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A proposed Labour-Green-Mana(-NZ First?) agenda – part toru
Continued from: A proposed Labour-Green-Mana(-NZ First?) agenda – part rua
An incoming Labour-Green-Mana(-NZ First?*) coalition government will have much work to do – especially in it's first three years.
In the six years that National has been in power, they have passed many odious and often repressive pieces of legislation. Labour and the Greens have already committed to repealing some of these laws and policies.
As a Labour-led coalition government addresses growing problems of child poverty; income inequality; a shortage of decent, affordable housing; and chronic unemployment, a legislative programme will demand a long list of progressive reforms.
In no particular order;
The 90 Day Employment Trial Period
An amendment to the Employment Relations Act 2000, Section 67A, allows employers to sack – without just cause or a chance for an employee to improve performance – within a 90 day period.
It gives unbalanced power to employers who can blackmail an employee or get rid of them at the slightest whim. It also makes workers less willing to be mobile in the workplace. Why change jobs at the risk of being fired within 90 days of taking up a new position?
When the 90 Day Trial period was first introduced in April 2009, it applied only to companies employing 19 staff or less.
By April 2011, this was extended to all companies regardless of staff numbers. (A typical National strategy; start small – then encompass an entire sector.)
Has it helped generate more jobs as National claimed it would? Evidence suggests it played very little part in creating employment, and indeed unemployment went up after both legislative changes,
So aside from empowering employers and disempowering workers, what exactly was the point of enacting this piece of legislation? Because it seems that an awful lot of people lost their jobs through this legislation. As one media report stated,
It is not known how many workers were dismissed during the trial period, but the figures revealed 27 per cent of employers said they had fired at least one new employee during or at the end of their trial.
This means at least 18,000 people lost their jobs in the first three months of employment last year, with the actual figure likely to be much higher.
And precisely how does this raise wages, as per Dear Leader's past promises (see below)?
This law gives too much power to one party in the Employer-Employee relationship, and it has no place in a fair-bargaining workplace.
On 17 October 2010, Labour promised that this law would be scrapped by an incoming Labour-led government. I hope the current Labour leadership has not resiled from this commitment.
Ports of Auckland Dispute – Shipping Lines Price Fixing
"The average income has been about $90,000, so it hasn't been a badly-paid place. But the problem is flexibility when ships arrive and when staff get called out, how they can cope with that." – John Key, 12 March 2012
Putting to one side the myth of POAL maritime workers earning $90,000 – so what?
Even if it were true (which is doubtful – POAL has never released the workings of how they arrived at that sum, despite requests), isn't such a good wage precisely what Dear Leader John Key has been advocating?
POAL management sought to reduce costs; casualise their workforce; and compete with Ports of Tauranga for shipping business. Unfortunately, competing on costs would, by necessity, involve driving down wages.
This appears to have been motivated by a high degree of price-fixing by shipping cartels, as was pointed out by the Productivity Commission in April 2012,
Rather than supporting the workers, Dear Leader bought into a situation where international shipping companies were playing New Zealand ports off against each other, to gain the lowest possible port-charges. Even local company, Fonterra, was playing the game.
Here we have a situation where New Zealand workers were enjoying high wages – something John Key insists he supports – and yet he was effectively allowing international corporations to create circumstances where those wages could be cut and driven down.
As with the "Hobbit Law", our Dear Leader appears to pay more heed to the demands of international corporate interests than to fulfilling his pledges to raise wages.
An incoming Labour-led government should immediatly implement the Productivity Commission's recommendation,
"The commission recommends that New Zealand require shipping companies wishing to collaborate to fix prices or limit capacity to demonstrate to the Commerce Commission that there will be a public benefit which will outweigh the anti-competitive effects."
This problem must be addressed by an incoming government. It is simply intolerable for foreign corporations to be dictating labour laws; industrial relations; and wages, in a supposedly sovereign nation.
Youth Rates
From 1 May 2013, National re-introduced a new Youth Rate. The rate would be set at $10.80 an hour [soon to be increased to $11.40 per hour]– compared to the then- minimum rate of $13.50 an hour [soon to be $14.25 on 1 April this year], and would include 16 to 19 year olds.
John Key stated,
"For a lot of employers, they will go out there and say, 'I'm going to give somebody a go that's been in the workforce before' and so the balance is against that younger person. That's very disheartening for them – they are good young people, they just want a chance.
So I think it's got to be seen in perspective – the vast overwhelming bulk of youngsters actually won't go on a starting out wage."
Which conflicts with John Key's other assertions that he wants to see wages rise;
"We think Kiwis deserve higher wages and lower taxes during their working lives, as well as a good retirement." – John Key, 27 May 2007
"We will be unrelenting in our quest to lift our economic growth rate and raise wage rates." – John Key, 29 January 2008
"We will also continue our work to increase the incomes New Zealanders earn. That is a fundamental objective of our plan to build a stronger economy." – John Key, 8 February 2011
"We want to increase the level of earnings and the level of incomes of the average New Zealander and we think we have a quality product with which we can do that." – John Key, 19 April 2012
Youth rates won't achieve that goal, Mr Prime Minister!
There is no good reason why Youth Rates should actually create new jobs. More likely, a drop in youth wages will simply create more 'churn' in employment/unemployment numbers.
As David Lowe, Employment Services Manager for the Employers and Manufacturers Association, inadvertently revealed,
"Without an incentive an employer with a choice between an experienced worker and an inexperienced worker will choose experience every time."
As Lowe admitted – there is no new job for the younger worker. S/he is merely displacing an older worker.
As it is, figures from Statistics New Zealand's Household Labour Force Survey showed that unemployment for young people had already fallen by the March 2013 Quarter – a full two months before Youth Rates came into effect;
In the year to March 2013, there was a large fall in unemployment for people aged 15–24 years (down 10,500). This fall can be largely attributed to a decrease in unemployed 20–24-year-olds (down 11,200). This was an atypical fall in unemployment, as the number of people unemployed for this age group usually increases during March quarters. The unemployment rate for people aged 20–24 years fell 4.1 percentage points to 10.9 percent – the lowest rate since the September 2009 quarter.
The employment rate for 20–24-year-olds rose over the year to March 2013. There was also an increase in the number of people aged 15–24 years not in the labour force over the year. Behind this was a rise in the number of young people outside the labour force who are studying (up 25,000). The number of both 15–19-year-olds and 20–24-year-olds in study rose – up 16,200 and 8,800 respectively.
NEET rate declines
In seasonally adjusted terms, the NEET (not in employment, education or training) rate for youth (aged 15–24 years) decreased 1.5 percentage points, to 12.5 percent in the March 2013 quarter. This is the lowest youth NEET rate since the September 2011 quarter. The NEET rate for people aged 20–24 years fell 2.4 percentage points to 15.9 percent.
As the global economy continued to improve; the Christchurch re-build moved into high gear; and demand for our exports increased, unemployment was bound to eventually fall.
In which case, paying young workers a lower wage than their older counterparts was nothing more than a "gift" handed to employers.
As such, it has no place in a modern, civilised society. Youth rates are exploitative and demoralising. They also drag adult wages downward, as employers can opt for cheaper labour, as David Lowe stated above.
In October 2012, Labour's then-Leader, David Shearer condemned youth rates,
"It's not going to create jobs by driving down wages. These people are going to leave and go to Australia.
We need an economy that provides decent, secure jobs and good incomes and where young people have hope and opportunity, not the low-wage vision promoted by National."
An incoming Labour-led government must repeal this exploitative legislation.
