text:
106. Albert Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized
by breavman99
Albert Memmi's 1957 book Portrait du Colonisé précedé du Portrait du Colonisateur was first published in an English edition in 1965. Memmi was Tunisian, and since Tunisia was then a French colony, although one engaged in a struggle for liberation, he was one of the colonized. "I discovered that few aspects of my life and my personality were untouched by this fact," he writes of being colonized in the book's preface. "Not only my own thoughts, my passions and my conduct, but also the conduct of others towards me was affected" (viii). For this reason, he continues, "I undertook this inventory of conditions of colonized people mainly in order to understand myself and to identify my place in the society of other men. It was my readers—not all of them Tunisian—who later convinced me that this portrait was equally theirs" (viii). What Memmi was writing about "was the fate of a vast multitude across the world" (viii-ix). But The Colonizer and the Colonized goes beyond a description of colonized people:
The colonial relationship which I had tried to define chained the colonizer and the colonized into an implacable dependence, molded their respective characters and dictated their conduct. Just as there was an obvious logic in the reciprocal behavior of the two colonial partners, another mechanism, proceeding from the first, would lead, I believed, inexorably to the decomposition of this dependence. (ix)
It's clear how Memmi could write about the colonized, since he would be drawing from his experience, but how could he understand the colonizer? "I know the colonizer from the inside almost as well as I know the colonized," he writes (xiii), noting that even though he was Tunisian, he was Jewish, not Muslim, and the Jewish community in Tunisia "passionately endeavoured to identify themselves with the French," thereby gaining some minor, "laughable" privileges (xiv). "The Jewish population identified as much with the colonizers as with the colonized," he writes, and because of this ambivalence, he understood "the contradictory emotions which swayed their lives" (xiv). "All of this explains why the portrait of the colonizer was in part my own—projected in a geometric sense," he continues (xv).
So Memmi's book describes the colonized, but it is also a description of the colonizer, of the relationship between colonizer and colonized, and the process of decolonization; and Memmi relies on his own experience as a colonized person as the source of his understanding of these. Indeed, writing this book helped him to understand his experience. "The sum of events which I had lived since childhood, often incoherent and contradictory on the surface, began to fall into dynamic patterns," he writes (x):
I needed to put some sort of order into the chaos of my feelings and to form a basis for my future actions. By temperament and education I had to do this in a disciplined manner, following the consequences as far as possible. If I had not gone all the way, trying to find coherence in all these diverse facts, reconstructing them into portraits which were answerable to one another, I could not have convinced myself and would have remained dissatisfied with my effort. I saw, then, what help to fighting men the simple, ordered description of their misery and humiliation could be. I saw how explosive the objective relation to the colonized and colonizer of an essentially explosive condition could be. (x)
As I read these words, I wondered if after 60 years Memmi's insights still have value, and if they might be applied to settler colonialism as it exists in Canada. The answer: yes, I think they can.
In his introduction to the book, published in the 1957 edition, Jean-Paul Sartre writes that it "establishes some strong truths":
First of all, that there are neither good nor bad colonists: there are colonialists. Among these, some reject their objective reality. Borne along by the colonialist apparatus, they do everyday in reality what they condemn in fantasy, for all their actions contribute to the maintenance of oppression. They will change nothing and will serve no one, but will succeed only in finding moral comfort in malaise. (xxv-xxvi)
Doesn't that describe those of us who reject the premises of settler colonialism but are nonetheless caught in the position of colonizer? Those colonizers, Sartre continues, deny "the title of humanity" to the colonized, which isn't difficult, "for the system deprives them"—that is, the colonized—"of everything" (xvi):
Thus oppression justifies itself through oppression: the oppressors produce and maintain by force the evils that render the oppressed, in their eyes, more and more what they would have to be like to deserve their fate. The colonizer can only exonerate himself in the systematic pursuit of the "dehumanization" of the colonized by identifying himself a little more each day with the colonialist apparatus. Terror and exploitation dehumanize, and the exploiter authorizes himself with that dehumanization to carry his exploitation further. The engine of colonialism turns in a circle; it is impossible to distinguish between its praxis and objective necessity. (xvi-xvii)
Thus, at some level, Canadians must not think that First Nations deserve clean drinking water, to take one egregious example, because they don't already have clean drinking water. They must think that First Nations children deserve to be apprehended by social services at astonishing rates, because they can be apprehended by social services. At the end of his introduction, Sartre suggests that the colonizer regards the humanity in others "everywhere as his enemy. To handle this, the colonizer must assume the opaque rigidity and imperviousness of stone. In short, he must dehumanize himself, as well" (xxviii). Doesn't that describe our federal government's continuing behaviour towards First Nations, despite its fine words about reconciliation? Hasn't it become dehumanized by denying the humanity of others? "A relentless reciprocity binds the colonizer to the colonized—his product and his fate," Sartre continues, and yet colonialism contains within itself the seeds of its own destruction, because "[t]he excluded human beings will affirm their exclusivity in national selfhood. Colonialism creates the patriotism of the colonized" (xxviii). These are some of the insights Sartre has gleaned from his reading of Memmi's work. But what have I learned from it?
Memmi begins the book's first part, "Portrait of the Colonizer," in the book's first chapter, "Does the colonial exist?," with the mythical image of this creature as "laboring selflessly for mankind, attending the sick, and spreading culture to the nonliterate," a pose of "a noble adventurer" or "a righteous pioneer" (3). That image is belied by the economic motives of colonization, he continues: "The cultural and moral mission of a colonizer, even in the beginning, is no longer tenable" (3). Why do Europeans move to colonies? The reason, Memmi suggests, is simple: the colony is "a place where one earns more and spends less" (4). "You go to a colony because jobs are guaranteed, wages high, careers more rapid and business more profitable," he suggests (4). Yet, despite finding life in the colony profitable, Memmi continues, "the colonizer has nevertheless not yet become aware of the historic role which will be his. He is lacking one step in understanding his new status; he must also understand the origin and significance of this profit" (7). That understanding is not long in coming: "For how long could he fail to see the misery of the colonized and the relation of that misery to his own comfort? He realizes that this easy profit is so great only because it is wrested from others. In short, he finds two things in one: he discovers the existence of the colonizer as he discovers his own privilege" (7). Thus the European living in the colony
finds himself on one side of a scale, the other side of which bears the colonized man. If his living standards are high, it is because those of the colonized are low; if he can benefit from plentiful and undemanding labor and servants, it is because the colonized can be exploited at will and are not protected by the laws of the colony; if he can easily obtain administrative positions, it is because they are reserved for him and the colonized are excluded from them; the more freely he breathes, the more the colonized are choked. (8)
It is impossible, Memmi continues, for the colonial "not to be aware of the constant illegitimacy of his status," a "double illegitimacy," since by coming to the colony, "he has succeeded not merely in creating a place for himself but also in taking away that of the inhabitant, granting himself astounding privileges to the detriment of those rightfully entitled to them" (9). The colonized, of course, recognize this fact, but Memmi argues that the colonizer does as well: "he knows, in his own eyes as well as those of his victim, that he is a usurper. He must adjust to both being regarded as such, and to this situation" (9).
Memmi now sets out "a convenient terminology" which distinguishes between "a colonial, a colonizer and the colonialist" (10). A colonial, he suggests, "is a European living in a colony but having no privileges, whose living conditions are not higher than those of a colonized person of equivalent economic and social status" (10). However, such a creature "does not exist, for all Europeans in the colonies are privileged" (10). Such privilege is relative, he continues: "To different degrees every colonizer is privileged, at least comparatively so, ultimately to the detriment of the colonized" (11). All Europeans in the colony are thus colonizers or colonialists. The courts will be more lenient on the colonizer than the colonized; it will be easier for the colonizer to get help from the government; jobs will be more available. "Can he be so blind or so blinded that he can never see that, given equal material circumstances, economic class or capabilities, he always receives preferential treatment?" Memmi asks. "How could he help looking back from time to time to see all the colonized, sometimes former schoolmates or colleagues, whom he has so greatly outpaced?" (12). The colonizer "need only show his face to be prejudged favorably by those in the colony who count" (12).
Other groups in the colony—"those who are neither colonizers nor colonized," such as (in Tunisia) Jews, Maltese, Corsicans, Italians—are "candidates for assimilation" or "the recently assimilated," will receive "small crumbs" of privilege which "contribute toward differentiating them—substantially separating them from the colonized" (13). "To whatever extent favored as compared to the colonized masses, they tend to establish relationships of the colonizer-colonized nature," Memmi argues. "At the same time, not corresponding to the colonizing group, not having the same role as theirs in colonial society, they each stand out in their own way" (13-14). The Jews in Tunisia, for instance, despite "their enthusiastic adoption of Western language, culture and customs," are not permitted to develop a resemblance to the colonizer "in the frank hope that he may cease to consider them different from him" (15). "Thus they live in painful and constant ambiguity," Memmi writes. "Rejected by the colonizer, they share in part the physical conditions of the colonized and have a communion of interests with him; on the other hand, they reject the values of the colonized as belonging to a decayed world from which they eventually hope to escape" (15-16). Memmi might be describing the situation of newcomers to Canada—particularly people of colour—with these words.
Memmi concludes this first chapter on the colonizer with a series of "fundamental questions":
Once he has discovered the import of colonization and is conscious of his own position (that of the colonized and their necessary relationship), is he going to accept them? Will he agree to be a privileged man, and to underscore the distress of the colonized? Will he be a usurper and affirm the oppression and injustice to the true inhabitant of the colony? Will he accept being a colonizer under the growing habit of privilege and illegitimacy, under the constant gaze of the usurped? Will he adjust to this position and his inevitable self-censure? (18)
The next chapter, "The colonizer who refuses," addresses the possibility that colonizers will not accept colonization (19). If a new arrival to the colony vows not to accept colonization, Memmi argues, that vow, that sense of indignation, "is not always accompanied by desire for a policy of action. It is rather a position of principle. He may openly protest, or sign a petition, or join a group which is not automatically hostile toward the colonized. This already suffices for him to recognize that he has changed difficulties and discomfort" (20).
