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The schools may be closed here for the summer holidays but this post will be your dose of double English 😉 so sit up straight, dust down your dictionary, switch of you mobile phone and pay attention in class.
The internet still takes a written form for the most part and as many of us 'publish' content for the web we are in effect professional writers with a duty to make sure our work meets an acceptable level as far as spelling and punctuation.
With text shorthand on phones & spell checkers prevalent in today's society you have to fear the worst for the next generation, parents can usually calculate sums in their head better than their children due to our reliance on calculators and so this cycle may carry on and evolve as we rely on machines instead of knowledge for spelling and punctuation.
With this in mind I asked Charlie of Perfectly Write whether she would be so kind as to answer a few questions I had on basic grammar, spelling and proofreading.
Q. On a personal note I'm never sure whether to use a colon (:) or semi-colon (;). Can you advise us as to their correct usage?
This is a tricky one, and there are a good number of rules governing this. For full details, I'd recommend checking out the Oxford Style Guide and/or Oxford A–Z of Grammar and Punctuation.
In simple terms, a colon (:) is an introducer. It points forward and introduces:
a list (as above)
an extended quotation or direct speech. Mr Jones says: "I'm delighted by this promotion. . ."
an explanation or amplification of the preceding part of the sentence. There was only one thing to do: run.
The last use is the one most people struggle with. Basically, a colon is a rather dramatic punctuation mark: it makes the reader pause and theatrically announces something to come which will add new information to the part of the sentence before the colon. Usually, the part of the sentence before the colon is a complete sentence in itself, and the colon could be replaced with words like namely, that is, for example, for instance, because and therefore.
The semi-colon (;) is a little like a comma but with special powers. It has two main jobs:
It can join two separate sentences that are closely related. It was his first job as a salesman; before this, he had been a teacher.
- It can help divide up long and complicated lists that may otherwise be confusing. I ordered a prawn cocktail, not with salad; a steak, chips and peas; an ice cream sundae without nuts; and a pitcher of beer.
Q. Do you think spellcheckers are a help or a hindrance to online writers who may never learn without such crutches?
They can be both. I encourage my clients to use spellcheckers to help them spot errors in their writing, but the operative word here is 'help'. Spellcheckers (and grammar checkers) can help with proofreading, but not proofread for you. It's important to understand their limitations and weaknesses.
I use my spellchecker daily as I work, and it certainly helps me quickly track down some errors as I proofread, edit and write. However, spellcheckers ignore many misspelled words, incorrect words, Americanisms and utter nonsense, which makes relying on them foolish. For example, my spellchecker has no problem with the following: Its knot a grate idée to relay on a spell cheque too find all you're mistake.
No spellchecker replaces the need for thorough proofreading (several times). Online writers should feel free to use their spellchecker as the first stage of proofreading, but follow it up with slow, careful proofreading.
For more details on spellcheckers, spelling and proofreading, you can check out the tips and articles on my website (www.perfectlywrite.co.uk) and my blog (www.perfectly-write-words.blogspot.com).
Q. You are obviously very passionate about writing and the English language; can you tell us your pet peeve?
That would be picking up a new bestselling book or checking out a leading company's website and finding poor writing that's full of errors.
I'm never judgemental of my clients for their mistakes, especially as I firmly believe many, many people have been let down by poor education in this area. I certainly didn't bounce out of school able to punctuate properly, or understand the basics of good writing, and it was only with further training and experience that my skills and knowledge grew.
However, I don't think there's any excuse for publishers selling books that haven't been proofread (or copy-edited) properly, or huge brands sending out marketing material complete with typos, inconsistencies and weak writing style. Yet this sloppiness is surprisingly prevalent.
These organisations have the money to hire skilled professionals to ensure spot-on text that's free from mistakes. They should have the business acumen to know that high standards are essential, and that consumers will not be impressed by any company that does not take pride in their work and pay attention to detail.
One or two mistakes is understandable (though not ideal), but anything more is the organisation effectively saying, 'I can't be bothered to take the time and ask a professional to check this.' That is my pet peeve.
Q. Proofreading your own work can often be quite difficult and it is easy to miss the same errors again and again. Do you have any tips?
There are several tips I offer clients for effective proofreading, based on my training and experience.
Be prepared. You'll need to be able to focus, so ensure you aren't too tired and have quiet surroundings. Get the material ready to ensure ease of proofreading: ideally printed out rather than on screen, and double spaced in an easy-to-read font (I recommend Times New Roman sized at 14). Have a dictionary at hand and some paper to make notes on.
Be organised and systematic. The easiest way to spot every tiny mistake in a document is to create a tick chart and check each point systematically. For example, you may want to check page numbers, headings, indents, tables, figures and the style of certain words. Break the proofreading down and go through the text a few times, looking for different things on each reading. I usually read once for sense, then deal with the nitty gritty, then give it a final read to catch anything that may have slipped through the net.
Be consistent. When you first come across a word or term that rings alarm bells, look it up. Once you've found the correct style and spelling, ensure you apply it throughout the document. So if I was writing an article on proofreading, I would style it as one word throughout, and not slip into proof-reading or proof reading on page three. This is easily done in Word using the 'find and replace' function.
Be ready to ask for help. If you've written or worked on a document yourself, chances are you're so familiar with the material your eyes have developed blind spots in places: your mind reads what it thinks is there, rather than what is actually written. This is why, for important text, it's always a good idea to ask someone outside the project to proofread it as well – a friend, a colleague or a professional.
Q. What would be the top grammatical or punctuation errors that most amateur writers tend to make?
Here are the most common mistakes I come across each day as I edit and proofread:
Overuse of capitals: Some writers have a penchant for using Capital Letters quite RandomLy where they just aren't needed.
Comma splices: This is when a writer joins two sentences together with a comma – not grammatically correct but increasingly common.
Misplaced apostrophes: Many writers get a little confused over when and where to use apostrophes. They often leave them out or stick them willy nilly.
Spellchecked nonsense: Just because there is no red underlining on your screen in Word, doesn't mean for a moment the text is accurate.
Word confusion: There are a host of words in the English language that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings, such as there/their/they're. Then there are words that look a little similar and get muddled, like lose and loose.
Inconsistency: It's a big issue in much of the writing I work on: on page one the writer may discuss year 6 pupils, then on page two shift to Year Six students.
But it's not just amateur writers who make these mistakes; I come across them time and time again, even when proofreading the work of professional, published writers. That's exactly why proofreaders like me exist: it frees writers up to write, knowing that a professional will ensure that it's 'perfectly write'.
Q. What do you advise on modern words that seem to evolve like e-mail/email and web site/website? Is there a right or wrong way or does consistency matter more? Sometimes hyphens seem to appear and disappear.
It's true that new words tend to evolve in different styles before settling down. In some cases there is right style that all dictionaries agree on, and anything else is incorrect. But often dictionaries will disagree, and in this case I always advise choosing one style and sticking to it religiously.
This becomes much easier when you settle on one dictionary as your definitive oracle for the English language. I used the Oxford Dictionary and guides, and by choosing one style (the Oxford style) my writing is consistent.
For example, Chambers Dictionary hyphenates co-operate, while Oxford does not. So it's not much good going with Chambers' style for co-operate, but then Oxford's for coordinate, as they are not consistent and will stand out to a reader.
My motto is: If in doubt, be consistent.
If your interested in Charlie's services then check out Perfectly Write, my grammar may not always the best so I did find this an excellent opportunity to ask some questions and learn something new, I may even bookmark this post myself 🙂


