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Головна The SAGE Handbook of Frankfurt School Critical Theory. 3 volume set
The SAGE Handbook of Frankfurt School Critical Theory. 3 volume setBeverley Best, Werner Bonefeld, Chris O'Kane
The SAGE Handbook of Frankfurt School Critical Theory expounds the development of critical theory from its founding thinkers to its contemporary formulations in an interdisciplinary setting. It maps the terrain of a critical social theory, expounding its distinctive character vis-a-vis alternative theoretical perspectives, exploring its theoretical foundations and developments, conceptualising its subject matters both past and present, and signalling its possible future in a time of great uncertainty. Taking a distinctively theoretical, interdisciplinary, international and contemporary perspective on the topic, this wide-ranging collection of chapters is arranged thematically over three volumes:
Volume I: Key Texts and Contributions to a Critical Theory of Society
Volume II: Themes
Volume III: Contexts
This Handbook is essential reading for scholars and students in the field, showcasing the scholarly rigor, intellectual acuteness and negative force of critical social theory, past and present.
Volume I: Key Texts and Contributions to a Critical Theory of Society
Volume II: Themes
Volume III: Contexts
This Handbook is essential reading for scholars and students in the field, showcasing the scholarly rigor, intellectual acuteness and negative force of critical social theory, past and present.
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About the pagination of this eBook This eBook contains a multi-volume set. To navigate the front matter of this eBook by page number, you will need to use the volume number and the page number, separated by a hyphen. For example, to go to page v of volume 1, type "1-v" in the Go box at the bottom of the screen and click "Go." To go to page v of volume 2, type "2-v"… and so forth. SAGE was founded in 1965 by Sara Miller McCune to support the dissemination of usable knowledge by publishing innovative and high-quality research and teaching content. Today, we publish over 900 journals, including those of more than 400 learned societies, more than 800 new books per year, and a growing range of library products including archives, data, case studies, reports, and video. SAGE remains majority-owned by our founder, and after Sara's lifetime will become owned by a charitable trust that secures our continued independence. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Melbourne Volume 1 SAGE Publications Ltd 1 Oliver's Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP SAGE Publications Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road New Delhi 110 044 SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd 3 Church Street #10-04 Samsung Hub Singapore 049483 Editor: Robert Rojek Editorial Assistant: Umeeka Raichura Production Editor: Anwesha Roy Copyeditor: Sunrise Setting Proofreader: Sunrise Setting Indexer: Sunrise Setting Marketing Manager: Emma Turner Cover Design: Wendy Scott Typeset by: Cenveo Publisher Services Printed in the UK At SAGE we take sustainability seriously. Most of our products are printed in the UK using responsibly sourced papers and boards. When we print overseas we ensure sustainable papers are used as measured by the PREPS grading system. We undertake an annual audit to monitor our sustainability. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. Library of Congress Control Number: 2017957847 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-4739-5334-5 Chapter 1 © Beverley Best, Werner Bonefeld and Chris O'Kane 2018 Chapter 2 © John Abromeit 2018 Chapter 3 © Christoph Hesse 2018 Chapter 4 © Kieran Durkin 2018 Chapter 5 © Paul Mattick 2018 Chapter 6 © Karsten Olson 2018 Chapter 7 © Frank Schale, Lisa Klingsporn and Hubertus Buchstein 2018 Chapter 8 © David Kaufmann 2018 Chapter 9 © Marcel Stoetzler 2018 Chapter 10 © Charles Reitz 2018 Chapter 11 © Nico Bobka and Dirk Braunstein 2018 Chapter 12 © Cat Moir 2018 Chapter 13 © Eric-John Russell 2018 Chapter 14 © Ansgar Martins 2018 Chapter 15 © Christian Voller 2018 Chapter 16 © Hubertus Buchstein 2018 Chapter 17 © Frank Engster and Oliver Schlaudt 2018 Chapter 18 © Hermann Kocyba 2018 Chapter 19 © Richard Langston 2018 Chapter 20 © Jordi Maiso 2018 Chapter 21 © Stephan Grigat 2018 Chapter 22 © Ingo Elbe 2018 Chapter 23 © Riccardo Bellofiore and Tommaso Redolfi Riva 2018 Chapter 24 © Christoph Henning 2018 Chapter 25 © Andrew Brower Latz 2018 Chapter 26 © Andrés Saenz De Sicilia 2018 Chapter 27 © Stefan Gandler 2018 Chapter 28 © Nicholas Brown 2018 Chapter 29 © Pedro Rocha de Oliveira 2018 Chapter 30 © Carolyn Lesjak 2018 Chapter 31 © Elena Louisa Lange 2018 Chapter 32 © Ana Cecilia Dinerstein 2018 Chapter 33 © Claudia Leeb 2018 Chapter 34 © Michael J. Thompson 2018 Chapter 35 © Beverley Best, Werner Bonefeld and Chris O'Kane 2018 Chapter 36 © Lars Heitmann 2018 Chapter 37 © Sami Khatib 2018 Chapter 38 © José A. Zamora 2018 Chapter 39 © Samir Gandesha 2018 Chapter 40 © Sebastian Truskolaski 2018 Chapter 41 © Julia Jopp and Ansgar Martins 2018 Chapter 42 © Tom Houseman 2018 Chapter 43 © Alexander NeupertDoppler 2018 Chapter 44 © Stefan Gandler 2018 Chapter 45 © Frank Engster 2018 Chapter 46 © Patrick Murray 2018 Chapter 47 © Josh Robinson 2018 Chapter 48 © Lars Fischer 2018 Chapter 49 © Alexander NeupertDoppler 2018 Chapter 50 © Hans-Ernst Schiller 2018 Chapter 51 © Andreas Harms 2018 Chapter 52 © Amy Swiffen 2018 Chapter 53 © Mark Neocleous 2018 Chapter 54 © James Murphy 2018 Chapter 55 © Lars Fischer 2018 Chapter 56 © Christopher Chen 2018 Chapter 57 © Benjamin Y. Fong and Scott Jenkins 2018 Chapter 58 © Christian Lotz 2018 Chapter 59 © Matthew Charles 2018 Chapter 60 © Johan Hartle 2018 Chapter 61 © Isabelle Klasen 2018 Chapter 62 © Matthias Rothe 2018 Chapter 63 © Mathias Nilges 2018 Chapter 64 © Johannes von Moltke 2018 Chapter 65 © Murray Dineen 2018 Chapter 66 © Marina Vishmidt 2018 Chapter 67 © Owen Hulatt 2018 Chapter 68 © Beverley Best, Werner Bonefeld and Chris O'Kane 2018 Chapter 69 © Jan Hoff 2018 Chapter 70 © Felix Baum 2018 Chapter 71 © Anders Ramsay 2018 Chapter 72 © Oliver Schlaudt 2018 Chapter 73 © Klaus Lichtblau 2018 Chapter 74 © Philip Hogh 2018 Chapter 75 © Inara Luisa Marin 2018 Chapter 76 © Dennis Johannßen 2018 Chapter 77 © Jasper Bernes 2018 Chapter 78 © Anselm Jappe 2018 Chapter 79 © Vincent Chanson and Frédéric Monferrand 2018 Chapter 80 © Christos Memos 2018 Chapter 81 © Christian Lotz 2018 Chapter 82 © Tom Bunyard 2018 Chapter 83 © Gudrun-Axeli Knapp 2018 Chapter 84 © Richard Gunn and Adrian Wilding 2018 Chapter 85 © Asha Varadharajan 2018 Chapter 86 © Frieder Vogelmann 2018 Chapter 87 © Shannon Brincat 2018 Chapter 88 © Greig Charnock 2018 Chapter 89 © Marcel Stoetzler 2018 Chapter 90 © Nick Dyer-Witheford 2018 Chapter 91 © Michelle Yates 2018 Chapter 92 © Roswitha Scholz 2018 Chapter 93 © Amy De'Ath 2018 Chapter 94 © Gerhard Scheit 2018 Chapter 95 © Joshua Clover 2018 Chapter 96 © Amy Chun Kim 2018 Chapter 97 © Charles Prusik 2018 Chapter 98 © Sergio Tischler Visquerra and Alfonso Galileo García Vela 2018 Chapter 99 © Aaron Benanav and John Clegg 2018 In memoriam Moishe Postone Moishe Postone died on 19 March 2018. Words fail to express the sadness felt and the loss encountered. Amidst the misery of a time made abstract, a time of value for valorisation's sake, Moishe showed us what it means to think against the grain. He was ein guter Mensch. Contents List of Figures and Tablesxiv Notes on the Editors and Contributorsxv Acknowledgementxxxiii VOLUME 1: KEY TEXTS AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO A CRITICAL THEORY OF SOCIETY 1 Introduction: Key Texts and Contributions to a Critical Theory of Society Beverley Best, Werner Bonefeld and Chris O'Kane 1 PART I THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL AND CRITICAL THEORY 17 2 Max Horkheimer and the Early Model of Critical Theory John Abromeit 19 3 Leo Löwenthal: Last Man Standing Christoph Hesse 39 4 Erich Fromm: Psychoanalysis and the Fear of Freedom Kieran Durkin 55 5 Henryk Grossmann: Theory of Accumulation and Breakdown Paul Mattick 72 6 Franz L. Neumann's Behemoth: A Materialist Voice in the Gesamtgestalt of Fascist Studies Karsten Olson 89 7 Otto Kirchheimer: Capitalist State, Political Parties and Political Justice Frank Schale, Lisa Klingsporn and Hubertus Buchstein 105 8 The Image of Benjamin David Kaufmann 123 9 Dialectic of Enlightenment. Philosophical Fragments Marcel Stoetzler 142 10 Herbert Marcuse: Critical Theory as Radical Socialism Charles Reitz 161 11 Theodor W. Adorno and Negative Dialectics Nico Bobka and Dirk Braunstein 179 Contents vii PART II THEORETICAL ELABORATIONS OF A CRITICAL SOCIAL THEORY 197 12 Ernst Bloch: The Principle of Hope Cat Moir 199 13 Georg Lukács: An Actually Existing Antinomy Eric-John Russell 216 14 Siegfried Kracauer: Documentary Realist and Critic of Ideological 'Homelessness'234 Ansgar Martins 15 Alfred Seidel and the Nihilisation of Nihilism: A Contribution to the Prehistory of the Frankfurt School Christian Voller 16 Arkadij Gurland: Political Science as Critical Theory Hubertus Buchstein 17 Alfred Sohn-Rethel: Real Abstraction and the Unity of Commodity-Form and Thought Form Frank Engster and Oliver Schlaudt 18 Alfred Schmidt: On the Critique of Social Nature Hermann Kocyba 19 Oskar Negt and Alexander Kluge: From the Underestimated Subject to the Political Constitution of Commonwealth Richard Langston 20 Hans-Jürgen Krahl: Social Constitution and Class Struggle Jordi Maiso 21 Johannes Agnoli: Subversive Thought, the Critique of the State and (Post-)Fascism Stephan Grigat 22 Helmut Reichelt and the New Reading of Marx Ingo Elbe 23 Hans-Georg Backhaus: The Critique of Premonetary Theories of Value and the Perverted Forms of Economic Reality Riccardo Bellofiore and Tommaso Redolfi Riva 24 Jürgen Habermas: Against Obstacles to Public Debates Christoph Henning 252 268 284 302 317 335 351 367 386 402 viii THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF FRANKFURT SCHOOL CRITICAL THEORY PART III CRITICAL RECEPTION AND FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS 417 25 Gillian Rose: The Melancholy Science Andrew Brower Latz 419 26 Bolívar Echeverría: Critical Discourse and Capitalist Modernity Andrés Saenz de Sicilia 433 27 Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez: Philosophy of Praxis as Critical Theory Stefan Gandler 448 28 Roberto Schwarz: Mimesis Beyond Realism Nicholas Brown 465 29 Aborted and/or Completed Modernization: Introducing Paulo Arantes Pedro Rocha de Oliveira 479 30 Fredric Jameson Carolyn Lesjak 498 31 Moishe Postone: Marx's Critique of Political Economy as Immanent Social Critique Elena Louisa Lange 514 32 John Holloway: The Theory of Interstitial Revolution Ana Cecilia Dinerstein 533 33 Radical Political or Neo-Liberal Imaginary? Nancy Fraser Revisited Claudia Leeb 550 34 Axel Honneth and Critical Theory Michael J. Thompson 564 VOLUME 2: THEMES 35 Introduction: Key Themes in the Context of the Twentieth Century Beverley Best, Werner Bonefeld, and Chris O'Kane PART IV 36 37 STATE, ECONOMY, SOCIETY Society as 'Totality': On the Negative-Dialectical Presentation of Capitalist Socialization Lars Heitmann Society and Violence Sami Khatib 581 587 589 607 Contents ix 38 Society and History José A. Zamora 625 39 Totality and Technological Form Samir Gandesha 642 40 Materialism Sebastian Truskolaski 661 41 Theology and Materialism Julia Jopp and Ansgar Martins 678 42 Social Constitution and Class Tom Houseman 697 43 Critical Theory and Utopian Thought Alexander Neupert-Doppler 714 44 Praxis, Nature, Labour Stefan Gandler 734 45 Critical Theory and Epistemological and Social-Economical Critique Frank Engster 750 46 Critical Theory and the Critique of Political Economy: From Critical Political Economy to the Critique of Political Economy Patrick Murray 764 47 The Critique of Value and the Crisis of Capitalist Society Josh Robinson 783 48 The Frankfurt School and Fascism Lars Fischer 799 49 Society and Political Form Alexander Neupert-Doppler 816 50 The Administered World Hans-Ernst Schiller 834 51 Commodity Form and the Form of Law Andreas Harms 852 52 Walter Benjamin's Concept of Law Amy Swiffen 870 x THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF FRANKFURT SCHOOL CRITICAL THEORY 53 Security and Police Mark Neocleous 886 54 On the Authoritarian Personality James Murphy 899 55 Antisemitism and the Critique of Capitalism Lars Fischer 916 56 Race and the Politics of Recognition Christopher Chen 932 57 Society, Regression, Psychoanalysis, or 'Capitalism Is Responsible for Your Problems with Your Girlfriend': On the Use of Psychoanalysis in the Work of the Frankfurt School Benjamin Y. Fong and Scott Jenkins PART V CULTURE AND AESTHETICS 952 971 58 The Culture Industry Christian Lotz 973 59 Erziehung: The Critical Theory of Education and