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Midland's Songwriter & Producer Pretty Much Just Admitted They're Manufactured
One of the criticisms of Saving Country Music in its coverage of Midland has been that we shouldn't be focusing on a band's backstory, and instead should put our focus on the music. But that has been the fatal flaw of Midland itself. They're the ones avoiding talk of the music in the press and elsewhere, and instead are focusing on their backstory, and foisting their image to the forefront. And the reason is because Midland didn't write their own songs, and had little say in the music itself, which makes them uniquely unqualified to speak about it.
When most bands or artists are interviewed, they talk about the inspiration behind certain songs—the cathartic moments they had penning intimate details of personal moments they share with the public through rhyme and verse. But Midland can't do that because the music is not theirs. That's why the backstory has become the focal point in interviews and features for the band as opposed to the music itself.
And the more Midland and the band's surrogates talk, the bigger the hole they dig for themselves. This is exactly what happened in yet another puff piece on the band in Tuesday's online edition of the Los Angeles Times, which is such a cornucopia bursting with incredible morsels of ridiculous notions and succulent quotations that expose the true nature of this outfit, it's almost like a gift basket from the country music gods of truth.
Most notable is a quote from Shane McAnally—Music Row's current songwriter and producer extraordinaire, who among other dubious distinctions, is the puppetmaster behind Sam Hunt and Old Dominion. Along with co-penning seven of the song on the new Midland album On The Rocks, he also helped produce the effort. And his quote not only exposes just how manufactured Midland is, it's so incredibly honest and illustrative, it really helps to expose the entirety of the Music Row machine.
"I feel like we manifested [Midland], because this is our playground, writing songs for a 1982 George Strait," says McAnally. "When these guys walked in and were a vehicle for those kinds of songs, and also quite capable of writing them as well, it was like [the movie] 'Weird Science,' like, it wasn't our design, but it's almost like we put into a machine what we wanted, and out came Midland."
You "manifested" Midland? You "put into a machine" what you wanted, "and out came Midland?" They "were a vehicle" and your "playground"? Good Christ this is a quote that will keep on giving for years to come when talk turns to how artists and bands are groomed and coached on Music Row until they're nothing more than constructs of commercial opportunism.
How many times have you seen the way songs, albums, and artists are constructed in mainstream country referred to as being like products off a conveyor belt? And here is Shane McAnally—inarguably the hottest producer and songwriter in all of country music (and really all of music at the moment)—pretty much admitting to what we've been saying for years about the mainstream, and what we've been saying about Midland for the past few months is: they're just a vessel for preformulated musical products as opposed to an original act born of inspired works.
Look, when it comes to most mainstream acts these days, whatever name you may see on the front of an album or beside the title of a single, they're nothing more than a "vehicle" (as McAnally says) for producers and songwriters like Shane McAnally and Josh Osborne, who also has a hand in a majority of the songs on Midland's debut album. Mainstream music is no longer about the artist. It's all about the producer, and this is also true in pop, R&B, and hip-hop. Shane McAnally is the Max Martin of country music.
A lot of folks have wondered why a fan favorite song of Midland's called "Fourteen Gears" did not make the new record. In fact at one point it was announced as Midland's second single after "Drinkin' Problem," and even had a video released for it that has garnered nearly 2 million views. So where did it go? The answer is that "Fourteen Gears" was most likely pulled last minute after the commercial success of "Drinkin' Problem" because it was not part of the Music Row/Shane McAnally/Josh Osborne songwriting/producing machine, and those principals couldn't profiteer from "Fourteen Gears" like they can the current single, "Make A Little," which was written by Shane McAnally and Josh Osborne.
"Fourteen Gears" was written by Midland lead guitar player Jess Carson, with some help from Cameron Duddy and Mark Wystrach, and no involvement from the professionals. One of the biggest scourges on Music Row at the moment is the insistence of labels to only release singles when they have tried and true songwriting professionals in the credits like Shane McAnally. This keeps money flowing back into the machine through publishing houses, and keeps radio program directors on board since they see a name like McAnally and know a song has been optimized for radio play. This is the fundamental reason for the sameness currently plaguing country radio. There's only one song out of the 13 on Midland's new album On The Rocks that wasn't touched by a top flight songwriting professional, and that's "Check Cashing Country" written by Jess Carson.
And just as the music is manufactured, so is the backstory, with just enough truth interwoven in there to make the embellishments passably believable. Just as it takes an incredible 15 months to take a song from page to single on Music Row—making the mainstream country industry incredibly sluggish to adapt and maneuver to current trends—so goes how they market that song and artist to the public. The willing accomplices in the mainstream press are all handed the same bullet points, which in Midland's case are:
- They're a bar band
- They formed at a wedding for Cameron Duddy (that was covered in People)
- They paid dues in Austin (at Poodie's–four shows)
- They were dirt poor before they were discovered
- They're the real deal, not like the rest of Nashville
Why do you think we've now seen a dozen or more feature-length stories on Midland focusing on their four-show residency at Poodie's outside of Austin, and talking about how tough Midland had it early in their career? It's because that's what the media is being told to convey in talking points, and they rebroadcast these talking points dutifully without ever questioning what they're being told. You know why despite the countless puff pieces on Midland, we haven't seen any such copy emerge from the Austin media market? It's because the journalists in Austin know that four shows at Poodie's is no big deal, they know Midland never paid their dues in Austin, and know just how much money you need to have to settle in Dripping Springs, TX as opposed to the more affordable portions of the Austin area.
READ: The Midland Authenticity Dilemma
And when all of this ridiculous Midland backstory began to be questioned by Saving Country Music and others, Midland was powerless to bail on it because they had no other plan. The one-sheets of talking points were already printed out. The puff pieces in Rolling Stone, Taste of Country, and the Los Angeles Times were already in the pipeline. It was like trying to turn a battleship around. And so they just kept talking the same bullshit, and still are today.
In the Los Angeles Times article, it states:
All three members of Midland had played in bands for most of their adult lives but also made ends meet in other ways. Wystrach, an Arizona native, picked up modeling and acting gigs, including a stint on the soap "Passions." Duddy was making a living as a music video director, including an award-winning clip he co-directed with Bruno Mars for "24K Magic."
The article's author makes it sound like getting an acting job on a major broadcast soap opera, or producing videos for one of the biggest pop stars in the world and winning VMA Awards is tantamount to working at Subway. Many actors and video producers work their entire lives to never get the opportunities Mark Wystrach and Cameron Duddy received even before Midland was formed and foisted to the front of the line. That doesn't mean they can't make country music. Everybody has a right to make country music. But it's how it is couched that makes it come across as so insincere and detached from the realities that individuals even in the upper middle class experience that you can't help but to call bullshit.
The Los Angeles Times article even starts once again with the wedding story of how the band formed when if Midland had any good sense, they would avoid this issue, lest it's brought up yet again that Cameron Duddy's wedding, due to him being part of the Hollywood power elite, was covered in People Magazine. Again, any good country band with any good sense would have stricken that from the talking points months ago, and focused on something else.