Continued at: A proposed Labour-Green-Mana(-NZ First?) agenda – part wha
(* At this point in time, NZ First's leader, Winston Peters, has not indicated which bloc – Labour or National – he intends to coalesce with. As such, any involvement by NZ First in a progressive government cannot be counted upon.)
Above image acknowledgment: Francis Owen
To be continued at: A proposed Labour-Green-Mana(-NZ First?) agenda – part wha
Parliament Legislation: Employment Relations Act 2000, Section 67A
NZ Herald: Will the 90 Day trial period make a difference?
Beehive: 90-Day Trial Period extended to all employers
Trading Economics: New Zealand Unemployment Rate
Waikato Times: Thousands sacked under 90-day trial period
Radio NZ: Labour would scrap 90 day trial – Goff
Fairfax media: Calls to end shipping lines' price fixing
Fairfax media: Jackson pulls back from port comments
Radio NZ: PM defends lower youth pay rate
Scoop media: Starting-out wage will help young people onto job ladder
Statistics NZ: Household Labour Force Survey: March 2013 quarter
TV1 News: Employers back youth 'starting wage'
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Key's broken promise on raising wages
Once again, the Prime Minister has shown that he says one thing – whilst doing completely the opposite. The implementation of Youth Rates next month will be another in a series of his broken promises.
I think most readers of this blog (and other sources of political information) will recall certain statements made by Dear Leader over the last four to five years,
"We will be unrelenting in our quest to lift our economic growth rate and raise wage rates." – John Key, 29 January 2008
See: National policy – SPEECH: 2008: A Fresh Start for New Zealand
"One of National's key goals, should we lead the next Government, will be to stem the flow of New Zealanders choosing to live and work overseas. We want to make New Zealand an attractive place for our children and grandchildren to live – including those who are currently living in Australia, the UK, or elsewhere.
To stem that flow so we must ensure Kiwis can receive competitive after-tax wages in New Zealand." – John Key, 6 September 2008
See: National policy – Speech: Environment Policy Launch
"I don't want our talented young people leaving permanently for Australia, the US, Europe, or Asia, because they feel they have to go overseas to better themselves." – John Key, 15 July 2009
See: Speech: Key – business breakfast
"Science and innovation are important. They're one of the keys to growing our economy, raising wages, and providing the world-class public services that Kiwi families need." – John Key, 12 March 2010
See: National policy – Boosting Science and Innovation
"We will also continue our work to increase the incomes New Zealanders earn. That is a fundamental objective of our plan to build a stronger economy." – John Key, 8 February 2011
See: Statement to Parliament 2011
"The driving goal of my Government is to build a more competitive and internationally-focused economy with less debt, more jobs and higher incomes." – John Key, 21 December 2011
See: Parliament – Speech from the Throne
"We want to increase the level of earnings and the level of incomes of the average New Zealander and we think we have a quality product with which we can do that." – John Key, 19 April 2012
Key has repeated the same pledge every year since 2008.
On 1 May this year, National will be implementing a cut to the wages paid to young New Zealanders. The new youth rates will be euphemistically known as the "Starting-out wage".
The cut to wages of young workers will be as follows,
- 16 and 17-year-olds in their first six months of work with a new employer
- 18 and 19-year-olds who have been paid a benefit for six months or longer, and who have not completed six months of continuous work with any employer since starting on benefit
- 16-to-19-year-old workers in a recognised industry training course involving at least 40 credits a year.
Acknowledgement: Scoop – Starting-out wage available from 1 May
On 21 March Labour Minister, Simon Bridges, said,
"…The starting-out wage will provide an incentive for employers to help give young people a foot in the door and start building their skills and experience…
The starting-out wage will help set young people up for a lifetime of meaningful employment."
Acknowledgement: Parliament – Hansards – 3. Youth Employment—Starting-out Wage
So will a reduction in wages for young people, 16 to 19, help create more jobs? Or will it simply increase "job churn", displacing older worker for younger, cheaper labour?
A previous "job creation" initiative from National was an amendment to the Employment Relations Act 2000, Section 67A – the 90 Day Trial Employment Period.
The 90 Day Trial Employment Period was implemented on April 2009, for workplaces with fewer than 20 employees. Labour Minister Kate Wilkinson enthusiastically predicted that the change to legislation would create more jobs,
" The 90-day trial period will provide confidence for employers engaging new staff and allow struggling job-seekers to get their foot in the door, rather than languish on a benefit…
… The 90-day trial will provide real opportunities for people at the margins of the labour market."
Two years later, by April 2011, National extended the 90 Day Trial Employment Period to cover all businesses. Labour Minister Kate Wilkinson stated,
"The Government is focused on growing a stronger economy and creating more jobs for New Zealand families," says Ms Wilkinson.
There are a lot of people looking for work and the changes announced today will help boost employer confidence and encourage them to take on more staff.
The evaluation showed that 40 percent of employers who had hired someone on a trial period said it was unlikely they would have taken on new employees without it."
Acknowledgement: Government statement – 90-Day Trial Period extended to all employers
So. How did the 90 Day Trial Employment Period work out? Did it create more jobs? The stats reveal the results with unambiguous, damning, clarity,
As the chart above clearly shows, the answer is clearly no. After the initial introduction of the 90 Day Trial Employment Period in April 2009, unemployment continued to rise. The same occurred after April 2011.
There is no reason to believe that implementation of Youth Rates will yield any different results.
The evidence suggests that tinkering with labour laws does not – and cannot – create jobs. High unemployment is caused by other factors; entrenched problems in our economy; the high value of the dollar; a flood of cheap consumer goods; foreign workers being brought in to fill vacancies; poor wages; lack of planning between business-labour-government; and an ad hoc approach to on-going training for young people.
Instead of treating on-going education and training in young people as an investment – successive governments have erected barriers such as training and education fees. The situation that New Zealand finds itself in is sheer lunacy. We have thousands of unemployed New Zealanders – and yet government does little to facilitate them into training or higher education.
Why, for example, are unemployed paid a benefit to do nothing – and yet are forbidden to take up further education or trades-training?
To a half-way sensible person, this is madness.
And speaking of madness… National must know that cutting wages for young workers will not help create new jobs. It may displace older workers in some areas, but otherwise it may act as further de-moralisation and discouragement for young people who are already facing tough times and an uncertain future.
What this does show is that National has no real job creation policies. For National, their sole reliance is on the "marketplace" to deliver new jobs. Sadly, they are mistaken – their market-based faith is half the problem.
Having faith that rain will come on a given day will not make it so.
Sensibly, the fast food industry has already come to the same conclusion that unions and others on the Left have instinctively understood for ages,
Acknowledgement: Fairfax Media – Thumbs down by fast-food chains to youth rates
The Nats appear to be so wedded to their screwy market-based faith-politics that the failure of the "marketplace" eludes them.
It's a shame that National hasn't caught up with the bleedin' obvious. Or… have they? It appears that some people are doing very well from the "marketplace".
At our expense…
Acknowledgement: Fairfax Media – Increase for SOE bosses 'obscene'
Here's a clever idea – all those people who vote National should have a wage/salary freeze during the term of that government. After all, as some National supporters keep insisting, raising the minimum wage "harms the economy". (I assume the same holds for all wages and salaries?)
- – "Hey, Krystal, let's freeze our wages, to set an example for everyone else, and for the good of the economy!"
– "Oh, Toby! What an absolutely spiffing idea! Dear Leader WILL be pleased!"