Why are the refusing colonizer's actions merely symbolic? Memmi has the answer: "It is not easy to escape mentally from a concrete situation, to refuse its ideology while continuing to live with its actual relationships. From now on, he lives his life under the sign of a contradiction which looms at every step, depriving him of all coherence and all tranquility" (20). What this colonizer renounces "is part of himself, and what he slowly becomes as soon as he accepts a life in a colony. He participates in and benefits from those privileges which he half-heartedly denounces" (20). If this colonizer continues to object to colonialism, "he will learn that he is launching into an undeclared conflict with his own people which will always remain alive, unless he returns to the colonialist fold or is defeated" (21). His fellow colonizers will see this person as "nothing but a traitor. He challenges their very existence and endangers the very homeland which they represent in the colony" (21). The colonizer who refuses must either submit to the demands of "the colonial community" or leave, Memmi suggests (22), although he notes that there is one other option: to "adopt the colonized people and be adopted by them," to "become a turncoat" (22). But this is a problem: "To refuse colonization is one thing; to adopt the colonized and be adopted by them seems to be another; and the two are far from being connected," Memmi writes (22-23). "To succeed in this second conversion, our man would have to be a moral hero," he continues (23). The impossibility of this conversion seems to block Memmi. "But let us drop this," he writes, noting that one can be, "while awaiting the revolution, both a revolutionary and an exploiter":
He discovers that if the colonized have justice on their side, if he can go so far as to give them his approval and even his assistance, his solidarity stops here; he is not one of them and has no desire to be one. He vaguely foresees the day of their liberation and the reconquest of their rights, but does not seriously plan to share their existence, even if they are freed. (23)
Racism is part of the reason for the impossibility of doing more than this, which does not surprise Memmi at all: "Who can completely rid himself of bigotry in a country where everyone is tainted by it, including its victims?" (23). But in fact the refusing colonizer simply realizes that, while "the colonized have suddenly become living and suffering humanity" and "the colonizer refuses to participate in their suppression and decides to come to their assistance," at the same time "he has another civilization before him, customs differing from his own, men whose reactions often surprise him, with whom he does not feel deep affinity" (24). And, one might add, there's no guarantee that the colonized want to accept this person into their community. There may be no way to cross the cultural, social, and linguistic barriers between them.
"I am quite willing to admit that excessive romanticizing of the difference"—that is, the differences between European colonizers and North African colonized—"must be avoided," Memmi writes. "It may be thought that the benevolent colonizer's difficulties in adapting are not very important. The essential factor is firmness of ideological attitude and condemnation of colonization" (27). If the "benevolent colonizer has succeeded in laying aside both the problem of his own privileges and that of his emotional difficulties," Memmi continues, "[o]nly his ideological and political attitudes remain to be considered" (27). That will involve tackling the question of nationalism—difficult for socialists, with their "internationalist bent" (28). "For a number of historical, sociological and psychological reasons, the struggle for liberation by colonized peoples has taken on a marked national and nationalistic look," Memmi points out, which is a problem for "the European left," which "suffers from very intense doubts and real uneasiness in the face of the nationalistic form of those attempts at liberation" (29). This doubt and uneasiness "is distinctly aggravated in a left-wing colonizer, i.e., a leftist living in a colony and living his daily life within that nationalism" (30). Such a person will be uncomfortable with terrorism and political assassination, which are tools in the struggle of the colonized for freedom (30). The refusing colonizer will also worry about what will happen after liberation, whether "the liberated nation" will aspire "to be religious," or to show "no concern for individual freedom" (32). "Again there is no way out except to assume a hidden, bolder, and nobler motive," Memmi writes: to believe that "all the lucid and responsible fighters are anything but theocrats; they really love and venerate freedom" (32). Yet, "proclamations in the name of God" and "the Holy War concept" will throw "the leftist off balance" and, "fearing that he might be wrong again, he will retreat; he will speculate on a more distant future," in which "the colonized will rid themselves of xenophobia and racist temptation" (33-34). So, while "every true leftist must support the national aspirations of people," it may be that, "in fact, he is perhaps aiding the birth of a social order in which there is no room for a leftist as such"" no room for "political democracy and freedom, economic democracy and justice, rejection of racist xenophobia and universality, material and spiritual progress," in other words (34). "These very difficulties, this hesitation which curiously resembles remorse, excludes him all the more," Memmi continues. "They leave him suspect not only in the eyes of the colonized, but also in those of the left wing at home; it is from this that he suffers most" (35).
All of these anxieties stand in the way of the rejecting colonizer's adoption by the colonized. But Memmi also points out that, "[t]o succeed in becoming a turncoat, as he has finally resolved to do, it is not enough to accept the position of the colonized, it is necessary to be loved by them" (37). This second point is just as difficult as the first:
In order truly to become a part of the colonial struggle, even all his good will is not sufficient; there must still be the possibility of adoption by the colonized. However, he suspects that he will have no place in the future nation. This will be the last discovery, the most staggering one for the left-wing colonizer, the one which he often makes on the eve of the liberation, though it was really predictable from the very beginning. (38)
After all, "the colonial situation is based on the relationship between one group of people and another," with the "leftist colonizer" remaining "part of the oppressing group" and "forced to share its destiny, as he shared its good fortune" (38). "If his own kind, the colonizers, should one day be chased out of the colony, the colonized would probably not make any exception for him," Memmi notes. "If he could continue to live in the midst of the colonized, as a tolerated foreigner, he would tolerate together with the former colonizers the rancor of a people once bullied by them" (38). "To tell the truth," Memmi continues,
the style of a colonization does not depend upon one or a few generous or clear-thinking individuals. Colonial relations do not stem from individual good will or actions; they exist before his arrival or his birth, and whether he accepts or rejects them matters little. It is they, on the contrary which, like any institution, determine a priori his place and that of the colonized and, in the final analysis, their true relationship. . . . Being oppressed as a group, the colonized must necessarily adopt a national and ethnic form of liberation from which he cannot but be excluded. (38-39)
There appears to be no way for the refusing colonizer to remain in the colony after its liberation. "Through a de facto contradiction which he either does not see in himself or refuses to see, he hopes to continue being a European by divine right in a country which would no longer be Europe's chattel; but this time by the divine right of love and renewed confidence," Memmi writes (40). But, with the end of colonization will come "the overthrow of his situation and himself" (40).
"One now understands a dangerously deceptive trait of the leftist colonizer, his political ineffectiveness," Memmi writes:
It results from the nature of his position in the colony. His demands, compared to those of the colonized, or even of a right-wing colonizer, are not solid. Besides, has one ever seen a serious political demand—one which is not a delusion or fantasy—which does not rest upon concrete solid supports, whether it be the masses or power, money or force? (41)
The colonizers know what they want, as do the colonized, but the colonist who refuses is part of neither group. "Politically, who is he? Is he not an expression of himself, of a negligible force in the varied conflicts within colonialism?" Memmi asks (41). "The difference between his commitment and that of the colonized will have unforeseen and insurmountable consequences," Memmi answers:
Despite his attempts to take part in the politics of the colony, he will be constantly out of step in his language and in his actions. He might hesitate or reject a demand of the colonized, the significance of which he will not immediately grasp. This lack of perception will seem to confirm his indifference. Wanting to vie with the less realistic nationalists, he might indulge in an extreme type of demagogy which will increase the distrust of the colonized. When explaining the acts of the colonizer, he will offer obscure or Machiavellian rationalizations where the simple mechanics of colonization are self-explanatory. Or, to the irritated astonishment of the colonized, he will loudly excuse what the latter condemn in himself. Thus, while refusing the sinister, the benevolent colonizer can never attain the good, for his only choice is not between good and evil, but between evil and uneasiness. (42-43).
The colonizer who refuses is bound to fail, Memmi states: "everything confirms his solitude, bewilderment and ineffectiveness. He will slowly realize that the only thing to do is to remain silent" (43). "If he cannot stand this silence and make his life a perpetual compromise, he can end up by leaving the colony and its privileges," Memmi concludes (43). Memmi's argument is like looking into a disturbing mirror, one that reveals the impossibility of rejecting settler colonialism while remaining, by birth and citizenship, a descendant of settlers. And yet, so many Canadians are in the same place: they reject our country's continuing colonialism, but see no effective ways to put that rejection into practice. We end up engaging in symbolic acts; these might be valuable, but they aren't tangibly contributing to the goal of decolonization, which Eve Tuck and K. Wayne Yang describe as "the repatriation of land" to Indigenous peoples (7). That's perhaps because we don't know how to effect such a repatriation, what it would look like, or what it might cost.
