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In today's lesson, I'll teach about package bees, and share a detailed teaching on wrapping hives for winter along with a video of how to do it.
Tens of thousands of packages of bees are shipped to beekeepers throughout the US every year. Bees have been shipped through the postal service for over 100 years and is very successful. Some speak poorly about the stressed placed on bees shipped through packages and suggest that local nucs are better. I've addressed this in previous lessons. Our great country provides us with various climates. The southern climate allows us to get a jump on raising bees and queens for northern beekeepers. This has always been the motivation for providing packages, and northern beekeepers have always been grateful. Packages can be produced in early April in the southern states, but nucs aren't available in northern states until May-June.
All of the southern package producers that I know work hard to make winter hardy stock queens. I'm also a nuc provider so I understand why some people prefer nucs. However, I love packages! I remember when I received my first 2 packages in the mail. Wow! What an exciting time. I thought it was the coolest thing that the post office delivered my bees to me, and they did great.
Typically, bees do not need to be wrapped for winter. We are in central Illinois and our hives get along fine with open bottom boards and no wrap. Bees do not heat the inside of their hives like we do our homes. Instead, bees do not heat the inside of their hive, they only keep their cluster warm. Parts of the hive away from the cluster are as cold as it is outside.
Even with your best winter preparations, it will not be enough if your bees have a mite infestation or are lacking stored honey. Make sure your colony is disease free and is not infested with varroa or tracheal mites. Then, make sure your hive has an ample supply of stored honey and pollen. A winter hive wrap is useless if these important things go unchecked.
Something negative happens when a hive is wrapped. The extra wrap can allow the bees to warm the inside of their hive so much that on a very cold day, excessive moisture will accumulate on the inner cover or top cover. This cold water will drip down on the bees, causing them to become too cold and wet, and eventually perish. The excessive moisture in the hive can also cause the growth of mold and bacteria.
Two precautions must be taken when wrapping a hive for winter: 1) The hive must be given an upper entrance. This is especially necessary in regions that receive several feet of snow per year. The upper entrance will allow the bees to take cleansing flights even if the hive is buried in a snow drift. 2) The hive must have upper ventilation. Upper ventilation will help deplete away excess moisture condensation from the top of the hive.
We now make a special spacer that has the upper ventilation and upper entrance all in one. We are selling the winter spacer with black wrap paper for $10 and what is neat is that they also accommodate our winter candy boards. CLICK HERE TO ORDER. In the video below, I will demonstrate how the candy board sits directly on top of the upper vent/entrance spacer. And this spacer can also be used so provide space for pollen patty feedings or bags of sugar water as well. It can also be used when medicating your hives. These spacers have lots of uses! Enjoy the video on wrapping hives.
Winter Wrapping A Hive
I've chosen to use a very common material known as roofing paper or black tar paper available at most home improvement stores. A common width is 36". I like 36 inches because most hives are two hive bodies deep which means the hive is approximately 22" tall. However if the hive has a super, it makes it about 28 inches tall, and two supers puts it right at about 36 inches tall. So for the purpose of this hive, 36" width is perfect.
Next, cut your piece of roofing paper at around 80-85" long. This will allow you to wrap it around your hive and overlap. Overlapping a few inches is critical, especially in windy places. If the wind starts to pull the paper, it could rip it off over the course of a windy winter.
It is important to insert your front entrance reducer, your top entrance spacer and place your candy board on for added food.
Your bottom entrance reducer should be on its smallest setting. The entrance on the upper spacer can face the front or the back. I place it in the front so that I can work my bees from the back.
Now we are ready to wrap. Start on one side and use a hand stapler to fasten the paper to the hive. If you are concerned about staple holes, you can use duct tape or gorilla glue. Wrap the paper along the side, and around the back, stapling as you go, along the other side and across the front. If the bees are flying, you will disrupt their landing and take off and they might let you know about it. You can also wait until a much colder day when the bees are inside and clustered.
You'll notice I had to notch a small cutout for the opening in the front, both at the bottom and at the top. Once the paper is stapled or taped down, you can put your top on. It might fit tight, but just make sure you get the paper under the lid to help hold it down tightly in high winds.
You'll notice the top entrance is just below the lip of the top cover minimizing rain and snow from going directly in. However, small amounts of weather will not bother the bees in this upper placement.
You did it, and it looks nice. You've given your bees an upper entrance/exit and you've given them a nice upper vent. And you've wrapped your hive to help keep out excessive winds that might leak through cracked and broken boxes.
