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112 results found
Yin J, Hu M, Ma Y, et al., 2019, Airport taxi situation awareness with a macroscopic distribution network analysis, Networks and Spatial Economics, Vol: 19, Pages: 669-695, ISSN: 1566-113X
This paper proposes a framework for airport taxi situation awareness to enhance the assessment of aircraft ground movements in complex airport surfaces. Through a macroscopic distribution network (MDN) of arrival and departure taxi processes in a spatial-temporal domain, we establish two sets of taxi situation indices (TSIs) from the perspectives of single aircraft and the whole network. These TSIs are characterized into five categories: aircraft taxi time indices (ATTIs), surface instantaneous flow indices (SIFIs), surface cumulative flow indices (SCFIs), aircraft queue length indices (AQLIs), and slot resource demand indices (SRDIs). The coverage of the TSIs system is discussed in detail based on the departure and arrival reference aircraft. A real-world case study of Shanghai Pudong airport demonstrates significant correlations among some of the proposed TSIs such as the ATTIs, SCFIs and AQLIs. We identify the most crucial influencing factors of the taxi process and propose two new metrics to assess the taxi situation at the aircraft and network levels, by establishing taxi situation assessment models instead of using two systems of multiple TSIs. The findings can provide significant references to decision makers regarding airport ground movements for the purposes of air traffic scheduling and congestion control in complex airports.
Liu J, Han K, Chen XM, et al., 2019, Spatial-temporal inference of urban traffic emissions based on taxi trajectories and multi-source urban data, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, Vol: 106, Pages: 145-165, ISSN: 0968-090X
Vehicle trajectory data collected via GPS-enabled devices have played increasingly important roles in estimating network-wide traffic, given their broad spatial-temporal coverage and representativeness of traffic dynamics. This paper exploits taxi GPS data, license plate recognition (LPR) data, and geographical information for reconstructing the spatial and temporal patterns of urban traffic emissions. Vehicle emission factor models are employed to estimate emissions based on taxi trajectories. The estimated emissions are then mapped to spatial grids of urban areas to account for spatial heterogeneity. To extrapolate emissions from the taxi fleet to the whole vehicle population, we use Gaussian process regression (GPR) models supported by geographical features to estimate the spatially heterogeneous traffic volume and fleet composition. Unlike previous studies, this paper utilizes the taxi GPS data and LPR data to disaggregate vehicle and emission characteristics through space and time in a large-scale urban network. The results of a case study in Hangzhou, China, reveal high-resolution spatio-temporal patterns of traffic flows and emissions, and identify emission hotspots. This study provides an accessible means of inferring the environmental impact of urban traffic with multi-source urban data that are now widely available in urban areas.
Han K, Eve G, Friesz TL, 2019, Computing Dynamic User Equilibria on Large-Scale Networks with Software Implementation, Networks and Spatial Economics, Vol: 19, Pages: 869-902, ISSN: 1566-113X
Friesz TL, Han K, 2019, The mathematical foundations of dynamic user equilibrium, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol: 126, Pages: 309-328, ISSN: 0191-2615
This paper is pedagogic in nature, meant to provide researchers a single reference for learning how to apply the emerging literature on differential variational inequalities to the study of dynamic traffic assignment problems that are Cournot-like noncooperative games. The paper is presented in a style that makes it accessible to the widest possible audience. In particular, we apply the theory of differential variational inequalities (DVIs) to the dynamic user equilibrium (DUE) problem. We first show that there is a variational inequality whose necessary conditions describe a DUE. We restate the flow conservation constraint associated with each origin-destination pair as a first-order two-point boundary value problem, thereby leading to a DVI representation of DUE; then we employ Pontryagin-type necessary conditions to show that any DVI solution is a DUE. We also show that the DVI formulation leads directly to a fixed-point algorithm. We explain the fixed-point algorithm by showing the calculations intrinsic to each of its steps when applied to simple examples.
Li S, Xu R, Han K, 2019, Demand-oriented train services optimization for a congested urban rail line: integrating short turning and heterogeneous headways, Transportmetrica A: Transport Science, Vol: 15, Pages: 1459-1486, ISSN: 2324-9935
This paper focuses on the demand-oriented passenger train scheduling problem for a congested urban rail line, considering uneven spatial and temporal demand distributions. A passenger-train interaction framework is developed to dynamically assign passengers to capacitated trains. A mixed integer nonlinear programming model that combines heterogeneous headways and short turning as an integrated strategy (HH-ST) is proposed with the aim of jointly minimizing passenger waiting time and operational costs, as well as balancing train loads. A two-stage genetic algorithm based on an integer coding approach is proposed to solve this problem. The proposed HH-ST strategy is compared with alternative strategies, namely ST alone, HH alone and regular schedule, through a real-world case study of Shanghai Metro Line 9. The results show that the HH-ST strategy provides a better trade-off between users' and operators' cost than other strategies, thus achieving a better match between transport capacity and passenger demand.
Ge Q, Fukuda D, Han K, et al., 2019, Reservoir-based surrogate modeling of dynamic user equilibrium, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, ISSN: 0968-090X
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd This paper proposes a new dynamic user equilibrium (DUE) traffic assignment model using reservoir-based network reduction techniques and surrogate dynamic network loading models. A traffic network is decomposed into a reservoir structure, and the DUE problem is formulated as a variational inequality, with an embedded surrogate model for the path delay operator to describe traffic dynamics at the reservoir level. The surrogate model is further enhanced by the reproducing kernel Hilbert space and adaptive sampling to reduce approximation error and improve computational efficiency. To solve the proposed surrogate-based DUE problem on reduced networks, we develop a customized algorithm that integrates the kernel trick with the generalized projection framework. A pre-computation scheme is proposed, which calculates and stores the of kernel matrices and vectors, could further reduce the computational burden. Numerical experiments of the proposed methods show significant reduction of the computational times, by up to 90%, while maintaining low approximation errors (MAPE below 6%), when compared to the exact models and solution methods.
Song W, Han K, Wang Y, et al., 2018, Statistical metamodeling of dynamic network loading, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol: 117, Pages: 740-756, ISSN: 0191-2615
Dynamic traffic assignment models rely on a network performance module known as dynamic network loading (DNL), which expresses flow propagation, flow conservation, and travel delay at a network level. The DNL defines the so-called network delay operator, which maps a set of path departure rates to a set of path travel times (or costs). It is widely known that the delay operator is not available in closed form, and has undesirable properties that severely complicate DTA analysis and computation, such as discontinuity, non-differentiability, non-monotonicity, and computational inefficiency. This paper proposes a fresh take on this important and difficult issue, by providing a class of surrogate DNL models based on a statistical learning method known as Kriging. We present a metamodeling framework that systematically approximates DNL models and is flexible in the sense of allowing the modeler to make trade-offs among model granularity, complexity, and accuracy. It is shown that such surrogate DNL models yield highly accurate approximations (with errors below 8%) and superior computational efficiency (9 to 455 times faster than conventional DNL procedures such as those based on the link transmission model). Moreover, these approximate DNL models admit closed-form and analytical delay operators, which are Lipschitz continuous and infinitely differentiable, with closed-form Jacobians. We provide in-depth discussions on the implications of these properties to DTA research and model applications.
Munoz-Mendez F, Klemmer K, Han K, et al., Community structures, interactions and dynamics in London's bicycle sharing network, The 7th International Workshop on Pervasive Urban Applications (PURBA 2018), Publisher: ACM
We apply a novel clustering technique to London's bikesharing network, deriving distinctive behavioral patterns and assessing community interactions and spatio-temporal dynamics. The analyses reveal self- contained, interconnected and hybrid clusters that mimic London's physical structure. Exploring changes over time, we find geographically isolated and specialized communities to be relatively consistent, while the remaining system exhibits volatility. We increase understanding of the collective behavior of the bikesharing users.
