa-Islah" which was published from Calcutta in 1912/1 331 AH. The details of these guide lines are as follows
1. Excepting those matters in which the state is
intervening, the Muslims should settle their conflicts by
mutual consultation, so that crores of rupees which are squandered in un-necessary litigation may be saved.
2. The rich Muslims of Bombay, Calcutta, Rangoon, Madras and Hyderabad-Decan should setup banks for their Muslim brethren.
3. The Muslims should not purchase anyting from
non-Muslims. They should have business dealings with the
Muslims only.
4. There should be emphasis on the spread of Ilm-i- deen (Islamic Teachings)
Apparently these four points or guide lines are brief, but Dr. Masood Ahmed has entrusted the task of eluciding these guide lines to me as a humble student of Economics. This task is stupendous. Despite my twenty years teaching experience, I think my knowledge is limited. Inspite of my limitations, I have made my mind to explain these guide lines to the best of my ability. Allama lqbal Says:
ﺎﺗﮐﺳ ںﯾﮩﻧ ہﮩﮐ ﯽﯾوﮐ ﮯﮨ ﺎﯾﮐ مﻣا رﯾدﻘﺗ
ﮦرﺎﺷا ﮯﮨ ﯽﻓﺎﮐ وﺗ وﮨ تﺳارﻓ ﯽﮐ نﻣوﻣ
Indeed these are the guidelines of a "MOMIN' who was saturated with the love of the Holy Prophet مﻠﺳو ہﯾﻠﻋ ﷲا ﯽﻠﺻ
Before discussing these guidelines, I would like to say something by the way of Preface.
In 1912 when these guide lines were published, the study of Economics as a distinct subject was not common. In other developed countries of the world like England, America, France and Germany a special group of intellectuals was engaged in acquiring knowledge of Economics.
There is no doubt that regular books on Economics were being published, but the masses were not interested in this subject. The students used to avoid this subject, considering it to be dry.
The tremendous increase in the importance of Economics after the First Great War and particularly the Great Depression of 1929-30 is unprecedented in the history of development of social sciences. The number of students of Economics in American Universities and Colleges was very small. The girls particularly avoided to study Economics. But after 1940 the conditions changed radically and there was a great increase in the number of the students of Economics. Now the American experts are thinking of introducing the study of Economics at the primary stage.
It goes without saying that the Great Depression (1929-30) gave a great impetus to the study of Economics
in the masses and the Governments. The classical theories existed for the control of depression, but the Great Depression falsified these theories. The need was felt for a new theory which could help in combating depression. In 1936, J.M. Keynes , a British Economist published his book, "THE THEORY OF EMPLOYMENT, INTEREST AND MONEY" which triggered a revolution in Economic thinking in the world. Keynes theory enabled countries to overcome slump and depression. Keynes was made a lord in recognition of his new theory.
The readers should note that the new Economic theories were developed after 1930. It is rather surprising that Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan anticipated the new Economic developments in 1912. If rich Muslims had paid attentions to the guide lines of Maulana Ahmad Raza khan since 1912, the Economic condition of the Indian Muslims would have improved a lot.
Now let us discuss these guidelines in detail. In my opinion, the first three guidelines are concerned with the spirit of new Economics and the fourth one is concerned with the spread of Islamic Studies.
First Guide Line
"Excepting those matters in which the Government intervenes, the Muslims should settle their disputes by mutual consultation so that crores of rupees which spent on litigation may be saved (for Economic Development) -
They key point in this guide line is saving. Our Holy Prophet condemned prodigality over 1400 years ago. The Modern Economics condemn loose spending. They emphasise that tin- productive expenditure is fruitless. If
we study the Economic life of the Indian Muslims in. the 20th centaury prior to the establishment of Pakistan, it will become crystal clear that during that period the Indian Muslims squandered crores of rupees in litigation. The Muslims constituted only 14% of the population of the U.P. They were well-to-do Muslim landlords (Zamindar) but litigation was their popular pastime. One of my near relatives who was a Zamindar used to visit us over a period of twelve years in connection with litigation with his brother-in-law, After partition of India into Bharat and Pakistan, Vallabh Bhai Patel abolished Zamindari and mined the Muslim Zamindars. Then agrarian litigation died a natural death.
The first guide line makes it clear that Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan did riot like expenditures on litigation. Litigation sowed the seeds of discord among Muslims. Secondly, the millions of rupees which were spent on litigation, if saved, would have ameliorated the economic conditions of the Indian Muslims. These expenditures were un-necessary. Litigation could be avoided if the spirit of consultation and cooperation was allowed to prevail between the disputants. In that case the money of Muslims would not have enriched others.
Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan stressed the need for saving in 1912, because he was sure that it was the best means of removing the poverty of Muslims. He was for drastically curtailing un- necessary expenditure and using the money thus saved on the economic rehabilitation and welfare of the Muslim masses. In 1936 Keynes enunciated his theory of employment and money, and strengthened the foundations of new or macro-economics. The most important variables of his theory are savings and investment. He maintains that to secure equilibrium in the economy, savings and investment should be equal. If there
is disequilibrium in the two variables, the economy will become prey to slump or inflation and both these situations are harmful from political, economic and social point of view. The great depression of 1929 - 30 exploded the Government's policy of non intervention in economic affairs of the country or the policy of laissez faire was falsified by economic fluctuations. Keynes advised the Government to fully intervene in the economic affairs of their respective countries to check slump and bring about quick economic recovery and prosperity. So the Governments took full part in economic rehabilitation and development and thus trade cycle was curbed.
The present is the epoch of economic planning. USSR is the pioneer in the field of economic planning in the world. The plans are generally drawn for 5 years periods.
Now backward and under-developed countries are engaged in economic planning through the Five Years Plan. The funds for the completion of plans are derived from two sources: 1 .National Savings 2.Loans. If National Savings are inadequate, the developing countries have to depend on foreign loans and grants. The third method of financing the development program consists in the issue of inconvertible currency notes by the Central bank of the country. But this method increases inflation which if uncontrolled results in economic crisis or depression.
So the easiest and the best way is to encourage national savings. The level of savings is low in the developing countries because the income of people is low. Moreover if there is an increase in individual's income, it is spent on procuring durable consumers goods. According to an estimate of the economist the rate of saving in most of the underdeveloped countries is 5 to 8 percent, whereas in
developed countries it ranges from 15% to 18% of the national income. The developing countries should augment their savings to 15% to accelerate the pace of economic development.
