text:
Job Vacancy – Inside Sales & Marketing Executive – YES Scheme
This is an amazing opportunity for a young person to gain hands-on experience in our ever growing business. The participant will be working in our offices in Loughrea. They will gain practical experience in managing and developing new and existing customer relationships by implementing sales & marketing strategies for different markets. The right candidate will have a super attitude, excellent interpersonal skills, be computer savvy especially proficient in Excel, Word, Powerpoint & Social Media, be well organized and comfortable working on their own initiative.
- Assisting with creating strategies to attract more clients into our business using multiple communication techniques.
- Arrange webinars/conferences/meetings with prospective clients.
- Manage the marketing and sales of personal coaching and group training classes for onsite or web-based sessions.
- Develop a pipeline of activity using various strategies for different market segments.
- Engage with customers in both digital, phone and in-person channels.
- Maintain an excellent and professional standard of service across all levels of interaction.
Successful candidate will receive formal/ informal training in the following:
- Zoho One Software.
- Sales.
- Marketing.
- Webinars.
- Project Management.
- Reporting.
- Planning.
- Designing Content.
- Working on own Initiative.
- Engaging with Customers.
How to Apply:
Check to see if you meet the necessary criteria for the YES Scheme. You can check this with your case officer, local intro office or visit this website http://www.welfare.ie/en/Pages/Youth-Employment-Support-scheme-YESS.aspx.
If you meet the criteria please send on your CV to firstname.lastname@example.com.
For more information visit https://www.jobsireland.ie/en-US/job-Details?id=2122076&fbclid=IwAR078jjpSeqzG1l-7-_9KOBjpSnehWitcbtoMT2cVrwdddnXKez26Ze4tAM.


text:
Show articles about:
Over the years, we've used our in-house studio to capture powerful photos and videos for many of our clients. But we recently realized local photographers, creatives, and businesses could also benefit from having access to a convenient, affordable shoot space.
This holiday season FVM wanted to take the time to think of those in the world who are less fortunate and send some love and good cheer their way, which led us to get involved with the Memory Project.
FVM named one of the leading B2B Brand Engagement agencies in the U.S.

subset: commoncrawl


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SPCA Tampa Bay is the only non-profit, animal welfare agency that runs an open-admission animal shelter, pet training facility and public veterinary center in Pinellas County. Our shelter in Largo cares for more than 8,000 animals annually that have been surrendered by their owners, along with injured wildlife.
SPCA Tampa Bay has cared for Pinellas County's homeless pets for more than 75 years. It was founded in St. Petersburg in 1940, and it moved to its 10-acre campus in Largo in 1962. SPCA Tampa Bay returned to St. Petersburg when it opened a second location – the SPCA Tampa Bay Veterinary Center – in 2016. It further expanded its programmatic reach in 2017 with the addition of New Dawn Animal Behavior Center at a third location in Clearwater.
SPCA Tampa Bay's CEO, Martha Boden, currently serves as President on FAAWO's Board of Directors.
Florida Association of Animal Welfare email@example.com
Florida Association of Animal Welfare Organizations is a 501(c)6 non-profit organization


text:
Boyd Edgar Shirley, age 86 of Shirley Road, Lexington passed away Monday morning September 17, 2018 at his residence.
Funeral service will be held 3:00 PM Friday, September 21, 2018 at Holloways Baptist Church with Rev. Dana Slack and Rev. Craig Barnhill officiating. Burial will follow in the church cemetery with Military Honors by Davidson County Honor Guard. The family will receive friends from 1:30 until 3:00 PM in the church fellowship hall, prior to the service and at other times at the home.
Boyd was born June 21, 1932 in Davidson County to William Edgar Shirley and Octavia Greer Shirley. He was a member of Holloways Baptist Church; a retired employee of Stone Container and a veteran of the US Army serving during the Korean War. He was preceded in death by his parents; a daughter, Cynthia (Cindy) Bowers; his sister, Phoebe Shirley Curry and a nephew, Eddie Curry.
Surviving are his wife, Loretta Thomason Shirley of the home; daughter, Melissa Epley (Kevin) of Lexington; grandchildren, Josh Epley, Megan Epley and fiance' Charlie Hogston, Jason Bowers (Kyle Ann) and Brett Bowers (fiancee' Nancy Barron Scarborough); son-in-law, Derek Bowers of Lexington and a niece, Candice Curry.
In lieu of flowers, memorials should be directed to Hospice of Davidson County, 200 Hospice Way, Lexington, NC 27292 or to Holloways Baptist Church, 131 Briggs Road, Lexington, NC 27292
Online condolences may be made at www.davidsonfuneralhome.net.


text:
March 13, 2014
Do you have any university or college-bound children or grandchildren? If so, please encourage them to apply for one of LSTAR's $1,500 scholarships. This year, there will be, in total, four scholarships.
These scholarships are intended to recognize university or college-bound female and male students in their last year of high school (or not to exceed 2 years following high school graduation), and who have demonstrated solid academic achievement, a high level of involvement in school and/or the community, maturity and responsibility, initiative and/or strength of character and to promote their higher education through a bursary of $1,500 each. Eligible applicants must be scheduled to attend a degree granting or an accredited institution. Eligible applicants must also be either the children, grandchildren, or under the legal guardianship of the Members of the London and St. Thomas Association of REALTORS® or of their staff.
The deadline for applications is Friday, May 30, 2014, at 4:30 pm.
Full details outlining eligibility and timelines can be found in the following scholarship application form.


text:
(no paper pages will be turned in)
ALL Athletes wishing to participate in a sport or manage a sport during the 2019-2020 school year will follow the link in the top white menu bar of this website and
Register An Athlete
Step by Step Instructions for RMA
Instructions: Parent Training – Register My Athlete Users
When submitting forms in RMA – Please note the following:
The (4) AIA forms:
15.7A – no e-signatures allowed
15.7B – no e-signatures allowed
15.7C – ONLY one that can be either e-signed or hand signed by parent and student
15.7D – no e-signatures allowed
How do I print off a physical to take to the doctor?
Create an account and then you must register for a sport.
Towards the bottom of the Registration Checklist is "Other Requirements".
To print off the physical, click on the Magnifying Glass Icon to the right of the physical. There are a total of 4 pages to the AIA physical documents that will need to be completed and scanned. 3 pages for the 15.7A section and 1 page for the 15.7B section.
In the upper right hand corner of the page your browser will show a Printer Icon.
Click the Printer Icon and print out the physical to take to your doctor.
**Note: You only need to complete the Brain Book course 1 time during your high school sports career. If you have turned it in prior to this year, log in to the Brain Book website and reprint your certificate or see Ms. Penny in the Athletic Office to pick up the certificate that you previously turned in.


