text:
... of the cemetery projects of the Austrian Jewish Museum in Eisenstadt
The article is the German version of my in 39th International Conference on Jewish Geneaolgie , Held in Cleveland, Ohio on July 31, 2019 English lecture. It is up to the initial idea of my person in full play here.
Lesen Sie auch meinen zweiten Vortrag vom 02. August 2019 "Hilfe ich kann nicht Hebräisch…".
I thank very much for the invitation and that I have the opportunity to speak here.
First of all: you do not have to take notes or concern have to ignore anything. They get at the end of the presentation a link where the entire presentation, including all examples and all the tools to download can!
The importance of biographical information in Hebrew grave inscriptions.
Input Hypothesis
The Hebrew grave inscriptions lead, particularly within the genealogical research usually only a shadowy and rarely get the status that they should have.
When I look at the relevant Web portals, most notably of course the Jewish Genealogy Portal auf Facebook, It is noticeable that, although often translation tools are requested by Hebrew grave inscriptions that the interest is there but mostly limited to the name and date of death. So that those often dominant part of a Hebrew grave inscription, called praise (the eulogy), is attracting attention with little or no.
And that's too bad. Because that leaves the genealogist with a very high degree of probability for genealogical research enormously relevant (biographical) data from the outside. Data and information that we provide in most cases Not found in other sources.
The title of my presentation is:
What we should learn from the cemetery projects of the Austrian Jewish Museum in Eisenstadt
What but it goes with this project or these projects?
Eisenstadt the center of the so-called was "seven communities" Hebrew. "Sheva Kehillot", ie seven sacred Jewish communities formerly westungarischem, burgenländischem area today. Burgenland is the easternmost province of Austria, on the border with Hungary since 1,921th The communities were settled late 17th century, in 1938 the final out meant every Jewish settlement in Burgenland there are no more Jewish communities, only a dozen Jews. On the 14 Jewish cemeteries in Burgenland there are about 8,000 grave stones with almost exclusively Hebrew grave inscriptions. There are no maps of cemeteries in Burgenland. It is necessary to visit each grave stone on site.
in the region is Eisenstadt the only place where we find two large Jewish cemeteries today. By far the most important Jewish cemetery in the old "seven communities" is the older Jewish cemetery in Eisenstadt. The oldest grave stone is from 1679 and the cemetery was until the summer of 1875 occupied. The applied in the fall of 1875 younger Jewish cemetery was the "successor-cemetery" of the elderly and was occupied until 1938, in a few cases there were even funerals for the 1945th
End of October 1992 the younger Jewish cemetery was desecrated in Eisenstadt, 88 grave stones, or to be more precise, the Hebrew grave inscriptions were daubed with Nazi slogans and Nazi symbols:
This desecration led me to transcribe all the inscriptions of the younger Jewish cemetery, completely and lines cater to translate and comment on the inscriptions in detail.
Published is the work-up as a book in 1995 (back when the Internet was still in the child shoes, nor created with operating system MS-DOS 6 and a challenge) and was the first in Austria (!) Book of this kind after the 1945th
For me it was all about, identify which grave stones are present at all in this young Jewish cemetery, who is buried here so (as I said, plans are missing entirely!). No one knew the names of the dead who are buried here, no one could find a particular grave.
Genealogical claims had the publication only in passing, genealogical portals, as we know it today did not then, death books had to be painstakingly photographed and read, we limited ourselves in the publication of biographical notes.
Of the older Jewish cemetery Eisenstadt has 1,085 grave stones with only Hebrew inscriptions! We find a single non-Hebrew Letters in the cemetery.
In 1922 published the long-time director of the Jewish Community of Vienna, Dr. Bernhard Wachstein, all grave inscriptions of the older Jewish cemetery. This means that we know though, who 1922 was buried in the cemetery which grave stones have then found in the cemetery, but we 2015 Not know how many graves at all and which graves are still to be found in the cemetery and especially where that grave is in the cemetery. Thousands of people from around the world annually visit the older Jewish cemetery in Eisenstadt, but especially relatives and descendants for decades had no way of the grave or the graves of their family members to find the cemetery!
This very sad situation eventually led to a large project in 2015 "Senior Jewish cemetery in Eisenstadt". It was on the one hand to a long overdue historical and cultural-historical necessity and on the other hand, above all, a religious necessity, even more so - to a religious duty. For it is, one of them after Pikuach Nefesh, the rescue from the danger to life, the most important mitzvah, Kavod Hamet, respect for the dignity of the dead, and to know the graves of the dead!
For complete documentation, both the older and the younger Jewish cemetery (which followed in 2017, especially supplemented with biographical data) can be found on the Internet, Blog of the Austrian Jewish MuseumWhere each grave stone and every grave inscription can be retrieved. For people, especially children who are looking for their relatives and ancestors there on every grave on both cemeteries a QR code that leads to the URL of the grave stone with photo, inscription, links to the relatives and site plan. I may say - a service that is unique in the world. The genealogical claim our work has grown over the years, the main issue was with the older Jewish cemetery "Where are the people come," the question changed in recent cemetery and now was "What happened to them?" Namely, with the spouses, children in-law and children who are not buried at the cemetery.
When we talk about the grave stones and Hebrew inscriptions of the two Jewish cemeteries in Eisenstadt, we are talking about grave stones whose Hebrew inscriptions often 40 lines (!) And include more (Guetel/Meir Austerlitz, Malka Austerlitz, Fradl / Loeb Schacherls):
So we are talking of grave inscriptions on which we find much more information in the Hebrew inscription next to the name and date of death, information that often have the highest genealogical relevance!
In the following, therefore, a clear plea for the high relevance of Hebrew grave inscriptions for genealogical research:
At the outset I tried undergo clear that the name and date of death very often are not the only biographical information and that of those often dominant part of a Hebrew grave inscription, called praise (the eulogy), little or no attracts attention.
As praise or eulogy we call - roughly speaking - mostly those middle part of a Hebrew grave inscription, which accounts for the line in scope most of the inscription and with biblical, biblical and rabbinic phrases and quotations describing the individual lifestyle of the deceased increasingly getting more detailed.
As a stylistic device of rhyme are often used or acrostic, so that the line beginnings - read from top to bottom - repeat of the one or more deceased, often marked by larger letters or marks over the letters (Adele Wolf, 14 January 1894):
Here as the acrostic helps to even read the Hebrew names of the deceased properly because it has broken out in the name line.
Although the eulogy never a 1: 1 mapping will be of real life, let alone of civic life, the challenge is to "discover" the biographically relevant information from the stereotypical and quote richly formulated texts and understand.
At the younger Jewish cemetery in Eisenstadt we find next to each other, the grave stones of the brothers Bernhard Austerlitz and Heinrich Austerlitz:
Bernard Baruch Austerlitz died in 1918 at the age of 82 years and had with his wife Rosa 11 detectable children (four daughters, seven sons). We found the birth entries of all children.
That we should expend effort in this case to look for children in the parish registers, we know from the Hebrew grave inscription, which reads in row 11 and 12:
His children (literally "sons") and his descendants (meaning probably the grandchildren and great grandchildren!), He pointed to the path of perfection.
The Hebrew word Boys "Banim," "sons", is commonly used for "children in general", mostly when not even the daughters are also asked specifically mentioned (as we shall see in a moment).
The next brother buried Heinrich (Benedict Moses Hayim) Austerlitz died nine years earlier, on 28 December 1909. He was older than his brother, namely 85 years, his wife Catherine, who is also buried at younger Jewish cemetery in Eisenstadt, also died at 85 years 1,921th
And of course we started - so to speak routinely - in the register books for children of the couple to seek, as we believed that we - would find several children even with Henry and Catherine Austerlitz - like his brother.