And this Los Angeles Times article just keeps on giving. It explains again, mere paragraphs away from where the band grumbles about how hard they struggled, that Scott Borchetta and Bruno Mars were both hot on signing Midland, and were only kept out of a bidding war because Scott Borchetta "locked the door" with the band, and wouldn't let them out. That's because he saw that he could mold them into being his traditional country superstars that would get "purists" to shut the hell up, while also re-integrating all those disenfranchised traditional country fans back into the Music Row fold to maximize profits.
Scott Borchetta is even quoted in the article saying, "I always laugh when people go, 'Oh man, the guy who tried to kill country music, actually signed a country band.' It's the funniest thing." And with this quote, Scott Borchetta once again proves why he deserves the moniker of the Country Music Antichrist, with all due respect to Shane McAnally, who now is a very close 2nd. They're both cackling all the way to the bank, as the ranks of traditional country fans lap up Midland as the real deal.
We started this entire Midland process about a year ago just a little a bit suspicious of this band. This was elevated to serious concern when they started pushing this hardship backstory hard and heavy into the run up to the release of their first single "Drinkin' Problem." And now with their most recent press, especially this story in the Los Angeles Times, they haven't just exposed themselves, they've exposed the entire facade and fallacy of mainstream country by refusing to abandon their ridiculous sob story talking points, even when it started to earn them more criticism than favor.
And frankly, there are so many other tentacles to this story, like exactly why Cameron Duddy could barely afford to pay his mortgage during Midland's nascent period, or Mark Wystrach's supermodel girlfriend, that veers too much into speculation, and frankly, shit talking than I'm comfortable with. But if anything, there's a good chance we haven't spent enough time prying into exposing this sob story that Midland claims they emerged from instead of vice versa.
And I kind of feel sorry for lead guitar player Jess Carson, who actually seems like a guy who did pay some dues, and is getting unfairly swept up in all these concerns of Midland's authenticity.
And in the Los Angeles Times piece, Midland does try to play humble.
"I'm not going to sit here and say, 'Oh, poor us. We had it so tough,' especially with everything in perspective that is happening these days," Mark Wystrach says after the hounds of the past few days have made it essential to respond, and after he's done that very thing in this interview and others. Yet then he goes on to say,
"But absolutely it's been a struggle. We all went all in, we could have done something else and could have been more secure and more stable … Through the years, you build a camaraderie and a common respect for every musician that's out there trying to make it. But the light at the end of the tunnel is the thing that pushes every musician — that dream of someday making it and getting to share your music with the world. That doesn't happen to pretty much anybody and that's not lost on us."
But that's everyone. We all struggle in our 20's. We all spend periods in our lives living hand to mouth, and some more than others because our eyes are bigger than our pocketbooks, or due to perception because we're born into privilege, not because of any true personal hardship. To Midland, playing four shows at Poodie's to small crowds probably was a hardship, life-altering experience after the glitz of Hollywood and MTV's Video Music Awards.
Midland could have been sold to the public as anything. They could have avoided talking about their past, like most mainstream artists do, and instead focused on the music. Who gives a shit what their past is, let's hear the music. Anyone, regardless of race, gender, sexual orientation, geographic origination, class, religious background, or social status has the right to make country music. Let me repeat that, just because it continues to be glossed over with this issue. Anyone, regardless of race, gender, sexual orientation, geographic origination, class, religious background, or social status has the right to make country music.
Saving Country Music just in 2017 has championed the music of a neotraditionalist from New York City, a former advertising suit from sunny Los Angeles, Nudie-suited singers and pickers from Sweden, and even an anti Taylor Swift country music outfit from Iran. Respectfully, this is not just an argument about authenticity, it is an argument about truth, and the co-opting of a trend back to the roots of country music by Music Row's most notorious and colossal money changers. It's also not an argument about what is real country or not. Midland's music is real country.
This feels very much like the arguments in 2014 surrounding Eric Church and his whole "Outsiders" movement, where it appeared he was fundamentally looking to use the image and the style of cool underground bands to incorporate into his marketing, and caused incredibly contentious arguments about the nature of authenticity, and the role of the industry in co-opting it for their own purposes. But many have forgotten about those fights, because eventually Eric Church brought it back to the music with his album Mr. Misunderstood, and is now one of the most lauded personalities in the mainstream by independent and traditional fans.
Midland's narrative is just beginning, and it is a misstep in the marketing that has made them overshoot what should have been a moment of unity in getting behind the re-emergence of the roots of country in the mainstream. But the future is yet to be written. Nowhere will you see Saving Country Music accuse Midland of not having talent, or being incapable of making good country music. In fact, we don't even know if we've seen the real Midland yet. It could be hiding under the layers of bullshit, buried just like "Fourteen Gears." It could be struggling to get out, frustrated to have to be filtered through professional songwriters, media coaches, and image consultants.
Yet it was Midland's insistence on continuing to push their sob story over and over, even as it was being eroded and exposed in the public, that has put them in a position of polarization. And now they have not only exposed themselves, they've helped expose the entire farce that is the mainstream country music machine that didn't just build Midland up, but keeps scores of artists and bands that Midland was patterned after by Shane McAnally and others, struggling in obscurity.
And that is why there is continued animosity.


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The tax return forms are available at the Trenton Governmental Services Center. Checks should be made payable to the City of Trenton. The forms should be returned to:City of TrentonDivision of Taxation11 E State StreetTrenton, OH 45067
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A resident employer or an employer having employees working within the City must withhold Trenton income tax (1.5%) from all of the following paid to employees before any deductions:
This is applicable for a business whose primary office is outside of the city limits, as well as those in the City. Where a business fails to withhold the income tax from the employee, the City will hold the business responsible for paying the tax.
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If you fail to file a return, a declaration of estimated income tax, or fail to submit employee withholdings, you will be subject to penalties plus interest on the under-withheld or under a paid tax due. The penalty can be as high as fifteen % of the unpaid tax. Interest on the unpaid balance is at the rate of the federal short-term rate (rounded) plus 5%.
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Our 4-10 shift plan offers a great opportunity to schedule regular in-service training to all of our personnel, which we do 6 times a year. In addition, we send personnel to a variety of Peace Officer Standards and Training Program (POST) schools all over the state. It is our belief that constant exposure to the latest law enforcement techniques benefits our officers, our department, and our community.
Our patrol officers are some of the best trained, equipped, and supported anywhere. They enjoy an officer-to-citizen ratio that's higher than most departments. This allows them to focus on Community Oriented Policing (COP) and problem-solving. We don't have a separate COP unit- it's simply a basic part of every officer's everyday work. Our crime rate is low, and it stays that way in part because our officers have the time to be proactive. We also have a wide variety of special units that support our district officers.
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It is relatively easy to recover labor costs on a landscaping or lawn maintenance job. You estimate that it will take X labor hours to finish a job, so that's what you bill the client for. But what about all of the time your guys spend sitting in a truck traveling to and from jobs—which can become somewhat problematic if you're in the maintenance or lawn care business?
Financials expert Frank Ross says there is no unequivocal best method for recovering travel-related indirect labor costs. He offers one caveat, though: You have to be consistent.
"If you estimate a certain amount of travel time to a given job, you have to track it to that job," Frank explains. "You also have to budget that time to the job, and your pricing strategy has to reflect it."
Some contractors, especially maintenance contractors, simply assume that there will be a certain amount of drive time every day. They then work hard to keep this time to a minimum through efficient routing and tracking mechanisms. But they basically treat drive time as an overhead cost. Frank says this isn't necessarily a wrong way to go about it.
