text:
Risk (Paperback)
A Novel
Picador, 9780312428938, 192pp.
Publication Date: September 29, 2009
Other Editions of This Title:
Hardcover, Large Print (3/1/2010)
An honest lawyer, a Czech hand model, and a box of mysterious Christmas ornaments--each plays a part in Colin Harrison's compelling new intrigue
George Young never thought of himself as a detective, but that's pretty much his vocation--an attorney at a top insurance firm, it's his job to pin down suspicious claims. But Mrs. Corbett, the rich, eccentric wife of the firm's founder, has it in mind to put George's skills to a peculiar assignment. With only a few months left to live, her one desire is to know the true circumstance of her son Roger's violent death. George's investigation leads him to Roger's mistress, a cagey Czech hand model named Eliska, who can cast a seductive spell simply by removing her gloves.
Did Eliska's motives for latching on to Roger get him killed? Or did some of her shadowy and dangerous little friends take care of the job? And why were there boxes and boxes of Christmas ornaments in the dead man's apartment? George will have to take a few chances of his own if he wants to get to the bottom of Roger's death for Mrs. Corbett.
Set against a volatile and vividly drawn Manhattan, Risk is prime Colin Harrison.
About the Author
Praise For Risk: A Novel…
"Colin Harrison's urbane thriller, which tops out at 176 diverting pages, [is] long enough to satisfy, short enough not to overstay its welcome…. Harrison is a most captivating (as well as economical) writer. Set amid the turmoil of Manhattan, whose unique ambiance he captures skillfully, Harrison weaves an unpredictable tale of urban crime in which homicide and humor blend and whose worth is measured by quality not quantity." —Robert Wade, The San Diego Union Tribune
"Colin Harrison writes sophisticated novels set in New York. They earn excellent reviews but aren't as well known as they should be…. Harrison views New York with a cool but compassionate eye. What distinguishes RISK is not its plot--investigation, danger, resolution--but the people, the digressions, the details along the way…. As crime fiction goes, [RISK is] a small gem." —Patrick Anderson, The Washington Post
"[A] slim, satisfying crime novel…. [Harrison] seems to be making fun both of his own New York fetish and of detective parodies like Garrison Keillor's "Guy Noir," all the while sustaining the momentum of his story….. [a] book that will resonate with many successful urban men. The message is clear: marry wisely, then count your blessings and never leave New York." —Amy Finnerty, The New York Times Book Review
"[An] entertaining urban noir…. the colorful narrative voice will leave many readers wishing for more." —Publishers Weekly
"Harrison's latest (following The Finder) looks at postfinancial meltdown, post-Bernie Madoff Manhattan and not surprisingly delivers a reflective, elegiac tale. Serialization in the New York Times Magazine insures there are enough cliff-hangers to hold the attention of fans as well as new readers." —Library Journal
"Harrison's fleet seventh novel…. If this fast-paced, surprisingly reflective yarn doesn't measure up to Harrison's more ambitious thrillers (The Finder, 2007, etc.), it's well worth its price and length." —Kirkus
"In this latest thriller, Harrison (The Havana Room, 2004) puts the pedal to the metal and doesn't let up…. Harrison delivers a crime novel as gritty and electric as New York City itself." —Booklist
"If you missed Harrison's delightful thriller when it ran as a serial in the New York Times Magazine last year, forget about it. This new paperback edition is sharper, longer and much more fun to read." —Dick Adler, Barnes and Noble Review
"As an intriguing mystery about families, the power of money, and the insidious risks of living in a volatile post-modern world, Colin Harrison's seventh novel Risk is a sophisticated literary mystery that is sleek, stylish, and surprising," —Bookloons.com
"This is the territory of high finance, and the author casts a bright light on the upper echelons of the business environment…. a thoughtful and rewarding character study." —CurledUp.com
"A chilling, high-speed roller coaster of a ride that doubles as a sardonic sightseeing tour of the seamier side of New York City." —The New York Times on The Finder
"Harrison writes like Rambo on meth and throws in enough black humor to prove he's more brains than brawn. . . . The Finder is a keeper." —USA Today on The Finder
"A great read, an elegantly crafted thriller you won't want to put down." —The Washington Post on The Havana Room
"As sharp and insidery as a Tom Wolfe opus, with the giddyup pacing of an airport-rack paperback." —Men's Journal on The Havana Room
"Extraordinary . . . We're so in [the characters'] heads, so privy to their yearnings, their fears, that we practically become them. . . . A masterpiece." —The Washington Post on Afterburn
"One hell of a thriller. . . Colin Harrison's smart, jagged suspense novels are nonpareil." —The Oregonian on Afterburn


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In short, to superfat a soap recipe means to add extra oil that will not react with the lye to create soap.
Soapmaking is a scientific process which involves a few mathematical equations. Each oil has its own saponification (SAP) value. This is the amount of lye it takes to turn an amount of oil into an equal amount of soap. SAP values for most soapmaking oils can easily be found online.
For cold process soap, the mathematical formula looks like this:
(oil amount) x (SAP value) = lye amount needed.
(10 oz. palm oil) x (.141) = 1.41 oz. lye.
This means that it takes 1.41 ounces of lye to turn 10 ounces of palm oil into soap.
Using the exact amount of oils and lye you need for 100% saponification with nothing left over is a 0% superfat. You may want to have some leftover oil in your soap that isn't saponified by the lye. These oil molecules are dispersed throughout the soap, in between the soap molecules. When you use a superfatted soap, your skin is being cleaned by the soap while also being moisturized and conditioned by the left over superfat oils.
5% is a commonly used superfat percentage, but it can range from 1-20%. 5% is a good starting point to create a bar of soap that keeps its cleaning power and is kind to the skin. Superfatting to a higher percentage may create a softer bar of soap or inhibit lather. Make sure you know the properties of your chosen oils and make test batches to find the perfect superfat amount for your recipe.
To superfat your soap to 5% you would simply add 5% MORE oil than is needed for your recipe. Using the same example as above we can calculate a superfatted recipe.
10 ounces of palm oil requires 1.41 ounces of lye to completely saponify. You would simply increase the oil amount by 5%.
(10 oz palm oil) x (1.05) = 10.50 ounces palm oil
Superfatting is a great way to take your cold process soap to the next level.]]>
Theophrastus Bombastus Philippus Aureolus von Hohenheim
He chose the name "Paracelcus" for himself. Meaning that which is "equal to or greater than Celsus". Celcus was Aulus Cornelius Clecus, a First Century Roman who was known for his tract on medicine
The art of distillation was brought to us by early Alchemists. The pre- European Alchemists worked under Greek Egyptian culture and pre-Islamic Middle East cultures. Men and women both worked as Alchemists. One of the most famous female Alchemist was Maria the Jewess. Maria worked with Alchemists in Ptolemaic Egypt. She is responsible for the creation of the double boiler, and for components used by early distillers for condensing steam for the separation of hydrosols and essential oils. Maria was rejected by European Alchemists firstly because she was a woman, and secondly because she was Jewish. Her memory was brought to us by the Greek writer Zosimos of Panopolis. Maria is credited with the creation of: the "tribikos", the "kerotakis" and the "bain Marie". These creations are still used today by Alchemists and Chemists.
The aim of the Alchemists was to separate components of materials; plants and metals into what was believed to be their basic components. Once separated, the basic elements derived were recombined to create things which did not exist in nature.
The goal of distillation is to separate the "essence" of a plant called "Sulfur" by the Alchemists from the corporeal body of the plant. Once the essence was separated and captured, the plant material after distillation was placed into a crucible. This second action burned the fibrous material and revealed the minerals that were present in the plants.
One of the earliest forms of distillation was both creative and simple. Plants were added to a pot of water. The top of the pot was covered with a crossing of twigs. On top of the twigs were layers of fatty wool. When the water was boiled, the essential oils would evaporate from the plant and be captured in the fatty wool. This did not yield a pure essential oil, but it did indeed capture the essence of the plant.
Early distillation equipment was made out of clay which needed to withstand the heat of fire and the temperature of boiling water. Copper was also used for distillation equipment. Copper is soft and malleable, it can be hammered and shaped as desired. Copper is also excellent at heat transference and temperature uniformity within the distillation unit.
The distillation of plants is effective because essential oils are volatile. Essential oils evaporate with heat at lower temperatures than that which water boils.
Essential oils are found in many parts of plants. They can be found in leaves, flowers, seeds, stems and roots.
The leaves of Eucalyptus, Thuja, Cinnamon and Clove are distilled. Ylang ylang, Cananga, Bitter Orange, Damasc Roses produce aromatic flowers which can be distilled. The seeds of the Allspice, Cherry, Nutmeg and Clove are distilled. The bark of the Cinnamon tree produces an essential oil. The heartwood of Sandalwood and Cedarwood Virginia is distilled. Roots of Vetivert, Sandalwood, Jatamansi and Juniper are distilled for their essential oil.
There are three basic types of distillation for essential oils:
Hydrodistillation, Water/Steam Distillation, and Steam Distillation.
Light some candles, dim the lights and sink into warm water with this DIY fizzy bath recipe while thinking upon your intentions for the new year. Breathe in and out, absorbing the aroma of the essential oils as they put your mind at ease and prepare for the goals you have set for yourself.