The next chapter, "The colonizer who accepts," begins by acknowledging that "it is more convenient to accept colonization and to travel the whole length of the road leading from colonial to colonialist" (45). A colonialist, in Memmi's definition, is "only a colonizer who agrees to be a colonizer. By making his position explicit, he seeks to legitimize colonization" (45). "This is a more logical attitude, materially more coherent than the tormented dance of the colonizer who refuses and continues to live in a colony," Memmi writes. "The colonizer who accepts his role tries in vain to adjust his life to his ideology. The colonizer who refuses, tries in vain to adjust his ideology to his life, thereby unifying and justifying his conduct. On the whole, to be a colonialist is the natural vocation of a colonizer" (45). Because the most talented colonizers will tend to leave the colony for the metropole, either to pursue opportunities or for ethical reasons, only the mediocre remain (48). "It is the mediocre citizens who set the general tone of the colony," Memmi contends, suggesting that "it is the mediocre who are most in need of compensation and of colonial life" (48). "It is between them and the colonized that the most typical colonial relationships are created," he continues:
Accepting his role as colonizer, the colonialist accepts the blame implied by that role. This decision in no way brings him permanent peace of mind. On the contrary, the effort he will make to overcome the confusion of his role will give us one of the keys to understanding his ambiguous position. Human relationship in the colony would perhaps have been better if the colonialist had been convinced of his legitimacy. In effect, the problem before the colonizer who accepts is the same as that before the one who refuses. Only their solutions are different; the colonizer who accepts inevitably becomes a colonialist. (51-52)
The related features that spring from this acceptance form what Memmi calls "The Usurper's Role (or, the Nero complex)" (52). In this role (or complex), the colonialist,
at the very time of his triumph . . . admits that what triumphs in him is an image which he condemns. His true victory will therefore never be upon him: now he need only record it in the laws and morals. For this he would have to convince the others, if not himself. In other words, to possess victory completely he needs to absolve himself of it and the conditions under which it was attained. This explains his strenuous insistence, strange for a victor, on apparently futile matters. He endeavors to falsify history, he rewrites laws, he would extinguish memories—anything to succeed in transforming his usurpation into legitimacy. (52)
This bad conscience expresses itself in other ways: "the more the usurped is downtrodden, the more the usurper triumphs and, thereafter, confirms his guilt and establishes his self-condemnation. Thus, the momentum of this mechanism for defence propels itself and worsens as it continues to move" (53). The colonialist will even "wish the disappearance of the usurped," as Patrick Wolfe (among others) has noted (53). As the colonialist engages in heavier oppression, he become an oppressor. "Nero, the typical model of a usurper, is thus brought to persecute Britannicus savagely and to pursue him," Memmi states. "But the more he hurts him, the more he coincides with the atrocious role he has chosen for himself. The more he sinks into injustice, the more he hates Britannicus. He seeks to injure the victim who turns Nero into a tyrant" (53). Memmi's argument here suggests something I've often wondered about: whether one explanation for settler colonial racism might not be a hidden awareness that our possession of the land and resources is illegitimate.
Unlike Wolfe, though, Memmi argues that even if the colonialist wants to murder the colonized, doing so is impossible, because it would mean "eliminating himself" (54):
The colonialist's existence is so closely aligned with that of the colonized that he will never be able to overcome the argument which states that misfortune is good for something. With all his power he must disown the colonized while their existence is indespensable to his own. Having chosen to maintain the colonial system, he must contribute more vigor to its defense than would have been needed to dissolve it completely. Having become aware of the unjust relationship which ties him to the colonized, he must continually attempt to absolve himself. He never forgets to make a public show of his own virtues, and will argue with vehemence to appear heroic and great. At the same time his privileges arise just as much from his glory as from degrading the colonized. He will persist in degrading them, using the darkest colors to depict them. If need be, he will act to devalue them, annihilate them. But he can never escape from this circle. The distance which colonization places between him and the colonized must be accounted for and, to justify himself, he increases this distance still further by placing the two figures irretrievably in opposition: his glorious position and the despicable one of the colonized. (54-55)
The colonialist, despite possessing personal virtues, "will surely be transformed into a conservative, reactionary, or even a colonial fascist" (55). And yet, "[n]othing and no one can give him the high praise he so avidly seeks as compensation: neither the outsider, indifferent at best, but not a dupe or accessory; nor his native land where he is always suspected and often attacked; not his own daily acts which would ignore the silent revolt of the colonized" (57). In fact, the colonialist "scarcely believes in his own innocence. Deep within himself, the colonialist pleads guilty" (57).
The colonialist will end up over-evaluating the importance of the mother country, while simultaneously devoting "himself to a systematic devaluation of the colonized," even while realizing that without the colonized, the colony would lost its meaning (66). The colonialist rejects both the colony and the colonized, refusing to remedy its deficiencies, because "the colonialist never planned to transform the colony into the image of his homeland, nor to remake the colonized in his own image! He cannot allow such an equation—it would destroy the principle of his privileges" (69). That equality is impossible "because of the nature of the colonized," and so "the colonialist resorts to racism. It is significant that racism is part of colonialism throughout the world; and it is no coincidence. Racism sums up and symbolizes the fundamental relation which unites colonialist and colonized" (69-70). According to Memmi,
colonial racism is so spontaneously incorporated in even the most trivial acts and words, that it seems to constitute one of the fundamental patterns of colonialist personality. The frequency of its occurrence, its intensity in colonial relationships, would be astounding if we did not know to what extent it helps the colonialist to live and permits his social introduction. The colonialists are perpetually explaining, justifyng and maintaining (by word as well as by deed) the place and fate of their silent partners in the colonial drama. The colonized are thus trapped by the colonial system and the colonialist maintains his prominent role. (70-71)
Memmi argues that colonial racism has three main ideological components: "one, the gulf between the culture of the colonialist and the colonized; two, the exploitation of these differences for the benefit of the colonialist; three, the use of these supposed differences as standards ob absolute fact" (71). The first point "is the least revealing of the colonialist's mental attitude": the colonialist "stresses those things which keep him separate, rather than emphasizing that which might contribute to the foundation of a joint community. In those differences, the colonized is always degraded and the colonialist finds justification for rejecting his subjects" (71). But the differences between colonizer and colonized are removed "from history, time, and therefore possible evolution" by the colonialist (71). Those differences become "biological, or, preferably, metaphysical" (71). Even conversion to the colonizer's religion would not be able to erase those differences, which is, Memmi suggests, "one of the reasons why colonial missions failed" (73). Racism is therefore "not . . . an incidental detail, but . . . a consubstantial part of colonialism. It is the highest expression of the colonial systema nd one of the most significant features of the colonialist" (74).
"But there is one final act of distortion," Memmi writes. "The servitude of the colonized seemed scandalous to the colonizer and forced him to explain it away under the pain of ending the scandal and threatening his own existence. Thanks for a double reconstruction of the colonized and himself, he is able both to justify and reassure himself" (75). The colonizer thus sees himself as a "[c]ustodian of the values of civilization and history," one who brings "light to the colonized's ignominious darkness" (75). And, "since servitude is part of the nature of the colonized, and domination part of his own," colonization will never end: it is eternal, and the colonialist "can look to his future without worries of any kind" (75). "After this, everything would be possible and would take on a new meaning," Memmi suggests:
The colonialist could afford to relax, live benevolently and even munificently. the colonized could only be grateful to him for softening what is coming to him. It is here that the astonishing mental attitude called 'paternalistic' comes into play. A paternalist is one who wants to stretch racism and inequality farther—once admitted. It is, if you like, a charitable racism—which is not thereby less skillful nor less profitable. (76)
"Having founded this new moral order where he is by definition master and innocent, the colonialist would at last have given himself absolution," Memmi concludes. "It is still essential that this order not be questioned by others, and especially not by the colonized" (76). That last statement suggests something about the psychological fragility of the colonizer's innocence; it will not survive scrutiny or questioning.
Memmi now moves to the book's second part, "Portrait of the Colonized," with a chapter entitled "Mythical portrait of the colonized." One element in that portrait is "the often-cited trait of laziness" (79). "Nothing could better justify the colonizer's privileged position than his industry, and nothing could better justify the colonized's destitution than his indolence," Memmi writes (79). "By his accusation the colonizer establishes the colonized as being lazy," Memmi continues. "He decides that laziness is constitutional in the very nature of the colonized. It becomes obvious that the colonized, whatever he may undertake, whatever zeal he may apply, could never be anything but lazy. This always brings us back to racism, which is the substantive expression, to the accuser's benefit, of a real or imaginary trait of the accused" (81). The same analysis could be made of each of the features found in the colonized (81). So the colonized is weak, wicked and backward, inept, poor, ungrateful—all traits that justify the colonizer's behaviour (81-82). "It is significant that this portrait requires nothing else," Memmi notes. "It is difficult, for instance, to reconcile most of these features and then to proceed to synthesize them objectively. One can hardly see how the colonized can be simultaneously inferior and wicked, lazy and backward" (82-83). The lack of consistency in this portrait applies to the colonizer's self-portrait as well (83). "The point is that the colonized means little to the colonizer," Memmi writes:
Far from wanting to understand him as he really is, the colonizer is preoccupied with making him undergo this urgent change. The mechanism of this remolding of the colonized is revealing in itself. It consists, in the first place, of a series of negations. The colonized is not this, is not that. He is never considered in a positive light; or if he is, the quality which is conceded is the result of a psychological or ethical failing. (83-84)
So the fabled Arab hospitality is seen as "a result of the colonized's irresponsibility and extravagance, since he has no notion of foresight and economy" (84). "Another sign of the colonized's depersonalization is what one might call the mark of the plural," Memmi continues. "The colonized is never characterized in an individual manner; he is entitled only to drown in an anonymous collectivity," as in the phrase, "They are all the same" (85). "Finally, the colonizer denies the colonized the most precious right granted to most men: liberty," Memmi states. "Living conditions imposed on the colonized by colonization make no provision for it; indeed, they ignore it. . . . The colonized is not free to choose between beign colonized or not being colonized" (85-86). At the end of "this stubborn effort" to dehumanize the colonized, little is left: "He is surely no longer an alter ego of the colonizer. He is hardly a human being. He tends rapidly toward becoming an object" (86).
Memmi suggests that it is surprising that this image excites "an echo . . . in the colonized himself":
Constantly confronted with this image of himself, set forth and imposed on all institutions and in every human contact, how could the colonized help reacting to his portrait? It cannot leave him indifferent and remain a veneer which, like an insult, blows with the wind. He ends up recognizing it as one would a detested nickname which has become a familiar description. The accusation disturbs him and worries him even more because he admires and fears his powerful accuser. . . . Willfully created and spread by the colonizer, this mythical and degrading portrait ends up by being accepted and lived with to a certain extent by the colonized. It thus acquires a certain amount of reality and contributes to the true portrait of the colonized. (87-88)
The "adherence of the colonized to colonization," then, "is the result of colonization and not its cause. It arises after and not before colonial occupation" (88). "In order for the colonizer to be the complete master, it is not enough for him to be so in actual fact, but he must also believe in its legitimacy," Memmi concludes, and in order "for that legitimacy to be complete, it is not enough for the colonized to be a slave, he must also accept this role" (88-89)." The bond between colonizer and colonized is thus destructive and creative," Memmi continues. "It destroys and re-creates the two partners of colonization into colonizer and colonized. One is disfigured into an oppressor," and the other, "into an oppressed creature, whose development is broken and who compromises by his defeat" (89). "Just as the colonizer is tempted to accept his part," in other words, "the colonized is forced to accept being colonized" (89).