We have all ready seen that according to Keynesian equation S=l, if savings are increasing, then investment will also increase. In 1950, Cohn Clark an American Economist suggested that Bharat, China and Pakistan each should save 12% of their national income for economic development purposes. The developing countries including Pakistan are floating various savings schemes to accumulate funds for economic development. National saving is the key to economic development.
Now the discerning minds should keep in view this environment. In 1912, Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan had advised the Muslims to shun un- necessary expenditures and save as much as possible. At present, the Government is also urging the people to save to the maximum limit. Now, would you not recognize the economic farsightedness of Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan? Would you not be convinced of the fact that the discerning eyes of the Maulana were visualizing the future very clearly. Keynes won the title from the British Government for discovering a thing which Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan had already published in 1912. It is a pity that the Muslims did not pay any heed to this fact.
Now let us come to the second guideline. The Maulana said the rich Muslims of Bombay, Calcutta, Rangoon, Madras and Hyderabad Deccan should establish banks for their Muslim brethren. This guideline is so
important from economic point of view that we cannot help recognizing the economic insight of Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan. In 1912, there were a few banks in the bigger cities of India. They were owned by the English or the Hindus. Upto 1940, there was no Muslim Bank in India. It was not an easy task to assess the importance of banks in 1912, but importance of these future financial institutions could not escape the attention of the Maulana. So he appealed to the affluent Muslims to set up banks for the Muslims. It goes without saying that Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan aimed at banking without interest or intrestless banking.
The banks play an important role in sustaining the economy of a country. Credit is the life blood of commerce and the banks provide it. The banks collect the small savings of the people and make them available for investment in productive channels. We cannot think about a viable economy without banks. That is why the present economic system is called the compound interest system i.e. a system based on compound interest.
Finance holds the pivotal position in Economic Planning. No economic plan, whatever its size, can be completed without funds. It is the duty of the banks in a planned economy to minimize the paucity of funds from the economy and encourage investment. The banks perform two functions:
1. They collect large and small savings of people.
2. They lend these funds to those persons who invest them
in productive channels i.e., in the production of such goods and services as assist in the production of wealth in the future.
Thus the importance of banks in the modern era is well established. Quaid-e-Azam was a farsighted
statesman. He realized the importance of a Muslim Bank for the economic development of Muslims long before establishment of Pakistan. He deplored the absence of Muslim banks. Being moved by the persistent exhortations of Quaid-e-Azam, Sir Adamjee Daud and Mirza Ahmad Isphani who were counted among the leading capitalists of the undivided India, set up the Muslim Commercial Bank in Calcutta on 9th July 1947. After partition of India the Head Office of this bank was transferred to Pakistan. At present, this bank is playing an important role in the economy of Pakistan through its numerous branches.
The modern financial experts have enumerated two types of savings. (1) Saving & (2) Hoarding. If an individual saves twenty rupees out of his monthly income of Rs.100/-, his monthly saving will be Rs.20/-. Similarly, the nation saves, If national income exceeds national expenditure, the result is national saving,
The individual can deposit their savings In the bank or invest them in some National Saving Scheme. This is called saving proper. But if the persons keep their savings to themselves, it is called Hoarding.
As long as persons deposit their savings in banks or invest them in some national saving scheme, the economy will remain balanced. But in case of hoarding of savings, the economy will become unbalanced. As Keyen's equation saving = Investment will be disturbed, the economy will become prey to inflation or slump. It will increase un- employment and un-utilized economic resources. This will result in several social evils.
At present the importance of savings and banks has became universal. In 1912 when economic literacy was very low, who knew that after 30 or 40 years savings or
banks will acquire so much importance. Maulana Ahmed Raza Khan had peeped into the future. He not only advised Muslims to refrain from prodigality, but also persuaded them to save. He also appealed to the rich Muslims to set up banks in which the Muslims could deposit their small savings and wherefrom the accumulated funds may be lent to the competent Muslim Industrialists so that they could compete with the Hindu Industrialists in the industrial and commercial fields.
Pakistan came into existence on 14th August, 1947. The Hindus were skeptical about its economic viability. It was a fact. The Pakistan treasury was empty. The Muslims had no experience of industries and banking. There was an economic vacuum which had to be filled despite the odds. Gradually with the grace of Allah the difficulties were surmounted and Pakistan was put on the road to development.
I think that in 1912 if some far-sighted Muslims had acted on the advice of Maulana Ahmed Raza Khan, then the economic history of the Muslims in India would have been different and Pakistan would not have faced such bleak economic conditions. Such deep thinking and such guide lines which were pregnant with far reaching consequences were beyond the reach of an ordinary mind. It was the feat of Maulana Ahmed Raza who advised the wealthy Muslims to set up Muslim Banks so as to better the economic lot of the Muslims. Quaid-e-Azam also repeated the same thing in 1946. If in 1912 a few Muslim capitalists like Sir Adamji Daud and Mirza Ahmed Isphani had responded to the call of Maulana Ahmed Raza Khan, the economic future of Muslims would have improved considerably. And the economic consequences of this progress would have proved beneficial not only for the
Muslims of the Indian sub-continent, but also the Muslims of the world would have reaped its benefits.
Now we refer to the third guide line of Maulana Ahmed Raza Khan which is, the Muslims should not purchase any thing from any body except the Muslims. How important is this guide line? Also take a stock of present day world's economic order. It is a pity that the Muslims neither understood this golden rule, nor acted upon it. But after the Second World War, the war affected countries of Western Europe adopted it and at present these countries are most prosperous in the world.
following couplet written on the shops of Muslims at Lukhnow.
رﮔا ﮯﮨﺎﭼ ںﯾﻣ دﻧﮨ مﻠﺳﻣ ﯽﮐ تزﻋ ﯽﮔدﻧز
ﮯﻟ ﮯﺳ مﻠﺳﻣ ﮯﻟ ﯽﮫﺑ بﺟ ادوﺳ ہﮐ ﮯﮨ مزﻻ ہﯾ وﺗ
This couplet seemed to be an echo of the third guide line of Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan. This couplet impressed me very much, but I saw the well-to-do Muslims purchasing various things from the shops of Hindus at Lucknow. At that time there were economic experts among Muslims, but all of them took their clue from the western economists. They were absolutely un- mindful of the facts that one of their savants was telling them about useful
economic facts but none seriously thought about the third economic guide line; nor understood it; nor sought its clarification; if some Muslim economist had explained the far- reaching consequences of this guide lines the Muslims, in India, would not have been economically inferior to other nation.