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For Christians, weakness should be a way of life. Yet most of us try desperately to be sufficient on our own, and we resent our limitations and our needs.
Renowned theologian and Bible teacher J.I. Packer reflects on his experience of weakness--having been hit by a truck at a young age and now facing the realities of aging--in order to teach us the importance of embracing our own frailty, and also to help us look to Christ for strength, affirmation, and contentment. Find here a path from discouragement to freedom in light of our all-sufficient God.
BJU Bruins Shop -
1700 Wade Hampton Blvd
Phone: 800-252-1927 |
Fax: 864-233-8299 |
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subset: commoncrawl


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Charlie Kenton (Hugh Jackman), a washed-up boxing promoter, and his estranged son Max (Dakota Goyo) enter the World Robot Boxing Championship tournament with a low-end bot fond at the bottom of a scrap heap in Shawn Levy's Real Steel. A new trailer for this rousing adventure has just dropped in Japan, and we have the new footage available for you in the clip below. Check it out.
Real Steel Japanese Trailer
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With months of beautiful sunshine to enjoy in Australia, making the most of your outdoor space is a must. For those with enough space, installing decking is an easy way to make an entertaining area in your backyard.
Unless you're an experienced carpenter, you'll need to hire a professional to install your new decking. Depending on what state you live in and the value of your project, hiring a licensed tradie may be a requirement.
Whether you're replacing old, worn-out decking or extending your outdoor space with timber or composite decking boards or concrete decking, find affordable local experts on Airtasker. Most of our decking specialists work independently from the big companies, which keeps costs down but doesn't mean sacrificing quality.
Read reviews of carpenters in your area from previous satisfied customers to find someone you can trust to make your decking ideas a reality. Post a task today with the price you're willing to pay and wait for the quotes to come flooding in.
Decking is installed by carpenters or other tradies who know how to lay decking boards evenly and to fix them in place to make sure they stand the test of time. They'll help you achieve the design you want in your outdoor area, while also making sure your decking is safe if it's installed around poolsides.
Decking installers may specialise in a single type of decking or all materials. These include:Hardwood timber decking
If you love the natural look of timber, nothing beats hardwood decking. Decks made from Australian hardwoods such as Jarrah, Merbau and Spotted Gum can last for many years, but they require regular maintenance to avoid weathering. The downside is that these decks can take longer to install.Pressure-treated pine decking
Not as strong or long-lasting as hardwood, treated pine is still a popular choice for Aussie gardens that's easier and cheaper to install. If you don't like the light pine look, it can be stained any colour you want. Pressure-treated pine is protected against rot, fungi and termites, but your deck will still need to be oiled once a year.Composite decking
Composite decks combine wood fibres with recycled plastic to offer the natural look of timber decks without the maintenance. This strong decking is resistant to moisture and fading, doesn't overheat and is slip-resistant, making it ideal for poolsides. The catch is that it generally costs more than other types of decking.Fibre cement decking
If you live in an area at risk of bushfires, timber or composite decking may be restricted. Concrete decking made from fibre cement is an alternative that can be designed with any appearance you want in your backyard. Like composite decking, it's low maintenance and resistant to heat, moisture and pests.
Tallaght, Dublin
8th Oct 2019
Hi, i have two jobs. One is the toilet has a very poor flush and takes a long time to refill. Also, got my deck stained last year with two coats, just need another coat applied before the winter this year. Thanks


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LocationAlma, AR
400 Heather Lane
Alma, AR 72921
New 2020 Coachmen RV Freedom Express Liberty Edition 320BHDSLE
Freedom Express Liberty Edition 320BHDSLE travel trailer highlights:
- Private Bunkhouse
- Triple Slide Outs
- Kitchen Island
- Booth Dinette
- Camp Kitchen
A family of four or even a family of eight can enjoy this travel trailer for years to come! From the spacious kitchen and living area with dual slides to the private bunkhouse with two bunk beds, a futon and clothing storage to an outside awning offering an outdoor living space and a camp kitchen with a grill station, this is the perfect family RV! There is more to see like a front private bedroom, an entry closet, and an exterior pass-through compartment for those larger camping items, plus a few options you can choose to fit your camping lifestyle!
With any Freedom Express Liberty Edition travel trailer by Coachmen you will appreciate the ease of towing behind your family vehicle thanks to the aerodynamic front profile and the exclusive Stable-Ryd suspension. All the tanks are located under the floor to lower the center of gravity for increased storage capacity and improved handling down the road, and the fully enclosed, heated underbelly allows you o travel whenever you like. Come see how you have the freedom to explore with luxury in a new travel trailer today!
Great RV DealerWe were looking for a camper and spent a couple of months researching online and had a friend refer us to a dealership in Tulsa. After speaking with the dealership in Tulsa I decided to give Crabtree a shot and buy local. My Wife and I went to the dealership and everyone at the dealership was great. Within a few minutes we had decided on which trailer we wanted and had agreed upon a price. The financing - Steve
Save: $14,634
Stock# 40816-097
|36 ft 11 in
|Ext Width
|8 ft
|Ext Height
|11 ft 2 in
|Int Height
|6 ft 9 in
|Hitch Weight
|879 lbs
|Gross Weight
|10500 lbs
|Dry Weight
|7952 lbs
|Cargo Weight
|2548 lbs
|Fresh Water Capacity
|49 gals
|Grey Water Capacity
|66 gals
|Black Water Capacity
|33 gals
|Tire Size
|Number Of Bunks
|Available Beds
|Refrigerator Type
|Two Door
|Refrigerator Size
|8 cu ft
|Cooktop Burners
|Number of Awnings
|LP Tank Capacity
|Awning Info
|Axle Count
|Number of LP Tanks
|Shower Type
Coachmen RV is built upon a simple principle … "Dedicated to the enrichment of your life." By providing you with long term value through all that we do, our focus is on providing a product with superior value and backing it through superior service and support. Once you become a Coachmen owner, we are committed to enhancing your Coachmen RV ownership and lifestyle experience… creating friends for life and memories that will last a lifetime.
At Coachmen you will find a rich history of commitment from our Team Members. This commitment extends to our owners and in the pride we have for our brand. The close relationship that we share with our owners and our dealers is a quality that others have been trying to mimic over our 50 year history. Our goals and principles remain well in focus.
We do create customers for life