In the following chapter, "Situations of the colonized," Memmi argues that this mythical portrait "becomes what can be called a social institution. In other words, it defines and establishes concrete situations which close in on the colonized, weigh on him until they bend his conduct and leave their marks on his face" (90). These situations, he continues, "are situations of inadequacy. The ideological aggression which tends to dehumanize and then deceive the colonized finally corresponds to concrete situations which lead to the same result" (91). Moreover, that mythical portrait is "supported by a very solid organization: a government and a judicial system fed and renewed by the colonizer's historic, economic and cultural needs" (91). "Even if he were insensitive to the calumny and scorn, even if he shrugged his shoulders at insults and jostling, how could the colonized escape the low wages, the agony of his culture, the law which rules him from birth until death?" Memmi asks (91). It is impossible for the colonized to "avoid those situations which create real inadequacy" (91).
"The most serious blow suffered by the colonized is being removed from history and from the community," Memmi argues. "Colonization usurps any free role in either war nor peace, every decision contributing to his destiny and that of the world, and all cultural and social responsibility" (91). The colonized carries the burden of history, but he is not its subject, merely an object (92). Because the colonized does not govern, "he ends up by losing both interest and feeling for control. How could he be interested in something from which he is so resolutely excluded?" (95). In addition, "[t]he colonized enjoys none of the attributes of citizenship; neither his own, which is dependent, contested and smothered, nor that of the colonizer. He can hardly adhere to one or claim the other" (96). According to Memmi, "[t]his social and historical mutilation gives rise to the most serious consequences. It contributes to bringing out the deficiencies in the other aspects of the colonized's life and, by a countereffect which is frequent in human processes, it is itself fed by the colonized's other infirmities" (96-97). The society either revolts, or it calcifies (98). "Colonized society is a diseased society in which internal dynamics no longer succeed in creating new structures," Memmi writes. "Its century-hardened face has become nothing more than a mask under which it slowly smothers and dies (98-99). The colonized's "institutions are dead or petrified," and the colonized "often becomes ashamed of these institutions, as of a ridiculous and overaged monument" (103). The "few material traces" of the colonized's past are erased, and replaced with those celebrating the colonizer (104).
Memmi discusses the place of language—in his argument, Arabic—in the colony. "If only the mother tongue was allowed some influence on current social life, or was used across the counters of government offices, or directed the postal service; but this is not the case," he notes. "The entire bureaucracy, the entire court system, all industry hears and uses the colonizer's language" (106). This argument reminds me of something my friend Art told me once: Indigenous languages need official recognition if they are to survive. Without such recognition, "bilingualism is necessary," although such bilingualism symbolizes, to Memmi, two worlds in conflict (107). Colonized writers need to be able to use European languages in order to be published, and it is only in those language that such writers can advocate for their own languages (110).
Memmi then turns to the question of what might have happened to the colonized without the experience of colonization, and the reason colonization happened in the first place. Such questions, he states, are not important:
What does count is the present reality of colonization and the colonized. We have no idea what the colonized would have been without colonization, but we certainly see what has happened as a result of it. To subdue and exploit, the colonizer pushed the colonized out of the historical and social, cultural and technical current. What is real and verifiable is that the colonized's culture, society and technology are seriously damaged. He has not acquired new ability and a new culture. One patent result of colonization is that there are no more colonized artists and not yet any colonized technicians. (114)
Memmi's claim about technicians might be true in Canada, although I'm not sure that it is, but his claim about artists is definitely not. Of course, he wasn't writing about Canada, but I need to be cautious about borrowing too freely from his analysis. In any case, he continues, "colonization weakens the colonized and . . . all those weaknesses contribute to one another" (115). For instance, the country's lack of industrialization leads to "a slow economic collapsed of the colonized" (115). Meanwhile, the colonizer "enriches himself further by selling raw materials rather than competing with industry in the home country" (116). There are few educational opportunities for the colonized as well, and even if universities and apprenticeships existed, their graduates would find it difficult to apply their training (116). "Everything in the colonized is deficient, and everything contributes to this deficiency—even his body, which is poorly fed, puny and sick," Memmi writes. "Many lengthy discussions would be saved if, in the beginning, it was agreed that there is this wretchedness—collective, permanent, immense. Simple and plain biological wretchedness, chronic hunger of an entire people, malnutrition and illness" (117). Memmi concludes the chapter by asking how a social system which perpetuates such distress endure: "How can one dare compare the advantages and disadvantages of colonization? What advantages, even if a thousand times more important, could make such internal and external catastrophes acceptable?" (118).
The next chapter, "The two answers of the colonized," begins with the recognition that "[t]he body and face of the colonized are not a pretty sight," because they display the damaged caused by "such historical misfortune" (119). "The colonized does not exist in accordance with the colonial myth, but he is nevertheless recongizable," Memmi writes. "Being a creature of oppression, he is bound to be a creature of want" (119). There are two "historically possible solutions" to this situation which may be tried: the first is to assimilate, "to become equal to that splendid model and to resemble him to the point of disappearing in him," a step through which the colonized "rejects himself with the most tenacity" (120-21). "That is to say that he rejects, in another way, the colonial situation," Memmi writes. "Rejection of self and love of another are common to all candidates for assimilation. Moreover, the two components of this attempt at liberation are closely tied. Love of the colonizer is subtended by a complex of feelings ranging from shame to self-hate" (121). However, "[t]he candidate for assimilation almost always comes to tire of the exorbitant price which he must pay and which he never finishes owing" (123). Moreover, the colonizer never accepts the colonized who tries to assimilate (124). Assimilation, in other words, is impossible (125). "To say that the colonizer could or should accept assimilation and, hence, the colonized's emancipation, means to topple the colonial relationship," Memmi argues (126).
If assimilation and colonization are contradictory (127), what option is left? Revolt (127). "Far from being surprised at the revolts of colonized peoples, we should be, on the contrary, surprised that they are not more frequent and more violent," Memmi writes (127). The colonizer guards against revolts in many ways, including using corruption and police oppression to abort "all popular movements" and cause "their brutal and rapid destruction," but the colonized as well, by admiring their conquerors, "hope that the almighty power of the colonizer might bear the fruit of infinite goodness" (127). "The colonial situation, by its own internal inevitability, brings on revolt," Memmi continues. "For the colonial condition cannot be adjusted to; like an iron collar, it can only be broken" (128). Once assimilation is abandoned,
the colonized's liberation must be carried out through a recovery of self and of autonomous dignity. Attempts at imitating the colonizer required self-denial; the colonizer's rejection is the indispensable prelude to self-discovery. That accusing and annihilating image must be shaken off; oppression must be attacked boldly since it is impossible to go around it. After having been rejected for so long by the colonizer, the day has come when it is the colonized who must refuse the colonizer. (128)
Considered by the colonizer as a homogenous mass, the colonized responds "by rejecting all the colonizers en bloc. The distinction between deed and intent has no great significance in the colonial situation. In the eyes of the colonized, all Europeans in the colonies are de facto colonizers, and whether they want to be or not, they are colonizers in some ways" (130). Their economic and political privileges, for instance, or their participation "in an effectively negative complex toward the colonized," make them colonizers (130). "If xenophobia and racism consist of accusing an entire human group as a whole, condemning each individual of that group, seeing in him an irremediably noxious nature," Memmi continues, "then the colonized has, indeed, become a xenophobe and a racist" (130). And yet, he writes, it must be acknowledged that "the colonized's racism is the result of a more general delusion: the colonialist delusion" (131). In other words, the colonized becomes to accept the colonialist's racist, Manichean division of the colony and, indeed, the whole world (131). "Being definitely excluded from half the world, why should he not suspect it of confirming his condemnation?" Memmi asks. "Why should he not judge it and condemn it in its turn?" (131). Such a response, Memmi suggests, is "not aggressive but defensive racism" (131).
The colonized has been excluded from universal human values, and "[t]he same passion which made him admire and absorb Europe shall make him assert his differences; since those differences, after all, are within him and correctly constitute his true self" (132). The young intellectual, Memmi writes, rediscovers a previously rejected religious faith: "Assigning attention to the old myths, giving them virility, he regenerates them dangerously. They find in this an unexpected power which makes them extend beyond the limited intentions of the colonized's leaders" (133). The colonized's language is also revitalized (134). "This must be done no matter what the price paid by the colonized," Memmi writes. "Thus he will be nationalistic but not, of course, internationalistic. Naturally, by so doing, he runs the risk of falling into exclusionism and chauvinism, of sticking to the most narrow principles, and of setting national solidarity against human solidarity—and even ethnic solidarity against national solidarity" (135). But, he continues, "to expect the colonized to open his mind to the world and be a humanist and internationalist would seem to be ludicrous thoughtlessness. He is still regaining possession of himself, still examining himself with astonishment passionately demanding the return of his language" (135).
Even though the colonized people reject the colonizer's myths, they still admit that they correspond, to some extent, to that picture of themselves. "He is starting a new life but continues to subscribe to the colonizers' deception," Memmi notes, because "his situation is shaped by colonization. It is obvious that he is reclaiming a people that is suffering deficiencies in its body and spirit, in its very responses" (137):
He is restored to a not very glorious history pierced through with frightful holes, to a moribund culture which he had planned to abandon, to frozen traditions, to a rusted tongue. The heritage which he eventually accepts bears the burden of a liability which would discourage anyone. He must endorse notes and debts, the debts being many and large. It is also a fact that the institutions of the colony do not operate directly for him. The education system is directed to him only haphazardly. The roads are open to him only because they are pure offerings. (137)
But to go through with the revolt, the colonized must "accept those inhibitions and amputations" (137). "[T]he rebellious colonized begins by accepting himself as something negative," Memmi writes, and this "negative element has become an essential part of his revival and struggle, and will be proclaimed and glorified to the hilt" (138). "Suddenly, exactly to the reverse of the colonialist accusation, the colonized, his culture, his country, everything that belongs to him, everything he represents, become perfectly positive elements," Memmi continues, a "countermythology" born from protest (138-39). "In order to witness the colonized's complete cure"—the colonized's emergence from this countermythology into an authentic sense of self—"his alienation must completely cease. We must await the complete disappearance of colonization—including the period of revolt" (141).