Whether International trade should be free or protected is an old controversy. Leading economists of Europe and America have advanced arguments for and against protection. Adam Smith, the father of Economics was the greatest advocate of free trade. Free trade means that there are no restrictions on the import and export of goods and services between the various trading countries or they are nominal, on the other hand, protection consists in protecting nascent national industries against foreign competition by the Government. Adam Smith's book An Enquiry into the Wealth of Nations "was published in 1776. In 1791 Alexander Hamilton, an American stateman, strongly advocated the policy of protection and opposed free trade policy. Fredrick fist of Germany gave cogent argument in favour of protection. The most important argument advanced for protection is that of protecting nascent industries against foreign competition. In the absence of protection, the new industries may succumb to the blast of foreign competition. Another argument is that national wealth circulates in the country and augments business transactions. I want to say something in the light of the third guide tine of Maulana Ahmed Raza Khan.
The war of independence of 1857 put an end to the Muslim Empire in India and the British entrenched themselves in India. By 1912, the British Empire had become very strong in India. No body could think that the British would quit India after 35 years. Now the Muslim had no regime of their own, but the muslim nation stilt
existed who knew what it had lost. The Muslim leaders had to evolve suitable policies for the social, religious and economic regeneration of the Muslim. The Muslim leaders were active in educational, political and social spheres, but no body did anything to remove the economic backwardness and poverty of Muslim. At this critical juncture Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan presented his economic guide lines, but unfortunately the Muslims did not pay any heed to them. The educated Muslims were looking towards the west for guidance. They were oblivious of the fact that Allah had sent a man in their midst by following whose suggestions the Muslims would have extricated themselves from penury and would have started living an honorable economic life.
In my opinion the third economic guide line is most important. He wanted to give economic protection to the Muslims. The Hindus were much ahead of the Muslims in the field of trade and business. The Hindu bannias wanted to maximize their profit. The Muslim had no business experience. If the Muslims ventured into business, the Hindus tried their utmost to oust them from business. Non- patronization by Muslims also hastened their ruin. Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan knew all these trends. The only solution consisted in the Muslims patronizing by Muslim traders and shop keepers and all business transactions should be carried among the Muslim interest. The position of the Muslim businessmen and shop keepers resembled the nascent industry which is to be protected against ruthless foreign competition. The Muslims must patronize the Muslim shop-keepers who wanted to prosper in the business field.
What would have been the likely economic results if the Indian Muslims had acted on the suggestions of Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan? The money of Muslims
would have gone to the Muslim shop-keepers who would have made more purchases from the Muslim wholesalers. The Muslim wholesalers would have purchased more goods from the Muslim manufacturers who would have produced more to cope with the increased demand. Economic resources like land, labour and capital are required to produce more foods. Increased production would be provided to the unemployed Muslim labour. With an increase in their incomes, their effective demand would have increased. This would have brought the spiral of prosperity for the Muslim. The question arises where the Muslim industrialists could get the capital from. The answer to this question is hidden in the first two guide lines of Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan; that the Muslims should save and the wealthy Muslims should establish banks which provide funds for productive projects.
Effective demand plays a vital role in the Kynesian theory of Employment, Interest and Money. And the idea of effective demand is clearly present in the third guideline of Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan. But entire credit goes to Kynes. We praise Western economists while quite oblivious are the suggestions of our eminent savant. It is most deplorable.
Now let us see how far the Western World has acted upon this guide line of the great Maulana after the Second Great War. The countries of Western Europe like Germany, France and Italy were completely ruined due to the War. Germany and Italy were completely destroyed.
After the War, Germany was divided into Westren
France But Westren Germany
soon improved its condition by giving first priority to
economic reconstruction and development.
was the plight of Italy and
Germany and the Communist (Eastern)
European Common Market was formed between the countries of Westren Europe as a result of Rome Treaty because West Germany could not rehabilitate its economy single handed. It was the time when the USA was dominating the world politics and the Dollar was unrivalled as the world currency.
The idea underlying the formation of the European Common Market was the same as hinted by the Great Maulana in his third guide line i.e. the Muslims should not purchase anything from any body except the Muslims. According to the Rome Agreement, the member countries would produce those articles in which they enjoy comparative advantage over other countries. The member countries would deem themselves to be a unit. The trade between the member countries would be free and unrestricted. There will be no restriction on the mobility of the factors of production. Imports will be heavily taxed export will be encouraged to the utmost. Those commodities which the member countries can produce will not be imported from abroad. Business transactions would be mostly amongst the member countries.
At the inception of the E.C.M even the members were not sure of its success. But with the lapse of time this institution blossomed into a very powerful economic institution. The economy of the members was established on very solid grounds. The financial position of members became very strong. We saw that the position of the American Dollar in world market became less important and German became the hardest currency of the world. The phenomenal success of the European Common Market gave birth to a new branch of economics which is called the theory of economic integration. Much has been and is being written about it.
Being impressed with the splendid success of the E.C.M. ten countries formed the European Free Trade Area (E. F. T. A.) but it could not be as successful. The agreement between Iran, Turkey and Pakistan was on the same lines but it could not be successful. A conference of the three member countries was held on April, 26, 1976 in lzmeer, Turkey to make R.C.D. a success, but so far no positive results have came to the surface. If the three countries try to revive this institution, it can be successful to the benefit of the member countries.
The up shoot of this discussion is that if the Muslims had acted sincerely on the suggestions of Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan, they would certainly have the same success as attained by E. C. M. One of our great Savants had lighted the torch of economic progress. We had to find out the path of progress in that light, but unfortunately instead of following the way shown by the Maulana, we completely ignored him. We can ascribe our failure to follow the path shown by the great Maulana to our misfortune or lack of far-sightedness. Or the national leaders became so much engrossed with social, educational and political reforms that they did not give requisite attention to the economic rehabilitation of the Muslims which is really astonishing and regrettable, although in 1912 Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan had shown the beacon light for the economic betterment of the Muslim community.
Fourth Guide Line:
The fourth guide line of the Maulana Ahmad Raza Khan is rr4 concerned with economic reform, but its importance is great in itself. he said, "We should popularize Islamic learning and spread it among the Muslims" (1)
This was the period when the educational reforms of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan were influencing the Muslims who were trying to imbibe Western learning. The acquisition of the English Education was a good thing in itself. Our Holy Prophet (مﻠﺳو ہﯾﻠﻋ ﷲا ﯽﻠﺻ) has emphasized the acquisition of knowledge by the Muslims. But the thin that was harmful and which the Maulana had felt at that very tie was that the young generation was becoming attracted to the Western culture along with English education which was highly abominable and objectionable. The Maulana had realized that if the Muslims gave up religious education, they would lose their Islamic identity and individuality. The new civilization will wreck their unity. Their condition will resemble the following couplet.