Counter-Education Matthew Charles 988 60 Aesthetics and Its Critique: The Frankfurt Aesthetic Paradigm Johan Hartle 1006 61 Rather No Art than Socialist Realism: Adorno, Beckett and Brecht Isabelle Klasen 1024 62 Adorno's Brecht: The Other Origin of Negative Dialectics Matthias Rothe 1038 63 Critical Theory and Literary Theory Mathias Nilges 1055 64 Cinema – Spectacle – Modernity Johannes von Moltke 1071 65 On Music and Dissonance: Hinge1085 Murray Dineen 66 Art, Technology, and Repetition Marina Vishmidt 1102 67 On Ideology, Aesthetics, and Critique Owen Hulatt 1119 Contents xi VOLUME 3: CONTEXTS 68 Introduction: Contexts of Critical Theory Beverley Best, Werner Bonefeld, and Chris O'Kane 1134 PART VI CONTEXTS OF THE EMERGENCE OF CRITICAL THEORY 1143 69 Marx, Marxism, Critical Theory Jan Hoff 1145 70 The Frankfurt School and Council Communism Felix Baum 1160 71 Positivism Anders Ramsay 1179 72 Critical Theory and the Sociology of Knowledge: Diverging Cultures of Reflexivity Oliver Schlaudt 1193 73 Critical Theory and Weberian Sociology Klaus Lichtblau 1207 74 Critical Theory and the Philosophy of Language Philip Hogh 1223 75 Psychoanalysis and Critical Theory Inara Luisa Marin 1238 76 Humanism and Anthropology from Walter Benjamin to Ulrich Sonnemann Dennis Johannßen 1252 77 Art and Revolution Jasper Bernes 1270 PART VII CONTEXTS OF THE LATER DEVELOPMENTS OF CRITICAL THEORY 78 79 The Spectacle and the Culture Industry, the Transcendence of Art and the Autonomy of Art: Some Parallels between Theodor Adorno's and Guy Debord's Critical Concepts Anselm Jappe Workerism and Critical Theory Vincent Chanson and Frédéric Monferrand 1283 1285 1302 xii 80 THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF FRANKFURT SCHOOL CRITICAL THEORY Open Marxism and Critical Theory: Negative Critique and Class as Critical Concept Christos Memos 1314 81 Post-Marxism Christian Lotz 1332 82 Critical Theory and Cultural Studies Tom Bunyard 1348 83 Constellations of Critical Theory and Feminist Critique Gudrun-Axeli Knapp 1365 84 Critical Theory and Recognition Richard Gunn and Adrian Wilding 1381 85 'Ideas with Broken Wings': Critical Theory and Postcolonial Theory Asha Varadharajan 1398 PART VIII ELEMENTS OF CRITICAL THEORY IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL AND POLITICAL MOVEMENTS AND THEORIES 1417 86 Biopolitics as a Critical Diagnosis Frieder Vogelmann 1419 87 Critical International Relations Theory Shannon Brincat 1436 88 Space, Form, and Urbanity Greig Charnock 1450 89 Critical Theory and the Critique of Anti-Imperialism Marcel Stoetzler 1467 90 Mass Culture and the Internet Nick Dyer-Witheford 1487 91 Environmentalism and the Domination of Nature Michelle Yates 1503 92 Feminist Critical Theory and the Problem of (Counter)Enlightenment in the Decay of Capitalist Patriarchy Roswitha Scholz 93 Gender and Social Reproduction Amy De'Ath 1520 1534 Contents xiii 94 Rackets Gerhard Scheit 1551 95 Subsumption and Crisis Joshua Clover 1567 96 The Figure of Crisis in Critical Theory Amy Chun Kim 1584 97 Neoliberalism: Critical Theory as Natural-History Charles Prusik 1601 98 On Emancipation… Sergio Tischler Visquerra and Alfonso Galileo García Vela 1615 99 Crisis and Immiseration: Critical Theory Today Aaron Benanav and John Clegg 1629 Index 1649 List of Figures and Tables FIGURE 93.1 A graphical representation of the relation between the DMM/IMM and waged/unwaged spheres 1547 TABLE 50.1 Horkheimer and Pollock: State-forms 1941 86.1 Dispositif of allegiance and dispositif of sexuality 836 1426 Notes on the Editors and Contributors THE EDITORS Beverley Best is an Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Concordia University, Montreal. She is the author of Marx and The Dynamic of the Capital Formation: An Aesthetics of Political Economy (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010). She has published articles on ideology and the value-form, value and the fetish character of finance, Marx and the aesthetic, the dialectic of affect, and dialectical method in the work of Fredric Jameson and Raymond Williams. Her current research project is a study of the perceptual economy of capital as elaborated by Marx in volume three of Capital. She is Vice President of the Marxist Literary Group, www.marxistliterary.org. Werner Bonefeld is a Professor in the Department of Politics, University of York (UK). Recent book publications have included The Strong State and the Free Economy (Rowman & Littlefield, 2017), Notes from Tomorrow: On Reason, Negation and Certainty (Aakar Books, 2015), Critical Theory and the Critique of Political Economy (Bloomsbury, 2014) and with Chris O'Kane he co-edits the book series Critical Theory and the Critique of Society (Bloomsbury). Recent journal articles have included work on Adorno and the critique of economic objectivity, abstract labor, authoritarian liberalism, German ordoliberalism, and on the political theology of European monetary union. His work contributed to the development of Open Marxism. He is a co-founder of the CSE Trans-Pennine Working Group. Chris O'Kane teaches Philosophy, Politics and Economics at CUNY Joħn Jay. His recent and forthcoming articles and chapters in Viewpoint, Black Box, Historical Materialism, Perspectives on Henri Lefebvre, Logos, Capital and Class, Review of Radical Political Economy, Constellations, and The Sage Handbook of Marxism focus on Marxian and post-Habermasian critical theory, political economy, and the critical theory of contemporary society. He is currently revising his thesis – on social constitution and social domination in Marx, HegelianMarxism, and Value-Form Theory – for publication with Brill, and he is editing the selected works of Alfred Sohn Rethel for the Historical Materialism Book Series and with Werner Bonefeld he co-edits the book series Critical Theory and the Critique of Society (Bloomsbury). THE CONTRIBUTORS John Abromeit is an Associate Professor of History at the State University of New York, Buffalo State, where he teaches courses on modern German and French history and modern European intellectual history and historiography. He is the co-editor of Herbert Marcuse: A Critical Reader (Routledge, 2004), Herbert Marcuse: Heideggerian Marxism (University of xvi THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF FRANKFURT SCHOOL CRITICAL THEORY Nebraska Press, 2005), and Transformations of Populism in Europe and the Americas: History and Recent Tendencies (Bloomsbury, 2016). He is the author of Max Horkheimer and the Foundations of Frankfurt School (Cambridge University Press, 2011). His articles and reviews have appeared in Constellations; Theory and Society; Theory, Culture and Society; Radical Philosophy; The Journal of Modern History; and The American Historical Review. Felix Baum lives in Berlin and is active in a very marginal political milieu influenced by both the Frankfurt School and Council Communism, amongst others. He occasionally writes for Brooklyn Rail and tiny German publications. Riccardo Bellofiore is Professor of Political Economy at the University of Bergamo. He teaches History of Economic Thought and Monetary Economics (in Italian) and Macroeconomics and International Monetary Economics (in English). He is a member of the International Symposium on Marxian Theory and of the editorial committee of the Marx–Engels Complete Works (MEOC), in Italian. He is the editor (with Tommaso Redolfi Riva) of Ricerche sulla critica marxiana dell'economia, an Italian collection of the most important articles by Hans-Georg Backhaus. Aaron Benanav is a Collegiate Assistant Professor and Affiliate Faculty in the History Department at the University of Chicago. His book, forthcoming with Verso, is titled A Global History of Unemployment since 1949. He also edits the journal Endnotes, along with several others in Europe and the United States. Jasper Bernes is author of a scholarly book, The Work of Art in the Age of Deindustrialization (Stanford University Press, 2017), and two volumes of poetry, Starsdown and We Are Nothing and So Can You. Together with Juliana Spahr and Joshua Clover, he edits Commune Editions. He teaches at the San Francisco Art Institute and lives in Berkeley with his family. Nico Bobka lives in Frankfurt. He is currently pursuing a dissertation project on Theodor W. Adorno's dialectical critique of ontology and the so-called ontological need at the Free University of Berlin. Dirk Braunstein is Scientific Assistant at the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, where he is researching the work and the teachings of Adorno. Shannon Brincat is a Senior Lecturer at the University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia. His research focuses on international relations theory; recognition and cosmopolitanism; dialectics; tyrannicide; climate change justice; and Critical Theory. He has been the editor of a number of collections, most recently From International Relations to World Civilizations: The contributions of Robert W. Cox (Routledge, 2017), Dialectics and World Politics (Routledge, 2015), and the three-volume series Communism in the Twenty-First Century (Praeger, 2013). He is also the co-founder and co-editor of the journal Global Discourse. Andrew Brower Latz is the Head of Religion and Philosophy at The Manchester Grammar School and the author of The Social Philosophy of Gillian Rose (Wipf & Stock, 2018). He co-edited, with Marcus Pound, the Telos Special Issue on Gillian Rose (173, Winter, 2015), and, with Arseny Ermakov, the book Purity (Wipf & Stock, 2014). His other publications include 'Ideology Critique Via Jurisprudence: Against Rose's Critique of Roman Law in Kant' Notes on the Editors and Contributors xvii (Thesis Eleven 133.1, April 2016); 'Gillian Rose and Social Theory' (Telos 173, Winter 2015); 'Towards a Rosean Political Theology of Recognition' in Misrecognitions: Gillian Rose and the Task of Political Theology ed. by Joshua Davis; 'Andrew Shanks' Civil Theology', Political Theology 13.1 (2012), 14-36; 'Creation in the Fiction of Marilynne Robinson', Journal of Literature and Theology 25.3 (2011), 283–296. Nicholas Brown teaches in the departments of English and African American Studies at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Hubertus Buchstein is Professor for Political Theory and the History of Political Ideas at Greifswald University, Germany. His research interests primarily center around democraric theory, the history of political science as a discipline, and critical theory. He is the author of books about public and secret voting, ablout modern democractic theory, about the use of lotteries in political decision making, about right-wing extremism in Germany and about German academic emigres in the US during the period of Nazi-dictatorship. From 2009–12 he was president of the German Political Science Association. In the academic year 2018/19 he will be Theodor-Heuss-Professor at the New School for Social Research in New York. He is currently working on a 6 Volume edition of the Gesammelte Schriften of Otto Kirchheimer. Tom Bunyard teaches in the Humanities Department at the University of Brighton. He has recently completed a book on Guy Debord's relation to Marx and Hegel, and is currently working on issues related to the philosophy of history. Vincent Chanson is a PhD student of Philosophy at Nanterre University. His research interests focus on critical theory, critical Marxism, and aesthetics. With Frédéric Monferrand and Alexis Cukier he co-edited 'La réification. Histoire et actualité d'un concept critique' (La Dispute, 2014). Matthew Charles is a Senior Lecturer in Cultural and Critical Theory at the University of Westminster in London. He is a member of the Institute for Modern and Contemporary Culture and was part of the editorial collective of the journal Radical Philosophy from 2009 to 2017. His research focuses on critical theories of modern and contemporary culture and education. He is the author of Modernism Between Benjamin and Goethe (forthcoming with Bloomsbury), co-author with Peter Osborne of the Stanford Enyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Benjamin, and has contributed to special issues on Benjamin and education in boundary 2 and Pedagogy, Culture and Society. Greig Charnock is Senior Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Manchester, where he teaches international political economy, the politics of globalization, and critical social theory. His most recent research has engaged the 'open Marxism' approach with critical theories of the production of space and in analyses of crisis formation and management in Spain. He is co-author of The Limits to Capital in Spain (Palgrave, 2014), co-editor of The New International Division of Labour (Palgrave, 2016), and has published articles in such journals as Antipode, Society and Space, the International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Historical Materialism, New Political Economy, and South Atlantic