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text:
JONES Alfred
Passed away after a brief illness 4.1.2020.
Beloved husband of Peggy and Margot (both dec). Loving father of Lesley, Lyn, Denise and Russell and stepfather of Yvonne. Much loved grandfather and great grandfather.
Sadly Missed.
Sign the guest bookOnline until 5 Feb 2020 Keep Online
Keep JONES Alfred's Guest Book Online
Celebrate the life of your loved one by keeping their Guest Book online. It's a lovely way for family and friends to express their condolences and share memories for the months and years to come. Guests can leave their heart-felt message and even include a photo of a favourite time shared with your loved one.
JONES ALF Father to Lyn, Grandfather to Avril and Kay, Great-grandfather to Chloe, Lucie and Ella; Noah, Angus and Greta.
One of nature's gentlemen. Honest to a fault, hard working and loving.
Your dedication and compassion to your wives will live on as an inspiration to all who knew you.
In our hearts forever.
Loved brother of Alby, brother-in-law of Edna (dec), uncle of Margaret, Ray, Shirley, Beverley and families.
Deepest sympathy to Lesley, Lyn, Denise, Russell and families.


text:
Chopard Imperiale Stainless Steel Unisex Watch
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Order by phone: 888.995.6299
Product Details
Chopard Imperiale Stainless Steel Unisex Watch 388531-3003. This watch has an automatic movement contained within a 40mm stainless steel case. The dial is silver with black Roman numerals and date display covered by a scratch resistant sapphire crystal. The strap is a stainless steel bracelet with a deployment buckle. Water resistant up to 50 meters.


text:
Showing 1-1 of 1
Price: $19.00
Publisher: Vancouver, BC, Douglas & Mcintyre: 2005
Edition: First Edition
Seller ID: BIO0686
Condition: Very Good
176 pp. Photos. Light edgewear. A look at the life ot Terry Fox, through a collection of unpublsihed photos and personal objects from this true Canadian hero. Commemorates the life of this unbelievable Canadian, 25 years after his death. ; Small 4to 9" - 11" tall View more info


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The Presidential Suite is sophisticated and exclusive furnished. Consists in a spacious living room and a bedroom with double bed, the space is the perfect accommodation for two persons.
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For evenings when office work should continue after the end of the program, we provide an office in the apartment so you can continue working further in the most comfortable possible way.
You can invite friends or colleagues to serve afternoon tea or a glass of wine during the evening, in the spacious livingroom, equipped with a spacious and comfortable sofa.


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UK - England
Posts: 11
This month's Surrey breakfast meet will take place on 14/07/19 from 09.00hrs at Jack's cafe 44 Bagshot Road Surrey GU 19 5 HL Fast Ford Magazine will be in attendance to do a spread on it for a future issue you are all welcome to come along and see if you can get your car a little mini feature in the magazine and if you are really unlucky get to meet 71bda as he has been known to put in an appearance when he remembers it's on
Posts: 277
Could be up for this event, will confirm next week.
Posts: 6308
Jimbo you cheeky fook ! I'm going in the Bda mate, show what a 1000 kilo non turbo car is all about, oldskool !!
No nothing.
No Mods. No rockers. Just a chunky knob.
No tackiness.
Std as Ford intended, but with a space saver wheel and jack and nuts and wheel brace. oh.. and flaps, a man has got to have flaps.
Posts: 305
Im going to try and make this one as its fairly local.
note for anyone planning on attending, bring ear defenders for Jimobs Mountune Exhaust !! its poptastic !
71bda I might bring the MK2 instead
Posts: 216
An hour away…. tempting.
Posts: 68
Think I'll come along. Be a nice run out.
yes pete, we can have a gorp at jim 'o.b's one owner from nooo Mk tooo innit
Be good to see the old Escort as well bda. I do love an old Ford. Brings back so many good memories. Happy days
its certainly OLD pete !! as long as its not looking like rain, it should be making a guest appearance !
Posts: 13
Hopefully i'll pop along to this. Not often i have free weekends
Posts: 332
March since my last visit. The offer for some double bubble may keep me away but i'll try and get there to catch up.
Hope double bubble isn't one of the sayings you love to hate 😂
get it while you can Alloy !
See you all there tomorrow hopefully 👍
Please login or register to view this page.
Login or register below to contribute to Jack's cafe Surrey Breakfast meet 14/07/19 with Fast Ford. If you're not already a member then you can register for free!


text:
The Southlake Couseling offers several content-rich RO-DBT and DBT-based therapeutic support groups. Whether you are a participant in our Standard DBT program or one of our DBT-based eating disorders programs, you are warmly invited to enroll in the eight-week DBT group of your choice.
Adolescent and Parent RO-DBT Skills Groups
Adolescence is a time of intense change and inner upheaval – and not just for parents! If your adolescent is struggling to navigate the often-tempestuous years between childhood and adulthood, this group may be exactly what the doctor ordered. Southlake offers an Adolescent group and a separate group for the adolescents' parent(s). RO-DBT will help your adolescent learn how to safely and confidently express thoughts, feelings, needs, and wants, manage emotions, build social skills and confidence, and cultivate healthy connections. The Parent Group will offer you the opportunity to learn the skills presented to your adolescent so that you and your adolescent can foster the ability to better understand one another and more effectively and harmoniously communicate. This group is offered Monday evenings from 5:30-7:00 p.m. to accommodate your adolescent's school schedule.
RO-DBT Skills Group
Do you believe it is important to "do things properly" or "right?"
Are you a perfectionist? Are you cautious and careful about how you do things?
Do you prefer order an structure? Are you organized? Do you like to plan ahead? Do you think before acting?
Are you able to delay gratification? Are you able to easily inhibit an impulse?
Do you consider yourself conscientious? Are you dutiful?
Is it hard to impress you? Does it take time to get to know you? Are you likely to withhold your opinion until you get to know someone better?
Clients with a combination of the above, in extremes, report the following unintended and often undesired consequences or behaviors: social isolation, aloof and distant relationships, cognitive rigidity, high detailed focused processing, risk aversion, strong needs for structure, inhibited emotional expression, and hyper-perfectionism. Our RO-DBT group utilizes the RO-DBT concepts of skills training, self-enquiry, flexible mindfulness and education. RO-DBT provides a trauma-informed environment for our clients to learn about their mental health, to fulfill needs for skills' acquisition, and to take responsibility for their treatment. This group meets on Wednesdays 6:15-7:45 and Thursdays 9:30-11:00 am.
Adult Co-Ed DBT Group
Just because you look like an adult on the outside doesn't mean you always feel like one on the inside. Everyone has moments of stress and strain when it becomes difficult to reach out for connection, sustain intimacy, correctly identify thoughts and feelings, manage worry and anxiety, and refrain from self-destructive habits and behaviors. You are not alone – and this therapeutic group is designed to provide you with a comprehensive set of skills that will equip you with the confidence and ability to match your inside state with your outer expression. This group is offered Tuesday evenings from 6:00-7:30 p.m. and Wednesday mornings from 10:00-11:30 a.m.
Men's DBT Group
As a male in this society, you may find yourself pigeonholed into a "strong, silent type" role that is at odds with your very human needs and wants. Learning how to ask for what you want and need, reaching out for support and understanding, managing conflict with loved ones and peers, and successfully grappling with feelings of loneliness and misunderstanding are vital skills that will greatly enhance your quality of life. In this group, we give you an opportunity to practice these skills in a safe, confidential, affirming setting while in the company of your peers. This group is not scheduled at this time.
Women's DBT Group
As a woman today, you may find yourself struggling against societal expectations to continually fulfill an other-centered, caretaking role in the lives of your family, friends, supervisors, and peers. But what about what you want? What about what you need? And what happens when what others want and need from you conflicts with what you know you need to be healthy, happy, and whole? In this therapeutic group, you will have the chance to build skills to ask for what you want and need, cope with unavoidable change or resistance, go within to strengthen your core sense of self, and allow yourself to express the full range of your emotions in healthy, productive ways. This group is not scheduled at this time.
Young Adults DBT Skills Group
It can be difficult at times when you're attempting to successfully cross that societal line from adolescence into adulthood. DBT will offer you the ability to build confidence and mastery in yourself and learn how to successfully navigate life's challenges as you begin to establish yourself as an adult. The Young Adults DBT Skills Group is available to individuals between the ages of 18 and 25 and offers a comfortable and accepting setting in which clients can express their unique but often similar struggles as they begin their journey into adulthood. This group is not scheduled at this time.