The holidays are a magical time full of joy, laughter, family...oh, AND STRESS! This can be a really tough season for us. Traveling, buying gifts, cooking, huge to-do lists… it really piles up and fast. We understand and that's why we've created this list of essential oil diffuser blends to help you get through this season with a little more joy and a lot less dread.
Essential oils are well known for their incredible aromatherapy benefits. Simply diffusing certain essential oils can help ease mental and sometimes even physical ailments.
Perfect after a long day of shopping and prepping. Take a nice warm bath then hop into bed with this blend diffusing and sink into a relaxing sleep.
- 3 drops of Lavender essential oil
- 3 drops of Frankincense essential oil
- 2 drops of Bergamot essential oil
This blend will not only give you the energy you need to keep going, but it will also help you feel a lot more balanced and ready to tackle a big family crowd.
- 3 drops of Clary Sage essential oil
- 2 drops of Cedarwood essential oil
- 2 drops of Lavender essential oil
- 1 drop of Lemon essential oil
Holidays can often cause a lot of anxiety and depression. The oils here are meant to uplift your spirit and make you feel more at ease.
- 3 drops of Grapefruit essential oil
- 2 drops of Juniper Berry essential oil
- 2 drops of Frankincense essential oil
- 2 drops of Lime essential oil
Nothing makes the holiday season worse than catching a cold. This blend will help clear airways and relieve that runny nose and sore throat.
- 3 drops of Eucalyptus essential oil
- 2 drops of Peppermint essential oil
- 2 drops of Lavender essential oil
Brrrr! Warm up with this blend of spicy essential oils.
- 3 drops of Cinnamon Bark essential oil
- 2 drops of Black Pepper essential oil
- 2 drops of Juniper Berry essential oil
Through all the holiday chaos it's important to give yourself time to relax with the one you love. This blend can spark romance even during this hectic time of year.
- 3 drops of Patchouli essential oil
- 3 drops of Lavender essential oil
- 2 drops of Sweet Orange essential oil
- 2 drops of Ylang Ylang essential oil
The best part of this time of year is all the yummy food! Turkey, pies, candy, hot cider, and so much more. This blend will fill your home with the sweet aroma of sweet baked goods.
- 3 drops of Ginger essential oil
- 2 drops of Clove Bud essential oil
- 2 drops of Sweet Orange essential oil
- 1 drop of Peppermint essential oil
Making and using your own lotion bars is a fun alternative to store bought lotions and creams. They are solid at room temperature and when applied to skin only a small amount melts and absorbs, creating less mess and waste of product. Creating them yourself gives you 100% knowledge of what you're putting on your skin, unlike the mysterious chemicals you find inside store bought lotions.
We've created a super simple recipe that only has four all natural ingredients! Included in this recipe is a choice between shea butter and cocoa butter. Both soften and heal the skin, but will add a different quality to the finished lotion bar. Shea butter is smooth and malleable, which means your lotion bar with be slightly softer and melt faster when it comes in contact with skin. Cocoa butter is hard at room temperature and has a strong, chocolate-like scent. The scent's strength will diminish when combined with the other ingredients and essential oils.
Lotion bars are much more functional when made palm size. You can achieve this by using small individual molds (a muffin tray filled ⅓ a way can work here) or a large mold cut into smaller pieces after it dries. Silicone molds are the best option because they provide easy removal.
This fast and easy project is fantastic for personal use, a customizable product for your business, or an exciting holiday gift
So, what's the difference and which cinnamon is right for you?
Pumpkin pie, warm cider, pine trees, and cinnamon. Cinnamon has always been a holiday favorite. An aroma that can fill you full of nostalgia and warm you from head to toe. Cinnamon essential oil is perfect for diffusing in your home or adding to a few of your DIY holiday crafts.
If you visit our shop you'll notice we carry three different cinnamon oils. People often wonder what the difference is between Cinnamon Bark Oil, Cinnamon Leaf Oil and Cinnamon Cassia Oil.
So, what's the difference and which cinnamon is right for you?
Let's start with Cinnamon Bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). Cinnamon Bark essentil oil has a strongest and sweetest aroma. It is derived from a tree native to Sri Lanka, the bark of the Cinnamon tree is harvested for distilling the essential oil and to produce dry cinnamon for the market as a spice.
Cinnamon bark contains cinnamaldehyde, which is a naturally occurring chemical compound which gives Cinnamon its strong, exotic aroma.
The dried bark is chipped before hydro-distillation. The yield of essential oil from the distilled Cinnamon bark is 1.82% by weight.
Cinnamon Bark essential oil is considered to be a strong antibacterial and anti fungal agent.
This is a perfect oil to add a warm cozy feeling when diffused in your home.
"Cuddle Time" diffuser blend:
Cinnamon leaf (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) is steam distilled from the leaves of the same tree as Cinnamon Bark and is native to Sri Lanka.
Eugenol is a major component of Cinnamon Leaf essential oil. Eugenol is well known in dental preparations to remove inflammation and reduce pain.
Try making this winter time massage oil for sore joints and tense muscles.
DIY Winter Massage Oil:
Cinnamon Cassia (Cinnamomum cassia), is not true Cinnamon, but is a close botanical relative. It's aroma is very similar to Cinnamon Bark but noticeably different when smelled together.
Cassia is a very common spice, sold frequently as Cinnamon Bark in the grocery store.
During the holiday season, you can create a natural cleaner with cassia that will add the familiar cinnamon aroma to your home.
DIY Holiday All Purpose Cleaner:
Regardless of which cinnamon oil you choose, these oils all provide incredible health benefits both physically and emotionally.
All three of these oils are sweet, spicy and warm, which is why they are perfect for winter time and creating atmosphere in the home.
Use with caution! Never put Cinnamon essential oils directly on your skin without first diluting them.]]>
It was a one hour flight from Dempasar, Bali to the Makassar airport in Sulawesi. From Makassar, it was another one hour flight to Pomalaa.
Sulawesi is shaped like an orchid, Pomalaa and Makassar are on two different petals of the flower. Makassar is south western Sulawesi while Pomalaa is south eastern Sulawesi.
The island of Sulawesi is located north east of Java due east of Borneo. Sulawesi was formerly known as Celebes.
Robert Seidel, President and Founder of The Essential Oil Company and Dorene Petersen, President and Founder of the American College of Healthcare Sciences travelled to this beautiful Pacific island. The intention to view farms and distilleries for the production of Citronella, Patchouli and Clove leaf and stem essential oils was well accomplished.
We were twenty people in a group traveling the roads of Sulawesi in several small cars. The roads are narrow in Sulawesi, and many places that we travelled to could not handle a vehicle the size of a bus. We needed a police escort to make certain that the roads were clear for our long drives.
Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus)
Our first journey was to Tanggetada in South East Sulawesi. Farmers in Tanggetada were known for growing chili peppers, however the market for chili peppers is offering low prices.
An agronomist inspected the land and observed the soil conditions in the area. It was found that the sandy soil in the region is well suited for cultivating Citronella.
A project was initiated for 50 local farmers in 2018. Citronella seedlings were brought from Java and planted on 50 hectares of land (1 hectare equals 2.47 acres of land). Today, there are 125 hectares in the region growing Citronella. Five one metric ton distillation units are in place for distilling the Citronella with plans to establish more distilleries to handle increased capacity of growth.
Citronella is easy to cultivate and needs little care. Fertilizers and pesticides are not required for growing Citronella.
Citronella is harvested every three months. The cut grass is allowed to air dry for a short period prior to distillation. A single batch of one metric ton of citronella takes about 4 hours in a water/steam distillation unit. The yield of essential oil from distilling Citronella is between 0.5% and 1% by weight
Patchouli (Pogostomon cablin)
Patchouli growth in Indonesia has been migrating for the last 25 years. Patchouli is unfortunately devastating to the soil, and plantations are frequently abandoned after two years. One of the many problems that Patchouli faces, despite its overuse of soil nutrients, is the presence of nematodes. Once nematodes have been established on a Patchouli plantation, it becomes impossible to grow Patchouli any longer.
We drove to Taori where in 2017, a project was established with 170 farmers and 200 hectares of land for growing Patchouli.
A nursery was built in Polinggona for the production of quality Patchouli starts. Mother plants are grown from superior Patchouli plants. The leafing stems are individually cut from the Mother Plants. These cuttings are then placed in the nursery to grow before being distributed to the farmers for their plantations.
Around the nursery, you can see Patchouli, Citronella and Marigolds growing. The Citronella serves as an insect repellent. The Patchouli is for the farmers, and most interesting is the use that has been discovered for Marigolds.
When marigolds are planted on a nematode infested field, a resin produced by the marigold roots repels the nematodes. After careful study, it has been found that marigolds grown for six months, then plowed into the field can keep nematodes off the land for between 5 and 7 years.
This of course will lead to extended growth periods for Patchouli, without having to change locations. In the past, many forest lands have been cut to prepare the land for Patchouli production. This in itself has been devastating to the forests considering the short period of time that Patchouli could be grown. Marigolds can save the day!!
Natural methods are used for cultivating the Patchouli to avoid the use of harmful chemicals.
An interesting addition to the nursery is the promotion of "Zero Plastic" in the community. This has resulted in a very clean village and a raising of the consciousness of children and adults for protecting the local environment.