Tian Y, Wan L, Han K, et al., 2018, Optimization of terminal airspace operation with environmental considerations, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol: 63, Pages: 872-889, ISSN: 1361-9209
The rapid growth in air traffic has resulted in increased emission and noise levels in terminal areas, which brings negative environmental impact to surrounding areas. This study aims to optimize terminal area operations by taking into account environmental constraints pertaining to emission and noise. A multi-objective terminal area resource allocation problem is formulated by employing the arrival fix allocation (AFA) problem, while minimizing aircraft holding time, emission, and noise. The NSGA-II algorithm is employed to find the optimal assignment of terminal fixes with given demand input and environmental considerations, by incorporating the continuous descent approach (CDA). A case study of the Shanghai terminal area yields the following results: (1) Compared with existing arrival fix locations and the first-come-first-serve (FCFS) strategy, the AFA reduces emissions by 19.6%, and the areas impacted by noise by 16.4%. AFA and CDA combined reduce the emissions by 28% and noise by 38.1%; (2) Flight delays caused by the imbalance of demand and supply can be reduced by 72% (AFA) and 81% (AFA and CDA) respectively, compared with the FCFS strategy. The study demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed optimization framework to reduce the environmental impact in terminal areas while improving the operational efficiency, as well as its potential to underpin sustainable air traffic management.
Pu J, Liu C, Zhao J, et al., 2018, Vulnerability Assessment of Metro Systems Based on Dynamic Network Structure, 22nd Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (PAKDD), Publisher: SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG, Pages: 525-537, ISSN: 0302-9743
Invulnerable metro systems are essential for the safety and efficiency of urban transportation services. Therefore, it is of significant interest to systematically assess the vulnerability of metro systems. To this end, in this paper, we assess the vulnerability of metro systems with a data-driven framework in which dynamic travel patterns are considered. Specifically, we use effective attack strategies based on the topology structure of metro networks. The network structure depends on not only connectivity among metro stations but also dynamic passenger flow patterns. Thus, two data-driven metrics, satisfaction rate (SR) and satisfaction rate with path cost (SRPC), are proposed to quantify the vulnerability of metro networks after our attack strategies. Finally, we conduct experiments on Shanghai metro system. The results indicate that the metro system is vulnerable to malicious attacks while it shows strong robustness to random failures. Our results also highlight weak-points and bottlenecks in the system, which may bear practical managerial implications for policymakers to improve the reliability and robustness of the metro systems and the public transportation services.
Yin J, Hu Y, Ma Y, et al., Machine learning techniques for taxi-out time prediction with a macroscopic network topology, 37th AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), Publisher: IEEE
Accurate prediction of taxi-out time is essential for enhancing airport performance and flight efficiency. In this paper, we apply machine learning techniques to predict the taxi- out time of departure aircraft at Shanghai Pudong International Airport. The exploration of historical data reveals several relevant influencing factors of taxi-out time as well as their correlations. We formulate an extensive system of predictors for our machine learning approach, based on a macroscopic network topology from an aggregate view. The predictors can be divided into 4 categories; namely surface instantaneous flow indices (SIFIs), surface cumulative flow indices (SCFIs), aircraft queue length indices (AQLIs) and slot resource demand indices (SRDIs). Three machine learning methods: linear regression (LR), support vector machines (SVM) and random forest (RF) are formulated using one-day and one-month training samples, and applied to new test dataset to validate the prediction performance. Computational results show that the training RF model using one-month sample significantly outperform other models in terms of prediction accuracy. The proposed methodology can bring significant benefits to analyzing airport ground movement performance and support the activities of airport decision making.
Yin J, Ma Y, Hu Y, et al., Dynamic runway configurations and flexible arrival/departure tradeoffs in metroplex airports, IEEE/AIAA 37th Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Publisher: IEEE
Runway system is central to airport capacity. Its inefficient ultilization has been identified as a major source of airport congestions. This paper analyzes the patterns of demand- capacity imbalance and design a series of flexible strategies for air traffic demand management (ATDM), and then optimize runway configurations in metroplex (i.e. multi-airport system) airports, under a set of tradeoff settings for arrival and departure priorities. An optimization model with 4 imbalance cases, 11 tradeoff scenarios and 2 configuration strategies, are proposed to minimize the flight holding cost and the number of adjusted flights. The proposed evolutionary algorithm can obtain close-to optimal results with a very low computational cost. A case study of the Shanghai metroplex airports shows that, compared with the traditional static strategy, the proposed dynamic strategy can significantly reduce the number of adjusted flights. The proposed framework in this paper can be applied on pre-tactical (i.e. one-day planning) as well as tactical (i.e. 2-h rolling horizon) levels, to keep the balance between high demand and limited capacity through flexible ATDM options.
Wang Y, Szeto WY, Han K, et al., 2018, Dynamic traffic assignment: A review of the methodological advances for environmentally sustainable road transportation applications, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol: 111, Pages: 370-394, ISSN: 0191-2615
The fact that road transportation negatively affects the quality of the environment and deteriorates its bearing capacity has drawn a wide range of concerns among researchers. In order to provide more realistic traffic data for estimations of environmental impacts, dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) models have been adopted in transportation planning and traffic management models concerning environmental sustainability. This review summarizes and examines the recent methodological advances of DTA models in environmentally sustainable road transportation applications including traffic signal control concerning vehicular emissions and emission pricing. A classification of emission estimation models and their integration with DTA models are accordingly reviewed as supplementary to the existing reviews. Finally, a variety of future research prospects of DTA for environmentally sustainable road transportation research are discussed. In particular, this review also points out that at present the research about DTA models in conjunction with noise predictive models is relatively deficient.
Fu Z, Jia Q, Chen J, et al., 2018, A fine discrete field cellular automaton for pedestrian dynamics integrating pedestrian heterogeneity, anisotropy, and time-dependent characteristics, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, Vol: 91, Pages: 37-61, ISSN: 0968-090X
This paper proposes a discrete field cellular automaton (CA) model that integrates pedestrian heterogeneity, anisotropy, and time-dependent characteristics. The pedestrian movement direction, moving/staying, and steering are governed by the transfer equations. Compared with existing studies on fine-discretized CA models, the proposed model is advantageous in terms of flexibility, higher spatial accuracy, wider speed range, relatively low computational cost, and elaborated conflict resolution with synchronous update scheme. Three different application scenarios are created by adjusting the definite conditions of the model: (1) The first one is a unidirectional pedestrian movement in a channel, where a complete jam in the high-density region is observed from the proposed model, which is missing from existing floor field CA models. (2) The second one is evacuation from a room, where the evacuation time is independent of the discretization factor, which is different from previous work. (3) The third one is an ascending evacuation through a 21-storey stair system, where pedestrians move with constant speed or with fatigue. The evacuation time in the latter case is nearly twice of that in the former.
Sidiropoulos S, Majumdar A, Han K, 2018, A framework for the optimization of terminal airspace operations in Multi-Airport Systems, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol: 110, Pages: 160-187, ISSN: 0191-2615
Major cities like London, New York, and Tokyo are served by several airports, effectively creating a Multi-Airport System (MAS), or Metroplex. The operations of individual Metroplex airports are highly interdependent, rendering their efficient management rather difficult. This paper proposes a framework for the design of dynamic arrival and departure routes in MAS Terminal Maneuvering Areas, which fundamentally changes the operation in MAS airspaces for much improved efficiency when compared to the current situation. The framework consists of three components. The first presents a new procedure for characterizing dynamic arrival and departure routes based on the spatio-temporal distributions of flights. The second component is a novel Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model for the prioritization of the dynamic routes, which takes into account a set of quantitative and qualitative attributes important for MAS operations. The third component is a priority-based method for the positioning of terminal waypoints as well as the design of three-dimensional, conflict-free terminal routes. Such a method accounts for the AHP-derived priorities while satisfying the minimal separation and aircraft maneuverability constraints. The developed framework is applied to a case study of the New York Metroplex, using aircraft trajectories during a heavy traffic period on typical day of operation in the New York Terminal Control Area in November 2011. The proposed framework is quantitatively assessed using the AirTOp fast-time simulation model. The results suggest significant improvements of the new design over the existing one, as measured by several key performance indicators such as travel distance, travel time, fuel burn, and controller workload. The operational feasibility of the framework is further validated qualitatively by subject matter experts from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the operator of the New York Metroplex.