But precisely this search in parish registers or other sources can save genealogists if they know the line 10 in the long Hebrew grave inscription and take into account, because then that the couple had no children in 50 years of their joint marriage is clear (and remain obviously wanted because in line 9 and 10 we read):
Chaim enjoyed life with the woman he loved nearly 50 years.
He had no children; worth more than sons and daughters was the good name he had acquired it.
So we learn reading, we expressly girls "Banot", "daughters", we can rest assured that there was only even or daughters. is problematic Boys Because both "children" in general and explicitly "sons" may be meant "banim," "sons". Here is often tact with the translation necessary. If it about is "bringing many, banim 'into the covenant of Abraham" are of course the "sons" meant just as if we can find a number in front of it: "A father of seven, banim' 'of course is a father of seven" sons " and not "a father of seven children." If we find general formulations as above "He did not, banim '" is meant that he had "no children".
Also in the eulogy, but also in short inscriptions without eulogy, we often find local information: birth or origin or place of death. Death, especially when the deceased or is in a different place, died from the one in which the grave stone is located. Grave stone of Monisch am Mordechai from Eibenschitz (Ivančice), Died January 27, 1737 (Eybeschutz "From Eib (s) Schitz"):
Or the grave stone of Adolf WolfThat on 07 July 1929 (in) Bath Ischl "Merchatz Ischl" = Bad Ischl died, line 15):
It would, of course, given also the ability to easily write the place name German, but with Hebrew letters, but you have the direct translation of "Bad" = Hebrew favors "merchatz". Bad Ischl is a popular-been even with Jews Austrian spa town in the center of the Salzkammergut region in the southern part of Upper Austria.
For genealogists specifying the death location is of course extremely helpful because in that location other sources (such as newspapers, etc.) may be searched for evidence. All the more so as the death of Adolf Wolf Not the death of Adolf Wolf was reported to Eisenstadt, so Not is entered in the Register of Deaths of Eisenstadt!
In other words, only with the search of the death book Eisenstadt, which is the basic work of genealogists, we would not find Adolf Wolf. On the other hand we do not know without the complete documentation of the Jewish cemetery in Eisenstadt and without reading and translating the entire Hebrew inscriptions, Where Adolf Wolf is dead and buried!
The fact that the birth or origin of genealogical view of enormous importance, must not be carried out here:
Juliana (Jütl) Holzer is buried in Eisentadt the older Jewish cemetery. She died on March 14, 1845, is the first wife of the great-grandfather of Mr. Samuel Holzer, Natan Holzer. Jütl Holzer, born in Eisenstadt and jurisdiction under Kobersdorf Shaked congregation ( "From the holy Jewish community Kobe village", line 3), 25 days after the birth of their first child Anton (Todros) died in Eisenstadt:
A very precise indication of the place of origin is found in the inscription on the grave stone of Jütel CohenDied in 1765:
She comes from Tenovice (line 4) in Bohemia, Hebrew Which "Peham" (line 5)! (You have to know that "Peham" one of the Hebrew names for Bohemia). As an aside, it should be noted that particular Hebrew names of places often represent major challenges, such as also the Hebrew Canaan "Kna'an" has to do not something is a historical place in Galilee even with the territory Canaan, but simply another Hebrew name for Bohemia.
The Hebrew name (Synagogalname) versus real name
Basically: In Hebrew grave inscriptions always and only the Hebrew name (or Synagogalname) is indicated, both women and men. It will no legal name specified. In recent inscriptions we find the real name occasionally as an additive in German or Hungarian, but just never in the Hebrew inscription (examples: Antonia (dove) Hirsch04 October 1936 Jewish Cemetery Mattersburg, and Charlotte (Schwarzl) Spitzer05 June 1914 younger Jewish cemetery Eisenstadt):
So we never find in the Hebrew inscription "Charlotte" but as "black", never "Antonia," but about "dove" and never "Armin" but as "Mordechai Zvi".
On older Jewish cemetery, as has already been pointed out, we find a single real name under 1,085 grave stones.
But even the younger Jewish cemetery we find in today second, originally the first series, the so-called rabbi series in the 22 grave stones from the period 1878-1937 are, not one not Hebrew letters, and consequently no German suffix.
A very fine example of regional specificity of surnames we find at the Jewish cemetery of Trieste in the Hebrew grave inscription Adele AschkenasiDied in 1873:
In the Hebrew inscription her name is Adele Ashkenazi (line 2). "Ashkenaz" Ashkenaz Hebrew is "Germany, German".
If we now find the entry in the death register of Trieste, we will not find anything when we seek Ashkenazi. Because Adele is called "Tedeschi" (the Italian word for "Ashkenazi / German") entered. And if Mrs. Tedeschi, Hebrew Ashkenazi, eg from Vienna or Eisenstadt, and the death message would be sent to her hometown, she would have to see "German".
Adele Aschkenasis grave stone is very small, the inscription is very short, but the inscription is one of the most charming and interessantesten inscriptions, I know, but above all, because a lot of genealogical evidence is packaged in this so short inscription:
Because we read in the Hebrew inscription (line 3) that Adele on a epidemic "Magefa" (plague epidemic) died. The death book confirms and clarifies that she was the wife of the dealer's Moise Tedeschi and died with 25 years of cholera. So far so good.
But what we in the death register Not Is read that Adele had a son who survived the epidemic apparently. We only read in the Hebrew inscription lines 5 and 6! It says:
She died of cholera on Shabbos, "Fear not, for God has heard the voice the boy".
But why do I say that this sentence in the inscription indicating that the son has survived the cholera?
Because this sentence was read in the inscription, a verse from that parashah, so that Torah portion, who died on Shabbat on which Adele. The parashah includes the Bible verse Genesis 18.1 to 22.24 and there we find the sentence, which is in the inscription (Genesis 21.14 to 18).
To understand the relevance of this genealogical record truly comprehensive, and I quote the paragraph in question from the parasha, where just found the sentence of the inscription:
14) Early in the morning Abraham rose up, took bread and a skin of water and gave it to Hagar, put her on the shoulder, handed her the child, and sent her away. She pulled away and wandered in the desert of Beersheba. 15) When it was the water in the hose to an end, she threw the child under a bush, 16) walked away and sat down nearby, about a bowshot away; for she said: I can not look on as the child dies. She was sitting nearby and lifted up her voice and wept. 17) God heard the boy scream; cried the angel of God from heaven to Hagar and said, What is it, Hagar? Fear not, for God has heard the voice of the boy, Where it is located. 18) Arise, lift up the boy up and hold it firmly in your hand; for a great nation I will make him.
Clear there's more, the message of the cited biblical verse is clear: Adele certainly had a son and the set of the parashah in the grave inscription would make no sense if the son would not have survived the cholera.
In any case, a beautiful example of that, even a very short Hebrew grave inscription may be more to biographical notes than other genealogical sources!
A particularly fine example of how to use the Hebrew name also shows the Hebrew grave inscription of the prematurely deceased at age 27 Juliana (Jentel) MachlupDied in 1838 and buried at the older Jewish cemetery in Eisenstadt.
In the beautiful long inscription we read:
A graceful woman ... is united with a noble heart in the beauty and loveliness. Afflicted mind, beset by the time she returned ... still a young delicate lily in her father's house back ... ill and endured with patience ye imposed sorry ... and when the time for the young pigeon (daughter of Jonah) was approaching, as she flew high up into the sky…
The Hebrew word game on line 14 is fascinating: Jonah years old "Asked juggler" is literally "young pigeon", but also be translated as "daughter of Jonah" (Hebrew "juggler" is "dove"). Of course, the whole set can also be interpreted as Euphemie for dying.