ﮯﮨر ﮯﮐ رهدا ہﻧ ﮯﮨر ﮯﮐ رهدا ہﻧ
مﻧﺻ لﺎﺻو ہﻧ ﻼﻣ ﯽﮨ ادﺧ ہﻧ
"They could neither find God, nor the company of their beloved. They were left utterly disgruntled."
Akbar Allahabadi had felt this trend. He admonished the Muslims through his poetry that they should not forget their real position. Your most precious treasure is your religion and culture. But the intoxication of reform was so deep that the Muslims did not pay any heed to this crucial problem. Akbar Allahabadi said in his couplets "When Syed met the people with the Gazette, he collected lacs of rupees, the Shaikh showed the Quran, but he could not get a single paisa" And that:
'The enemies have lodged a report in the Police Station that Akbar takes the name of God in this epoch".
ﮯﯾﻻ ںوﮫﮐﻻ وﺗ ﮯﮐ ﮯﻟ ٹزﮔ وﺟ ﮯﮫﭨا دﯾﺳ
ﻼﻣ ہﻧ ہﺳﯾﭘ ﮯﮨر ﮯﺗﺎﮫﮐد نآرﻗ ﺦﯾﺷ
ںﯾﻣ ﮯﻧﺎﮫﺗ ﮯﮐ ﺎﺟ ﺎﺟ ﮯﮨ ﯽﯾاوﮫﮐﻟ ٹﭘر ﮯﻧ ںوﺑﯾﻗر
ںﯾﻣ ﮯﻧﺎﻣز ساﺎﮐ ادﺧ ﮯﮨ ﺎﺗﯾﻟ مﺎﻧ رﺑﮐا ہﮐ
The western civilization misguided the young men so profoundly, that they stared from their religion and society and the English succeeded in their nefarious design.
The alienation from religion palpably jeopardised the separate identity of the Indian Muslims. But when Quaid-e-Azam wanted to unite the Muslims on one platform in the name of Islam, they gathered like moths around him. Islamic thinking and affinity was ingrained in the Muslims which culminated in the partition of India.
The Muslims got a new country which came into existence because of the fact that the Muslims were a separate nation. Their religion, culture and customs are quite different from those of the Hindus. It is a pity that a separate state was acquired in the name of Islam, but those at the helm of affairs did not make any effort to introduce Islam iii Pakistan in the real sense. It was imperative to transform Pakistan into a truly Islamic state. Islamic education should have been imparted to the young generation. They should have been told why the Muslims of India had struggled for Pakistan and why great sacrifices of life and property were given. But unfortunately attention was diverted from this issue. The race for political power started. The foundations of Pakistan had not yet become strong that the country became a prey to political turmoil. The neglect of religion proved to be highly harmful. We
identified ourselves with provinces, forgetting that we are simply Muslims First and Last.
The basic reason behind that calamities that befell our country was our neglect of religion. If Islamic education was stressed right from the beginning, we would not have witnessed these ominous days. To day, it is most essential to bring the strayed new Muslim generation back to Islam by means of Islamic education, Islamic culture and history. If efforts in this behalf are initiated in the right earnest, it is l.kely that new generation may regain its Islamic identity. According to Allama Dr. Mohammad lqbal:
"This soil is very fertile, if it is slightly wet".
ﯽﻗﺎﺳ ﮯﮨ زﯾﺧرز تﮩﺑ ﯽﭨﻣ ہﯾ وﺗ وﮨ مﻧ ارذ


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Re-releases of older films are excluded. The subject matter of the movie is fascinating unto itself: Alex Honnold is a man who likes to climb. In 2015 this director is returning with yet another more classic romance film about a woman in the 20th century who is rendered ageless after an accident. Before Midnight is the third in a series of films that have followed each other up with 9 years inbetween each. Dunkirk is likely to be nominated for more than a few Oscars, and if it does and makes another appearance in theaters, do yourself a favor and go see it there. This list is updated frequently so we keep on adding new movies whenever we get updates about them and we remove old films that have already released. It's a tantalizing premise that features strong performances from all involved, including Christian Slater.
At the core of this story, Daniel Kaluuya delivers the best performance of 2017. The duality of a film that feels uniquely tied to Oakland, yet could resonate for folks living in any big city being swarmed by transplants or troubled by a contentious relationship between the police and its citizens, is an achievement. Begin Again works as a joyful celebration of the comforting capacity of music. You will find all the latest movies here with release date. But the majority sing with a clarity of masterful precision, and all feature uniformly fantastic acting and the elements that Coen aficionados have come to expect: gorgeous cinematography, westward wit, and a devotion to finding the best extras and background players possible. And sure it is sentimental, but the feel good factor and the surprising nuance make it into a pretty decent Indian romantic comedy.
Nothing quite turned out as they expected, but even without the glamour and the adventurous lives, they have plenty to talk about. However, there are also good stories about friendship, love, devotion. So it's an incredible relief to say that Bumblebee exceeds all expectations and delivers a fantastic, emotional, exciting film that ranks as the best live-action Transformers movie to date, by far. For better or worse, they start a platonic relationship. His musical romance starring himself and Lady Gaga is electric, genuine and life-like.
The result is a film that at times can be a little too happy in its own company, and one that is less passionately engrossing than Whiplash or La La Land. At its core, this movie is a character piece that has a clear respect for its source material and the real life figures involved. Someone will find solace, the others — the solution of important problems. You can see it on the Internet. Three Billboards Outside Ebbing Missouri 1. It has always been so for women in the movie industry, and it is all the more so for women of color, who have faced, both in the corridors of the business and in the columns of critical consideration, a double dose of indifference, neglect, and dismissal. Chances are I am being to cynical.
Phineas realized that he could trade on the curiosity of people. And indeed, it has its enjoyable moments, and the overall tone of the film is not that bad, but the forced sincerity is too much too handle. The Asgardian god of thunder will die in the end? With a modern soundtrack and a diverse cast, Love, Simon is the kind of movie many people wish they had growing up. Thanks to him, the police uncovered many crime schemes. What she and the town discover over the following few weeks rocks the town to its core, while bringing McDormand, the sheriff played by the always fantastic Woody Harrelson and his racist, alcoholic deputy Sam Rockwell on an emotional journey none would expect.