Patchouli is distilled in water/steam distillation units. The yield of essential oil from distilling Patchouli ranges from 1.5 – 2.5% by weight. It has been discovered that the stems of the Patchouli plant produce the highest quantities of Patchouli alcohol, is a much desired component of Patchouli oil. Chopping the Patchouli into small pieces increases the yield per distillation because more Patchouli can be placed inside the still with fewer "rat holes" making distillation more complete.
Clove buds, Leaf and Stem (Syzgium aromaticum aka Eugenia caryophyllata)
You will see nothing but Clove trees growing as far as your vision will take you when you drive through the mountains in South East Sulawesi.
We left our small cars and hopped onto the flatbeds of open trucks for a ride up into the mountains where the Clove trees grow. This is where the Clove Buds, stems and leaves are harvested.
Tarps cover flat spaces. This is where the clove buds are dried before further processing.
Clove Buds, leaf and stems are important products from Indonesia. Clove Buds are not distilled in Indonesia. The Clove Buds are harvested and dried. The stems are separated from the buds. The Clove Buds are used in making cigarettes. Seventy eight percent of the men in Indonesia smoke cigarettes. The majority of cigarettes are a combination of tobacco and Clove Buds.
Prior to packing and shipping Clove Buds, a fine powder that is produced during the drying of Clove Buds is removed by gently shaking the dried buds over a frame that permits the powder to sift through. The Clove Buds are shipped to cigarette manufacturers and the Clove Powder is distilled for essential oil.
Fallen Clove leaves are collected for distillation. The Clove Leaf and Clove Stem are generally distilled in the same water/steam distillation units. Clove leaves yield 1 – 2% essential oil by weight. New methods used for collecting the leaves in nets has improved the yield to 2.5 – 3.5%. Catching the leaves in nets keeps the leaves from decomposing during contact with the soil below the tree. This is very innovative, and very simple.
One unfortunate factor in Clove production is the devastation of the natural forest land. Wood is now quite expensive in Sulawesi. The stills are fired using mostly spent (previously distilled and dried) leaves and buds with a mixture of wood. If I were a wise man living in Sulawesi, I would plant a coppice forest for the production of fire wood.
The holidays are a great time to try new things with your soap and have a little fun! Beautiful handmade soap makes a great gift that many people enjoy giving their family and friends. Take your favorite soap recipe and combine it with these festive essential oils and additives for some exciting seasonal soap.
The holidays are a great time to try new things with your soap and have a little fun! Beautiful handmade soap makes a great gift that many people enjoy giving their family and friends. Take your favorite soap recipe and combine it with these festive essential oils and additives for some exciting seasonal soap.
Don't add any colorants to this recipe and stir in the ground cinnamon at a medium trace, just before pouring into the molds. This will create a beautiful speckled bar with a light exfoliant quality.
Create a zig zag or swirl pattern with the green colorant and white color of the soap base to evoke snowy winter woods. The touch of peppermint makes this soap super refreshing.
The classic combination of frankincense and myrrh is balanced out by fresh cedarwood and tangerine scents. The tangerine oil may also add an orange hue to the soap that will enhance the appearance of the sparkly gold mica.
Superfat this recipe with some unrefined cocoa butter to boost the chocolatey scent and add some extra moisturizing power. Swirl in the cocoa powder right before pouring into molds for a fun design.
The Essential Oil Company distills small batches of Sacred White Sage to produce this beautiful essential oil. This ensures the quality of this unique essential oil.
While it is commonly used for spiritual purposes and purification the aroma is so unique it has become a highly sought after specialty essential oil.
The Essential Oil Company distills small batches of Sacred White Sage to produce the beautiful essential oil. This ensures the quality of this unique essential oil. Instead of distilling for the large corporate market, our small batch distillation is intended for the end user. For the Aromatherapist and the individual who treasures special unique essential oils.
Master Distiller and Founder of The Essential Oil Company, Robert Seidel recently permitted us to film this small batch steam distillation of White Sage essential oil. The plant material is wild harvested and dried prior to distillation.
The White Sage was distilled in a 100 gallon stainless steel steam distillation unit.
Hi, I'm Robert Seidel, President of The Essential Oil Company in Portland, Oregon, today we're going to be distilling some Sacred White Sage (Salvia apiana).
Before we start distilling we have to weigh the plant material. This enables us to calculate our percent yield of essential oil from the dry White Sage.
After weighing the Sage, we fill our retort (the retort is the container that holds our plant material for distillation) and get ready for distillation.
I always stomp on the raw material inside the retort. By stomping on the plant material, we can get more raw material into the retort and close up any "Rat Holes" that might be inside the retort. "Rat Holes" are air spaces between the stems and leaves of the plant, this often provides an unwelcome escape route for the introduced steam. This could mean an incomplete distillation and a waste of raw material.
Once the retort is filled, we're ready to distill the White Sage. With the lid in place, we connect the lid to the condenser. The "Bird's Beak" is the pipe which connects the retort to the condenser.
When everything is connected and sealed, we are ready to introduce the steam which we have generated in a separate boiler.
When the steam first enters the retort, the temperature of the retort is relatively cold, this causes the steam to condense back to a liquid state. We continually empty the water collecting in the bottom of the retort. We continue releasing the water, until the system becomes warm enough to stop the condensation of the steam entering the retort.
As the steam passes through the White Sage, it evaporates the essential oils present inside the leafy material. The steam passes through the White Sage and then enters our condenser.
Our condenser is a set of vertical tubes which the steam must pass through. The distillate tubes are surrounded by cooling water which causes the steam to revert to a liquid state. The distillate steam is a mixture of water and essential oil. The essential oil is not dissolved in the water.
The distillate exits the condenser as a liquid and enters our Essencier (receiving can). This is where the essential oil is separated from the hydrosols. The essential oil of White Sage has a lower specific gravity than that of water. This causes the essential oil to float on top of the distillate water.
It is now when we can capture pure essential oil of White Sage. We collect the essential oil and hydrosol into separate containers.
After collection, we permit the essential oil to age, as you would age a fine wine, with some exposure to air. If there are sulfur compounds in the essential oil, they will evaporate. If there is water present in the essential oil we can now see the water. The water may not have been visible earlier. Time permits the micro-particles of water which may be present to sink below the essential oil. It is at this point that we can easily remove the water.
The essential oil of Sacred White Sage is now ready to be bottled for our valued customers to enjoy.]]>
For this recipe, we'll be using a classic 30/30/30/10 oil ratio and superfatting the soap at 5%. We'll be using olive, coconut, and palm oil, which pair well together in making a bar that will be firm when cured, has a great lather, and is gentle on the skin. The addition of shea butter and a 5% superfat adds an extra moisturizing element to this recipe. Any of the oils or butters in this recipe can be swapped out for your favorites. Just remember to recalculate the lye ratio with each replacement oil's SAP (saponification) value and make sure that your oils work well together. This recipe will yield about 46 ounces of soap, which can be poured into your preferred loaf mold or individual bar molds. A fun fall themed mold may add that special touch to your finished product! In this recipe we use a warm orange color to compliment the autumn aroma, but you can use any color or combination of colors you prefer.
Supplies Needed
It is important to use caution and follow safe practices when working with lye and high temperatures. Safety glasses or goggles, long sleeve clothing, gloves, and a well- ventilated area are needed.
The gel phase is a part of the saponification process that happens after the soap has been poured into the mold. During this time soap gets hot, up to 180°F, and becomes more translucent in appearance. Though this is a part of the soap making process that can happen naturally, it is not completely necessary. Your decision on whether or not to let your soap gel depends on the result you're looking for.
You will want to encourage the gel phase if you're looking for brighter, more vibrant colors in your soap. Gelling can make colors brighter or darker depending on the hue and adds a bit of a shine to the bars. This is especially true if using natural colorants, which can completely transform into the heat of the gel phase. The high temperature reached during the gel phase also makes the soap harden faster, allowing for easier unmolding.
To ensure that your soap goes through a complete gel, there are a few steps you can take. You can try increasing your soaping temperature to help kickstart the gel phase. Stay within the safe soaping temperature range, but on the higher side (around 125°F).
Another simple way to encourage the gel phase is to insulate your soap. Use cardboard, wood, or another safe material to cover your molds and wrap them up in a towel or blanket. This helps trap the heat naturally emitted during saponification. If you're soaping in cold weather or a cooler room, you can also use external heat sources to ensure gel. Set your insulated molds on a heating pad set to medium for 30 minutes to an hour, checking to make sure it doesn't overheat. You can also do a similar trick in a warm oven. Heat your oven to about 180°F and turn it off. Put your soap molds on an oven-safe tray or baking sheet and place them inside. Leave the molds in the warm oven for 6 to 8 hours.
You may want to avoid the gel phase if you are aiming for a more matte, muted bar of soap. Ungelled soap tends to have pastel colors and a creamier final look.
Some additives may have undesirable reactions during the gel phase. Milk, coffee, and other unconventional liquids can scorch during gel causing it to discolor and smell unpleasant. Additives with high sugar content, such as honey and fruits can have similar effects. It is best to avoid the gel phase when using these ingredients to maintain the look and content of the finished bar.