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Sage Jardin Pillowcase | Peacocks + Paisleys
This pretty pillowcase is a favourite in store at Jade and May.
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text:
Once upon a time…
There was a king.
His kingdom was big, and he ruled upon it
with great strength and justice.
So that all his people loved him.
But what he loved the most were his three
The princesses.
And one day, the king felt that death was
So he decided to sit down and divide his kingdom
in three perfectly equal parts.
Then he wrote a testament, made copies of
it, and handed one copy to each one of his
He kept one copy for himself, and then the
four of them, they went to the notary office.
And once the notary has put his seal on each
of the copies, the king felt relieved.
He knew that he could spend the rest of his
days in peace, because if at any moment after
his death someone tried to forge a false testament,
trying to change his will, the notary would
grant the authenticity of the first original
The one that he wrote.
But these days didn't last long.
Because not much time later, he received an
anonymous message, saying that the notary
and his youngest daughter were conspiring.
Because they were in love.
They wanted to forge a New Testament that
would give all the lands to her.
Stealing them from her sisters.
And the notary would grant that this fake
document would be the original.
The king could have the notary captured.
And killed.
But he didn't do that.
He knew that it would be very difficult to
substitute him, and even if he could substitute
him, how could he know that the loyalty of
this new man would be forever?
The king quickly understood that the problem
here was the need to trust a single person
for such a job.
Unable to find a solution, the king published
an announcement, promising a huge reward to
the one who could solve the problem of granting
the authenticity of a document, without trusting
He received many engineers, inventors, wizards,
alchemists to the castle.
And he discarded each and every one's solution,
because they were weak.
Because trust was still a basic block.
Right before the king began losing hope, a
young boy introduced himself.
He said that he knew a machine so perfect,
so unstoppable, so uncorruptible, that trust
was not even a problem.
He said that this machine could solve any
problem, as far as the problem could be expressed
in the language of the machine.
Okay, said the king.
What's the name of the machine?
The young boy said…
The king said…
You bunch of hipsters!
So show me this Ethereum machine, said the
I can't, said the boy.
The machine is everywhere.
The machine is nowhere.
Oh my God, said the king.
So tell me how it works.
The young boy took a deep breath, and started
Ladies and gentlemen, bonjour.
My name is Luca Marchesini, and I work at
Kuzzle, where I contribute to the construction
of probably one of the most awesome backends
up there.
And I'm here because my team helped me prepare
this talk.
And while I was doing my slides and rehearsing,
they kept up to pace, providing good code
to the repository.
And I'm here today to tell you what the young
boy said to the king.
I'm here to explain a little bit Ethereum.
And it turns out that the best way to understand
Ethereum is as a generalization of BitCoin.
So let's talk about BitCoin.
BitCoin is nothing more than a bank.
And a bank is nothing more than a system that
helps us keep track of the states of a set
of accounts.
And it does so by maintaining a ledger of
transactions, which is nothing more than a
log of transactions.
And the interesting thing here is that, by
keeping the log, we can compute the balance
of each account at any moment in history.
And BitCoin is exactly the same thing.
It's a ledger.
It maintains a list of transactions.
But the difference is that BitCoin doesn't
rely on a single, centralized entity.
It's not one server or one cluster.
It's decentralized and trustless.
BitCoin relies on a network of computers that
work together, keeping up the service, without
trusting each other.
So how could this possibly work?
First, because every piece of information
in BitCoin is public.
Every Node that joins the network — and anyone
can do that.
Anyone can join the network.
Every node gets a full copy of the whole ledger,
which today is about…
100 gigabytes, I think.
Probably more.
And this allows every node to verify all the
information in the ledger.
It's their duty.
Every node has to verify everything.
Transactions are signed.
So nobody can send a transaction to the network
on behalf of anyone else.
Because nobody can fake cryptography.
And in addition to this, every transaction
must comply to a set of rules.
Which we will call the consensus mechanism
of BitCoin.
And if a node tries to submit a transaction
to the network and this transaction goes against
consensus, the transaction is simply rejected.
And in order to synchronize themselves, nodes
do not just stack transactions one up on the
They group them in blocks.
And blocks here behave pretty much like git
commits, in the sense that they are linked
They form a chain.
That's why we say that BitCoin is a Blockchain.
And the way they are linked together is that
each block contains in its header the hash
of the previous block.
And Git works exactly the same.
The only difference is that in Git a commit
can reference many parents, and in BitCoin,
in a Blockchain, every block can reference
one and only one parent.
But the interesting thing here is that, by
being chained in this way makes the Blockchain
Because if you wanted to alter the content
of one block, we would need to reconstitute
all the subsequent blocks.
Because all the hashes would change.
And this is theoretically possible.
But in BitCoin, this is extremely expensive.
Because the algorithm artificially makes expensive
the process of building a block.
Which we call mining.
So the name of the game here is that playing
by the rules is more profitable than cheating.
It's a game theory thing.
So I will not discuss more here about BitCoin.
First, because we just have half an hour,
and if you want to talk about Ethereum, we
just don't have enough time.
And also because many of these concepts are
extremely well covered by Andreas Antonopoulos.
Which is the most prominent BitCoin evangelist
out there.
And probably the best speaker I've ever seen.
So there is this master class that he gives
at the University College in London.
Where he explains the consensus mechanism
that underpins BitCoin, in an awesome way.
So if you want to fill the gaps, just go for
It's a one and a half-hour video.
Definitely worth the effort.
Did everyone get the QR code?
I hope maybe we can put a link in the video
for the YouTubers.
So if you're not familiar with the technology
behind BitCoin, I ask you to have a little
bit of faith.
Just stay with me.
BitCoin is actually a thing.
The market gap is just huge.
It's insane.
It's decentralized.
It's trustless.
It's immutable.
It's secure.
And it works.
From now on, let's generalize.
We said that BitCoin is a ledger.
What's a ledger?
At the end of the day, the ledger is just
a state machine, which is a system that provides
a function that, given a state, and an event,
which we call a transaction here, for consistency,
given these two things, the state transition
function allows us to compute the subsequent
The next state.
And so on.
Every time there's a new transaction, we get
a new state.
And this state transition function in BitCoin
is hardcoded.
Whenever you run a node, you run a software,
and this state transition function, which
contains all the rules of the consensus mechanism,
is hardcoded in the software.
Which is perfectly okay, because BitCoin just
has one purpose.
Being a bank.
Nothing more, nothing less.
But what if we could make S programmable?
That's pretty much what Alan Turing did, when
he invented…
Guess what?
Well, we would get Ethereum, which defines
itself as a Turing-complete virtual machine
running on a decentralized distributed trustless
In Ethereum, what would persist — it's the
list of transactions.
We would persist them in the Blockchain.
And we keep the latest states in memory.
In the fashion that…
In order to change the state, we have to submit
the transaction.
There's no other way to change the state.
And every transaction is persistent.
So let's go back to the problem of the king.
The notary problem.
Do you remember the problem?
You do remember.
Let's take a look at this piece of code that
I just got on GitHub.
There's many of them.
Credits on the bottom right corner.
The core thing here is this function.
Register proof.
That the king may call, providing the hash
of the testament.
And this hash would be used as the key for
an associative array.
That would be associated to a metadata structure
containing the address of the king.
MSG.sender contains the address of the account
that called the method.
The now timestamp.
And a comment that the king may have passed
to the function.
So we create the new entry to this associative
Of course, before we checked that the entry
doesn't exist yet.
And here is where we declared the metadata
And everything is wrapped in a class.
In a very object-oriented fashion.
But instead, we don't call it a class.
We call it a contract.
And that's the way…
That's the vocabulary of solidity.
Which is the high level, strongly typed, object-oriented
language that compiles to byte-code, that
the Ethereum virtual machine can understand.
So we have a bit of code.
What do we do now?
Well, just the classic things that we do when
we write code.
We compile it, we load it in memory, and then
we execute it.
Just like on a computer.
Let's see how it works in Ethereum.
Not very exciting.
This is just a compilation step.
Works as using.
You have a compiler.
It's called Solc.
And it generates bytecode that we want to
load in memory.
And loading things in memory boils down to
changing the state of this memory.
And we said that to change the state, we need
to submit a transaction.
That's exactly what we do.
We take the bytecode.
We create the transaction that wraps it.
Of course, we have a full toolchain to do
And when we send the transaction to the network,
and the transaction is approved by the network,
we get an address.
For the bytecode that we just deployed.
Just like when we load the program in memory,
we get an address in memory.
So that we can tell the processor: Hey, read
at that address.
Take n bytes.
Treat these bytes as instructions.
And execute them.
And to do that, we do the same thing.
We create a transaction.
Containing the address that we just got the
name of the method that we want to execute
on the contract, and the arguments.
And what happens here is exactly what we just
said before.
Nodes in the network receive the transaction,
and they have to run this state transition
function against the transaction, in order
to compute the new state.
But our transaction is a method call.
So all the nodes that receive the transaction,
in order to validate it, they have to run
our code.
Which leads us to say that in Ethereum, nodes
do not share the computational load.
Like on on a cluster.
Ethereum is not a cluster.
Ethereum runs in a trustless environment.
So that nodes do not share the computation.
They replicate it.
Because they have to verify that every other
node said the truth.
And performance here is not the aim.
Security is the aim.
In addition to this, for a transaction to
happen, it must be included in a block.
And we said that building a block is expensive,
in terms of computation, in terms of energy,
and in terms of time.
In Ethereum, building a block and having the
block accepted by the network takes on average
17.5 seconds.
Which is not fast.
You don't want to deploy on Ethereum an image-processing
We deployed a small piece of code.
So how do we interact with it?
How do we let over people, non-nerd people,
we don't want to send emails saying…
This is the address.
Build a transaction.
We need a UI.
And this UI, just like classical client server
protocol, needs to communicate with the backend.
But the backend here is the Blockchain.
How do we make this possible?
It's extremely easy.
The Ethereum core developer network provides
a set of libraries, and I picked the web3.js,
which is the JavaScript library that I'm familiar
And it just provides all the APIs that enables
any layer to communicate with the Blockchain.
And we just made a DApp.
Where the D stands for decentralized.
Let's go back to the contract now.
Does this make sense to everybody?
I hope so.
We can dive a little bit more on what happens
with contracts.
This is the notary contract, once again.
And it inherits from another class, called
Why is that?
Let's take a look at owned.
It has a public member.
Called Owner(), which is an address.
And Owner() contains the address of the account
that called the constructor.
msg.sender is that address.
And this is reliable information, because
msg.sender is an environment variable provided
by the Ethereum virtual machine, that reads
the address of the sender of the transaction,
which is signed.
So it's reliable.
And passes through the msg.sender to make
it available for the code.
And in this concrete case, the constructor
is automatically called by the transaction
that deploys the contract.
So deploying a contract means actually creating
an instance of this class that we just declared.
So that we can deploy many times the same
Because we are actually deploying instances