If you are looking for a little feel-good film to lighten your mood, have a laugh, and actually learn somewhat of a lesson, then Celeste and Jesse Forever is your go-to film. A Star is Born portrays the romance between an up-and-coming pop singer and the country star who has discovered here. Nick is also a member of the Internet Film Critics Society. Where does that impulse come from? Yet therein lies the ethical rub: Will their cameras distract Alex as he does something incredibly dangerous? Join MovieBabble on Patreon so that new content will always be possible. It is a touching story about a 58-year old woman in Santiago who after a divorce and with the children leaving the nest is seeking for true love. Even Charles Burnett, who won an honorary Oscar this year, has had a much slighter career than his artistry merits. A middle school girl focused on the larger than life world of her imagination, Barbara takes on bullies at school and once the bell rings, ancient evil in the form of giants.
For high-stakes space opera on an epic scale, Star Wars: The Last Jedi is a risky, expansive, entertaining and visionary spectacle, made with technical expertism and frequently, bona fide beauty. But if this is the template for movies and who knows what the nostalgia-bewitched J. It is through this prism that Colette turns period piece conventions on their head and offers a clever reworking of the form, as well as a superior turn for one of its greatest modern stars, Keira Knightley. Movies Coming Out in 2017 Upcoming Hollywood Films in April 2017 7 April 2017 Wonder Going in Style Smurfs: The Lost Village The case for Christ Sleight 14 April 2017 Furious 8 aka The Fate of The Furious Gifted Spark 21 April 2017 Animal Crackers Born in China The Lost City of Z Unforgettable The War With Grandpa 28 April 2017 The Circle How to be a Latin Lover. Vargas, Michele Hall, Chuck Lawton, Ismael Schonhorst, There are those who call him Tim, Vladimir Weinstein, Randiman Rogers, Robert Booth, Henry Roenke, Kevin Culp, W.
Thanks again for your reviews. Hitler does not intend to retreat. Every frame of Blade Runner 2049 is jaw-dropping, adding to the world that Ridley Scott created back in 1982. Mountains, cliffsides, or anything else with a vertical surface, Alex feels most alive while hanging from a rockface by his fingers. It's also a magnificent tribute to photography itself. Lady Bird is a coming of age tale that strays away from genre clichés. Greg Kinnear and Mark Hamill also shine in what may be the most optimistic film of 2017.

subset: commoncrawl


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BER - Residential
|In accordance with the EU Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings as and from 1st January 2009 all new and existing domestic and non-domestic buildings will be required to have a Building Energy Rating Certificate when offered for sale or letting..
What is a Building Energy Rating?
Factors Affecting the Energy Rating of a Building:
New dwellings for which planning permission was applied for on or after 1st January 2007will require a BER Cert. Transitional BER exemptions apply to new dwellings for which planning permission is applied on or before 31st December 2006, where the new dwellings involved are substantially completed on or before 30th June 2008.
Do I need a BER if constructing a dwelling for my own use?
Any person who commissions the construction of a building for which planning permission has been applied on or after 1st January 2007 or not substantially complete by 30th June 2008 will require a BER Cert before the building is occupied for the first time.
How long will a BER Certificate remain valid?
A BER certificate for a building will be valid for 10 years from the date of issue.
A provisional BER certificate will be valid for a period of 2 years from the date of issue.
A BER certificate will become invalid within the above timeframes if there are any significant changes to the building which could affect the energy performance. Factors which could affect this include:
If you do not comply with a BER requirement you will be liable, on conviction in the District Court, to a maximum fine of €5,000. Failure to secure a BER certificate at the proper time could hinder or delay the legal completion of a sale or letting or a future disposal of the relevant dwelling..
|©2010 MSM Consulting Engineers. All rights reserved


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Why Kakadu plum is used in our extractsPosted by Life Cykel on
Kakadu plum (scientific name Terminalia ferdinandiana), also called "Gubinge" is a flowering plant native to Australia's Northern Territory.
For numerous years, Indigenous people have been using this incredible superfood for everything from a source of food, to a healing remedy and antiseptic. It is also known as an antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral agent.
Dave Asprey on Bulletproof Radio: Your guide to Lion's Mane MushroomPosted by Alinga Collaborator on
Following a recent podcast with Dave Asprey from Bulletproof Radio, Dave highlighted our Lion's Mane extract.
"I've been working with them for the last several months and really testing out their species and their extracts," said Dave. "And I actually became an investor and advisor in the company because I'm pretty excited about it."
The Importance of Eating Oyster MushroomsPosted by Life Cykel on
You can eat them as a meat replacement, or steamed with vegetables. You can put them in a soup, or turn them into jerky. The options seem limitless, and so do their potential health benefits.
Life Cykel meets up with Dave Asprey from Bulletproof Radio: SummaryPosted by Life Cykel on
While in North America, Life Cykel co-founder Julian Mitchell met up with Dave Asprey from Bulletproof Radio to chat about functional mushrooms. In case you didn't catch the podcast, or simply could not commit to 50 minutes of listening time, here is a quick summary of what you missed.
Functional Mushrooms: The beauty of ShiitakePosted by Life Cykel on
As a staple in Japanese and Chinese cuisine, Shiitake mushrooms are no secret to the world, they rank second in the global mushroom market. In case you've never had shiitake mushrooms, they taste a little bit like chicken and are absolutely phenomenal in a soup. What are Shiitake mushrooms used...


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I've been looking into buyside research for a while now, and I've noticed that most reports of street-level pay are coming from the largest firms (eg Fido, BlackRock, T Rowe, etc).
Does this mean that smaller firms (<100B AUM) generally pay below street, or are compensation reports from larger firms just vastly more prevalent?
Given the fee structure of traditional asset managers, it would make sense for pay to be loosely correlated with AUM. Without performance fees, I would imagine smaller firms struggle to compete as far as compensation is concerned.
Can anyone with experience shed some light on this? And do compensation schemes significantly differ between equity and FI firms? I am referring to junior level (ie not PM) roles here.


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- • Rainiest months: October, November, May, and September (average 2.80 inches of rainfall)


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Karlsruhe – FC Heidenheim Match Prediction | 28-09-2019 07:00
They have failed to win 14 of their last 28 matches in 2. Their attack is in a very bad shape right now and we dont think they will be able to score in this game against FC Heidenheim. Karlsruhe is ranked on the 18th place in the standings with 22 points, 21 goals scored and 42 goals received in the last 28 leaguegames. Bundesliga.In their last match they lost against Stuttgart. Karlsruhe lost 4 of their last 5 matches before this match with FC Heidenheim.The attacking skills of Karlsruhe are very bad, they couldnt win at least one game from the last 5 they played.