The rest of us, who vote for Labour, Greens, Mana, et al, can have our wages/salaries linked to Australia's pay rates.
Now I ask you – what could possibly be fairer than that?
This blogpost was first published on The Daily Blog on 12 April 2013.
Previous related blogposts
John Key's track record on raising wages: Preface
2. The 90 Day Employment Trial Period
8. An End to Collective Agreements
10. A New Government's Response
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The road to Youth Rates – Wrong way, Prime Minister, Wrong way!
1. Backgrounder
It was during the 2008 general election that the issue of the growing wage disparity with our Aussie cuzzies became an issue. Curiously, it was the then-Opposition Leader, John Key, capitalist; multi-millionaire; and currency trader, who was making some very odd comments.
Indeed, he was sounding positively socialist – at the time;
"We think Kiwis deserve higher wages and lower taxes during their working lives, as well as a good retirement." – John Key, 27 May 2007
Acknowledgement: John Key's website – "National Tough On Crime"
"One of National's key goals, should we lead the next Government, will be to stem the flow of New Zealanders choosing to live and work overseas. We want to make New Zealand an attractive place for our children and grandchildren to live – including those who are currently living in Australia, the UK, or elsewhere. To stem that flow so we must ensure Kiwis can receive competitive after-tax wages in New Zealand. We must cut taxes and grow our economy, and National will have policies to ensure both occur." – John Key, 6 September 2008
Acknowledgement: National Party – "Environment Policy Launch"
"We will also continue our work to increase the incomes New Zealanders earn. That is a fundamental objective of our plan to build a stronger economy." – John Key, 8 February 2011
Acknowledgement: Government statement
"We want to increase the level of earnings and the level of incomes of the average New Zealander and we think we have a quality product with which we can do that." – John Key, 19 April 2012
Acknowledgement: Dominion Post – Key wants a high-wage NZ
Which sounded all well and good…
Until reality set in. And we remembered that John Key was leader of the National Party – not Labour, Greens, Mana, or the Alliance.
2. Present Day
As this blogger wrote last year;
On 9 October (2012), Labour Minister Kate Wilkinson announced that National intended to introduce a new Youth Rate, to take effect in April (2013). The rate would be set at $10.80 an hour – compared to the minimum rate of $13.50 [soon to be $13.75] an hour currently, and would include 16 to 19 year olds.
As Scoop.co.nz reported,
"That equates to $10.80 an hour, or $432 before tax for a 40-hour week. From April next year, the 'Starting Out Wage' will apply to 16- and 17-year-olds in the first six months of a job, to 18- and 19-year-olds entering the workforce after spending more than six months on a benefit, or 16 to 19-year-olds in a recognised industry training course."
Acknowledgement: Scoop – NZ teens face $10.80 an hour youth wage rate
It is doubtful if National's Youth Rates will actually create new jobs. More likely, a drop in youth wages will simply create more 'churn' in employment/unemployment numbers.
As David Lowe, Employment Services Manager for the Employers and Manufacturers Association, inadvertently revealed,
"Without an incentive an employer with a choice between an experienced worker and an inexperienced worker will choose experience every time."
Acknowledgement: Scoop – Starting-out wage will help young people onto job ladder
So there's no new job for the younger worker – s/he is merely displacing an older worker. Which probably results in older workers joining the migration to Australia.
End result; a loss of skill and experience for New Zealand, and a gain for our Aussie cuzzies.
Note: the above figures relate to the adult Minimum wage at $13.75 an hour. At the time the above statements were written, the adult minimum wage was $13.50 an hour. National very generously raised it by 25 cents an hour, and will take effect on 1 April this year. (Low income earners would celebrate by popping the corks on a few bottles of Wairarapa 'champagne' – but 25 cents an hour doesn't quite cover it. Perhaps a bottle of fizzy will suffice.)
So what was the rationale for National to implement what, effectively, is a wage cut for 16-19 year olds?
Minister for [Cheap] Labour, Simon Bridges said on 21 March this year – and I reprint his statement in full;
Acknowledgement: Government statement – Starting-out wage available from 1 May
Nowhere in that statement does Bridges state – or even hint – that cutting the wages of 16 to 19 year olds will create one single new job.
Contrast that to Kate Wilkinson's statement on 18 July 2010, when National introduced the 90 Day Trial Employment Period,
"The Government is focused on growing a stronger economy and creating more jobs for New Zealand families," says Ms Wilkinson.
"There are a lot of people looking for work and the changes announced today will help boost employer confidence and encourage them to take on more staff."
"The evaluation showed that 40 percent of employers who had hired someone on a trial period said it was unlikely they would have taken on new employees without it.
Acknowledgement: Government statement – 90-Day Trial Period extended to all employers
Wilkinson assured the country that, in return for employees losing job protection for 90 days, that the counter-benefit would result in "stronger economy and creating more jobs for New Zealand families" .
So how did that work out?
Let's check the stats, shall we? From mid-2010 to the latest data for this year,
Acknowledgement: Trading Economics/Statistics NZ
From July 2010, unemployment rose to January 2011; dropped to July 2011; and then began an inexorable climb to 7.3%.
Even the drop to 6.9% [highlighted in the red box] in January 2013 is illusory, as Statistics NZ reported on Radio NZ,
The numbers officially out of work eased back from a 13-year high at the end of 2012.
But the fall in the unemployment rate was due to more leaving the workforce than new jobs being created.
The numbers of those deemed officially unable to find a job fell by 10,000 to 163,000 in the final three months, figures released by Statistics New Zealand on Thursday morning show.
As a result, the unemployment rate fell from 7.3% of the workforce to 6.9%.
The Household Labour Force Survey shows that employment fell by 23,000, led by there being more women out of work.
It was the third consecutive quarterly fall, taking those employed as a proportion of the workforce to a 10-year low.
The unemployment rate fell only because even more people gave up looking for work than lost jobs.
In all, 33,000 people dropped out of the workforce in the final three months of 2012 – the highest number to do so on record.
Acknowledgement: Radio NZ – Unemployment rate falls as more give up job hunt
If we add those missing 33,000 people to the number who are unemployed, the figures become jaw-droppingly ghastly,
Acknowledgement: Trading Economics/Statistics NZ
It's fairly obvious; the 90 Day Trial Period not only did not create new jobs – but unemployment has skyrocketed.
Quite clearly, there are other factors that create new jobs, and silly, ill-considered, simplistic, neo-liberal gimmicks do not contribute to the mix.
This blogger predicts that precisely the same will happen when youth rates are implemented on 1 April,
- No new jobs will be created
- Employment numbers will remain high
- Older workers will be displaced in favour of cheaper, younger workers
- New Zealanders will continue to migrate, en masse, to Australia, where jobs and wages have not been undermined by an ideologically-blinded government
Is reducing the wages bill for businesses really the best that Dear Leader can come up with? Because, really, the only thing that a new Youth Rates will do is transfer employment to cheaper workers and drag down wages with it.
This is not a plan for wage growth, it is a plan for a low-wage economy, with those New Zealanders who can, escaping to Australia.
Let's not forget that on 10 April, 2011, Bill English actually welcomed lower wages, on TVNZ's Q+A,
GUYON Can I talk about the real economy for people? They see the cost of living keep going up. They see wages really not- if not quite keeping pace with that, certainly not outstripping it much. I mean, you said at the weekend to the Australia New Zealand Leadership Forum that one of our advantages over Australia was that our wages were 30% cheaper. I mean, is that an advantage now?
BILL Well, it's a way of competing, isn't it? I mean, if we want to grow this economy, we need the capital – more capital per worker – and we're competing for people as well.