Avoiding the gel phase involves reducing heat rather than adding it. You can start by soaping at a lower temperature, around 90-100°F. After the soap is in the mold, place the mold on a wire cooling rack to allow air circulation which impedes heat retention. If you're soaping in a warm environment or using ingredients that accelerate saponification you may need a little help keeping your soap cool. You can put the molds in the refrigerator or freezer for up to 24 hours to keep them nice and cold while they harden. Ungelled soap may need to stay in the mold longer to be hard enough to unmold and handle easily.
1. Boil a pot of water. Put 1 pound of shea butter melt & pour soap into a glass or metal bowl. Place the bowl over a gentle boil and allow the soap to melt, stirring occasionally.
2. Once the soap is completely melted, remove it from the heat and stir in 10ml of vanilla cream perfume oil.
3. Add bright yellow liquid color to the soap. Stir in a few drops at a time until a vibrant color is achieved.
4. Pour the entire soap mixture into the loaf mold. If you are using individual molds just fill them ⅓ of the way.
5. Lightly mist this layer of yellow soap with 99% isopropyl alcohol.
6. Allow approximately 30 minutes for it to harden.
7. Melt another pound of shea butter melt & pour soap.
8. Once melted, remove it from heat and stir in 10ml of vanilla cream perfume oil.
9. Add sunset orange liquid color to the soap. Stir in a few drops at a time until a vibrant color is achieved.
10. Mist the yellow layer of soap with alcohol again and then pour the entire mixture of orange soap on top. If using individual molds, fill them with another ⅓ each.
11. Lightly mist this orange layer of soap with alcohol and allow another 30 minutes for it to harden.
12. Melt the last pound of shea butter melt & pour soap and mix in the rest of the vanilla cream perfume oil. Let it cool for 30 seconds.
13. Mist the layer of orange soap again and pour the entire white soap mixture on top.
14. Allow your soap to dry and harden for at least two hours.
15. Once hard you can remove the soap from the mold. From here you can get creative and cut the soaps into fun shapes. Try cutting them into triangles to look even more like candy corn!
Thirty minutes should be enough time for the bottom layer of soap to harden, giving it the strength to support the top. Pouring each layer after the first at a slightly cooler temperature will also help to prevent breakthrough by making sure that the melted soap being poured is not hot enough to melt the layer below it. Using 99% isopropyl alcohol is the last tool for ensuring nice layers in your design. Spraying each layer of soap, after pouring will help eliminate air bubbles, giving each layer a smooth surface. Spraying the layer again before pouring the next one on top helps to bind the layers together. Be sure to use a bottle with a fine mist as only a very small amount of alcohol is needed in these steps. Remember to wear gloves and always practice caution while working with hot materials.]]>
There are few times in your life that you get to sit down with an Icon. We recently spent time with Robert Seidel, Founder of The Essential Oil Company, and he shared with us what has kept him going in the aromatic industry for over 42 years.
This was such an honor for us! We hope you enjoy this candid interview of Robert telling the story of how he followed his passion for trees, distillation and essential oils.
I'm Robert Seidel, founder and president of The Essential Oil Company here in Portland, Oregon and we started our business in 1977.
My education was in forestry. I went to the New York State Ranger School in upstate New York in the Adirondacks, Paul Smith College in forestry, Syracuse University and the New York State College of Environmental Sciences and Forestry at Syracuse.
It's kind of unusual for a guy in New York City to go into that trade. But I was a boy scout and I spent a lot of time camping in the woods. I love the outdoors. When I discovered the New York State Ranger School I said "Hey! I could do that. That would be really interesting." And so there I was. I joined for a one-year program in the Adirondacks.
What most intrigued me about forestry was plant identification. I found out I had an interest in dendrology, which is the study of trees and shrubs. I spent many long nights studying plants and their origins. The issue I had with school of forestry was that we learned trees were only for making either lumber or paper. There was a tree that interested me. It was called Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea). On the stem of the tree there are blisters or nodules. When you pop one of those nodules a gorgeous resin comes pouring out that is absolutely beautiful. Throughout my years in school, I would ask my professors and teachers "Is there anyway I can extract this material?" But we were in the wood industry. It was wood or paper. For forestry school in those days, there were no non-timber forest products. You either make paper or you make wood. So when I asked my question they said there was no way to extract the material. But I said "there has to be a way." That's where I started my studying in extracting aromatics from plants.
Being that I've been in the essential oil business for over 40 years doing distillation and putting oils into small bottles, that's what I know and that's what I can use to help people who are already working in that direction. I can contribute some of the knowledge that I've garnered over the years with other people to help benefit them in the long run. Hopefully at the end of the day they can share that knowledge with somebody else.
I've been in the essential oil business since 1977 and I've been studying them since 1974. I've got a long history of studying and production. I've been distilling since the late 70s and at this point in my life, I know what a quality essential oil is.
Take rose oil for example. You're never going to be able to distill your own rose oil. It's just not conceivable that you'll ever have enough roses to make much rose oil. Fortunately for you and us we know the distillers who do the proper distillation. I have visited the distillery.
I visit most of the distilleries that I buy our essential oils from so that i can see how the plants are grown. I meet with the growers, farmers, and the distillers and I watch their methods of extraction. Through years of experience and knowledge of essential oils I can tell you that the quality we supply, is the best that you can find.
Thank you for listening to the story of The Essential Oil Company and how I got started and progressed in essential oils, distillation, and putting them into small bottles. I offer you my appreciation for being our customers and for knowing that we are providing the best possible essential oils available on the market for you. My hope is that The Essential Oil Company continues to grow and prosper. It will with your help. Thank you for joining us.]]>
The concentrated aroma of essential oils are fantastic for soap but there are some usage guidelines to be followed and precautions to take to make sure your soap comes out with the scent you imagined.
Each essential oil has its own usage rate, which tells you the amount of oil that is safe to use for different applications. It is important to research the usage rate in soap of each essential oil you plan to use.
When making your own soap, it is crucial to wait when adding your essential oils until close to the end of the process. If they are added too soon, both the fragrance and the therapeutic qualities of the oils can be destroyed by the lye. Some essential oils, such as citrus and floral scents may accelerate the saponification process, causing the soap mixture to thicken more quickly and become difficult to work with. You can combat this effect by mixing your oils and lye at a lower temperature; around 100° seems to do the trick in many recipes.
Once you get the hang of using essential oils in your soap, the possibilities are nearly endless. Use single oils or create blends for a truly unique product. Just a few essential oils can be blended in many different ways and create a variety of different aromas.
Gel Phase
A part of the saponification process that happens after the soap has been poured into the mold where is heats up and becomes more translucent in appearance.
When a soap mixture starts to thicken and come to trace very quickly, sometimes so quickly that is becomes difficult to work with.
A white, crystalline substance that can form on the outside of melt and pour soap. This happens due to the water loss commonly associated with melting the soap base in the microwave or leaving it out uncovered.
Cold Process
A soap making method in which the oils and lye are separately prepared, mixed together, and allowed to react without any additional heat sources.
The time period after soap is made before it can be used. Cold process soap should be left for four to six weeks before use. During this time, the soap becomes milder and the bar hardens.
A cleaning agent similar to soap but is made of chemical compounds rather than lye and oils.
A substance that can soften or smooth the skin.
An abrasive substance meant to remove dead skin cells and dirt and debris from the skin.
Flash Point
The lowest possible temperature at which the vapors of a liquid will ignite if introduced to a source of ignition. Flash points can be found on an ingredient's SDS.
Gel Phase
A part of the saponification process that happens after the soap has been poured into the mold where is heats up and becomes more translucent in appearance.
A viscous, sticky, clear substance that is a byproduct of saponification. This is often removed from commercial soap but is retained in homemade cold and hot process soap. It acts as an emollient and humectant.
Hot Process
A soap making process that starts similarly to Cold Process but then adds an external heat source to speed up the saponification process.
A substance that attracts water from the environment and aids in its absorption into the skin.
Another name for Sodium Hydroxide, the caustic base used in soap making
Melt and Pour
A soapmaking method that involves using a premade soap base that has already undergone the saponification process. The bases can be melted, customized, and poured into molds.
Raw Soap
The freshly combined mixture of lye water and oils. Soap that is still going through the saponification process.
The process of grating and melting down previously made cold or hot process soap with a small amount of liquid. This can be done to correct something about the previous batch of soap or to add delicate additives that may not survive the saponification process.
A reaction that can occur between a fragrance and the oils in a soap recipe. Small rice like bits form in the soap from the fragrance binding with the harder oils.
SAP Value
An abbreviation for saponification value, a numeric value used to calculate the quantity of lye needed to saponify an amount of oils.
The chemical reaction from combining lye water and oils that occurs to make soap.
A more extreme form of acceleration where the soap mixture thickens so quickly that it starts to become solid before reaching the mold.
The result of the chemical reaction between lye and oils. This is the result of the saponification process.
Soda Ash
A powdery white film that can form on the surface of soap that comes from unsaponified lye that reacts with carbon dioxide in the air. This is commonly associated with soap making at a thin trace or not insulating your soap while it is in the mold.
Sodium Hydroxide
Name of the substance also known as lye, the caustic base that is combined with oils in soapmaking.
To superfat a soap recipe means to add extra oil that will not react with the lye to create soap. This adds a moisturizing quality to the soap.
The part of the soap making process when the raw soap mixture begins to thicken and visible trail is left when the mixture is drizzled onto itself.]]>
There are three main processes for soapmaking, cold process, hot process, and melt and pour. Each of these processes involve different techniques and make soap with different characteristics.