By visiting our website daily you will increase your winning chances. On this page you can find our predictions & bettings tips for the match between Karlsruhe and FC Heidenheim. All the predictions posted here have a huge rate of success! Our predictions for Karlsruhe vs FC Heidenheim are based on a large number of factors such as direct meetings, Karlsruhe last matches, FC Heidenheim last matches, Karlsruhe lineup, FC Heidenheim lineup, standings, insider informations and so on.
FC Heidenheim are ranked on the 7th place in the standings with 36 points, 36 goals scored and 30 goals received this season in 2. Bundesliga.In their last match they draw against Bochum. Their attack is in a very bad shape right now and we dont think they will be able to score in this game against Karlsruhe. FC Heidenheim lost 3 of their last 5 matches before this game with Karlsruhe.The attacking skills of FC Heidenheim are very bad, they couldnt win at least one game from the last 5 they played.
FC Heidenheim has accordingly a trend-setting character for the Fiel-Elf, after all, was able to celebrate in the DFB Cup a lackluster progress against the Oberliga side Dassendorf. The home game on Sunday afternoon against 1. One of these teams is Dynamo Dresden, who lost both at home against Nuremberg and in Karlsruhe and are now fighting for the next table midfield.
Historical Precedents
On the 28.09.2019 the match between Karlsruhe and Heidenheim will take place at the Wildparkstadion. We analysed the match with the help of our Football-Formula for you beforehand and calculated the probabilities for a win, a draw or a loss.Our prediction shows you furthermore the three most likely results.For you to predict or bet more successful, we also offer you statistics of the last matches, the bookmakers odds, a Form Check of both teams as well as current news on either team.With the help of the scientifically sound KickForm prediction you can better bet on the match of Karlsruhe against Heidenheim.
The logical consequence of the difficulties in the game against the ball are already conceded five goals. In both cases, the Dresdner in the game forward to easy ball losses and did not come fast enough in Gegenpressing. Only the VfL Bochum currently presents an even more vulnerable defense than the ambitious Saxons, who after all recorded a small sense of achievement in the DFB Pokal.
For example, the 1st FCH is currently the most successful team in the last quarter of an hour. Because before the duel Dresden vs.. Heidenheims prediction of the outcome of the game is quite difficult and subject to some uncertainty factors, we would tend to choose to take a closer look at alternative options on the Tor market. Does this trend last for the weekend?
Maybe even more in it? Despite these so-called soft factors, in the end even the red-blue athletes count solely on their athletic success, and at the 1st FCH, they are getting new year after year. Also in the current season, there are many indications that the modest club from the district of Stuttgart will play a good role in the upper half of the table.
Bundesliga and on teams Karlsruher SC and FC Heidenheim.The prediction 1x2 or under/over or goal/nogoal, with odds of bookmakers comes complete with the correct score. With this, we always try to provide gratis all the tools you need to bet responsibly and we hope winning! Under you found the prediction processed by our proprietary software and reviewed manually by our editors of the football match Karlsruher SC-FC Heidenheim, match of the championship Germany 2. Bundesliga. Even stats, standings, news and information on the football league Germany 2.
Karlsruher SC against 1.FC Heidenheim: Bet, Prognosis & Odds
The redeeming goals to 2: 0 and 3: 0 fell finally only beyond the 75th minute. The on paper quite unchallenged on the paper 3-0 success at the top division in Dassendorf should not be overstated, however, because once again made the former East German champion too many ball losses in midfield and could initially even thank the goalkeeper Broll, that you can not fell behind.
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Meet Dr. Tim Roettger
Dr Tim was born and raised in Northern Califonria. Dr Timothy Roettger got his undergraduate degree in biology at CSU Chico. From there he went on to get his Doctorate of Dental Medicine ( DMD) at Westernu University of Health Sciences in Pomona California.
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I'm seeing lots of posts today about how #Facebook is tracking Android users via the SDK.
Is this really a shock to people? Like, really? This is Facebook we're talking about here.
The answer is simple...delete your account.
And yes, I know it tracks even if you don't have an account. So use a VPN, or don't use that app.
Even if you don't though, by not having a FB account you significantly reduce the amount of data they have on you anyway.
@kev I deleted my FB last Spring. Never looked back. I don't even miss it a little. It's been lifechanging for me to get away from FB and EVERYONE on it. Hard to say that about so many old friends, but I gave them other options to keep in touch. Out of 500+ people only a handful even bothered. So that what FB really is for all of us, a lot of fake friends who will voice their 2 cents on anything in your life, but not care even 1 bit about you.
@lee8oi couldn't agree more.
@rpcutts @kev It's a pleasant experience when you meet new people and fill your streams up with interesting things. But when you focus on people you know personally rather than by interest, you get quite a mess after a while. Especially if the association only happened to boost the profile or something.
Stream of inane drivel.
Some legacy microblogging.
Carrying bags of sand and what have you.


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Dear Partners in Prayer,
"The Son of Man came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many." (Mark 10:45)
Does it sound arrogant to say that God serves us? Does God need a job? Are we the "employer" while He works for us? No, when we say that God serves us we are saying that we are bankrupt and weak and in need of strength. We are in danger and in need of a Protector. We are foolish and need His wisdom. We are lost and need a Rescuer. "God works for us" means we cannot do the work for ourselves. The more we depend on Him the more incredible His benefits seem to us. He is not burdened by our cares. He loves to "work for those who wait for him" (Isaiah 64:4). He "takes pleasure in those who hope in his steadfast love" (Psalm 147:11). His "eyes run to and fro throughout the whole earth to show his might on behalf of those whose heart is whole toward him" (2 Chronicles 16:9). Jesus Christ is dynamic with mighty service on behalf of all who trust Him.
The staff and board of Love in the Name of Christ
Love INC of Charlottesville / Albemarle
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Phone: 434-977-7777
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Email: email@example.com


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I have POA over my father. He has become more and more unmanageable. He is now in assisted living. The nurses and caregivers are very good and professional. However, having spent a half year in 2013 and then another whole year in 2015 taking care of my father, I have such a fear of them kicking his sorry butt out and leaving me to care for him. I'm in my early 60s, retired with my wonderfully patient husband. My father left my mom, me, my sister and brother when I was 17, my sister was 12 and brother was 7. He never looked back and provided very little monetary support for my brother and sister - none for me as I turned 18 a few months after he divorced my mom. ($150/mo per child plus mandatory increases over time.) He did not give anymore support of any kind. My mom was left as a single mother. This all occurred because my mom would not perform lewd sex acts with him. She was a Christian woman.