Quarterly. He is a member of the editorial board of the journal of the Conference of Socialist Economists, Capital & Class. xviii THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF FRANKFURT SCHOOL CRITICAL THEORY Christopher Chen is an Assistant Professor of Literature at the University of California at Santa Cruz. Chen has published poetry, essays, interviews, and reviews in boundary 2, The South Atlantic Quarterly, The Routledge Companion to Literature and Economics, The New Inquiry, Crayon, 1913: A Journal of Forms, and the Los Angeles Review of Books. He is completing a book-length comparative study of contemporary black and Asian American experimental writing. John Clegg is a PhD Candidate at NYU Sociology and is an editor of the journal Endnotes, along with several others in Europe and the United States. Joshua Clover is a Professor of English Literature and Comparative Literature at University of California Davis. He is the author of six books, including Riot.Strike.Riot: The New Era of Uprisings (Verso, 2016). He has collaborated with Juliana Spahr, Jasper Bernes, Tim Kreiner, Christopher Chen, Wendy Trevino, Abigail Lang, Els Moors, Chris Nealon, Michael Szalay, Sarah Posman, Annie McClanahan, and others. He is a founding editor of Commune Editions. Amy De'Ath is Lecturer in Contemporary Literature and Culture at King's College London. Her criticism has appeared in Women: A Cultural Review, Anguish Language, Metamute, and elsewhere. With Fred Wah, she is the editor of a poetics anthology, Toward. Some. Air. (Banff Centre Press, 2015), and her most recent poetry publication is ON MY LOVE FOR gender abolition (Capricious, 2016). She is currently at work on an academic book, Unsociable Poetry: Antagonism and Abstraction in Contemporary Feminized Poetics. Murray Dineen has been a member of the School of Music at the University of Ottawa since 1991, where he currently teaches music theory, history, and aesthetics. His research interests address both disciplinary music topics (such as the history of music theory and the study of counterpoint) as well as interdisciplinary matters involving music – primarily criticism and literary theory, but also human kinetics and musical expertise. In 2011, he published a book on Adorno and music, Friendly Remainders: Essays in Music Criticism after Adorno (McGillQueens University Press). His most recent publications include a translation of a Marxist treatise on music published in Vienna in 1935, in Polygraph: An International Journal of Culture and Politics 25 (2016). He has received research funds from the Social Sciences and Research Council of Canada. An honorary lifetime member of the Canadian University Music Society, he has edited Canadian and international journals devoted to music studies. Ana Cecilia Dinerstein is Associate Professor of Sociology in the department of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Bath. She has written extensively for academic and non- academic audiences on issues of labour subjectivity; urban, rural and indigenous movements; autonomous organizing; Argentine and Latin American politics; Open Marxism, decolonial theory, social reproduction and the current uses of utopia and Ernst Bloch's philosophy of hope. She was editor of Capital & Class (2000–5) and is a member of the editorial board of Work, Employment and Society, and the scientific advisory board of Revista Sociología del Trabajo (Madrid). She is Research Partner of the Transnational Institute's 'New Politics Project' (2016–20, Amsterdam), and Creator and Convenor of the international research networks 'Labour in Transition' (LATII-Net) and 'Women on the Verge'. Her main publications include The Labour Debate (ed., Routledge, 2002), which has been translated into Turkish (2006) and Spanish (2009), The Politics of Autonomy in Latin America: The Art of Organising Hope Notes on the Editors and Contributors xix (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), and Social Sciences for An-Other Politics: Women Theorising without Parachutes (ed.)(Palgrave Macmillan, 2016). Kieran Durkin is a Marie Skłodowska Curie Global Fellow at the University of York, UK and the University of California, Santa Barbara, undertaking the first comprehensive study of the Marxist humanist tradition. His wider research interests centre around the exploration of the possibility of resurrecting a robust radical humanism for contemporary social theory and practice. The first manifestation of this research programme was his monograph The Radical Humanism of Erich Fromm (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), which was shortlisted for the British Sociological Association's Philip Abrams Memorial Prize in 2015. He has also written the first dedicated study of the intellectual relationship between Erich Fromm and Theodor W. Adorno (New German Critique, forthcoming). Nick Dyer-Witheford, an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Information and Media Studies at the University of Western Ontario, is the author of Cyber-Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism (University of Illinois, 1999) and Cyber-Proletariat: Global Labour in the Digital Vortex (Pluto Press, 2015), and he also writes on the video and computer game industry, the uses of the internet by social movements, and theories of technology. Ingo Elbe studied philosophy, history and social psychology at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum and obtained his doctorate in 2008 at the Free University of Berlin for a thesis on the reception of the work of Karl Marx in the Federal Republic. From 2007 to 2012 he was a lecturer at the Institute of Social Sciences of the Technical University of Braunschweig and from 2011 to 2014 at the University of Applied Sciences Düsseldorf. In 2015, he completed his habilitation at the Institute of Philosophy of the Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg with a thesis on paradigms of anonymous rule. Elbe was a visiting professor at the Department of Political Science of Gießen University in the winter semester 2017/18. He is a lecturer and research assistant at the Institute of Philosophy of the Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg and Chairman of the Bochum non-profit association Institute of Social Theory. Book publication include Marx im Westen. Die neue Marx-Lektüre in der Bundesrepublik (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2008) and Paradigmen anonymer Herrschaft. Politische Philosophie von Hobbes bis Arendt (Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2015). Frank Engster wrote his PhD thesis on the subject of time, money, and measure. His areas of interest lie in the different readings of Marx's critique of political economy, the logic and history of money, and the connection between money, measurement, time, and (natural) s cience. Lars Fischer is an Honorary Research Associate in the UCL Department of Hebrew & Jewish Studies. He has taught at King's College London, UCL and Cambridge. He served as Councillor of the Royal Historical Society from 2012–15 and as Secretary of the British Association for Jewish Studies from 2010-12. His publications include a monograph on The Socialist Response ot Antisemitism in Imperial Germany (Cambridge University Press, 2007) and a short study on the nexus between antisemitism and racism, "A difference in the texture of prejudice". Historisch-konzeptionelle Überlegungen zum Verhältnis von Antisemitismus, Rassismus und Gemeinschaft (Grazer Universitätsverlag, 2016). He edits the website of the critical theories of antisemitism network and is founding editor of the H-Commons network H-Music (https://networks.h-net.org/h-music). He lives in Berlin. xx THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF FRANKFURT SCHOOL CRITICAL THEORY Benjamin Y. Fong is an Honors Faculty Fellow at Barrett, the Honors College of Arizona State University, a director of the Society for Psychoanalytic Inquiry, and author of Death and Mastery: Psychoanalytic Drive Theory and the Subject of Late Capitalism (Columbia University Press, 2016). Samir Gandesha is an Associate Professor in the Department of the Humanities and the Director of the Institute for the Humanities at Simon Fraser University. He specializes in modern European thought and culture, with a particular emphasis on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. His work has appeared in Political Theory, New German Critique, Constellations, Logos, Kant Studien, Philosophy and Social Criticism, Topia, the European Legacy, the European Journal of Social Theory, Art Papers, the Cambridge Companion to Adorno and Herbert Marcuse: A Critical Reader, as well as in several other edited books. He is co-editor with Lars Rensmann of Arendt and Adorno: Political and Philosophical Investigations (Stanford University Press, 2012). He is co-editor with Johan Hartle of the 2017 books Spell of Capital: Reification and Spectacle (Amsterdam University Press) and Aesthetic Marx (Bloomsbury Press). Stefan Gandler received his DPhil from Goethe Universität, Frankfurt in 1997. He is Professor of Social Theory and Philosophy at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro. He has been an invited professor at Goethe Universität (2001–2), University of California Santa Cruz (2009–10), and Tulane University, New Orleans (2015–16). He is also a member of Sistema Nacional de Investigadores, Mexico (highest category 3). He is the author of Peripherer Marxismus (Argument1999), Frankfurter Fragmente (Peter Lang 2013), El discreto encanto de la modernidad (Siglo XXI Editores 2013), Fragmentos de Frankfurt (Siglo XXI Editores 2009/2011/2014), Materialismus und Messianismus (Aisthesis 2008), Marxismo crítico en México (Fondo de Cultura Económica 2007/2009/2015), and Critical Marxism in Mexico (Brill/Haymarket 2015/2016), of academic articles in 7 languages and 15 countries, and the editor of Modernidad y diferencia (M.A. Porrúa 2010) and Teoría crítica: imposible resignarse (M.A. Porrúa 2016). Gandler works on the possibility of overcoming the Eurocentric limitations of the Frankfurt School, confronting its critical theory of society with contemporary socio-theoretical debates in Latin America, constructing a critical theory from the Americas. Stephan Grigat is a Lecturer at the Institute for Political Science, the Institute for Philosophy, and the Institute for Jewish Studies at the University of Vienna. He is the 2017–18 Research and Teaching Fellow at the Centre for German Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and was the 2016–17 Visiting Professor for Israel Studies at the Moses Mendelssohn Centre for European-Jewish Studies at the University of Potsdam, the 2015–16 Visiting Professor for Critical Theory at the Justus-Liebig University of Gießen, and the 2007–2017 Academic and Executive Director for the NGO 'STOP THE BOMB – Coalition for a Nuclear-free and Democratic Iran'. He received his PhD in 2006 from the Free University of Berlin. He is the author of Die Einsamkeit Israels. Zionismus, die israelische Linke und die iranische Bedrohung (Konkret, 2014) and Fetisch & Freiheit. Über die Rezeption der Marxschen Fetischkritik, die Emanzipation von Staat und Kapital und die Kritik des Antisemitismus (ça ira, 2007). He is the editor of AfD & FPÖ. Antisemtismus, völkischer Nationalismus und Geschlechterbilder (Nomos 2017) and Iran – Israel – Deutschland. Antisemitismus, Außenhandel und Atomprogramm (Hentrich & Hentrich 2017). Notes on the Editors and Contributors xxi Richard Gunn lectured on political theory at the University of Edinburgh from 1975 to 2011. He currently writes and researches on an independent basis. His personal website (http:// richard-gunn.com) contains papers dating from the 1980s to the present. Andreas Harms works as a lawyer in Berlin and has dealt intensively with legal theory and Marxist legal criticism. Johan Hartle teaches Political Aesthetics at the University of Arts and Design, Karlsruhe, and Art Theory at the China Academy of Arts, Hangzhou. He has held research fellowships at the University of Amsterdam, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, and the Universitá Roma Tre, and he has taught at the Rietveld Academy, Amsterdam, the Academy of Fine Arts, Münster/ Westphalia, and several other art schools. His publications include Der geöffnete Raum. Zur Politik der ästhetischen Form (Wilhelm Fink, 2006) and DADALENIN (Edition Taube, 2013, edited with Rainer Ganahl), as well as The Spell of Capital. Reification and Spectacle (Amsterdam University Press, 2017) and Aesthetic Marx (Bloomsbury 2017), both edited with Samir Gandesha. Hartle's fields of research are Marxist aesthetics and cultural theory, the history of Red Vienna (Otto Neurath), Frankfurt School critical theory (Adorno/Benjamin; Negt/Kluge), the aesthetico-political (Rancière), and questions of contemporary political ontology (Spinoza). Lars Heitmann studied Politics and Sociology at the University