GUYON So it's part of our strategy to have wages 30% below Australia?
BILL Well, they are, and we need to get on with competing for Australia. So if you take an area like tourism, we are competing with Australia. We're trying to get Australians here instead of spending their tourist dollar in Australia.
GUYON But is it a good thing?
BILL Well, it is a good thing if we can attract the capital, and the fact is Australians- Australian companies should be looking at bringing activities to New Zealand because we are so much more competitive than most of the Australian economy.
GUYON So let's get this straight – it's a good thing for New Zealand that our wages are 30% below Australia?
BILL No, it's not a good thing, but it is a fact. We want to close that gap up, and one way to close that gap up is to compete, just like our sports teams are doing. This weekend we've had rugby league, netball, basketball teams, and rugby teams out there competing with Australia. That's lifting the standard. They're closing up the gap.
GUYON But you said it was an advantage, Minister.
BILL Well, at the moment, if I go to Australia and talk to Australians, I want to put to them a positive case for investment in New Zealand, because while we are saving more, we're not saving more fast enough to get the capital that we need to close the gap with Australia. So Australia already has 40 billion of investment in New Zealand. If we could attract more Australian companies, activities here, that would help us create the jobs and lift incomes.
Acknowledgement: TVNZ Q+A – Interview with Bill English
If the Nats think that the Australian government will sit idly by whilst Aussie businesses relocate to this country for cheaper wages, they are fooling themselves. Australia will retaliate in some way – and it won't be pleasant for us.
In last year's May budget, the Nats decided to tax the meagre wages of paper boys and girls (see: Budget 2012: 'Paper boy tax' on small earnings stuns Labour). Now Key and English are cutting their pay again.
If this is truly the best that the Right can come up with, then they are bankrupt of ideas.
New Zealanders should ponder one, simple question; is this what we really want for our country and our kids?
Meanwhile, we can add Key's pledge to raise wages to his growing record of other broken promises. It's turning into quite a list.
Previous related blogposts
John Key's track record on raising wages: 6. Youth Rates (11 Nov 2012)
Johnny's Report Card – National Standards Assessment – Employment/unemployment (9 Jan 2013)
Government statement: 90-Day Trial Period extended to all employers (18 July 2010)
NZ Herald: Budget 2012: 'Paper boy tax' on small earnings stuns Labour (25 May 2012)
NZ Herald: Minimum wage to increase by 25c (26 Feb 2013)
Government statement: Starting-out wage available from 1 May (21 March 2013)
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John Key's track record on raising wages – 6. Youth Rates
Continued from: John Key's track record on raising wages – 5. The Minimum Wage
6. Youth Rates
When Labour was elected into government in 1999, replacing the highly unpopular Shipley-led National administration, one of their first actions was to radically reform the Youth Rate,
- From 2001 to 2008 the adult minimum wage applied to employees aged 18 years and over. Prior to that, the adult minimum wage only applied to those aged 20 years and over.
- From 1 April 2008, the adult minimum wage applies to employees aged 16 years and over, who are not new entrants or trainees.
- The youth minimum wage applied to employees aged 16 and 17 years. From 1 April 2008, the youth minimum wage was replaced with a minimum wage for new entrants, which applies to some employees aged 16 or 17 years.
- The training minimum wage was introduced in June 2003.
See: Dept of Labour – Previous minimum wage rates
It did not appear to unduly impact on unemployment, which consistantly tracked downward in the 2000s, until the down-turn caused by the Global Financial Crisis began to impact on our economy, in 2007/08.
On 9 October, Labour Minister Kate Wilkinson announced that National intended to introduce a new Youth Rate, to take effect in April, next year. The rate would be set at $10.80 an hour – compared to the minimum rate of $13.50 an hour currently, and would include 16 to 19 year olds.
As Scoop.co.nz reported,
"That equates to $10.80 an hour, or $432 before tax for a 40-hour week. From April next year, the 'Starting Out Wage' will apply to 16- and 17-year-olds in the first six months of a job, to 18- and 19-year-olds entering the workforce after spending more than six months on a benefit, or 16 to 19-year-olds in a recognised industry training course."
See: NZ teens face $10.80 an hour youth wage rate
It is doubtful if National's Youth Rate will actually create new jobs. More likely, a drop in youth wages will simply create more 'churn' in employment/unemployment numbers.
As David Lowe, Employment Services Manager for the Employers and Manufacturers Association, inadvertently revealed,
"Without an incentive an employer with a choice between an experienced worker and an inexperienced worker will choose experience every time."
See: Starting-out wage will help young people onto job ladder
So there's no new job for the younger worker – s/he is merely displacing an older worker. Which probably results in older workers joining the migration to Australia.
End result; a loss of skill and experience for New Zealand, and a gain for our Aussie cuzzies.
Nice one, Mr Key. Remind us when you took on the role of staff recruiter for Australia?
On top of this, we have this bizarre rationale from Kim Campbell, CEO of the Employers and Manufacturers Association, who is arguing that young people should be paid less because they have less to pay for. I kid you not.
She said,
"Remember these people are not raising a family or running a household on this money –nobody expects them to – but it does give them some money to get started on."
Campbell's remark are offensive on several levels.
Firstly, National's intention to return to Youth Rates for 18 and 19 year olds, as well as 16 and 17 year olds, is simply unreasonable. These people are young adults, and those studying at polytech and University Students will soon be earning less, even while having to pay Student fees; course-costs; and living expenses like rent, food, power, and other financial committments.
Secondly, 18 and 19 year old are as able to have families as their older counterparts.
Thirdly, by what logic is it of Ms Campbell's business that "these people are not raising a family or running a household on this money"?! It's none of her damned business what 18 and 19 year olds spend their wages on.
Conversely, does that mean Ms Campbell will encourage companies to pay a higher, living wage,to those workers who do happen to have families?!
Yeah, right.
If National has a secret agenda to motivate more young people to head overseas, such a plan will succeed beyond their wildest dreams.
18 and 19 years olds – old enough to get married; old enough to get drunk; old enough to get killed in a warzone – but not old enough to be paid the same adult rate as a 20 year old?
National should take note; it's true that 16 and 17 year olds can't vote.
But 18 and 19 year olds can – and do. I bet they just can't wait to vote at the next election.
And precisely how does this raise wages, as per Dear Leader's promises?
Next chapter: 7. Part 6A – stripped away
In June last year Prime Minister John Key said the prospect of a new youth rate was unlikely,
"I don't think there's a high probability. Whether we'd actually bother embarking on that it's far too early to say."
Source: Govt reintroduces youth wage
Ten months and one election later, preparations are under way to legislate.
Is ten months "to early to say"?
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That was Then, This is Now #17
Previous Blog Post
That was Then, This is Now #16
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Welfare ain't broke – It's the Jobs that ain't there, John-boy!
Jobs, Welfare, & the Joys of a National "Government"
John Key, being empathetic,
" I have said before that I believe in the welfare state and that I will never turn my back on it. We should be proud to be a country that looks after its most vulnerable citizens. We should be proud to be a country that supports people when they can't find work, are ill, or aren't able to work. " – John Key, 30 January 2007
See: The Kiwi Way: A Fair Go For All
The promise of National policies on job creation…
"This is a budget that actually delivers that. Treasury say in the Budget, as a result of this platform on what we've delivered, 170,000 jobs created and 4% wage growth over the next three to four years." – John Key, 19 May 2011
See: Budget 2011: Govt predicts 170,000 new jobs
The economic reality of National's "leave it-to-market-forces" policies…
" New Zealand's unemployment rate unexpectedly rose to 6.7pc in the first quarter after the labour force swelled to a three-year high as more people started looking for work in what's been a tight jobs market. The kiwi dollar fell after the data was released.
