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Mohamed Mostafa ElBaradei (Arabic: محمد مصطفى البرادعي, romanized: Muḥammad Muṣṭafá al-Barādaʿī, Egyptian Arabic: [mæˈħæmːæd mosˈtˤɑfɑ (ʔe)lbæˈɾædʕi]; born 17 June 1942) is an Egyptian law scholar and diplomat who served as the vice president of Egypt on an interim basis from 14 July 2013 until his resignation on 14 August 2013.[1]
Mohamed ElBaradei | |
محمد البرادعي | |
Interim Vice President of Egypt | |
In office 14 July 2013 – 14 August 2013 | |
President | Adly Mansour (interim) |
Preceded by | Mahmoud Mekki |
Succeeded by | Vacant |
Leader of the Constitution Party | |
In office 28 April 2012 – 14 August 2013 | |
Deputy | George Isaac |
Preceded by | Office established |
Succeeded by | Sayyed Kassam (acting) Hala Shukrallah |
4th Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency | |
In office 1 December 1997 – 30 November 2009 | |
Preceded by | Hans Blix |
Succeeded by | Yukiya Amano |
Personal details | |
Born | Mohamed Mostafa ElBaradei 17 June 1942 Cairo, Egypt |
Political party | Constitution Party |
Spouse | Aida El Kashef |
Children | 2 |
Residence(s) | Vienna, Austria |
Alma mater | Cairo University Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies New York University |
Website | Official website |
He was the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), an intergovernmental organization under the auspices of the United Nations (UN), from 1997 to 2009. At the end of his tenure he was appointed "Director General Emeritus of the International Atomic Energy Agency". He and the IAEA were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005 "for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way".[2] ElBaradei was also featured in the Western press regarding politics in Egypt, particularly the 2011 revolution which ousted President Hosni Mubarak and the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état.
ElBaradei was born and raised in Giza Governorate, Greater Cairo, Egypt. He was one of five children of Mostafa ElBaradei, an attorney who headed the Egyptian Bar Association. ElBaradei's father was also a supporter of democratic rights in Egypt, supporting a free press and an independent judiciary.[3]
ElBaradei is married to Aida El Kashef, a former early-childhood teacher. They have two children: a daughter, Laila, a lawyer living in the UK; and a son, Mostafa, an IT manager living in Vienna. They also have two granddaughters, Maya and Nina.[4]
A native speaker of Arabic, ElBaradei is also fluent in English and French, and knows "enough German to get by, at least in Vienna."[5]
Education and early career edit
Following in the footsteps of his father, Mostafa, ElBaradei also studied law.[6] He earned a bachelor's degree in law from the University of Cairo in 1962, a masters degree LLM in 1971 and a doctorate degree JSD in international law in 1974 from the New York University School of Law. His thesis was titled "The right of passage through straits in time of peace".
ElBaradei's diplomatic career began in 1964 in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where he served in the Permanent Missions of Egypt to the UN in New York and in Geneva, in charge of political, legal, and arms-control issues. From 1974 to 1978, he was a special assistant to the foreign minister. In 1980, he became a senior fellow in charge of the International Law Program at the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR). From 1981 to 1987, he was also an adjunct professor of international law at the New York University School of Law.
In 1984, ElBaradei became a senior staff member of the IAEA Secretariat, serving as the agency's legal adviser (1984 to 1993) and Assistant Director General for External Relations (1993 to 1997). ElBaradei is currently a member of both the International Law Association (ILA) and the American Society of International Law (ASIL).
Public career as IAEA Director General (1997–2009) edit
ElBaradei began to serve as Director General of the IAEA, which is based in Vienna, on 1 December 1997, succeeding Hans Blix of Sweden.[7][8] The agency gradually came to take an active role in attempts to prevent nuclear proliferation, with its focus first centred on Iraq and Sudan, in which cases the agency claimed success, and later also on North Korea and Iran.[6] ElBaradei was re-elected for two more four-year terms in 2001 and, despite opposition from the United States, to a third term in 2005.[6] His third and last term ended in November 2009. ElBaradei's tenure has been marked by high-profile, non-proliferation issues, which include the inspections in Iraq preceding the March 2003 invasion, and tensions over the nuclear program of Iran.
First term as Director General edit
After being appointed by the IAEA General Conference in 1997, ElBaradei said in his speech that, "for international organizations to enjoy the confidence and support of their members, they have to be responsive to [members'] needs; show concrete achievements; conduct their activities in a cost-effective manner; and respect a process of equitable representation, transparency, and open dialogue."[9]
Just a couple of months before ElBaradei took office, the Model Additional Protocol was adopted, creating a new environment for IAEA verification by giving it greater authority to look for undeclared nuclear activities. When in office, ElBaradei launched a program to establish "integrated safeguards" combining the IAEA's comprehensive safeguard agreements with the newly adopted Additional Protocol. In his statement to the General Conference in 1998, he called upon all states to conclude the Additional Protocol: "One of the main purposes of the strengthened-safeguards system can be better achieved with global adherence. I would, therefore, urge all states with outstanding-safeguards agreements to conclude them, and I would also urge all states to accelerate their consideration of the Model Additional Protocol and enter into consultations with the Agency at the earliest possible opportunity. We should work together to ensure that, by the year 2000, all states [will] have concluded outstanding-safeguards agreements and also the Additional Protocol." ElBaradei repeated this call through his years as the Director General of the IAEA. In November 2009, 93 countries had Additional Protocols in force.[10]
ElBaradei's first term ended in November 2001, just two months after the terrorist attacks of 9/11. These attacks made clear that the more is needed to be done to protect nuclear material and installations from theft or a terrorist attack. Consequently, ElBaradei established a nuclear security program to combat the risk of nuclear terrorism by assisting member states to strengthen the protection of their nuclear and radioactive material and installations, the Nuclear Security Fund Archived 11 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine.[11]
Second term as Director General edit
One of the major issues during ElBaradei's second term as the director general of the IAEA was the agency's inspections in Iraq. ElBaradei disputed the U.S. rationale for the 2003 invasion of Iraq from the time of the 2002 Iraq disarmament crisis, when he, along with Hans Blix, led a team of UN weapons inspectors in Iraq. ElBaradei told the UN Security Council in March 2003 that documents purporting to show that Iraq had tried to acquire uranium from Niger were not authentic.
In an October 2003 interview published in the Cairo Times, he said "the ultimate sense of security will be when we come to recognize that we are all part of one human race. Our primary allegiance is to the human race and not to one particular color or border. I think the sooner we renounce the sanctity of these many identities and try to identify ourselves with the human race the sooner we will get a better world and a safer world.[12]
ElBaradei described the U.S. invasion of Iraq as "a glaring example of how, in many cases, the use of force exacerbates the problem rather than [solves] it."[13] ElBaradei further stated that "we learned from Iraq that an inspection takes time, that we should be patient, that an inspection can, in fact, work,"[14] and that he had "been validated" in concluding that Saddam Hussein had not revived his nuclear weapons program.[15]
In a 2004 op-ed piece on the dangers of nuclear proliferation, in the New York Times (12 February 2004), ElBaradei stated that "[w]e must abandon the unworkable notion that it is morally reprehensible for some countries to pursue weapons of mass destruction, yet morally acceptable for others to rely on them for security – and indeed to continue to refine their capacities and postulate plans for their use."[16] He went on to say "If the world does not change course, we risk self-destruction."
Third and final term as Director General edit
The United States initially voiced opposition to his election to a third four-year term in 2005.[17] In a May 2005 interview with the staff of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Lawrence Wilkerson, the chief of staff to former U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell, charged former Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security John Bolton with an underhanded campaign to unseat ElBaradei.[18] "Mr. Bolton overstepped his bounds in his moves and gyrations to try to keep [ElBaradei] from being reappointed as [IAEA] head," Wilkerson said. The Washington Post reported in December 2004 that the Bush administration had intercepted dozens of ElBaradei's phone calls with Iranian diplomats and was scrutinizing them for evidence [that] they could use to force him out.[18] IAEA spokesman Mark Gwozdecky said the agency worked on "the assumption that one or more entities may be listening to our conversations." "It's not how we would prefer to work, but it is the reality. At the end of the day, we have nothing to hide," he said. Iran responded to the Washington Post reports by accusing the U.S. of violating international law in intercepting the communications.[19]
The United States was the only country to oppose ElBaradei's reappointment and eventually failed to win enough support from other countries to oust ElBaradei. On 9 June 2005, after a meeting between U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and ElBaradei, the United States dropped its objections. Among countries that supported ElBaradei were China, Russia, Germany, and France. China praised his leadership and objectivity,[17] and supported him for doing "substantial fruitful work, which has maintained the agency's role and credit in international non-proliferation and promoted the development of peaceful use of nuclear energy. His work has been universally recognized in the international community. China appreciates Mr. El Baradei's work and supports his reelection as the agency's director general."[20] France, Germany, and some developing countries, have made clear their support for ElBaradei as well.[18] Russia issued a strong statement in favor of re-electing him as soon as possible.
ElBaradei was unanimously re-appointed by the IAEA board on 13 June 2005.[21]
Comments on no fourth term edit
In 2008, ElBaradei said that he would not be seeking a fourth term as director general.[22] Moreover, he said, in an IAEA document, that he was "not available for a further term" in office.[23] In its first five rounds of voting, the IAEA Board of Governors was split in its decision regarding the next director general. ElBaradei said, "I just hope that the agency has a candidate acceptable to all—north, south, east, west—because that is what is needed."[24] After several rounds of voting, on 3 July 2009, Mr. Yukiya Amano, Japanese ambassador to the IAEA, was elected as the next IAEA director general.
ElBaradei and U.S. relations edit
ElBaradei, leader of the National Coalition for Change, has been a major voice for democratic change in Egypt since 2009 and was a significant leader during the 2011 protests.[25] However, he has a rocky history with the U.S. government and supports some policies that do not support current U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East. During his tenure as Director General of the IAEA (1997-2009), for instance, ElBaradei downplayed claims of possible military dimensions to Iran's nuclear program, which undermined U.S. efforts to press Iran over its safeguards violations.[26] According to a 3 July 2003 article in Time Magazine, ElBaradei also maintained that Iraq's nuclear program had not restarted before the 2003 Iraq War, contradicting claims by the Bush Administration. He told the German news magazine Der Spiegel on 12 July 2010 that he wanted to open the Gaza Strip – Egypt border and accused Israel of being the biggest threat to the Middle East because of their nuclear weapons.[27]
ElBaradei has called for international criminal investigation of former Bush administration officials for their roles in planning the war on Iraq.[28]
Multinational control of the nuclear fuel cycle edit
In an op-ed that he wrote for the Economist in 2003, ElBaradei outlined his idea for the future of the nuclear fuel cycle. His suggestion was to "limit the processing of weapon-usable material in civilian nuclear programs, as well as the production of new material, by agreeing to restrict these operations exclusively to facilities under multinational control." Also, "nuclear-energy systems should be deployed that, by design, avoid the use of materials that may be applied directly to making nuclear weapons." He concluded by saying that "considerable advantages would be gained from international co-operation in these stages of the nuclear-fuel cycle. These initiatives would not simply add more non-proliferation controls, to limit access to weapon-usable nuclear material; they would also provide access to the benefits of nuclear technology for more people in more countries."[29]
Non-nuclear-weapon states have been reluctant to embrace these proposals due to a perception that the commercial or strategic interests of nuclear-weapon states motivate the proposals, a perception that the proposals produce a dependency on a limited number of nuclear fuel suppliers, and a concern that the proposal restricts their unalienable right to use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.[30]
Technical cooperation and cancer control edit