of Bremen. His publications include Absoluter Wert und allgmeiner Wille. Zur Selbstbegründung dialektischer Gesellschaftstheorie (transcript, 2005) and, as editor (along with Hanno Pahl), Kognitiver Kapitalismus. Soziologische Beiträge zur Theorie der Wissensökonomie (Metropolis, 2007) and Gesellschaftstheorie der Geldwirtschaft. Soziologische Beiträge (Metropolis, 2010). He was a scientific collaborator on the interdisciplinary study on the meaning of security at the Leibniz University of Hanover and associate lecturer at the Universities of Bremen, Hannover and Bielefeld. He currently contributes to the interdisciplinary research project Society after Money, University of Bonn. Christoph Henning is a Junior Fellow at the Max Weber Centre for Advanced Cultural and Social Studies, University of Erfurt. His latest books include Philosophy after Marx: 100 Years of Misreadings and the Normative Turn in Political (Brill, 2014), Theories of Alienation (Junius, 2015, in German), The Political Philosophy of Perfectionism (Campus, 2015, in German) and Marx und die Folgen (Metzler, 2017). He has edited several volumes on political philosophy and related topics, the most recent (with Hartmut Rosa) being The Good Life beyond Growth (Routledge, 2017). Christoph Hesse, Research Assistant in Media and Communication Studies at the Free University of Berlin, formerly lecturer in Film Studies at the University of Mainz and visiting scholar at the School of Visual Arts in New York, is currently working on an edition of the correspondence between George Grosz and Hermann Borchardt. He is the author of a comprehensive study of German exile cinema in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and 40s (Filmexil Sowjetunion, edition text+kritik, 2017), co-author of a textbook on the history of film styles (Filmstile, Springer VS, 2016, with Oliver Keutzer, Roman Mauer, and Gregory Mohr), and co-editor of a three-volume anthology of letters to Brecht in exile (Briefe an Bertolt Brecht im Exil, De Gruyter, 2014, with Hermann Haarmann). Since 2014, he is also a member of the editorial board of the Journal for Critical Social Theory and Philosophy (Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialtheorie und Philosophie, De Gruyter). xxii THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF FRANKFURT SCHOOL CRITICAL THEORY Jan Hoff is a historian and political scientist from Germany. He received is PhD at the Free University Berlin in 2009 and his Habilitation at the University of Kassel in 2016. His books include Marx global (Akademie Verlag, 2009) about the international reception of Marx's critique of political economy and Befreiung heute (VSA Verlag, 2016) about the history and present of theories of emancipation inspired by Marx. He has tought at the Universities of Innsbruck (Austria), Kassel (Germany) and Munich. Philip Hogh studied Philosophy, Modern History and Political Sciences in Freiburg, Basle, and Durham. He wrote his doctoral thesis on Adorno's philosophy of language at Goethe University, Frankfurt. Since 2011 he has been a research assistant (since 2013 as a PostDoc) at Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, where he is a member of the Adorno Research Center. Tom Houseman is Senior Lecturer in Political Economy at the School of Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, UK. He completed his PhD, on Adorno and the concept of poverty, in 2011 at the University of Manchester, and teaches critical theory, political economy, development and decolonization. His research interests focus on Adorno and epistemology, especially concerning positivism and the politics of measurement in international development. Owen Hulatt is a Lecturer at the University of York's Department of Philosophy. His research interests include Adorno, Spinoza, Aesthetics, and Social Theory. He is the author of Adorno's Theory of Philosophical and Aesthetic Truth (Columbia University Press, 2016). Anselm Jappe is the author of La Société autophage: capitalisme, démesure et autodestruction (La Découverte, 2017), Guy Debord (University of California Press 1999; PM Press 2018), Les Aventures de la marchandise. Pour une nouvelle critique de la valeur (Denoel, 2003, La Découverte, 2017), L'Avant-garde inacceptable. Réflexions sur Guy Debord (Lignes, 2004), Crédit à mort (Lignes, 2011, translated as The Writing on the Wall, Zero Books, 2017), and Contro il denaro (Mimesis, 2013). He has contributed to the German reviews Krisis and Exit!, founded by Robert Kurz, which developed the 'critique of value'. He teaches in the Fine Art Schools of Sassari and has been Visiting Professor in various European and Latin American universities. He also lectured at the Collège international de philosophie (Paris). Scott Jenkins is a director of the Society for Psychoanalytic Inquiry. He holds a BA from Reed College and lives in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dennis Johannßen is Visiting Assistant Professor of German Studies at Brown University. He studied Cultural Studies, German Literature, and Philosophy at Leuphana University Lueneburg and at the University of California, Berkeley, and he completed his Ph.D. in German Studies at Brown in 2017. He published articles on the Frankfurt School, Heidegger, Leibniz, and philosophical anthropology, and he is currently working on a book about rhetoric and transgenerational trauma in twentieth-century German literature and film. Julia Jopp lives in Berlin. Her research focuses on materialist epistemology, especially the concept of validity in Hegel, Marx, Critical Theory, and the so-called New Reading of Marx. Notes on the Editors and Contributors xxiii David Kaufmann, a graduate of Princeton and Yale Universities, is Professor of English at George Mason University. He is the author of The Business of Common Life (1995), Telling Stories: The Later Works of Philip Guston (2010) and Reading Uncreative Writing (2017). He has published a number of articles on the Frankfurt School, literary theory and contemporary poetry, as well as a full century of reviews and features on everything from Bugs Bunny and Allen Sherman to contemporary utopianism and books about dogs. He lives with his family in the suburbs of Washington D.C. Sami Khatib taught at Freie Universität Berlin, Jan van Eyck Academie Maastricht, American University of Beirut and Akademie der bildenden Künste Vienna. He is a founding member of the Beirut Institute for Critical Analysis and Research (BICAR). Currently, he is a postdoctoral researcher at Leuphana Universität Lüneburg. He is author of the book 'Teleologie ohne Endzwec': Walter Benjamins Ent-stellung des Messianischen (Tectum, 2013). Amy Chun Kim is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Society of Humanities and History of Art at Cornell University. She holds a J.D. from Yale Law School and Ph.D. in the History of Art from the University of California, Berkeley. She has published essays on abstract art in the interwar period and on the problem of constitutional democracy in critical theory. Her book, Ideologies of Pure Abstraction: Modernism between Paris and Moscow, is forthcoming from Verso. She is also working on a new book project, The Nomos of Urban Space. Isabelle Klasen lives in Mülheim an der Ruhr. She studied philosophy, German philology and sociology at the Ruhr-Universität in Bochum and works in the fields of aesthetics and critical theory. She also is an artist and co-founder of the art society ZeitgenossenSchafft. Currently, she works as a teacher and as a lecturer at the Ruhr-Universität and the Hochschule für bildende Künste in Essen. Lisa Klingsporn works as a researcher at the chair for Political Theory and History of Ideas at Greifswald University, Germany. Her field of interest centers around critical theory and the relation of politics and law, as well as feminist theory, especially the work of Judith Butler. Her dissertation is concerned with the reception of Otto Kichheimer's work in the US and Germany. In this regard she is currently studying the method of reception theory as an instrument to analyse political thought. Gudrun-Axeli Knapp was Professor of Sociology and Social Psychology at the Institute of Sociology and Social Psychology, Leibniz University of Hannover. From 1999 until 2009, she was the Director of the Interdisciplinary Programme in Gender Studies at the Faculty of Philosophy. She has published articles on feminist issues in various journals and books and has edited and co-authored several books on developments in international feminist theory, recently with a focus on social theory and interlocking structures of inequality and dominance. Hermann Kocyba is senior researcher at the Institute of Social Research and lecturer at the department of social sciences of Goethe University in Frankfurt. His dissertation on the problem of contradiction in Marx' critique of political economy ("Widerspruch und Theoriestruktur. Zur Darstellungsmethode im Marxschen 'Kapital'") was supervised by Alfred Schmidt. It was Schmidt, too, who encouraged him to engage in the debate about Althusser, Lévi- xxiv THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF FRANKFURT SCHOOL CRITICAL THEORY Strauss, Lacan, Foucault and Deleuze. As a result, however, Kocyba – unlike Schmidt – felt fascinated by the possibility to read them not as antagonists of critical theory, but as sources of a renewal of critical thinking. – His actual theoretical work is focused on the conflict between economy and democracy, his empirical research is focused on labor relations, working conditions and democracy deficits within European Institutions, especially within the European Central Bank. Elena Louisa Lange has studied Philosophy and Japanese Studies in Hamburg and Zurich, where she received her PhD in 2011. She now works as Senior Research Associate and Senior Lecturer at the Institute for Asian and Oriental Studies, University of Zurich. Since 2009, she has taught classes on intellectual history, Japanese philosophy, Marxism, and modernity. She has co-edited books on modern Japanese philosophy (Begriff und Bild der modernen japanischen Philosophie, Frommann-Holzboog, 2014) and Concepts of Philosophy in Asia and The Islamic World, Vol. 1: China and Japan (Brill, 2018), published articles on recent debates in Marxian value theory, and is currently working on a critical study of the Japanese Marxist Uno Kōzō. She regularly gives lectures and conducts workshops on Marx's Capital. Richard Langston is an associate professor of German literature at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the author of Visions of Violence: German Avant-Gardes after Fascism (Northwestern University Press, 2007), a co-editor of the Alexander Kluge-Jahrbuch (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014–), the lead translator of Kluge and Negt's History and Obstinacy (Zone Books, 2014), the editor of Difference and Orientation: An Alexander Kluge Reader (Cornell University Press, 2018), and the author of a forthcoming monograph on Negt and Kluge entitled Dark Matter, in Defiance of Catastrophic Modernity (Verso). Claudia Leeb is an Assistant Professor in political theory at Washington State University. She is the author of The Politics of Repressed Guilt: The Tragedy of Austrian Silence (Edinburgh University Press, 2018), Power and Feminist Agency in Capitalism: Toward a New Theory of the Political Subject (Oxford University Press, 2017), Working-Class Women in Elite Academia: A Philosophical Inquiry (Peter Lang Publisher, 2004), and Die Zerstörung des Mythos von der Friedfertigen Frau (Peter Lang Publisher, 1998). She has articles published in Political Theory, Contemporary Political Theory, Theory & Event, Perspectives on Politics, Constellations, Social Philosophy Today, The Good Society, Philosophy & Social Criticism, and Radical Philosophy Review. She has also contributed several book chapters to anthologies on early Frankfurt school critical theory. Carolyn Lesjak is Associate Professor of English at Simon Fraser University and is the author of Working Fictions: A Genealogy of the Victorian Novel (Duke University Press, 2006). Currently she is completing a book on the material basis of character in Victorian literature and culture and its relationship to notions of the common(s). Klaus Lichtblau Since 2004 Klaus Lichtblau has been a full Professor in the Department of Sociology, Goethe University in Frankfurt. He is author of Theorie der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft (Focus, 1978), Kulturkrise und Soziologie um die Jahrhundertwende (Suhrkamp, 1996), Georg Simmel (Campus, 1997), Das Zeitalter der Entzweiung (Philo, 1999), Die Eigenart der kultur-und sozialwissenschaftlichen Begriffsbildung (VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2011), and Zwischen Klassik und Moderne (Springer VS, 2017). At present he is working on a book about the different versions of Max Weber's sociology. Notes on the