However, Frank would prefer to see a company assign drive-time cost to specific jobs. Consider the following two examples:
- Job #1 is 10 minutes from your shop. If you're sending a three-man crew, you're looking at a half hour (30 minutes) of travel-related indirect labor cost.
- Job #2 is 45 minutes from your shop. If you're sending a three-man crew, you're looking at 2.25 hours (135 minutes) of travel-related indirect labor costs.
The problem is that both of these jobs are contributing an equal amount to help recover your total travel-related cost—IF you are treating drive time as overhead and then assigning a certain percentage of overhead to jobs. But that doesn't make sense because Job #2 requires significantly more travel time.
You want your pricing strategy to reflect your true costs. "You simply can't drive that far and provide the same value for the same kind of price," Ross points out. Too many of these types of jobs can erode your overall profitability.
One more benefit of tracking drive time to jobs. It is very helpful when establishing accountability among crew leaders. "When you can tell a crew leader that he's in charge of a certain block of time for his crew on a given day, and that block of time includes drive time, that crew leader can take 100% responsibility," Frank explains. "It's simple: The landscape company owner is going to make more money when his crew leaders take ownership of time over the course of a day. It creates another control mechanism for the owner."
If you're like 90% of landscape contractors, you could use some assistance with financial matters such as recovering costs. Frank Ross can help. Check out his new training program: A Better Way 2 Learn Financials. You can download the first two lessons for free!


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Your contraception guide
Contraceptive patch
The contraceptive patch is a small sticky patch that releases hormones into your body through your skin to prevent pregnancy. In the UK, the patch's brand name is Evra.
- When used correctly, the patch is more than 99% effective at preventing pregnancy.
- Each patch lasts for 1 week. You change the patch every week for 3 weeks, then have a week off without a patch.
- You don't need to think about it every day, and it's still effective if you're sick (vomit) or have diarrhoea.
- You can wear it in the bath, when swimming and while playing sports.
- If you have heavy or painful periods, the patch can help.
- The patch can raise your blood pressure, and some women get temporary side effects, such as headaches.
- Rarely, some women develop a blood clot when using the patch.
- The patch may protect against ovarian, womb and bowel cancer.
- It may not be suitable for women who smoke and who are 35 or over, or who weigh 90kg (14 stone) or more.
- The patch does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so you may need to use condoms as well.
The patch releases a daily dose of hormones through the skin into the bloodstream to prevent pregnancy.
It contains the same hormones as the combined pill – oestrogen and progestogen – and works in the same way by preventing the release of an egg each month (ovulation).
It also thickens cervical mucus, which makes it more difficult for sperm to move through the cervix, and thins the womb lining so a fertilised egg is less likely to be able to implant itself.
Apply your first patch and wear it for 7 days. On day 8, change the patch to a new one. Change it like this every week for 3 weeks, and then have a patch-free week.
During your patch-free week you'll get a withdrawal bleed, like a period, although this may not always happen.
After 7 patch-free days, apply a new patch and start the 4-week cycle again. Start your new cycle even if you're still bleeding.
Where to put the patch
Stick the patch directly onto your skin. You can put it onto most areas of your body, as long as the skin is clean, dry and not very hairy. You shouldn't stick the patch onto:
- sore or irritated skin
- an area where it may get rubbed off by tight clothing
- your breasts
It's a good idea to change the position of each new patch to help reduce the chance of skin irritation.
If you start using the patch on the first day of your period, and up to and including the fifth day of your period, you'll be protected from pregnancy straight away.
If you start using it on any other day, you need to use an additional form of contraception, such as condoms, for the first 7 days.
If you have a short menstrual cycle with your period coming every 23 days or less, starting the patch on the fifth day of your period or later means you may not be protected against pregnancy and will also need additional contraception for the first 7 days.
You can talk to a GP or nurse about when the patch will start to work, and whether you need to use additional contraception in the meantime.
The contraceptive patch is very sticky and should stay on. It shouldn't come off after a shower, bath, hot tub, sauna or swim.
If the patch does fall off, what you need to do depends on how long it has been off.
If it's been off for less than 48 hours:
- put a new patch on (don't try to hold the old patch in place with a plaster or bandage)
- change it on your normal change day
- you're protected against pregnancy if you've used your patch correctly for the past 7 days (and the 7 days before your patch-free week, if you're in week 1)
If it's been off for 48 hours or more, or you're not sure how long:
- put on a new patch
- change it on your normal change day, if you're in week 1 or 2 of your patch cycle
- if you're in week 3, you need to start a new patch cycle (this is now day 1 of your new cycle) and miss your usual patch-free week
- whatever week you're in, use additional contraception, such as condoms, until you've had a patch on for 7 days in a row
- you may need emergency contraception if you had sex during the patch-free break, or in week 1, and the patch fell off during week 1. Or, you had sex during week 2 or 3 when a patch had not been on properly for the previous 7 days. In these situations, ask a GP or nurse for advice
If you forget to take a patch off, what you should do depends on how many extra hours it has been left on.
If you remove it before going over 48 hours (it's been on for 8 or 9 days in total):
- take off the old patch and put on a new one
- change it on your normal change day
- you're protected against pregnancy if you've used the patch correctly up until the time you forgot to take it off
If a patch has been on for an extra 48 hours or longer (it's been on for 10 days or more):
- put on a new patch as soon as possible
- change it on your normal change day
- use additional contraception, such as condoms, until you've had the patch on for 7 days in a row
- see a GP or nurse for advice if you've had sex in the previous few days as you may need emergency contraception
If you forget to take the patch off after week 3, take it off as soon as possible. Start your patch-free break and start a new patch on your usual start day, even if you're bleeding. This means you won't have a full week of patch-free days.
You'll be protected against pregnancy and won't need to use any additional contraception. You may or may not bleed on the patch-free days.
Put on a new patch as soon as you remember. This is the beginning of your new patch cycle. You'll now have a new day of the week as your start day and change day.
If you're more than 24 hours late sticking on the patch (the interval has been 8 days or more), you may not be protected against pregnancy and will need to use additional contraception, such as condoms, for 7 days.
See a GP or nurse for advice if you've had unprotected sex in the patch-free interval, as you may need emergency contraception.
Some women don't always have a bleed in their patch-free week. This is nothing to worry about if you've used the patch properly and have not taken any medicine that could affect it.
See a GP or nurse for advice if you're worried, or do a pregnancy test to check if you're pregnant.
If you miss more than 2 bleeds, get medical advice.
The contraceptive patch isn't suitable for everyone, so if you're thinking of using it, a GP or nurse will need to ask about you and your family's medical history. Tell them about any illnesses or operations you've had, or medicines you're taking.