of the contract.
So here the owner of the contract is the account
that deployed the contract.
Why do we want to do that?
Because we want to restrict some execution
of some methods to the owner only.
And we do that by declaring a modifier.
A modifier is just like a function that wraps
another function.
And we add an instruction, a check, that throws
if the sender is not the owner.
And then if everything is okay, we excuse
the rest of the function code.
Which is represented by this place holder
So let's see this modifier applied somewhere.
This is another contract, called Mortal.
That inherits from Owner.
So it inherits all the modifiers as well.
And here we apply the modifier on the owner
to the function kill(), so that the self-destruct
function is executed only if the owner has
called the kill() method.
Did I say self-destruct?
What's the point of self-destructing a contract?
This is because, in Ethereum, we are pretty
It's a pretty different environment than a
Linux box.
Contracts that we may think about as processes
in a Linux box…
They are meant to be autonomous entities.
When you deploy a contract, it's not yours,
unless you tell it so.
The Ethereum virtual machine will not try
to stop anything.
The Ethereum virtual machine will not provide
signals or kill comments to stop contracts.
They are meant to run forever.
And the Ethereum virtual machine is something
you just…
You can't stop it.
There's no on/off switch button.
It's a network.
So you have to force everybody that participates
in the network to shut down their computer.
Which is not easy.
So unless we tell them so, contracts are gonna
run forever.
So what happens here, when we self-destruct
a contract, is that we send a new transaction
that unloads what we previously loaded.
It undeploys the contract.
So that when we call our address, the machine
throws an exception.
And the other funny thing that happens is
that all the money that the contract owned
is sent to that address, that we pass as an
argument to the self-destruct function.
Whoa, whoa, whoa.
Did I just say money?
Did I just say funds?
Yes, I did.
In Ethereum, we have a cryptocurrency, just
like BitCoin.
It's exactly the same.
Except it's called ether, not BitCoin.
And the funny thing here is that contracts
can own money.
Just like humans.
In Ethereum, contracts are really first class
citizens, just like us.
Now, let's check this function that we previously
ignored in the notary contract.
You can see it inherits from Owned and Mortal.
But there's this piece of code that we didn't
take into account before.
It's an anonymous function that every contract
can implement.
And we call it the fallback function.
Because it's a fallback, when someone tries
to call a method that doesn't exist.
On the contract.
And also, it's executed whenever someone sends
money to the contract.
So this implementation here…
It's pretty honest.
Because the notary contract isn't meant to
manage any money.
So the author here just makes the function
So that when someone tries to send by mistake
some ether to the contract, the function throws,
and the ether is sent back to the sender.
The exciting thing here is that we are dealing
with a system where money and the rules that
allow money to flow — they live in the same
Which is different from real life.
Let's explain that with a concrete example.
Imagine that the king wants to buy a TV set
from a merchant.
He goes to the website, checks the cart out,
sends the money, and once the merchant has
the money, he has the choice.
It's a moral choice.
Either he sends the merchandise to the king,
either he runs away with the money.
He goes against the law.
The king can leverage the law, because he
can try to get refunded and get his money
back, but in the meanwhile, the merchant has
fled with this money.
This is how real life works.
Imagine that we can put a middleman contract
between the two.
When the king checks the order out, he can
send the money to the contract, instead to
send them directly to the merchant.
And then the contract would hold the money
in escrow, and notify the merchant that there's
a payment pending for him.
If the merchant wants his money, he must send
the merchandise.
And once the shipping is complete, the king
and the shipping company can sign together
a transaction to notify the contract that
the shipping is done.
The contract can then unlock the money and
let it available for the merchant to withdraw
the money.
And everybody is happy.
Our story is close to its end right now.
We are running out of time.
We can see that the king is happy, because
he solved this problem.
The notary is sad, because he and all the
notaries in the world, they had lost their
Which is something that always happens whenever
we introduce a new disruptive technology.
The other thinkers in the kingdom are now
wondering if the humanity will be able to
deal with such a perfect, unstoppable machine
as it gains more and more power.
But the king sleeps like a child.
He's unaware of what's going on.
He doesn't know that somewhere in the suburbs
of his kingdom, in a very well hidden garage,
a group of hackers are trying to code a contract
that, once deployed, it will enable for perfectly
democratic decision taking.
The king doesn't know that the age of monarchy
is probably over.
He doesn't know that the age of democracy
is probably coming.
But this, ladies and gentlemen, is another
Thank you very much.
>>I've lost the speaker!
Come back, come back, come back!
You have Q and A to do yet!
I have a lot of questions.
>>I was running away, you know?
That was great.
I have lots of questions.
So where should we start?
So in the kingdom-merchant scenario, how do
you ensure that the king and the delivery
guy don't conspire against the merchant?
>>Very good question.
I've asked it myself.
Well, of course, there's the use case that
I described — is pretty simplified.
There's people that actually work on these
kinds of things — have figured out many scenarios.
I'm probably very naive here.
But one thing we could do is that, if the
shipping company wants to get paid, they are
forced to be honest with the king, and properly
sign the transaction that the delivery has
Has been done well.
So that the contract can unblock the funds
for the king sorry, for the merchant and for
the delivery company.
So if they don't do that, they don't get their
Another one on the more technical side, I
If you can write any program and anyone can
execute it — if everyone executed it, isn't
that a very easy way to spread malware.
>>Oh, yes, of course.
You can deploy…
I never thought about that.
But yeah.
You can deploy malwares on Ethereum.
You can tell people to use that.
We are…
We are overlapping a little bit with an anarchist
So it's pretty much up to you.
You have to be careful.
There's a lot of hacks in the Ethereum world.
There have been a lot of hacks this year.
There's a lot of companies that claim that
they were an online wallet, and instead of
managing your funds, they just send all your
funds to their address.
And this is something they can't revert.
So yes, everybody can't deploy everything,
and it's up to each and every one of us to…
To be aware of what we do.
>>You talked about the hacks.
Obviously, earlier in the year, Parity's wallet
was hacked.
How should we, if we're going to use this
— defend ourselves?
So we don't become victims?
That was just a one-line bug, if I remember
>>I actually previously…
When I first wrote…
The first draft of this talk…
I wanted to talk about the Parity multisignature
Because it's a very good example of how fragile
this environment is right now.
Because when you deploy, what happens is that…
Someone hacked three very rich wallets.
And then everybody can see everything.
So they were seeing that they were being hacked.
And all the other people that used that wallet
— they couldn't do anything.
And what happened is a group of hackers, white
hat hackers, they hacked systemically all
the other wallets and transferred the funds
to more secure wallets.
This is because you can't stop contracts on
If you deploy a bug, it's gonna be there.
So updating a contract is kind of an open
issue right now, in Ethereum.
There are solutions being proposed.
Which involve the use of libraries.
Which I wanted to discuss, but I couldn't.
But I think that the best way we can protect
ourselves from these kinds of flaws is to
test more.
To enable ourselves to automatically test
contracts in a more extensive way.
And we know that object-oriented programming
is not the best paradigm to do that.
Functional programming enables for automatically
generated tests.
I don't know if you have ever heard of it.
But there's clearly a lack here.
And I believe that the lack will be filled
by the toolchain that will improve itself
more and more.
And bugs will be almost automatically spotted
by the toolchain.
I hope so!
>>I have three more questions linked to this.
One I was wondering was: If the contracts
run forever, how do you avoid DDoSing?
Could you not just spawn loads of those contracts?
This is another thing that I wanted to talk
It's okay.
It's perfect.
Actually, to avoid DDoS, and avoid flooding
of the network, Ethereum introduces the concept
of gas.
Which is basically a measure for the computing
resources that you're gonna use.
So when you send the transaction that triggers
the execution of a method, you have to declare
two things.
First, how much gas do you want to allocate?
Which means…
How many instructions are allowed to be cuted
by this goal?
So if you execute less, it's okay.
If you execute more, it fails.
And you have to figure out: How much money
you want to pay your gas for?
This is important, because if you pay less
money for gas, your transaction is going to
be cheap, but miners will not…
Are going to be likely to deprioritize your
transaction, in favor of more expensive transactions.
So if you pay a lot of money for your transaction,
you're gonna be sure that the transaction
is going to be taken into account quickly.
The thing is that no transaction gets lost.
So at a certain point, every transaction is
But by introducing these gas…
You just can't flood the network.
If you want to execute huge pieces of code,
it's going to be very expensive for you.
And it's going to be finite, always.
>>You mentioned a moment ago that maybe an
object oriented language isn't the best choice
in some ways for this.
Are there other languages?
This is running on a VM, right?
Could you have an immutable language that
you use instead of something that's stateful?
>>Well, Vitali Butarin, which is the inventor
of Ethereum, is proposing alternatives to
And there's also this new company that I wanted
to talk about, but I couldn't.
Which is called Aeternity.
Which is addressing this problem of using
object-oriented languages for very critical
pieces of code.
And they propose to write smart contracts
in a functional, fully functional language.
It's on its early stages.
So I don't really know if they are going to
But I think this is the good path to go, I
This is the safest.
If you want to extensively test your code,
it's better to do it in a functional fashion.
Which is more difficult, probably, to code.
And it prevents you from storing state.
I don't know.
>>You would have to see how it evolves.
You have to balance the…
The ins and outs.
>>Two final questions.
Both a bit more practical.
One: How do you debug and test these contracts?
If we wanted to go out and make our own now?
>>Just like in BitCoin, you have an offline
Blockchain that you can run on your own laptop.
And then you have a test net that you can
use to deploy your contracts, and then let
your testing team send transactions, and see
what happens.
And the test net…
I think it gets reset every now and then.
And money doesn't mean anything down there,
so you can open an account on the test net
and get as much ether you want.
I'm not sure what I say, but there are means
to test it.
But we know that testing it depends on us.
And we are not perfect.
>>And then the final question and probably
the most important one: Should we all be going
out and buying BitCoins?
What do you think about the ICOs?
>>This doesn't count as investment advice,
>>What do I think about ICOs?
>>Do you want to explain what ICOs are?
>>Let's just explain what ICOs are.
So in Ethereum, it's trivial to create new
You can find on the Ethereum homepage there's
a documentation section.
It's like 20 lines of code that you can deploy,
and you have your own cryptocurrency.
You just have to put a name on it, and it's
And then you just have to convince other people
that they have to buy it, because it's great.
So ICOs is a practice that…
It got massively adopted this year as a fundraising
method from startups that work on the Blockchain.
And huge amounts of money have been raised,
because this company, they issue their own
And this cryptotoken will be used later, when
the company will provide services.
It will be used to pay the services.
So investors, they buy tokens for later to
And they get the tokens.
They trade them.
And they don't get shares of the company.
The company gets all the money.
And you don't get to be a shareholder.
You just have tokens.
You're just a trader.
So I think it's very complex to express my
opinion right now.
I promise that I'll write an article on this.
And I will tweet it.
But the TL; DR of this article right now…
The only thing I can say is…
(humming Wolf of Wall Street song)
It's up to you what you want to invest in
this kind of things.