By referring to "bat jona" but we definitely know that the father of Juliana "Jonah" is the name and it is Jona Klaberis still alive at the time of the early death of his daughter in 1858, so 20 years later, died, and also the older Jewish cemetery buried.
Place names as a surname are a well known phenomenon that we do not need to speak in detail. On the older Jewish cemetery in Eisenstadt we find in 1085 grave stones 51x the name Austerlitz, 50x the name Güns, 30x the name Spitz or Spitzer, 7x the name Mikulov, furthermore the name Neufeld, winches, Mill Village, Rust, Lackenbach, Kittsee, Koblenz , Wiesbaden, Halberstadt, Vienna, Krakow, Bratislava, stomping, Brno or Schaffa.
That the place names in the early days (17th, 18th century) play course for genealogical concerns an increased role, is obvious. Particularly if the place name is used as the name in the Hebrew inscription still, however, an entirely different name found in the death books and in the following generations about the place name "mill village" in Hebrew inscription, registered in the death register as "Pollak" ,
Exciting nor the job titles are names that reflect and we can find it difficult in the death books without knowledge of Hebrew. Or maybe vice versa clearer:
I find in the death books a Abraham GoldschmidtDied in 1735, looking for his grave at the Jewish cemetery, I need to know that I, at least in the early days, so the 17th and 18th centuries, an Abraham Zoref (line 7) have to look because the Hebrew word jeweler "Zoref" just means "goldsmith".
The same applies if I one in the death books Moses SchneiderDied in 1791, think:
The probability is high that we have to look at the early days of the Jewish cemetery the grave stone of Moses Chajjat (line 4), because the Hebrew word Chait "Chajjat" means "cutter".
Finally, it is certainly helpful to genealogists when they know that deer, the son of the scholar Loeb Rofe (line 6), the son of a doctor is because the Hebrew word doctor "Rofe" means "doctor".
The list goes on; the same is true for the name "Chasan" cantorWhich means "prayer leader / Kantor" or, to quote the most famous example: Moses Sofer or Moses writers because "sofer" author just "clerk" means (it is known as Chatam Sofer and was for 33 years Rabbi of Pressburg).
Among the most frequently asked questions in relevant forums heard how Hebrew names (Synagogalnamen) meet certain legal name, and vice versa, so if it can be concluded from Hebrew names reliably on certain Civil name!
We know the "usual suspects": whether the Hebrew name Moses Max, Sigmund would always always correspond Bernhard ...
The fact is that in Hebrew we name no can reliably infer bourgeois names and vice versa, if we find bourgeois name, we can from these no reliably infer Hebrew names. At least we must always assume that everything can be completely different!
Although certain regularities as Mordechai and Max or Rösl and Theresia pile, but there are plenty of examples that paint a very different picture. Of course, and that must not be ignored, regional and temporal differences are noticeable. If we want to create statistics to arrive at a respectable result, strict criteria and parameters must be set in advance: Region, period, possibly also religious climate, so if there was an Orthodox community, etc.
We find about only on the two Jewish cemeteries of Eisenstadt, so a total of approximately 1,400 grave stones for the real name
- Max the Hebrew name Meir, Mordechai, Mose and Michael Zvi.
- For Sigmund we find Isaiah, Samuel, Paltiel and Issachar (Only marginally should be noted, as earlier, the regional differences were noted: for the Hebrew name Issachar we find for example in Germany, in contrast to the East of Austria, usually the real name Bernhard, along with about Hermann)
- For Adolf we find especially Aron and Abraham.
- For Alexander we find Saul, Susskind, Salomo Judah and Sender.
- For Heinrich we find Moses Chajim and Kalonymus Zvi.
- For Rosa / Rosalia we find Rachel, Rebekka, Sara, Sarl, Selda and Süssl.
The list could be continued ad nauseam.
Statistical clusters of correspondences Hebrew name - real name are often rooted in the Jewish biblical tradition:
The connection of the name Yehuda and Leopold goes back to Jacob's blessing in Genesis 49.9: Here Jacob compares his son Yehuda with a lion. Therefore, we often find the equation of Judah and the Hebrew lion German Loeb / Low, which is then modernized "Aryeh", "Lion" to "Leopold".
Once again very clearly: We must never assume that their legal name is nothing more than a kind of translation of the Hebrew name, and vice versa when reading Matrikeneinträgen! There is no doubt regularities, but leave we must not forward. Rewarding it would be if there were to be more serious statistical material that today, in the age of technology, would be easier to be created than 100 years ago.
(The Hebrew name from top to bottom: Genesis, Chana, Moses, Chaim Zvi, Bella / Bila, Sanwel, Berl, Miriam, Sanwel, Josef)
Often we find also entered the Hebrew name especially in birth books. Unfortunately, is like ignored by many genealogists. It is primarily not a question that maybe they can not read these Hebrew names, but the fact that consciousness does not exist, that this Hebrew name may be for genealogical research of enormous importance!
And why this is so, I will show you on a very nice example:
In Mattersdorf (Mattersburg), one of the so-called "Sheva Kehillot" the sacred "seven communities" of today's Burgenland (formerly West Hungary) about Regina were Trebitsch Kohn and Kohn Regina Trebitsch sisters! Yes, you heard right. Both sisters are called Regina and are so registered in the marriage and death books. However, were the real name, so Regina in our case, just a formality, the two sisters were at home called by their Hebrew name, which Rivka and Rachel. Each family history work can therefore result in such a case only on the Hebrew name to a reputable result.
In practice: For the wedding book, for example, three or four times in the period in question a wedding between Ignatz Kohn and Tessa Black, both names are very common in the region in question and the time in question. The age of all couples were 22 to 32 years. What wedding is now the right, that is the one you're looking for?
The solution via the Hebrew names that we find in the best case in the Geburtsmatriken or often using the Hebrew grave inscription in which only the Hebrew name is also mentioned. We therefore, when indexing Birth, marriage and death, if appropriate books, the Hebrew name should index, one of the themes in my will second presentation on Friday his.
Age and status
The name is usually initiated by an indication of or the deceased's status: "The child", "the boy", "the girl", "the bachelor", "the young woman", "the widow", "the old man" etc. Almost exclusively in men nor a title that describes mainly the function within the community comes in addition: the dear Lord who Toragelehrte, the High, the Morenu = our teacher and master, etc.
Particular caution should be exercised in the words the guy "Ha-Bachur," "The Bachelor," "The unmarried man." As "Bachur" but can also be called a 60-year old man who was not married! "Bachur" alone is thus initially a status designation and no indication of age! is, however The important guy literally "the significant Bachelor" always a young unmarried man! In the vernacular it is called "chaschuv bachurl" and simply referred to a learned young man!
Similarly, for unmarried women: Virgin "Ha-betula", the unmarried woman, no matter what age she is! By contrast, the Hebrew word העלמה "ha-alma" really means getting a Boy (unmarried woman!
belongs in this particular case, the grave stone Salde KlaberDied in 1843, we read in the first line Virgin "Ha-betula", that "the unmarried woman", but in the eulogy the word העלמה "ha alma" is used with a quote on the first line, inspired by Jeremiah 4.31 Narrow Cmbcirh "Cry of fear (about the death of a young woman)." Consequently, we must Virgin "Ha-betula" naturally translate in the first line as "girls"!
Someone dies relatively young, are usually words such as Died in his prime "He died in the middle of his days," a quote from Isaiah 38.10 or Plucked bud "He was picked still in his prime," modeled on Job 8:12 is used.