You may not be able to use the patch if:
- you're pregnant or think you may be pregnant
- you're breastfeeding a baby less than 6 weeks old
- you smoke and are 35 or over
- you're 35 or over and stopped smoking less than a year ago
- you're very overweight
- you're taking certain medicines, such as St John's Wort, or medicines used to treat epilepsy, tuberculosis (TB) or HIV
You may also not be able to use the patch if you have or have had:
- blood clots in a vein or artery (or an immediate family member had a blood clot before they were 45)
- a heart problem
- high blood pressure
- some blood conditions that increase your chance of getting a blood clot, such as lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus)
- breast cancer
- migraine with aura (warning signs)
- disease of the liver or gallbladder
- it's very easy to use and doesn't interrupt sex
- unlike the combined oral contraceptive pill, you don't have to think about it every day – you only have to remember to change it once a week
- the hormones from the patch aren't absorbed by the stomach, so it still works if you're sick (vomit) or have diarrhoea
- it can make your periods more regular, lighter and less painful
- it can help with premenstrual symptoms
- it may reduce the risk of ovarian, womb and bowel cancer
- it may be visible
- it can cause skin irritation, itching and soreness
- it doesn't protect you against STIs, so you may need to use condoms as well
- some women get mild temporary side effects when they first start using the patch, such as headaches, sickness (nausea), breast tenderness and mood changes – this usually settles down after a few months
- bleeding between periods (breakthrough bleeding) and spotting (very light, irregular bleeding) is common in the first few cycles of using the patch – this is nothing to worry about if you're using it properly and you'll still be protected against pregnancy
- some medicines can make the patch less effective – see a GP, nurse or pharmacist for advice
- you need to remember to change it every week, so if it would be easier to use a method that you don't have to think about you may want to consider the implant or intrauterine device (IUD)
There is a very small risk of some serious side effects when you use a hormonal contraceptive, such as the contraceptive patch.
For most women, the benefits of the patch outweigh the possible risks, but you should discuss all risks and benefits with a GP or nurse before starting the patch.
Blood clots
A very small number of people using the patch may develop a blood clot in a vein or an artery. Don't use the patch if you've had a blood clot before.
Your risk is higher if:
- it's your first year of using the patch
- you smoke
- you're very overweight
- you're unable to move (immobile) or use a wheelchair
- you have migraines with aura (warning signs)
- a close family member has had a heart attack, stroke or blood clot before they were 45
Research suggests that people who use the contraceptive patch have a small increased risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer compared with those who don't. But this reduces with time after stopping the patch.
Research also suggests there's a small increase in the risk of developing cervical cancer with long-term use of oestrogen and progestogen hormonal contraception.
When you first get the contraceptive patch you will be given a 3-month supply, to see how you get on with it. If there are no problems, you can be prescribed the patch for a year at a time.
You can get contraception for free, even if you're under 16, from:
- contraception clinics
- sexual health or GUM (genitourinary medicine) clinics
- some GP surgeries
- some young people's services
Find your nearest sexual health clinic
Contraception services are free and confidential, including for people under the age of 16.
If you're under 16 and want contraception, the doctor, nurse or pharmacist won't tell your parents (or carer), as long as they believe you fully understand the information you're given and the decisions you're making.
Doctors and nurses work under strict guidelines when dealing with people under 16. They'll encourage you to consider telling your parents, but they won't make you.
The only time that a professional might want to tell someone else is if they believe you're at risk of harm, such as abuse. The risk would need to be serious, and they would usually discuss this with you first.
Page last reviewed: 17/03/2021
Next review due: 17/03/2024


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Content-type: text/html
#include <sys/msg.h>
int msgsnd(int msqid, const void *msgp, size_t msgsz, int msgflg);
The msgsnd() function is used to send a message to the queue associated with the message queue identifier specified by msqid.
The msgp argument points to a user-defined buffer that must contain first a field of type long int that will specify the type of the message, and then a data portion that will hold the data bytes of the message. The structure below is an example of what this user-defined buffer might look like:
struct mymsg { long mtype; /* message type */ char mtext[1]; /* message text */ }
The mtype member is a non-zero positive type long int that can be used by the receiving process for message selection.
The mtext member is any text of length msgsz bytes. The msgsz argument can range from 0 to a system-imposed maximum.
The msgflg argument specifies the action to be taken if one or more of the following are true:
• The number of bytes already on the queue is equal to msg_qbytes. See intro(2).
• The total number of messages on the queue would exceed the maximum allowed by the system. See NOTES.
These actions are as follows:
• If (msgflg&IPC_NOWAIT) is non-zero, the message will not be sent and the calling process will return immediately.
• If (msgflg&IPC_NOWAIT) is 0, the calling process will suspend execution until one of the following occurs:
• The condition responsible for the suspension no longer exists, in which case the message is sent.
• The message queue identifier msqid is removed from the system (see msgctl(2)); when this occurs, errno is set equal to EIDRM and -1 is returned.
• The calling process receives a signal that is to be caught; in this case the message is not sent and the calling process resumes execution in the manner prescribed in sigaction(2).
Upon successful completion, the following actions are taken with respect to the data structure associated with msqid (see intro(2)):
• msg_qnum is incremented by 1.
• msg_lspid is set equal to the process ID of the calling process.
• msg_stime is set equal to the current time.
Upon successful completion, 0 is returned. Otherwise, -1 is returned, no message is sent, and errno is set to indicate the error.
The msgsnd() function will fail if:
EACCES Operation permission is denied to the calling process. See intro(2).
EAGAIN The message cannot be sent for one of the reasons cited above and (msgflg&IPC_NOWAIT) is non-zero.
EIDRM The message queue identifier msgid is removed from the system.
EINTR The msgsnd() function was interrupted by a signal.
EINVAL The value of msqid is not a valid message queue identifier, or the value of mtype is less than 1.
The value of msgsz is less than 0 or greater than the system-imposed limit.
The msgsnd() function may fail if:
EFAULT The msgp argument points to an illegal address.
The value passed as the msgp argument should be converted to type void *.
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
Interface Stability | Standard |
rctladm(1M), intro(2), msgctl(2), msgget(2), msgrcv(2), setrctl(2), sigaction(2), attributes(5), standards(5)
The maximum number of messages allowed on a message queue is the minimum enforced value of the process.max-msg-messages resource control of the creating process at the time msgget(2) was used to allocate the queue.
See rctladm(1M) and setrctl(2) for information
about using resource controls.


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Originally launched back in 2006, the Caparison Horus-HGS or 'Heavy Gauge Strings' model offers baritone B to B tuning (high to low: B F# D A E B) for metalheads on a regular 628mm (24.75-inch) scale length with a set of 0.010 to 0.052 gauge strings.
Now, you might be thinking there's no way a guitar with the same scale length as a Gibson Les Paul can tolerate B to B tuning without the strings flopping around like an earthworm on muscle relaxants. Well, our HGS might be packing heavier 0.011 to 0.054 Ernie Ball Beefy Slinky wires but it plays fine, and strings can't make that much difference, so what gives?
"Distortion unleashes the pickup's aggressive side, best showcased when beating out bottom-string riffs."
Caparison has addressed the tension issue by moving the Schaller S-FRT II Floyd Rose vibrato back by 3mm, thus making the strings playable with good intonation. But here's where it gets a bit tricky - technically that extra 3mm increases the guitar's scale length to 631mm (24.8 inches); not very Les Paul-like.
Caparison says that the 628mm scale listed on the spec sheet only refers to the fact that the HGS shares the same length neck of the regular Horus model. Yet the plot thickens when you approach the HGS with a measuring tape.