Soap is what is produced from the chemical reaction between lye and oils. This process is called saponification.Do I have to use lye to make soap?
Any "from scratch" soap making process will involve lye. Both hot process and cold process soap have to be made with lye. However, if you're looking to avoid working with lye, melt and pour soap making uses a premade soap base. This means that is has already undergone the saponification process and is ready for you to customize with scents and colors.Is lye dangerous?
Lye is a highly caustic material that can burn the skin, but like many things, lye is safe when handled properly. There are a few safety precautions you can take to feel more comfortable working with lye for soap making.Are there different ways to make soap?
There are three main processes for soapmaking, cold process, hot process, and melt and pour. Each of these processes involve different techniques and make soap with different characteristics.What is superfatting?
Superfatting a soap recipe means to add more oil than needed to react with the lye to create soap. This technique is used to make soap more moisturizing for your skin.What is gel phase? Does my soap have to gel?
Gel phase is a part of the saponification process that happens after the soap has been poured into the mold where the soap gets hot and becomes more translucent in appearance. This is a part of the soap making process that can happen naturally but isn't completely necessary. Your decision on whether or not to let your soap gel depends on the end result you're looking for.What is the difference between essential oils and fragrance oils? Which one is better for soap?
Essential oils are highly concentrated natural plant extracts while fragrance oils are synthetic scents that can contain both natural and artificial ingredients to create an aroma. Both have different advantages and disadvantage in soap making and their use is based on the preference and needs of the maker.How do I blend essential oils to scent my soap?
Creating a good recipe may require trial and error to determine how much of each essential oil is needed to create the scent you are looking for. A good guideline for blending essential oils for soapmaking is approximately 30% top notes, 50% middle notes, and 20% base notes. Make sure you use each oil in accordance with its safe usage rate and that the total amount of essential oils is no more than 3% of your soap recipe.Do I need a lot of supplies to start making soap?
All you need to start making soap is oils, lye, water, and a few soap safe containers and tools. You can always start with the basics and build your soap supply list as you gain experience.
Melt and pour soap is a beginner-friendly soap making process. Simply put, you melt a premade soap base, add fragrances and/or colors, and pour it into a mold. Since you are working with a premade base, the bar is fully cured and ready to use as soon as it cools and hardens in the mold. This makes melt and pour great for a fun craft night or a supervised activity for kids.
Although you avoid working with lye and chemical reactions, unlike other soap processes, melt and pour soapmaking still requires safety precautions. Soap bases begin to melt at 120° and should always be handled with care. Wear gloves and make sure to use heat safe tools and molds.
Cold process soap is a more advanced and time-consuming method but gives the maker the ability to completely customize their product. You combine a single oil or blend of oils with lye (sodium hydroxide). The resulting chemical reaction is called saponification, which means "turning into soap". For this chemical reaction to be successful, each ingredient must be carefully measured according to a mathematical equation.
Cold process means that the saponification reaction is allowed to happen without the presence of any additional heat sources. Saponification can take 24 hours or more. After that, cold process bars must cure for 3-6 weeks. During this time all of the lye finishes breaking down the oils, the ph level of the soap neutralizes, and excess water evaporates. The end result is a firm, long lasting bar of soap that is cleansing, but gentle.
Working with substances like lye requires additional safety measures. Mixing lye with water causes an exothermic reaction and the solution can reach 200°. This reaction also creates fumes that should not be inhaled. Similarly high temperatures are reached during the saponification process. This may all sound a little scary, but all of the materials are safe when handled properly. You should wear long sleeves, gloves, a face mask, and safety eyewear at all times when making cold process soap and always do so in a well-ventilated area.
Hot Process is a faster method that still allows for customization but results in a more rustic looking bar. It takes the procedures used in cold process and adds heat to speed things up. Instead of allowing the saponification process to happen slowly, you add external heat from a crock pot or double boiler to essentially "cook" the soap before pouring it into a mold. This means the soap does not have to undergo a long cure and will be ready to use much sooner. Due to the cooking treatment, hot process soap has a more unrefined appearance with more texture and less opportunity for intricate designs. Many makers enjoy this rustic appearance and consider it a worthy trade for the reduced time frame.
Use the same safety procedures you would for handling hot oils and lye with cold process. Additionally, soap may expand during the cooking process. Be sure to have gloves on at all times and never fill your cooking vessel more than halfway. This ensures your soap has room to safely expand while still being controlled and contained.]]>
What you need:
(for larger amounts of fizzy bath bombs, expand the mixture, using the proportions above)
Combine all dry ingredients: Citric acid, baking soda and cornstarch in the bowl.
In a separate bowl mix vegetable oil, fragrance or essential oils and coloring together.
Slowly pour the liquid mixture into the dry ingredients.
Make small (1 inch) balls of the mixture and place them on waxed paper to dry. It takes 24- 48 hours for fizzy bath balls to dry completely. They should be completely dry before storage.
Store bath bombs in a tightly sealed container, away from moisture.
Try one in the bath!! They make great gifts too!
Additionally you can add in "extras" to your bath bombs. Any vegetable oil will work in your fizzy bath bombs (jojoba, coconut oil, avocado oil, walnut oil, apricot kernal oil, sweet almond oil etc.) You can also add in Vitamin E also known as Mixed Tocopherols to your oil mixture as a preservative.]]>
Creating your own Incense Cones or Incense Sticks is easy, fun and also makes great gifts!
- Blank incense cones or incense sticks
- Essential oil, fragrance or blend of choice
- Denatured alcohol
- A deep pan, tray or large jar
- Gloves
- Large spoon with holes
- Drying rack
Make your fragrance blend. This can be a blend of essential oils or perfume oils. You can also use single note perfume oils, or individual essential oils. Patchouli, sandalwood, lavender, bay are some favorite essential oils. Almond, coconut, apple, bayberry are some favorite perfume oils. Be creative and make your own unique fragrance!
Dilute your blend or single oil in alcohol; 1/3 fragrance blend 2/3 alcohol. Denatured alcohol is inexpensive and can be purchased at a hardware store. Other alcohols can be used; you must make certain that the percentage of alcohol is higher than 40%. Isopropyl alcohol will do, but it generally already has a fragrance added. Pure grain alcohol may be available at a liquor store.
Pour your diluted fragrance into a tall jar, or coffee can. A deep tray can also be used. Soak your incense cones or incense sticks in the blend for 24 hours.
Remove incense from the liquid using a spoon with holes, spatchula, or strainer. Place on a baking rack with paper towels underneath and dry for another 24 hours. You can also make a rack using a window screen. Be careful! Alcohol is flammable! Always make your incense in a well ventilated room with no open flames, away from heat sources. Once your cones and sticks are completely dry, they are ready for burning. Do not burn your incense until they are completely dry. ENJOY!!
Not many people can say that they've turned their dream into a reality. Most that have, can't tell you that they've been doing what they love for more than 40 years. Robert Seidel is a man who is passionate about what he does for a living and has the credentials to prove it.
It's 1969 and Mr. Seidel has begun his journey, not in distillation, but with a heart for nature and the love of the outdoors. He attended New York State Ranger School at Wanakena where he received hands on training in the field and a Certificate in Forest Technology and an Associate in Applied Science in Forest Technology.
His schooling didn't stop there. Mr. Seidel's passion for knowledge led him to Paul Smith's College where he continued his education in forestry and received an Associate in Applied Science Degree in Forestry.
Even then, the calling to further himself was still strong. In 1971 Mr. Seidel attended Syracuse University and the SUNY College of Environmental Sciences and Forestry simultaneously, in the beautiful state of New York. He continued to study the great outdoors and at the end of his two year stay, Mr. Seidel had received a Bachelors of Science in Forestry from Syracuse University and a Bachelors of Science in Forestry and Resources Management from SUNY at Syracuse.
Even with all his education, Mr. Seidel felt a greater calling. He wondered about the natural fragrances of the forest and how they could be used in his everyday life. Curiosity got the best of him. He wondered if there was a way to capture the natural sent of the forest, to use the organic ingredients to create a product worthwhile. Everyone he turned to for answers told him it couldn't be done. Even his professors were skeptical. They had never heard of anyone attempting to do what Mr. Seidel was suggesting. Still, that didn't discourage him. Mr. Seidel found out that there was a whole community around the world that produced the same products he was dreaming about through distillation.
In August of 1977 Mr. Seidel founded The Essential Oil Company in Portland, Oregon and made his dream a reality. The Essential Oil Company imports and distributes essential oils and other natural products that come from all over the world. They also distill essential oils themselves, and supply the industry with distillation equipment. The Essential Oil Company represents artisans in Portugal who manufacture hand hammered copper alembic distillers for making hydrosols and oils. These stills have been traditionally used for distilling spirits. Mr Seidel has designed several stills for distilling essential oils and hydrosols. Additionally, The Essential Oil Company represents manufacturers of small, medium and large scale distillation equipment.
Although Mr. Seidel imports some of his products from overseas, he has a very high standard for quality. Regular visits to his suppliers in Asia and Europe, not only helps to keep his relationship with the suppliers current, but lets him make sure the quality of product that is supplied to him is the best the industry can offer.
When asked how the distillation process has changed over the last 37 years, Mr. Seidel said, "Not much really. The process is pretty much the same, but the product has come a long way. It's a lot better quality nowadays."