Usually we find Hebrew inscriptions only very approximate ages as old man "Jaschisch" "advanced in years", an old "Matter", "everything" oder return "Seva", "old age", often in phrases such as "He reached a good old age."
exalted "Merumam" about actually means "exalted", but is used almost exclusively in men at older ages.
All this may be essential information for genealogical matters of course. When we are in a grave stone not sure if he is the right and we are looking for a young deceased for example, but the word exalted "Merumam" see the inscription, we know that the probability is at least 98% that the deceased is not the of us are looking for. Frequently all expressions are next to each other or in an inscription in front, see, eg, Samuel SchneiderDied May 05, 1928 Line 2 and 10:
(2) a old man and old man…
(10) He died in good standing with 82 years
Not infrequently ages come into the Hebrew grave inscriptions of the two Jewish cemeteries in Eisenstadt but most of which are rooted in Jewish tradition, such as in the inscription of Samuel (Nataniel) SchönbergerDied 04 May 1911 Line 10 and 11:
He died at an advanced age, when he came to forces
what was his age?
We read in Psalm 90,10 "The time of our life span is seventy years if it comes up eighty." ... if the working eighty years ... and Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Avot V, 25 "... 80 years old to old age ..." ... eighty Heroes ..., So when we read in an inscription: "He or she died after he / she was come to forces," we can assume that die or one who died about 80 years ago.
Samuel (Nataniel) Schönberger actually died, according Sterbematriken 79 years.
The date of birth in Hebrew grave inscriptions is not common, which is explained by the bible verse Ecclesiastes 7.1:
Better a good name as a perfume - and the day of death than the day of birth.
About the "good name" in inscriptions and in the grave stone symbolism there is to say a lot of exciting, but I'm keeping my Presentation on Friday on.
"As the Amen in prayer" follows after the name of a deceased / a deceased's blessing He \ she rest in peace "On him / her be peace" Rest in peace "His rest may be the Garden of Eden" or Late "His / her memory should be preserved," in particular scholars L "The memory of the righteous might be preserved", etc.
Not quite so regularly and reliably of blessing is with living relatives: , Frost "His light may shine." In this case, grave of Hendl HessDied in 1907 (line 5). The girl died at the age of 9, his father lived, as expected, yet the way and was 74 years old. was that the father of an advanced age, we recognize in the inscription but - we have just talked about - the word exalted "Merumam" (line 4), "raised", that is used only in elderly men.
The blessing, which is usually abbreviated, so there gerademal of two or three letters, but can tip the scales at genealogical research whether the search in the right direction running or not. An almost dramatic example:
1995 I published the book about the younger Jewish cemetery, I unfortunately overlooked in the inscription of Franziska Reitlinger the blessing rest in peace "On it is the peace" be in line 12. Line 10-12:
It gathered with her on the day of her burial, the sons of her first husband, the chairman and head of the municipality, Mr. Abraham Loeb Reitlinger on him be peace.
So we published Abraham Loeb Reitlinger, died in 1907 when her husband and Franziska Franziska than Sprinze Haya Reitlinger.
For 22 years this fatal error was written off in genealogical books and online genealogical databases. No one has bothered to take a look at the Hebrew grave inscription, because then the error would obviously immediately noticed.
- Through the blessing "upon him be peace"Is unmistakably clear that said first husband Abraham Loeb Reitlinger at the death of Franziska (Sprinze Haya), 1879, no longer alive is, accordingly, not to have died in 1907! In fact, he died on 14 September 1826 in Vienna and the Reitlinger, who died in Paris in 1907, his son Leopold (Abraham Loeb) Reitlinger. The similarity of names of father and son was obviously a Mitgrund that the error undetected remained so long.
- (By properly considering the blessing desire in connection with line 11 'the sons of her first husband") Of the inscription is clear that Sprinze Chaya must have in any case got married a second time (because otherwise"first husband"Makes no sense). This second husband, Mr. Markus Mordechai Sabel WiesbadenSo we now know, died in 1830. Since his first wife died in February 1827, he may have married the end of 1827 until at least Franziska. Markus Sabel died after about two years of marriage and was at the time of the death of Franziska already 49 years dead!
And suddenly, after 22 years, its entry fit in death book:
Franziska (Sprinze Haya) is a registered Franziska Sabel, and not as Franziska Reitlinger, we were looking 22 years.
We learn from this story: Make sure Always meticulously to the blessings!
Finally, we come to
date of death
The date of death is given in Hebrew inscriptions exclusively on the Jewish calendar. The date is given never in numbers, but always with Hebrew letters that have a certain value. As recognized by that date even for non-Hebrew lawyers, and can be converted easily, my topic is second presentation on Friday.
The grave stone of Samuel BreierDied on December 13, 1904, buried at the younger Jewish cemetery in Eisenstadt:
Here you can see beautiful (line 6) that the date of death appears with Hebrew letters, never with numbers!
If the date of death in the Hebrew inscription does not coincide with the date of death in the death book or other sources, is the crucial question in practice always what date we trust more, that in the inscription or the death book?
The businessman Moses Elias Gelles died, according to Hebrew grave inscription, which even today is clear to read (line 4) buried on 08 Iyar 625, converted Thursday, 04 May 1865 and is the older Jewish cemetery in Eisenstadt. In the Hebrew inscription and the weekday (Day 5 = Thursday) is specified.
In the Sterbematriken but the date of death 04 June 1865 (that date difference of 1 month!) Is found. The death record was obvious grudge and wearing "serial number" 11a.
To make matters primavista difficult is that there is in the Sterbematriken death date in Hebrew, and as follows:
Beha'aloscha Sunday "1st day (Sunday) of (Week) parashah / the Toraabschnitts, if you put the lamps on the lamp '" (Numbers 8,1), and this is the year 625/1865 Sunday, the 10th of Sivan = 04 June! So both the date and weekday completely different from the Hebrew inscription.
This means that the Hebrew date clearly attracts the civil death date of death entry in the death register and were not properly credited back, but ultimately provides the wrong date. As expected, the date of the Hebrew grave inscription is not taken because the Matrikeneintrag took place in June 1865 of the grave stone with the inscription grave but was very likely set at one year, ie on 04 May 1866 until 1 Jahrzeittag.
It may therefore virtually certain to be assumed that the Matrikenführer May mistook June and earned death date wrong (yet especially since there is no entry in May).
An interesting example where neither the (civil) entry in the death register nor the Hebrew entry in the death register, but the Hebrew date in the grave inscription of the most reliable supplier Date!
Especially with corrupt and nachgetragenen Matrikeneinträgen it is an enormous advantage to have the Hebrew grave inscription available or to consider this just accordingly.
In my experience, the accuracy of the death date in the Hebrew inscriptions especially more than rely on entries in death books, when the date of death (or burial date) written with a lot of effort and meticulousness:
Rosa Schlesinger died in 1875 and buried at the Jewish cemetery Mattersdorf / Mattersburg, their grave stone no longer exists. Her mother is Sarah, daughter of Rabbi Akiba Eger!
Drittvorletzte and penultimate line:
and was brought to rest on Friday after, Erev Shabbat Kodesh, parasha, Ki Tavo '(Deuteronomy 26.1 to 29.8) "If you are entering into the land ...") 635 after the small era = Friday, September 17, 1875
It is obvious to one - in this case - to formulate funeral date so it is not enough simply to have a look at the Jewish calendar, because a lot more effort, more accuracy, more tradition and more religious knowledge is required.