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Celebrant and Wedding Ceremony planning service run by energetic, passionate people who will bring their enthusiasm and energy to your special day!
The two co-founders of Love is Love Celebrants and Wedding Services are authorised civil marriage celebrants.
We personally both know how daunting it is to find the right suppliers for your big day… Searching around for the best in the industry but within your budget, looking for the right vibes… the social media creeping and then completing a heap of enquiry forms – Trust us, we get it. Mitch has just got married and Bridgitte is currently planning her wedding, so we can definitely vouch for it feeling all a little overwhelming at times.
As Wedding Celebrants, we're here to help you navigate and support you through the Wedding Ceremony process and of course, recommend suppliers along the way to ensure your big day comes together with ease.
Learn more about each Mitch and Bridge, their styles and what they're all about.
Hint: If you still can't decide – send us an enquiry and we would both be happy to meet you guys over a coffee, wine or brunch and from there you can choose who feels right for you!
Mitchell Hilder
Mitch has been solemnising marriages since early 2017, having decided that he loved weddings so much he wanted to be a part of as many as possible.
He brings a laid back attitude coupled with strong attention to detail that ensures you go into your ceremony relaxed, and with confidence that everything will run just as you dreamed. He has been described as "warm, friendly, personable and organised" and is regularly told by wedding guests they thought he was a good friend of the couple, such is the bond he makes with them.
Bridgitte Kelly
Bridge has a calm and collected nature. A true people person at heart, she will delight you and your guests with her warm, vibrant and engaging personality. Bridge has become a celebrant to celebrate and enjoy in life's more special moments.
She is here to help you navigate with ease the ceremony process and all the legal bits. So whether you're planning a big wedding, a intimate ceremony or even eloping Bridge is committed to designing you a wedding ceremony that truly represents who you are and what you're all about as a couple.
Professional business colleagues, turned best mates, turned business partners. Each Mitch and Bridge are guaranteed to warm not just your hearts, but those of your family and guests!
Bridgitte is one half of Love is Love Celebrancy (the other being my now husband Mitch) and she was truly amazing both leading into the ceremony and on the day itself. She was super professional yet friendly and laid back across the whole process and brought some great personal touches to the day.
We really appreciate her input on our vows, everyone commented how much they enjoyed them. Bridge also told our story so well, it was heartfelt and humorous at all the right moments. Thank you Bridgitte, we love your work!!
Mitch is an absolute legend and there is no better way to describe him. We had so much fun working with him, he made everything so incredibly easy which is a huge help with all the stresses of planning a wedding. Our meetings with him were like catching up with a mate rather than trying to check stressful things off a list. Our wedding ceremony was so full of true emotion and so heartfelt and if it wasn't so expensive to get married we would do it a million times over and have Mitch there with us every time! Thank you again Mitch!
If we could give Mitch more than 5 stars we would.
He was so organised and professional with the paperwork and legal requirements (making it super easy for us) and so friendly, approachable and fun.
Mitch was always happy to help when we had questions in the lead up to our wedding and he really went the extra mile to make sure he tailored everything to suit our requests and schedules.
Several of our friends and family asked if he was one of our good friends after our ceremony - a testament to how warm and welcoming Mitch was and how much effort he made to really get to know us as a couple to make our wedding ceremony a truly memorable one!
If you are looking for a celebrant Mitch is your guy, absolute legend. My partner and I couldn't have asked for a more perfect day. From our first meeting right through to our big day Mitch made everything so easy and relaxed for us, taking away a huge amount of my stresses. The amount of support and constant contact with us was just phenomenal. We felt completely comfortable and Mitch knew exactly what we wanted on our wedding day, it was fun, chilled and happy with Mitch's words perfectly summing up our story. We have had many guests compliment us on how great Mitch was, and they wanted to know was Mitch actually a friend of ours - as that's how it felt.
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text: An interview with the evangelism team. Posted on July 27, 2019 by Chad Cooper Listen as Pastor Tom interviews the evangelism team and expressing the importance of reaching out. Share this: Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window) Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Related


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Creative bath inc in consonance with Creativebath. Dates of market exposure. Open all year.
Inspiration and bathroom planning ideas in agreement with Lowes. On the foot, this twopart tab contains only a lot of ceramic flooring. The characteristic black marble brass finishes just enough this black master bathroom.
Creative ideas for the bathroom in consonance with Hgtv. Storage cabinet during recovery floating shelves bend when the bathroom is occupied five times, a large wide trough that allows children to brush their teeth, a clever storage solution.


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Quotes for Topic: Salvation-assurance-false
There is nothing in the world that works such satanic, profound, God-defiant pride as false assurance; nothing works such utter humility, or brings to such utter self-emptiness, as the child-like spirit of true assurance.
Reference: Assurance
The vague and tenuous hope that God is too kind to punish the ungodly has become a deadly opiate for the consciences of millions.
Love in Scripture is never defined as taking advantage of another's care, abusing their trust, or imposing on their generosity. If we knowingly continue in flagrant wrong under the presumption that "It won't matter, because God always forgives His children," we must question our commitment to Him. There is no human assurance that His love covers us when there is no evidence of our love for Him.
Reference: The Power of Mercy by Bryan Chapell taken from Holiness by Grace by Bryan Chapell, copyright 2001, Crossway Books, a division of Good News Publishers, Wheaton Illinois 60187, www.crosswaybooks.org. Page 195.
If our lives do not reflect the fruit of following Jesus, then we are foolish to think that we are actually followers of Jesus in the first place.
Reference: Taken from Follow Me by David Platt. Copyright © 2013 by David Platt. Used by permission. Website: Radical.net. Page 16.
It is crystal clear that a mental assent to the Gospel will save no one, nor will a mere empty profession of faith in Christ. So many flatter themselves that they are born again because they have been baptized, joined some "church of their choice" received the Lord's supper who do not have a keen and humbling sense of sin. Professing to be Christians, they are filled with a vain and presumptuous confidence that all is well with their souls, deluding themselves with hopes of mercy while continuing to live in a course of self-will and self-pleasing.
Reference: Accepting Christ.
The biblical order is: Facts > Faith > Feelings. Feelings are the responders of the soul or heart. They are to follow and respond to our understanding of Scripture, but they are never a safe guide to what we should believe or of the state of our salvation.
Reference: Assurance of Salvation, www.bible.org, Copyright ©1996-2005, All rights reserved.
Many professed Christians – and even many true Christians – hold a false doctrine of assurance. Often it is because the person who witnessed to them told them that all they had to do was make a profession of faith, walk an aisle, raise a hand, say a prayer, and never doubt what the Lord had done in their lives. Perhaps they have been taught that to ever doubt their salvation is to doubt God's Word and integrity. Unfortunately, many evangelists, pastors, and personal workers attempt to certify a person's salvation apart from the convicting work of the Holy Spirit and the evidence of fruit with continuance in obedience to the Word (John 8:31). But we have no right to assure a person of something we cannot be certain is true. God's own Holy Spirit will witness His reality to those who truly belong to Him (Rom. 8:14-16). Peter makes clear that one's calling and choosing are made secure by increasing qualities of fruitfulness that demonstrate the genuineness of salvation and eliminate stumbling over doubt (2 Pet. 1:3-11). And our Lord teaches that some people appear saved, but are not (Matt. 13: 20-21). Quick and easy assurance can deceive.
Reference: Matthew 1-7, Moody, 1985, p. 475-476.
Evidences that neither prove nor disprove one's faith: Visible morality (Mt. 19:16-21; 23:27), intellectual knowledge (Rom. 1:21; 2:17ff.), religious involvement (Mt. 25:1-10), active ministry (Mt. 7:21-24), conviction of sin (Ac. 24:25), assurance (Mt. 23), time of decision (Lk. 8:13,14).
Reference: Study Bible, p. 2191.
There is a kind of cavalier attitude toward our security today. There is little trembling. Little vigilance and earnestness and caution and watchfulness over our souls. There is a kind of casual, slack, careless attitude toward the possibility that we might make shipwreck of our faith and fail to lay hold on eternal life. We have the notion that security is a kind of mechanical, automatic thing. We prayed once to receive Jesus. We are safe and there is no place for "working out your salvation with fear and trembling" (Philippians 2:12).
Reference: When Is It Dangerous to Look at Jesus? June 15, 2005, Fresh Words, Used by Permission, www.DesiringGod.org.