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"Vlaams Belang is back in the Damascus newspapers and he's a question of sanitary cordon," he said. Newspapers in Flanders agree that elections are successful. This recognizes that the NVA President Bart de Weer had failed for the first time. Conflicts between the North and South of the country raise the level of federal level. In the middle, this big question: What's the Cordon Sanitary?
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"Flanders are far superior to Flemish anger and are afraid" From & # 39; Standard & # 39; He describes what he calls "May 26 against". Traditional parties, formerly an ally of the poor, says the editorialist of the newspaper, that such faces are still unlimited debates that have been excluded from the political theater of Fleming.
How does voter politics change? & # 39; From Tijd to & # 39; . This weight is mainly reserved for the daily lives of N-VA's shoulders.
For & # 39; HeavyNewsWorld & # 39; Not succeeding in finding collective interest in particular interests. Parties who failed in various subjects like pension, which is why they are allotted by voters.
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>>> Read: After the French President's Press Review
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Scream "surprise" and wait for Scissor Sisters' debut album to blow out 15 candles on the birthday cake. The present is for you, though, because band's debut album is celebrated by a high-quality LP pressing with a new half-speed master made at the venerable Abbey Road Studios. Songs like "Take Your Mama" shimmer with all the sweaty dance-funk and decadent glam you remember, only with superior sonic fidelity. The pulsing piano pop of "Laura" is another of the album's song that revealed multi-instrumentalist Babydaddy's love for classic Elton John radio hits. Jake Shears' supple falsetto and vocal blend with co-singer Ana Matronic suggest further tutelage by disco-era pop including the Bee Gees and ABBA. The band's electro-pop take on "Comfortably Numb" hews closer to Duran Duran, "Stayin' Alive," Stevie Nicks' "Edge of Seventeen" and sleek Chic than the source material by Pink Floyd. The group's material isn't pure party fare, however, with many songs focused on real-world concerns among the LGBTQ community. "Return to Oz" addresses drug abuse within the gay community while providing a showcase for guitarist Del Marquis. "What once was Emerald City's now a crystal town," sings Shears plaintively. The irrepressible "Take Your Mama" lingers on the struggle involved with coming out to family. Ms. Matronic leads the provocative Prince-styled protest-funk of "Tits on the Radio." On the brighter side, Shears expresses heartfelt devotion to a beloved friend during the tender "Mary." The grinding guitar and throbbing kick drum of hedonistic dance-floor hit "Filthy/Gorgeous" recall the '80s chart success of Frankie Goes to Hollywood, while the pop-savvy and percussive "Music is the Victim" sounds like a fusion of uptempo Elton John and the B-52s. Scissor Sisters was the best-selling album of 2004 and a multi-million selling smash in the UK, but failed to reach gold-record status in the band's native USA. This reissue provides fresh opportunity for reevaluation.
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Icahn-Recommended Anthony Rodio For being Named Caesars CEO
Caesars may reportedly publicize today the main appointment for Anthony Rodio as the replacing outgoing BOSS Mark Frissora
Gaming and also hospitality provider Caesars Activity Corp. can be expected to big name today Anthony Rodio as its new Ceo , typically the Wall Street Journal studies citing options familiar with the problem.
It is also assumed that the Vegas casino powerhouse is considering takeover appeal after information emerged in recent weeks of which at least a couple of fellow poker companies were definitely interested in buying Caesars .
In an launch expected to be produced later at present, Caesars can be to reveal which Mr. Rodio will affect the company's your Chief Executive Symbol Frissora and will eventually take his seat for the board. Mister. Rodio at this time serves as CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER of private gaming company Analogy Gaming.
Mr. Frissora's leaving was first publicised last year. Caesars' top govt, who steered the company through the complex bankruptcy proceeding of the main functioning unit , was traditionally expected to factor down in February, but it surely later on evolved into clear which he would stay until at least mid-April.
It usually is said that Caesars might have bowed to difficulty from it's largest stockholder Carl Icahn with the name of Mr.. Rodio becasue it is new CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER. Reports came up earlier this coming year that the Idaho activist buyer was lobbying the online casino company to namely Mister.https://myfreepokies.com/online-pokies-free-spins-no-deposit/ Rodio as a substitute for its outward bound Chief.
Reviewing Takeover Rates for bids
Sources moreover said that Caesars has formed a aboard committee that is to be working with lenders at expenditure bank PJT Partners in order to assess takeover interest there are received.
The particular Las Vegas supplier has been courted by at a minimum two suitors who are excited about buying the more than fifty gambling and also non-gambling major resorts across a number of continents. News emerged a few weeks back that Caesars has naturally access to fiscal data for you to fellow casino operator Eldorado Resorts and that the latter was basically conducting due diligence in relation to the particular acquisition of a larger equal.
Sources moreover revealed before this month the fact that the owner of the very Golden Piece casino cycle, Tilman Fertitta , has got too neared Caesars having offer for the potential tie-up. Mr. Fertitta made some bid to acquire the online casino empire and also merge this with his individual gaming small business last slip, but Caesars rejected that offer.
The latest samsung wave s8500 of stories from inside the Vegas gambling goliath shows that seek out have succumbed to pressure right from its largest shareholder to take into consideration selling once more. Mr. Icahn announced that she was constructing a stake in Caesars quick this year, uncovering that he / she owned 10% of organization shares at the moment .
Often the businessman features amassed a new 28. five per cent stake and it has secured deck representation as his classic announcement. Mister. Icahn has become pressing Caesars to sell per se or blend with a further company, since he thinks this is the very best path front for the business , which usually emerged coming from a bankruptcy while in the fall of 2017, still is still wanting to cope with a good $18 billion dollars long-term bill.