Dear Madam or Sir,
As much as I regret the non-performance or to-little-compliance with the Hebrew grave inscriptions and other Hebrew sources (such as year boards, Hebrew entries in the parish registers, etc.) in genealogical research !, it is the beautiful language often with so much wisdom and Love written inscriptions that most fascinates me still. And I would hope that I have succeeded, to inspire you for this beauty of the language of Hebrew inscriptions a little, and off the genealogical interest.
cause of death
The frequently noted in Sterbematriken death plays no or only a very minor role (exception: personal interest) for genealogists. Likewise, we rarely find in Hebrew grave inscriptions an indication of the cause of death (except martyrs, plague victims, etc.).
Every now and then but found a particularly beautiful word:
Elias (Abraham) Gabriel died on 12 Adar I 638 (15 February 1878)
with a divine kiss at the age of 71 years ...
we read on line. 2
Cited here is the Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Moed Qatan 28a and Baba Batra 17a, where it says "... and Miriam also died (ie Moses) with a (divine) Kiss (ie without agony and pain) ..." See also treatise Berachot 8a "... the lightest (cause of death) is the kiss (death) ...".
Elias (Abraham) Gabriel died an easy death and is buried in the so-called rabbi series at younger Jewish cemetery in Eisenstadt.
Thank you!
- Alefbet (Hebrew letters), numbers, names examples (pdf, 87KB)
- Introductory text, status, title, blessings, date of death (PDF, 99KB)
- Era, the Jewish months (pdf, 83KB)


text:
Online ordering powered by Seamless
506 Washington Street, (Washington St. Between 5th St. & 6th.)(201) 710-5777
Minimum order of $15.00 is required for delivery
+ $3.00 delivery fee (more info)
Delivery estimate is 25-40 min (more info)
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Minimum order of $15.00 is required for delivery
+ $3.00 delivery fee (more info)
Delivery estimate is 45 - 60 min (more info)
Print this menu
Our select cuts of meats and chicken have been delicately dry rubbed and marinated with our special blend of seasoning and spices that become infused
Available all day.
Available all day. Served with toast or silver dollar pancakes.
Available all day. Served on an over-sized pancake or tortilla.
Available all day. 4 pieces. Served with syrup.
Available all day. Served with syrup.
All crêpes come topped with whipped cream and powdered sugar.
Served in our very own Stacks homemade tortilla shells.
Served with 3 silver dollar pancakes, toast, home fries or hash browns.
Served with your choice of side.
Served with French fries.
Served with creamy mashed potatoes and a steamed vegetable medley.
Welcome to Stacks Pancake House and Café, Hoboken's first official pancake place. Not only does this place offer breakfast all day, but they serve the most delicious light and fluffy pancakes, Belgian waffles, French Toast, omelets, and even sandwiches, wraps, and salads. Located on 5th and Washington, you can stop in and have your breakfast for lunch or dinner, or have a delicious meal delivered straight to your home or office. Try the Oreo Cookie, The Addiction, or A Slice of Heaven pancakes. They are all made with fresh ingredients and are bursting with flavor. For those in the mood for a grilled specialty, The stacks big bacon cheeseburger is a crowd pleaser worthy of notice.
No matter you're in the mood for, Stacks Pancake House and Café can deliver something you desire directly to you!
They messed up my order but agreed to exchange it. They still recharged me and had me pay a delivery fee on their mistake. The manager handled it very poorly. She is obviously over her head.
I eat out every meal and do not think I will be giving Stacks my support.
Posted 5 years ago by Bobby G.
Delivery was an hour and a half! By the time the crepe arrived it was soggy from the steam and strawberries, it just wasn't appealing to eat!
Posted 5 years ago by Makeeda P.
Late food cold ice cream was completely melted
Posted 5 years ago by Zach Z.
Good food if you pick up your breakfast order, but delivery takes about an hour and a half! By the time the food arrives, the eggs are rubbery and the pancakes/toast is a soggy mess.
Posted 5 years ago by alex f.
great place to order in breakfast. Only downside is they should give you the cornbread that they serve when you eat there in take out orders. They charge $2 if you ask for it to be added in which is annoying.
Posted 5 years ago by Evelyne F.
Note this is a review of their breakfast food, not the BBQ.
If I could throw 3.5 stars here I would, but they get a bump up to 4. I haven't had an issue with delivery ever. Its easy for someone to jump on here with ONE bad delivery and blast the place. For me, I have ordered about 5 times with no issues.
Also, I think the food is good. Not great, but for "Hoboken" its good. The French Toast is excellent. Also the eggs benedict are really good. One minor issue I have with their delivery is that they should look to keep the bread/toast separate from the other food items. The heat & steam causes the toast (and the english muffin) to get soggy when sitting on top of the eggs.
Posted 5 years ago by Sean I.
Food,is always on time.. Always fresh and tasty
Posted 5 years ago by Monique V.
always delicious and delivered within or before the time frame!
Posted 5 years ago by Gretchen B.
Stay away if you like good pancakes.
Posted 5 years ago by anthony t.
I can't get enough of this place after having moved to Jersey City recently! I have always heard people rave about how good it is but wasn't willing to buy into the hype..man was I wrong! They are always at my door in under the estimated time which is HUGE and everything is always so hot and fresh. My favorite option has to be the pancake wraps, you really can't go wrong with any of them. This is definitely my number one place to order from and highly recommend it for anyone!
Posted 5 years ago by john f.
Took a long time to deliver and the pancakes were really dry.
Posted 6 years ago by Sarah V.
Food is good but it's unfortunate that delivery takes so long. Happens every time I try, it's a shame. They should adjust their advertised time to a realistic hour and 30.
Posted 6 years ago by brian s.
Downside: they take a while to deliver, and they're expensive. Upside: their pancake wraps are ridiculously good. If you're thinking about getting anything at all from Stacks, do yourself a favor and go with one of the pancake wraps, and you'll feel like the money and wait was worth it.
Posted 6 years ago by Daniel E.
It took over 2 ad a half hours to receive my order. Terrible service
Posted 6 years ago by Stephanie V.
Terrible service and overall communication. Don't waste your time, order from another vendor
Posted 6 years ago by Justin C.
Ordered at 12:35 received confirmation at 12:40. Food arrived at 2:27. Don't order the chicken and biscuits unless tiny fried chicken wings are what you had in mind for a chicken and waffle dish. Waffles were soggy and undercooked.
Posted 6 years ago by jean D.
Food took over 90 minutes to get here and was cold when it finally arrived. Quality/quantity is terrible too. I ordered a belgium waffle w/ bananas and got one dinky, soggy waffle with some sliced banana on the side for $8.25.
Don't waste your time or money on this place.
Posted 6 years ago by Sean O.
Love this place. Amazing food.
Posted 6 years ago by Patricia F.
Delivery is usually as quoted in the confirmation (seems to run about 30-45 mins during the week). Almost always a minor issue with the order...e.g., ordered a special waffle (with toppings) they sent a plain one. Food is usually good once you get it though.
Posted 6 years ago by Valerie C.
Turkey dinner didn't taste like real turkey.
Posted 6 years ago by Hanh P.
The food is okay, but nothing special. Some of the pancake dishes are inventive. It's not exactly gourmet, but it's hard to mess up breakfast. I haven't had their non-breakfast items, so I can't comment on those. Service during the weekdays is fast. But during the weekends you can often expect to see a 90 minute wait or more for delivery and sometimes they even suspend delivery through Seamless because it appears they can't keep up. They also have delivered other people's food to me on several occasions. They've never brought me cold food though, so I'll give them that. I keep coming back because their selection is unrivaled and the prices are reasonable. There's room for improvement though, so I give 3 stars.
Posted 6 years ago by Elaine C.
Unlike most reviews on here, we did get our food on time... unfortunately it results in us both getting sick. I'll never order from here again.
Posted 6 years ago by MIKE F.