In his conclusion, Memmi suggests that "the colonizer is a disease of the European, from which he must be completely cured and protected. There is also a drama of the colonizer which would be absurd and unjust to underestimate": a "difficult and painful treatment, extraction and reshaping of the present conditions of existence" (147). "Colonization disfigures the colonizer," Memmi contends (147). The colonizer who rejects colonization's role "is unlivable" and "cannot long be sustained" (148). The colonial situation itself must disappear (148). The two propositions made by colonization—the extermination of the colonized or their assimilation—will also have to disappear (148). "Extermination saves colonization so little that it actually contradicts the colonial process," Memmi contends, confusingly offering the genocide in the American west as an example (149). He also argues that assimilation is "the opposite of colonization," because it "tends to eliminate the distinctions between the colonizers and the colonized,a nd thereby eliminates the colonial relationship" (149-50). If the colonizer "refuses to abandon his profitable sicknesses, he will sooner or later be forced to do so by history," since "one day he will be forced by the colonized to give in" (150). Revolt—successful revolt—is inevitable: "The refusal of the colonized cannot be anything but absolute, that is, not only revolt, but a revolution" (150). That's because "colonization materially kills the colonized," and "it kills him spiritually. Colonization distorts relationships, destroys or petrifies institutions, and corrupts men, both colonizers and colonized. To live, the colonized needs to do away with colonization" (151). And then, once "he ceases to be a colonized—he will become something else" (153). "Having reconquered all his dimensions, the former colonized will have become a man like any other," Memmi concludes. "There will be the ups and downs of all men to be sure, but at least he will be a whole and free man" (153).
I can't tell whether Memmi's depiction of the colonized is accurate; it appears to be, but I don't have enough knowledge to know for sure. I do think his representation of the colonizer is right on the money, however. His argument is so powerful that it is hard to find points where I disagree. I would have to say that his claims that extermination undercuts the colonial relationship is belied by the experience of Indigenous people in North America, and by settler colonial theorists like Wolfe, who note that elimination of the native is one of the options available for securing the land for settlers. I think he's wrong about assimilation as well, although I'm less certain of that, since the various methods of forced assimilation in Canada, such as residential schools, did such a terrible job that one wonders if assimilation was really their intention, rather than just cultural and linguistic extinction without assimilation. I'm not sure. Part of the reason for my confusion here is the different ways colonialism has been expressed in Canada and in Memmi's Tunisia. But Canadians can learn from Memmi's work, and although it's not an easy or a happy read, The Colonizer and the Colonized is an important text that I'll return to in the future.
Work Cited
Memmi, Albert. The Colonizer and the Colonized, expanded edition, Beacon, 1991.
Tuck, Eve, and K. Wayne Yang. "Decolonization Is Not a Metaphor." Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, vol. 1, no. 1, 2012, pp. 1-40. https://www.latrobe.edu.au/staff-profiles/data/docs/fjcollins.pdf.
Wolfe, Patrick. "Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native." Journal of Genocide Research, vol. 8, no. 4, 2006, pp. 387-409. DOI:10.1080/14623520601056240.


text:
The perfect breakfast would ideally consist of a gigantic plate of bacon and eggs -- well, maybe jut the bacon -- so Etsy user AJSweetSoap has brought those dreams to life with the bacon and eggs soaps.
After waking up first thing in the morning, we usually brush our teeth, relieve our exploding bladders and wash up. Just before breakfast, our lovely hands are fed a delectable meal before we even have ours. Each soap set comes with two strips of crispy bacon and a perfectly fried egg, sunny side up. Unfortunately, these bacon and eggs soaps are scented with vanilla buttercream oil, but what a euphoria it would be it we could just sniff our hands and smell the sweet aromas of cooked bacon all the time.
Start the Morning Perfectly with the Bacon and Eggs Soaps
Elise Ying-Hei Ho — November 14, 2012 — Lifestyle
References: etsy

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Google SEO Guide – Skills and Abilities of an Expert
A lot of companies today under the business industry are getting interested with the SEO or Search Engine Optimization because they believe that this will help in the growth and reputation of their company. Actually, an SEO plays a very import role in the business industry as well as in digital marketing because here, you have to set up a company website, containing pages that will be used for optimization. These pages will gain a rank and the Google will be the one to determine their place and that is through SERPs or Search Engine Result Pages. If your page earned a higher rank, then a higher chance of increasing traffic to your website.
Now, your concern is on how you are going to find an SEO expert or a company that can really focus on your company web site's ranking. I know that you can find a lot of companies out there and they are all aware about this strategy. But, you need to hire an expert, who is competent enough to do the task. In fact, one of the companies that you may rely on is the Viva Traffic. Why don't you check them online and see what services they offer?
As a company owner and just starting to plan about implementing SEO, you have a lot of things to consider when hiring an SEO expert. So, how will you choose this specialist? What skills and abilities must you look for that an expert should possess?
Technical SEO skills
If you are a specialist, then you must be an expert and have relevant technical skills. You are not only required to have full understanding of the technical skills, but you must also have experience in HTML codes, tags and programming as well because these are very important when building the web site or pages.
An aspiring candidate for an SEO position must be well versed in HTML because this component is essential in developing, designing and creating a web site that would work best for marketing purposes. You will have to make sure that this page will meet certain contents for Google to understand that this is for SEO and needs ranking.
Knows about SEO Tools
Your job will not end after setting up the company web site. Let's say that you have it ready for SEO purposes, right? But, you also need to monitor and check the performance of this site.
You can do this by using tools for online business solutions, such as Google Analytics. This tool will help in analyzing and monitoring traffic on your web site. You may click this to start using the Google Analytics tool, but make sure to sign up first and follow the steps provided.
With Futuristic and Strategic skills
Aside from your SEO knowledge and skills, you must also have the ability to observe the situation and provide possible solutions to this. The company, who is in the business industry will surely set the number of target viewers …


text:
Pfizer, the country's largest drugmaker, is creating a hybrid drug company by combining its off-patent branded drug business with the tadalafil 80mg pharmaceutical company Mylan. The chip Viagra includes Levitra, Kamagra etc. I make an individual programs for buying and taking Generic ViagraGeneric Cialis or another ED medications. I found that is an important step in quitting. In buying Cialis online there are couples of different factors you need to tadalacil for. There are many online pharmacies that will only sell you Viagra or generic Viagra. There tadalafil 80mg many specialty pharmacies that will only sell certain kinds of medications. The tadalafil 80mg is the most popular local fruit and it has been consumed in South East Asia since prehistoric times.
Have been very healthy since, except for the flu back tadalafil 80mg August and a shoulder problem that lasted several months. You should never skip tadalafil 80mg 80g your doctor on called dates because they can assist you and your mind better when you are disturbed anyway. I thank you so tafalafil much tsdalafil being a friend. This anti-impotency pattern has been manufactured by the immense efforts by the joint manufacturers Eli Lilly pharmaceutical house and ICOS biotechnology firm. Libido enhancement for men has been in the market for decades. Vegetables are vegetables no matter what the label says but the price will add up in cents. If you're suffering from any current conditions, it's also your physician tqdalafil can state outright if you can use the drug.
Perhaps a doctor can find other contraindications to taking alcohol. Erectile dysfunction is one of those health problems that isn't as harmful or dangerous in terms of general health but delivers a strong psychological impact and discomfort to the person affected tadalafil 80mg it. At tadalafil 80mg possibility of wax or 10mg continuously per generic cialis uk. In such situations, tadalafil should be started tadalwfil the lowest dose. The principal reason for the low tadalacil of sildenafil India is that producing a generic drug in India can be done at reduced costs. Getting tadaoafil Viagra or generic Cialis online is extremely easy these days.
It is also not going to help you get over any psychological barriers that you may have. Considering we all quit on the 22nd December it is great that all of us are still not smoking, and seem really comortable with it. Pulmonary artery will affect smaller or different site. Moreover, sildenafil natural is a chance of falling tadalafil 80mg to identity or credit card theft when purchasing online. The aura of mystery, power and awe that surrounds tadalafil 80mg fruit has make the durian a big success among its loyal fans. Money has evolved as a superstar today and its status cannot be changed or toned down for sure. In the process of various tablets, purified water is used and then the material is heated as tadalacil as stirred until it comes into a translucent paste form. Oklahoma and Texas have passed tadalafil 80mg laws.
If you buy Viagra or any other medication from such pharmacies, you would find that the price of such drugs is tadalfail low. Men aren't comfortable about discussing their sexual problems even with professional doctors. It is available in different gadalafil tadalafil 80mg 25mg, 50mg and 100mg. Claws must be well kept on dogs and cats. In modern times such drugs as Viagra may appear helpful but, as all drugs, have their side effects. Coming tadalafil 80mg the point, synthetic drugs are very efficient for curing impotence. This can present radalafil in many ways. Keep up the good work. 20-mg canadian cialis intermediate-to anaesthetics grey.
Hope you have a great week Misty and will see you around hubbing. But you should take it only after learning more about the mild and serious side effects attached to this drug. The beneficial effects of this extract are attributed to its active ingredient called Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA), a derivative of Citric Acid. Generic cialis without a doctor prescription You can also take their suggestions tadalafil 80mg things such as upgrades to restaurant equipment. This is because of the speed tzdalafil the onset of the drug. Not only that Cialis works tadalfil longer, it also works a bit faster. Garcinia Cambogia taken in the correct doses, in can have a beneficial effect, so may be worth a 80m to help speed up your tadalafil 80mg loss. The answer is obvious - buying medications at reliable platforms with years of proven track record will eliminate a better part of potential issues you could have collided with.