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Play Pocket Mortys on PC
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Content Rating
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BlueStacks is undoubtedly the most sought after way of playing Pocket Mortys. Experience awesomeness once and never go back.
Pocket Mortys ships with an Out of the Box (OTB) default Keymapping based on years of gamer feedback.
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More games from this developer


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Gear up for the high voltage in the upcoming episodes of Colors' Shastri Sisters..
As per the current track, Anu changes into the dress given by Raghav and goes to meet the doctor for dinner. Raghav goes on to propose marriage to Anu. Elsewhere, it is revealed that Rajat staying with Sareen family is duplicate as he meets the real Rajat. In the meantime, Anu tries to console an emotional Raghav. Meanwhile, Sareen and Minti ask duplicate Rajat to carry out his responsibilities dutifully. Later on, the servant gets to know about Anu being locked in a room by Raghav.
Now in it's upcoming episodes, Anu will try to run away from Raghav's house with the help of Bela but her plan will fail. Sameer will get a call from Devyani, Sameer will tell him that he is coming back.
Bela by mistakenly will tell Raghav about Anu. Sameer will go to Rajat and will tell him that Anu is no more. Raghav will tell Anu that from now onwards he will not take her outside. Sameer will come to Raghav's house to enquire about Anu, Raghav will give Sameer Anu's death certificate.
Here Raghav will threaten Anu. Sameer will look at death certificate and will leave. Anu will get puzzled seeing Rajat (Sameer). Sameer will leave. Raghav will go and will tell Anu that even Rajat is not interested in you now. Here at home Devyani will tell family that she is not going to marry Rajat, everyone will get surprised….


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Jeff Bonforte
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Iona Ferries
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Iona is a small island, 1.5 miles wide and 3 miles long, offer the southwest coast of Mull in the Inner Hebrides. Iona is known for natural beauty and tranquillity. Below, you can see ferry timetables for all routes to and from Iona and a selection of the best prices our customers have found recently.
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At the top of the slipway, there is a convenience shop and public toilet facilities are available. The main village is a short walk from the pier head where you will find several shops.
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As a small island, Iona is easy to navigate and taxi services are available to and from the port.
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Iona is known as the cradle of Scottish Christianity, and religion is a big part of the culture on the island. The Iona Abbey is the hub of the island and is said to be the resting place of many medieval kings, including MacBeth - the king of Scotland and the inspiration for the famous Shakespearean play.
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20 Jun 2017Trip to Iona
It was a very rough day but the staff on the ferry were excellent and took there time to make sure everyone was safe and sitting. I wish I could say the same about the young lady in the ticket office. We were encouraged to get advance on line tickets but when we arrived to show them to the lady in the ticket office at the harbour she had no clue and did not know what to do to convert the printout to tickets or indeed to let us on. In the end I gave up with her and wandered down to the ferry and explained it to the guys on the ferry they had a look at the printout and as it showed the date and times plus that it showed we had paid he said fine ignore her in the office and let us on. We had an enjoyable walk on Iona and please give my thanks to the ferry staff for keeping us safe on a very rough and windy day. I dont think there was any onboard catering as its only a 10 minute ferry crossing
Review by ARTHUR HARDING


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Attention: For textbook, access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items.
Robert Owen was one of the most controversial figures of his generation. He lived through the Age of Revolutions and was touched by the ideas and dramatic changes that characterised that era. This is a biographical study of his life.