Both his eye for quality and go getter work ethic have helped him to create a successful business that is unique and innovative across the world. The product that his company sells brings the fragrances of the world home and new products arrive every day. Even Mr. Seidel, the "Guerrilla Distiller," has a hard time picking his favorite.]]>
Robert Seidel, President of The Essential Oil Company. Robert has been traveling the State of Oregon and setting up his distiller on farms throughout the state.
The first stop was a Lavender Festival at Mountainside Lavender in Scholls, Oregon. The distiller was set up to demonstrate to the many visitors during the festival how Lavender and Lavandin are distilled in order to extract the essential oil. Mountainside Lavender is a small family-run farm nestled in the hillside of Chehalem Mountain in the community of Scholls, Oregon. With over 1200 lavender plants representing 13 varieties of both French and English lavenders in several colors (white, pink and shades of purple). Mountainside Lavender offers U-pick during the season.
The next stop was Sandy, Oregon to the Art Farm of JD Higdon. JD has grown Lavender (Lavendula angustifolia) from seed. His rows are filled with "population lavender". This type of growth is rich with genetic diversity, resulting in an exquisite essential oil. Aside from growing Lavender, JD is a metal artist and inventor, creating unusual and functional machinery from recycled components.
After leaving JD's "Lavender Art Farm". Robert headed south to Lavender Hill Farm, Oregon's largest Organic (uncertified) Lavender Estate, located in the mountains just north of the California border. Surrounded by National Forest, Lavender Hill Farm is a beautiful and peaceful setting for growing and distilling Lavandin. The thick rows of Lavandin are arranged on a gentle slope, the arrangement is designed for erosion control and water conservation. Its southern exposure ensures the Lavandin will get full sunlight during the growing season. Organic growing techniques are employed.
After a few very hot days in southern Oregon, the Guerilla Distiller headed north to Hood River. Hood River Lavender is located in the shadow of Mt Hood, in the Hood River Valley. Known for its Apples, Peaches and Pears the valley is now home to a well groomed lavender farm, complete with Lavender products and U-pick. Robert distilled for a week on a hillside just above the Hood River.
Inquiries from those interested in having their own distillation equipment are welcome. Contact The Essential Oil Company 1(800)-729-5912 or email firstname.lastname@example.com . Each distiller is custom manufactured.
|Our distiller is set up and ready to go at Lavender Hill Farm
|Lavender Hill is a beautiful farm in southern Oregon
|All of the Lavandin grown here is grown organically and harvested by hand
|The rows of Lavandin are thick and attractively laid out on a gentle slope
|Long stalks are cut with a hedge trimmer and gathered up by the hard working crew
|A nice bundle of freshly cut Grosso Long stems and large flower heads
|The Lavandin is piled into a pickup truck to be taken to the distiller
|Our Trailer Distiller is easily towed by a Ford Explorer
|Mt Hood towers above the countryside of the Hood River Valley and Hood River Lavender
|Our distiller set up is an occasionally shady spot. Quite welcome during the hot days of July
|Hood River Lavender has an acre of Lavandin, nourished by the waters of the Hood River
|The Lavandin is arranged in neat rows with adequate distance between plants to permit exceptional growth.
|Distilling Lavender at JD Higdon's Lavender Art Farm
|JD is a metal artist and inventor
|JD's Lavender is "population lavender", grown from seed with lots of genetic diversity
|JD designed his Lavender harvester from recycled components
|JD lines up his Lavender harvester at the beginning of the row
|Chuck and JD get ready to cut a row
|Each fifty foot row takes about 2 minutes to cut
|Lavender flowers are fed into the cutter
|The rows before and after cutting
|The cut Lavender is brought to the distiller
|Making certain the height of the cutting blade is properly set
|It's quite a contraption and works like a charm
|JD is proud of his efforts and the contraption he's designed.
|Lavender flowers being loaded into the distiller
Once the Lavender flowers are inside the distiller, it must be packed tightly
|After distillation the spent plant material is removed from the distiller
|It's steamy work on a hot day, but it's worth it
The distiller holds about 200 pounds of raw material per batch
Empty and waiting to be reloaded
|Prototype copper separator undergoing testing before production.
|This beautiful essential oil separator can be used with almost any distillation apparatus.
First we brought the branches back to our distillery. We then chipped the branches in our small electric chipper. This proved to be very cumbersome and time-consuming.
The purpose for chipping the branches is to reduce the size of the material we are distilling, this enables us to get as much raw material into our still as possible. The more raw material, the merrier!
Our 100 gallon stainless steel steam distiller was then filled with chipped Douglas Fir branches. The steam was slowly brought into the retort at low pressure. After breakthrough (when distillate begins to flow from the condenser), we distilled for 1.5 hours. Upon opening the still we discovered that the plant material had been totally exhausted. Although the yield was somewhat disappointing.
I am not discouraged. I feel that if we wait a few more weeks, when the Douglas Fir buds begins to open, there will be more oil present in the plant for distillation. Although we can certainly distill during the winter months, it looks like spring and fall will offer the best yields.
Logistics must be worked out. The way we processed the material was time-consuming, and in the long run not financially feasible. Next time, we will use our large chipper to expedite the process of reducing the particle size. We are actually distilling the needles of the Douglas Fir, and we are not removing the needles from the branches.
Enough raw material needs to be brought to the distillery for at least two batches. As our distillery grows, we will be adding additional capacity.
This project can serve as a model to others who wish to help out their local environment, while manufacturing a product free from harmful chemicals and sprays (providing of course that your local parks administrators don't spray their trees) Fortunately the Douglas Fir trees in Portland parks are not sprayed.
Douglas Fir is a native species that does well here in Oregon, and in most cases the trees in our parks are adults, and simply have no need for spraying.
Along with making some beautiful oil, we also made lots of hydrosols. One of our staff members has taken the hydrosol home to be used in cleaning floors.
This is very exciting to me, as it opens a door for access to some very interesting plants, some of which I've wanted to distill for a very long time. Included in that list is:
Wild Ginger (Asarum canadense), Arrow Leaf Balsam Root (Balsamorhiza sagittata), Pipsissewa - Prince's Pine (Chimaphila umbellata) and of course one of my favorites, Incense Cedar (Libocedrus decurrens-- aka Calocedrus decurrens).
I started distilling a batch of Incense Cedar Leaf.
The leaf we obtained had been gently dried and there was minimal stem material. The needles had been shaken off the branches after drying. This is very good, because the twigs are unproductive and take up room in the still and add to our costs for energy production (steam).
I distilled for three hours and obtained less than 0.5% yield. Then it dawned on me that I had made an error.
As with all conifers, the scales of the "leaf" of the Incense Cedar are covered with a waxy coating.
In order to break through the coating and get at the essential oils protected by the waxy coating, I turned off my distiller, and left the steam soaked plant material to sit overnight.
When I distilled the next morning, the essential oil flowed easily. I finally ended up with a 1.4% yield of essential oil and lots of interesting hydrosols.
When I do my next run of Incense Cedar Leaf, I will add copper to the system to reduce the sulfurous "still note".
The last time I distilled Incense Cedar was in a copper still and the oil was "sweet" right from the beginning. I will also soak each batch for at least 12 hours prior to distillation.
Right now the oil and waters are breathing, like a fine wine. The top of the container is open, with a gauze covering the top. This enables the essential oil to "breathe", and ensure that nothing accidentally enters the container.
I hope in the future to be able to increase the percent yield to between 1.5 and 2.0 %.
Can't' wait to distill Wild Ginger and Arrowleaf Balsamroot!
Turkey is a beautiful exotic country. A journey through Turkey is a journey through history, the cross roads of commerce and culture. Isparta is the heart of the Turkish Rose Oil industry. This is where Roses are grown and distilled
Dr Peter Wilde is the world's pre-eminant expert on Roses, and extracts of Rose: essential oils, absolutes and Florasols. Here Dr Wilde samples the quality of roses in the fields of Isparta during the 1999 harvest season. Pleased with his findings, Dr Wilde gathers rose petals intended for distillation
Roses are gathered during the 40 day growing season. The roses are picked in the morning, beginning at 5:30 AM. Women generally do the work, placing the picked roses into gunny sacks
The sacks are brought to a receiving station, where they are weighed and loaded onto wagons to be brought to the distillery. The wagon is then brought to the distillery
The rose petals are laid out on the floor of the warehouse in order to allow slight decomposition, which aids in the development and and improvement aromatic quality of the essential oil
The Essential Oil of Rose, Rose Attar is known for its relaxing qualities. Dorene Petersen, Founder of The American College of Healthcare Sciences finds a cozy spot amongst the Rose Petals to relax.
Overcome by the wonderful aroma of tons of rose petals, Dorene collapses in a state of ecstasy. Fortunately Mrs Petersen was revived prior to loading the rose petals into the distillation apparatus!
After several hours (and the removal of Mrs Petersen) the rose petals are ready to be loaded into the retort.
The roses are packed tightly in order to obtain the maximum yield. Once the rose petals are loaded into the retorts, distillation is ready to begin.
The lid of the retort (the visible copper unit in the above photo) is tightly sealed and the steam is turned on. The above distiller is designed for hydrodistillation. 500 kilos of roses petals are placed in the retort along with 1500 kilos of water. Coils inside the bottom of the retort carry the steam which heats the water in the retort.