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Acid Reflux From Sugar Learn the different symptoms of severe heartburn and acid reflux that can lead to much more serious health conditions. Carafate Uses Acid Reflux Acid reflux in cats, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD, is a. Sucralfate. Hi! i was wondering if food allergies could cause acid reflux? Oct 30, 2018. But distinguishing between
source: Chemistry Matters As per me answer is:- Reactions of Lead (Pb) with cold, dilute acids are very slow. Some examples are as follows:- 1) Reaction with dil. HCl and gives PbCL 2 and H 2 gas.
The crushed peels were divided in to two equal parts in which one part used for detannination and other part used as fresh pomegranate peel. One part of fresh pomegranate peel percolated in equal.
The stability of soil colloids influences soil physicochemical properties, soil development, and transfer of nutrients and contaminants to surface and ground waters. A better understanding of soil.
The third part of the experiment is to determine the amount of acid that an antacid can neutralize. Although antacids do not readily dissolve in water, they react with acids and the reaction products will dissolve. In order to determine the neutralizing power of the antacids, a known excess volume of hydrochloric acid will be added to the antacid.
Local reductions in hydraulic conductivity typically manifest themselves as a general slowing of velocity and eventual flow bypassing can occur in areas where large amounts of MnO 2. participated.
In order to investigate the solvation behavior of polycyclic aromatic compounds in cyclohexane and heptane, molar enthalpies of solution, ΔsolnHm, densities, and sound velocities have been measured.
methods and calculations. Doc Brown's Chemistry – GCSE/IGCSE/GCE (basic A level) O Level Online Chemical Calculations 12. Introducing Volumetric Analysis – titration calculations e.g. acid-alkali titrations AND introduction to how to do an acid-alkali titration via an antacid indigestion tablet investigation.
Benzyl-ITC reacts with the amino groups of the proteins, forming thiourea derivatives. Such reactions are characterised by decreases in the levels of free amino groups and available lysine. Other.
Fumigation was used in the Middle East and Central Europe, as well as in historical and contemporary Sudan, particularly for the treatment of gynaecological disorders (Table 1. combined and crushed.
An antacid tablet reacts with 0.1 M HCl (the approximate concentration found in the human stomach). Example (PageIndex{3}) Assume that the stomach of someone suffering from acid indigestion contains 75 mL of 0.20 M HCl.
23 gmole and it has one acidic proton which will react quantitatively with OH from CHEM 111 at Boston College
Bloating Gas And Acid Reflux Many of my patients prone to acid reflux know this experience all too well. An empty, over-hungry stomach is a very acid stomach, and it can create a conflagration of gas and bloating when all that. Magnesium is believed to help acid reflux, bloating. which results in the release of bloat-causing gas. It may also
Different solutions were examined starting from water, different concentrations of meat extract, 40% meat extract solution with tomato juice, citric acid, and table salt. The results of the two.
Bad Acid Reflux Lately Feb 4, 2015. Beer used to give me acid reflux all the time until I improved my diet. Lately I' ve gotten that a few times at night after I've drank too much. One time it woke me up. Bad acid reflux runs in my family, but I've been pretty lucky. Got some humorous one-liners,
Secondary Service Connection For Gerd The medical community knows little about EDS, so it can be very difficult to find competent care. However, there are experts and. Do gastrointestinal problems list irritable bowel or GERD play a. The kids participated in the service. post-secondary education seems more appropriate to our timeline. College brings with it its own set of hurdles.
When dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with marble chips the following reactions occurs: CaCO3 + 2HCL = H2O + CO2 This is the reaction we will be investigating. and marble chips. To do this, I will change the concentration of the HCl and measure how that affects the amount of CO2 produced during the reaction, and hence, find the rate. I.
Combining an acid with a base typically results in water and salt. In some cases, these reactions release gas and heat as well. Mixing baking soda, or NaHCO3, with hydrochloric acid, or HCl, results in table salt, NaCl, as well as water, H2O, and carbon dioxide, CO2.
(b) HCL (c) LicL (d) KCl Answer: HCL QUESTION 22: 10 mL of a solution of NaOH is found to be completely neutralized by 8 mL of a given solution of HCL. If we take 20mL of the same solution of NaOH, the amount of HCL solution (the same solution as before) required to neutralize it will be: (a) 4mL (b) 8mL (c) 12mL (d) 16mL Answer: (d) 16mL.
For example, if hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide base (NaOH) react together, the following changes occur: 1. The hydrochloric acid gives up a hydrogen ion, leaving a negatively-charged chlorine ion behind. 2. The sodium hydroxide grabs the hydrogen ion, giving off a positively-charged sodium ion and forming H 2 O. 3.
An initial concentration of 26 mg/L Cr 6+ (calculated value) was used, and continuous column reactions were carried out at a. approximately 100 mL of 0.01 mmol/L diluted hydrochloric acid (soaking.
How will you prepare the proper amount of hydrochloric acid solution to add to the beaker of sodium hydroxide using a. [The lab uses the back titration technique] 1) The solution mixture of reacted antacid and excess of HCl spattered out the flask. asked by Emily on November 6, 2017;. How much water should be added to dilute it to 1.6 M.
Large amounts of oyster shells are produced as a by-product of shellfish. Soil amended with WOS was cured for 30 days complied with the Korean Standard Test method (0.1 M·HCl extraction). The Pb.
The Columbia River basalt (CRB) sample used in this study is identified as flow top from the Grand Ronde Basalt Formation. The vesicular flow top basalt was collected near Vantage, Washington, along.
A hydrometallurgical process for recovering the total. and other reagents (amount of zinc dust and sodium formate) were optimized. Base metals such as Ba, Ti, Sn, Cu and Ni are leached out in two.
The mineralogy of the soils was dominated by four minerals-quartz, microcline, albite, and muscovite-with lesser amounts of hornblende, chlorite, kaolinite, illite, and mixed layer illite. The quartz.
The difference in the amount of HCl added initially in excess and the remaining HCl gives the amount of HCl that reacts with the antacid and thus the neutralisation capacity of the antacid tablet. The solution that forms is very dilute and the small amount of heat released is not enough to vaporize and spatter it. Crushed the tablet by.
Hydrolysis conditions were based on a previous work that optimized the saccharification using dilute acid. microalgae culture (Table 1). Castro et al. (2015) evaluated the hydrolysis with 0.35 M H.
fla- vus and of A. niger, with ketoconazole at concen- trations corresponding to therapeutic drug levels [21, 22] uniformly suppressed the fungicidal activity of amphotericin B (table 1).Under the.
DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark that has a crucial role in many biological processes. To understand the functional consequences of DNA methylation on phenotypic plasticity, a genome-wide.
The amount of moles of HCl was subtracted from the moles of NaOH to determine that on average, 0.001314 moles were neutralized by the antacid. With that information, 0.001314 moles was multiplied by 5 to determined that 6.57×10-3 mol per 100 mL would be neutralized.
May 15, 2011 · The action of antacids is based on neutralization, the chemical process in which an acid and a base react to form a salt and water. For example, when an acid reacts with a hydroxide, a salt and water are produced as in the following equation: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H20.
Present work investigates platinum uptake from synthetically prepared, dilute platinum-bearing solutions using biomass residues, i.e. pistachio nut shell and rice husk, which are abundant in Turkey,
React Fast: How Size Determines Rate. must be used where there is a large amount of grain dust, such as in storage facilities). the antacid tablet that you broke into four pieces and the.
How To Reduce Acid Reflux In Infants Commonly known as heartburn, it makes you feel so uncomfortable that the acid reflux kills the complete joy of any celebratory meal. Well, how can you avoid it this Christmas (and New Year)? Well, Sounds like a short list but when you consider how many meals or desserts contain one of these ingredients it can
Carafate Uses Acid Reflux Acid reflux in cats, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD, is a. Sucralfate. Hi! i was wondering if food allergies could cause acid reflux? Oct 30, 2018. But distinguishing between acid reflux and bile reflux is difficult and. These tests use an acid-measuring probe to identify when, and for how. Your doctor may
Put 10 ml of HCl (hydrochloric acid into the graduated cylinder. Draw and label the concentration of HCl. At the same time, each person drops the antacid table into the flask. Observe the tablet and the balloon for each flask. Record your observations. When each table has completely reacted write your final observations and clean up.
Zinc was leached from crushed MOVs using dilute sulfuric acid, which avoided co-leaching of antimony and bismuth but required further purification to remove co-leached cobalt and nickel. In further.
(b) follow the time-table strictly and stick to the course. (c) provide authentic learning situations and facilitate independent thinking in students. (d) fill the students with her own knowledge and.