ElBaradei's work does not only concentrate on nuclear verification. Another very important aspect is development through nuclear technology. In 2004, ElBaradei sponsored a comprehensive global initiative—the Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (PACT)--to fight cancer. In one of his statements, ElBaradei said: "A silent crisis in cancer treatment persists in developing countries and is intensifying every year. At least 50 to 60 percent of cancer victims can benefit from radiotherapy, but most developing countries do not have enough radiotherapy machines or sufficient numbers of specialized doctors and other health professionals." In the first year of operation, PACT provided cancer-treatment capacity in seven member states, using the IAEA's share of the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize.[31]
In his speech to the 2008 General Conference, ElBaradei said that "development activities remain central to our work. Our resources have long been insufficient to keep pace with requests for support, and we have increasingly made use of partnerships with other organizations, regional collaborations and country-to-country support. I again emphasize that technical cooperation is not a bargaining chip, part of a political 'balance' between the development and safeguards activities of the agency."[32]
International Crisis Group edit
ElBaradei served on the board of trustees of the International Crisis Group, a non-governmental organization that enjoys an annual budget of over $15 million and is bankrolled by the Carnegie, the Ford Foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, as well as George Soros' Open Society Institute. Soros himself serves as a member of the organization's Executive Committee.[33]
Egyptian politics edit
2011 Egyptian revolution edit
During the early days of the Egyptian Revolution, ElBaradei's speechwriter and long-time associate Laban Coblentz and other IAEA colleagues of ElBaradei contradicted the notion that ElBaradei had only recently become engaged in Egyptian politics, saying he had never relinquished his focus on human rights deficiencies in his home country. Coblentz noted that ElBaradei had first confronted Mubarak in early 2003, during the lead-up to the Iraq War, as well as on subsequent encounters.[34]
Coblentz also pointed out the role that social media played in convincing ElBaradei that the young people of Egypt were ready for change: "It was really this last 14 months, where someone I knew as not being particularly computer savvy, taught himself to use Facebook and Twitter and YouTube and started to do in virtual space what was forbidden to do by the Mubarak regime, the freedom of assembly by large groups."[35]
While speaking at the Harvard Kennedy School on 27 April 2010, ElBaradei joked that he is "looking for a job" and is seeking to be an "agent of change and an advocate for democracy" within Egyptian politics. He also made clear that his wife is not very enthusiastic about any potential run.[36]
On 27 January 2011, ElBaradei returned to Egypt amid ongoing turmoil, with the largest mass protests in 30 years, which had begun two days earlier, on 25 January 2011. ElBaradei declared himself ready to lead a transitional government if that was the will of the nation, saying that, "If [people] want me to lead the transition, I will not let them down."[37] Subsequently, "when he joined protesters Friday after noon prayers, police fired water cannons at him and his supporters. They used batons to beat some of ElBaradei's supporters, who surrounded him to protect him."[38] On 28 January 2011, ElBaradei was reported to have been placed under house arrest in Egypt.[39] However, the next day, when he was interviewed by Al Jazeera, he said that he was unaware of any such arrest.[40]
Later on, ElBaradei arrived in Tahrir Square to join thousands of other protesters against the Mubarak regime and spoke directly to the people, stating that they "have taken back [their] rights" and that they cannot go back. A number of Egyptian political movements have called on ElBaradei to form a transitional government.[41] ElBaradei has also stated that "the people [of Egypt] want the regime to fall." In response to the appointment of Omar Suleiman as the new vice president of Egypt, ElBaradei stated that it was a "hopeless, desperate attempt by Mubarak to stay in power. I think [that] it is loud and clear...that Mubarak has to leave today." Additionally, ElBaradei restated his position that, when Egypt does become a democratic nation, "there is no reason to believe that a democracy in Egypt would not lead to a better relationship with the US based on respect and equity."[42]
The Guardian reported that ElBaradei has been mandated by the Muslim Brotherhood and four other opposition groups to negotiate an interim "national salvation government." However, BBC reports that the Muslim Brotherhood, the largest opposition party banned by Mubarak's regime, has not consented to the choice of ElBaradei as the representative of the opposition. "The people have not appointed Mohamed ElBaradei to become a spokesman of them. The Muslim Brotherhood is much stronger than Mohamed ElBaradei as a person. And we do not agree [that he should represent] this movement. The movement is represented by itself, and it will [appoint] a committee. . .to [delegate its representatives]."[43]
His appointment is controversial largely because of the long periods that he has spent outside the country. His appointment is seen as a recognition of the importance of various Western nations' support of the revolts.
Possible presidential candidacy edit
ElBaradei's name was circulated by opposition groups from 2009 to 2012 as a possible candidate to succeed President Hosni Mubarak in Egypt's highest executive position when his name was suggested by Mohamed Hassanein Heikal.[44][45][46]
ElBaradei did not make any clear statements regarding his intentions to run for the office; however, he has demanded that certain conditions be met to ensure fair elections accompanied by changes to the constitution that will allow more freedom for independent candidates before he would actually consider running for the presidency. Several opposition groups have endorsed him, considering him a neutral figure who could transition the country to greater democracy.
On 24 February 2010, ElBaradei met with several opposition leaders and notable intellectuals at his home in Cairo. The meeting was concluded with an announcement for the formation of a new non-party-political movement called the "National Association for Change." The movement aims for general reforms in the political scene and mainly article 76 of the Egyptian constitution, which places restrictions on free presidential elections, especially when it comes to independent candidates. The banned political group, the Muslim Brotherhood, was represented at the meeting by one of its key figures; however, its stand in accepting a non-member of its group as a representative is still unclear. It is also unknown whether Amr Moussa, the head of the Arab League who met with ElBaradei a day earlier, will be part of the new movement.[47]
On 7 March 2011 it was announced that ElBaradei intended to run for the presidential elections, this intention was later clearly stated in a live interview by ElBaradei to the ON TV channel 10 March 2011.[48] On 14 January 2012 ElBaradei declared he would not run for president.[49]
On 4 July 2013 ElBaradei was mentioned as a favorite to head a transitional Egyptian government amid the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état[50] as the prime minister.[51]
President of Constitution Party edit
On 28 April 2012, ElBaradei launched the Constitution Party (DL). This date was too late to allow him to run for the presidency.[52] The party claims itself as liberal, in order to protect and promote the principles and objectives of the 25 January 2011 Revolution according to liberal ideals. ElBaradei became a prominent figure of the Egyptian opposition.[53] On 24 November, DL formed together with the secular parties the National Salvation Front, a coalition of the primary opposition parties against President Mohamed Morsi's decrees. On 5 December 2012, he became the coordinator of National Salvation Front.
Vice president edit
Mohamed ElBaradei was involved in the coup d'état that toppled democratically elected President Mohamed Morsi amid mass protests against the perceived mismanagement of the country, the refusal of Morsi to form a coalition government, and the authoritarian influence of the Muslim Brotherhood on what had been a secular Muslim-majority state for decades. He was described by Reuters as the "designated negotiator" for the political opposition. ElBaradei gave support to the military's plan to oust Morsi and begin implementing a "political road map" for Egypt, including the installation of Supreme Constitutional Court Chief Justice Adly Mansour as interim president of Egypt. He was present when General Sisi announced the temporary suspension of the constitution and the removal of Morsi from power.
In the political transition following Morsi's ejection from the presidency, ElBaradei was immediately mentioned as a candidate for interim prime minister.[54] He reportedly denied interest in the position at first.[55] There were reports that ElBaradei would be named prime minister, which were retracted after objections by the Nour Party, on 7 July.[56][57] He was sworn in as vice president, responsible for international relations, on 14 July 2013.[58]
14 August government raids and resignation edit
On 14 August 2013, following a violent crackdown by security forces on supporters of deposed president Mohamed Morsi, in which at least 525 people were killed,[59] ElBaradei resigned as vice president.[60] In his resignation letter, ElBaradei stated: "...I always saw peaceful alternatives for resolving this societal wrangling. Certain solutions were proposed, which could have led to national conciliation, but things have come this far ... It has become difficult for me to continue bearing the responsibility for decisions with which I do not agree and the consequences of which I fear. I cannot bear the responsibility for a single drop of blood before God, before my own conscience or the citizens..."[61] He then left the country for Vienna, where he was previously based as Director General of The International Atomic Energy Agency.[62]
After his resignation, an Egyptian law professor at Helwan University, Sayyed Ateeq, filed lawsuit against ElBaradei, accusing him of a "betrayal of trust".[63] As Ateeq told Reuters, "Dr. ElBaradei was entrusted with this position and he had a duty to go back to those who entrusted him and ask to resign."[64] The case was heard in Cairo in October that year, and dismissed.[62][64][65]
Other activities edit
Mohamed ElBaradei is a Member of the Global Leadership Foundation, an organization that works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation and promote good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence, the experience of former leaders to today's national leaders. It is a not-for-profit organization composed of former heads of government, senior governmental and international organization officials who work closely with heads of government on governance-related issues of concern to them.
ElBaradei is a member of the Global Commission on Drug Policy.[66]
Awards edit
During his tenure as director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency, ElBaradei received many awards for his efforts to ensure that nuclear energy is used for peaceful purposes.
2005 Nobel Peace Prize edit
On 7 October 2005, ElBaradei and the IAEA were announced as joint recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize for their "efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy, for peaceful purposes, is used in the safest possible way." ElBaradei donated all of his winnings to building orphanages in Cairo. The IAEA's winnings are being spent to train scientists from developing countries to use nuclear techniques in combating cancer and malnutrition. ElBaradei is the fourth Egyptian to receive the Nobel Prize, following Anwar Sadat (1978 in Peace), Naguib Mahfouz (1988 in Literature), and Ahmed Zewail (1999 in Chemistry).
In his Nobel lecture, ElBaradei said that the changing landscape of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament may be defined by the emergence of an extensive black market in nuclear material and equipment, the proliferation of nuclear weapons and sensitive nuclear technology, and the stagnation in nuclear disarmament. To combat proliferation, ElBaradei has suggested keeping nuclear and radiological material out of the hands of extremist groups, tightening control over the operations for producing the nuclear material that could be used in weapons, and accelerating disarmament efforts.[67] ElBaradei also stated that only one percent of the money spent to develop new weapons would be enough to feed the entire world and that, if we hope to escape self-destruction, nuclear weapons should have no place in our collective conscience and no role in our security.
UN Secretary General Kofi Annan said that he was delighted that the 2005 Nobel Peace Prize had been awarded to the UN nuclear watchdog and its head, ElBaradei. "The secretary general congratulates him and the entire staff of the agency, past and present, on their contributions to global peace," a spokesman for Annan said.[68]
Postage issues edit
Egypt Post on 8 October 2005 commemorated this award by issuing a set of two postage stamps.[69] On 1 June 2009, to commemorate 4th Extraordinary Session of PAPU Plenipotentiary Conference held in Cairo between 1 and 9 June,[70] Egypt Post issued a set of 16 stamps bearing African winners of Nobel Prizes, among which one is of ElBaradei[71]
Other awards and recognition edit
ElBaradei has received many awards for his work as director of the IAEA:
- Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria (Grand Decoration in Gold with Sash) (2009)
- Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Grand Cross with Star and Sash) (2010)[72]
- "El Athir" award of the National Order of Merit, Algeria's one of the highest national distinction[4]
- The Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award (2006)[73]
- James Park Morton Interfaith Award[74]
- Golden Plate award from the American Academy of Achievement[74][75]
- Jit Trainor award from Georgetown University for distinction in the conduct of diplomacy[76]
- Human Security award from the Muslim Public Affairs Council[77]
- Prix de la Fondation award from the Crans Montana Forum[78]
- Golden Dove of Peace prize from the President of Italy[79]
- Honorary Patron of the University Philosophical Society (2006) of Trinity College, Dublin, following in the footsteps of previous Nobel Peace Prize Winners Desmond Tutu and John Hume[80]
- Golden Doves for Peace journalistic prize awarded by the Italian Research Institute Archive Disarmo in 2007[81]