The unemployment rate rose 0.3 percentage points to 6.7 per cent in the three months ended March 31, from a revised 6.4 per cent in the prior quarter, according to Statistics New Zealand's household labour force survey. That's higher than the 6.3 per cent forecast in a Reuters survey of economists. " – NZ Herald/Household Labourforce Survey, 3 May 2012
See: Unemployment rate lifts to 6.7pc
A minister forced to admit the bleedin' obvious,
"There's not a job for everyone that would want one right now, or else we wouldn't have the unemployment figures that we do." – Paula Bennett, 29 April 2012
See: TVNZ Q+A: Transcript of Paula Bennett interview
How National deals with a stagnant economy and growing unemployment; blame the beneficiaries,
"We will be introducing social obligations, so they will have to enrol their child in early childhood education and get well-checks at the doctor by enrolling with the local PHO. If you have kids, then you will lose 50 per cent of your benefit. That's the worst case scenario. We hope it doesn't get to that." – Paula Bennett, 27 July 2012
See: Hardline Key to rivals: Bring it on
After all, everyone (who votes National/ACT) knows that welfare beneficiaries – the unemployed, solo-mums, widows, invalids, etc – really run the country; hold the reigns of power; and create the policies that generate jobs.
John Key, not-so-empathetic,
" But it is also true that anyone on a benefit actually has a lifestyle choice. If one budgets properly, one can pay one's bills. And that is true because the bulk of New Zealanders on a benefit do actually pay for food, their rent and other things. Now some make poor choices and they don't have money left. " – John Key, 17 February 2011
See: Food parcel families made poor choices, says Key
National's view on unemployment,
" But as a country, we need to have a hard look at where the welfare system has got to. I don't think our welfare system today is what its architects had in mind. That's why National has a new approach to reduce long-term benefit dependency. " – John Key, 15 August 2011
See: Building a more effective welfare system
An unemployed person's view on unemployment,
" It's just so tough out there at the moment. I do have limited experience. I've only had one reply from my ads but a few people have rung about my sign on my fence. They think I'm offering work though … there is next to nothing going out there. " – Jeffrey Rollo, 4 August 2012
See: Rotorua's jobless at wits' end
Is this a welfare "problem" – or a lack-of-jobs problem? Who do you believe? John Key or Jeffrey Rollo?
Which begs the questions – will National's welfare "reforms" create jobs? Will it put Jeffrey Rollo into work?
Will youth rates help Jeffrey Rollo into work?
Will an employer hire Jeffrey Rollo at $13.50 an hour – or an 18 year old at $10.80 an hour?
Who get's a job that 150 other people will also be applying for?
The answers are fairly obvious.
Exporting jobs to places like China will not create jobs. We end up paying our own workers to rot on the unemployment scrapheap.
Welform "reforms" will not create jobs. Welfare is not "broke", and is operating as it should, saving people from starving to death.
Youth rates will not create jobs. It simply shifts the few remaining deck chairs around 'S.S. New Zealand'.
It is time to invest in jobs in our own country. Blindingly obvious, I would've thought.
Unfortunately, as events are now unfolding, it appears that we will have to wait for a change of government that will be job-creation-friendly.
The Household Labour Force Survey: September 2012 quarter will be released on 8 November.
= fs =
The betrayal of our young people
In 2007…
"Today, in the suburb where I grew up, I want to talk about what I consider to be an important part of The Kiwi Way. I want to talk about opportunity, and hope, and how we can bring these to some of the most struggling families and communities in New Zealand.
Part of The Kiwi Way is a belief in opportunity and in giving people a fair go.
As New Zealanders, we have grown up to believe in and cherish an egalitarian society. We like to think that our children's futures will be determined by their abilities, their motivation and their hard work. They will not be dictated by the size of their parent's bank balance or the suburb they were born in.
We want all kids to have a genuine opportunity to use their talents and to get rewarded for their efforts. That's The Kiwi Way, and I believe in it. After all, I was one of the many kids who benefited from it…
… You might ask "where will the money come from?"
The fact is we are already spending millions of dollars for Wellington bureaucrats to write strategies and to dream up and run their own schemes. I want more of those dollars spent on programmes that work, regardless of who thinks them up and who runs them."
Unemployment rate December 2007:
77,000 (3.4%)
In 2008…
"The National Party has an economic plan that will build the foundations for a better future.
- We will focus on lifting medium-term economic performance and managing taxpayers' money effectively.
- We will be unrelenting in our quest to lift our economic growth rate and raise wage rates.
- We will cut taxes, not just in election year, but in a regular programme of ongoing tax cuts.
- We will invest in the infrastructure this country needs for productivity growth.
- We will be more careful with how we spend the cash in the public purse, monitoring not just the quantity but also the quality of government spending.
- We will concentrate on equipping young New Zealanders with the education they need for a 21st century global economy.
- We will reduce the burden of compliance and bureaucracy, and we will say goodbye to the blind ideology that locks the private sector out of too many parts of our economy.
- And we will do all of this while improving the public services that Kiwis have a right to expect. "
In 2010…
"90-Day Trial Period extended to all employers
The 90-day trial period is to be extended to enable all employers and new employees to have the chance to benefit from it, says Minister of Labour Kate Wilkinson.
The extension is among planned changes to the Employment Relations Act 2000 that Prime Minister John Key announced today in a speech to the National Party Conference.
"The Government is focused on growing a stronger economy and creating more jobs for New Zealand families."
"There are a lot of people looking for work and the changes announced today will help boost employer confidence and encourage them to take on more staff…."
… "Trial periods were introduced to encourage employers to take on new staff and I'm pleased to see this is occurring"."
– Kate Wilkinson, Minister of Labour, 18 July, 2010
In 2012…
Household Labour Force Survey: June 2012 quarter
Unemployment: 162,000 (6.8%)
"New youth pay rates kicking in
The Government will re-introduce a a youth pay rate which will see 16-to-19-year-olds making a minimum $10.80 per hour.
The new pay rate, to be called the 'starting-out wage', will not be compulsory but 40,000 teens will be eligible.
It will kicks in on April 1 next year and the Government estimates it will create up to 2000 youth jobs in the first two years.
The starting-out wage will be set at 80 per cent of the adult minimum wage, which is currently $13.50 per hour.
It will apply for six months after starting with a new employer. The move was National Party policy ahead of the election last November."
The above facts and stats tell a grim story.
The prologue to this story are the high expectations which John Key presented to the people of New Zealand in 2007 and 2008.
In 2007, Key spoke of "opportunity, and hope, and how we can bring these to some of the most struggling families and communities in New Zealand ".
In 2008, Key pledged that "we will be unrelenting in our quest to lift our economic growth rate and raise wage rates."
Four years later;
- unemployment is on the rise again,
- the 90 Trial Employment Period has failed to generate new jobs,
- National's promise of 170,000 new jobs – made at the election last year – has failed to kick-start,
- the exodus to Australia is increasing, with a net loss of almost 40,000 people over the past year,
- thousands of redundancies have added to our unemployment
National's latest 'offering'? To cut the minimum wage for 16 to 19 year olds.
The logic of this policy – planned to start on 1 April 2013 – defies comprehension. In fact, the only way it can be understood is that National is utterly desperate.