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How a Clean Home can increase your productivity!
1. Less Distraction. Study after study shows that a cluttered work area, whether at home or at the office, leads to decreased focus and a greater chance of distraction.
2. Stay Healthy and Active. A clean home is a healthy home. Regularly cleaning your home will cut down on viruses and bacteria that if left unattended may end up ruining that long planned vacation.
3. Morale Booster. There is no denying that waking up to a clean home puts all of us in a better mood and helps kick start the day!
For more tips and tricks visit us at our Website and our Instagram.


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Published at Tuesday, August 27th, 2019 - 06:23:21 AM. . By Grace Craig.
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That Christmas When Mom Called Dad a Miserable Jew and He Called Her a Nazi Pig" class="bivez" />{/PREVIEW}
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text: Alexa is an Administrative Assistant at Wilson Law Group. She performs administrative tasks everyday that keeps Wilson Law Group on the move and exceeding expectations. Alexa assists with interpreting, completing preproduction preparation of filings, shipping, and maintaining all client records. Alexa believes in the importance of going the extra mile to serve every client. She is tenacious and a tremendous problem solver.


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Not sure if this has been posted, but here's an opportunity to take a 'selfie' and put it up to give vaping a 'Face' - mainly Euro based as it's a part of the campaign aginst the TPD regs. Not many Aussie or US flags there, but some of you extroverts might like to have a crack .
VapourFaces - Give a face to vaping - your face!


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We transport you to the West Coast, where you will have free time to enjoy on Clearwater Beach. Then, during the day, you will visit the Clearwater Marine Aquarium. Their unique facility is home to underwater viewing windows, a hands-on stingray beach, and many other one-of-a-kind animal homes and exhibits that are truly different. You can also visit Winter the dolphin. Winter was rescued after having her tail caught in a crab trap line and was brought to CMA where the animal care staff and volunteers worked around the clock to rehabilitate her. After a long struggle, she lost her tail, but not her spirits. Winter is an energetic dolphin and an inspiration to all. She was fitted for a prosthetic tale and became the star of the major motion picture, Dolphin Tale. Dolphin Tale, a Warner Bros. Alcon Entertainment 3-D major motion picture was based on her life story. Free time to enjoy the beautiful beach is also included!
Essential information
* Departure time varies based on Hotel Pick-up.
* Admission to the Clearwater Marine Aquarium
* Roundtrip transportation from a central meeting point location
* Meals and beverages not listed above
* Optional gratuities


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Toshiba America's Tecra 8000 mobile PC series has stepped up to the 400MHz mobile Pentium II, bringing its total variety of configurations to 12,600 possible options – the most available in one platform, according to the company.
In addition to Intel's fastest mobile processor, Tecra models incorporate the industry's largest 10GB and 14.1GB hard drives. The systems also feature 14.1″ TFT displays, up to 128MB of SDRAM, a 24X CD-ROM drive, and a V.90/K56flex modem. Street prices will range from $3,099 to $4,399.
Further details and specifications are available at http://www.toshiba.com .


text: JV Blazer Blast Champions! by Bryan Worthy | Sep 30, 2018 | 0 comments Congratulations to our JV Girls Volleyball team for winning Blazer Blast this weekend without losing a set the entire day. Submit a Comment Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment Name * Email * Website


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Other Business Opportunity
- $1,225,000 price
- 218000355 mls id
Great Investment Opportunity on this FULLY LEASED Property! This Offering located at 2110-2120 Santa Barbara Blvd. Consists of three retail buildings which include a Two Story Restaurant building of 5,004 SF and Two Buildings on each side which are 3,331 SF each. This property has a good tenant mix of eight tenants some of which are long term with solid leases in place. Included in the sale is a 25,000 SF parcel directly behind the shopping center, part of which is paved for additional parking, parcel #26-44-23-C3-03047.0170
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5713 SW 9th Court Cape Coral, FL
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This stunning estate home is located in the much sought after Rose Garden neighborhood on a TRIPLE lot!The home was designed for entertaining and offers spectacular gulf access lake water views from almost every room in the home! This enormous home offers a multitude of amenities such as: large...
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Beautiful home with amazing views of the river in the Yacht Club area. 3 Bedroom, 3 bath, pool and 120 feet of seawall on the river. Oversized lot, over 20,000 sq ft, and south exposure. Watch dolphins play next to your dock and enjoy SW Florida's sunsets from your private tiki hut. This home has...
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Courtesy of: Selling Paradise
Office Phone: +12395425777
Listing Agent: Jack Martin
Updated: 25th January, 2020 11:55 PM.
2110-2120 Santa Barbara BLVD Cape Coral, FL


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Route Planning for Trail Runners – Thursday
Thursday 20th February 2020. 7:00pm
The Highland Bookshop
Learn how to run away from the road and into the mountains with this 'route-planning for trail runners' evening with Girls on Hills.
About this Event
Girls on Hills is Scotland's only guided trail/fell running company, designed specifically for women. Guided runs take place in the Glen Coe area and are aimed at equipping women with the skills and confidence necessary to become independent in the mountains.
Building on a feature article by Girls on Hills in the Dec/Jan issue of Trail Running magazine, this evening talk by Co-Director Keri Wallace explores ways to plan a great trail run and gives tips for building the confidence necessary for trail running in remote or mountainous terrain. Join us for an evening of inspiration and motivation, and let us show you how You Can Run Free!
This evening workshop is open to both guys and gals!
TICKETS AVAILABLE for £7 through the Highland Bookshop, Fort William 01397 705931