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile, the highest Egyptian civilian decoration, awarded by the Government of Egypt[79]
- Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Peaceful Worldwide Use of Nuclear Technology, awarded by The World Nuclear Association in September 2007[82]
- 2006: Freedom medal
- The Mostar 2007 international peace award of the Mostar Center for Peace and Multiethnic Cooperation[83]
- The 2008 "Peacebuilding Award" of the EastWest Institute[84][85]
- The International Seville NODO Prize for Peace, Security and Inter-Cultural Dialogue[86]
- The 2008 Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development[87]
- The 2009 Delta Prize for Global Understanding, sponsored by the University of Georgia and Delta Air Lines[88]
- The XIV International Grupo Compostela-Xunta de Galicia Prize
- Breastplate of the Russian Foreign Ministry "Contribution to International Cooperation"
- Order of Francisc Skorina (Belarus)
- Order of Friendship of Peoples (Belarus)
ElBaradei has also received honorary doctoral degrees from the University of Dublin, Trinity College; New York University; the University of Maryland; the American University in Cairo; the Free Mediterranean University (LUM) in Bari, Italy; Soka University of Japan; Tsinghua University of Beijing; the Polytechnic University of Bucharest; the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid; Konkuk University in Seoul; the University of Florence; the University of Buenos Aires; the National University of Cuyo in Argentina; Amherst College and Cairo University.[89]
He is also a member of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation's Ibrahim Prize Committee.
Publications edit
ElBaradei is the author or editor of several books:
- El Baradei, Mohamed. The Age of Deception: Nuclear Diplomacy in Treacherous Times. New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt and Co, 2011. ISBN 9780805093506 According to WorldCat, the book is held in 915 libraries[90]
- Translated into Polish, German, Dutch, and Arabic
- El Baradei, Mohamed, E. I. Nwogugu, and John M. Rames., editors. The International Law of Nuclear Energy: Basic Documents. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1993.2 v.ISBN 9780792317470
- El Baradei, Mohamed. Atoms for Peace: A Pictorial History of the International Atomic Energy Agency, 1957-2007. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 2007. ISBN 9789201038074
See also edit
References edit
- ^ الاقتصادية : وكالة الأنباء المصرية: الشرطة سيطرت بالكامل على ميدان رابعة العدوية Archived 31 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Aleqt.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-14.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2005".
- ^ "Mohamed ElBaradei". Notable Biographies. 2006. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ a b "Director General ElBaradei's Biography". International Atomic Energy Agency. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
- ^ "Mohamed ElBaradei Interview—Nobel Prize for Peace". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. 3 June 2006.
- ^ a b c "Mohamed ElBaradei | Biography & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
- ^ "IAEA Board Reappoints Director General Mohamed ElBaradei". IAEA. 13 June 2005. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ "Board Meeting on Director General Appointment". IAEA. 26 March 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (29 September 1997). "Strengthened Safeguards System: Status of Additional Protocols". IAEA. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ^ "Strengthened Safeguards System: Status of Additional Protocols". IAEA. 26 November 2009. Archived from the original on 10 December 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (23 September 2005). "Nuclear Security – Measures to Protect Against Nuclear Terrorism" (PDF). IAEA. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed, Breaking the Cycle, interview, the Cairo Times, 23 October 2003
- ^ Boyle, Jon (22 October 2007). "Iran seen to need 3–8 yrs to produce bomb". Reuters. Retrieved 21 June 2008.
- ^ "Iraq war wasn't justified, U.N. weapons experts say". CNN. 21 March 2004. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ Lynch, Colum; Linzer, Dafna (2 November 2004). "U.N. Nuclear Agency Chief Urges Iran to Suspend Activities". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (2 December 2004). "Saving Ourselves from Self Destruction". IAEA. Retrieved 21 June 2008.
- ^ a b Voice of America: IAEA Postpones Decision on ElBaradei's Third Term[dead link]
- ^ a b c "ElBaradei Set to Win Third Term". Arms Control Today. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ "ElBaradei 'has nothing to hide'". BBC News. 13 December 2004. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's Press Conference on 16 December 2004". China-botschaft. 2004. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ "US agrees to back UN nuclear head". BBC News. 9 June 2005. Retrieved 21 June 2008.
- ^ "IAEA chief ElBaradei will not seek fourth term". International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Voice of America: IAEA Chief ElBaradei Will Not Seek Another Term Archived 17 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "5-Vote impasse reopens race to head UN atom watchdog". Reuters. 27 March 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ^ de Nesera, André (2 February 2011). "Former Egyptian Diplomat ElBaradei Face of Opposition to President Mubarak". Voice of America.
- ^ Pleming, Sue (19 September 2007). "Rice swipes at IAEA, urges bold action on Iran". Reuters.
- ^ Follach, Erich (12 July 2010). "Interview with Mohammed ElBaradei". Der Spiegel.
- ^ "Former IAEA head suggests Iraq war crime probe of Bush administration."[permanent dead link] AP, 22 April 2011.
- ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (16 October 2003). "Towards a Safer World". The Economist. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ^ American Society of International Law: The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons: Taking Stock after the May 2008 Preparatory Committee Meeting ? Archived 22 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "IAEA Nobel Peace Prize Cancer and Nutrition Fund" (PDF). IAEA. May 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2006. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ^ ElBaradei, Mohamed (29 September 2008). "IAEA at a Crossroads (Abridged Version)". IAEA. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ^ Crisis Group's Board of Trustees – International Crisis Group Archived 3 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Tirone, Jonathan (1 February 2011). "ElBaradei's Decade of Scolding Mubarak Belies Image of Distant Bureaucrat". Bloomberg. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
- ^ "Thursday's Intriguing People". CNN. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
- ^ "Nonproliferation & Arms Control : Challenges & Opportunities". Harvard University Institute of Politics. 1 November 2005. Archived from the original on 27 March 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ Memmott, Mark (27 January 2011). "ElBaradei Back in Egypt; Says It's Time for a New Government". NPR. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ AP (1 February 2010). "Five People Killed During Protests in Egypt". FoxNews.com. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ Mubarak Faces His Biggest Challenge Amid Nationwide Protests Archived 23 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Thousands in Cairo defy curfew Archived 19 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ElBaradei's speech on Tahrir Square Archived 4 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Video – Breaking News Videos from". CNN.com. 16 July 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ Kevin Connolly (31 January 2011). "Egypt protesters step up pressure on Hosni Mubarak". BBC News. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "Egyptian opposition wants ElBaradei to run for president". Tehran Times. 8 October 2009.
- ^ "El Baradei to run for president of Egypt?". Daily Times. 7 October 2009.
- ^ "Arab League chief refuses to rule out Egypt presidential bid". Earth Times. 20 October 2009.
- ^ ElBaradei to form 'national association for change' Archived 27 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "البرادعي يعلن ترشحه للرئاسة". Masrawy.com. 7 March 2011. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "ElBaradei, in Protest, Drops Bid for Egypt's Presidency". The New York Times. 14 January 2012.
- ^ "Sources: ElBaradei Tops List to Head Egypt Government Archived 4 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine", Voice of America News, retrieved 4 July 2013.
- ^ UK Independent, 3 July 2013, "Profiles: Adly Mansour and Mohamed ElBaradei - Egypt's incoming leaders" "Profiles: Adly Mansour and Mohamed ElBaradei - Egypt's incoming". Independent.co.uk. 4 July 2013. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- ^ BBC News (28 April 2012). "Baradei launches new Egyptian party, but too late for election". BBC News. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ "الدستور" يتقدم بأوراقه للجنة الأحزاب و"البرادعى": هدفنا"لم الشمل" وتمكين الشباب"". Al-Masry Al-Youm. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
- ^ "Mohammed ElBaradei Favorite To Head Egypt's Interim Government". Reuters. 3 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
- ^ "ElBaradei said to turn down interim Egypt prime minister post". The Times of Israel. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
- ^ "Egyptian interim president nominates two for leadership posts". Retrieved 7 July 2013.
- ^ "Egypt's Salafist party rejects choices for premier, vice-president". Al Arabiya. 8 July 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ Aya Batrawy, "Egypt's defense minister defends ousting president" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press, 14 July 2013.
- ^ "Egyptian security forces storm protesters' camps". The Washington Post. 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
- ^ "Egypt's VP Mohamed ElBaradei resigns in protest against crackdown". Los Angeles Times. 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
- ^ "Unedited alleged letter of resignation of interim Vice President Mohamed ElBaradei". Al Jazeera. 14 August 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
- ^ a b "Cairo court sets trial date for ElBaradei". Al Jazeera. 20 August 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
- ^ "Now Mohamed ElBaradei faces the wrath of Egyptian army after resigning from cabinet". The Independent. 20 August 2013. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
- ^ a b Noueihed, Lin (20 August 2013). "Egypt's ElBaradei faces court for 'betrayal of trust'". Reuters. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
- ^ "Judge Dismisses 'Betrayal of Trust' Case Against ElBaradei". Voice of Africa. 26 October 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ "The campaign for a 'drug-free world' is costing lives | Louise Arbour and Mohamed ElBaradei". TheGuardian.com. 20 March 2019.
- ^ The Nobel Foundation: Mohamed ElBaradei, The Nobel Peace Prize 2005 Archived 4 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Peoples Daily: Int'l community hails IAEA, ElBaradei's winning of Nobel Peace Prize Archived 14 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Stamps number EG029.05 and EG030.05 Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (of the WADP Numbering System commemorating the awarding of Nobel Peace Prize to ElBaradei
- ^ MCIT | News | Egypt Post to Host the Fourth PAPU Extraordinary Session Archived 1 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Stamp number EG021.09 Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine of the WNS commemorating the 4th Extraordinary Session of PAPU Plenipotentiary Conference]
- ^ "Der Bundespräsident / "Visionär für eine Menschheitsfamilie" – Ansprache von Bundespräsident Horst Köhler anlässlich der Verleihung des Großen Verdien". bundespraesident.de. 3 March 2010. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award Laureates since 1982 Archived 4 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Yale University: ElBaradei Will Speak at Yale Archived 25 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Mohamed ElBaradei Biography and Interview". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
- ^ Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: ElBaradei Remarks at Georgetown University Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ MPAC: Dr. Mohamed Elbaradei to be Presented with MPAC's Human Security Award Archived 21 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Arrivée de Graça Machel au Comité d'attribution du Prix Mo Ibrahim Archived 3 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Amherst: Amherst College To Honor Atomic Agency Head, Princeton President and Five Others at Commencement 25 May Archived 23 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ University Philosophical Society: Honorary Patrons Archived 3 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ World Nuclear University: Inaugural Ceremony of the World Nuclear University – Part Two Archived 22 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Center za mir: "Centar za mir – Mostar" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ZERO NUCLEAR'S FOUR STATESMEN, ELBARADEI TO BE HONORED[permanent dead link]
- ^ Richard Erdman and the EastWest Institute: Statesman of the Year Award Archived 28 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Entrega del IV Premio Sevilla-Nodo Archived 1 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Indian Express: ElBaradei chosen for Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Archived 15 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ University of Georgia: 2009 Delta Prize Recipient Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ IAEA: Biography of Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei Archived 4 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ WorldCat item record Archived 4 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
External links edit
- Column archive at The Guardian
- Annotated Bibliography for Mohamed ElBaradei Archived 1 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine at the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
- Mohamed ElBaradei at IMDb
- Mohamed ElBaradei collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
- Mohamed ElBaradei collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Mohamed ElBaradei collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Mohamed ElBaradei on Nobelprize.org