New employment figures are due out on 4 November from Statistics NZ, and this blogger predicts that unemployment will rise from 6.8% (currently) to 6.9% or even 7%.
Quite simply, none of National's policies have worked.
Even Key's promise to raise wages has been an abject failure, sending thousands of kiwis to Australia and further afield, in search of jobs.
National's plan to cut the wages of young New Zealanders is similar to their cynical ploy to depict welfare beneficiaries as lazy, drug-users, criminals, etc.
Instead, they are targetting 16 and 17 year olds – who have no vote – and have no voice in Parliament.
And they are targetting 18 and 19 year olds – who are adult enough to drink, get married, and go to fight in wars overseas – but will not be paid an adult's wage.
National claims that the new youth rates will create 2,000 new jobs. Aside from mocking this figure as a gigantic step down from the 170,000 "new jobs" promised last year – it is more likely that those 2,000 jobs will simply displace older workers.
In doing so, the employment of young people on lower pay will simply mean,
- Less money spent by young people on services and consumer goods,
- Young people unable to support themselves fully
- A new motivation to send more New Zealanders overseas
- New Zealand becoming a low wage economy of the South Pacific
How can a young New Zealander survive on $432 a week – less tax?!
It wasn't too long ago that Bill English admitted on TVNZ's Q+A, on 6 November 2011, that it was almost impossible to live on the full minimum wage ($13.50/hr),
"GUYON: Okay, can we move backwards in people's working lives from retirement to work and to wages? Mr English, is $13 an hour enough to live on?
BILL: People can live on that for a short time, and that's why it's important that they have a sense of opportunity. It's like being on a benefit.
GUYON: What do you mean for a short time?
BILL: Well, a long time on the minimum wage is pretty damn tough, although our families get Working for Families and guaranteed family income, so families are in a reasonable position." Source
If it's " pretty damn tough " to live on $13 or $13.50 an hour – what on Earth must it be like to try to survive on $10.80 per hour?
And how does our smile & wave (and forgetful) Dear Leader reconcile slashing the minimum wage by his promises to raise wages?
Specifically, these promises,
"We will be unrelenting in our quest to lift our economic growth rate and raise wage rates." – John Key, 29 January 2008
"We want to make New Zealand an attractive place for our children and grandchildren to live – including those who are currently living in Australia, the UK, or elsewhere. To stem that flow so we must ensure Kiwis can receive competitive after-tax wages in New Zealand." – John Key, 6 September 2008
"We will also continue our work to increase the incomes New Zealanders earn. That is a fundamental objective of our plan to build a stronger economy." – John Key, 8 February 2011
"The driving goal of my Government is to build a more competitive and internationally-focused economy with less debt, more jobs and higher incomes." – John Key, 21 December 2011
By now, more and more New Zealanders are waking up to one simple reality; National cannot lead this country to prosperity or anything remotely resembling it. Their policies for growth seem predicated on,
- cutting wages
- asset sales
- bullying and demonising beneficiaries
- planning dangerous and unsound deep-sea drilling of the East Coast of the Nth Island
- mining in conservation lands
It is the height of desperation and bloody-mindedness that National's major policy of job-creation relies on cutting wages as some kind of "bribe" for employers.
It is the depth of stupidity that will see young people on $10.80 displacing older workers, as employers cut costs in order to maximise their profits – especially as consumer spending is dropping. (See: Electronic card spending drops in September)
It is this sense of sheer miserly selfishness that resulted in,
- tax cuts in 2009 and 2010 which benefitted the richest in this country
- abolishing tax credits for children, so they were now taxed on their megre earnings from jobs such as paper-delivery
Is this, then, an act of desperation from John Key and his inept "government"?
You better believe it is. And things are about to get a whole lot worse as National turns this country into a low-wage economy, making us the 'Mexico' of the South Pacific.
My message to New Zealand is two-fold;
Voters: if you want more of this incompetant government that takes money from our young people, whilst cutting taxes for the richest – vote National.
For those foolish people who vote National: enjoy your life here in New Zealand. Do not follow us to Australia.
Labour Party: pull your finger out. It is high time you started firing on all cylinders and presented this country with an alternative vision and road.
Now's good.
Radio NZ: Listen to report on Checkpoint
Radio NZ: Listen to Checkpoint interview with Phil O'Reilly (Business NZ)
Radio NZ: Listen to Peter Conway on Checkpoint (CTU)
Radio NZ: New teenage workers' pay rate set
Fairfax media: New youth pay rates kicking in
Fairfax media: Division over 'starter' wage
Other Blogs
The Jackal: National determined to increase exodus
No Right Turn: The return of youth rates
= fs =
For a better New Zealand…
~ Cleaner rivers
~ No deep-sea oil drilling
~ Action on climate change
~ Less on Roads – more on Rail
~ A Living wage at $21.15/hr
~ Marriage equality – TICK!
~ Strong, effective Unions
~ No secret free-trade deals
~ Breakfast/lunches in our schools
~ Introducing Civics into our school curriculum
~ Cut back on the liquor industry
~ A fairer, progressive tax system
~ Fully funded, free healthcare
~ Ditto for education, including Tertiary
~ Fund Pharmac for Pompe's Disease medication & other 'orphan' drugs
~ No state asset sales!
~ Rebuild public TV broadcasting!
~ Keeping farms in local ownership
~ Reduce poverty, like we reduced the toll for road-fatalities
~ State housing for life
~ Meaningful work for all who want it!
~ Stronger communities
~ LGBTQI inclusiveness. Trans rights are human rights
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- The Abigail Article; Martyn Bradbury's Article, and My Response
- National and petrol taxes – when journalists gets it right
- Judith Collins – Foot in Mouth Award? Or something more sinister?
- Recycling – National Party style. Something embarrassing about Mr Bridges conference speech uncovered
- Back to the Future Past with Paul Goldsmith
- My Universe just lost one of its brightest stars…
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- A shameful response to Turkey's generosity at Gallipoli
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- The Christchurch Attack: is the stage is set for a continuing domino of death?
- Anti-trans activists fudge OIA statement – Report
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The first result of the browser privacy trend is a growing difference between how the browser treats third-party data collection that happens when the user chooses to use information from one site on another site, and data collection that happens when a site or service, without an action from the user, tries to get at information about the user's actions from one site while they're using another site.
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This is not perfectly implemented right now, but that's the direction Safari, Firefox, and now Microsoft Edge are going. We now have the same kind of rough consensus on user expectations about tracking that we developed pretty early on in the email spam situation, based on hearing from users about their expectatations. (Why browsers took so long to listen to people about what they find creepy is another story.)
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For sites, what this means is that SSO and reg walls are relatively safe. If the user experience is "Sign in with (identity provider brand)" and there is a button the user has to click the first time they go to the site, that identity system should keep working. After all, the person knows that they're using it, and clicked the logo of the provider they "sign in with."
If the user doesn't see the way that multiple sites are are trying to use the same identity info, then that flow of data across sites is likely to get blocked, whatever the technical implementation is.
Could be good for the relative market power of sites that people trust more, if it turns out that people are more willing to "sign in with" (and obviously share info about themselves) on their trusted sites than on a random site that their uncle sent them a link to.
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Anti-aging eye cream for all skin types
Eucerin Hyaluron-Filler Eye SPF 15 targets the first signs of aging such as 'crow's feet' wrinkling in the delicate eye area. It noticeably plumps up fine lines and even the deepest wrinkles for a rejuvenated look and protects skin from the premature aging caused by sun damage.