The water in the retort boils and the steam is carried through the top of the distiller into the condenser. Cold water circulating through the condenser cools the steam, which then reverts to its liquid state.
After being condensed, water and essential oil enter the Florentine flask for passive separation. The beautiful rose oil floats to the top of the Florentine flask, while the separated waters are collected for redistillation. In the photo above you can see the layer of the precious rose oil floating on top of the distillate waters.
Distilling is an ancient art.
The process of distillation was first brought to us through the ancient practice of Alchemy.
Distillation is a method for separating the "Essence" of the plant from the corporeal mass of the plant. This is the isolation and separation of essential oils from the body of the plant.
In Alchemical texts, the essential oil is referred to as the "Sulfur" This is the soul, or spirit of the plant. The idea for the Alchemists was (and still is) the separation of the components of every material (plant and mineral) and the recombination of those components to make something that hasn't existed before.
Through invasion and trade, distillation apparatus found its way to Europe from the Middle East.
Alchemy was also practiced in Europe. The Europeans developed other uses for this valuable distillation equipment through their Alchemical experimentation. The production of alcohol through the distillation fermented grains. Alcohol became valuable for making tinctures, medicinal extracts, perfumes and consumable beverages.
Farmers in Europe grew wheat and rye. Wheat and rye are used for making bread, a dietary staple. A problem facing the farmers, was the storage of the grain products which they did not use, sell or trade. A discovered solution, was the fermentation of excess grains and the "spirits" resulting from their distillation.
The process of fermentation yields two products; carbon dioxide and alcohol. Alcohol is separated from the fermented product (grains and fruits) through the use of distillation.
Fermentation is an enzymatic action caused by microorganisms that enter a mixture, either by addition or through the exposure to the atmosphere. This is how dough is made for making bread. Water is added to flour, yeast is added and the mixture is allowed to sit. Fermentation begins during the "sitting" process. The bubbles that you see in bread dough are pockets of carbon dioxide. If you permit your mixture to sit for a long period of time, you will see the creation of alcohol in the mixture.
The separation of liquids from fermented solids is possible by distilling the fermented mass. Alcohol is volatile and readily separates at relatively low temperatures from the mass.
Water boils at 100º C or 212ºF. Ethanol (the alcohol produced through fermenting grains) boils at 78.3º C or 172.94º F. The carbon dioxide in fermented grains evaporates into the atmosphere. This leaves behind the solid mass of fermented grain, water and alcohol.
During distillation the fermented mixture is boiled. The steam resulting from boiling carries water and alcohol to the condenser as steam. Pipes (or tubes) carrying the steam go through cooling waters in the condenser. The cooling process causes the steam to revert to a liquid state containing both water and ethanol. This first distillation will contain approximately 7% of alcohol dissolved in the water.
To separate the alcohol from the water/alcohol mixture a second distillation is necessary. At this time there is no longer a solid fermented mass to deal with but rather a liquid that needs to be divided into components. This separation in the second distillation process employs the use of temperature to separate the liquid components by boiling point differential.
Wine can be distilled for making Eau de Vie and Brandy. Fermented grains are the basis for whiskey and other distilled spirits. Rum is from fermented sugar cane. Aging the distilled spirits in oak barrels adds another nuance to the flavor of the distilled spirits.
The waters along the Mediterranean coast of Southern Turkey are warm and incredibly blue.
"Aqua Marine" is the color created by the clear skies above and limestone below the water's surface. The climate is arid, dry for most of the year.
Growing wild among the many tombs and ruins of Lycian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine and Crusader construction can be found thyme, origanum and sage.
The lack of water during the summer months stresses these wild growing plants. Stressing the plants is perfect for essential oil production within the plant. Lack of water also means that the leaves will be smaller and contain more essential oil.
Gathering herbs for market and distillation of essential oils is an ageless industry hidden in the hills of Southern Turkey. The following is a photo tour of essential oil distillation, utilizing a copper alembic. The Old Fashioned Way.
This process has remained the same for hundreds of years.
The "Alembic" is one of the oldest styles of distillation apparatus.
The Alembic is made of copper, pounded into shape. The more modern copper units are tinned on the inside. The people of Southern Turkey are well known for their copper work. In the villages, markets and bazaars many old and new copper implements can be found. Coffee roasters and coffee pots, oil lamps, water jugs and gunpowder containers. Pots and pans, washtubs and basins. All artistically and exquisitely made of copper.
The Alembic consists of three components: The pot (retort), the lid, and the condenser.
The pot is placed in the ground, with only the handles (used to lift the pot for removal of spent plant and cleaning) above the surface.
Below the pot is a fire pit, dug deep into the earth. You can see the lid in place. The pipe coming from the top of the lid passes through the "condenser" which is made of brick and holds cold water. This pipe carries steam from the retort, through the "condenser" for cooling the steam back to a liquid state.
Plant material is packed tightly into the tub, the lid is also packed with herb. Water is added to the tub before the lid is put in place.
A seal is created between the lid and the tub using clay. The clay fills the joint and bakes into place. This design is for hydrodistillation.Hydrodistillation, is when the plant material is added to water prior to boiling. This is different from steam distillation, where steam is produced externally and added to the retort containing the plant material for distillation.
The fire below boils the water in the pot. The steam carries the essential oil from the herb in a suspension with particles of water vapor.
Passing through the cooling waters in the condenser, the steam reverts to its liquid state. The waters and oil are collected and allowed to separate. This process takes about three hours per batch. The end product is one kilo of essential oil.
An old Copper Alembic Distiller sunk in the ground with fire below
To prepare for distillation, the lid is disconnected from the condenser
The lid must then be emptied of the plant material from the previous distillation
The steaming plant material is dumped from the lid
It's hot work, especially during the heat of summer, but that of course is when the sage is growing
The fire below the pot has to be readied for the next distillation
Fresh water is added to the waters left behind from the last distillation
The pot is filled to about 1/3 the capacity of the pot
Once the water is in the pot, it's time to start adding freshly harvested sage
The lid of the Alembic distiller is also filled tightly with sage
Preparation for distilling the next batch of sage begins.
The spent plant material must be removed from the pot. At first it is done by hand, thereafter a pitch fork is used to get the sage out of the pot.
While this is being done, Mahmet prepares the fire below the pot. Hot water from the previous distillation is left in the pot. This is hot work on a hot day. The temperature on this summer's day exceeds 95 degrees F.
The first step is to add fresh water to the pot. Approximately one third of the pot is filled with water before the plant material is added.
Piles of Sage (Salvia fruticosa) have been brought from the hillside and islands surrounding the village. Fresh sage is now put into the pot. The pot is filled to the rim and packed tightly into the pot in order to maximize the yield.
While the pot is being filled, the lid is also being filled and packed tightly with sage.
Packing the lid tightly is as important as packing the pot. Once again this provides for maximum yield.
The distiller will continue to add sage to the lid and the pot, periodically climbing in and stomping the herb down to insure a tight pack.
After each bundle of fresh sage is added to the pot it must once again be stomped down.
The fire blazes below as the pot is being filled. The water is heating in preparation for the next distillation. Soon to come to a boil.
The final packing before the lid is put into place. The lid is heavy with sage. It takes two men to lift it into place. The lid is aligned so that the bird's beak readily attaches to the condensing pipe. After the lid is set in place it is sealed with clay at the junction with the pot. This prevents the steam from escaping and insures that the steam carrying the precious Oil of Sage is captured, condensed and separated.
With the still tightly packed with sage, the bird's beak secured to the condenser and the lid sealed with clay, the process is ready to begin again. This is a lengthy, labor intensive process. The change over takes about 45 minutes and the distillation takes three hours once the lid is in place.
The Essential Oil Company supports small scale distillation projects of wild crafted and organic essential oils.
This structure serves as the condenser. It is a cement "well" filled with cooling waters
Clay is used to seal the joint between the lid and the pot to prevent steam leaks]]>
Alchemy is the ancient art that brought to us the practice of extraction and distillation. The quest of the Alchemist was the separation and recombination of the most basic elements in nature, as those elements were known at that time; and the recombination of those elements for the creation of things which have never existed. Alchemical practice is the foundation of Chemistry.
Separation through fermentation or maceration.
Purification through heat, distillation or calcination. Calcination is the process of heating a solid (such as an ore) in air below its melting point to effect thermal decomposition, phase transition or remove volatiles, thereby changing the original solid into something else—e.g., heating calcium carbonate to release CO2 gas and form calcium oxide.
Cohabation or recombination is called the "Chemical Wedding".
Maceration is soaking raw material in water or vegetable oil. Making tea at room temperature without boiling the water is one type of maceration.
Placing dry plants in vegetable oil is another type of maceration. Sweet Almond oil, Jojoba oil or any other base oil can be used for macerating plants. This is an ancient method for extracting aromatic compounds from plants. The end product is not a pure essential oil, but it is a mixture that contains the pure essential oil and vegetable oil.
Enfleurage is cold or hot fat extraction. Cold enfleurage is the use of odorless fats that are solid at room temperature. Traditionally, lard or tallow are used by those practicing enfleurage.