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- Bayern Munich prepared to sell Thiago after the player confirms his will to return to Barcelona
- Barcelona sporting director Eric Abidal has already approved of Thiago's transfer
- Real Madrid and Manchester United also keeping a close eye on Thiago's transfer
In today's latest Barcelona transfer news, Bayern Munich midfielder Thiago Alcantara has asked Bayern Munich to let him join Barcelona this summer, according to latest reports from Bild. Thiago left Barcelona in 2013 for a modest fee of €25million when Pep Guardiola became the new Bayern Munich manager. However, after spending 5 years at Allianz Arena, Thiago is now looking to move back to Camp Nou and Bild believes that everyone back at the Spanish club is preparing to welcome him and nobody is against the move.
Eric Abidal approves of Thiago's transfer
In the same report, Bild has revealed that Barcelona's director of football Eric Abidal has approved Thiago's return to the club and is looking to bring down Bayern Munich's €70million valuation of the player. New Bayern Munich manager Niko Kovac is looking to trim down the size of his squad and has put Thiago, Robert Lewandowski, Jerome Boateng and Bernat for sale and reports are that Bayern Munich will accept a viable offer if any club decides to sign any of these players.
No more Xavi-Iniesta hoodoo for Thiago
Back in 2013 when Thiago Alcantara left Barcelona it was because at that time the likes of Xavi Hernandez, Andres Iniesta, and Cesc Fabregas were ahead of Thiago in the pecking order. However, with Xavi, Iniesta, Fabregas and lately Paulinho has all departed from the club and the stage is set for Thiago to re-join his boyhood club and be an important player for the club. Bayern Munich have already planned their 2018/19 season in terms of transfer business after signing Leon Goretzka from Schalke which will allow Thiago's sale to Barcelona.
Manchester United and Real Madrid keeping a close eye on Thiago
Even though it looks certain that if Thiago leaves Bayern Munich it will be for Barcelona, however, Manchester United and Real Madrid are also keeping an eye on Thiago's transfer situation at Bayern Munich and if Barcelona fail to meet Bayern's valuation for Thiago, these two clubs will be ready to make their offer for the Spanish international star.
Thiago is one of the best ball-keeping midfielders in the world and both Real Madrid and Manchester United are in the hunt for such a midfielder who can keep the ball under pressure and spray the play around for their attacker. Thiago's transfer is likely to be sorted in coming weeks before Barcelona and Bayern Munich kick-start their domestic 2018/19 season.
Watch – Best passing by Thiago Alcantara for Bayern Munich
For more latest Barcelona transfer news, Barcelona transfer rumours, Latest Barcelona news, football news and more, download the Rooter App or subscribe to Rooter News.