We came away with a slightly higher figure of 638mm (25.1 inches) - but while this is more than listed, that's still streets away from various 686mm (27-inch) to 770mm (30.3-inch) scale baritones.
Putting the measuring tape away and plugging in the Horus-HGS, we can report that the moment you do, any doubts about string tension or scale length evaporate. The low B rings out like a bell; intonation is perfect across on the 'board; and we're more than impressed that Caparison has managed to set-up a floating Floyd Rose vibrato with such low string tension on offer.
Playability is excellent, with a fingerboard that flattens out as you work your way up to the 12th fret and beyond. While our HGS is perfectly set up, we reckon heavier gauge strings would boost the tone and provide some useful additional string tension. As good as Caparison's efforts are, you can't ultimately change the laws of physics.
It's fair to say the Horus-HGS is aimed at metal guitarists. It has a 'Devil's Tail' headstock shape, for goodness sake, so it's unlikely that this particular baritone will see action as a tic-tac bass in an old school country band.
Caparison has further enhanced the guitar's metal credentials by building the HGS from walnut, a rather unconventional choice of tonewood that boosts the presence of the detuned strings.
The Alnico V-powered PH-R humbucker counters the inherent brightness of the walnut body with a warm and rounded clean tone. Distortion unleashes the pickup's aggressive side, best showcased when beating out bottom-string riffs, and we love that you can almost tickle groaning false harmonics from the lower strings.
With the infectious blast of the bridge 'bucker on offer, the SH-27F neck pickup could see about as much action as Dad's Army, but you should give it a whirl. This single-coil-sized humbucker is perfect for sustained upper register widdling, overdriven blues licks and even clean spaghetti western-style twang.
Caparison's parent company Kyowa Shokai Ltd went belly up in 2011. But happily the brand was bought by its current UK-based owners, the aptly named Caparison Guitar Company, which assures us its guitars are "still designed by [former Jackson/Charvel Japan designer] Itaru Kanno and manufactured in the same Japanese factory to the same high standards."
When we pulled the HGS from its hard case, the build quality and set-up confirmed that Caparison is indeed firing on all cylinders. It's obviously pricy, but once you've had the pleasure of beating brutal down-tuned riffs from a regular scale guitar, baritones and extended-scale electrics are simply no Caparison.


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Guest editorial by Ernest A. Canning
"The problem with making excuses for and giving explanations for a child's misbehavior(s) is that it doesn't 'help' the child. It doesn't HELP anybody. In fact, it does nothing but cloud one's judgment preventing any form of objective observation from being made thereby eliminating any real assistance being implemented."
- Randa Williamson-McCoy, "Making Excuses for Your Child's Actions and Behavior," 05/19/2010
Beginning with Israel's unprovoked attack on the U.S.S. Liberty during the 1967 Six Day War, continuing throughout the next 43 year illegal occupation of the West Bank and Gaza, right up to the June 2, 2010 Obama administration decision to block a U.N. Human Rights Council proposal to establish an independent international inquiry into Israel's heavily armed assault and capture of the six vessel, unarmed civilian humanitarian aid convoy in international waters, the relationship between the U.S. and Israel has resembled that of a parent whose love, devotion and inability to say "no" to their incorrigible teenager in the face of increasing levels of anti-social behavior only serves to harm parent, child and society...
An unusual assortment of "violent supporters of terrorism"
Seeking to defend what amounted to an act of state piracy, Israel's Prime Minister Benjamen Netanyahu described activists aboard the six vessel humanitarian aid flotilla as "violent supporters of terrorism."
If so, then this was an extremely odd assortment of "terrorist supporters."
The activists seeking to bring humanitarian aid to the besieged civilian population of Gaza included Retired U.S. Army Colonel Ann Wright, who is also a former U.S. Diplomat, former U.S. Ambassador Edward Peck, Hanan Zoabi, a member of the Israeli Knesset, Joe Meadors, a survivor of the 1967 attack by Israel on the USS Liberty during which 34 American sailors were killed and 170 were wounded, two members of the German Bundestag and the exiled archbishop of the Eastern Catholic Church of Jerusalem.
Activists aboard a seventh humanitarian aid vessel which was "forcibly seized" by Israeli forces on June 5, The Rachel Corrie, named after the American peace activist who was crushed to death by an Israeli military bulldozer in 2003 when she was trying to protect the home of a Palestinian family from demolition, included Hedy Epstein, an 85-year-old Holocaust survivor, Irish Nobel Peace laureate Mairead Corrigan Maguire, "Dennis Halliday, a former United Nations assistant secretary general from Ireland; and Mohd Nizar bin Zakaria, a member of Malaysia's Parliament."
What happens when a parent is deliberately beaten by her child and then accepts the child's claim that he didn't mean it?
Meadors' June 4 interview on Democracy Now! (see video below) is unique since he provides a first-hand account of both the 2010 Israeli attack on the unarmed, humanitarian aid flotilla and the 1967 Israeli attack on the U.S.S. Liberty, which accounts are diametrically at odds with the Israeli claims in both cases.
Where Israel claimed that, in 1967, its aircraft targeted the U.S.S. Liberty by mistake, Meadors said: "Throughout the whole morning, we had been flown over about a dozen times by Israeli aircraft, who were clearly identifying us. We had overheard their pilots radioing back to their bases."
Meadors account is supported by fellow crew members, George Golden, who said the Israeli reconnaissance flights had overflown the U.S.S. Liberty for six to seven hours before the all-out aerial assault, and Master Chief Stan White, who said one of the recon overflights was so close that he "looked right in the cockpit." The pilot waved. White waved back.
As recounted by James Scott in The Attack on the Liberty: The Untold Story of Israel's Deadly 1967 Assault on a U.S. Spy Ship, many State Department officials readily understood that Israel deliberately bombed and strafed the U.S.S. Liberty.
Scott quotes, for example, the State Department's William Wolle, who said:
Then Secretary of State Dean Rusk said that he "never...accepted the Israeli purported explanation...The ship was flying an American flag."
Yet, Scott observes, the Johnson White House, under pressure from domestic Israeli supporters and misreporting by the corporate-owned media, which persisted in referring to the attack as "accidental," "looked the other way" --- a decision which had greater impact on Israeli policies than those of the U.S., in the mind of then Undersecretary of State George W. Ball, who wrote:
State piracy in support of an illegal blockade
Setting aside numerous accounts, such as that provided by Huwaida Arraf, co-founder of the International Solidarity Movement, and Colonel Wright, who were aboard the Challenger I, a U.S. flag ship in the six vessel flotilla, and the account provided by Kevin Ovenden, coordinator with Viva Palestina, and Canadian Kevin Neish of the Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid, who were aboard the Mavi Marmara that the Israelis opened fire with flash bang grenades and automatic weapons even before they boarded, setting aside my own preference for non-violent resistance, the plain and simple fact, forcefully made by Ambassador Peck, is that the passengers and crew of the humanitarian aid flotilla had the same lawful right to use even lethal force to resist this act of state piracy as any citizen of the U.S. would have if armed robbers invaded their homes.
Daniel Carmon, Israel's U.N. Ambassador, claimed Israel had a "right to enforce" its maritime blockade because there was "a possibility of a danger." He referred to the flotilla's cargo as "so-called real, genuine humanitarian aid to Gaza," and said that Israel had offered "an alternative for transferring the humanitarian aid to Gaza through the port of Ashdod."