Editors and Contributors xxv Christian Lotz is Professor of Philosophy at Michigan State University. His main research area is Post-Kantian European philosophy. His book publications include The Art of Gerhard Richter. Hermeneutics, Images, Meaning (Bloomsbury Press, 2015/17), The Capitalist Schema. Time, Money, and the Culture of Abstraction (Lexington Books, 2014/16), Christian Lotz zu Marx, Das Maschinenfragment (Laika Verlag, 2014), Ding und Verdinglichung. Technik- und Sozialphilosophie nach Heidegger und der Kritischen Theorie, edited with H. Friesen, J. Meier, and M. Wolf (Fink Verlag, 2012), From Affectivity to Subjectivity. Husserl's Phenomenology Revisited (Palgrave, 2008), and Vom Leib zum Selbst. Kritische Analysen zu Husserl and Heidegger (Alber Verlag, 2005). His current research interests are in classical German phenomenology, critical theory, Marx, Marxism, aesthetics, and contemporary European political philosophy. His website is: http://christianlotz.com. Jordi Maiso teaches philosophy at the Complutense University of Madrid. He studied at the University of Salamanca, where he received his doctorate with a thesis on Adorno. He has been research grant holder at the University of Salamanca, the Free University of Berlin, and the Center for the Research of Anti-Semitism at the Technical University of Berlin, and he has worked for several years at the Institute of Philosophy of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). His main interests are critical theory, critique of political economy, and analysis and critique of modern capitalist society, mainly focusing on issues such as the culture industry today, antisemitism and the politics of resentment, and the social constitution of subjectivity. He is member of the editorial board of the review Constelaciones. Revista de Teoría Crítica and a founding member of the Sociedad de Estudios de Teoría Crítica. Inara Luisa Marin received her PhD in philosophy and psychology at the University of Paris Diderot (Paris VII), with a dissertation on psychoanalysis in Critical Theory—from Erich Fromm to Axel Honneth. She has clinical experience both in private practice and in public institutions, including the clinics at La Maison de Santé d'Épinay and the Association En-temps. In her postdoctoral research at the Brazilian Center for Analysis and Planning (CEBRAP), she addressed the possibility of actualizing the relation between psychoanalysis and critical theory through the concepts of anxiety and autonomy. She currently works as a psychoanalytic clinician, as a researcher – developing intersections among critical theory, psychoanalysis and feminist theories – and also as an associate professor the Philosophy Department of the State University of Campinas. Ansgar Martins is a graduate student working on the philosophy of Siegfried Kracauer at Frankfurt University. His research focuses on Critical Theory, philosophy of religion, twentieth-century Jewish intellectual history, and Western esotericism. Among his publications is a monograph on Adorno's Jewish sources (Adorno und die Kabbalah, 2016). He is also a co-editor of Der Schein des Lichts, der ins Gefängnis selber fällt. Religion, Metaphysik, Kritische Theorie (Neofelis Verlag, 2018). Paul Mattick is the author of Social Knowledge (Hutchinson, 1985), Art in Its Time (Routledge, 2003), and Theory as Critique: Essays on Capital (Brill, 2018), among other writings. Christos Memos is a Lecturer in Sociology in the Department of Sociology Abertay University, Dundee. His research interests include critical social and political theory, political sociology, and economic sociology/critical political economy. He is the author of Castoriadis and Critical Theory: Crisis, Critique and Radical Alternatives (Palgrave, 2014). xxvi THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF FRANKFURT SCHOOL CRITICAL THEORY Cat Moir is a Lecturer in Germanic Studies at the University of Sydney. She is an intellectual historian specializing in the history of ideas in the German-speaking world in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Her research is particularly concerned with how ideas shape and are shaped by political histories and ideologies. She is currently completing her first book, Ernst Bloch's Speculative Materialism: Ontology, Epistemology, Politics, 1934– 1939, which explores the intersection between politics and metaphysics in Bloch's philosophy. Johannes von Moltke is Professor of German Studies and Screen Arts and Cultures at the University of Michigan, where he teaches film, cultural studies, and critical theory. He is the author of No Place Like Home: Locations of Heimat in German Cinema (2005) and The Curious Humanist: Siegfried Kracauer in America (2015). Other publications include Siegfried Kracauer's American Writings (edited with Kristy Rawson, 2012), Culture in the Anteroom: The Legacies of Siegfried Kracauer (edited with Gerd Gemünden, 2012), and Siegfried Kracauers Grenzgänge: Zur Rettung des Realen (edited with Sabine Biebl and Helmut Lethen, 2018). Frédéric Monferrand holds a PhD in Philosophy from Nanterre University. His research interests focus on critical theory, critical Marxism, and social ontology. With Vincent Chanson and Alexis Cukier he co-edited 'La réification. Histoire et actualité d'un concept critique' (La Dispute, 2014). James Murphy is currently writing his dissertation in the Philosophy Department at DePaul University and teaching as a Clinical Instructor of Business Ethics for the Department of Management at Loyola University. His research focuses on German Idealism, Marxism, early modern political theory, psychoanalysis, and fascism, and his other published work takes up the problem of violence in Frantz Fanon and the libidinal underpinnings of self-identity in Locke's social-contract theory. Patrick Murray is Professor of Philosophy at Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska. He is the author of The Mismeasure of Wealth: Essays on Marx and Social Form (Brill, 2016) and Marx's Theory of Scientific Knowledge (Humanities, 1988) and the editor of Reflections on Commercial Life: An Anthology of Classic Text from Plato to the Present (Routledge, 1997). He is working on Capital's Reach: How Capital Shapes and Subsumes, and with Jeanne Schuler he is co-authoring False Moves: Basic Problems with Factoring Philosophy. He is a member of the International Symposium on Marxian Theory (ISMT). His research interests centre on the relationship between capitalism and modern philosophy and include the British empiricists, Kant, Hegel, Marx, and the Frankfurt School. Mark Neocleous is Professor of the Critique of Political Economy, Brunel University, and the author of numerous books, the most recent of which is The Universal Adversary: Security, Capital and the 'Enemies of All Mankind' (Routledge, 2016). His work revolves around the mechanisms for managing capitalist modernity through the logic of 'police', 'security', and 'war', and the relationship between this logic and reactionary shifts in political order. This also involves the nature of the political imaginary: how the state has been imagined through categories associated with human subjectivity, how enemies have been imagined as monstrous, and how we imagine our political relationship with the dead. He is currently working on the idea of security as an autoimmune disease. Notes on the Editors and Contributors xxvii Alexander Neupert-Doppler studied Philosophy, Political Science and History at the University of Osnabrück, where he received his doctorate in 2013 for his work on the concept of 'state-fetishism' in (neo-)Marxist theories of the state. He is the author of the books Staatsfetischismus (LIT 2013) and Utopie (Schmetterlingsverlag 2015). Together with Lisa Doppler he translated Herbert Marcuses Paris lectures into German language and edited them with Peter-Erwin Jansen under the title Kapitalismus und Opposition (2017). He ist also the editor of Konkrete Utopien (2018). Neupert-Doppler works as an education officer for the Socialist Youth of Germany/Falcons in Hannover. Mathias Nilges is Associate Professor of English at St. Francis Xavier University. His essays have appeared in collected editions and journals such as American Literary History, Callaloo, Textual Practice, and Postmodern Culture. He co-edited the books Literary Materialisms (Palgrave, 2013), Marxism and the Critique of Value (MCM', 2014), The Contemporaneity of Modernism (Routledge, 2015), and Literature and the Global Contemporary (Palgrave, 2017). He has completed a monograph titled Still Life with Zeitroman: The Time of the Contemporary American Novel. Pedro Rocha de Oliveira holds a PhD in Philosophy from the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro. He is Associate Professor at the Philosophy Department of the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro. His research interests include the critique of political economy, critical theory, the dialectics of capitalist development, early modernity and critical criminology. Karsten Olson is a doctoral candidate at the University of Minnesota in the department of German, Scandinavian, and Dutch. He is the author of 'Historical-Sociology vs. Ontology: The Role of Economy in Otto Kirchheimer and Carl Schmitt's Essays Legality and Legitimacy', published in the History of the Human Sciences, and his research interests include, critical theory, eighteenth-century moral and economic philosophy, democratic constitutional law, and surveillance and social control. His work-in-progress dissertation is a comparative study of figures of the crowd as they appear in philosophical and theatrical works of the eighteenth and twentieth centuries. Charles Prusik received his PhD in Philosophy from Villanova University in 2017. His dissertation focuses on the critical theory of Theodor Adorno and the political economy of neoliberalism. His research specializes in the Frankfurt School, as well as the history of economics and sociology. He has publications in the areas of political economy and aesthetic theory, and is an instructor of philosophy and ethics. Anders Ramsay was born in 1954 in Malmö, Anders Ramsay studied sociology, philosophy and economic history at the University of Lund, where he completed his Dr Phil ('Upplysningens självreflexion. Aspekter av Thodor W. Adornos kritiska teori'); and in 1987–8 he was a DAAD scholar at the J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt. He has undertaken various teaching assignments in sociology since 1995, including at the University of Örebro and the University of Gothenburg, and he has been a Senior Lecturer in Sociology at Mid Sweden University since 2017. Charles Reitz, Professor of Social Science and Philosophy at Kansas City Kansas Community College (retired), has published Philosophy & Critical Pedagogy: Insurrection & xxviii THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF FRANKFURT SCHOOL CRITICAL THEORY Commonwealth (Peter Lang, 2016), Crisis and Commonwealth: Marcuse, Marx, McLaren (Lexington Books, 2013), and Art, Alienation and the Humanities: A Critical Engagement with Herbert Marcuse (SUNY Press, 2000). With Peter-Erwin Jansen Reitz he co-edited and published Herbert Marcuse's Paris Lectures 1974 at Vincennes University (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015). Reitz studied at Canisius College (Buffalo, New York), the University of Freiburg, and the State University of New York at Buffalo (PhD, 1983). He served for five years as president of his faculty association (Kansas-NEA) and for five years as campus Director of Intercultural Education. He is a charter member of the International Herbert Marcuse Society and served for six years on its Board of Directors. Tommaso Redolfi Riva is an independent researcher. He graduated in Philosophy at the University of Pisa and has a PhD in History of Economic Thought from the University of Florence. He won a grant from the University of Bergamo for a research on the Italian debate (1968–83) between philosophy and (critique of) political economy. He has published several articles on Marx, Marxisms, and the Neue Marx-Lektüre. He is the editor (with Riccardo Bellofiore) of Ricerche sulla critica marxiana dell'economia (Mimesis Edizioni, 2016), an Italian collection of the most important articles by Hans-Georg Backhaus. Josh Robinson teaches Modern and Contemporary Poetry and Literary and Critical Theory in the Cardiff University School of English, Communication and Philosophy and is an affiliated professor of the University of Haifa. Ze co-edited Marxism and the Critique of Value (MCM', 2014) and Contemporary Marxist Theory (Bloomsbury, 2014). Hir recent publications include 'Speculation upon Speculation; or, a Contribution to the Critique of Philosophical Economy', in Credo, Credit, Crisis: Speculations on Faith and Money (Rowman and Littlefield, 2017), and Adorno's Poetics of Form in the SUNY Series in Contemporary Continental