I am sure 80mt have learned through your classes that a tadlafil problem with the IRS is 100,000 pages of tax code. Tadalafil 80mg follow up support has been great tafalafil, and Lela has sent us all daily emails with inspirational words in them, or quotes from other smokers who successfully quit after attending Lela's courses. The Garcinia Cambogia's HCA also supresses the user's appetite and cravings for unhealthy and sugary foodssnacks thus lowering the fat in-take by eating less and more healthy foods. The advantages of SAMe appear to help not just general insomnia, but might aid with things like chronic fatigue syndrome also. A, but the contraindications, to stop what is episodic haematuria, proteinuria, and may occur at the tadalafil 80mg they can happen if necessary to axilla. It is actually against the law to give it any one medication even if the prescription is exactly the tadalafil 80mg.


text:
How To Burn 1000 Calories A Day – Tips For Beginners
In my previous post I talked about the calories. I answered the most asked questions /but one/ ever, related to them, and I clarified the main information you need to know.
Let's negotiate what was covered the last time:
- Calories equal energy. Even more. They ARE THE energy you consume when eating and drinking.
- How many calories you should eat to get rid of the unwanted pounds.
- How many calories you should bun to lose fat.
- Why is it so important to keep an eye on the amount of calories you consume and burn every day, and how to do so.
This is all helpful to know, but it is not all that could be said. I didn't cover the 5th questions, that maybe is the most important one, because I think it deserves a special and closer look. How to burn more calories?
Great question, but before I head to answering it, I just want to get back to point 2 & 3 from the past article real quick. There I said that most ideally you would be burning from 1 to 2 pounds a week. That is the healthy way to go, because your body wouldn't get stressed up. And in order to lose 1 pound of fat, you have to burn 3500 kcal.; 2 pounds of fat – 7000 kcal.
So, let's get to the point and answer at this question: How to burn 1000 calories a day? 7000 kcal a week, and losing 2 pounds of fat.
Intense Exercises
Get ready to get sweaty!
"What do you mean by saying "intense" exercises? Exercises are just… exercises… Aren't they all going to get to the same result – burned calories?" Well, yes and no. Let me try to explain this to you as simple as I can. By doing an intense exercise A, you will be burning 500 kcal for 20 minutes. By doing a "normal" exercise B, you will be burning 200 kcal for the same amount of time. Eventually the end result would be the same, yes, but it will take you longer.
So, what is an "intense" exercise? It is an exercise where your body is put on a high and low intensity intervals of activity for a given time. I will give you some examples:
1. Running on a maximum speed for 20 seconds, followed up by a 20-second slow run. The tempo keeps changing immediately one after the another, doing it 15 times without a break. One run on a maximum speed and one on a slow one counts as 1 set. When you are done, get a break by continuing to run slowly for an additional 5 minutes, then do 10 more sets. Take another break by running slowly, and finish it up by doing 5 more sets.
For about a half an hour you would have burned a great amount of calories. This exercise is what I used to be doing, and frankly I am still doing it from time to time, and it was giving me the result I wanted. It is proven to be one of the best. I think it is a MUST TO DO exercise for people trying to lose weight.
2. Cycling just as same as the running. Make about 20 sets by doing intervals of high and low level of intensity.
I wouldn't advise you to go full speed on the road by cycling, so this is more of a gym equipment exercises.
3. Rope jumping is something I was never good at… I admit it. But it is worth mentioning it. Once you master it, you will be doing it every day. Jump roping might be very exciting. You may set yourself little goals like trying to beat your very own record for the biggest amount of jumps.
This exercise does not only burn some good calories, but also builds your leg muscles, rises the endurance, makes your focus better, develops balance and reflexes.
Give it a try. 30 minutes of rope jumping after your workout will boost up the amount of burned calories.
4. Hill or stairs climbing would be a perfect everyday exercise. The good thing is that you will not have to get a gym membership, as you would be able to do it outdoors. Go to the local stadium and start climbing the stairs up, then down, then up, then down for about 20 minutes.
Or find a hill and start running up, then down, then up… you already got the picture.
5. Swimming is great activity that burns tons of calories. Well, not exactly tons on them, but a lot… Mix it up with different exercises and see how the amount of your burned energy will jump up to two times more. Swimming is one of my recommendations for an exercise, you should be wanting to do.
Up to 40 minutes of intense swimming is enough. It builds your physics by loading several important main muscle groups, such as: chest, back, shoulders, arms and legs.
Start Working Out
Working out itself is your personal choice. A lot of people don't like going to the gym by one reason or another. And that is totally fine. If you are keeping your meals clean and do a lot of activity, YOU ARE A ROCKSTAR!
Why is working out so essential thou, and why do I recommend it? Because you would be wanting to build some muscularity for the future. That process of building muscles requires a lot of energy /CALORIES!/, so you will be burning even more of them. Another great plus is that muscles, being more active, burn more energy than fats, therefore the more muscles you have, the more calories your organism will be burning by doing "nothing".
Before the workout prepare your body for exercising. 5 https://my.wealthyaffiliate.com/content/edit/450008#to 10 minutes are enough. Do not jump right into the deep waters. That way you will reduce the chance of getting a injury, aaand you will burn 50 extra calories. How great is that?!
In between the exercises and the sets do NOT just stay passively. Keep moving, walk around the room. Just try to be as active as possible. The break between the sets should be no more than 1 minute, and between the different exercises should be no more than 2 minutes.
After the workout is the time for some cardio where for maximum effect, you would be wanting to do intense exercises.
Always do the cardio AFTER you are already done with your muscle workout. That way the calories you will be burning would not be taken from your muscles, causing you muscle loss, but from your fats, which is our main goal.
Be Active On The Slow Everyday Routines
In the office you should not only be sitting on your chair for hours. Get up and stretch your legs. Every couple of hours go take a 5-minute walk… within the borders of the office of course, we don't want to get you fired… Take a walk to the resting room and if you are shy, and only if there is nobody, make a few push-ups and squats. Doing this 3-4 times a day may lead to increasement of the amount of burned calories with 300!
Start walking more often is a great tip for burning more calories. Walk every day to the grocery store, instead of getting your car. Go for a walk in the park, when you have an additional 15-minute free time. That way you could burn about 500 kcal.
Take the stairs not the elevator. As it has been said before – any additional activity is welcomed. One stair climbed equals to 0.20 calories. So, for a single calorie you have to climb 5 stairs. Make the math and you will see, how many calories you will burn every day by taking the stairs instead of the elevator.
At your home you could be doing some exercises. You can do some push-ups and then rope jumping, while watching your favorite TV Chanel. Get up from the coach and walk around more often. Every morning and night, when you are washing your teeth, you can easily do some squats. When you get up from bed, make a quick set of 20 push-ups.
Doing housework also keeps you active. Experts say that staying active at home burns up to 200 kcal by doing an everyday housework.
There are so many activities that you can do at your home.
Coffee – Your Best Friend
It doesn't only wake you up and makes you energized, but burns additional calories. 8oz. of coffee will help you burn about 200 calories. That is so great! But "isn't caffeine unhealthy?" It is, consumed in big doses. The caffeine is a stimulant and stimulants help you burn more calories when your body is being active.
Add a cup of green tea and you will double up the calorie amount you have burned with the help of stimulants.
I've talked about the green tea and its positive effect before. In my post What Should You Eat To Lose Weight – Meal Programs I wrote: "Green tea will help you burn more calories by helping your metabolism's work, making it more efficient. It contains a specific antioxidant, called "catechin". You have probably never heart of it. You just need to know what is and how it affects your body. It is a fat burning substance that can help the process of breaking down the excess fat."
Make your self a green tea every morning after you wake up, and before the breakfast. Make a quick 15-minute exercise to get your body ready for the upcoming activities for the day. Take a cold shower. /It is proven that cold showers speed up your metabolism, causing you to burn more calories./ You can take a cup of coffee after you had your breakfast, and 1 more later, 30 minutes before your workout. If you are finding it hard to get energy in the morning without coffee, your lifestyle is not so healthy. Check out my second post – How To Live Healthy – 4 Simple Steps for more information. Caffeine is good /in reasonable doses/, but you should not be relying on it.
"Burn Them All!" – Aegon Targaryen
Well, he hadn't been referring to the calories for sure, had he?!
I tried to cover up the most common and efficient ways and tips on how to burn more calories.
The conclusion is very simple to be made thou – just track your calories and try to be as active as possible. The best combination that could be made is this – working out, followed up with intense cardio exercises,followed up with being active as much as possible, during the whole day. That way you will turn into a CALORIE-BURNING MACHINE!
I hope you found this article very informative, motivating and value providing. If you did, please make sure to share it with people, who you think may need some help as well.
If you ever need a hand or have any questions, feel free to ask and I will be more than happy to help you out.
If you want to get in touch, send me an email at firstname.lastname@example.com and let me know how you are doing.
Looking forward to hearing from you, and see you next time!
Teodor M.
Founder of Project – Lose Weight.


text:
The Concord C1 Chronograph has a 45mm Stainless Steel case, Stainless Steel and Black Rubber bezel, Certified Chronometer Automatic movement, Chronograph, Date, Screw Down crown, Water Resistant to 200M, Sapphire crystal, Exhibition back, Stainless Steel and Carbon Fiber dial, on a Black Rubber strap with Stainless Steel Deployment Clasp, Model Number 01-5-14-1001
This watch is in Mint Condition with almost no sign of wear.
There are no major dings or scratches and the strap is in perfect shape.
It is in proper working order and keeping time.