Han K, Graham D, Ochieng W, 2018, M20/A20 Congestion Prediction with Post-Brexit Border Delays, M20/A20 Congestion Prediction with Post-Brexit Border Delays
This research was commissioned by the BBC Inside Out South East program. It aims to quantify the congestion impact on M20/A20 of potential check time increase at Port of Dover and Eurotunnel (in Folkestone) in a post-Brexit scenario. We focus on a 40-mile segment of the M20/A20 motorway between Maidstone and Dover, with local access to Ashford and Folkestone. We consider outbound lorries and passenger vehicles that use the ferry and tunnel to cross the Straight of Dover, as well as traffic with local origins and destinations. Traffic simulations were conducted with assumptions regarding the check times at Dover and Eurotunnel for both current and post-Brexit scenarios. The impact of vehicle queuing at these locations was assessed in terms of queue length, travel time, and disruption to local traffic. The findings show that even one or two minutes of extra check times at the borders are accompanied by a dramatic increase of congestion on the motorways as well as local streets, with queues extending up to 30 miles from Dover/Eurotunnel towards Maidstone and travel time approaching 5 hours in peak times.
Han K, Yao T, Jiang C, et al., 2017, Lagrangian-based Hydrodynamic Model for Traffic Data Fusion on Freeways, Networks and Spatial Economics, Vol: 17, Pages: 1071-1094, ISSN: 1566-113X
This paper conducts a comprehensive study of the Lagrangian-based hydrodynamic model with application to highway state estimation. Our analysis is motivated by the practical problems of freeway traffic monitoring and estimation using multi-source data measured from mobile devices and fixed sensors. We conduct rigorous mathematical analysis on the Hamilton-Jacobi representation of the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards model in the transformed coordinates, and derive explicit and closed-form solutions with piecewise affine initial, boundary, and internal conditions, based on the variational principle. A numerical study of the Mobile Century field experiment demonstrates some unique features and the effectiveness in traffic estimation of the Lagrangian-based model.
Han K, Friesz TL, 2017, Continuity of the Effective Delay Operator for Networks Based on the Link Delay Model, Networks and Spatial Economics, Vol: 17, Pages: 1095-1110, ISSN: 1566-113X
This paper is concerned with a dynamic traffic network performance model, known as dynamic network loading (DNL), that is frequently employed in the modeling and computation of analytical dynamic user equilibrium (DUE). As a key component of continuous-time DUE models, DNL aims at describing and predicting the spatial-temporal evolution of traffic flows on a network that is consistent with established route and departure time choices of travelers, by introducing appropriate dynamics to flow propagation, flow conservation, and travel delays. The DNL procedure gives rise to the path delay operator, which associates a vector of path flows (path departure rates) with the corresponding path travel costs. In this paper, we establish strong continuity of the path delay operator for networks whose arc flows are described by the link delay model (Friesz et al., Oper Res 41(1):80–91, 1993; Carey, Networks and Spatial Economics 1(3):349–375, 2001). Unlike the result established in Zhu and Marcotte (Transp Sci 34(4):402–414, 2000), our continuity proof is constructed without assuming a priori uniform boundedness of the path flows. Such a more general continuity result has a few important implications to the existence of simultaneous route-and-departure-time DUE without a priori boundedness of path flows, and to any numerical algorithm that allows convergence to be rigorously analyzed.
Yang L, Yin S, Han K, et al., 2017, Fundamental diagrams of airport surface traffic: Models and applications, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol: 106, Pages: 29-51, ISSN: 0191-2615
This paper reveals and explores the flow characteristics of airport surface network on both mesoscopic and macroscopic levels. We propose an efficient modeling approach based on the cell transmission model for simulating the spatio-temporal evolution of flow and congestion on taxiway and apron networks. The existence of link-based fundamental diagram that expresses the functional relationship between link density and flow is demonstrated using empirical data collected in Guangzhou Baiyun airport. The proposed CTM-based network model is shown to be an efficient and accurate method capable of supporting air traffic prediction and decision support. In addition, using both CTM-based simulation and empirical data, we further reveal the existence of an aggregate relationship between traffic density and runway throughput, which is referred to as macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) in the literature of road traffic. The MFD on the airport surface is analyzed in depth, and utilized to devise several robust off-block control strategies under uncertainties, which are shown to significantly outperform existing off-block control methods.
Li S, Xu R, Han K, et al., Optimizing train service plans to coordinate transport capacity for urban rail transit lines, Transportation Research Board 97th Annual Meeting
In view of big passenger flow volume and high passenger risk at transfer stations during the peak period, this paper studied the coordination method of urban rail transit network transportation organization from the perspective of capacity matching. The change law of passenger flow was analyzed, and the calculation methods of train remaining carrying capacity, waiting passenger demand and the largest number of people gathered on the platform were determined. The concept of capacity coordination degree (CCD) was proposed, used to describe the matching degree between traffic demand and transport capacity of each line. Based on this, taking the optimal comprehensive CCD of the transfer station as the goal, the first train departure time and train departure interval as decision variables, and guarantee of passenger safety within station as the main constraint, a nonlinear integer programming model of train service plans collaborative optimization was established, and the genetic algorithm was designed. A case study of a two-line intersecting network was carried out. The results show that, after the use of capacity coordination scheme, the total number of running trains increases by only 1, the number of remaining passengers reduces by 68.44%, comprehensive CCD is closer to 1, and the largest number of people gathered in big passenger flow directions decreases by 11.77% and 19.68%, respectively. Transport supply can better meet the passenger demand in all directions, effectively improving the interests of both passengers and operators.
Ma L, Chen Q, Han K, et al., A tale of two stations: Analyzing metro ridership with big data, Transportation Research Board 97th Annual Meeting
This paper presents a multi-dimensional case study of the Beijing metro system. In particular, we examine two non-transfer stations, Zaoying and Jiangtai, which are on the same metro line in central Beijing. Multi-source and heterogeneous data are integrated to analyze and diagnose the drastically different metro ridership at the two stations. These include transit smart card data, taxi GPS data, network data, Point of Interest data, demographic data, online second-hand property price data, cell phone signalling data, and bike sharing data. The different utilization of metro system at these two locations is attributed to a number of factors pertaining to transportation infrastructure, built environment, demographic composition, commuting patterns, and connectivity of multi-modal transit networks. The findings suggest the importance of local accessibility of the metro stations as well as its connectivity with the rest of the transit system, in order to maximize the transport capability of the metro system. Our analysis also highlights the benefit of collecting and analyzing fine-granularity data in order to identify key bottlenecks and inefficiencies in the transportation system, as conventional macroscopic transportation planning data do not sufficiently capture the local accessibility and mobility in an urban environment.
Yang L, Yin S, Hu M, et al., Empirical study of air traffic dynamics using coupled network modeling and non-linear analysis, Transportation Research Board 97th Annual Meeting
Yin J, Hu M, Ma Y, et al., Spatial-temporal topology and performance analysis of airport taxi network, Transportation Research Board 97th Annual Meeting
This paper proposes a spatial-temporal topology from a macroscopic view to analyze the performance of airport taxi network operations. Through a macroscopic modelling of arrival and departure aircraft taxi processes in the airport taxi network, we establish a system of taxi network performance indicators (TNPIs) consisting 5 categories and 26 indicators, which includes the surface instantaneous flow indicators (SIFIs), surface cumulative flow indicators (SCFIs), aircraft queue length indicators (AQLIs), slot resource demand indicators (SRDIs) and aircraft taxi time indicators (ATTIs). Then, we analyze the correlation among different TNPIs. By identifying the key factors affecting aircraft taxi time such as takeoff and landing queue length, we provide models for predicting aircraft taxi time based on multiple regression analysis. The real-world case study in Shanghai Pudong airport demonstrates significant correlations among some of the proposed TNPIs, and the results also show the significantly improved accuracy of the proposed prediction models over some conventional models, which brings significant benefits to analyze the performance of airport taxi network and support decision making in airport operations.