The service here is so bad that it's not worth ordering food from here. I ordered a chicken salad and ended up getting chicken wraps. This order came after one and a half hours and when i told the delivery man that the order was wrong he was extremely rude and refused to accept the order was wrong. I called the store and they acknowledged that the order was wrong and promised to refund me for the order but that never happened so essentially i ended up paying more than i should have for horrible food and service. The service has been consistently bad because of which I am never ordering from this place ever again..
Posted 6 years ago by RAJ C.
Pretty fast and burgers were good
Posted 6 years ago by Debbie L.
This place is awesome! Great crispy waffles!
Posted 6 years ago by joe g.
This place is disgusting. I ate inside the restaurant early morning and saw three different insects roaming the premises before my food came. Needless to say I didn't stay any longer. My other experience ordering from here came when my friend ordered us some brunch one Saturday morning. I could go on and on, but to briefly summarize, Stacks just doesn't value your or anyone's business when it comes to delivery. Their staff is rude and mean. The food comes HOURS after ordering, and is cold and often incomplete. DO NOT ORDER FROM HERE>
Posted 6 years ago by Joe K.
Ok so there are two components to my review of Stacks: The food and the service.
If you actually manage to get your food...it is actually pretty good. But to be honest, the likelihood of you receiving your order is pretty slim.
I've ordered from this place on multiple occasions because my girlfriend remembers their late night pancakes fondly. Each time I am met with a new challenge. The most recent and review-inspiring mix-up was yesterday morning when I tried to order brunch. I went for a philly cheesesteak, my girlfriend wanted the cinnamon pancakes. Seemed pretty straight forward. We also had a friend over that just wanted an order of cheese fries, so we added that to the order.
About an hour later we received a pair of cold food trays. Her pancakes didn't even resemble what she ordered. By that I mean that they sent an entirely different menu item...apple pancakes. I received my sandwich, but instead of giving us a side order of cheese fries (4.50) they just put some cheese on the fries that came with my sandwich and charged us the 4.50 anyway.
I got them on the phone and the manager was condescending and inept. He told me that he couldn't help it if i made a mistake in ordering. I was looking at my Seamless confirmation that stated exactly what i ordered, and the most constructive response he had was "When you put cheese on fries, they are cheese fries." Wow...thanks. So even though they managed to mess up 75% of the order and 2/3 of my party had to order food elsewhere...we were only reimbursed a fraction of our money and i paid for a pile of cold food that no one ate. I wish I could say that this was unheard of...but we actually joked about it beforehand, thinking there was no way that they could consistently ruin every order. My bad.
Posted 6 years ago by travis g.
Their menu online is not the same as at the restaurant. The have added new items. Please update the menu for online orders
Posted 6 years ago by Alicia R.
Usually good but they messed up my orders a few times. I order a chicken sandwich, I get chicken fingers. I order a medium rare bacon cheese burger. I get a well done cheese burger without the bacon. Come on guys, get it together. Or hire someone who can read.
Posted 6 years ago by john m.
Love the food but my sandwich toast was burnt. I couldn't eat it. Will order again but will make a note to them next time.
Posted 7 years ago by David W.
Took an hour and a half and massively soggy fries BOO!!!!
Posted 7 years ago by Natalie D.
You can always count on Stacks for an awesome breakfast, and being named after pancakes, you'd expect they'd do those well, and they do!
Delivery is usually right on schedule but you may wait a bit longer during peak times on Sunday. The food usually arrives warm but breakfast items get cold fast anyways, so it may require a 30-second warm-up in the microwave. I don't mind though because the food still tastes as good as dining-in.
The Bloomfield Wrap is my hubby's go-to, lazy weekend pick-me-up and I can't get enough of the hollandaise they put on the Eggs Benny and Florentines!
Also, their lunch items are really good but even if we are ordering at lunch time, we can't seem to pry ourselves away from the breakfast items very often because we love just them so much!
No matter what time of day you are ordering, be sure to throw in an order of Cheese Fries, they are insane! They give you a ton, but I find they make great leftovers; I just re-heat them in the oven on a piece foil and they are fantastic!
It's definitely Happy Hunger Games eating at Stacks!
Posted 7 years ago by Jolene S.
Super inconsistent. Every time we order they forget something in our order or the food is cold.
Posted 7 years ago by Elisabeth Y.
Their pancakes are way too sweet for me and they tend to deliver drinks INSIDE the delivery bag which makes a big mess. That aside, they always deliver on time and their non-pancake breakfasts and grill options are solid.
Posted 7 years ago by Christopher A.
It took over two and a half hours to receive my order today. An hour and a half after placing my order I finally received my confirmation email and didn't actually get the food for another hour. I called many times, most often hearing the busy signal, and when I did get through, they couldn't tell me the status of my order. The food was good once it arrived, but certainly not worth the wait. Being a holiday, I can understand a bit of a back-up, but they should have planned ahead for a rush.
Posted 7 years ago by Carie J.
WORST service ever! I ordered my food OVER 3 HOURS AGO, and its still NOT here! I called ONE HOUR after placing the order and they said it had just left, I called back again at the 2 HOUR mark and they said they were supposedly re-making my order and re-sending it. Clearly just a lie to get me off the phone, this is beyond ridiculous! I called again at the 3 HOUR MARK and they are told me it was on the way....the food didn't arrive for another HOUR = 4 HOURS after placing the order and receiving the confirmation email. Oh and guess what, they forgot TWO items! They seriously need to stop offering delivery at all. I will never order from them again! I probably will never even go there again period!
Wish there was a -5 Star option!!! Also, wish I had read the reviews first, seems this is a common occurrence.
Posted 7 years ago by Alyssa H.
Waited over 4 hours for my food. Called multiple times and they said it was on the way but they obviously were lying. Food arrived cold and burnt. Worst experience ever.
Posted 7 years ago by Rod H.
I ordered from Stacks because the food was good when I had it in the restaurant. But when I ordered for delivery, the food took about an hour and a half to actually be delivered and was very cold and tasteless and it arrived. I called the restaurant after an hour of waiting and was told the food should come any second because it was already on its way. The food came half an hour later. It was really not worth it to wait so long.
Posted 7 years ago by Nellya A.
terrible. Items I ordered were missing. They refused to refund me for those items. I order a cup of coffee which was upside down in the bad with coffee spilled everywhere. I am shocked at how inept these people are. Would have given zero stars if I could. Won't be surprised if this place goes out of business soon.
Posted 7 years ago by John C.
Food arrived stone cold and not as advertised. It came with none of the sides that it was supposed to. I absolutely would not recommend this place.
Posted 7 years ago by Ian S.
I ordered food on a Saturday for Belgian Waffles with Vanilla Ice Cream and the order said that it would be delivered within 30-45 minutes. When the food didn't get delivered on time I called up the restaurant to find out the status of my order; they said the food is out for delivery and takes 10 - 15 minutes longer than what you saw in the email; that considering the fact that they charge $3 for the delivery fee. I suggested that they should be correcting the information on the website so as not to mislead users; to which they told me that it was the websites' issue and weekends are very busy. Which begs the question shouldn't they be prepared for that ? It took more than 2 hours to arrive and by the time it came the ice cream had melted. Such a disappointment.
Posted 7 years ago by Jasmeet A.
Everything is generally good. Nothing stands out as great. Would order from Stacks anytime I was too lazy to cook breakfast but I know even I could make better.
Posted 7 years ago by Andrew M.
Best Pancakes in Hoboken
Posted 7 years ago by John D.
The pancake wraps are simply amazing. You MUST try one if you love breakfast sandwiches and pancakes! They also have really good gluten-free pancakes. I am not restricted to a gluten-free diet myself, but my girlfriend is and so I have had them a few times just to make sure the order doesn't get mixed up or if we are going to share. I have not been disappointed!