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Mini Review ARTICLE
Allergies, Helicobacter pylori and the continental enigmas
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI University, New Delhi, India
Helicobacter pylori, a gastric pathogen, is known to be associated with gastric and duodenal ulcers, and is also a strong risk factor for the development of gastric cancer and lymphoma of the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue. Ordinarily, this should make a strong case for its eradication at par with any other infectious disease. However, the unique biology of H. pylori and the complexity of its interactions with humans, its only known natural host, do not permit the recommendation of unambiguous preventive and therapeutic measures. Moreover, this organism has co-evolved with humans as a practically universal member of the natural gastric microbiota over at least 100,000 years. H. pylori persists for a lifetime in mostly asymptomatic hosts, and causes clinical disease only in a minority of infections. Therefore, its potential contribution to the maintenance of human immune homeostasis, as is the case with the better-studied members of the intestinal microbiota, is certainly worthy of serious investigation. In this paper, we summarize some interesting and often anecdotal data drawn from recent studies, and examine their significance in the context of the hygiene hypothesis. We also examine whether the lower incidence of gastric cancer over large parts of the world in spite of a high prevalence of infection (the Asian and African enigmas) may be re-interpreted in terms of the hygiene hypothesis. Finally, it is suggested that an evolutionary-ecological approach to the study of H. pylori infection may help in the formulation of strategies for the management of this infection. This may well be an infectious disease wherein medical interventions may have to be personalized to ensure optimal outcomes.
Ever since its identification in 1983 as the causative agent of gastric ulcers by Barry Marshall and Robin Warren, Helicobacter pylori has been recognized as an unusual component of the human gut microbiota. While the intestinal microbiota, more numerous and varied, have attracted much attention from researchers, studies of the stomach microbiota are much fewer and far between. Therefore, because of fortuitous recovery in pure culture and the recognition of its pathogenic potential, H. pylori is the best-studied member of the gastric microbiota to date. Though its pathogenic aspect has been investigated in much depth, examining the role of H. pylori as a constituent of the resident stomach microbiota can potentially illuminate the evolutionary value of this ancient association.
Typically, for a chronic pathogen, it is expected that natural selection will tend to favor less virulent strains. Indeed, a majority of H. pylori-infected people are asymptomatic carriers. However, it also raises the evolutionarily tenable possibility that chronic infection by a less virulent pathogen might also confer some adaptive benefits on the host. The "hygiene hypothesis" states that exposure to infectious agents, especially early in life, "trains" the host immune system resulting in a decreased tendency to subsequently develop allergies. In this article, we examine the so-called "enigmas" associated with H. pylori, i.e., the lower incidence of H. pylori-associated disease (gastric cancer, gastric, and duodenal ulcers) in spite of a high incidence of H. pylori infection in certain populations of the world, in the context of the hygiene hypothesis.
The Continental Enigmas Vis-à-vis the Hygiene Hypothesis
We introduce the term "continental enigma" to refer to the counterintuitive observations from a pathogenesis-based viewpoint that high infection rates with H. pylori over extensive areas of Asia, Africa, and parts of Central/South America are not accompanied by a correspondingly higher incidence of clinical symptoms ranging from gastric and duodenal ulcers to gastric cancer (see Holcombe, 1992; Miwa et al., 2002; Singh and Ghoshal, 2006; Misra et al., 2014). Instead, most infected individuals exhibit only asymptomatic gastritis. The ubiquity of H. pylori infection (∼50% of the world's population) and the seeming lack of a corresponding disease burden in terms of morbidity and mortality indicates that this bacterium is probably not a conventional pathogen predictably causing disease. Rather, the clinical outcome is found to be dependent on the infecting bacterial strain, the host genetic background as well as environmental factors such as dietary habits and smoking.
The term "hygiene hypothesis" has its origins in the observation by David Strachan in the UK that children with larger numbers of older siblings tended to be less likely to develop susceptibility to hay fever (allergic rhinitis, Strachan et al., 1996). This was considered as the effect of repeated cross-infections from older siblings during childhood, i.e., childhood infections somehow decreased the probability of developing allergies later in life. With time, the hygiene hypothesis has been extensively reformulated to cover not only allergies but also atopy and autoimmune disorders. In its current form, the hygiene hypothesis states that exposure to various organisms—commensals, symbionts, mutualists and pathogens, both unicellular (microbes) and multicellular (parasitic helminths)—during early childhood lowers the risk of developing immune disorders later in life. However, the question of mechanism and its dependence on a particular member(s) of the resident and transient microbiota in given contexts is yet to be addressed in sufficient detail. Ideally, we would like to know whether a specific microbiota-derived component(s) acts as an immunomodulator, and the mechanism of its action. Importantly, this does not preclude redundancy among microbiota members and components in their ability to act as immunomodulators.
The Antiquity of the Human-H. pylori Association
Research over the last 15 years has made it amply clear that the association between H. pylori and its only known host—humans—is considerably ancient. The bacterium has been detected in a pre-Columbian Mexican mummy (Castillo-Rojas et al., 2008), and the clustering of H. pylori strain haplotypes closely aligns with known human migrations out of Africa and subsequent settlement in other continents (Linz et al., 2007; Moodley et al., 2012). The clustering of H. pylori strain haplotypes may even be used as surrogate markers to infer historical human migration patterns (Falush et al., 2003). H. pylori infection prevalence may also serve to clarify or refine inferences of both historical migration and isolation, as was demonstrated in a recent study on the North Sulawesi island of the Indonesian archipelago (Miftahussurur et al., 2014). Among other studies of contemporary humans, the study of relatively isolated native South American tribal villages found a high prevalence of H. pylori infection as measured by antibodies to CagA, VacA, urease A (30 kDa), and flagella (Robinson et al., 2002). In that study, even the tribes that had remained fairly isolated and had experienced first contact with the external world very recently at the time of sample collection, exhibited a high prevalence of H. pylori infection amounting to 100% in some instances. Notably, seropositivity to H. pylori antigens was detected at 100% prevalence among the Ewarhoyana (first contact -1970, 0.1 years before sample collection), 98% among the Parakana C (first contact -1984, 0.2 years before sample collection), and 87% amongh the Parakana Novo (first contact -1977, 0.2 years before sample collection). These observations further buttress the thesis of an ancient association of H. pylori with humans, its only known natural host.
The Variable Effects of an Ancient Association
While the continental enigmas are indicative of some trends over large (continent-scale) areas, a closer look indicates significant variation within the populations involved. It must also be pointed out that human populations, even when geographically close together, are not uniform in terms of symptoms, probably due to a combination of host genetics and environmental influences. For example, a direct comparison of Indian urban (Bengali) and tribal populations (Santhal and Oraon) living in close proximity revealed similar H. pylori prevalence, but also found that the tribal population was less likely to manifest symptoms of duodenal ulceration upon infection (Saha et al., 2009). Earlier analysis of the same tribal populations indicated high H. pylori prevalence, and a similar occurrence rate of virulence-associated genes (cagA and vacA), but none of the subjects had any peptic ulcer diseases (Datta et al., 2003).
Epidemiological information from Malaysia presents a strong case for exercising caution when predicting the effects of H. pylori infection, beneficial or not, on the host. The Malay population consistently exhibits a lower prevalence of H. pylori compared to the ethnic Indian and Chinese populations. Interestingly, while practically all peptic ulcer patients from all three groups are infected with H. pylori, a lower percentage of infected Indians presented with peptic ulcer disease compared to Malays (Goh and Parasakthi, 2001). The strong influence of ethnicity on the outcome of H. pylori infection has been termed the "racial cohort phenomenon" (Goh, 1999). Asymptomatic and widespread carriage among hosts of Indian ancestry could also be indicative of an unknown adaptive benefit to the host.
H. pylori and Allergies
Studies conducted in the recent past have indicated that the decreasing incidence of H. pylori in the developed world is paralleled by an increase in the incidence of childhood allergies and autoimmune diseases. Analysis of data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted during (1988–1994) in the U.S.A., compiling data from 7663 adults first revealed this trend (National Center for Health Statistics, 1994). An inverse correlation was observed between prior acquisition of H. pylori and the possibility of being diagnosed with asthma or allergy. It was also found that infection with cagA+ strains of H. pylori was associated with a reduced risk of childhood-onset (< = 15 years) asthma (Chen and Blaser, 2007). Subsequently, data from the fourth NHANES survey (1999-2000) (National Center for Health Statistics, 2005) covering 7412 individuals (out of 8969 enrolled participants), that included not only adults but children and teenagers, indicated that acquiring H. pylori infection earlier in life was correlated with a lower occurrence of allergies and asthma (Chen and Blaser, 2008). A more recent study of allergic rhinitis among 97 healthy Japanese volunteers, though generally in agreement with the NHANES-based findings regarding childhood allergies, also exhibited a lack of correlation between H. pylori infection and allergic conditions in subjects 50 years or older. This indicates that other factors such as the social environment might also be involved in the final outcome (Imamura et al., 2010). The most recent meta-analysis of available studies found "weak evidence" for an inverse association between H. pylori infection in the adult and pediatric populations studied (Wang et al., 2013). Thus, it would not be unreasonable to expect that, as an ancient member of the stomach microbiota and a chronic perister, H. pylori could be one of the bacteria contributing to the "hygiene effect" on the development of allergies.