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The Department of Health and Human Services has inked a $20 million contract with a top public-relations firm to sell aspects of the Obamacare law to the American public.
According to a report in PR Week, HHS's Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services has awarded the contract to PR firm Porter Novelli. The firm has offices worldwide, and boasts PepsiCo, Hewlett Packard, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as existing clients.
According to The Hill, the Porter Novelli campaign is "designed to educate the public about how to stay healthy and prevent illnesses." It will do so by highlighting provisions of Obamacare.
The PR push is part of a sustained effort to try to sell the unpopular Obamacare law to the American public. Last year, HHS asked Congress to quadruple the budget for its public affairs office – to nearly $20 million – and nearly double the size of the office's staff. The department insisted the changes were necessary to "help Americans understand and access their benefits and information under the law."
A Freedom of Information Act request filed by the group Judicial Watch last year revealed the lengths to which HHS has gone to attempt to sell Obamacare to a skeptical public:
- The Obama HHS launched a campaign to track Internet searches and to use online search engines such as Google and Yahoo to drive traffic to a government website promoting Obama's health care overhaul. Using "pay-per-click" advertising tools, such as Google Adwords, HHS purposely targeted people searching the term "Obamacare," a word that has been described as "disparaging" by political agents of the president.
- According to a budget summary prepared by Ogilvy, from October 2010 through February 2011, the Obama administration spent $1,435,009 on these online advertisements alone, including advertising campaigns with Google and Yahoo, almost $300,000 per month.
- A number of documents address the need to target the Obamacare propaganda campaign to Hispanics, blacks, and women. For example, according to an email from Chris Beakey, vice president of Ogilvy PR Worldwide, to HHS officials on Dec. 16, 2010, summarizing a conference call, "You want to utilize the bulk of their paid media efforts (which would include expenditures for Radio One and Univision) on media that reaches African Americans and Hispanics. The money will go farther and these audiences continue to be a top priority."
- A Jan. 18, 2011, email from Ogilvy to HHS New Media Communications Director Julia Eisman notes with respect to a Spanish banner ad campaign, "I realize we really can't use the blond mom and child for this audience."
The Obama administration has also coordinated with liberal activist groups and friendly media organizations to spin the law in a positive light. Scribe published a four-page strategy memo in March that revealed the White House's comprehensive public-relations campaign for the second anniversary of Obamacare and Supreme Court oral arguments.
This isn't the first time HHS has tried to convince the American people about the benefits of a government-run health care program. After passage of a controversial Medicare prescription drug plan in 2003, the Bush administrated budgeted $123.6 million for ads touting the program. Some of the TV ads associated with the campaign drew fire for using actors who posed as journalists.