Posted 8 years ago by Matthew P.
Placed an order which took 30 minutes to confirm. Then the food never arrived. Many attempts to contact Stacks were useless since the phone number was consistently busy the whole time. When seamless tried to contact them as well, they were not able to get through on the phone line. seamless had to refund the order.
Posted 8 years ago by Jenna D.
shame there isn't option for 0 stars. they make very good pancakes, everything else is average or less. usually order breakfast from them weekends if wife is away. they're the only place open early.
so i ordered OJ with breakfast sunday and after receiving the order i saw the oj wasn't delivered. called them and was told tough luck, that the manager said they had no delivery people available.
Now i know they are busy, but i had ordered often in the past, had ordered extra food i didn't want so as to make their 15 dollar minimum order and then tipped them 50% eg. tipped them 9 dollars on an 18 dollar order.
if hoboken flooded again and they were the only place on earth open and serving food i would starve to death before i would order from a place with such lousy customer service again.
order at your own risk/peril. expect an hour or more for your incomplete order to arrive and when things are missing, you can expect to be told too bad.
Posted 8 years ago by douglas e.
I ordered eggs benedict and they delivered 8 pancakes instead.
Posted 8 years ago by Billy L.
The grilled chicken sandwich is amazing
Posted 8 years ago by Andrew B.
Fast delivery and huge omelets! Remember to ask for the toast on the side or it'll get soggy.
Posted 8 years ago by Laura G.
Great breakfast food and order arrived in time guideline. it did take about 45 mins in the middle of weekday, but it was delicious!!
Posted 8 years ago by Ashley F.
I never submit negative reviews but this is an exception. I have been waiting for 2 hours. The woman said my order went out 30 minutes ago -- apparently that was a lie to get me off the phone. Claimed they were "very busy" but they did not update the wait time. My whole day is being thrown off.
Posted 8 years ago by Brendan H.
Delivered within 10 minutes and amazing!
Posted 9 years ago by Frank D.
Pancakes were delicious and perfectly golden brown but, I was dissapointed that the bananas were only on top and a little on the green side. I love the yummy caramelized taste of cooked bananas when they are actually in the batter. Also, my boyfriend's chocolate pancakes had the same issue. The chocolate chips were melted all over the top pancake only, which left the other two beneath, plain. The taylor ham was great and the canadian bacon was nice as well. It was a tasty change of pace for dinner, which we intend to repeat in the future, granted they will throw some goods in the batter :0)
Posted 9 years ago by jackie b.
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Ronaldo Pickering scored two goals and added an assist in Burlington Township's 4-3 overtime victory over Pennsauken in Pennsauken.
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Michael Freitas and Sukhmanprit Kang had the other two goals in the win. Michael Oflazian cracked the Burlington Township box score with an assist.
Oscar Dominguez, Brandon Dorado and Kelvin Smith produced the goals for Pennsauken.


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I have a couple questions about the Normandy Landings that I hope can be answered:
1. So the 1st Infantry on Omaha were issued the Assault Vests and the Gas Masks, were the 4th Infantry on Utah Beach issued these?
2. What about the 2nd Infantry Division arriving on Omaha on June 7th?
3. Were the British/Canadians on Gold, Juno, and Sword Beaches issued any Special Equipment as well?
And yes, I know these questions sound kind of bizarre, but if any or all of them could be answered, then that would be great!
I play World of Tanks! (Yeah, I'm a dork)If anybody has one of those kits with the WoT coupons inside, I'll be happy to take them off of your hands! :-)
The 4th ID wore a different uniform for the assault landing, and photos show the with gas masks but none of the vests worn at Omaha Beach.
For the commonwealth units on the British beaches, I do think there was some items of special or new kit used for the assault waves on the 6th. One item new to combat was the Mk. III helmet.
F is for FIRE, That burns down the whole town!
U is for URANIUM... BOMBS!
N is for NO SURVIVORS...
- Plankton
I read somewhere that the Canadians (and by association the British) wore special uniforms that were treated for chemical defense, so I would assume that they also carried gas masks.
I build 1/48 scale WW2 fighters.
Have fun.
Juno Beach:
James Doohan landed on Juno Beach on D-Day as a lieutenant in the 13th Field Artillery Regiment of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division.
Occasional factual, grammatical, or spelling variations are inherent to this thesis and should not be considered as defects, as they enhance the individuality and character of this document.
Gas attack was a huge concern for the Allied high command with the Normandy landings. All the assault troops, airborne and seaborne, carried a gas mask and work "impregnated" uniforms for the landings. "Impregnated" meant that the standard outer uniform garments had been treated with a waxy substance to make the uniform impermeable to blister agents such as mustard gas. In the case of the 4th ID on Utach Beach, they wore the Green Cotton HBT fatigues as the outer uniform, look at the photo below.
Here is another shot of the 4th ID landing on Utah. The arm "brassard" was chemical attack detection paper
Then there is this classic image of Rangers from the Ranger force (2nd & 5th Ranger Battalions) in their LCA shortly before departing for France. Their Gas Masks are in the black rubber cases worn on the chest
These photos of Commonwealth Troops can give you and idea of their Assault Kit
stikpusher, they are not commonwealth troops but are either canadian or british troops & maybe even free french troops.
Was Canada not part of the British Commonwealth in WWII?
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and just about anywhere else that was once part of the empire are Commonwealth. I think that the Canadians were the only ones who fought as a Canadian Army, instead of part of the British Army.
Cdn Colin
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and just about anywhere else that was once part of the empire are Commonwealth. I think that the Canadians were the only ones who fought as a Canadian Army, instead of part of the British Army.
That was the context in which I used the word Commonwealth. I would have to go thru my books to see which all specific units were used for the assault landings on the 6th. But IIRC, there were Battalions from various Regiments aside from English and Canadian ones, such as Welsh and Scots. I do recall that the photo of the solitary soldier wading ashore from the LCI was supposedly a Royal Marine Commando, but that the other photo has a less unit specific history. I do believe that the Free French commandos, who were outfitted with British kit as opposed to later Free Frech units (such as French 2nd Armored) who had US uniforms & kit, wore their green beenies rather than tin hats that morning
stikpusher, the commonwealth didn't really come into being until after the war & the scots & welsh are part of britain as is england.
stikpusher, the commonwealth didn't really come into being until after the war & the scots & welsh are part of britain as is england.
True, but as these countries were now independent of the UK, they were no longer a part of the Empire. The term Commonwealth first appeared in 1884. So the use of the word Commonwealth is correct, and could apply to those nations independent of the UK and those still under our control. And at the end of the day, whether they be Commonwealth or Imperial troops, they all used, as far as i am aware, mainly British kit.
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I could well be wrong, the British army isn't my strong point, but weren't the Aussies and New Zealander's independant of the British army in WW2, fighting as ANZAC's. I believe this was insisted upon after the disaters of WW1.
From wiki:
In 1884, while visiting Australia, Lord Rosebery described the changing British Empire, as some of its colonies became more independent, as a "Commonwealth of Nations".[5] Conferences of British and colonial prime ministers occurred periodically from the first one in 1887, leading to the creation of the Imperial Conferences in 1911.[6] The Commonwealth developed from the Imperial Conferences. A specific proposal was presented by Jan Christiaan Smuts in 1917 when he coined the term "the British Commonwealth of Nations" and envisioned the "future constitutional relations and readjustments in essence" at the all-important Versailles Conference of 1919 by delegates from the dominions as well as Britain.[7][8] The term first received imperial statutory recognition in the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921.[citation needed]
In the Balfour Declaration at the 1926 Imperial Conference, Britain and its dominions agreed they were "equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations". These aspects to the relationship were formalised by the Statute of Westminster in 1931. The statute applied to Canada without the need for ratification, but Australia, New Zealand, and Newfoundland had to ratify the statute for it to take effect. Newfoundland never did, as on 16 February 1934, with the consent of its parliament, the Government of Newfoundland voluntarily ended, and governance reverted to direct control from London. Newfoundland later joined Canada as its tenth province in 1949.[9] Australia and New Zealand ratified the Statute in 1942 and 1947 respectively
I'm from the government and I'm here to help.