Recently, significant progress has been made in identifying a molecular mechanism underlying the protective effect of H. pylori infection, mediated via the generation of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs), using a mouse model of ovalbumin sensitization and challenge (Oertli et al., 2012). In preliminary experiments, in vitro co-culture with H. pylori was found to inhibit the maturation of murine bone-marrow derived DCs on exposure to E. coli-derived acellular lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The murine DCs co-cultured with H. pylori, but not naïve murine DCs, were found to be capable of converting murine T cells to T regulatory cells (Tregs) in vitro. Ovalbumin-loaded DCs were capable of inducing tolerance during ovalbumin challenge in live mice, provided they were also exposed to H. pylori before transfer. Mice infected neonatally, rather than as adults, upon infection with a virulent cagA+ H. pylori isolate, were found to be more densely colonized and harbored tolerogenic DCs. IL-18 secreted by tolerogenic DCs was found to be crucial in mediating the conversion of T cells to Tregs. The "hygiene effect" of H. pylori infection is therefore predicated on its ability to persist in human host, often over a lifetime.
From the viewpoint of epidemiology, data on the simultaneous prevalence of H. pylori and allergies is scarce outside the developed world. Whether the purported inverse relationship between H. pylori prevalence and risk of allergies holds true the world over therefore remains uncertain. A particularly interesting example is again the low prevalence of H. pylori infection in the Malay population, within an overall context of poor household hygiene and limited antibiotic use. In a recent review, it was found that a lower prevalence of H. pylori infection was indeed associated with a lower disease burden (Lee et al., 2013). However, the very low prevalence of both H. pylori and childhood asthma among Malaysian children suggests that H. pylori infection in high-prevalence populations may be a surrogate marker of poor household hygiene, rather than being independently protective against asthma (Chen and Blaser, 2009; Raj et al., 2009). Or, as stated earlier, the mechanism(s) of immunomodulation by H. pylori are not unique, and other infectious agents might be able to achieve a similar outcome viz., reducing the likelihood of developing allergies.
Finally, the "continental enigmas" provide an indirect indication that the final outcome of H. pylori infection could be very different based not only on the bacterial strain and host genetics, but also on the stage of life at which the infection is first acquired. A plausible model would be that acquisition of H. pylori during early childhood has a protective effect with respect to the development of allergies later in life. By contrast, if H. pylori infection during childhood were to be prevented or disrupted with sanitary measures and medication, as in developed nations, infection later in life is more likely to result in pathogenesis. In such a view, the so-called continental enigmas arise as a consequence of to the historical accident of retrospectively applying a pathogenesis-oriented framework derived from late-acquired H. pylori infections in the developed world, to other regions where infections early in life are more normative.
Some Additional Considerations
As pointed out in earlier sections, H. pylori is but one, albeit important, member of the human stomach microbiota. There is also significant variability associated with its presence in different human populations across both geography and ethnicity. Here, we consider some interesting and/or speculative aspects of the human-H. pylori association within an ecological-evolutionary framework.
H. pylori Interactions with the Stomach Microbiota
Recently, an interesting study examined the effect of pre-existing stomach microbiota on the consequences of subsequent H. pylori infection in a mouse model (Rolig et al., 2013). From an ecological perspective, this study evaluated the resilience of the stomach microbiota to perturbations by a potential pathogen. It demonstrated that interactions between the pre-existing ecosystem and the new entrant potentially impact the environmental niche viz. inflammatory responses in the murine stomach. Initially, it was observed that the same strain of mice (C57BL/6N) procured from two different vendors differed in initial compositions of the stomach microbiota and also exhibited different degrees of inflammation upon experimental infection with the mouse-adapted H. pylori strain SS1. CD4+ T cell infiltration into the mouse stomach was found to be consistently lower when experimental H. pylori infection was preceded by antibiotic treatment of the mice. While the overall composition of the microbiota did not change significantly post-infection, there was some effect on individual members of the microbiota—notably, an increase in cluster IV and XIVa Clostridium spp. There was also a lower degree of inflammation and a lack of the T-helper type 1 (Th1) cytokine, interferon-γ. As the authors point out, this study does not rule out perturbations of microbiota at other sites along the gastrointestinal tract, or conversely, their influence on the incoming infection. And, as the study was carried out over 4 weeks, the long-term effects as well as the persistence of the effects observed during this period remain unknown.
Evolutionary History—Ancient and Recent
The importance of evolutionary history to the clinical outcome of H. pylori infection was highlighted in a study of geographically separated Colombian communities that experienced different levels of European contact and genetic admixture (Kodaman et al., 2014). This study indicated that introduction of a new haplotypes of H. pylori into formerly isolated populations during genetic admixture significantly disturbed the co-evolutionary equilibrium between a chronic infectious agent and its host. Thus, greater European ancestry among the mestizo communities in the mountains was associated with the replacement of Amerindian H. pylori strains with European strains. By contrast, costal communities of African ancestry were more commonly infected with ancestral African-type strains. All the communities studied exhibited a high prevalence of H. pylori infection (∼90%), but vastly different incidence rates of gastric cancer (150 per 105 in the highlands versus 6 per 105 on the coast). Incidentally, this gives some insight into the continental enigmas, suggesting that co-evolution of particular bacterial and host genotypes over extended periods of time may have moderated adverse outcomes for the host. This equilibrium could then be disturbed as a consequence of migrations, invasions or racial admixture.
Is the Greater Incidence of Allergy Partly Attributable to Greater Human Variability?
Since 1750, when the estimated world population was around 770 million, the human population stands at seven billion today, and increase of nearly an order of magnitude. From 1950 onweards, the human population has grown at the annual rate of 1.8 per cent (Hirschman, 2005). Sanitation limits pathogen exposure and its benefits in terms of reduction of morbidity and mortality are undeniable. Antimicrobial agents cut short what might be called the "natural course" of infection. Vaccination, especially with recombinant or purified immunogenic components of pathogens, also pre-emptively short-circuits infections. It therefore stands to reason that this minimization of strong selection forces exerted by life-threatening pathogen exposure and infection coincidentally alleviated a genetic bottleneck effect. This can, in turn, potentially allow greater genetic diversity among humans. In other words, the pre-industrial revolution populations could have been genetically less diverse. It is conceivable that some of these variations could be those that predispose to the development of allergies. Indirect support for this idea comes from observations of the selective inactivation of the sialic acid-recognizing Ig-like lectin (SIGLEC) genes that encode a family of transmembrane receptors, within the hominin lineage (Wang et al., 2012). These receptors are predominantly expressed on innate immune cells, and modulate responses to pathogens. Within the hominin lineage, SIGLEC- 13 and -17 have been inactivated, and the authors suggest that this may be due to two, mutually non-exclusive reasons. Lethal infections caused by pathogen engagement of these Siglecs could have resulted in strong negative selection. The engagement of these Siglecs could also have resulted in toxic inflammatory effects in ancestral hominins. Therefore, the observed effect of improved hygiene may be attributable to the greater diversity of immune responses that are now prevalent in the population. Higher chances of long-term survival for larger numbers of people, and the mitigation of strong negative selection imposed by pathogens could therefore manifest as an increase in the prevalence of allergies and immune disorders. This is admittedly speculative, but has not been proposed or considered before, to the best of my knowledge.
Concluding Remarks
As is evident from the foregoing account, there is no unequivocal answer to the clinical question as to whether H. pylori is a human pathogen that warrants elimination on a global scale. Definitively attributing clinical outcomes to a combination of H. pylori strains, their virulence factors, the host genetic background and environmental factors is a daunting task. Even if such information were forthcoming and large-scale trends discernable, it would imply that intervention in individual cases will have to be personalized, ranging from passive non-interference to aggressive treatment and periodical monitoring for re-infection after successful therapy. On the other hand, the existence of H. pylori in human stomachs for millennia and its potential to persist in the human stomach over a lifetime provides us a unique opportunity to identify microbial (bacterial) and host factors that lead to a decrease in the likelihood of developing atopy in general, and allergies in particular. When our knowledge of these factors is combined with mechanistic information, it may well be found that H. pylori is not unique in its immunomodulating capabilities relative to other commensals or pathogens. However, our detailed knowledge of the biology of H. pylori and the process of pathogenesis within the context of the continental enigmas has the potential to serve as a useful model system to delineate multiple aspects of immunomodulation over a lifetime by key members of the microbiota. It offers us a unique opportunity to analyze the evolutionary and ecological adjustments and trade-offs underlying the establishment and maintenance of the host-microbiota association, providing valuable information with predictive power in the quest for a better quality of life.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
This paper is dedicated to my parents, Mr. G. Sitaraman and Mrs. Indu Bala for their active encouragement and support of my studies. No funding was received for this work. The publication of this article has been facilitated by the grant of a full waiver of publishing fees by Frontiers.
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Keywords: Helicobacter pylori, allergy, Asian enigma, African enigma, immunomodulation, hygiene hypothesis, microbiota, ecology and evolution
Citation: Sitaraman R (2015) Allergies, Helicobacter pylori and the continental enigmas. Front. Microbiol. 6:578. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00578
Received: 28 April 2015; Accepted: 26 May 2015;
Published: 09 June 2015.
Edited by:Yeong Y. Lee, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Reviewed by:Mohammed M. Rahman, Dhaka Medical College & Hospital, Bangladesh
Sundramoorthy M. Raj, Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Copyright © 2015 Sitaraman. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Ramakrishnan Sitaraman, Department of Biotechnology, TERI University, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India, email@example.com


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