Yang L, Yin S, Hu M, et al., 2017, Empirical exploration of air traffic and human dynamics in terminal airspaces, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, Vol: 84, Pages: 219-244, ISSN: 0968-090X
We propose a multi-layer network approach to model and analyze air traffic terminal networks, which are viewed as complex, task-critical, techno-social systems with numerous interactions among airspaces, procedures, aircraft, and air traffic controllers (ATCOs). Route-based Airspace Network (RAN) and Flight Trajectory Network (FTN) are developed to represent critical physical and operational characteristics. Integrated Flow-Driven Network (IFDN) and Interrelated Conflict-Communication Network (ICCN) are formulated to represent air traffic flow transmissions and intervention from ATCOs, respectively. Furthermore, a set of analytical metrics, including network variables, complex network attributes, controllers' cognitive complexity, and chaos metrics, are introduced and applied in a case study of Guangzhou terminal airspace. Empirical results show the existence of fundamental diagram and macroscopic fundamental diagram at the route, sector and terminal levels. Moreover, the dynamics and underlying mechanisms of "ATCOs-flow" interactions are revealed and interpreted by adaptive meta-cognition strategies based on network analysis of the ICCN. Finally, at the system level, chaos is identified in the conflict system and human behavioral system when traffic switches to the semi-stable or congested phase. This study offers analytical tools for understanding the complex human-flow interactions at potentially a broad range of air traffic systems, and underpins future developments and automation of intelligent air traffic management systems.
Qin F, Sun R, Ochieng WY, et al., 2017, Integrated GNSS/DR/road segment information system for variable road user charging, TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART C-EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Vol: 82, Pages: 261-272, ISSN: 0968-090X
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Han K, 2017, Framework for Real-Time Traffic Management with Case Studies, Transportation Research Record, Vol: 2658, Pages: 35-43, ISSN: 0361-1981
This paper focuses on real-time traffic management facilitated by modern telecommunication technologies and advanced real-time optimization algorithms. The discussion begins with a recent European project that provides a real-time decision support system for the reduction of traffic congestion and emissions. The work ow and techniques involved therein are explained and issues and potential gaps identi ed. A more generic real-time decision-making framework based on decision rules and distributionally robust optimization is then introduced. The paper illustrates the wide applicability and unique advantages of such a framework with case studies on responsive signal control, use of an adaptive variable message sign, and air traffic management.
Chen D, Hu M, Zhang H, et al., 2017, A network based dynamic air traffic flow model for en route airspace system traffic flow optimization, Transportation Research Part E - Logistics and Transportation Review, Vol: 106, Pages: 1-19, ISSN: 1366-5545
This study proposes a mesoscopic dynamic air traffic model based on a dynamic network for en route airspaces by characterizing the dynamics and distribution of traffic speed. Based on this model, we solve a flow optimization problem for enforcing capacity constraints with the minimum operational cost using a dual decomposition method. A case study of an en route airspace in Shanghai demonstrates the accuracy of the proposed model in successfully capturing the flow dynamics, as well as the effectiveness of the proposed optimization framework to reduce en route delays by balancing the dynamic traffic demand and airspace capacity.
Song W, Han K, Wang Y, et al., 2017, Statistical metamodeling of dynamic network loading, Transportation Research Procedia, Vol: 23, Pages: 263-282, ISSN: 2352-1465
Dynamic traffic assignment models rely on a network performance module known as dynamic network loading(DNL), which expresses the dynamics of flow propagation, flow conservation, and travel delay at a network level. The DNL defines the so-called network delay operator,which maps a set of path departure rates to a set of path travel times. It is widely known that the delay operator is not available in closed form, and has undesirable properties that severely complicate DTA analysis and computation, such as discontinuity, non-differentiability, non-monotonicity, and computational inefficiency. This paper proposes a fresh take on this important and difficult problem, by providing a class of surrogate DNL models based on a statistical learning method known as Kriging.We present a metamodeling framework that systematically approximates DNL models and is flexible in the sense of allowing the modeler to make trade-offs among model granularity, complexity, and accuracy. It is shown that such surrogate DNL models yield highly accurate approximations (with errors below 8%) and superior computational efficiency (9 to 455 times faster than conventional DNL procedures). Moreover, these approximate DNL models admit closed-form and analytical delay operators, which are Lipschitz continuous and infinitely differentiable, while possessing closed-form Jacobians. The implications of these desirable properties for DTA research and model applications are discussed in depth.
Liu J, Li K, Yin M, et al., 2017, Optimizing key parameters of ground delay program with uncertain airport capacity, Journal of Advanced Transportation, Vol: 2017, ISSN: 0197-6729
The Ground Delay Program (GDP) relies heavily on the capacity of the subject airport, which, due to its uncertainty, adds to the difficulty and suboptimality of GDP operation. This paper proposes a framework for the joint optimization of GDP key parameters including file time, end time, and distance. These parameters are articulated and incorporated in a GDP model, based on which an optimization problem is proposed and solved under uncertain airport capacity. Unlike existing literature, this paper explicitly calculates the optimal GDP file time, which could significantly reduce the delay times as shown in our numerical study. We also propose a joint GDP end-time-and-distance model solved with genetic algorithm. The optimization problem takes into account the GDP operational efficiency, airline and flight equity, and Air Traffic Control (ATC) risks. A simulation study with real-world data is undertaken to demonstrate the advantage of the proposed framework. It is shown that, in comparison with the current GDP in operation, the proposed solution reduces the total delay time, unnecessary ground delay, and unnecessary ground delay flights by 14.7%, 50.8%, and 48.3%, respectively. The proposed GDP strategy has the potential to effectively reduce the overall delay while maintaining the ATC safety risk within an acceptable level.
Yu C, Ma W, Han K, et al., 2017, Optimization of vehicle and pedestrian signals for isolated intersections, Transportation Research Part B - Methodological, Vol: 98, Pages: 135-153, ISSN: 0191-2615
In most traffic signal optimization problems, pedestrian traffic at an intersection receives minor consideration compared to vehicular traffic, and usually in the form of simplistic and exogenous constraints (e.g., minimum green time). This could render the resulting signal timings sub-optimal especially in dense urban areas with significant pedestrian traffic, or when two-stage pedestrian crosswalks are present. This paper proposes a convex (quadratic) programming approach to optimize traffic signal timings for an isolated intersection with one- and two-stage crosswalks, assuming undersaturated vehicular traffic condition. Both vehicle and pedestrian traffic are integrated into a unified framework, where the total weighted delay of pedestrians and vehicles at different types of crosswalks (i.e. one- or two-stage) is adopted as the objective function, and temporal and spatial constraints (e.g. signal phasing plan and spatial capacity of the refuge island) are explicitly formulated. A case study demonstrates the impacts of incorporating pedestrian delay as well as geometric and spatial constraints (e.g., available space on the refuge island) in the signal optimization. A further analysis shows that a two-stage crosswalk may outperform a one-stage crosswalk in terms of both vehicle and pedestrian delays in some circumstances.
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Typically talking those will certainly be ideal offered purchasing a tablet computer type; Clen tablet computers are seldom counterfeited and fairly reasonable. Many frequently discovered in 20mcg and 40mcg kind Clen tablet computer systems are rather basic to handle as it is very easy to regulate the application with performance. Did we review they are cheap? It is not uncommon to locate premium Clen in 40mcg tabs at a price of $10 for FIFTY tablet computer computers. Offered, oftentimes those which shop Dianabol, Deca-Durobolin and Clenbuterol are visiting need a fair bit above 50 40mcg tabs nonetheless the expenditure to benefit ratio in-terms of dollars and also outcomes is a lot in your favor.
It is likewise necessary to:
– Obtain a good night's rest
– Have a workout program prepared beforehand
– Consume great deals of fruits as well as veggie
– Set on your personal small, obtainable objectives
– Honor on your own when you reach your needed target
– Aim to keep away from cigarette smoking or consuming alcohols when taking Dianabol, Deca-Durobolin and Clenbuterol
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The body building particular niche is massive and also, being a male dominated sport, as you would anticipate, most of CrazyBulk clients are men. Nevertheless, female bodybuilding is prominent, so there is still a market for females (and also there are women pleasant products to be discovered on CrazyBulk). Although mainly bodybuilding concentrated, CrazyBulk products such as those created to raise toughness, power as well as cardio performance could equally as effortlessly be successfully targeted to general toughness fitness instructors, professional athletes as well as any person else seeking to get fit, strong as well as develop muscular tissue. People in below inquire about, which purchase Dianabol, Deca-Durobolin and Clenbuterol commonly obtain their product in both tablet computer system and liquid kind. Regardless of the form, when you acquire Dianabol, Deca-Durobolin as well as Clenbuterol in either manner it is to be taken by mouth as well as particularly in a similar way;one type is merely strong and also the various other in a liquid state.