Eucerin's unique blend of high and low molecular Hyaluronic Acid and Glycine Saponin delivers a targeted approach to visibly plumping even deep wrinkles. High molecular Hyaluronic Acid improves hydration and smooths the outermost layers of skin while low molecular Hyaluronic Acid, which is 40 times smaller1, penetrates further into the epidermal skin layers where deeper wrinkles originate. Glycine Saponin supports Hyaluronic Acid production in the dermal layer where the deepest wrinkles are formed.
And, with SPF 15 and UVA protection, Eucerin Hyaluron-Filler Eye helps to prevent photoaging (premature skin aging caused by the sun) and the deepening of wrinkles in the eye area.
1. Compared to the high molecular Hyaluronic Acid also used in the formula.
Clinical and dermatological studies
Clinical and dermatological studies prove very good efficacy and skin tolerability.
A Product in Use (PIU) study2 was conducted with 126 women, of whom 50% where aged between 30 and 39. The following results were reported after four weeks of use:
85%: slows down the development and appearance of wrinkles
87%: prevents the formation of fine lines and wrinkles
90%: an ideal make-up base
How To use :
- Apply in the morning and evening onto a well-cleansed face, neck and décolleté
- Dot a pea-sized amount underneath and around your eyes.
- Gently massage into skin with your fingertips
- Avoid direct contact with eyes
For best results, use in combination with Hyaluron-Filler Day Cream SPF15, Hyaluron-Filler Night Cream and Hyaluron-Filler Concentrate
Additional Information


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Sarah Cate is a Customer Success Specialist at Expert Institute. Prior to joining Expert Institute, Sarah Cate worked as a congressional intern in Washington D.C. and a geochemistry research assistant at Washington and Lee University. Most recently, Sarah Cate served as a paralegal for a law firm assisting associate attorneys with case research.
Sarah Cate received her bachelor's degree in international politics and environmental studies from Washington and Lee University.


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Africa centered fintech startup OPay has raised a $120 million Collection B spherical backed by Chinese language traders.
Situated in Lagos and based by shopper web firm Opera, OPay will use the funds to scale in Nigeria and develop its funds product to Kenya, Ghana and South Africa — Opera's CFO Frode Jacobsen confirmed to TechCrunch.
Collection B traders included Meituan-Dianping, GaoRong, Supply Code Capital, Softbank Asia, BAI, Redpoint, IDG Capital, Sequoia China and GSR Ventures.
OPay's $120 million spherical comes after the startup raised $50 million in June.
It additionally follows Visa's $200 million funding in Nigerian fintech firm Interswitch and a $40 million increase by Lagos primarily based funds startup PalmPay — led by China's Transsion.
There are a pair fast takeaways. Nigeria has turn into the epicenter for fintech VC and enlargement in Africa. And Chinese language traders have made an unmistakable pivot to African tech.
Opera's exercise on the continent represents each developments. The Norway primarily based, Chinese language (majority) owned firm based OPay in 2018 on the recognition of its web search engine.
Opera's web-browser has ranked No. 2 in utilization in Africa, after Chrome, the final 4 years.
The corporate has constructed a hefty suite of internet-based business merchandise in Nigeria round OPay's monetary utility. These embrace bike ride-hail app ORide, OFood supply service, and OLeads SME advertising and promoting vertical.
"Opay will facilitate the individuals in Nigeria, Ghana, South Africa, Kenya and different African international locations with the perfect fintech ecosystem. We see ourselves as a key contributor to…serving to native companies…thrive from…digital enterprise fashions," Opera CEO and OPay Chairman Yahui Zhou, mentioned in a press release.
Opera CFO Frode Jacobsen shed extra gentle on how OPay will deploy the $120 million throughout Opera's Africa community. OPay seems to be to seize quantity round invoice funds and airtime purchases, however not essentially as precedence. "That's not one thing you do ever day. We wish to focus our companies on issues which have high-frequency utilization," mentioned Jacobsen.
These embrace transportation companies, meals companies, and different kinds of every day actions, he defined. Jacobsen additionally famous OPay will use the $120 million to enter extra international locations in Africa than these disclosed.
Since its Collection A increase, OPay in Nigeria has scaled to 140,000 lively brokers and $10 million in every day transaction quantity, in accordance with firm stats.
Past standing out as one other big funding spherical, OPay's $120 million VC increase has significance for Africa's tech ecosystem on a number of ranges.
It marks 2019 because the 12 months Chinese language traders went all in on the continent's startup scene. OPay, PalmPay, and East African trucking logistics firm Lori Programs have raised a mixed $240 million from 15 totally different Chinese language actors in a span of months.
OPay's funding and enlargement plans are additionally harbinger for fierce, cross-border fintech competitors in Africa's digital finance house. Parallel occasions to observe for embrace Interswitch's imminent IPO, e-commerce enterprise Jumia's shift to digital finance, and WhatsApp's seemingly entry in African funds.
The continent's 1.2 billion individuals characterize the biggest share of the world's unbanked and underbanked inhabitants — which makes fintech Africa's most promising digital sector. But it surely's changing into a notably crowded sector the place startup attrition and failure will definitely come into play.
And to not be missed is how OPay's capital increase strikes Opera towards changing into a multi-service business web platform in Africa.
This locations OPay and its Opera-supported suite of merchandise on a aggressive footing with different ride-hail, meals supply and funds startups throughout the continent. Meaning inevitable competitors between Opera and Africa's largest multi-service web firm, Jumia.


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You can now play Tiny Dino World: Return for PC on a desktop/laptop running Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10 and MacOS/OS X. This can easily be done with the help of BlueStacks or Andy OS Android emulator.
Tiny Dino World has return! The dino riders have assembled!
●Pixel art
Pixel style dinosaur! Experience being a chief of the village is what is all about.
●Realistic dinosaur sound effects and animation
More than 200 dinosaurs at your command with realistic animation and sound ef-fects!
●A huge variety of strategies at your disposal
Construct a wide variety of buildings to defend yourself from invasions or command mighty dinosaurs to invade other villages and crush their totems!
●Fight together with your warriors and dino
Customise your own fighting squad with tons of dinos and warriors at your disposal.
●Manage your village
Manage your villagers to the right job, help create a strong and economical home for your villagers to live in.
Upgrade and evolve your dino forces, fight for the highest glory.
How to download and run Tiny Dino World: Return on your PC and Mac
Tiny Dino World: Return For PC can be easily installed and used on a desktop computer or laptop running Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10 and a Macbook, iMac running Mac OS X. This will be done using an Android emulator. To install Tiny Dino World: Return For PC, we will use BlueStacks app player. The method listed below is set to help you get Tiny Dino World: Return For PC. Go ahead and get it done now.
More Details
Download Links For Tiny Dino World: Return:
Download: Bluestacks Android Emulator
Download: Tiny Dino World: Return (Play Store)
More From Us: Titanfall: Assault For PC / Windows 7/8/10 / Mac – Free Download
Step to Step Guide / Tiny Dino World: Return For PC:
- As you have Downloaded and Installed Bluestacks Emulator, from Links which are provided above.
- Now, After the installation, configure it and add your Google account.
- Once everything is done, just open the Market in Play Store and Search for the 'Tiny Dino World: Return'.
- Tap the first result and tap install.
- Once the installation is over, Tap the App icon in Menu to start playing.
- That's all Enjoy!
Also Read: Pregnancy Calendar and Tracker For PC / Windows 7/8/10 / Mac – Free Download
That would be all from our side. In case you have got any queries or you have any issue following the guide, do let me know by leaving your thoughts in the comments section below.