Actually it was in use
But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new dark age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves, that if the British Empire and its Commonwealth[5] last for a thousand years, men will still say, This was their finest hour.
Winston Churchill
I found a color picture of the gear that the 4th Infantry wore during the landing from http://www.theliberator.be/collection2.htm, showing the Gas mask, armband, and the Green Cotton fatigues.
In the Canadian Docu-Drama, "Storming Juno", the Canadians don't appear to be carrying any thing special other than the chemical treated uniforms. Granted, it's a movie, so you can't expect it to be accurate. They did have an awesome Sherman in it though.
I can't find many pictures from Gold or Sword though.
Thank you all for our answers. However I will admit that the Commonwealth Debate was a little annoying.
Thank you all for our answers. However I will admit that the Commonwealth Debate was a little annoying.
welcome to the world of FSM threads
Yeah, what stikpusher said.
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CHARLTON – A 39-year-old man was ordered held without bail on Monday after he allegedly threatened to shoot his half-brother and hid an AR-15 semi-automatic rifle in the woods.
Tyson Loftus of 188 City Depot Road was charged with possession of a large capacity firearm, carrying a firearm without a license, possession of ammunition without an FID card, and threatening to commit murder.
Mr. Loftus will be held pending the outcome of a dangerousness hearing scheduled for Friday in Dudley District Court.
According to the police report, Mr. Loftus was angry because his half-brother Marc Houle had allegedly stolen his dog.
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Greg Van Kannel long had planned for his final season as Pickerington High School North girls soccer coach to coincide with the senior year of his daughter, Lexi.
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Van Kannel resigned last week after going 180-32-16 overall and 60-5-3 in league games in 11 seasons.
"I always said I'd go out at the same time as (Lexi, who played for her father), but I ended up sticking around another year," Van Kannel said. "It was a fun ride and we accomplished a lot of great things as a program. It was always all about the tournament and how we performed there. I loved the competition and working with all of these girls over the years."
His teams won nine league championships, the first of which came in the OCC-Central Division in 2007 before eight in the OCC-Ohio since 2008, as well as nine district titles and eight regional championships. The Panthers were state runners-up in 2010.
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From strike missile-gun complex collapsed.
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Coastal Carolina University — Medical Records Manager
Filed in Administrative, Professional on November 20, 2019
Student Health Services is currently accepting applications for the full time position of Medical Records Manager (Program Coordinator II). This position will manage a high volume, confidential medical records unit responsible for protected health information, patient scheduling, patient flow and financial records (cash collection/controls and deposits). Position is also responsible for protecting clinical, social, and financial information from loss, tampering, alteration, destruction, and unauthorized or inadvertent disclosure.
Duties will include but not be limited to: developing and managing systems that monitor, evaluate and/or improve Health Information Management /cashier functions; serving as subject matter expert to staff for obtaining information or clarification about documentation standards, state and federal law and regulatory requirements relating to Health Information Management (i.e. FERPA, HIPAA, etc.); serving as internal privacy officer and respond appropriately to reported privacy violations; monitoring, interpreting and responding to changes in security and privacy laws, both federal and state; routinely assessing internal security risks and preparing mitigation plans; developing and/or implementing policies, procedures to ensure compliance with privacy and security regulations; heightened awareness of privacy and security policies and procedures through staff in-services; developing, implementing and administering privacy and security compliance monitoring programs; responsible for periodic review and revision of all Health Information Management related policies, procedures and guidelines; serving as a subject matter expert to staff for obtaining information or clarification on all matters related to private/public health insurance coverage, including school sponsored student health insurance plans; establishing procedures for marketing and distributing literature about school sponsored student health insurance policy; assisting students with enrollment; overseeing preparation and processing of health insurance claims according to industry standards; monitoring claim status and responding to follow-up inquiries from insurance carriers regarding claims; assisting with the preparation of specifications and negotiations of student health insurance coverage; establishing procedures for assisting students with coverage and/or claims questions; facilitating activities to meet identified learning needs of Health Information Management staff; coaching and counseling staff as required; ensuring written documentation is provided to support coaching and/or corrective action as appropriate; holding regular meetings with staff; maintaining adequate staffing levels based on need; ensuring completion of employee personnel management system planning and evaluation process within prescribed timeframe; coordinating University Immunization Compliance Program; providing accurate information to university officials, students, faculty, staff and general public (verbally and/or in writing) about SC's immunization requirements and CCU's religious and medical exemption policy; communicating appropriately and serving as SHS liaison with other departments (Registrar, Enrollment/Management, etc.) on matters pertaining to immunization compliance program; receiving, reviewing and processing immunization forms; maintaining current knowledge of SC statutes regarding immunizations; maintaining/creating a filling system for immunization documents; utilizing electronic health record and Data Tel to track immunization compliance; collaborating with others to develop relevant continuous quality improvement initiatives; identifying, communicating and coordinating activities to address opportunities to improve Health Information Management; and using electronic health record to generate relevant patient and clinical management reports as requested by team leaders, Director or designee.
Requirements: Bachelor's degree and related experience are required. Bachelor's degree in medical record science and two years of experience in working in a medical record department of an inpatient/outpatient facility including two years in a supervisory or administrative capacity are preferred.
Successful candidate should also possess a thorough knowledge of principles and practices of medical record administration, medical terminology, diagnostic classification system and uses, and limitations of medical records; considerable knowledge of pertinent Federal, State, and local regulations governing records and reports of medical care, vital statistics and diseases, as well as Joint Commission Standards/AAAHC Standards for Ambulatory Health Care facility; ability to analyze and evaluate medical records, data and information, and apply standards, regulations, and laws to specific operating problems; ability to develop plans, procedures, and forms to improve the maintenance and content of medical records; ability to communicate effectively both orally and in writing on the promotion of more adequate and efficient medical record operations; ability to organize work, set priorities and follow through.
Coastal Carolina University is a public comprehensive liberal arts institution located in Conway, South Carolina, just nine miles from the Atlantic coastal resort city of Myrtle Beach. Coastal Carolina University enrolls over 10,000 students from 47 states and 61 nations. The University is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award the baccalaureate and selective master's degrees of national and/or regional significance in the arts and sciences, business, humanities, education, and health and human services, a specialist degree in educational leadership, and Ph.D. degrees in Marine Science and Education.
Coastal Carolina University is committed to fostering an environment that embraces diversity, equity and inclusion, and we seek candidates who will contribute to a climate that supports the growth and development of a diverse campus community. The University provides equal opportunity without regard to race, color, gender, gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation, age, religion, national or ethnic origin, veteran status or disability in admissions, employment and in all of its educational programs and activities. We encourage individuals from underrepresented groups to apply.
Interested applicants should apply on-line at: https://jobs.coastal.edu or apply on-line in the Office of Human Resources and Equal Opportunity between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday. Candidates should submit online application with cover letter, resume and contact information for at least three professional references. Review of applications will begin immediately and continue until positions are filled.
Program Coordinator II (AH40/102675), full-time position with benefits. SC State pay band 06. Primary work hours are Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Must be flexible to meet special scheduling needs of the University.
Coastal Carolina University is an EO/AA Employer.


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