Presuming both products are real, dosed appropriately and of a hygienic design there is truly no distinction in either item; despite kind, when you acquire Dianabol, Deca-Durobolin and Clenbuterol in below ask about. It will carry out within the body similarly tablet computer or otherwise. It applies, many of the liquid kinds, far more so than the tablet computer kinds are absolutely nothing except rubbish or unstable at finest and also hard to dosage precisely. As a result of this a tablet computer acquisition is constantly a far better wager yet there are high quality liquid things about, you simply have to do a little research study to ensure you discover the very best ones.
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You could purchase really usually countless buy Dianabol, Deca-Durobolin and Clenbuterol in right here inquire about as it is one of the most efficient. So reputable those that take countless non-prescription fatty tissue heating elements will not enjoy or encounter near the physical body fat burning results as those that purchase Dianabol, Deca-Durobolin as well as Clenbuterol in right here ask about. No, this powerful bronchodilator will certainly not switch over out sound diet regimen programs as well as exercise ideas nonetheless in additional manner it might supply a much wanted consisted of side.
Why you should Shop Dianabol, Deca-Durobolin as well as Clenbuterol in right here? Inquire about Where to Acquire Dianabol, Deca-Durobolin and Clenbuterol in here ask about Visit any sort of message board and also there are all sort of stories and viewpoints in here inquire about with regarding this bronchodilator; there are stories worrying just just how much it aids the PCT process, how it develops wonderful consistency with an anabolic steroid pattern; the list goes on and on. It is true, Dianabol, Deca-Durobolin and Clenbuterol Hydrochloride does have a moderate anabolic nature yet its hardly enough should nutritional supplement with it.
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Reviews And Where To Buy Dianabol Steroid In Siquirres Costa Rica. There are absolutely only 2 better reasons anybody would certainly ever before buy Dianabol, Deca-Durobolin and Clenbuterol in here ask about, for the treatment of chronic asthma and also for metabolic boosting impacts, i.e. physical body fat burning. True, you could possibly acquire Dianabol, Deca-Durobolin as well as Clenbuterol in below inquire about in an initiative to increase cardio performance and also this could be useful for some yet by and large the two after mentioned aspects are the primary concentration with body fat burning being the key emphasis of many anyone that finds themselves below.
Like all medications of any sort of type of kind you have to have understanding, you need to recognize precisely what you are doing so that you not simply experience high quality results however to make sure that you stay safe too; thankfully for you there are several guides here on steroid.com that can offer to this end. It corrects below nonetheless we desire to discuss the sort of Clen as it is frequently recognized that you could most definitely acquire Of those in right here inquire about which make use of Clen most will absolutely locate it could come either methods, as an oral tablet computer or in a liquid option you just eat. The greatest tips you could acquire would be making specific that you understand exactly how you could prepare.
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Although this seems a little trivial, it is an ability which is not to be taken too lightly. Although a number of find it a great deal less complicated to simply order a take-away, if you want your physical body to react positively to the medicine eating right is the first thing you have to do. Amongst the benefits of food preparation by yourself is that you recognize specifically simply exactly what you are taking in and also the amount of calories you are consuming. This rejects the opportunities of over or under taking in as a result of misdirected sections marketed on a number of take-away food varieties!
Guarantee that you consist of big quantities of fruits as well as vegetable in your weight-loss. Consume great deals of citrus fruits which are high in vitamin C and fantastic for your health. Bananas are additionally great when you are trying to shed fat as well as develop muscular tissue. Eco-friendly Veggies are extremely high in Iron which additionally fantastic for your body and also keepings you mindful and also sharp. This will absolutely put you at a substantial perk as it will certainly increase your concentration and also keep you urged. See to it that you are additionally eating foods which are high in calcium and abundant in vitamin D as this will certainly aid to boost your bone sturdiness which is fantastic for when you are developing muscular tissue mass as your physique will certainly have the ability to suffer itself far much better. Another fantastic suggestion is to establish yourself little possible goals. By setting your views too high you will certainly end up disappointing on your own as well as becoming demotivated. By setting tiny goals you will certainly take care of to document your development easily and you will continuing your very own suggested which as a result will certainly motivate you to wage the process.
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Dianabol, Deca-Durobolin as well as Clenbuterol Stacking is not an anabolic steroid however it does work very well in combination. Typically any anabolic steroid can be used however those that purchase Dianabol, Deca-Durobolin as well as Clenbuterol in here ask about will generally doing this when anabolic steroids that promote a leaner and also more tough physique remain in play. While Clen will absolutely offer to this end there are various other items that work well with it; as an example, bunches of people which obtain Dianabol, Deca-Durobolin as well as Clenbuterol in here inquire about frequently assets thyroid gland hormones such as Cytomel (T3) to accompany it and also countless also supplement with Human Development Bodily hormone. It holds true; a mix of Dianabol, Deca-Durobolin as well as Clenbuterol, Cytomel and Human Growth Hormonal agent coupleded with a strong anabolic steroid pattern will certainly supply results challenging to acquire or else.
You might acquire Dianabol, Deca-Durobolin as well as Clenbuterol in here ask about as well as definitely nothing else as well as obtain a mild anabolic bump and ramping of the metabolic process yet if you pick this drubbing it will be small. It is very important to note the effects will absolutely be a lot more obvious when an anabolic steroid pattern is at hand however while crucial it is hardly one of the most essential factor. Those which acquire Dianabol, Deca-Durobolin as well as Clenbuterol in right here ask about yet fail to abide by audio diet regimen programs concepts will absolutely not shed any sort of physique fat; you could actually take a substantial quantity of Clen daily and also if you are consuming like a body fat pig after that presume merely exactly what, youre getting fat. When we purchase. Dianabol, Deca-Durobolin and Clenbuterol there is truly just one method to see it, as a supplement as well as the idea of a supplement is to include in the advantages, no Hydrochloride t develop them. Clen can be part of the formula, an useful device to your fat burning requirements; it is nevertheless not the feedback all alone.
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Dianabol is amongst the most effective dental anabolic steroids on the market in Poltava Ukraine for the function of quickly enhancing both size as well as durability and as by its nature is far more powerful than its normal coz Anadrol on a milligram for milligram basis. As durability and dimension enhancing are its key function the majority of those who acquire Dianabol will doing this for a bulking pattern, as must come as not a surprise yet it can be made use of efficiently throughout a decreasing pattern too.
Dr. John Ziegler did not have any form of hand in developing D-bol, yet he contributed in the distribution and very early usage of the steroid. He began by handling a vast array of his own scientific clients including an appendectomy patient as well as melt victim. Dr. Ziegler tried screening on himself and also later continued to collaborating with professional athletes looking for a method to increase their effectiveness.
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If you're a performance enhancing specialist athlete or possibly if you're simply preparing to start there's an excellent possibility you'll purchase Dianabol in Poltava Ukraine in the near future. The aspects are easy; individuals in Poltava Ukraine acquisition Dianabol as it is among one of the most very efficient regarding its purpose, it is quite straightforward to regulate, it is normally actually reasonable as well as for decades has been amongst one of the most extensively easily offered anabolic steroids of all time; in-fact, the little 5mg pink Anabol tabs, amongst one of the most preferred brands of all time have actually been seen in gym as frequently as the weights themselves considered that prior to the Golden Age of bodily structure.
Reviews And Where To Buy Dianabol Steroid In Siquirres Costa Rica. In order to test the new medicine as well as satisfy an asked for demand, Dr. Ziegler collaborated with a triad of American weight lifters, considering that they were having issues taking on the Russian weight-lifting group. The experiment located blended results, yet ultimately Dr. Ziegler believed it to be a failing, considering that the only genuine result he positioned in the weightlifters was boosted horniness. Nonetheless, proof later revealed the appropriate dosage neither pattern were being used.
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While this steroid can be reliable in a reducing cycle, typically most will certainly find various other options to be much more reliable then restriction this steroid to off-season periods of use. Those that supplement with this powerful C17-aa dental steroid generally report gains in size of as much as 20lbs in simple weeks, often a great deal more; it should be kept in mind, the person will certainly not multiply if sufficient nutrients are not in position. A typical misunderstanding is that you should do is supplement with anabolic steroids along with you'll grow; this is just not real. If you want to allow you ought to feed your development as well as while those that get Dianabol will find it effective it is not magic. The idea behind this steroid as is with all steroids is to take just what youre already doing proper nonetheless to do it with a far better degree of effectiveness.