Ambassador Peck described Carmon's claims as "what you find in a meadow somewhere where they keep large animals" and "as full of holes as a window screen." He noted that Israel had no right to enforce a blockade of a territory, Gaza, which it illegally occupies and that the unarmed passengers and crew had a right to physically fend off this assault by heavily armed commandos while they were in international waters.
In the Sept. 15, 2009, 575-page "Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict," [PDF], Judge Richard Goldstone demolished the claim that Israel's occupation of Gaza, which along with its continued occupation of the West Bank, violates the provisions of U.N. Security Council Resolution 242, somehow ended with Israel's 2007 "disengagement" in which it removed some Israeli settlers:
Israel regulates the local monetary market based on the Israeli currency...and controls taxes and custom duties...
While Israel has a valid concern in the safety of its citizens and while the targeting of civilians by either side is both illegal and unacceptable, the Goldstone report reflects a remarkable disparity. Where Israel killed between 1,387 and 1,417 people during its 22-day invasion of Gaza in Dec. 2008/Jan. 2009, a total of three (3) Israeli civilians were killed by Palestinian rockets inside Israel between June 18, 2008 and the issuance of the Sept. 15, 2009 Goldstone report. Israeli forces killed three times as many civilians (9) when its commandos assaulted the Mavi Marmara than the total number of Israeli civilians (3) killed by Palestinian rockets over a span of 15 months.
The Goldstone report reveals that Israeli forces did much more than simply kill Palestinians during their 22-day invasion. They destroyed "industrial infrastructure, food production, water installations, sewage treatment and housing." In an eerie replay of U.S. State Department observations pertaining to the U.S.S. Liberty strike, Goldstone reported that much of this destruction, which included a series of air strikes on the Al Bader flour mill...the only flour mill in the Gaza Strip still operating," the use of armored bulldozers to systematically flatten chicken coops, and the bombing of a waste treatment facility, was intentional.
Against this widespread destruction, in the printed version of its article, "Israel Intercepts Another Protest Vessel," the Los Angeles Times provided a list of items that are "restricted or banned" by the Israeli embargo of Gaza --- "Cement, plaster, wood for construction, irrigation pipes, vinegar, fresh meat, canned fruit, fruit juice, dried fruit, jam, chocolate, cookies, sewing machines, donkeys, goats, horses, pens, pencils, coriander, cilantro, sage, empty flower pots, notebooks, some sizes of papers, French fries, potato chips, fabric for clothing, plastic toys, empty cans, musical instruments, fishing rods and nets."
Flotilla passenger Huwaida Arraf added that the Israelis "never asked to board;" that the Israelis "knew" that the cargo they were carrying consisted of "basic supplies that are desperately needed in Gaza, such as a water filtration systems, books for universities, paper for schools, reconstruction supplies, prefabricated homes." Arraf argued the offer to re-route through Arshod was a sham because it would leave to Israel the sole discretion as to whether the supplies would ever be delivered to Gaza.
Collective Punishment and Mainstream Media Failure
It is a mistake to single out every successive U.S. administration from Lyndon Johnson to Barack Obama or Israel's apologists inside the pro-Israel lobby for the inability to criticize Israel's obnoxious behavior. After all, as revealed by The BRAD BLOG's series of articles pertaining to Sibel Edmonds' allegations of a relationship between the Turkish lobby (which is closely allied with the Israel lobby) and high placed U.S. officials amounting to espionage, the White House is by no means the only division of the U.S. government to "look the other way" and Israel is by no means the only U.S. ally whose conduct prompts the "look the other way" behavior.
One should not overlook the failure, once again, of the U.S. mainstream media.
In the case of the U.S.S. Liberty in the late 1960s, it was the U.S. corporate media which persisted, sans adequate evidence, to describe the event as an "accidental attack." In the case of the recent Israeli commando assault on the Mavi Marmara, U.S. "news" outlets gave widespread coverage of the selective, one-sided video furnished by the Israelis but scant coverage of the countervailing narrative provided by the eye-witness accounts from the civilian survivors of the assault which were recorded at length during interviews by alternative media sites, such as Democracy Now!
Of course, if the video had depicted the same passengers fighting off an assault by Somali pirates instead of Israeli commandos, the corporate media pundits would have tripped over their own tongues, as they competed to interview the returning "heroes".
One of the reasons for a one-sided video narrative, aside from the Israeli seizures of all cameras and recording devices, was tragically explained by Kevin Ovenden, a passenger on the Mavi Marmara:
In the broader context, we find our friends at The New York Times getting it wrong even when offering up an editorial that was modestly critical of the assault on the Mavi Marmara, stating:
The word "seized" is an odd word to apply to an organization which came to power as the result of winning a parliamentary election in 2006 --- an election encouraged by the U.S. Adminstration at the time. Indeed, even Wikipedia acknowledges that immediately after the election returns came in, "Israel, the United States, the European Union, several Western states, and the Arab states imposed sanctions suspending all foreign aid, upon which Palestinians depend."
To their credit, on June 4, when pressed by Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR), The New York Times printed a correction in which it acknowledged the Hamas electoral victory, but the "correction" provided only a half-truth by mentioning subsequent tensions between Hamas and Fatah and the fact that Hamas "routed Fatah from Gaza in June 2007" --- a fact which ignores the covert effort made by the U.S., Israel and Egypt to use Fatah to negate the democratic choice of the citizens of Gaza.
As observed by Ali Abunimah of Electronic Infitada, after the Hamas electoral victory, the Bush/Cheney regime armed Palestinian militias, including one controlled by Gazan warlord, Mohammed Declan, whom Abunimah referred to as the "Palestinian contras."
It was only after these subversive efforts ended in failure in 2007 that the Israeli blockade took full effect --- a blockade that the unthinking stenographers of the corporate media readily accept since no legitimacy can be afforded a group like Hamas once they have received the "terrorist" label.
Of course, the same corporate media conveniently forgets the PLO, whom we were arming to attack Hamas in 2007, was considered a "terrorist" organization during the 1970s. But, as we observed in "'Terrorism,' 'State Terrorism,' and Point of View," quoting Eqbal Ahmad:
We noted that, long before they morphed into Osama bin Laden's al Qaeda, President Reagan described the Afghan Mujahideen as the moral equivalent of our Founding Fathers. Menachem Begin, at one time officially listed as a "terrorist" by the British, emerged as the Prime Minister of Israel.
While those of us who are imbued by the concept of separation of church and state, and that includes the author, are repulsed by political control by any religion, be it Hindu, Muslim, Christianity or Judaeism, all need to appreciate that the right of self-determination is embodied in the U.N. Charter and that the people of Gaza had a right to chose the Muslim Hamas over what they saw as a corrupt but secular Fatah.
The New York Times' deceptive use of the word "seized" moves us away from the realization that both the 22-day brutal assault and the blockade, which America's "paper of record" elsewhere reported has caused childhood malnutrition so acute that 30% of the children in northern Gaza suffer from "stunted growth," is the product not of the valid need for Israel to defend its citizens but as a means of "collective punishment" for the electoral preference of the adult population of Gaza.
Would you permit a juvenile delinquent to investigate his own anti-social behavior?