text:
Impact of the introduction of fixed payments into summary criminal legal aid : report of an independant study
Stephen, F. and Tata, Cyrus (2007) Impact of the introduction of fixed payments into summary criminal legal aid : report of an independant study. [Report]Full text not available in this repository.Request a copy from the Strathclyde author
This paper reports on an exploratory study into the 'Impact of the Introduction of Fixed Payments into Summary Legal Aid' commissioned by the Scottish Executive and carried out by a team of independent academic researchers from the University of Strathclyde. Fixed payments for summary criminal legal aid were prescribed in the Criminal Legal Aid Fixed Payments (Scotland) Regulations 1999 as amended by the Criminal Legal Aid (Fixed Payments) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 2002. They were implemented from 1st April 1999. In the decade prior to the introduction of fixed fees the total cost of summary legal aid had risen by 65% in real terms.
|Stephen, F. and Tata, Cyrus ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1033-478X
|Item type:
|ID code:
|legal aid, scots law, fixed payments, criminal law, Scotland, Scotland
|Political Science > Political institutions (Europe) > Scotland
|Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (HaSS) > School of Law > Law
|Depositing user:
|Pure Administrator
|Date deposited:
|10 Mar 2011 14:52
|Last modified:
|08 Jan 2020 18:13
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Urinary Tract Infection
This topic contains 0 replies, has 1 voice, and was last updated by Mackenzie's Admin 9 years, 11 months ago.
February 10, 2010 at 4:48 pm #457
Mackenzie's AdminMember
Urinary Tract Infection
The urinary tract infection is one of the most common ailments in small animal practice yet many pet owners are confused about the medical approach. Some common questions we hear are:
• Are bladder infections contagious?
• Why do I have to use the entire course of antibiotics if my pet is obviously better after a couple of doses?
• What is the difference between doing a urinalysis and urine culture? Why should both be done?
What is the difference between UTI and feline lower urinary tract disease?
The urinary tract consists of the kidneys, ureters (tubes that carry urine to the bladder for storage), the urinary bladder, and the urethra that conducts urine outside the body. A urinary tract infection could involve any of these areas though most commonly when we speak of a urinary tract infection, UTI, we mean bladder infection.
Bladder Infection
The kidneys make urine every moment of the day. The urine is moved down the ureters and into the bladder. The urinary bladder is a muscular little bag that stores the urine until we are ready to get rid of it. The bladder must be able to expand for filling and contract down for emptying, and respond to voluntary control.
The bladder is a sterile area of the body, which means that bacteria do not normally reside there. When bacteria (or any other organisms for that matter) gain entry and establish growth in the bladder, infection has occurred and symptoms can result. People with bladder infections typically report a burning sensation during urination. With pets we see some of the following signs:
• Excessive water consumption.
• Urinating only small amounts at a time.
• Urinating frequently and in multiple spots.
• Inability to hold urine the normal amount of time/apparent incontinence.
• Bloody urine (though an infection must either involve a certain organism, a bladder stone, a bladder tumor, or be particularly severe to make urine red to the naked eye).
• Sometimes there are no symptoms at all.
It is especially important to realize that many animals do not show any externally visible signs of bladder infections,and since they cannot talk, screening tests are the only route to discovering the infection.
It is also important to realize that it is the inflammation associated with infection that causes these symptoms.There can be infection without much inflammation (particularly if the patient is on a cortisone-type anti-inflammatory medication) and there can be inflammation without infection (which is the usual situation in feline lower urinary tract disease).
Because bladder infections are localized to the bladder, there are rarely signs of infection in other body systems: no fever, no appetite loss, and no change in the blood tests.
The external genital area where urine is expelled is teeming with bacteria. Bladder infection results when bacteria from the lower tract climb into the bladder, defeating the natural defense mechanisms of the system (forward urine flow, the bladder lining, inhospitable urine chemicals etc.). Bladder infection is not contagious.
• Bladder infection is somewhat unusual in cats under age 10 years.
• Bladder infection is somewhat unusual in neutered male dogs.
Testing for Bladder Infections
There are many tests that can be performed on a urine sample and people can get confused about what information different tests provide.
Urine Culture (and Sensitivity)
This is the only test that can confirm a urinary tract infection. In this test, the urine is spun rapidly in a machine called a centrifuge to separate out the solids from the liquid. The solid part, called the sediment, is transferred to a specialized container and incubated for bacterial growth.
If bacteria grow, then infection is confirmed; further, a positive culture done by a reference laboratory is usually followed by additional important information: an estimate of the concentration of bacteria, the identification of the bacteria, and the antibiotic sensitivity profile. Knowing the concentration of bacteria in the sample helps determine if the infection is true or if the bacteria grown could be contaminants. Knowing the species of bacteria also helps determine if the bacteria grown are contaminants. The antibiotic profile tells us what antibiotics will work against the infection. There is, after all, no point in prescribing the wrong antibiotic. Clearly, the culture is a valuable test when infection is suspected.
Urine culture results require at least a couple of days as bacteria require this long to grow.
The urinalysis is an important part of any database of laboratory tests. It is an important screening tool regardless of whether or not an infection is suspected. The urinalysis examines chemical properties of the urine sample such as the pH, specific gravity (a measure of concentration), and amount of protein or other biochemicals. It also includes a visual inspection of the urine sediment to look for crystals, cells, or bacteria. This test often precedes the culture or lets the doctor know that a culture is in order. Indications that a culture of a urine sample should be done based on urinalysis findings include:
• Excessive white blood cells (white blood cells fight infection and should not be in a normal urine sample except as an occasional finding).
• Bacteria seen when the sediment is checked under the microscope.
• Excessive protein in the urine (protein is generally conserved by the urinary tract. Urine protein indicates either inflammation in the bladder or protein-wasting by the kidneys. Infection must be ruled out before pursuing renal protein loss.)
• Dilute urine. When the patient drinks water excessively, urine becomes dilute and it becomes impossible to detect bacteria or white blood cells so a culture must be performed to determine if there are any organisms. Further, excessive water consumption is a common symptom of bladder infection and should be pursued.
• If the patient has symptoms suggestive of an infection, a urinalysis need not precede the culture; both tests can be started at the same time.
Sample Collection
There are four ways to collect a urine sample: table top, free catch, catheter, and cystocentesis. A table top sample is collected from the exam table or other surface where the patient has deposited urine. This sample is likely contaminated with bacteria from the environment and/or bacteria from the lower urinary tract. This is the least desirable urine collection method but sometimes it's the only option. If bacteria are grown, their numbers and species provide a strong clue as to whether or not they represent infection or contamination.
A free catch sample is obtained by catching urine mid-air as it is passed. The sample may be contaminated by the bacteria of the lower urinary tract but will not be contaminated by the floor or other environmental surface.
With the catheter method a small tube is passed into the bladder and the sample is withdrawn. This is not the most comfortable method for the patient though the procedure is fairly quick. Potentially, bacteria can be introduced into the bladder accidentally with the catheter so this represents a drawback though fortunately, this is a rare occurrence (assuming the catheter is only for urine sample collection and not placed for longer term urine collection). The sample obtained is unlikely to be contaminated and should represent urine as it exists in the bladder.
The ideal collection method is cystocentesis: a needle tap directly into the bladder. In this way, an uncontaminated sample is collected directly from the bladder. Sometimes a little blood accidentally enters the sample during the needle stick but for culture purposes, the sample should be pristine.
Treatment for Simple Infection
A simple bladder infection is usually easily treated with 10 to 14 days of antibiotics. The patient's symptoms usually resolve quickly, within the first 2 days of treatment, though the entire course of treatment should be given. Inadequate treatment leads to infection recurrence and possibly future bacterial resistance.
Ideally, approximately 5 days after the last antibiotic dose, a new sample is cultured to be sure the infection is gone. If the infection has not cleared or if a new infection has developed, there is usually a reason why.
Not so Simple Infections
There are several situations concerning urinary tract infections:
Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis)
If the patient's immune system is not ideal, the infection in the bladder may ascend into the kidneys where it can cause kidney failure and a more serious infection. There is currently no good test to determine whether or not a kidney is infected though there might be hints on the lab work (urinary tract infection in combination with fever, elevated white blood cell count, pain in the area of the kidneys). Ultrasound can help and there are specific radiographic studies that can help as well. If infection in the kidney is suspected, the length of the antibiotic course increases to 4 to 6 weeks.
Bladder Stone
Stones in the bladder can cause infection and infection can cause stones. We have an area on bladder stones for more information.
Urachal Diverticulum
In embryonic life, urine is removed from the body via the umbilical cord. A structure called the urachus exits the top of the bladder and enters the umbilical cord so that urine can be dumped into the mother's bloodstream for removal by her kidneys. After birth, the urachus degenerates but sometimes a small nipple-like protrusion exists on the top of the bladder. This section can protect a bladder infection. In that case, recheck cultures will reveal the same organism over and over until the urachal diverticulum is surgically removed.
Bladder Tumor
Tumors growing in the neck of the bladder (most commonly transitional cell carcinoma) often become infected. Bladder tumors commonly create urine with a bloody appearance, whereas a common bladder infection usually does not. It is important to consider a tumor if a urine sample is clearly bloody, even if infection is documented, as both conditions could easily be afoot.
An unneutered male dog has a special risk: prostate infection. The prostate gland is located at the neck of the bladder and, due to its glandular nature, infection in the bladder readily spreads to the prostate where the crypts and crannies are particularly protective to the infection. It is nearly impossible to clear the prostate of the infection without neutering.
Most urinary tract infections are straightforward and require only a relatively short antibiotic course for clearance. If you have additional questions, do not hesitate to use the Ask A Vet feature on the home page of Veterinary Partner.
Date Published: 12/26/2006 10:25:00 AM
Date Reviewed/Revised: 06/26/2009
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Member Since:
May 31, 2007
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Running Accomplishments:
Marathon Top 10 Finishes: 7 Bridges ('15), Utah Valley ('13), Salt Lake City ('08), Top of Utah ('07), and St. Louis ('04). Ran around the equator (24901.55) in 4,388 days.
Personal Records
Marathon 2:39 (SLC '08)
1/2 Marathon 1:12.30 (Provo River, aided '08)
10K 34:16 (Track, sea level '00)
10K 33:15 (Des 10K, aided '08)
8K 25:32 (Crack of Dawn, aided '13)
5K 16:44 (Track, sea level '00)
5K 16:07 (Running of the Leopards, aided '12)
Short-Term Running Goals:
NYC Marathon November 3, 2019 done
London Marathon April 26, 2020
Tokyo Marathon 2021???...
And my largest challenge to date, raise $20,000 for the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society in honor of my cancer survivorship and in memory of those lost to blood cancer...
Long-Term Running Goals:
Enjoy being a Masters Runner.
Get under 3 hours one more time...
Grew up outside Chicago and joined the blog while I lived in Salt Lake City. Now living outside Birmingham. I am married with two daughters. Wife thinks I'm crazy for doing marathons. And yes I am crazy I'm a scientist for a living...
AM: 6 mi; Avg. 9:54
PM: 11 mi; Avg. 9:47
I've nearly shed a tear at these temperatures today at least 5 times, I was beginning to think summer would never end. Hello autumn!
Hi Eugene, Great how the weather is finally turning...