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Hi and welcome back to part 2 of the series "Polymers in Ophthalmology". This time, I'll be talking about Lenses, Prostheses and other Medical Devices. If you missed part 1, you can find my post about Viscoelastic & Drug Delivery Formulations here.
Polymers in Ophthalmology (Part 1)
Let's talk about polymers in ophthalmology. It's no secret that I'm fascinated by the various applications of polymers. I have also spent the last couple of years developing polymer-based formulations for back of the eye drug delivery for my PhD. Now, I was curious to find out where else polymer materials are used in and around the eye. I started with a quick search that turned into a week of reading, because it seems, polymers and eyes go really well together. To cover all the clinical applications (that I found), I decided to split this post into several parts. Here is part 1 dealing with Viscoelastic & Drug Delivery Formulations.
What (else) are polymers?
When they hear about polymers, most people think about plastics. Seemingly every grocery product is nowadays wrapped in a plastic foil, filled in a plastic bottle, or carried home using a plastic bag, and there is a growing awareness among consumers and government agencies of the environmental impact of plastics use.[1,2] Hence, it is understandable that many people have become wary of plastics, but I'm here to tell you that polymers come in many different shapes and sizes and can do much more than just litter the landscape.


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- n. A pact.
- n. A bundle made up and prepared to be carried; especially, a bundle to be carried on the back; a load for an animal; a bale, as of goods.
- n. A number or quantity equal to the contents of a pack; hence, a multitude; a burden.
- n. A number or quantity of connected or similar things
- n. A full set of playing cards; also, the assortment used in a particular game; as, a euchre pack.
- n. A number of hounds or dogs, hunting or kept together.
- n. A number of persons associated or leagued in a bad design or practice; a gang; as, a pack of thieves or knaves.
- n. A shook of cask staves.
- n. A bundle of sheet-iron plates for rolling simultaneously.
- n. A large area of floating pieces of ice driven together more or less closely.
- n. An envelope, or wrapping, of sheets used in hydropathic practice, called dry pack, wet pack, cold pack, etc., according to the method of treatment.
- n. A loose, lewd, or worthless person. See Baggage.
- n. To make a pack of; to arrange closely and securely in a pack; hence, to place and arrange compactly as in a pack; to press into close order or narrow compass; as to pack goods in a box; to pack fish.
- n. To fill in the manner of a pack, that is, compactly and securely, as for transportation; hence, to fill closely or to repletion; to stow away within; to cause to be full; to crowd into; as, to pack a trunk; the play, or the audience, packs the theater.
- n. To sort and arrange (the cards) in a pack so as to secure the game unfairly.
- n. Hence: To bring together or make up unfairly and fraudulently, in order to secure a certain result; as, to pack a jury or a causes.
- n. To contrive unfairly or fraudulently; to plot.
- n. To load with a pack; hence, to load; to encumber; as, to pack a horse.
- n. To cause to go; to send away with baggage or belongings; esp., to send away peremptorily or suddenly; -- sometimes with off; as, to pack a boy off to school.
- n. To transport in a pack, or in the manner of a pack (i. e., on the backs of men or beasts).
- n. To envelop in a wet or dry sheet, within numerous coverings. See Pack, n., 5.
- n. To render impervious, as by filling or surrounding with suitable material, or to fit or adjust so as to move without giving passage to air, water, or steam; as, to pack a joint; to pack the piston of a steam engine.
- v. i. To make up packs, bales, or bundles; to stow articles securely for transportation.
- v. i. To admit of stowage, or of making up for transportation or storage; to become compressed or to settle together, so as to form a compact mass; as, the goods pack conveniently; wet snow packs well.
- v. i. To gather in flocks or schools; as, the grouse or the perch begin to pack.
- v. i. To depart in haste; -- generally with off or away.
- v. i. To unite in bad measures; to confederate for ill purposes; to join in collusion.
More About packPosition in dictionary: 70187 of 111710 words.
Word Type: n., n., n., n., n., n., n., n., n., n., n., n., n., n., n., n., n., n., n., n., n., n., v. i., v. i., v. i., v. i., v. i.,
Words that start with "pack": 17
Words that end with "pack": 9
Words that contain "pack": 28
Next words in dictionary: pack herse, pack saddle, pack thread, package, packed
Previous words in dictionary: pacinian, pacing, pacifying, pacify, pacified


text:
Official eBook store and app for Manga & Light Novel fans.
In this conclusion to the second cycle, Kim, Inge, Mai Lan and Hector have been camping for weeks in the wilds of Betelgeuse's canyons, waiting for Hector's ankle to heal. As they get ready to head back to the settlement, unaware that Alexa and Mark have finally reached the planet and made contact with the colonists, the mantris sends Kim an invitation! What follows is an extraordinary encounter that will decide the future of Betelgeuse and change the course of Kim's life forever.
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|April 20, 2018 (12:00 AM) PT / April 20, 2018 (04:00 PM) JST
|Page count
|51pages (*note)
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Home › Forums › MekAcademy Research and Development › reverse phone montreal
This topic contains 92 replies, has 1 voice, and was last updated by ultra boost 4 months, 2 weeks ago.
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What is Carbopol?
Carbopol polymers are polymers of acrylic acerbic cross-linked with polyalkenyl ethers or divinyl glycol. The readily water-swellable Carbopol polymers are acclimated in a assorted ambit of biologic applications. Carbopol polymers activity constant achievement over a advanced ambit of adapted parameters.
Although Carbopol polymers accept enjoyed success in controlled-release solid dosage formulations back the 1960s, the amount of companies developing and commercializing controlled-release tablets application Carbopol polymers has added decidedly in contempo years. In essence, Carbopol is a time-release abettor added to prohormone compounds in adjustment to absolution the prohormones over a best aeon of time. This abiding absolution activity mimics the body's own assembly of hormones, which improves ability and absorption.
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text: RAPPORT The Future of Cybersecurity in Internal Audit A joint research report by IAF and Crowe Horwath Instituut van Internal Auditors 22 maart 2018 Over the course of just a few years, cybersecurity has grown into one of the most significant risk management challenges facing virtually every type of organization. Is the internal audit function keeping pace with this rapidly changing area of risk? This report examines this question and, based on a survey of internal audit and cybersecurity professionals, offers some observations on how internal audit departments are adapting in order to address cybersecurity risks. A decade ago, the internal audit function evolved and adapted to the increasingly important role that information technology (IT) was playing in all aspects of business operations. Today, internal audit faces the need to adapt once again to address the critical risks associated with cybersecurity. Recognizing this need, the Internal Audit Foundation and Crowe Horwath, in collaboration with The Institute of Internal Auditors' (IIA's) Audit Executive Center, conducted a limited survey of IIA members in order to understand how internal audit has begun to adapt to this new risk landscape. This report offers a summary of key findings from that research and provides insights into some current internal audit and cybersecurity policies and practices. In addition, the report's authors draw on industry experience and observation based on their working relationships with internal audit functions across a broad range of industries. The survey respondents represented organizations of various sizes in a variety of industries. Their positions and job titles covered the full range of relevant responsibilities including chief audit executives (CAEs), audit directors, senior managers, managers, and internal audit staff. Their responses provide insights into the future role of internal audit in dealing with cybersecurity issues and illuminate several important areas of concern. Download The Future of Cybersecurity in Internal Audit Naar dit rapport >


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|The following private chefs are approved/authorized to prepare & serve food on site. Each of them has received rave reviews from our clients and knows the
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