Philosophy (State University of New York Press, 2018). Matthias Rothe is Associate Professor of German at the University of Minnesota. He works on critical theory, Brechtian and contemporary theatre, and expanded aesthetics. His publications include 'The Temporality of Critique. Bertolt Brecht's Fragment "Jae Fleischhacker in Chikago"', Brecht Yearbook 40 (2016); 'Sohn-Rethel, das Theoriekunstwerk', Merkur 70 (801) (2016), and The Frankfurt School: Philosophy and (political) Economy (co-edited with Bastian Ronge), History of the Human Sciences 29 (2) (2016). Eric-John Russell is a doctoral candidate at the Centre for Research in Modern Europe Philosophy in London. His dissertation examines the ways in which Hegel's Wesenslogik and Begriffslogik together with Marx's critique of political economy appear within Guy Debord's The Society of the Spectacle. He is a founding editorial member of Cured Quail. Frank Schale is Scientific Assistant at the institute for political science at Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany. He earned his doctorate with a thesis on Otto Kirchheimer. His research interests lie in the fields of intellectual history and history of science in the 20th century, especially in social and legal theory. He is currently working on a comparative study of changing political theory from German Empire to post-war Germany. Gerhard Scheit is an independent scholar who lives in Vienna. He has published widely on Marxism, critical theory, and antisemitism, with a special interest in theatre studies and Notes on the Editors and Contributors xxix usicology. Inter alia, he edited three volumes of the collected works of Jean Améry, published m by Klett-Cotta. He co-edits the journal sans phrase. Zeitschrift für Ideologiekritik. Hans-Ernst Schiller studied philosophy, history, sociology and German literature in Erlangen and Frankfurt (Magister in 1978 with a thesis about Marx; Dr Phil in 1981 with 'Metaphysik und Gesellschaftskritik' about Ernst Bloch, published in 1982). He has been Professor for Social Philosophy and Ethics at the University for Applied Studies in Düsseldorf since 1996. He published numerous articles and essays and the books Bloch-Konstellationen. Utopien der Philosophie (zu Klampen, 1991), An unsichtbarer Kette. Stationen kritischer Theorie (zu Klampen, 1993), Die Sprache der realen Freiheit. Sprache und Sozialphilosophie bei Wilhelm von Humboldt (Königshausen&Neumann, 1998), Das Individuum im Widerspruch. Zur Theoriegeschichte des modernen Indvidualismus (Frank&Timme, 2005), Ethik in der Welt des Kapitals. Zu den Grundbegriffen der Moral (zu Klampen, 2011), and Freud-Kritik von links. Bloch, Fromm, Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse (zu Klampen, 2017). Schiller is the co-editor of Staat und Politik bei Horkheimer und Adorno (Nomos, 2014) and the editor of Staat und Politik bei Ernst Bloch (Nomos, 2016). Recently edited with Rüdiger Dannemann and Henry Pickford: Der aufrechte Gang im windschiefen Kapitalismus. Modelle kritischen Denkens (Springer, 2018). Oliver Schlaudt is Associate Professor at the Philosophy Department, University of Heidelberg. His main research interests centre upon the philosophy of the natural and the social sciences, with a special focus on measurement and quantification. Roswitha Scholz is a Graduate of Social Pedagogy (FH). At university, she studied at the Faculty of Philosophy, focusing above all on sociology, pedagogy, and philosophy. She has published in numerous Left magazines and anthologies. Her book publications include The Gender of Capitalism: Feminist Theory and the Postmodern Metamorphosis of Patriarchy (Horlemann 2000/11), Differences of the Crisis – Crisis of Differences: New Social Criticism in the Global Age in the Context of 'Race', Class, Sex, and Postmodern Individualization (Horlemann 2005). Her areas of work include feminist theory and radical social critique of form, intersectionality theories of knowledge, and the 'Zeitgeist'. Andrés Saenz de Sicilia is a Visiting Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Roehampton and Central Saint Martins as well as tutor at University College London (UCL). He received his PhD from the Centre for Research in Modern European Philosophy (CRMEP), Kingston University, London in 2016, for a thesis on the concept of subsumption in Kant, Hegel and Marx. He has written for Radical Philosophy and Language Sciences, and has a monograph on the topic of subsumption forthcoming with Brill in 2019. He has translated several essays by Bolívar Echeverría and is currently preparing the first English-language collection of Echeverría's writings. Marcel Stoetzler is Senior Lecturer in Sociology at Bangor University. He works on social and political theory, intellectual history, and historical sociology. His publications include Beginning Classical Social Theory (Manchester University Press, 2017), the edited volume Antisemitism and the Constitution of Sociology (University of Nebraska Press, 2014) and The State, the Nation and the Jews. Liberalism and the Antisemitism Dispute in Bismarck's Germany (University of Nebraska Press, 2008). His work has been published in the journals Sociological Inquiry, European Journal of Social Theory, Nations and Nationalism, Patterns xxx THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF FRANKFURT SCHOOL CRITICAL THEORY of Prejudice, Sociology, Journal of Classical Sociology, European Review of History, Philosophy and Social Criticism, Historical Materialism, Feminist Theory, The European Journal of Women's Studies, fast capitalism and the blogs OpenDemocracy and History & Policy. He is an editorial board member of Patterns of Prejudice and a fellow at the Centre for Jewish Studies at the University of Manchester. Amy Swiffen a faculty member in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Concordia University, Montreal. Michael J. Thompson is Associate Professor of Political Theory, William Paterson University. He was educated at Rutgers College, Humboldt Universität, and The Graduate Center, City University of New York. His recent books include The Domestication of Critical Theory (Rowman & Littlefield International, 2016), The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Theory (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017, as editor), Hegel's Metaphyics and the Philosophy of Politics (Routledge, 2018) and The Perversion of Subjectivity: The Eclipse of Autonomy in Modern Society (Stanford University Press, 2018). Sebastian Truskolaski is Assistant Professor in the Department of Germanic Studies at Trinity College Dublin. His articles on Adorno, Benjamin, Kafka and related themes have appeared in journals such as German Life and Letters, Radical Philosophy, and Studies in Social & Political Thought. Together with Jan Sieber he edited Discontinuous Infinities, a special issue of the journal Anthropology & Materialism on the philosophy of Walter Benjamin (2017). Together with Sam Dolbear and Esther Leslie he edited and translated The Storyteller, a collection of Benjamin's experimental prose (2016). Together with Paula Schwebel he is currently working on a translation of Adorno's correspondence with Gershom Scholem (forthcoming). Asha Varadharajan is Associate Professor of English at Queen's University, Canada. She is the author of Exotic Parodies: Subjectivity in Adorno, Said, and Spivak (University of Minnesota Press, 1995). Her writing and public speaking engage the broad sweep of postcolonial, cosmopolitan, global, secular, rights, migration, and development debates. Her most recent essays have appeared in Cultural Studies, College Literature, Kunapipi, University of Toronto Quarterly, TOPIA, CSSAAME, and Modern Language Quarterly. She has contributed chapters to books on human rights, biopolitics, and intercultural discourse. The most fun she has had lately was writing her essay on Eric Idle for the Dictionary of Literary Biography. Alfonso Galileo García Vela has a PhD in Sociology and he is a research professor at the Department of Postgraduate Studies on Sociology of the Instituto de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades 'Alfonso Vélez Pliego' of the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. In 2017 he was a Visiting Scholar at The Department of History in The University of Chicago. With Massimo Modonesi and María Vignau Loría, he co-edited El concepto de clase social en la teoría marxista contemporánea [The Concept of Social Class in Contemporary Marxist Theory] (UNAM-BUAP-La Biblioteca, 2017), and with Fernando Matamoros, Manuel Garza, and Eduardo Bautista Martínez, he co-edited A Diez Años de la Lucha de la Asamblea Popular De Los Pueblos De Oaxaca (APPO) [Ten Years after the Struggle of the Popular Assembly of the People of Oaxaca (APPO)] (UABJO-MAPorrúa, 2016). His fields of research and teaching are sociology, theories of the state, the critical theory of the Frankfurt School, modernity theories and Western Marxism. Notes on the Editors and Contributors xxxi Marina Vishmidt is a writer. She is a Lecturer in Culture Industry at Goldsmiths, University of London and runs a Theory seminar at the Dutch Art Institute. Her work has appeared in South Atlantic Quarterly, Ephemera, Afterall, Journal of Cultural Economy, Australian Feminist Studies, and Radical Philosophy, among others, as well as a number of edited volumes. She is the co-author of Reproducing Autonomy (Mute, 2016, with Kerstin Stakemeier) and is currently completing the monograph Speculation as a Mode of Production (Brill, 2018). Sergio Tischler Visquerra is Research Professor at the Department of Postgraduate Studies on Sociology of the Instituto de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades 'Alfonso Vélez Pliego' of the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. He coordinates the research group 'Subjectivity and Critical Theory' with John Holloway. His books include Memoria, tiempo y sujeto (F&G, 2005), Tiempo y emancipación. Mijail Bajtín y Walter Benjamin en la Selva Lacandona (F&G, 2008), Imagen y dialéctica. Mario Payeras y los interiores de una constelación revolucionaria (F&G, 2009), and Revolución y destotalización (Editorial Grietas, 2013). He co-edited the books What Is to Be Done? Leninism, Anti-Leninist Marxism and the Question of Revolution Today (Ashgate, 2002, with Werner Bonefeld), Marxismo Abierto. Una visión europea y latinoamericana. Vol. I, II (Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/ Herramienta, 2007, with John Holloway, Werner Bonefeld and Alberto Bonnet), Negativity & Revolution. Adorno and Political Activism (Pluto Press, 2009, with John Holloway and Fernando Matamoros) and Zapatismo. Reflexión teórica y subjetividades emergentes (Universidad Autónoma de Puebla/Herramienta, 2008/2015, with John Holloway and Fernando Matamoros). Frieder Vogelmann is Postdoctoral Researcher at the Institute for Intercultural and Interdisciplinary Studies (InIIS) at Bremen University. He studied philosophy, mathematics, and cognitive science at the University of Freiburg before doing his PhD in philosophy at the University of Frankfurt. He is the author of The Spell of Responsibility (Rowman & Littefield International, 2017) and co-editor of The Birth of Austerity. German Ordoliberalism and Contemporary Neoliberalism (Rowman & Littlefield International, 2017). He has worked on the history of the concept of responsibility, on Michel Foucault, and on the concept of critique in critical theory. Recent publications have appeared in the journals Constellations, Distinktion and Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie. His current work is focused on the effectiveness of knowledge and a praxeological understanding of philosophy. Christian Voller studied Cultural Studies, History and Literature in Frankfurt/Oder, Berlin, and Bochum. Currently he is working on his PhD on figures of the autonomy of technology (working title: 'Die Selbstherrlichkeit der Technik. Ein Topos der Moderne'). His research focuses on Marxist philosophy, the Frankfurt School, critical theory, and reactionary modernism. Since 2014 he has been a Research Associate at the Institute of Culture and Aesthetics of Digital Media at Leuphana University of Lüneburg. Adrian Wilding is a Fellow of the Großbritannien-Zentrum, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. He has written and translated widely in the field of critical theory. Michelle Yates is Assistant Professor of Cultural Studies and Humanities in the Department of Humanities, History, and Social Sciences at Columbia College Chicago. She received her PhD in Cultural Studies from the University of California at Davis. Her work is situated in the environmental humanities at the intersection of critical theory, film and media, and gender xxxii THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF FRANKFURT SCHOOL CRITICAL THEORY and sexuality. She has published in peer review journals such as Antipode and ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment. She is also the Co-Director of the Chicago Feminist Film Festival. José A. Zamora is a tenured Researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the Spanish National Research Council (Madrid). He has directed numerous research projects, including the current Social Suffering and Victim Status, for which he is a principal researcher. He is president of the Iberoamerican Society of Critical Theory Studies and is co-editor of Constelaciones. Revista de Teoría Crítica. His publications include, among others: Krise – Kritik – Erinnerung. Ein politisch-theologischer Versuch über das Denken Adornos im Horizont der Krise der Moderne (Lit-Verlag, 1995) and Theodor W. Adorno: pensar contra la Barbarie (Trotta, 2004; Portuguese trans. Nova Harmonia, 2008), and he is editor of Justicia y memoria: hacia una teoría de la justicia anamnética (Anthropos, 2011) and Las víctimas como precio necesario (Trotta, 2016), among others. His areas of research are Critical Theory, philoso-phy after Auschwitz, social suffering, political theologies of modernity and political philoso-phy of migrations. Acknowledgement We are indebted to Neil Larsen for involvement in the early stages of shaping the handbook and for his guidance and advice on the tradition of critical theory in Latin America and Wertkritik. This page intentionally left blank 1 Introduction: Key Texts and Contributions to a Critical Theory of Society Beverley Best, Werner Bonefeld and Chris O'Kane The designation of the Frankfurt School as a 'critical theory' originated in the United States. It goes back to two articles, one written by Max Horkheimer and the other by Herbert Marcuse, that were both published in Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung (later Studies in Philosophy and Social Science) in 1937.1 The Zeitschrift, published from 1932 to 1941, was the publishing organ of the Institute for Social Research. It gave coherence to what in fact was an internally diverse and often disagreeing group of heterodox Marxists that hailed from a wide disciplinary spectrum, including social psychology (Fromm, Marcuse, Horkheimer), political economy and state formation (Pollock and Neumann), law and constitutional theory (Kirchheimer, Neumann), political science (Gurland, Neumann), philosophy and sociology (Adorno, Horkheimer, Marcuse), culture (Löwenthal, Adorno), musicology (Adorno), aesthetics (Adorno, Löwenthal, Marcuse) and social technology (Gurland, Marcuse). In the Weimar Republic, the Institute was known by sympathisers as 'Café Marx'. It was the first Marxist research institute attached to a German University. Since the 1950s, 'Frankfurt School' critical theory has become an established, internationally recognised 'brand name' in the social and human sciences, which derives from its institutional association in the 1920s and again since 1951 with the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, (West) Germany. From this institutional perspective, it is the association with the Institute that provides the basis for what is considered critical theory and who is considered to be a critical theorist. This Handbook works with and against its branded identification, concretising as well as refuting it. We retain the moniker 'Frankfurt School' in the title to distinguish the character of its critical theory from other seemingly nontraditional approaches to society, including the positivist traditions of Marxist thought, constructivist idealism, French philosophies of structure, events and rhizomes, 2 THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF FRANKFURT SCHOOL CRITICAL THEORY post-colonialism, the abstract negativity of subjectivism, including the existentialist traditions and contemporary Anthropocene, and justice-orientated abstract normativism. CRITICAL THEORY: AN OUTLINE2 In its original formulation, critical theory is characterised by thinking against the flow of the (reified) world. It is an attempt to brush against its grain to reveal its foundation in historically specific social relations. It was the first serious Marxist attempt to confront the historical materialism of the orthodox Marxist tradition. According to the orthodoxy, labour is a transhistorical objective necessity and the various modes of production present historically specific forms of labour economy. In this view, history is objectively unfolding towards a 'higher' mode of production: socialism. For the orthodoxy, therefore, there can be no such thing as the critique of labour. There can only be a critique of the capitalist irrationality of labour organisation, leading to the endorsement of socialism as a rational form of labour organisation.3 Orthodox Marxism thus conceived of capitalism as transition to socialism either through reformist struggle for recognition of labour rights or revolutionary struggle as midwife for a centrally planned labour economy.4 In the 1920s, Frankfurt School critical theory emerged from within the constraints of these positions as well as the deadly hostility that existed amongst their respective supporters and between the latter and their nationalist foes. Following Max Horkheimer, the opposite of a critical theory of society is not an uncritical theory: it is 'traditional theory'. For Horkheimer, traditional theory is uncritical of its own social and historical preconditions. Instead of seeking to establish the social and historical constitution of its object, it identifies society as given – mere data. Against idealism, it holds that positivism is an element of critical thought. Critical theory is about the conceptuality of a historical reality. It is both a method of thought and a process of thinking in and through the social object. It is not a method of organising concepts and of thinking about society. Rather than applying thought to the social object, it argues that conceptuality holds sway within it. This insight formulates the task of critical theory as an immanent critique of society, one that sets out to uncover what is active in objects. Thus, against positivism, it holds that in its immediate and direct appearance the whole of society is untrue. Horkheimer's 'Traditional and Critical Theory' argues that in its posited appearance, society presents itself in the form of petrified relations, which perpetuate themselves as if by some independent dynamic that is regulated by invisible forces. This appearance is real as necessary illusion, which is ideology; the ideology of the social object is its appearance as natural. According to Horkheimer, Marx was the first critical theorist who conceived of capitalist society as an objective illusion.5 That is, the fetishism of commodities is real as the objective inversion of the social relations that vanish in their appearance as a relationship between economic quantities, which are regulated by an invisible hand that, as Adorno put it, takes care of 'both the beggar and the king'.6 What has vanished cannot be identified nor conceptualised; what remains is the social subject as a non-conceptuality.7 Abstract things neither posit themselves nor do they impose and reproduce themselves according to some innate objectively unfolding logic. Rather, it is the social relations, individuals in and through their social praxis, that render social objectivity valid by bestowing it with a consciousness and a will. The veracity of this insight is no way challenged by the equally valid insight that the subjects act under the compulsion of social objectivity, on the pain of ruin and disaster. In this context, critical theory is best seen as an attempt at conceptualising capitalist social objectivity Introduction: Key Texts and Contributions to a Critical Theory of Society as a definite form of human social practice. Critical theory thus becomes a negative dialectic of the conceptualised praxis (begriffene Praxis) of capitalist social relations.8 As argued by Horkheimer in 'Traditional and Critical Theory', Marx's critique of political economy amounts to a devastating judgment on existence, not just of the economic sphere but of society as a whole, as a totality. Totality is a negative concept of the wrong state of things. For Horkheimer, Marx's critique of political economy is social critique. It is critique of the economic categories as the valid categories of a 'false' society. For Adorno, Marx's critical theory is characterised by its resistance to substituting the truth content of thought for its 'social function and its conditioning by interests'. Traditional theory, says Adorno, 'refrains from a critique' of social contents, and '[remains] indifferent to it'.9 It classifies and defines social phenomena but does not look into them. The purpose of critical theory as a critique of ideology is to uncover what is active in things to reveal the socially constituted principle of compulsion, that power of society as a whole, in which the social subject, Man in her social relations, appears as a mere character-mask (Adorno) or personification (Marx) of reified relations between seemingly natural social things. It is of course true, as traditional theory recognises, that the 'life of all men hangs' by the profitable extraction of surplus value.10 Time really is money and money is money only as more money. Yet it does not ask why that might be so and does not inquire into its conceptuality – that is, it does not attempt to comprehend the social laws that are innate to this mode of human social reproduction as definite laws of human social practice. Furthermore, critical theory holds that social reality and theoretical praxis are the same and not the same. There is neither an untheoretical reality nor can reality be reduced to thought. Reality, the real, entails theory as the condition of its comprehension, meaning and practical intelligibility. Whether something is rational is a matter of thought 3 and interpretation. The comprehension of reality is a theoretical effort and the critique of reality is therefore a critique of its theorising. Reality neither speaks for itself nor by itself. Its critique is fundamentally a theoretical critique, which is also a critique of epistemology and science, that includes philosophy and political economy. As a critical theory, therefore, materialism is 'a dissolution of things understood as dogmatic'.11 In this context, Lukács' notion of 'false consciousness', which he developed most clearly in his History and Consciousness, is unhelpful. In the 'enchanted, perverted, topsy-turvy world' of capitalist social relations, thought too is enchanted, perverted and topsy-turvy. Critical theory is here characterised as an effort of critique, making thought work, which entails confrontation of the cogitative account of society with its experience. Critical theory holds that the theoretical concept of society is fundamentally an experienced concept and vice versa.12 Traditional theory might want to analyse society on the basis of algorithmic data. It can do this because it has no experience of society. What counts are numbers; whether numbers inflate or deflate is, however, of no concern to the numbers themselves. It is a concern for the social subject, and the validity of inflation or deflation is therefore a social validity. For traditional theory, experience is not a scientific category. It therefore excludes what is vital from its analytical gaze. Nevertheless, the development, say, of economic theory into social statistics is not 'false', as opposed to the 'right' theory of so-called Marxian economics. Economics, as the science of economic matter, meets definite social needs, takes the direct appearance of society as immediate proof of its veracity, analyses the economic phenomena and articulates the economic quantities in the form of mathematical equations. In this manner, it rationalises society by scientificmathematical method. It does all this in the name of scientific method and accuracy without once asking itself what the economic categories are, what the economic quantities 4 THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF FRANKFURT SCHOOL CRITICAL THEORY are quantities of and, indeed, why the effort of human social reproduction appears in the form of economic quantities that present themselves devoid of innate human contents. For the science of economic matter, the consideration of such contents, and questions about their human-social validity, amounts to a metaphysical distraction. It inserts into economics a non-economic subject, disrupting the economic idea of purely economic matter.13 The critique of economics as a social science without social content does not entail its rejection as a science of 'false' consciousness. It rather entails social critique – that is, critique of a society that expresses itself in the form of economic categories and economic matter, which economic science seeks to render intelligible by rationalising the economic appearance of society, without distraction. Traditional