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Helena Theatre Company
I was very excited to see Helena Theatre Company on the bill, precisely because they are from Helena. One of the great things about NWNW is that we get to see performers from so many different areas.
The show didn't disappoint. The conversation about funding, and the effect that has on the art, is an important one. It was presented here in a thoughtful, and fun, way.
Read More
Deserving Art by Helena Theatre Company – During the piece I kept trying to pull myself back and not to be distracted by my own thoughts. "Funding is the beginning of magic" – I pondered on this phrase….. "or something else?" I thought of the image of empty audience seats in the opening night of independent-produced shows. Where were the people? When Alex, the Program Director of the NEA, approved the project proposal of his dear Uncle Mike, I thought of the way artists also would relate to each other.
There's something so satisfying, so fundamentally fulfilling watching (and listening!), to David Schmader as he sets up the hallowed arena of OTB's stage for a game/set/match of a tortuous, surgically precise rib tickling. With his own dapper clown self being the main target, he lobs a great volley of clever essay eviscerating the Grand Arts Tradition. The inevitable metamorphosis into his day-glo doppelgänger of a nasty/sweet surprise will make you piss yourself. I hero worship.
Last night I attended the mainstage show at Northwest New Works, and just like last week, I saw many things.
David Schmader
Manifesto by Ilvs Strauss – They looked at the sea cucumber. "You can try to touch it." "No, I don't want to touch it." "Try it!" "No." "Try it!" "Why don't you try touching it!"…….. Her lying still on the floor, meditating on the concept of production of life, something that will continue to live after one has gone; something you will make for this world. Clothes, shoes, candy snacks were taken out of the bag of sea cucumber and reincarnated into their next life when they were put on by her, put into her mouth and became part of her body.
I know that my Google Calendar and the lengths of days would disagree, but for me summer officially begins when On The Boards kicks off NW New Works. There is just something so special about this huge pile of new works performed by a vast array of artists that gives the feeling of a shift. It's a cultural solstice of sorts. A renewing of the energies that sends us off on the next season's adventure. The 2014 NW New Works solstice got off to a great start.
I went to the main stage show at NorthWest New Works last night and here is what I saw and some compliments about them:
The Pendleton House
It's all very dark. Dark and oily slick. The looming dark foreboding, pressing down, pushing in, seeping from underneath to drown everything in shadow. The zeitgeist of cool detachment, of heavy import and of skating just above the void. It could all be a playbook for our collective unconscious. Repelled by the implied violence yet inexplicably drawn towards the edge. Sexy, thick and pounding, projecting a somnambulant emotionless über, this show could have been titled: NW New Nihilism.
ilvs strauss is pregnant! She's suddenly so ready to pop I can hear the ocean. She's been volunteering at the Seattle aquarium and her days spent smacking back curious hands from squishing Sea Cucumbers has produced an unlikely manifestation. Red, thorny and bursting with sparkling prose, ilvs makes the third trimester a stylish examination of expectant personhood and of our ultimate connections.


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Similar to a common expansion, pro gamers began to salary people enthusiasm of on line club webpage texas poker just as furthermore built up various method productions preparing people the capacities to enable them to 'acquire cash' web. Numerous people are surrendering their business to end up being an enduring on the web wagering office Situs texas poker games. The BBC in England, have really profiled more than one certain person that does only that, made out of progressively young school or college understudy notwithstanding likewise some single mother and furthermore daddy. Both superb just as poor components around on the web betting endeavor online poker exist are endless people. Each domino99 game gamers find it intense to persistently trade out these conditions, regardless regularly there permits private company credit to the champs which ensures any individual returning for unmistakably more. The holding fast to contenders basically may be the one that changes your method for living.


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Investing in cryptocurrency 2019: risks and prospects. Investment Options
The cryptocurrency market is becoming more attractive not only in terms of making it convenient, safe and fast to carry out any financial operations around the world, but also because you can make good money by investing in cryptocurrency tokens.
Those who managed to overcome the fear of the new and bought bitcoin not even for 1 dollar, but at least for 10, 100 and even 500 dollars, now quietly live in their own houses, villas or islands.
Can I earn on investments in crypto now? It's not too late – is it done now? Has all this turned into another hype, tulip mania or the Ponzi pyramid?
The Mining-Cryptocurrency.ru portal has prepared for you material about what methods of investing in crypto exist and how best to do it.
How to choose a cryptocurrency asset for investment?
In order to choose cryptocurrency as a means of investment, you need to keep in mind two very fundamental points. The first point is related to the fact that there are no exact, universal methods by which one could unambiguously determine or predict the profitability of a particular cryptocurrency asset.
In general, investing is mostly creative, almost intuitive and subjective. As the famous investor Warren Buffett once said that if the books had exactly written how to invest and how to make money, then the richest people on Earth would be librarians.
The second point is related to the fact that the methods used in investment practice and trading for the financial analysis of investment assets, such as risk-return ratio, RE ratio, beta ratios, Fibonacci levels, technical analysis and Elliot waves, practically do not work on the crypto market.
Therefore, the most optimal set of tools or criteria by which you can somehow determine the suitable cryptocurrency asset in order to invest money in it is as follows:
- degree of liquidity , i.e. the volume and amount of coins issued, the volume of trading in them or the capitalization of the token must be at least at least 500 million – 1 billion dollars;
- listing on a cryptocurrency exchange , i.e. the token must, at a minimum, be traded on an officially existing trading platform where it can be bought, sold, exchanged for other tokens.
- there are exchange rates with fiat money , i.e. crypto can be exchanged for paper money or other common assets.
- the issuer or organization that issued the token has an officially registered status, publishes its financial statements
- the crypt chosen for investment should have an upward trend for at least the last two years , i.e. the chart of such a cryptocurrency should have a positive slope to the abscissa axis at an angle of at least 10% and at the same time not grow exponentially, have a slope of no more than 45%.
To these basic criteria, you can add a ton of some minor parameters. but basically it all comes down to the fact that the crypt chosen for investment should be demanded by the market, regularly traded on it and it could be withdrawn to your wallet or exchanged for fiat money. All other cryptocurrencies that do not fit the specified criteria are commonly called "shitcoins" on the market, which in fact does not even need further commenting.
What cryptocurrency to invest in 2019?
Of all the liquid cryptocurrencies at the moment, the most promising is the XRP token from Ripple.
Why is this crypto most suitable for both those who invest money for a relatively short period of time (up to 1 year), and those who prefer to be a long-term investor or scammer.
The following criteria and parameters are attractive:
- The XRP token is not just a cryptocurrency, but a digital asset that is actively used for interbank settlements in some payment systems (for example, MoneyGram). In particular, this crypto is now used by more than 200 financial organizations, banks, including the largest Japanese financial holding SBI, combining more than 60 banks, insurance companies, investment houses, etc.
- Past indicators of price dynamics, namely, the growth of the token by 40,000% in 2017, have a clear tendency to repeat with the target value of the token up to $ 50 in the future 2020 – 2021.
- Ripple has the third place by capitalization and liquidity in the general list of cryptocurrencies actively traded on cryptocurrency exchanges.
- The protocol used in the Ripple ecosystem for conducting financial transactions (DLP) provides the most minimal payment period – 3-4 seconds. For comparison, calculations using Bitcoin require 3-4 hours in order for payment confirmation to pass in at least 12 blocks.
In addition, Ripple's advantage over many other crypts can be attributed to the fact that there is certain information – Ripple and its payment services will be used as an international cryptocurrency standard.
TOP 5 most promising cryptocurrencies for investment
Out of the entire variety of cryptocurrencies available for investment, you can use only the first two to three dozen tokens of the largest projects .
The list of the top investment tokens is as follows :
How to invest in cryptocurrency?
Of all the available options for investing in crypto for an ordinary person, a layman in the field of information technology and finance, the most simple and preferred are three proven methods:
- Cloud mining . In a general sense, mining is the extraction or receipt of a crypto as a reward from the token ecosystem for participating in transactions using equipment and energy costs. To do this, you can purchase both your personal digital equipment (farm) and use the equipment of others, i.e. remotely or via cloud technology. The logic of the cloud mining process is simple – an investor concludes an agreement (registers on the site) with a mining operator that has the appropriate mining capabilities. By participating in the overall mining process , each investor receives his share of the profit in proportion to the money invested. The profitability of cloud mining in comparison with conventional (hardware) mining almost always turns out to be higher and more profitable for you.