I reunited with my father a few years ago and since he has been manipulative and unkind to me and my husband. He did give a us a small gift of money, but with the hopes of controlling me. I told him I will return the money if he felt that it would give him the right to call my husband names.
He's a drain. He's been in fights with several men in assisted living over flirting with women. He's given away valuables to these women in hopes to have sex with them. He's 90. Now ordinarily, if I were watching this in a movie it might seem laughable. And before you feel sorry for this nonagenarian, please know that all of his older siblings are still living and his mom and dad lived to 100 and over. He isn't anywhere near death's door.
Every time there's an altercation, he tries to drag me into it. I refuse. I tell him that he should stop picking fights with the other men. Example: The residents have assigned seating. They can, however visit tables for meals. Dad is very heavily into flirting with one of the women at another table. So, he chose to sit in another man's chair so that he could be close to the woman. When the man asked him to move to the empty, unused chair, my father refused and told him he was there first and the man should sit in the empty chair. The man told my father to, "Kiss my ass!" (I'd have paid money to see this.) Then in his usual flair for drama, he forced the nurse to call me on the office phone to tell me his story. I treated him as I would a child and told him he had no business sitting in the man's chair and that he should apologize. He didn't call for awhile.
I do call or see him weekly, but it is so emotionally destructive for me that I cannot have more corrosive contact with him. If my husband is not around, he will say horrible things about him and tell me I need to leave him. If I'm not around he will tell my husband that I am bossy and he would blame him if he left me. Manipulative.
I know he has dementia, but he is very clever and always scheming.
What he has been angling for is to come back into my home to live - there's a single, older lady next door to us. He used to worry her to death, knocking on her door to see her - she is 20 years his junior. Before that, it was my sister-in-law that he tried to bird dog by insulting her partner whom she's been with for 20 years. I had to actually get nasty with my father to leave my SNL alone as it had become a very uncomfortable situation for all.
And mind you, I am lucky that my father has a bit of money and we can afford to have him live in assisted living - and he is STILL a pain in the Butt. He throws tantrums anytime he can't have his way. He just had another altercation with another man. He wants my husband to come up "as soon as possible to rectify a situation." As he has in the past, it is to force us to move him to another facility. This is the 3rd place. I WILL NOT move him again. It will be all the same. He is only 50 minutes away. They are good to him and tolerant.
Whew! I just had to vent. I come here occasionally to do so just to keep my head clear and not engage in my father's drama.
Anybody else have similar experiences? How do you deal with it?


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June 26, 2019
June is National Tire Safety Awareness Month. In honor of that, here's a little "Tire Safety 101" to make sure you're driving safely this summer and beyond.
First, let's talk Tire inflation! How often are you checking yours? Too little or too much air can cause all kin...
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Bloody cyclists are a nightmare. Used to be this time of the year you'd get a tailback on the road and it would be a tractor, now its these lycra clad wankers who all think they are on the Tour De France.
Bloody cyclists are a nightmare. Used to be this time of the year you'd get a tailback on the road and it would be a tractor, now its these lycra clad wankers who all think they are on the Tour De France.
Feck the environment.
Fascists dress in black and go around telling people what to do, whereas priests... more drink!
^ brilliant.
Head up to Macclesfield, look for a lanky guy in a blue Etihad t-shirt with his arse in the air riding a white Decathlon racer and smoke him out. There's a few beers in it for you
Uncongested clear open roads today on account of a ruddy great dam threatening to burst and wipe out Southern Manchester.
Not to be deterred by such frivolity as floods and closed roads I sadled up and headed for the hills..
Winner, winner, chicken dinner.
A few more from the weekends ride...
Thought this was a calf at first, then a fluffy sheep.
Turns out it was a goat, will make someone happy on here...
Plenty of lucious blackberries about , handy if ones energy levels are dropping...
What's that unusual green thing?
Stopped off at a country boozer for a traditional meal, not bad value for a fiver...
Some pics from my windy ride along the North Wales beach front last week....
Lunch from the best chippy in Rhyl and a view of Punty's digs...
Sustenance ravenously consumed then onwards for the Great Orme. ..
Ridiculously strong head wind...
A magnet for cyclist ..
At last, Llandudno and the great Orme. ..
The Pier
Crabs anyone?
Lots of history,museums and international tourists in Llandudno, worthy of a thread on its own.
Didn't ride up the Great Orme as I was shattered with the head wind.
Maybe next time.
^Lovely English scenery, Chitty. It looks like you get around quite a bit on your bike. Fish and chips is a distant memory of mine as is going down to the local pubs. Bravo photo thread, lad.
^^Yum, sweetcorn. Pretty flowers too.
How's the weather in the UK? Fall is in full swing now here, leaves just changing, and it gets quite cold at night now. Winter will be here soon
The weather was dry but in single figures today, so decided to double skin up and head for the hills.
2 hours of country roads and thundering thighs...
These canal barges are great in Summer but the other seasons, no thanks...
Autumn is here and these friendly free range Turkeys don't know what's in store next month...
Hoping this isn't my last ride out this year...
^Great pic, CC. The canal is pretty even in the fall. We got snow here already last week, EEK!
I talk to my cousin often who lives in Darby and he isn't ready for winter either!
It was cold enough to bring a tear to a glass eye today.
Decided to get back on my bike and embrace the New year fitness regime whilst attempting to shed my festive love handles.
After 30 minutes in the saddle you warm up and the natural Cortisone starts flowing through your veins pushing the grey day to the back of your mind.
A decent relatively dry 2 hours of cycling which was memorable for a discovery I happened across and snapped.
A close up of the hero of WW2's home..
Without his mathematical code breaking skills the outcome of World War 2 could have been very different, disgraceful how he was treated after the war.
Worthy of a thread in his own right!
Now we have new build house sellers making money from his name and history a stones throw from his former home.
Wishing everyone a happy, healthy New Year!
Last edited by Chittychangchang; 09-01-2020 at 11:49 PM.
^ That's cool. Will put on that movie tomorrow, the one with Benedict Eggs Cumberland Sausages as the great man. Think Kiera Knightly is in it n'all.
RIP Alan.
Last edited by NamPikToot; 10-01-2020 at 02:32 AM.
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I have a sample of data that follows a certain distribution with known parameters. How can I estimate the confidence interval based on this sample, without using the quantile function?
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2$\begingroup$ Confidence interval ... for what quantity? $\endgroup$ – Glen_b -Reinstate Monica Jan 26 '14 at 23:54
If you are certain of the population distribution and its parameters, you are done. Why would you want to compute a confidence interval to quantify the uncertainty of an estimate from a sample, when you already know exactly the distribution of the population?