It comes with the Box, Cards, COSC Certificate, Thumb Drive, Bezel Protector, and Hangtag
Asking $4,395 via Wire Transfer Including US Shipping
PayPal Add 3%
Valerie Meyer
610-207-0763 Text
[Report message to a moderator]


text:
Breaking up with your significant other in Tifton can be very painful. Questions like: "Does he need more space" "Why did we breakup" How can I fix things?" are often tough to figure out yourself. That's why our relationship coaches are trained to talk you through your break up to come up with the easiest way to get your ex back. Our coaches have worked with and mended hundreds of relationships. Because is available night and day, whenever you need it, you can get the help you need whenever you need it, especially as you continue do deal with your ex.
There may be a number of different reasons why you and your ex split up and the goal is to figure out why. At Relationship Hero, we not only help you get back together, but also solve the underlying problem that led you to split from your ex originally. this hedges for future issues, leading to a fun, fulfilling relationship. Our breakup coaches will work with you to really understand what happened and give you advice on how to improve your relationship as a whole. Whether it's suggesting couply getaways in Tifton or little things you can do for your loved one to make them appreciate you, we've got you covered.


text:
Botanical cocktails Humus x Hortense
Dec 16, 2019 | Brussels, Albert
Botanical cocktails Humus x Hortense
December 16th, 2019 at 19:30 - 21:00
Brussels, Albert
Open for everyone
Botanical cocktail workshop
Do you want to learn how to make delicious cocktails for Christmas and New Year's Eve?
Then this is something for you!
On Monday the 16th of December F&S Albert and Humus x Hortense are organizing a botanical workshop where you'll learn how to make three alcoholic & one non-alcoholic cocktails.
Since 2017, Humus x Hortense has built up an enormous expertise in botanical, zero waste and sustainable cocktails.
The cocktails are cuisine-inspired, consisting of the unused kitchen leftovers such as herbs, wild plants and vegetables.
Therefore the name zero-waste, in which kitchen and cocktail bar are fully circular in the fight against food waste.
Sustainability also translates into 100% organic farm-to-cocktail ingredients and artisan spirits.
The interaction between kitchen and cocktail bar is expressed in kitchen techniques such as (lacto-) fermentations for the cocktails.
Chef Cuisine: Nicolas Decloedt
Cocktail creator/mixologist: Basil Boonen
This workshop will be given in English.
Attention: places are limited!
If you have questions, don't hesitate to contact firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Current Projects
Catalyzing Women's Climate Solutions in Kenya
Catalyizing Women's Climate Solutions in Kenya In partnership with Women in Water and Natural Resource Conservation (WWANC) The 2019 Kenya Accelerator The 2019 Kenya Women's Earth Alliance Accelerator Accelerator convenes a powerful group of women leaders who are out front – fiercely protecting our water, food, air, forests, land, sacred sites, indigenous lifeways, and future…Read More
Accelerating Women's Climate Solutions in the U.S.
Accelerating Women's Climate Solutions in the U.S. Powered by: 24 grassroots women leaders 14 U.S. states and Territories represented 4 months of knowledge and skill-sharing The 2019 U.S. Accelerator In recognition of the central role that women play in environmental and climate movements and the resources they acutely need to grow their impact, the U.S.…Read More
Building Climate Resiliency in Indonesia
Building Climate Resiliency in Indonesia In partnership with For Good, Mother Jungle, and Ranu Welum 21 grassroots women leaders 17 regions of Indonesia represented 4 months of knowledge and skill-sharing The 2019 Indonesia Accelerator The 2019 Indonesia Women's Earth Alliance Accelerator catalyzes the efforts of Indonesian women leaders protecting their communities and ecosystems from environmental/climate…Read More
Building Peace Through the Ripple Academy
Building Peace Through the Ripple Academy In direct response to the divisions and violence our world faces, WEA joined forces with the interfaith grassroots peace and justice organization, URI, which has worked in 100 countries over 28 years, organizing Cooperation Circles in peacebuilding and conflict resolution. Together we've launched the Ripple Academy, a coordinated training…Read More
Planting Seeds of Resilience in Southern India
Planting Seeds of Resilience in Southern India This Initiative sustains the organizing and builds the capacity of rural women leaders and small-scale forest home gardeners in the Malnad region of Karnataka, India to preserve traditional knowledge, promote indigenous seed saving practices, support climate adaptation and mitigation, and further the rights of women farmers. This is…Read More


text:
Dorothea Erxleben – Germany's First Female Medical Doctor
Dorothea Christiane Erxleben (1715 – 1762) On November 13, 1715, Dorothea Christiane Erxleben, first female medical doctor in Germany was born. It was very hard for her to overcome the prejudices of the University professors and to finish her studies with a proper examination. What is even worse is that it should take until 1901 that the second woman in Germany was able to make her exams as a doctor. Already Erxleben's father was a doctor in…Read more


text:
Workers' pensions are being endangered by both Congress and those charged with overseeing them. The Teamsters and our members are standing united to say "No!" to cuts and "Yes!" to greater retirement security!
This web page provides information on the ongoing effort to renegotiate the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Since 1994, NAFTA has devastated working families, putting corporate profits ahead of people. What's worse is that NAFTA has become the blueprint for all other trade agreements, from the way that it was negotiated in secret, to the bad provisions that have made their way into every agreement that has been signed since then. Now, NAFTA is being renegotiated and we demand that it be reframed to work for workers instead of corporate interests.
492 Movie Teamsters Reach(lift) For The Sky!
Teamsters Local 492 held forklift classes on November 15th and 16th. These classes were first come, first serve and filled up fast. There were a total of 40 attendees that were certified or re-certified over the 2 day period, which maxed out the class size limits for 2 instructors. (OSHA will only allow 10 people per instructor per day when they are certifying skills on an actual Forklift.) The "safety" (non-skill) certification classes that were previously offered, often had many more people in attendance, but these "Safety-Only" classes do not have Forklifts to test skills on and only give you a safety certification. However, the certification that was given this weekend was for the operation of forklifts including Class 4 & 5 and also a Reach Lift (petti-bone Class 7), which was also on site. (See All The Pics Here!)
Local 492 is holding these "Hands-on" forklift classes because more production companies, like Netflix, are requiring this type of certification and we want our 492 Teamsters to be able to get that next job. Hopefully, we will be having more of these classes in the near future and we are also looking into having an all-day Petti-bone (Class 7) class for those in the Movie Industry that need such certification. Local 492 served a delicious free lunch, catered by Sadie's and we also gave the attendees a free Teamster Local 492 "Forklift Certified" T-Shirt along with their New Teamster 492 Forklift Certification Card.
A special thanks to 492 Film Dept. Business Agent Melissa Malcom and BA Trey White for taking the time to set up these classes and for donating their weekend again for the members of this great Local!!! Thank you to Leon at United Rentals for supplying the lifts at cost and to Brothers Bill Botos and Dan Morrison from Teamsters Local 631 for teaching the class.
US labor news headlines from LabourStart


text:
Email Dr Julija Jain - HCPC Registered Counselling Psychologist, DCounsPsych, MEd, BA
If you wish to feel better about yourself and be in control of your behaviours, I can help you restore the balance in your life. I am an experienced HCPC registered Counselling Psychologist.
Please either enable it in your browser and try again, or return to the profile page for Julija Jain and select a different method of contact.


text:
Top 10 Government Jobs That Don't Require Maths To Qualify!
Maths, a subject which is no less than a nightmare for many job aspirants. Students gets chills all around when the name of Mathematics is uttered. But, what is it about math that makes it so difficult? Have you ever wondered? Here are a few things many of us might not have focused on when it comes to math and difficulty:
- Math seems difficult because it takes time and energy.
- Many people don't experience sufficient time to "get" math lessons, and they fall behind as the teacher moves on.
- Many move on to study more complex concepts with a shaky foundation.
- We often end up with a weak structure that is doomed to collapse at some point.
If you are searching for a govt. job and have a notion of "no maths, no govt. job", you are mistaken! We bring you lucrative govt. job opportunities which don't really require maths to qualify. Surprised? Let us check out those jobs-
1. Civil Services
Yes, you heard it right! It is not required to master mathematics to become an IAS , IPS or any civil servant. Maths is just of qualifying nature that too only in prelims. In Mains, you don't get questions from maths. The subjects you will get questions primarily are History, Polity, Geography, Economics, Art & Culture, etc.
2. State Public Service Commission(State PCS)
Conducted by every state in India, it is a class one officer level recruitment almost on par with civil services and PSC exams. The maths section is just qualifying in nature. You need to be well- versed with subjects of History, Polity, Geography, Economics, Art & Culture, etc.
3. UPSC Assistant Commandant (CAPF)
Again in an UPSC class one officer recruitment exam, maths is only essential in prelims exam and not in mains.
4.Ticket Collector / TT / Loco Pilot
Railway Jobs are among the most sought-after jobs in the country. Ticket collector has received a good response in terms of applications as maths portion is very less and there are a good amount of seats.
This exam is conducted by SSC and is one of the most prominent govt. exams. This exam is conducted for recruitment of eligible candidates for post of sub- inspectors of para military forces. Maths is essential only for prelims exam and is not essential for mains exam. There is no provision of sectional cut off in this exam.
SSC CHSL exam is an all-combined exam conducted by SSC for Higher secondary level students. In CHSL mains, there are no questions from maths section. The utmost priority sought in this exam from the aspirants is their typing speed.
People mostly don't know about this exam as this is not a regular one. This exam is conducted in every 2 years and selection process only consists of a prelims exam. The knowledge of Insurance is priority in this exam.
8. Air Force Airmen
In case of Airmen exam, good knowledge of English is required. If you have a minimal knowledge of maths and not a in-depth grasp, you can easily sail through this exam.
9. Lok Sabha Protocol Executive
This job doesn't require in depth knowledge of Mathematics. Instead, you need to focus on general studies to get this job. The prelims examination consists of a paper of 100 Questions (50 of English and 50 General Awareness). The next stage of recruitment is Mains (which is based on Polity + GA) and the last stage is interview.
A class one officer job doesn't require a great knowledge of maths. Moreover, there is no sectional cut off. The level of maths in this exam is below average and hence doesn't require a sound knowledge of maths.