- Cryptoexchange . This investment option involves the purchase of cryptocurrency on special trading platforms – cryptocurrency exchanges. To do this, it is enough to register on the exchange website, enter some personal data, payment details, transfer money. Investing through the exchange is usually effective in forming an investment portfolio consisting of several cryptocurrencies.
- Cryptocurrency exchangers . The main purpose of the existence and meaning of the cryptocurrency exchange business is to serve as an intermediary in the exchange of cryptocurrency for fiat money and vice versa. To create a crypto-exchanger there is no need to create a company, register it. For this, virtual exchange platforms are usually used in the form of a website whose domain name is registered in offshore jurisdiction. Cryptocurrency exchange commission varies from 1% to 15% of the exchange amount. This investment method requires some training in information technology.
Advantages and disadvantages of cryptocurrency investments
Investments in cryptocurrency instruments, like any investments in financial assets, such as stocks and bonds, are fraught with risk. However, this is so far the only thing that combines these two formats of investing money. By and large, crypto, as an innovative asset, has such advantages as:
- the ability to conduct almost instant financial transactions throughout the planet and in any amount (scalability). On average, it takes 3-4 seconds to transfer money in the ripple ecosystem (Coil, Xrapid, xCurrent).
For comparison, to make a regular bank international transfer between the owner's own accounts, you will have to spend at least 3-4 days. This property of crypto being part of practical use in the financial system or use-case is one of the main attractive points of investing in digital assets.
- In second place after the demand for crypto, as a real financial payment instrument, is profitability. Naturally, while the crypto market is at its initial stage of development, institutional investors should be expected to come to this segment. Then, those impressive rates of bitcoin or XRP growth of thousands of percent in 2017 will seem like childish fun. For, for example, the daily volume of financial transactions in the world is about 8 -12 trillion. dollars. It is easy to imagine what will happen if at least 50% of this liquidity goes into cryptocurrency payment systems. Therefore, it is not in vain among cryptocurrency investors that there are rumors that soon Bitcoin will cost at least $ 100-250 thousand, and the Ripple token so unloved by haters all over the world will finally go in the direction of the tuzemun, delighting its loyal hodlers with a 50 bar – 100 dollars.
- the third place of honor in the attractiveness of investing in crypto is the relative reliability of asset storage, despite the fact that scandals periodically arise about the theft of bitcoins and other cryptocurrencies from one or another exchange. The blockchain system is designed in such a way that it is impossible to withdraw an asset without instantly displaying a hacking attempt along the entire transaction chain, recorded in hundreds of thousands of computers.
- anonymity. In general, blockchain transactions in cryptocurrency systems provide anonymity protocol for financial transactions. This does not mean that this method serves as a good way of concealing and laundering criminal money. This, first of all, speaks about the security of the investor's personal information, since, in essence, there is no banking secrecy in the world, from the word at all. It is enough to recall the recent scandals with Cypriot and Swiss banks, the "Panama dossier", which were ready to provide any information on their customers.
Having listed all these obvious advantages, you still can not ignore such an important advantage of investing in a crypt as elementary convenience. You can invest money, withdraw it, send it to anywhere in the world, there is no need to store assets in safes and bank cells. Those. investor money is always with him, he always has access to them, and their safety is guaranteed.
Among the disadvantages of investing in a crypto, one thing should be taken only – this is still a poorly developed infrastructure that allows fully using the crypto as a legal tender. This is the lack of full-fledged payment systems, normal cashing systems. This also includes the desire of states to take control of this tool, which guarantees everyone, without exception, real financial freedom, in return for the financial slavery that the outdated usurious (credit) banking currency system has been offering for hundreds of years.
Publication date 08/19/2019
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TRON (TRX) cryptocurrency review – forecasts and prospects, current rate
Cryptocurrency TRON (TRX) is a decentralized protocol based on blockchain technology designed to create a global entertainment network with free content.
In simple terms, TRON is a service similar to all well-known social networks and platforms where users have the opportunity to publish, view and use any available content for entertainment, for example, online games.
The TRON project is currently developing the idea of joint consumption, which is that on a single global platform, users will be able to share entertainment content.
Official TRON cryptocurrency website: https://tron.network
Analysts call this platform the broadcast of the modern entertainment industry. In general, the functioning of this system is as follows:
- The author or copyright holder publishes the result of his intellectual work on the official website. You can download anything from literary novels to an author's song or art on a specific topic. Next, the participant uploads information about how his creation can be used (as an accompaniment to another work or as an independent product). Nearby, he indicates the price of his work.
- Another user who is interested in this work acquires it for the local currency Tron (TRX). However, users should remember that it is impossible to purchase this or that product on this resource using fiat money (dollar, euro, rubles, etc.). The system has its own cryptocurrency , which must be purchased at exchangers or exchanges in order to complete a transaction.
- As soon as the interested user has acquired the result of intellectual work, the amount indicated by him is transferred to the author's account. The author can use the tokens at his discretion – purchase a work from another author, simply save money in his account, or exchange it for another cryptocurrency or fiat funds.
About what TRX is, initially interested in all users who are just starting their activities on the site. This resource uses several types of tokens for different purposes:
- Tron (TRX) . This is the main currency of the system. For this currency you can buy or sell the results of your intellectual work. If necessary, the owner of a certain amount in this currency can exchange it for fiat money or other cryptocurrency.
- Tron Power It is impossible to purchase or exchange other money for a given currency. The only way to get them is to secure the TRX currency on the site platform. In this case, they are converted to TR. The presence of such tokens gives advantages to their owner. For example, the holder of a TR has the right to vote for one or another change in the system, or to oppose them.
- TRON 20 . Coins owned by developers. With the help of them, they create new full-fledged blockchains with new tokens.
The TRON cryptocurrency issue is limited, 100 billion coins have been issued at present. However, it is worth considering another point – starting in 2018, tokens begin to be burned (they are meant to be forwarded to an address known only to developers). The last major burn was in June last year, but how often such procedures will be carried out is currently unknown.
project team
The team of this project has on its side professionals working in various fields. The founder of the platform and the creator of TRX Coin is Justin Sun , who also created a social network with an audience of 10 million people. In 2017, Forbes magazine included Justin on his list as one of the most successful entrepreneurs, who was not yet 30 years old.
The technical director of the project is Lucien Chen , who has extensive experience in working for large Internet companies. He is perfectly versed in blockchains and the principles of functioning of cryptocurrencies.
Deus Yu , responsible for quality control, has been working in the computer games industry for a long time. According to Justin Sun, the experience of Deus will come in handy a little later, when the platform gains even greater popularity.
Charles Zhang , an adviser who is well versed in a business not related to cryptocurrencies and blockchains. He has repeatedly lectured on the basics of entrepreneurship, with which he was invited to many universities. Charles made a huge contribution to the promotion of the platform at the initial stage.
Blockchain Browser
Block Explorer is a search tool that allows you to view the addresses of wallets involved in the system, blocks, as well as data of transactions completed or committed. It can be compared with standard browsers, with the help of which an ordinary user searches for the information he needs on the Internet.
For each cryptocurrency, a personal Block Explorer is created that shows the network status for a given period of time. For the Tron cryptocurrency, such a Block Explorer is called TRONSCAN , where users can get all the information they need ( https://tronscan.org ).
How to mine Tron?
The developers of the platform did not provide for mining the Tron cryptocurrency , since they had already created all the necessary coins. In addition, the creators talked about the scheme according to which their cryptocurrency will work:
- 40% of the total number of coins will go on sale to enable the project to develop further.
- 15% of the remaining amount is allocated for acquisition by investors. Investors are players who, after the main sale of coins, will be ready to purchase tokens further.
- The remaining funds are "frozen" and remain in the accounts of the company owners.
Justin Sun explained that perhaps mining will be provided in the future when the company gains the necessary popularity.
TRX Token Wallets
The user can choose one of two options for storing Tron coins (TRX):
- Storage of tokens on the exchange;
- Creating your own crypto wallet.
With proper use, wallets provide a higher level of security. All types of wallets for Tron (TRX) are described in detail in this review .