As reported by Democracy Now!, Eileen Chamberlain Donahoe, the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., not only voted against a U.N. "Human Rights Council proposal to establish an independent international inquiry" into the Israeli assault on the humanitarian aid flotilla, but had the temerity to suggest that it would be improper for any international body to investigate the matter until Israel conducts its own investigation as this "risks...politicizing a sensitive and volatile situation."
While the absurdity of having the potentially guilty party investigate itself should be readily apparent, at least it is consistent with former Ambassador Peck's observation that the U.S. "vetoed twenty-nine Security Council resolutions over the years that were directed at trying to get Israel to do various things or stop doing them."
Forty-three years after the child struck the parent, the parent continues to "look the other way."
UPDATE 06/07/10: The Independent of London has published an unconfirmed claim made by several of the passengers of the Mavi Marmara that two commandos had an "assassination list." While IDF Lt Col Avital Leibowitz insists that the commandos acted in self-defense, The Independent quoted claims by several passengers to the effect that there were targeted killings, some at point blank range. Al Jazeera journalist, Jamal Elshayyal, who was aboard the Mavi Marmara claimed "soldiers fired down on the protesters from the helicopters before an Israeli soldier had even set foot on the ship."
Where The Independent asserted the Israelis confiscated and destroyed passenger films of the attack, Max Blumenthal said the "IDF's press operation was being run by someone with the journalistic integrity of James O'Keefe." The IDF initially released but later retracted a report that forty passengers were connected to al Qaeda; that this was a tale concocted by "Netanyahu's inner circle." Blumenthal reported that the IDF doctored video and falsely claimed the passengers shouted "Go back to Auschwitz!" He said the IDF propaganda was repeated by the Israeli media, inflaming nationalistic passion by the Israeli right which is targeting the Israeli peace movement with threats of violence, and that the IDF BS was repeated by the Washington Post, which has apparently failed to retract its erroneous story that the passengers repeatedly shouted, "Go back to Auschwitz!"
Meanwhile, The Independent revealed a new development which threatens to escalate tensions over the blockade. "The Iranian Red Crescent is planning to send humanitarian aid by sea to Gaza."
UPDATE 06/08/10: This must see, 69-minute video, "Dead in the Water," documents the viciousness of the Israeli attack on the U.S.S. Liberty, how the Israelis hid their insignia on the attack aircraft, and how close we came to a nuclear strike on Egypt, which our forces mistakenly blamed for the attack. It also includes some disturbing but not fully established theories and evidence of a cover-up.
The 6/4/10 Democracy Now! interview of U.S.S. Liberty survivor Joe Meadors follows...
Ernest A. Canning has been an active member of the California state bar since 1977. Mr. Canning has received both undergraduate and graduate degrees in political science as well as a juris doctor. He is also a Vietnam vet (4th Infantry, Central Highlands 1968).


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9.0" High Personalized Hourglasses
309xx8Product Details
Case size - 309: 9.0" High x 5.5" Diameter
Custom Personalized: 3.875"
diameter space for custom laser engraved personalizing on both end-caps - Set-up and
typesetting included.
(Instruction for submitting materials for personalization will be provided by e-mail after you place your order)
Running time selection in minutes: 30 , 45, 50 and 60 (Default running time/30 minutes *
Maximum running time/60 minutes) - Custom filling using customer supplied
material is also available. Custom Filled & Time available ONLY when using T & K Young supplied sand.
Case size, space for personalizing and running times are approximate.
Color selection: 1-Walnut, 2-Cherry, 3-Maple, 4-Padauk/Cherry (+$15.00), 7-Koa/Maple (+$65.00), 8-Walnut/Maple and 9-Maple/Walnut - Color of all natural hardwoods will vary. When an hourglass case is made of two different hardwoods the main or dominant color is shown in the swatch. The secondary color is that of the spindles and is shown in the bottom right hand corner of the swatch.
After the hand-blown time glass for a Model 309 Personalized Hourglass is calibrated to a selected running time (+/-) it is permanently sealed and mounted in the custom made hand polished solid hardwood case.


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Once a connection to a database server has been successfully established, the functions described here are used to perform SQL queries and commands.
PQexec Submit a command to the server and wait for the result.
PGresult *PQexec(PGconn *conn, const char *query);
Returns a PGresult pointer or possibly a NULL pointer. A non-NULL pointer will generally be returned except in out-of-memory conditions or serious errors such as inability to send the command to the backend. If a NULL is returned, it should be treated like a PGRES_FATAL_ERROR result. Use PQerrorMessage to get more information about the error.
The PGresult structure encapsulates the result returned by the backend. libpq application programmers should be careful to maintain the PGresult abstraction. Use the accessor functions below to get at the contents of PGresult. Avoid directly referencing the fields of the PGresult structure because they are subject to change in the future. (Beginning in PostgreSQL 6.4, the definition of struct PGresult is not even provided in libpq-fe.h. If you have old code that accesses PGresult fields directly, you can keep using it by including libpq-int.h too, but you are encouraged to fix the code soon.)
PQresultStatus Returns the result status of the command.
ExecStatusType PQresultStatus(const PGresult *res)
PQresultStatus can return one of the following values:
PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY -- The string sent to the backend was empty.
PGRES_COMMAND_OK -- Successful completion of a command returning no data
PGRES_TUPLES_OK -- The query successfully executed
PGRES_COPY_OUT -- Copy Out (from server) data transfer started
PGRES_COPY_IN -- Copy In (to server) data transfer started
PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE -- The server's response was not understood
If the result status is PGRES_TUPLES_OK, then the routines described below can be used to retrieve the rows returned by the query. Note that a SELECT command that happens to retrieve zero rows still shows PGRES_TUPLES_OK. PGRES_COMMAND_OK is for commands that can never return rows (INSERT, UPDATE, etc.). A response of PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY often exposes a bug in the client software.
PQresStatus Converts the enumerated type returned by PQresultStatus into a string constant describing the status code.
char *PQresStatus(ExecStatusType status);
PQresultErrorMessage returns the error message associated with the query, or an empty string if there was no error.
char *PQresultErrorMessage(const PGresult *res);
Immediately following a PQexec or PQgetResult call, PQerrorMessage (on the connection) will return the same string as PQresultErrorMessage (on the result). However, a PGresult will retain its error message until destroyed, whereas the connection's error message will change when subsequent operations are done. Use PQresultErrorMessage when you want to know the status associated with a particular PGresult; use PQerrorMessage when you want to know the status from the latest operation on the connection.
PQclear Frees the storage associated with the PGresult. Every query result should be freed via PQclear when it is no longer needed.
void PQclear(PQresult *res);
You can keep a PGresult object around for as long as you need it; it does not go away when you issue a new query, nor even if you close the connection. To get rid of it, you must call PQclear. Failure to do this will result in memory leaks in the frontend application.
PQmakeEmptyPGresult Constructs an empty PGresult object with the given status.
PGresult* PQmakeEmptyPGresult(PGconn *conn, ExecStatusType status);
This is libpq's internal routine to allocate and initialize an empty PGresult object. It is exported because some applications find it useful to generate result objects (particularly objects with error status) themselves. If conn is not NULL and status indicates an error, the connection's current error message is copied into the PGresult. Note that PQclear should eventually be called on the object, just as with a PGresult returned by libpq itself.