subset: commoncrawl


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Posted by Editoress on 08/3/13
Deadman's Flats to Canmore, AB, 37 km (Friday August 2nd)
The final day of the 2013 TransRockies Challenge opened under cloudy skies after a heavy rain overnight.Stage 7, the 84th overall in the history of the TransRockies Challenge, began in Deadman's Flats in a time trial format. The route would lead the riders 37km to the finish on Main Street in Canmore. Using the average finishing time for stages 4 and 5 to seed the athletes, the staggered start sent riders off at 20 second intervals with TR7 Men's Open rider, Calle Friberg, starting things off.
Paul Remy
TR7 Solo
Strong riding on the early stages of the TransRockies Challenge enabled Oliver Zurbruegg to build a Men's Open lead that held to the end. Zurbruegg would win the overall classification in 14:40:48 followed by Cory Wallace and Calle Friberg. Friberg capped off his week with a fourth stage win in 1:38:39.
Women's Open leader Mical Dyck came back from a second place Stage Six placing for the Stage Seven win in 2:05:13. Her overall time of 17:22:20 would best second and third place finishers Jean Ann Berkenpas and Petra Tlamkova.
Leighton Poidevin continued his winning ways in the 40+ Men's division going a perfect seven for seven and capturing the overall title in 16:11:23 followed by Pat Doyle and Craig Bartlett. Men's 50+ leader, Beat Zumstein, finished off his TR7 with a fourth stage win and the overall title in a total time of 18:01:01. Pedro Vieira would finish a mere 3 minutes and 38 seconds behind with Grant Miller rounding out the top three.
TR7 Team
Team Louis Garneau - Quebec riders Sebestien Cadieux Duval and Marc-Andre Daigle came back from a rough Stage Six to notch their sixth stage win and secure the overall Men's Open title in front of second place team, Riding 29, composed of Martin Moeberg Hansen and Morten Abel Jensen. Women's Open leaders Jodie Willet and Cathryn Zeglinski, of team Northlands, won their seventh consecutive stage, and the overall, ahead of Nicola Mann and Val Thomson of Trailhead Racing.
Team Louis Garneau - Quebec (Sebestien Cadieux Duval and Marc-Andre Daigle) start the last stage
The domination continued throughout the team competition. Open Mixed duo Daniella Storch and Lutz Baumgaertel, of team Scott - Generation, Men's 100+ duo Mike Kloser and Michael Tobin of team Sram XX1 and 80+ Men's team Geoff Clark and Juancito Garcia Casatti , of team JCTr, all swept the table taking seven wins in seven stages.
With the addition of the TR7 Solo category for 2013 a number of riders made the jump up to the seven day. As a result, the total TR4 numbers were down over the previous year. The lack of depth in the field was more than made up for by strong performances at the top. After reeling off three straight 40+ Men's wins, David Neubeck would drop to third on the day and second in the overall classification behind Jeff Gardner.
Congratulations go out to Trish Grajczyk in the Women's Open, Paul Tichelaar in Men's Open, and Conrad Audet in Men's 50+. All three of these riders completed their TR4 experience with 4 stage wins each.
The last twelve years have been an amazing ride. The team at TransRockies Events is proud to have had the opportunity to bring mountain bike stage racing to North America and share the trails of Western Canada with riders from all over the world. A sincere 'thank you' to the thousands who have joined us and we look forward to seeing many old, and new, faces at Singletrack Six!
Return to Canadian Cyclist homepage | Back to Top |


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This article is more than 1 year old
Free 'sat lav' app locates loos for bursting punters
Carry on at your convenience
Touching cloth and can't hold it in? Make sure this app is the first thing to run.
Toilet Finder, from developer BeTomorrow - no, not Pee Tomorrow - uses the GPS co-ordinates of your iPhone or Android device to generate a map of public conveniences in the vicinity.
Bum steer: Toilet Finder locates lavs
The app lists more than 76,000 toilets worldwide, a list that's successfully growing through input from some of Toilet Finder's existing users.
Encouraged to contribute by rating their experiences and sending in photos - of the place, not what they've produced - users can also add any public toilet to the database should they notice an exclusion.
Don't 'loos' out - Toilet Finder is available now free from the UK App Store. ®


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McAuliffe urges Dems to use muscle on voting, infrastructure
RICHMOND, Va. (AP) — Terry McAuliffe, the Democratic candidate for Virginia governor, on Tuesday called on leaders in Washington from both parties — including President Joe Biden — to "get their act together," while pushing Senate Democrats to scrap the filibuster if needed to enact the party's priorities on infrastructure spending and voting rights.
The harsh words from McAuliffe during an interview with The Associated Press come just three weeks before Election Day in Virginia. The former governor is facing Republican newcomer Glenn Youngkin in a race that represents a critical early test of the Democrats' political strength in the first year of Biden's presidency.
Polls suggest the race is close, adding to McAuliffe's sense of urgency to campaign on a robust list of his party's accomplishments. The McAuliffe campaign confirmed Tuesday that Biden and former President Barack Obama would rally voters in the state later in the month at separate events.
Despite the outside support, McAuliffe has been deeply frustrated by his party's inability to fulfill key campaign promises since taking control of the White House and both chambers of Congress in January. In Tuesday's interview, the 64-year-old lamented the Democrats' inability to protect voting rights against a wave of Republican-backed legislation, but he saved his sharpest comments for the stalled federal infrastructure package.
"They all got to get their act together and vote," McAuliffe said. Asked specifically if he was calling out Biden, McAuliffe said, "I put everybody there."
McAuliffe's frustration underlies a bigger concern for Democrats nationally entering the first midterm election season of the Biden presidency. The president's approval ratings are sagging, and there are signs in Virginia and elsewhere that rank-and-file Democrats aren't energized to vote.
A bad result for Democrats in Virginia, where former President Donald Trump lost by 10 points last fall, would likely signal a far more painful election next year, when control of Congress and dozens of governor's offices are at stake.
But with a stalled legislative agenda in Washington, Democratic voters don't appear excited to participate in Virginia's off-year election — particularly with Trump no longer in office or on the ballot. Trump has endorsed Youngkin, but he has played a low-profile role in the Virginia contest so far.
"I tell Democrats: Donald Trump is desperate for a win here," McAuliffe said. "If Glenn Youngkin wins, it's a win for Donald Trump, and you're going to begin his political comeback."
In the interview, McAuliffe waded into the high-stakes debate over Senate rules that allow the minority party to block legislation that doesn't muster at least 60 votes, a process known as the filibuster. Biden said last week that Democrats are considering a change to the filibuster rules in order to quickly approve lifting the nation's debt limit and avoid what would be a devastating credit default.
On the debt limit, voting rights and the infrastructure package, McAuliffe said Democrats should do "whatever it takes to get it done."
"They got to get their work done. People are counting on them. Do your job. I don't care what you call it or what mechanism you use," he said. "I'm for doing whatever the Senate has to do to pass meaningful legislation that will move this country forward."


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Written by:
Heidi Copeland, UF/IFAS Extension Leon County
Samantha Kennedy, UF/IFAS Extension Wakulla County
Sustainability should not just be a buzzword during Earth Month. The fact that everybody either shops for or eats groceries means the whole grocery shopping experience is a good time to reflect and improve upon what we can personally do to embrace issues of sustainability.
This year in April, the Earth Month theme focuses on Returning to Nature. There is no better place to start a quest for personal sustainable improvement than the grocery store! Grocery shopping truly embraces the three main areas of sustainability: environmental, economic, and social. In fact, it has been well documented that the average family wastes about 25% of the food it purchases. (Much of this ends up in a landfill and creates problems of its own.)
With a bit of forethought, meal planning before grocery shopping can help individuals and families apply sustainable best practices for environmental, economic, and social well-being. In fact, many of the principles of sustainability can be effectively applied to both meal planning and grocery shopping.
RESPECT yourself. Good nutrition is one of the keys to a healthy life. Improve health by keeping a balanced diet. Vow to make healthier food choices for personal health and the environment.
REFUSE to use food products that do not fit your principles of sustainability. This may mean buying food with less packaging, eating more locally-grown fruits and vegetables, or looking for foods labeled as more responsibly sourced.
REDUCE the amount of food thrown out. Planning meals ahead of time and writing out a grocery list are excellent ways to start living sustainably. Planning not only saves money on groceries, it can save time and decrease the amount of personal food waste a family contributes. (Remember, freezing products can prolong their life, so if you find that you've overbought, try preserving some of your bounty for later use.) Reducing the number of trips to the grocery store also can help save on fuel and transportation costs.
REUSE /REPURPOSE food for another occasion. Careful meal planning helps ensure that leftovers from one meal can be incorporated into the next one, thereby reducing food waste.
RETHINK! Healthy, nutritious, delicious, and inexpensive grocery choices can be found in every food group. Not all food has to be prepackaged. In fact, with a bit of planning, dinner can be on the table in 15 minutes. (That's less time than it takes to wait in line at a fast food restaurant.)
BE RESPONSIBLE! Use what you buy.
Stock up on low-cost healthy grain products like whole-wheat noodles, brown rice, and store-brand cereals and oatmeal.
Purchase fruits and vegetables that are in season and cost less. In addition, do not forget that frozen, dried, and canned fruits and vegetables can play an important part in meal planning.
Buy the largest size you can effectively use before it reaches the expiration date – and look for the items with the latest dates. Purchase store brands or generic brands whenever possible. Keep in mind smaller containers tend to cost more, no matter what the food group. Buying larger packages and dividing them into smaller portions can save money and reduce the amount of packaging that ends up in the landfill. Investing in small, reusable storage containers will save money and reduce waste in the end.
Practice Meatless Monday. The protein group provides inexpensive protein sources like beans, lentils, and eggs, which can be substituted for meat in many meals.
Protein does not have to be the most expensive item purchased. Consulting the store's weekly sales flyer during meal planning can help you plan meals around meat and poultry items that are on sale.
Prepare food your family will actually eat. There are two schools of thought here: preparing just enough for one meal or preparing big-batch recipes that provide leftovers which can be frozen for later use. Either practice can be sustainable. Freeze leftovers only if you're going to use them. Otherwise, cut down on the amount of food cooked to help reduce food waste.
Learn how to cook. Prepare and eat more meals at home. It is sustainable, good for you, and delicious. Meals cooked at home are more nutritious, less expensive, and result in less overall waste, such as packaging.
Two additional ways to be more sustainable when grocery shopping are to use reusable shopping bags and to stop using single-use plastic produce bags. Plastic grocery bags choke our landfills and end up in our water bodies. They are not biodegradable and can last thousands of years virtually intact. Reusable shopping bags are made from recycled materials and can drastically reduce the number of plastic bags that end up in the trash each year.
For more information on making your grocery shopping more sustainable, check out these related articles:
Freezing: Nature's Pause Button (UF/IFAS Extension)
What's in your FREEZER? (UF/IFAS Extension)
Best Practices for Shoppers at the Farmers' Market (UF/IFAS Extension)
Sustainable Grocery Shopping (University of Northern Iowa)
Extension classes are open to everyone regardless of race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations.