Buying and selling TRX coins
You can buy a Tron on popular crypto exchanges , we recommend that you use the first 15 exchanges, and do not forget to install additional account protection. On the selected exchange, you must go through the registration procedure, after which you will be given a personal wallet, as well as its address.
The most popular and safe exchangers where you can buy and sell Tron:
The exchange rate of the Tron cryptocurrency against the ruble as of October 28, 2019 is 1.29 rubles per 1 coin. For a detailed analysis of the course and chart of coins, we recommend that you look at the Coinmarketcap website.
Development Perspectives and Company Roadmap
A distinctive feature of the project is its roadmap, which is scheduled until 2027. It is divided into several stages:
- Exodus It lasts from 2017 to 2018 and is considered officially completed. During this period, information about the project was actively disseminated, as well as developers were engaged in improving tools for using the site.
- Odyssey . Accounted for 2019-2020. During this time, developers will pay special attention to the economic development of the platform.
- Great Voyage . Captures July 2020 and ends in July 2021. Implementation of a personal ICO system, and third-party developers will have the opportunity to launch their own ICOs.
- Apollo It lasts from March 2021 to March 2023. Creating a decentralized exchange platform.
- Star Trek . It begins in April 2023 and ends in September 2025. Creation of a decentralized platform for the development of any computer games.
- Eternity . It starts in September 2025 and ends in September 2027. Platform users will have the opportunity to create their own playgrounds.
The developers mentioned that if these plans are implemented, a new roadmap will be created in the future, which will begin in 2028.
When analyzing the active nodes of the Tron cryptocurrency, you can notice the scale of the development of the project, where the majority of servers are located in the USA, China and Germany.
The forecast for Tron cryptocurrency from leading analysts suggests that, taking into account the current features of the crypto asset, in the future the project can absorb the entertainment market. And this means that in 2020 the value of one coin is able to stand on one level with the dollar.
Main competitors Tron
The project has two main competitors – Qtum and Ethereum . Each competing company has its own advantages, for example, the first has a more advanced platform in terms of technology, and the second wins due to smart contracts and fame.
Analysts are confident that the Tron platform will still have to fight for its users, since the developers are aimed at a specific audience. However, the Throne does not have special advantages that would distinguish the project from its competitors, which could become a serious problem in the future.
Tronix cryptocurrency has good prospects for further development, since the project itself is one of the most ambitious among others. However, at present it is not in demand. Investing in such a project will bring quite large risks, however, long-term investments can bring the investor good profit.
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The largest exchange Binance has the opportunity to deposit / withdraw deposits in rubles
The Binance cryptocurrency exchange this Wednesday activated the possibility of making deposits in Russian rubles.
According to the instructions provided on the website, deposit / withdrawal of funds is carried out through the AdvCash payment system , including using bank cards. The commission for the deposit in this case is 3%, for the withdrawal – 2.5% plus 50 rubles.
To deposit / withdraw assets in rubles, you need to go to the "Buy cryptocurrencies" tab in the upper control panel or select the "RUB" currency in the user's wallet, then indicate the desired direction of payment and other necessary data.
Trading pairs for exchanging the ruble for cryptocurrencies on the Binance platform have not yet been presented.
Earlier today, CoinDesk published excerpts from a conversation with Binance CEO Changpen Zhao during his visit to Moscow last week.
"We are always looking for partners in any community, especially in Russia. Russia is a key market for us, it is one of the most active markets in the global blockchain space, " he said then.
Zhao also confirmed that Russia is included in the Venus project, in which Binance intends to launch several regional stablecoins.
"We are working with potential issuers of stablecoin tied to fiat currency. We do this in all jurisdictions, in Russia in particular, we are looking for partners, " he added.
Last week, Binance listed its first cryptocurrency pairs on its main platform, starting with Nigerian naira. The exchange also supports fiat trading at selected sites in Uganda, Singapore, the United States and Jersey.
Publication date 10/30/2019
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Technical analysis: the cryptocurrency market is ready for a new growth wave
RoboForex lead analyst Dmitry Gurkovsky talks about further possible scenarios of the price movement of bitcoin and several popular altcoins .
Buyers managed to show a good bounce up. At the moment, assets such as Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash look very interesting in the context of continued growth. Moreover, if the BCH / USD chart shows the formation of a reversal pattern of the inverted "Head and Shoulders" in favor of growth, then BTC is just getting ready to leave the channel and continue a confident upward movement.
Unfortunately, the assets of Ethereum, Litecoin and EOS are still under pressure. There are several signals from daily charts in favor of moving down. However, if the bulls manage to break through the next resistance levels, then these assets will be ready to move to the phase of sustainable growth.
In general, the cryptocurrency market looks ready for the start of a new wave of recovery. The bulls can only hold the current levels and rise a little higher to deprive the bears of all chances to continue the downward correction.
Bitcoin (BTC)
Quotes showed an aggressive rebound from the support level. However, the price tested resistance in the form of a downtrend near the $ 9800 area. To continue the rise by the buyer, it is important to "push" prices even higher.
A good signal in favor of a likely continuation of growth is the breakdown of a downward trend line on the RSI indicator. In most cases, a return to the broken line occurs, after which we should expect continued growth. As the main trading idea, you can take a slight correction to the level of $ 7700, after which you can talk about a rebound and upward movement.
Cancellation of this option will be a fall in the quotes of the digital asset below the level of $ 6875, which will indicate a breakdown of the lower boundary of the channel and continued decline.
On the 4-hour chart, cryptocurrency quotes were able to leave the limits of the short-term downward channel. Such a signal is the first sign of a potential reversal of the current downward correction. However, confirmation of the completion of the fall will be a strong growth with consolidation above the level of $ 10,995, which will indicate a way out of the downward channel. In this case, the target of the movement will be the area of $ 12,405.
The values of the RSI indicator again pushed off the resistance level, so we should expect a decrease and a test of the broken channel boundary. After this movement, we can talk about the beginning of growth towards the goal at the level of $ 10,995.
Ethereum (ETH)
Ethereum buyers also managed to keep quotes in the support area, which is located at $ 147. At the moment, the price has once again returned to the area between the moving averages, which may provoke an attempt to further decline.
In favor of this option is a rebound from the downward resistance line on the RSI indicator. As the main idea, we should expect a rebound from the lower border of the rising channel and the continuation of the fall to the first target at $ 147. Its breakdown will open the way for the movement of quotations to the level of $ 100. Cancellation of the negative option will be a breakdown of the Moving Averages and the consolidation of ETH / USD above the level of $ 239. In this case, we can talk about continuing the rise to the goal at the level of $ 280.
On a 4-hour chart, quotes are clamped in a downward channel. The values of the RSI indicator are testing the resistance line again, so we can expect a rebound and fall in the quotes of the digital asset to the level of $ 150.
In favor of this option, a test of the upper boundary of the downward channel will also come forward. Cancellation of the proposed forecast will be a breakdown of the resistance level and consolidation above $ 202, which will indicate the exit of quotes beyond the rising channel. In this case, the target of the rise will be the level of $ 239.
Forecasts of financial markets are the private opinion of their authors. Current analysis is not a guide to trade. RoboForex is not responsible for the results of work that may arise when using trading recommendations from the submitted reviews.
Publication date 10/30/2019
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Bitcoin (BTC)
Ethereum (ETH)
Bitcoin Cash (BCH)
Stellar (XLM)
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Tag: writing theme
06.02.2015 17:32 Comments: 0 Categories: Writing Quotations Tags: elinor glyn system of writing writing theme
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Even when a story has memorable characters, a riveting plot and a fully developed genre, it may still be coming apart at the themes.
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When writing a book you are often asked for the theme of the story. What is theme? Here are some points to consider:
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Mango Vinegar 200ml
Belberry (Vinegars)
Product not available in United States
$10.55 + $5.80 Shipping (4 - 6 days)
Shipping: $5.80 (4 - 6 days) by Delicat (Spain)
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Description · Belberry
Mango Vinegar 200ml
Mango Vinegar 200ml is a top quality vinegar. Belberry vinegars are a step on the way to get good products from the fruit. Vinegar particularly suitable for use in ice cream, salads, strawberries, salads, etc.. Its development is purely handmade, nothing can compete with the perfect color of jams and homemade jams, carefully made with the best and the finest fruit sugars.
PRODUCER: Belberry
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You can also buy Mango Vinegar 200ml in...
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