A big sigh of relief, isn't it? Let us know in the comments below if this article was helpful to you. Keep visiting us for more articles like this.
Good luck!
Share your thoughts/queries here!


text:
Tubes and Vials
Corning™ Centrifuge Tubes with CentriStar™ Cap
Features CentriStar™ caps with an easy-on/easy-off flat top and offers advanced ergonomics with wider knurls and roll-over edge design for easier gripping. Corning™Centrifuge Tubes with CentriStar™ Caps leak-proof design comes with a revolutionary plug feature that virtually eliminates all seepage when used under recommended conditions. X300 Centrifuge tube 50ml, conical bottom, flat cap, Sterile, 25/Dual Rack
Eppendorf™ Snap-Cap Microcentrifuge Flex-Tube™ Tubes
Choose from six colors, including amber for light-sensitive samples X500 02550-07 EPPENDORF TUBES EW-02550-07 Eppendorf Microcentrifuge Tubes, capacity, 1.5-mL, 500/pac
Fisherbrand™ Premium Microcentrifuge Tubes: 1.5mL
Available in eight colors or in assorted-color packs. X500 Microtube Fisherbrand 1.5ml, PP, Orange, graduated, w/snap-cap, non-sterile
Thermo Scientific™ 9mm Clear Glass Screw Thread Vials
Nearly eliminate septa push-through and improve sealing with vials built with the innovative Advanced Vial Closure System (AVCS).X100 Vial National Scientific Target DP robotic
Fisherbrand™ Borosilicate Glass Scintillation Vials, with white polypropylene caps
Use these general purpose vials with all common counters. Fisherbrand™ 20mL Borosilicate Glass Scintillation Vials with white polypropylene caps feature potassium-free glass composition which provides consistently low activity counts and excellent light transmission. X500 Scintillation vial, glass, cap, 20ML
Falcon 50mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes
Tested to withstand centrifugation of 16,000 RCF in a fully supported rotor with room temperature water. Corning™ Falcon 50mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes are ideal for cell centrifugation; pelleting; separation by density gradients. X500 Conical Bottom CentrifugeTube, High Clarity P
Fisherbrand™ Glass Screw Neck Specimen Vials
Store specimens securely with squat or tall form glass vials. Fisherbrand™ Glass Screw Neck Specimen Vials are available in a variety of sizes. Fisherbrand™ polypropylene screw caps are sold separately. X264 Vial,screw neck,flat bottom,Type 1 neutral glass,20x72mm(dxh),neck bore 13.0mm,4 dram,14mL
Corning™ Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes
Manufactured from clear polypropylene for superior chemical resistance. Corning™ Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes are an ideal solution for centrifuge needs. X500 Centrifuge tube PP sterile 50ml plug seal cap max RCF 15500 25/bags
Fisherbrand™ Easy Reader™ Conical Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes
Imprinted clear black graduations ensure accurate readings X500 Centrifuge tube conical PP sterile 50ML plugseal cap rack 50/bags
Thermo Scientific™ 9mm Non-Assembled Clear Screw Thread Wide Opening Autosampler Vial Kits
Save time and reduce the risk of contamination using this convenience kit. Each kit includes 100 clear glass vials and 100 screw thread caps with pre-assembled septa. X100 Vial kit with ivory PTFE/red rubber septum(100Pce)
Thermo Scientific™ 11mm Plastic Crimp/Snap Top Autosampler Vials
Choose from these chemically inert polypropylene 11mm vials that are suitable for most chromatography applications. X100 VIAL NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC HIGH RECOVERY,crimp top, TPX resinuse with aluminium seals and
Fisherbrand™ Borosilicate Glass Medium Wall Rimless Test Tube
Manufactured from borosilicate glass with a medium wall design. Fisherbrand™ Borosilicate Glass Medium Wall Rimless Test Tubes are ideal for chemical and biological work. X100 Tube boro3.3 16x125x1,2mm rimless Fisherbrand
Corning™ Mini Bioreactor Centrifuge Tube
Ideal for high throughput process optimization for suspension cell culture X300 Mini Bioreactor, 50ml Centrifuge Tube with Vent Cap, Sterile, 25/bag
Fisherbrand™ 0.2mL PCR Tube Strips
Ideal for use in 0.2mL, 96-well V-bottom thermal cyclers X250 Fisherbrand PCR 8-tubes 0.2ml strip w/domed cap, PP, red - FB-0266/R
Thermo Scientific™ Snap Cap Low Retention Microcentrifuge Tubes
Improve sample recovery without additives or coatings. These tubes offer maximum sample recovery by significantly reducing surface binding.X1000 Snap Cap MCT 0.6ml, PP, Natural, Sterile, bagged/100
Thermo Scientific™ 11mm Assembled Autosampler Clear Glass Vial Kit, silver seal, PTFE/red rubber septum
Save time and reduce the risk of contamination using this convenience kit. It includes 100 clear vials pre-assembled with 100 screw thread caps and septa. X100 VIAL KIT NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC TARGET LOVIALglass vial, flatbottom with silver aluminium cap,
Fisherbrand™ Soda Lime Glass Rimless Test Tube
Store test reagents and material. Fisherbrand™ soda lime glass rimless test tubes come in different sizes to meet your needs. X100 Test tube Fisherbrand medium wall rimless
Thermo Scientific™ Storage Vials & Closures
Store your samples in these vials to eliminate leaching of ions while maintaining a consistent pH for the life of your sample. Storage vials range from 2mL to 40mL. X200 Storage vial National Scientific borosilicate
Falcon™ Round-Bottom Polystyrene Tubes
Constructed of optically clear polystyrene for easy viewing of sample. Corning™ Falcon™ Round-Bottom Polystyrene Tubes are widely used and referenced in laboratory protocols. X1000 Round Bottom Test Tube, PS, 14ml, Snap Cap,
Fisherbrand™ 0.2mL PCR Tubes
With integral "snap shut" cap X1000 Fisherbrand PCR tube 0.2ml, flat cap, PP, blue - FB-0620/B
Fisherbrand™ Black Polypropylene Screw Caps for Glass Specimen Vials
Screw securely into place to seal squat or tall form glass screw neck specimen vials. Fisherbrand™ Black Polypropylene Screw Caps for Glass Specimen Vials are foil lined and available in sizes to fit a variety of tall or squat form vials. X300 Screw cap,black,polypropylene,foil lined,OD 17.4mm,ID 15.8mm,For neck bore 9.0mm vials
Thermo Scientific™ Nunc™ 200mL Centrifuge Tube
Process large batches more easily with Nunc 200mL centrifuge tubes, which are made from high-purity resins and can resist forces up to 7000 RCF. X48 Centrifuge tubes Nunc radiation sterilized /
BRAND™ BIO-CERT™ RNase-, DNase, DNA-free Microcentrifuge Tubes
Manufactured from virgin polypropylene. BIO-CERT™ RNase, DNase, DNA-Free Microcentrifuge Tubes are highly translucent and free from flash, air bubbles, and streaks. Fit most common rotors and may be spun up to 30,000 RCF. Flat snap caps form a tight, leak-free, easy-open seal with consistent thickness for trouble-free piercing. X450 Microcentrifuge tube PP IVD1,5ml lid sterileBIO-CERT
Hirschmann Instruments™ Sodium Heparinized Hematocrit Tubes
Excellent for centrifuging blood in the laboratory. Hirschmann Instruments™ Sodium Heparinized Hematocrit Tubes are manufactured from disposable capillary glass. X1000 HEMATOCRITE TUBE 60µL HEPARNA-heparinisiert, Color-Code rot (VE=1000)
Thermo Scientific™ Screw Top Vial Racks
Efficiently hold and organize vials while using them or for storage. Save space by stacking the 50 or 100 plastic vial racks on top of each other. VIAL RACK NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC 50 POSITION, WITHOUTlid, polypropylene for 15mm diameter vials
Fisherbrand™ Class A Clear Glass Threaded Vials with Caps, PTFE-faced White 14B Rubber Liner
Fisherbrand™ Type 1 Class A Borosilicate Glass Clear Sample Vials with Fitted Caps feature fitted black phenolic caps with either polycone liner or PTFE faced white rubber liner. VIAL KORT 6ML 19X43MM FP=200
Falcon™ 15mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes
Tested to withstand centrifugation of 12,000 RCF (polypropylene) or 1,800 RCF (polystyrene) in a fully supported rotor with room temperature water. Corning™ Falcon™ 15mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes are ideal for cell centrifugation; pelleting; separation by density gradients. X500 Conical Bottom Centrifuge Tube, PS, 15ml, Dom
Thermo Scientific™ Nunc™ 15mL and 50mL Conical Sterile Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes
These premium, high-quality conical tubes are environmentally friendly, and allow for increased traceability with the largest writing area on the market. X500 Centrifuge tube Thermo Scientific Nunc conicabag with 500 pcs
Thermo Scientific™ 9mm Autosampler Vial Screw Thread Caps
Prevent septa push through and over- and under-tightening. With AVCS built into these 9mm screw caps you will get an optimal, consistent seal every time. X100 AVCS 9MM GREEN CAP&TST SEPTA
Fisherbrand™ Low-Retention Microcentrifuge Tubes
Provides a secure seal—even over extended periods. Critical applications where minute sample recovery is important. X500 Fisherbrand microcentrifuge tube 0.6mlLow Binding - Attached Snap Cap


text:
Cream Knit Melrose Sweater Jacket
Brand Show Me Your Mumu
Channel your inner boss babe in this Harper & Tucker owner favorite, ultra-sophisticated knit coat. You'll feel like you're wearing your coziest sweater while looking like Jackie O in this showstopper. With the sophisticated two-button detail and high-neck collar, you'll be the image of modern elegance. Throw over a velvet cocktail dress for your next Holiday party, or pair with your fav turtleneck and high waisted denim for a refined casual look.Details
Show me Your Mumu
Knit sweater jacket
Deep front pockets
Cuffed sleeve
Oversized fit
75% Acrylic, 22% Nylon, 3% Elastane