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Physical "facebooks" had been around Harvard since forever, not just for the Houses but for departments. The first reference I can find to moving a facebook online is from 1994 and his here reproduced in its entirety.
From: gwertzma@huscSubject: Re: facebookDate: February 13, 1994 6:46:56 PM ESTTo: lewis@das (Harry Lewis)
Hey.. Don't know if I answered this already. Right now the images ARE available outside Harvard, but noone knows about them yet. I am looking into ways to make the facebook only accessible within Harvard.
James Gwertzman : No neat quote.
firstname.lastname@example.com : For that you'll have to read my plan.
That's exactly 18 years ago. Clearly it was sent in response to a query from me, presumably of something we had discussed in person, Alas, I don't have my half of the exchange, or any direct followup.
I hope James Gwertzman won't mind receiving the credit here. At the time he was an undergraduate concentrating in computer science, and a trusted colleague on the Information Technology committee. Subsequent emails make clear that what he is referring to here is creating a face book for both students and faculty of what was then called the Division of Applied Sciences (now the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences), of which Computer Science is a part. There are followup emails, on which I am copied, between him and administrators responsible for the ID photos and the list of faculty email addresses.
It is clear even from this first message that policy issues were being confronted. Followup emails dealt with a data leak resulting from the fact that the photos had Harvard ID numbers (which are not supposed to be public) in their file names, and whether any faculty members would object to having their email addresses made public. A response James got from one administrator gives the tenor: "Yes, we can release them to you. However, some questions have been raised about proper use of the images. My supervisor has drawn up a standardized form …" A few weeks later, James was in correspondence with the Admissions Office about getting its view book online. In April 1994 he circulated a concrete proposal. Here is some of what he offered:
Admissions Department Internet ProposalJames goes on to suggest some concrete steps, such as making the email address of the Admissions Office widely available, and this gem:
As the number of high schools connected to the internet increases, it becomes increasingly important for Harvard Admissions to display an active internet presence. The reasons for this include:
o Attracting the student who might otherwise believe Harvard is backward technologically.
o Showing that the myth about Harvard doing everything several years after other schools is false.
o Taking advantage of this new medium to recruit in areas not usually covered by traditional guides (Alaska for example has one of the best high school connectivity rates)
o Providing a very cost effective way of attracting foreign students.
3. Create a simple page about Harvard on the World Wide Web, a multimedia tool for accessing the internet that is rapidly becoming the predominant means of accessing resources on the internet for many people. Include links to other Harvard on-line resources such as the course catalog and any departments with pages, such as the Division of Applied Sciences, and the Biology department.
Sounds like a good idea, doesn't it! Remember, this is not only pre-Web 2.0, that is, before the time where people could easily modify each other's web pages. It is barely Web 1.0. The I/T professional from the Admissions Office included in his response to James and me some correspondence he had just received from colleagues at the University of California, including this priceless quote: "It turns out that gopher is now old technolgy!!! You need to do some reading about Mosaic …."
I do not remember whether the DAS face book ever went live. James, however, has gone on to great things. After some years at Microsoft he went to Popcap games, recently acquired by Electronic Arts. He now manages their China operations. A good guy and a visionary both.
In the August 1997, a student from the Harvard Computer Society put forward a fairly long proposal about creating an online facebook for all Harvard undergraduates, and by this time there is no question that this could mean anything but a Web site. A lot of thoughtful discussion ensued with various interested parties, including the head of the I/T committee and the Registrar, about issues of privacy, security, and accuracy, and whether a student-run project could manage it all. (Remember, this is Web 1.0--it was like print publishing. If a phone number was wrong, you needed the I/T department to fix it.)
The Registrar included in one of her plies (August, 1997) the following fascinating paragraph:
You might want to know that my office currently provides data to a site called "Facebooks" which includes "directory information" for those students who have not set security flags. This data is refreshed every day of the year. The House administrators go to that site to pull the data for their houses (which is all they currently are permitted to access). The image (the photo of the student) is provided by the HUID Office for those who have not set security flags. The image may be used for internal Harvard publications and other processes. In the case of the Facebbook,I believe the student is given the opportunity to reject having his/her photo in the Facebooks via a query at the Houses. I have not been able to confirm this yet, however, but hope to do so this afternoon.Two things of interest here--the use of the term "the Facebook," with a capital F, for what was an entirely internal administrative system, not visible to students or the outside world. And the great sensitivity about student photos, and protocols for their use even within Harvard--which underscores that when Zuckerberg launched Facemash, Harvard administrators had been struggling with the issues surrounding electronic distribution of student photos for a decade. No wonder they reacted with some alarm!
Here is another piece of the history--this email, from the Registrar, is from November 1997. so the incident referred to must have been in the summer of 1995: "about two years ago in the summer … the Science Center failed to filter out student dorm room numbers from the Ph directory, which is available to outside users via the kiosks in the Science Center. Apparently, a female student's location was found that way and she was stalked."
Now while all this was going on, two of the bigger agenda items for the dean's office were a series of peer sexual assault cases, and the question of "Universal Keycard Access," that is, should a student from one House be able to swipe into another. These two were related, because a woman fleeing an assailant would want to get into the first House she came to, whether or not it was her own (but if her assailant was a peer, then he could swipe in too …). So there was a larger and more urgent context in which these discussions of data security were taking place.
On May 10, 2001, a student approaches me with the same proposal: "I was wondering about the possibility of setting up a Campus Wide Facebook on the Web." The Registrar reminds me of what had happened a few years earlier:
I had at first asked Y to take on the project but he was unable to assign the resources. The student group was providing the staff for developing the project and the server, the RO [Registrar's Office] was providing the data, and HU ID office was providing the images. It had been agreed that Freshmen would not be included in the facebook project. (And, I believe, the one House that was not interested in a web-based book was Eliot House!).As in the previous post, Y is the head of computing services. He reported up through a different chain of command, and his priorities were set by academic authorities, not by the Registrar or student life deans like me. And I imagine the academic authorities just did not see the project as having much educational value, by comparison with the many things faculty were asking for to assist their research and teaching. And as the email also suggests, even the relevant College authorities were not agreed on the privacy issues.
To make a long story short, the students responsible for the project did not have enough time to get it going and the project died. I worked with three different students during the course of 2 years. The model, you might recall, was to do it House-by-House working with the House staff and using a standard template and guidelines. As you know, Y is now planning to assign staff resources to develop the web-based House facebook.
And then in February 2003 it comes back again, with this email from a student:
I am writing to you on behalf of the Harvard Undergraduate Council on the matter of all-school online facebook.Back it went to the I/T department, which by now was totally preoccupied with music downloading--the need to keep increasing network capacity, and to respond to RIAA complaints against students. A month later I was released as dean, so I don't know whether anything might have been in the works over the summer of 2003.
In our recent meetings, many representatives expressed a concern for the lack of a mean to locate other students in the college. It is indeed frustrating when one wants to look someone up from class/dining halls/paths, since there is no way to go about it unless they are from your house (or the yard). In fact, even the freshman facebook is missing a significant portion of the class.
Do you think it is possible to create one main website- accessible with ID and pin number- that has everyone's ID pictures on it? The ID office in Holyoke already has all those pictures on file and it should not be a problem. I believe that this project will increase school unity, as well as classmate bonding, which we lack so much after we leave the Yard.
But in January of 2004 I got the famous "Six Degrees to Harry Lewis" inquiry from a student who had taken my CS theory class in the fall of 2002 (just as Friendster was aborning), and that ends the Harvard prehistory of Facebook!
Readers of Kevin Kelly's "What Technology Wants" will see this sequence of events as fitting the pattern he describes. Technology wanted an online facebook. By this time all that was needed to make it a reality was a student who was a bit less respectful of authority than the several wonderful people I have quoted or mentioned here!


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The activation keys in retail box editions of the game sold across Europe should start working right now, and your game should automatically update to the DLC content to be compatible with latest game version just after installation.
The launch date for digital portals is May 7 as well, so you will start to see the game appearing now as well on many 3rd party distribution sites.
We are of course offering the game for sale directly ourselves through our two official channels:
1. You can buy the Expansion from ETS2 Scandinavia Steam page.
2. Alternatively, if you want to avoid installing the game through Steam, we are still offering the Scandinavia expansion through our legacy activation system on the official Euro Truck Simulator 2 website.
For technical reasons we are unable to provide all the wide and growing palette of additional DLCs for the game outside of Steam, so you are limiting your options to further enrich the game. But we respect that some of you have a strong opinion about Steam and prefer the standalone version of the game. That's why we are releasing the crucial map expansions also this way.
On a related topic: We have an interesting option for how to update the game for non-Steam users: the Updater. We have been working on the Updater tool for some time, it's been used extensively in our small-group closed beta testing, so we have reasons to believe that it's robust and stable now, but it's still a little Spartan with no shiny interface. So we intended to "soft-launch" it (happening here and now) before recommending it as the primary download/update method on the official website. Updater uses peer-to-peer protocol for speeding up the download especially with more people connected to get the game files, which should considerably shorten the download time especially during peak demand periods. Please find the ETS2 Updater for download here. Put this file into the folder where you have installed the game and run it to update the game from any previous version.
Finally, the release of Scandinavia DLC is a great opportunity to increase the pool of available country-specific paint-job DLCs for the game:
As well as special, custom paintjob pack - Viking Legends Paintjobs


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I have the prettiest table right now – I want you all to come over so you can see my tulips in person – so bright and cheery!! they are PERFECT for my Valentine's Decor.
(um, just ignore the dust on the table…..obviously this is the "fancy" table and it doesn't get daily use – it's mainly there to look pretty)
So, how did this all come about….well, I first grabbed some cut tulips at the grocery store while I was there anyway to pick up milk and bread – so convenient. I also grabbed some candy because I was going to do that thing where you put a smaller vase inside a big vase, put the flowers in the small vase, and then fill the big void between vases with candy – but it turns out I didn't have a big vase like I thought. So it was brainstorming time. I found a bunch of glass milk jars from my sister-in-law and an idea started forming…
I thought they would all line up in a box, so I needed Trevor to cut some boards and slap together a rustic wooden box. I was thinking this was a 5 minute project. He informed me otherwise and went about figuring out an alternative (you can read about his thoughts HERE) and next thing I know he's digging old boxes and oatmeal containers out of the recycling bin and making way for me to use some awesome wooden boxes from his garage – score!
So I put 2 jars in each box and filled them with candy – – perfect:
And now the tulips are the perfect touch – –
You can see more of my Valentine Decor in this picture, including the Paper Strip Hearts, getting used again this year:
For more ideas relating to tulips and crafting and decor, check out the Dig Drop Done Pinterest Boards.
So – – go grab yourself some cut tulips!!