PQescapeString Escapes a string for use within an SQL query.
size_t PQescapeString (char *to, const char *from, size_t length);
If you want to include strings that have been received from a source that is not trustworthy (for example, because a random user entered them), you cannot directly include them in SQL queries for security reasons. Instead, you have to quote special characters that are otherwise interpreted by the SQL parser.
PQescapeString performs this operation. The from points to the first character of the string that is to be escaped, and the length parameter counts the number of characters in this string (a terminating zero byte is neither necessary nor counted). to shall point to a buffer that is able to hold at least one more character than twice the value of length, otherwise the behavior is undefined. A call to PQescapeString writes an escaped version of the from string to the to buffer, replacing special characters so that they cannot cause any harm, and adding a terminating zero byte. The single quotes that must surround PostgreSQL string literals are not part of the result string.
PQescapeString returns the number of characters written to to, not including the terminating zero byte. Behavior is undefined when the to and from strings overlap.
PQescapeBytea Escapes a binary string (bytea type) for use within an SQL query.
unsigned char *PQescapeBytea(unsigned char *from, size_t from_length, size_t *to_length);
Certain ASCII characters must be escaped (but all characters may be escaped) when used as part of a bytea string literal in an SQL statement. In general, to escape a character, it is converted into the three digit octal number equal to the decimal ASCII value, and preceded by two backslashes. The single quote (') and backslash (\) characters have special alternate escape sequences. See the User's Guide for more information. PQescapeBytea performs this operation, escaping only the minimally required characters.
The from parameter points to the first character of the string that is to be escaped, and the from_length parameter reflects the number of characters in this binary string (a terminating zero byte is neither necessary nor counted). The to_length parameter shall point to a buffer suitable to hold the resultant escaped string length. The result string length includes the terminating zero byte of the result.
PQescapeBytea returns an escaped version of the from parameter binary string, to a caller-provided buffer. The return string has all special characters replaced so that they can be properly processed by the PostgreSQL string literal parser, and the bytea input function. A terminating zero byte is also added. The single quotes that must surround PostgreSQL string literals are not part of the result string.
PQunescapeBytea Converts an escaped string representation of binary data into binary data - the reverse of PQescapeBytea.
unsigned char *PQunescapeBytea(unsigned char *from, size_t *to_length);
The from parameter points to an escaped string such as might be returned by PQgetvalue of a BYTEA column. PQunescapeBytea converts this string representation into its binary representation, filling the supplied buffer. It returns a pointer to the buffer which is NULL on error, and the size of the buffer in to_length. The pointer may subsequently be used as an argument to the function free(3).
PQntuples Returns the number of tuples (rows) in the query result.
int PQntuples(const PGresult *res);
PQnfields Returns the number of fields (columns) in each row of the query result.
int PQnfields(const PGresult *res);
PQfname Returns the field (column) name associated with the given field index. Field indices start at 0.
char *PQfname(const PGresult *res, int field_index);
PQfnumber Returns the field (column) index associated with the given field name.
int PQfnumber(const PGresult *res, const char *field_name);
-1 is returned if the given name does not match any field.
PQftype Returns the field type associated with the given field index. The integer returned is an internal coding of the type. Field indices start at 0.
Oid PQftype(const PGresult *res, int field_index);
You can query the system table pg_type to obtain the name and properties of the various data types. The OIDs of the built-in data types are defined in src/include/catalog/pg_type.h in the source tree.
PQfmod Returns the type-specific modification data of the field associated with the given field index. Field indices start at 0.
int PQfmod(const PGresult *res, int field_index);
PQfsize Returns the size in bytes of the field associated with the given field index. Field indices start at 0.
int PQfsize(const PGresult *res, int field_index);
PQfsize returns the space allocated for this field in a database tuple, in other words the size of the server's binary representation of the data type. -1 is returned if the field is variable size.
PQbinaryTuples Returns 1 if the PGresult contains binary tuple data, 0 if it contains ASCII data.
int PQbinaryTuples(const PGresult *res);
Currently, binary tuple data can only be returned by a query that extracts data from a binary cursor.
PQgetvalue Returns a single field (column) value of one tuple (row) of a PGresult. Tuple and field indices start at 0.
char* PQgetvalue(const PGresult *res, int tup_num, int field_num);
For most queries, the value returned by PQgetvalue is a null-terminated character string representation of the attribute value. But if PQbinaryTuples() is 1, the value returned by PQgetvalue is the binary representation of the type in the internal format of the backend server (but not including the size word, if the field is variable-length). It is then the programmer's responsibility to cast and convert the data to the correct C type. The pointer returned by PQgetvalue points to storage that is part of the PGresult structure. One should not modify it, and one must explicitly copy the value into other storage if it is to be used past the lifetime of the PGresult structure itself.
PQgetisnull Tests a field for a NULL entry. Tuple and field indices start at 0.
int PQgetisnull(const PGresult *res, int tup_num, int field_num);
This function returns 1 if the field contains a NULL, 0 if it contains a non-null value. (Note that PQgetvalue will return an empty string, not a null pointer, for a NULL field.)
PQgetlength Returns the length of a field (attribute) value in bytes. Tuple and field indices start at 0.
int PQgetlength(const PGresult *res, int tup_num, int field_num);
This is the actual data length for the particular data value, that is the size of the object pointed to by PQgetvalue. Note that for character-represented values, this size has little to do with the binary size reported by PQfsize.
PQprint Prints out all the tuples and, optionally, the attribute names to the specified output stream.
void PQprint(FILE* fout, /* output stream */ const PGresult *res, const PQprintOpt *po); struct { pqbool header; /* print output field headings and row count */ pqbool align; /* fill align the fields */ pqbool standard; /* old brain dead format */ pqbool html3; /* output html tables */ pqbool expanded; /* expand tables */ pqbool pager; /* use pager for output if needed */ char *fieldSep; /* field separator */ char *tableOpt; /* insert to HTML table ... */ char *caption; /* HTML caption */ char **fieldName; /* null terminated array of replacement field names */ } PQprintOpt;
This function was formerly used by psql to print query results, but this is no longer the case and this function is no longer actively supported.
PQcmdStatus Returns the command status string from the SQL command that generated the PGresult.
char * PQcmdStatus(PGresult *res);
PQcmdTuples Returns the number of rows affected by the SQL command.
char * PQcmdTuples(PGresult *res);
If the SQL command that generated the PGresult was INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE, this returns a string containing the number of rows affected. If the command was anything else, it returns the empty string.
PQoidValue Returns the object ID of the inserted row, if the SQL command was an INSERT that inserted exactly one row into a table that has OIDs. Otherwise, returns InvalidOid.
Oid PQoidValue(const PGresult *res);
The type Oid and the constant InvalidOid will be defined if you include the libpq header file. They will both be some integer type.
PQoidStatus Returns a string with the object ID of the inserted row, if the SQL command was an INSERT. (The string will be 0 if the INSERT did not insert exactly one row, or if the target table does not have OIDs.) If the command was not an INSERT, returns an empty string.
char * PQoidStatus(const PGresult *res);
This function is deprecated in favor of PQoidValue and is not thread-safe.