social theory does not see that economic forces are forces of definite social relations. Why, indeed, does this content, human social reproduction, the satisfaction of human needs, take the form of independent economic categories, upon whose power 'the life of all man hangs by'?14 The theory of society becomes no less traditional when it demythologises the social object into a secular 'logic of things' that, akin to an abstract system of logic, structures the actual behaviour, consciousness and mentality of the actual individuals and their libidos, too.15 In Adorno's memorable formulations in Negative Dialectics, reality requires thought for its comprehension, and historical materialism is critique of society understood dogmatically.16 It is critique of society through theoretical critique. Critical theory is characterised by its attempt to dissolve the dogmatic posture of social objectivity by revealing its vanished social genesis. It holds that in order to grasp the world one has to be within it. Critical theory is critical on the condition that it thinks through society. What is vital about economic quantities is not their quantitative expansion. What is vital is the sheer unrest of life for access to the means of subsistence, which for its success depends on economic growth for its own sake, on the accumulation of abstract wealth for accumulation's sake. As a critical theory the critique of political economy entails the recognition of suffering as the hidden truth of the relations of economic objectivity. Critical theory, therefore, is a critique of a world that is 'hostile to the subject', no matter that it is the social individual herself who endows the reified world with a consciousness and a will, not just in the economic sphere but in society at large, body and soul.17 In fact, Alfred Sohn-Rethel, who never established a close working relationship with the Institute but who stayed in close contact with some of its members, and whose theoretical concerns were also close, focused the programme of research most clearly: it amounts to an anamnesis of the social origin, or genesis, of real abstractions.18 HISTORY AND THOUGHT The Institute was founded in Frankfurt am Main in 1923, where it was affiliated with the University of Frankfurt am Main. It was the creation of Felix Weil. Weil was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He was the son of a wealthy grain merchant and was able to use money from his father's business to finance the Institute. Weil graduated with a doctoral degree in political science from Frankfurt University. His doctoral thesis was about the practical problems of implanting socialism through central economic planning. It was published by Karl Korsch. The immediate background to his initiative was the First Marxist Work Week, which Weil also financed. It was a week-long symposium in 1922 attended amongst others by György Lukács, Karl Korsch, Karl August Wittfogel and Friedrich Pollock, a close friend of Horkheimer's and co-founder of the Institute. Wittfogel was a historian noted for his studies of ancient China and is best known for developing the notion of an Asiatic mode Introduction: Key Texts and Contributions to a Critical Theory of Society of production. Karl Korsch's Marxism and Philosophy (1923), which broke the ground for the development of heterodox Marxism, was discussed at the symposium. Korsch worked at the Institute in exile but never joined it formally. Lukács' History and Class Consciousness, also published in 1923, was a major inspiration for the development of the Frankfurt School, particularly because of its argument about reification and identification of the importance of Hegel's philosophy for Marx's critique of political economy. The relationship between Lukács and critical theory is perhaps best described with reference to Wiggershaus' account of a meeting between Lukács and Adorno in 1925.19 Adorno, who began his association with the Institute in 1928 and became a formal member in New York in 1938, is said to have been shocked to find that, in an attempt to restore his reputation as a reliable supporter of the Bolsheviks, Lukács was retracting precisely what had attracted Adorno to his work in the first place – namely, the critique of capitalist society as a (reified) totality. If, indeed, Lukács was Adorno's intellectual mentor, the mentoring proved short-lived and unreliable. Similarly, Neumann and Kirchheimer had started out as (socialist) students of Carl Schmitt's, and Marcuse had started his second doctorate, his Habilitationsschrift, under Martin Heidegger. Schmitt and Heidegger promptly supported the Nazi regime and joined its ranks as intellectual flagbearers. Marcuse joined the Institute in 1932, having been recruited by Leo Löwenthal. Löwenthal had joined the newly founded Institute in 1926 and established himself as its leading expert on the sociology of literature and mass culture. He was the founding managing editor of the Zeitschrift, which was published from the United States for most of its existence. In the face of the Nazis' growing influence, including at Frankfurt University, the Institute's founders decided in September 1930 to prepare to move abroad. They established a branch in Geneva and moved the 5 Institute's funds to The Netherlands. In 1932, shortly after Löwenthal had recruited him, Marcuse was sent to Geneva in preparation for possible exile. The Gestapo closed down the Institute in early 1933 for 'activities hostile to the state'.20 The initial research at the Institute was close to Weil's interests in the social history of the workers' movement. Its first publishing venture was the first critical edition of the collected works of Marx and Engels, with the Institute acting as a mediator between the Moscow-based Marx–Engels Institute and the German Social-Democratic Party. It was this venture that reinforced existing, strongly held suspicions about the Institute as subversive and led to a police investigation into the backgrounds of its members. The police concluded that Felix Weil and Friedrich Pollock were undoubtedly communists. Pollock came in for special treatment on the grounds of his activities during the Munich Soviet in 1919. During the 1920s, Löwenthal's sociological approach was the exception in the Institute. Its designated first director was Kurt Albert Gerlach, who died before the Institute's inauguration. He sympathised with anarcho-syndicalism and published on industrial relations and the conditions of female factory workers in England. Gerlach's successor and founding director was Karl Gruenberg, a Marxist historian seen as the 'Father of Austrian Socialism'. He counted Otto Bauer, Rudolf Hilferding and Karl Renner amongst his students. Gruenberg took his journal Archive for the History of Socialism and the Labour Movement, which he had started in Vienna in 1910, with him to Frankfurt. It became the house journal of the Institute until 1930, when it ceased publication. The two most important publications of the Institute during this time were Henryk Grossmann's The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System and Friedrich Pollock's Attempts at Planned Economy in the Soviet Union 1917–1927, both published in 1929. After Gruenberg suffered from a stroke, he retired, in 1929, and 6 THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF FRANKFURT SCHOOL CRITICAL THEORY Pollock stepped in as acting director. He was succeeded in 1930 by Max Horkheimer, who was not the obvious candidate, but who was chosen despite his leanings towards council communism. In the same year, Erich Fromm, who became one of the founders of 'socialist humanism', joined the Institute. Under Horkheimer's directorship, the Institute's research profile started to change from one focused on mainly economic developments and labour-movement studies towards empirical social research, social theory, cultural study, philosophy and social psychology, firming up the interdisciplinary research associated with critical theory. Frankfurt School critical theory was shaped by profound experiences. It originated in the aftermath of the failed Soviet revolution, after Lenin's death and at the beginning of the new economic policy that was accompanied by the resolutely dictatorial direction of the Soviet state under Stalin. It originated, too, in the aftermath of the failed German revolution of 1918 that led to the short-lived Weimar Republic, which despised the revolutionaries and was rejected by the ancien régime and its willing foot-soldiers. Horkheimer took on the directorship of the Institute against the background of the crash of 1929 and the worldwide socio-economic and political consequences that followed: on the one hand, hyperinflation, depression, austerity (the German chancellor from 30 March 1930 to 30 May 1932, Heinrich Brüning, was called the Hungerkanzler – the famine chancellor), mass unemployment, political violence and assassinations, emergency government, politicised labour relations and a strong but bitterly divided labour movement and, on the other, Nazi storm-troopers. Against the background of German Nazism and Italian Fascism, Herbert Marcuse wrote about the coming to power of a new form of liberalism, which he conceived of as an authoritarian liberalism.21 It entailed, he argued in 1934, the 'existentialization and totalization of the political sphere'.22 The decisive experiences for the formation of critical theory were the failure of revolutions, the total collapse of the German labour movement in 1933, the conditions of 'bare life', the Nazi dictatorship, Stalinist show trials and concentration camps, world war, exile and disorientation, antisemitism as political program and industrialised slaughter. With the exception of Adorno, the small band of critical theorists left Germany in 1933, finally settling in either New York or Los Angeles. Walter Benjamin, the great literary critic and condemner of positivist Marxism, eventually settled in Paris. During the 1930s, the Institute provided him with publishing opportunities and, most importantly, financial support. Adorno who had been introduced to Benjamin in the early 1920s by a mutual friend, Siegfried Kracauer, was instrumental in securing this support. When Paris fell to the Nazis in 1940, he fled south with the intention of escaping to the United States via Spain. Informed by the chief of police at the France–Spain border that he would be turned over to the Gestapo, Benjamin committed suicide. Adorno had hoped to remain in Germany after 1933 and until 1934 hoped that the German army would take over. He enrolled for advanced studies at Oxford in June 1934 and during the next four years made trips to Germany to see his parents and, in 1937, to New York to visit the Institute. He left Europe for the United States in 1938. Initially the focus of study in exile was authoritarianism, starting with the collected volume Studies on Authority and Family (1936), to which, amongst others, Fromm, Marcuse and Horkheimer contributed, then Horkheimer's 'The Authoritarian State' (1942) as well as particular analyses of the character of the Nazi state (Neumann, Pollock and also Kirchheimer and Gurland). Kristallnacht in 1938 was the immediate precursor of Horkheimer's 'The Jews of Europe' (1939). The extermination of European Jewry changed the Institute's research outlook decisively. Its two bases in the United States, in New York and Los Introduction: Key Texts and Contributions to a Critical Theory of Society Angeles, developed overlapping and yet distinct research programmes on antisemitism and unreason. One was led by Pollock from the east coast, leading to the publication of a four-volume work entitled Studies in Anti-Semitism; and the other was led by Horkheimer and Adorno from California on the dialectic of Enlightenment (un)reason, leading to their Dialectic of Enlightenment and to Horkheimer's Eclipse of Reason, both published in 1947. The Authoritarian Personality was published in 1950 and Adorno's Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life in 1951. Erich Fromm's The Fear of Freedom (1941) explored damaged life in social-psychological terms. The Institute returned to Frankfurt in 1951. However, of its core members, only Pollock, Adorno and Horkheimer returned; Leo Löwenthal, Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse, Franz Neumann and Otto Kirchheimer did not, nor did the majority of the Institute's members. The designation 'Frankfurt School', which came to the fore only in the 1950s, need not, then, be fixed on the Institute's post-war location; it is much more fruitful, rather, to see the Institute's decidedly heterodox Marxist social critique as originating in a specific formative experience in Weimar Germany and developing through the experience of exile, loss and disorientation. It continued to mature, against itself, in the context of Auschwitz, and later established itself as a dissenting voice in the Cold War sile