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Indiana Gas Prices May Hit $4 Per Gallon This Weekend
Indiana residents might want to consider filling up their fuel tanks as the weekend approaches, because a new report indicates that that gas prices will likely surge within the next 48 hours.
According to GasBuddy.com Senior Petroleum Analyst Patrick DeHaan, the majority of gas stations will increase their prices by 10-35 cents per gallon by Friday evening – fuel prices in Indiana are expected to be in upwards of $4 per gallon.
It appears as if the rising cost of fuel is due in part to recent pipeline malfunctions and setbacks suffered by three regional refineries, which, according to DeHaan, shutdown a pipeline that delivers crude from Canada to Chicago – tightening the market.
Although DeHaan says that the situation is temporary, prices will linger around the four-dollar mark until the pipeline complications are remedied.
Rising gas prices are imminent due to gasoline spot prices, what gas stations pay before taxes, experiencing nearly a 21-cent per gallon by Wednesday.
Since July 25, gasoline has risen 61 cents per gallon.


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Bill Clinton on TechnologyPresident of the U.S., 1993-2001; Former Democratic Governor (AR) | |
We can act to strengthen both the economy and the government's role in creating a better future by cutting spending and raising revenue in a fair, effective way.
[We need to] speed up the process for approving and completing infrastructure projects. President Obama has committed to streamline the process for large infrastructure projects, and I'm confident it can be done without compromising environmental or safety standards.
It would be best to prove the worth of high-speed rail with adequate investments in heavily populated areas where there is a lot of highway and airport congestion. Our fastest train, Amtrak's Acela, which runs from Washington to New York to Boston and back, travels about 100 mph slower than the fast trains that connect Japan's most populous cities.
In 1993, my first year as president, we included as part of the Deficit Reduction Act a small carbon tax that would have led to more conservation. We convinced the House to pass it, but it died in the Senate. After that, we pursued a partnership with the US automakers to develop a very high-mileage car, took steps to increase energy efficiency in the federal government, which had the effect of taking several hundred thousand cars off the road, increased research, and negotiated the Kyoto Climate Change Treaty to howls that it would destroy the economy. Virtually the entire Senate voted for a resolution opposing the treaty even before I could submit it for ratification. In my second term, I gave what I thought was a compelling speech about climate change, which elicited a giant yawn. All that changed after 9/11 and the Iraqi War.
We reached what I thought was a fair compromise, and in the end the bill was passed almost unanimously. It also contained a requirement that new television sets include the V-chip, which I had first endorsed at the Gores' annual family conference, to allow parents to control their children's access to programs; by the end of the month, executives from most of the television networks would agree to have a rating system for their programs in place by 1997. Even more important, the act mandated discounted Internet access rates for schools, libraries, and hospitals; the so-called E-rate would eventually save public entities about $2 billion a year.
They published the proposed e-commerce protocol on the Web, and asked for suggestions; the protocol went through 14 public revisions before it was approved, on July 1, 1997. Most striking was the philosophy of the approach. It was firmly Libertarian; not just anti-censorship--but also opposed to the imposition of a sales tax on cyber-purchases, as a way to encourage the growth of e-commerce.
The Internet's duty-free zone, a no-tax policy that was adopted internationally after Clinton proposed it (and which has become more controversial as e-commerce continues to grow, unencumbered by the burdens imposed upon traditional business).
In December 1999, the President also announced the launch of the Digital Divide Network, an Internet-based information clearinghouse on public and private efforts to bring technology to underserved communities.
STATUS: A 5-year $20 billion Defense Reinvestment initiative was announced in March 1993 that is centered on 4 major areas of new investment:
Status: Funding for this program has increased approximately 30% since January 1993.
Promise: To continue to use unmanned probes and robots to explore other planets.
STATUS: Under President Clinton, NASA has developed a space robot, "Ranger," that can refuel and repair satellites. It costs about $100 million to build and launch a satellite, but it is useless if it breaks or runs out of fuel. Ranger can be launched from the shuttle or from a rocket and fly around for a month fixing and fueling dying satellites. This type of technology can produce considerable savings.
The solution we arrived at-voluntary rating by broadcasters and a small piece of technology called the V-chip that allows parents to screen out objectionable programs-is a perfect example of how Americans can work together to find common ground and solve difficult problems. Government did not force the solution, it enabled it. We passed a law providing for the installation of the V-chip, worked with industry to get them to support it, asked them to do what they could do best-produce and rate programs-then left the decision-making to individual families. We did not take over the role of parents; we said the best programming director for a child is a responsible parent.
Clinton taped 15- and 60-second television spots to air in New Hampshire. The ads told people to call a local phone number or visit their local libraries for a copy of the plan. The first week the commercials ran, Clinton jumped 13 percentage points in Stan Greenberg's poll.
Performance-Based Government
The strong anti-government sentiments of the early 1990s have subsided, but most Americans still think government is too bureaucratic, too centralized, and too inefficient.
In Washington and around the country, a second round of �reinventing government� initiatives should be launched to transform public agencies into performance-based organizations focused on bottom-line results. Many public services can be delivered on a competitive basis among public and private entities with accountability for results. Public-private partnerships should become the rule, not the exception, in delivering services. Civic and voluntary groups, including faith-based organizations, should play a larger role in addressing America�s social problems.
When the federal government provides grants to states and localities to perform public services, it should give the broadest possible administrative flexibility while demanding and rewarding specific results. Government information and services at every level should be thoroughly �digitized,� enabling citizens to conduct business with public agencies online.


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Who We Are
The vaccination specialists of SHOTS, etc. are dedicated to providing the safest, most cost effective and comprehensive vaccination services available to companies and individuals in the greater Nashville metropolitan area as well as other cities across Tennessee . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) report that only one-fourth of the nation's adult population is properly vaccinated against the twenty-one infectious diseases for which we have vaccines available! Because we are a reputable provider with almost ten years experience in administering mass immunizations, we are charged by the CDC to help improve the vaccination rate of the American people, across Tennessee.
SHOTS etc. believes the main reason we have such a low compliance rate for adult vaccinations is because of a lack of education. Therefore we have dedicated ourselves to sharing our knowledge and expertise with the public in many ways, not only about vaccines we need as adults, but also about vaccines our children and other family members need to stay healthy at work, at school and at play. We are committed to educating and providing vaccination services to adults in the workplace and to adolescents and adults at schools, churches and other groups needing vaccinations. We offer services for individuals and groups at our office in Bellevue as well as community wellness clinics in various areas that are open to the public. Our nursing professionals are specifically trained to be able to give you vital information you need regarding vaccines and other health issues and to administer each vaccination with the utmost knowledge and skill to be certain you are protected and safe when receiving the vaccination. Our Medical Director is Dr. John D. Crawford, M.D. He is credentialed as a Family Medicine specialist with his primary practice located in Collierville, Tennessee. Dr. Crawford provides full medical oversight for the administration of all services provided by SHOTS, etc., but does not see patients in the Nashville office at this time.
We thank you for your interest in the services of SHOTS, etc and trust that all of your questions will be answered with the information you find here. Feel free to browse through our website, taking advantage of the various links to the CDC website for more information. You can call us or email us with your questions at email@example.com or to schedule your group appointment at firstname.lastname@example.com. We look forward to helping you, your company's employees and family members get up-to-date on the vaccinations everyone needs to stay healthy!


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This weekend and next the Island Theatre Workshop is presenting its annual Pick of the Crop play series. As its name declares ITW is a community theatre group of and for the Island. All of its playwrights, directors and actors are amateurs. By this we mean not paid, rather than unskilled or inexperienced. Most players have appeared in numerous Island productions throughout the years and are familiar presences on stage.
For the Pick of the Crop festival, ITW grows its own material throughout the year. Each month budding playwrights meet to workshop their works-in-progress. Actors come to read the pieces aloud, putting them on their feet and giving voice to the characters. Then it's back to the lonely room, a writer's true creative chamber, to add, delete and reconstruct.
Finally, the ITW Board members read through the full crop of plays harvested at the end of the year. The plays selected are either one acts, or parts of longer works, nothing more than 40 minutes in length. The result is an evening of diversity showcasing the best work Island playwrights produced in that particular year. Directors are chosen, local actors are auditioned, the rehearsals begin.
The first show is tonight, Oct. 19, beginning at 7:30 p.m. at the Katharine Cornell Theatre in Vineyard Haven. Subsequent shows are Saturday, Oct. 20 and Oct. 26, 27 and 28; same time, same place. The suggested donation is $10 and benefits the Payne-Fierro Scholarship Fund.
And for anyone who ventures out and is inspired, either by what they love or do not care for, the night can serve as a call to one's own creativity and the chance next year to be part of the crop.


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A friend of mine asked me, what's the best way to strengthen her legs and butt. I answered: "Just do regular squats". However she is not in good shape and is afraid of doing squats because she thinks that it may hurt her knees. However many studies and also many answers on this site suggest that the opposite is true: squats, if done correctly, are good for the knees and for many other things.
Now I am looking for a safe progression (very slowly inclining) to lead her to be able to do full bodyweight squats with perfect form in a few months.
I should add that she is very inflexible in her legs, I am not sure if this might be an issue when developing a good squat form.
So is there any slow progression (i.e. do this exercise the first week, do that exercise the second week...) which
- teaches her "automatically" to do squats in a perfect form at the end
- slowly increases difficulty such that her body adapts to it without problems
- it is "psychologically safe", i.e. that it takes away the fear about hurting the knees by doing squats.