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Company seen as important for its online OTC drug sales license
Hong Kong-listed CITIC 21CN Co, a subsidiary of CITIC Group and originally an IT data and content service provider, saw its shares spike on Wednesday, after it was renamed Alibaba Health Information Technology.
The share price of the firm soared 28.61 percent to HK$4.99 ($0.64) at market close on Wednesday, after its announcement to symbolize its dedicated service in the healthcare sector on late Tuesday.
The information service provider has entered into an agreement with Alibaba to use Alibaba's name as long as the Internet juggernaut holds a stake of no less than 30 percent in it, according to a statement it posted on the Hong Kong bourse Tuesday.
Alibaba and Yunfeng Fund, set up by Alibaba's founder Jack Ma Yun, invested HK$1.33 billion in January for 54.3 percent of the health information provider.
"The operation of the firm [Alibaba Health Information] is independent and it just uses Alibaba's name," a PR officer of Alibaba Group told the Global Times Wednesday.
Alibaba Health Information was not immediately available for comment when reached by the Global Times by press time.
Apart from the brand awareness of Alibaba, the share price rally shows that investors are bullish on the prospect of the e--commerce of pharmaceutical products, Zhang Yi, CEO of iiMedia Research, told the Global Times on Wednesday.
China currently allows online sales of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs by over 200 brick-and-mortar drugstores and very few licensed third-party e-commerce platform providers.
Alibaba Health Information Technology is the first licensed third-party service provider for online drug sales, enabling Alibaba Group to use its license to sell medicine through yao.tmall.com.
Other platform license holders are e-commerce platform provider 800pharm.com and Wal-Mart Stores Inc-invested online grocery store YHD.
Apart from being a licensed online drug dealer, the company is reportedly also the sole provider of electronic identification codes for essential medicines, "which is the most valuable part of the firm," Wang Xin, global partner and managing director of consulting firm Frost & Sullivan China, told the Global Times Wednesday.
The electronic identification code enables healthcare authorities to identify, monitor and trace pharmaceutical products through production and distribution to ensure authentication and drug safety.
"Following the growing concern over the safety of medical -products on the national level, the promotion of the group's business of product identification, authentication, and tracking system [PIATS] has been well-recognized and supported by the relevant governmental departments," the company said on its website.
The company has been suffering losses due to heavy spending on developing the PIATS system over the past few years.
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Drug authorities are working on a regulation for food and drugs sold online, which is expected to be unveiled in early 2015 and symbolize a green light for the online sale of prescription drugs, China Securities Journal reported Tuesday.
"Once the prescription drugs are allowed to be sold online, it will dramatically boost the sector, as prescription drugs account for the majority of total drug sales," Hu Feiqin, a senior brand manager of 800pharm.com, another licensed healthcare e-commerce platform, told the Global Times Wednesday.
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"A patient must have a doctor's prescription for non-OTC drugs. Without electronic prescriptions, it will be difficult for online drug retailers to judge the eligibility of patients for such drugs," Huang told the Global Times on Wednesday.
Other challenges for online sales of prescription drugs include integrating medical insurance schemes into an e-commerce platform for reimbursement purposes and setting up an effective drug recall mechanism, Huang said.
Alibaba focuses on SMEs, rural China2014-10-21
Alibaba partners with Quixey for mobile app search2014-10-19
Alibaba spinoff Ant Financial launches2014-10-17
Alibaba launches financial service arm2014-10-17
Alibaba set to expand 'double 11'2014-10-14
Alibaba targets rural expansion with major investment2014-10-14
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text:
ISTANBUL: Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan's spokesperson said on Wednesday he expected problems with the United States, which helped drive the lira to record lows, to be resolved but Washington must stop trying to influence Turkey's judiciary.
Ibrahim Kalin also told a news conference that Turkey would exercise its rights if the US does not deliver F-35 jets to Ankara. The lira, which has rallied after hitting a record low of 7.24 to the dollar, would continue to recover, he said.
Kalin further iterated on Wednesday that Turkey will continue talks with the United States if it shows a constructive stance to resolve a diplomatic rift. He clarified that there were no talks currently planned between President Erdogan and President Donald Trump.He told the news conference that Turkey will take a positive stance towards trading in national currencies to escape from US dollar pressure.