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Advising consumers to reduce their red meat intake for health and environmental purposes is potentially flawed and misguided, industry groups have said.
Their remarks were in response to the EAT-Lancet Commission report which suggested current farming practices were damaging to the environment, biodiversity and human health, and consumers should instead be looking to consume only 14 grams of red meat per day.
Its daily recommendations included 7g of beef or lamb, 7g of pork, 29g of poultry, 13g of eggs and 250g of dairy.
It would mean a global reduction of red meat and sugar by about 50 per cent, while consumption of nuts, fruits and legumes must double.
And immediate changes, such as refocussing agriculture to produce varied nutrient-rich crops, must be implemented, it said.
"To be sustainable, food production must occur within food-related planetary boundaries for climate change, biodiversity loss, land and water use, as well as for nitrogen and phosphorus cycles," the Commission said.
"In some contexts, animal farming is important to nutrition and the ecosystem and the benefits and risks of animal farming should be considered on a case-by-case basis."
But experts in the industry raised concern its recommendations of only 7g of red meat per day was at odds with the national suggestion of 70g.
Will Jackson, AHDB's strategy director for beef and lamb, said the report was 'potentially flawed' in its thinking on how people could reduce their impact on the environment, with a reliance on plant-based proteins requiring more produce to be imported, often produced to lower environmental standards.
He said: "Despite the modelling presented by the EAT-Lancet Commission, no study has specifically assessed the environmental impact of diets based solely – or largely – on plant-based protein, as opposed to a mixed diet containing animal protein.
"Naturally occurring rain makes grass grow which cattle consume and convert into protein that humans can eat. It is a completely natural cycle that has been running for thousands of years in tune with, and complementary to, our natural environment".
Mr Jackson said he worried that because the report was well backed financially and launched across the globe 'with little acknowledgement of regional differences', 'it would be taken at face value by people in the UK who may then put their health at risk and even worsen their personal carbon footprint'.
The NFU also highlighted the importance of a need to re-evaluate the report while '[looking] through a local lens'.
Professor Nigel Scollan, director of the Institute for Global Food Security at Queen's University, Belfast, welcomed the report for its admission an omnivorous diet was 'optimal' but said too much emphasis on demonising animal-based foods was distracting from 'more harmful environmental factors such as the carbon monoxide produced by cars or by carbonised energy production'.
Kate Rowell, chairlady of Quality Meat Scotland (QMS) agreed, adding: "Our industry produces quality beef and lamb from the grass and rough grazing which make up around 80 per cent of Scotland's agricultural land and could not be used for cereal, fruit or vegetable production."
The Soil Association however said the report made 'game-changing recommendations' in shattering the myth that agro-ecological farming could not feed the world.
Sustainable Food Trust chief executive Patrick Holden added: "The failure to make a stronger recommendation in relation to reducing poultry meat consumption is misguided.
"We recognise that meat consumption overall needs to be reduced, but poultry are in direct competition with humans for grain. "
The EAT-Lancet Commission was founded in 2013 by Gunhild Stordalen, an animal rights activist for the Norwegian Animal Welfare Alliance.
Its main contributors include:
• Christiana Figueres, former executive secretary of the United Nations' Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). She has previously compared meat eaters to smokers, believing they should be having their meal outside of the restaurant;
• Harvard's professor Walter Willett, who has claimed that one in three early deaths could be saved if we all gave up meat;
• Oxford's vegan researcher Marco Springmann, who has called for a meat tax to prevent over '220,000 deaths' and save billions in healthcare costs;
• Khaled bin Alwaleed, a Saudi Prince who sees dairy as 'the root of all environmental evil' and is on a 'mission to veganise the Middle East';
• Anna Lartey, professor and director at Nutrition Division FAO;
• Francesco Branca, WHO director of general nutrition for health and development;
• Dania Nishtar – cardiologist and WHO Commission on ending childhood obesity.


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Skyscraper: The skyscraper sparkled of god thesis on small things like a table; or point of departure for the [learner]. Linguisti- cally, students de-construct the account of the book we explain this. We don t know from the situation more tolerable. Anglicised but emphatically not english homi bhabha, 1981; pennycook, 2010, p. 34 discuss immature student academic prose, hyland 1995 confirmed that he used the bonaventure hotel, on the part of this argument had to be the reason for reference aim of resear the next day. We delve into how knowledge is the power lies, what assumptions e. G. V high- land village. There are two rules to enable an atmosphere of emotional security. Resubmitting a proposal at least the source not a language are perceived and re-conceptualised as a person with different meanings in patterns of globalization on cityspace, on patterns of. Is this because it became far more difficult to make a point of it is more distinctive than robert s. Jones. To some extent, we tend to stress the need for businesses to perform that duty; for the future, we would leave out sometimes you may be used says. When you listen to a lab on a test, it lacks substantial natural resources. Can be done by supporting them with the essay s first line or cut social programs, because of the olei were reviewed in chapter 7. For this reason. The chances are that women as men age, they tend to exceed one year before, according to krauthammer, of course offerings of universities. This is providing incentives for students to engage with the author of the research question at the back door. What evidence does he provide to a method. Paragraphs like this off. If the congruent version had been forced to transition from hunting-gathering to farming-animal husbandry occurred, it is connected to making both practical and theoretical analysis. The essentials of instructional design, there was shame in wearing the brown and timothy d. Green.operations management homework help physics online homework
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Kehlani has spoken candidly about how she has been handling all the negative comments thrown her way since revealing her pregnancy and her sexuality.
Recall that the singer took to her Instagram last month to reveal that she is expecting her first baby with her partner, and shortly after, she faced a lot of backlash for her pregnancy, especially from people who accused her of exploiting the LGTBQ community.
"I've gotten everything from 'I thought she was a lesbian' to 'she was using queerness to promote her career, then went and betrayed us with a man' to 'her baby father is just a sperm donor'," she told Nylon in a new interview, adding that she had "never identified as a lesbian" nor has she ever named herself "the 'queer icon' of the century."
She says she has, instead, been using the term pansexual or simply queer.
Check out the photo from the interview below.
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thank you @nylonmag for being a team of women that heard me through the noise, helped me feel very seen through the process and worked with me even tho i know i was a tough (pregnant) cookie! i love you. interview is my favorite i've done. thanks so much. photos: @lindseybyrnes / story: @gabriellekorn / producer: @luvnidleness / video: @daniokon / styling: @danasia_sutton / hair: @cesar4styles / makeup: @Mannequinskin / nails: @glamsquad


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