A large plate of glass is first coated with odorless fat. Once the glass is covered in fat, flowers are placed on top of the fat. The fat will absorb the aromatic compounds found in the flower. Flowers are left on top of the odorless fat for between 1 and 3 days. After the allotted time, the flowers will be removed from the fat, and new flowers will take their place. This process is continued until the perfumer is pleased with the aroma of the scented fat. This first product is called the "pomade". The pomade will then be washed or soaked with ethyl alcohol. The alcohol will absorb the fragrant components from the fat. The alcohol in the new mixture is allowed to evaporate, leaving behind the fragrant flower "absolute" The fats used for the process are then used for making soap.
For hot enfleurage, the plant material is soaked in heated odorless fat. The fat is then filtered to remove the flowers and used again until the fat is considered to be fragrantly saturated.
Solvent extraction is the use of ethanol, hexane or other volatile compounds and mixtures for extracting aromatics from plant material. Flowers such as Jasmine are soaked in the volatile solvent.
The solvents extract the fragrant compounds from the Jasmine. The solvent is then evaporated from the mixture after the flowers are removed. The remaining product is the "absolute".
Gas extraction is using CO₂ or other gases to extract volatile compounds. When a gas is placed under pressure, it becomes a liquid. This liquid is then used as a solvent to extract volatile components from dry plant matter. When the pressure is released the gas evaporates leaving behind the gas extract. The gas is then re-compressed for further use.
Pressing is used for extracting citrus essential oils. There are two types of presses used for citrus essential oil extraction.
One type of machinery scrapes the skin of the citrus fruit. This is where the essential oil is located. The thin scrapings are then washed with water. The essential oils are separated from the mixture using a centrifuge. This type of extraction is used for Bitter Orange, where the juice is not extracted.
The second method is part of the citrus juice extraction process. The essential oil is a by product of this process. In this extraction, the whole fruit is crushed. The liquids resulting from the crushing are then separated in a centrifuge. The liquid contains juice, pulp and essential oil.
Distillation using water steam for extracting essential oils from plants.
There are three types of distilling used for extracting essential oils. Hydrodistillation, water/steam distillation and steam distillation.
Hydrodistillation is where the plant material is soaked in water and the mixture is boiled. This is most commonly used for Orange Blossoms and Rose petals. Hydrodistillation can be used for almost all plants.
Above: hydrodistillation of Cananga flowers
Water/steam distillation is where the plant material in a distillation retort is not sitting inside the boiling water but sitting above the boiling water. The steam from the boiling water passes through the plant matter. Water/steam distillation is under ambient pressure. This method is used for Patchouli, Clove Leaf and Citronella. It can also be used for almost all plants.
Above: water/steam distillation of Geranium Flowers
Steam distillation is when steam is produced outside the distillation equipment, in a separate boiler. The steam then passes through the plant material under low pressure. This method is faster than hydrodistillation or water/steam distillation. We see this commonly with Peppermint and Lavender. this method can also be used with almost all plants.
In all the above methods, the steam containing the essential oil must go through a condenser. The condenser cools the steam back to a liquid state. Steam distillate is a mixture of essential oil and water. The water does not mix with the essential oil, but remains separate.
The distillate is then captured in an essencier (receiving can) where the essential oils and hydrosols are separated.

subset: commoncrawl


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Omar Khadr speaks in Calgary at screening of documentary about his life
Omar Khadr decided to catch a Friday night flick at the Calgary International Film Festival Friday to enjoy his newfound freedom.
What separated him from the other filmgoers is he was watching a portrait of his own life, on-screen at the Globe Theatre — Guantanamo's Child.
"It's been a long journey," Khadr told the audience during a question and answer period held after the film, of getting to this point.
Khadr, now 28, was held at the Guantanamo Bay U.S. prison facility in Cuba from the age of 15 in 2002 into adulthood in 2010, for fighting against U.S. troops in Afghanistan, at which time he was transferred to Canada in exchange for a guilty plea to the murder of an American medic.
In May of this year, Khadr was granted bail, pending an appeal over that plea.
Since then, Khadr's conditions of release have been relaxed — now he isn't required to wear an electronic monitoring device and he is free to travel.
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I am in awe. Surrounding myself with women who love Jesus as much as I do gives me a sense of worthy and joy and relief. How refreshing to be a part of this rare opportunity. I wrote so much these past three days and this one Haiku really speaks to me because my details are beautiful and my name is even more beautiful when it is cemented in His heart.
–Photo by Anton Malan-
[Written on: 2.27.2015]
Delighted He is
who lavished upon me
Carved me with exuberant
and freely put my signature name
in the book of peace.
-Haiku on Mercy-


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Evoluted 2019: A Year In Review
Evoluted has been going for 13 years now and with each year that passes us by, we're getting bigger and busier. 2019 has been no exception to this rule - so we take a little bit on time to reflect!
How to build a content marketing strategy
The Content Marketing Institute revealed the most successful marketers are more likely to 'have a high level of commitment to content marketing' and 'deliver content always or frequently'. Without a strategy you're leaving your efforts down to luck and that can go both ways - success or failure, and why take the risk? Here we'll take a look at the steps you should take to build a content strategy and eliminate that risk.
Evoluted Nominated for Large Digital Agency & Content Team of Year
We were delighted to hear that our hard work and commitment had been rewarded recently when we were nominated in two key categories at the Prolific North Awards 2019.
Email Automation Series - How to Streamline Campaigns & Increase Profit
Savvy marketers are always keen to become more efficient. So how do we save precious time and improve results simultaneously? Email automation is the key.
Is your slow website losing you money?
Only 26% of us are willing to remain on a website if it takes longer than 5 seconds to load. Here we take a look at why it's vital for your website to be speedy to avoid losing crucial sales.
7 Advantages of Bespoke Websites Over 'Off-the-Shelf' Solutions
Bespoke websites are created to exactly meet your business goals. Designed to align seamlessly with your processes, they offer development possibilities far removed from off-the-shelf alternatives.
The Big Facebook Change – How Can You Still Reach Your Audience?
Facebook recently announced one of its most monumental transformations ever – a change in the news feed algorithm. This will now prioritise posts from family, friends and groups - and we will see less content from businesses and brand pages.
"Alexa: How Is Voice Search Affecting SEO Strategies?"
With the prediction that by 2020, 50% of all searches are projected to be voice initiated, it's essential to optimise for the differences that this brings.
Facebook vs Google: The War of the Tech Giants Continues
For publishers and big news sites, Facebook had been threatening to solidify pole position in the referral traffic war. Recent changes have, however, seen a resurgence from Google.


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Jakarta (VNA) – The third Multilateral Naval Exercise Komodo 2018 (MNEK 2018) began on Lombok island in Indonesia's West Nusa Tenggara on May 5. The biennial event aims to strengthen friendship, build trust, and enhance coordination capacity among naval forces in humanitarian assistance and settlement of maritime security matters. Themed "Readiness and Cooperation for Responding to Humanitarian and Disaster Relief Contingencies," the Komodo drill 2018 is expected to promote collaboration among countries in the field, especially in giving early warnings to prevent disasters, mitigate damages, and increase emergency rescue. Participating naval officers witnessed traditional performances such as parachuting, aircraft demonstration, and international fleet review with the participation of 50 ships of all kinds from countries, including Hospital Ship 561 of the Vietnam People's Navy. The Komodo exercise was initiated in 2014. This year's event … [Read more...] about Indonesia's Third Multilateral Naval Exercise Komodo begins
South Korean army to discharge transgender soldier
A transgender soldier who enlisted as a man and underwent a sex change last year will be discharged from South Korea's army, with the military saying Wednesday she had violated regulations. The country remains deeply conservative about matters of sexual identity and is less tolerant of LGBT rights than some other parts of Asia, with many gay and transgender Koreans living largely under the radar. The soldier -- a staff sergeant in her 20s whose name has been withheld -- voluntarily enlisted before having gender-reassignment surgery in November in Thailand. She had expressed her desire to remain in the army but a military panel ruled on Wednesday that she will be compulsorily discharged. The case "corresponded to one of the reasons for being unable to continue service", the army said in a statement, without giving specifics. A defence ministry spokesman said the soldier has been undergoing tests at a military hospital, which classified the loss of male genitals as a mental or … [Read more...] about South Korean army to discharge transgender soldier
Journeys of love take poor people home for Tết
In HCM City, the municipal Labour Federation announced that this year, trade unions at different levels in the city presented more than 27,500 train and coach tickets for workers to go home for Tết holiday. The tickets were worth nearly VNĐ20 billion (US$869,500) in total. … [Read more...] about Journeys of love take poor people home for Tết
Việt Nam's health sector in 2019: achievements and drawbacks
In March, thousands of parents in Bắc Ninh Province took their children to the Hà Nội-based Hospital for Tropical Diseases and National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology for pork tapeworm tests after 57 children from Thanh Khương Kindergarten were diagnosed with parasites after eating pork supplied by Hương Thành Company. … [Read more...] about Việt Nam's health sector in 2019: achievements and drawbacks
Thousands on Greek islands protest against migrant camps
A big national Greek flag was hung on the facade of the municipal theater of Mytilene on the island of Lesbos, with a banner reading "We want our islands back, we want our lives back".. (Photo: AFP/Aris Messinis) The islands of Lesbos, Samos and Chios staged a general strike, shutting down shops and public services and rallying in central squares, many protesters waving Greek flags. … [Read more...] about Thousands on Greek islands protest against migrant camps