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Fiji Posters
Close to New Zealand, the island of Fiji is a different tropical paradise. Those who want to experience it have to approach it in a different manner than other locations. A population of indigenous people who have always been protective of their native lands inhabits Fiji. No wonder, since many have tried to conquer it. Still, the economy has also been interested in merchandising framed art collections, or art print substitutes. A touristic location like this lives also due to its speed of implementing photographic prints and poster art collections. Poster art is very well received by the locals.
A tropical experience unlike any other
Due to the way Fiji is located, it is very interesting to more than just one category of people. The island has been popular with American and British people, due to the language spoken locally. English is spoken in the area along with other dialects, but someone who goes to Fiji will not feel overwhelmed by the local culture. A poster can do wonders to familiarize you with the location.
The beauty of Fiji
Although not very big, Fiji can also give you a good amount of different experiences to keep you entertained. The island has been known for its gorgeous natural beauty, for its enormous diversity and for the friendliness of the locals. Thus, a poster can keep you well entertained and remind you of Fiji. Nevertheless, you can also have a great experience even if you don't go to Fiji directly. A wide variety of poster products has made it possible for the beauty to travel wherever it may be needed.


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Before contacting the City, we recommend that you allow water to run for at least several minutes. If an issue goes away once water in the building plumbing is flushed out and new water is coming from the City main, then it is generally an indication of a possible problem in the home. The City cannot assess or repair home plumbing. If an issue persists, please submit your Taste & Odor concern to the Public Works Department through the web form or by calling 303-661-1277 and a water treatment operator will help assess the problem.
Show All Answers
All of the City's drinking water is treated at the Baseline Water Treatment Facility on Baseline Road. The facility uses conventional treatment processes to produce water that meets state and federal requirements. The main treatment process steps include addition of coagulants that help remove small particles through gravity settling, filtration, and chlorine disinfection. Additional processes such as the use of activated carbon to reduce taste/odor and pH adjustments to reduce pipe corrosion occur as needed. The City provides regular water quality monitoring to ensure effective treatment. Monitoring results are published annually as part of the Consumer Confidence Report, available online.
The City is required to disinfect water before it leaves the treatment plant and maintain sufficient chlorine levels in pipes and tanks to prevent bacteria growth. Chlorine levels are monitored at multiple locations across the City to ensure that they stay between the minimum and maximum levels established by the State of Colorado and the EPA. The system is also regularly monitored for bacteria at multiple locations. The amount of chlorine remaining in the water when it reaches a home can vary depending on the how long water is in the system before it reaches the tap. Chlorine will dissipate if drinking water is left in an uncovered container in the refrigerator overnight.
Prior to being treated, the City's water flows through creeks and ditches and is stored in reservoirs. These features function as a home to fish, wildlife, and aquatic vegetation. As water levels and temperatures vary over the course of the year, those ecosystems change.
In the spring, reservoirs fill with cold mountain snowmelt that has minimal plant material, but may be high in minerals picked up as runoff flows rapidly through creeks and ditches. During the spring and fall, temperature changes can cause reservoirs to "turn over" with cooler water sinking to the bottom and warmer water rising to the top. During the warm summer months, algae blooms can develop and then die off. In the fall, vegetation in and around the reservoir may die off or go dormant. In the fall leaves enter the reservoir and begin to decompose. During late summer and into winter, reservoir levels are drawn down as customer demands exceed stream flows. Each of these seasonal changes has impacts on the characteristics of the water that is delivered to the City's water treatment facility.
The water treatment process filters out harmful materials and includes a disinfection process to prevent bacteria and organic materials from growing once water leaves the plant. Activated carbon is also used to help reduce any residual taste and odor. Even with treatment, there are subtle changes in water chemistry that can be detected by the human palette. Some people may also notice the process adjustments that are made to address source water variations, such as slight variations in chlorine levels.
Storing drinking water in the refrigerator can help reduce the variability of taste and odors due to changes in the City's source water. Colder water releases less water vapor in to the air which impacts perceptions of variation in smell and taste. Storing water in the refrigerator also allows residual chlorine to dissipate. Running water until it turns cold before filling a pitcher will help flush out building plumbing and bring in fresh water from the City system.
If water is frequently rusty brown/orange that may be an indication of an issue with home plumbing or a hot water heater. Issues in the City's pipe system such as broken pipes, construction activities, and fire hydrant use can produce temporary discoloration that can get into building fixtures. Removing faucet screens and running the water for several minutes until clear typically addresses this issue.
White water is typically caused by small air bubbles, which will dissipate in a few minutes. If the white water is caused by flakes that don't disappear, this may be caused by a deteriorating dip tube in a home's hot water heater.
Mildew can form in sinks, showers, toilets, or areas with stagnant water. Clean fixtures regularly and fix leaks to reduce mildew and mold growth.
The City of Lafayette's water comes from mountain snow melt delivered to the City through a variety of creeks and ditches stored in local reservoirs, and treated at the Baseline Water Treatment Plant. The characteristics of the water delivered to the treatment plant vary depending on the water source, temperature, mineral content, and algae/vegetation. Treatment processes are regularly adjusted to ensure that health and safety requirements are met, but some customers may notice taste differences just as you might when traveling to a different city.
Most Front Range communities rely on multiple water sources and do experience some level of variability in water taste and odor over the course of the year. Having multiple sources is important in ensuring reliable water supply in the event of a drought or natural disaster.
Hot water releases water vapor that may make any taste or smell more evident. It is a good practice to use the cold water tap for drinking and heat it as needed. Hot water is more likely to contain metals or other materials dissolved in building plumbing and hot water heaters.
A variety of home filtration devices are available ranging from water pitchers to expensive whole house systems. Filter manufacturers generally provide data on their product removal rates for different types of contaminants. The City's Consumer Confidence Report provides data on Lafayette's water quality that may be useful in assessing the benefit of specific home systems.
The City has a number of efforts underway to improve the quality and consistency of drinking water. A first step is to increase our communications around source water changes so that customers can be confident that water is safe to drink. Modifications to the water treatment process are currently underway that are anticipated to improve efficiency in addressing impacts of summer algae blooms and should be completed in the next few weeks. The City is participating in several regional water projects that will both increase overall reservoir capacity, but also provide water from high mountain storage that is less susceptible to seasonal variability. The City also anticipates the need to build a second water treatment facility in the near future to address capacity limitations. This will provide an opportunity to explore new treatment technology and increase operational flexibility.


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A complaint is the pleading that starts a case. Essentially, a document that sets forth a jurisdictional basis for the court's power, the plaintiff's cause of action, and a demand for judicial relief.
A plaintiff starts a civil action by filing a pleading called a complaint. A complaint must state all of the plaintiff's claims against the defendant, and must also specify what remedy the plaintiff is seeking. After receiving the complaint, the defendant must respond with an answer.
Traditionally, in accord with federal courts' system of notice pleading, complaints (like other pleadings) did not need to be very specific, and did not need to specify the facts the plaintiff intends to prove. The Supreme Court introduced a heightened standard for complaints in 2007 with the case Bell Atlantic v. Twombly. This case requires that a complaint must allege "enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face."
Complaints must be served on defendants. This lets defendants know that they are being sued and why. See Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; particularly Rules 3, 7, 8, and 10.
Although some state courts model their pleading rules on the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, other states use very different rules. Thus, pleading standards for complaints may vary widely from state to state, or between state and federal courts located in the same state. See State Civil Procedure Rules.
The Supreme Court reiterated the level of detail required in a complaint in the case of Ashcroft v. Iqbal.
See also: civil procedure
[Last updated in July of 2022 by the Wex Definitions Team]


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Nineteen-year-old freshman Stacey Ferreira co-founded and co-runs a global company from her NYU dorm room.
A music business major in NYU's Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, Ferreira is the vice president, sole female, and youngest employee of the newly launched MySocialCloud, a secured, online storage site for user logins and password information. She is also Sir Richard Branson's youngest investment. The multi-billion dollar Virgin brand mogul invested in Ferreira's company for business operations and has secured a matching investor for the start-up.
"The birthday money and family loans were quickly dwindling and we had top-of-the-line security programmers to hire and needed actual office space," says Ferreira. "Taking a break from market research one evening, I logged into my Twitter account and saw a tweet from Sir Richard that offered people an opportunity to meet with him in Miami."
Ferreira reached out to Branson's personal assistant, told her about the company and that she would love the chance to meet with him. She got an e-mail back saying that she and her brother could come down. The rest is business history.
MySocialCloud grew out of a software programming hobby that Ferreira was introduced to in high school with her now 21-year-old brother Scott. They began creating music blogs and social networking sites for their friends, but were finding that they were accumulating too many usernames and passwords. Ferreira's brother had built a separate database to hold the information. One evening, his computer crashed, yet the online storage space remained intact, along with his numerous login aliases and passwords.
"It's one username and one password or your MySocialCloud account. You click on your various site destinations—Facebook, Twitter, Linked-In, whatever—and you are automatically logged in," says Ferreira. "That is where the name comes from—it works in a cloud. You aren't tied to your computer. You can access this information from any desktop, laptop, or computer that isn't your own."
According to Catherine Radbill, Ferreira's academic advisor and director of Steinhardt's undergraduate program in music business, Ferreira asked if she could practice her pitching skills in one of her music business classes.
"When she was finished, there was dead silence in the room," says Radbill. "None of us had any idea that Stacey was in beta testing for a company and that she already had investors. We are just so excited about Stacey's venture and are doing everything we can to support her."