Although we rarely wrap out hives, we do enjoy experimenting to see if wrapping does make a difference. So the hive in the picture/video is one that we'll follow along all winter to see how it does. The queen in this hive has some very unique characteristics in storing honey and pollen, and so we are anxious to observe her overwintering skills. This hive is a 5 year old survival hive that has not been treated with any medication for the last 5 years. It had mites all year, but no signs of infestation and no apparent negative effect. It does not have tracheal mites going into winter. Currently the cluster is very low in the hive with about 60 pounds of honey on board.
Thanks for joining us for another lesson in beekeeping. Our next lesson will be an extensive lesson on Varroa Mites. See you then.
Here's our contact information:
Long Lane Honey Bee Farms
14556 N. 1020 E. Rd
Fairmount, IL 61841
(217) 427-2678
Email: email@example.com
CHECK OUT OUR PODCAST: www.honeybeesonline.com/studiobeelive.html
See ya next time,
David Burns
EAS Certified Master Beekeeper
2010 Package Bee Work


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This area is going to be a work in progress. The reader will see why when they get there. I have stated for the last 10 years that researchers have known for years that viruses cause cancer. Many have stated that viruses are the only cause of cancer, with "carcinogens" triggering viruses into causing cancer. Now we know that viruses are not the only microorganisms involved in the process. But do intracellular bacteria cause cancer by themselves or do they serve another purpose in this process? The section starts with a letter to my colleagues discussing this fascinating and paradigm-shifting information.
Dogtor J
On This Page:
An Email to Dogtor J's Medical Group – "Viruses and Intracellular Bacteria- Benign Tumors vs. Malignancy vs. Granulomas" – This is an Email I sent on 5-9-09 to my friends in veterinary research. It deals with the role of intracellular bacteria (e.g. mycoplasma) in the formation of tumors and the noncancerous lesions so often described as "idiopathic" or "autoimmune". Thank Goodness those terms are about to go the way of the dinosaurs.
Important Links on Viruses, Bacteria and Cancer – (below) The following links will help take the interested reader as far down this rabbit hole as they would like to go. Although this is a vital topic and a fascinating journey, I have to warn you that the going can- and will- get quite uncomfortable at times. But please keep in mind that we can still do much to prevent and treat these frightening conditions. We must focus on removing the triggers (e.g. carcinogens, dietary lectins, pollutants) and keeping our immune systems healthy. The viruses and bacteria are here to stay. We must simply make ourselves strong enough to live with them- even the man-made ones.
An Email to Dogtor J's Medical Group… …Viruses and Intracellular Bacteria- Benign Tumors vs. Malignancy vs. Granulomas
5-9-09 Dogtor J
Dear Medical Friends,
This study of viruses and bacteria just keeps getting "funner and funner". Cancer is beginning to make perfectly good sense. (Of course, like everything else, it is a good news, bad news thing. The good news is that we can do something about it.)
After looking into the natural roles of viruses and repeating the process with intracellular bacteria (L-forms and mollicutes) and having read a sizeable number of scientific, more-facts-than-needed types of articles, I have made these discoveries and come to these conclusions:
1) Viruses and bacteria are natural inhabitants of our bodies. (This is a given)
2) Both viruses and bacteria mutate to suit their environment and the challenges they sustain. (Another given)
3) Some viruses (e.g. retroviruses) incorporate their genetic information into the nuclear DNA of cells while many intracellular bacteria exchange their genetic information with that of the mitochondrial DNA. (Scientific fact)
4) Mitochondria are not only the "powerhouses of the cell" but are also involved in cell differentiation, cell death, and cell division through their own independent machinery used in protein synthesis, including DNA, messenger and transfer RNAs, and ribosomes. (Scientific fact)
5) In pathology we have benign and malignant tumors, "precancerous" lesions, and granulomatous diseases. Among neoplasms, we have a range of well-differentiated to poorly differentiated tumors. (Scientific fact)
6) Among those tumors that can occur in the skin and in the mouth (e.g. melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma), those in the mouth are typically much worse (behaviorally more malignant). We have typically explained this difference by their rich blood supply but is that so? Cancer doesn't like oxygen anymore than the individual components (viral and bacterial) that cause that cancer. So, what is the biggest difference between a melanoma sitting on the skin of the muzzle and one on the inside the mouth invading the gum? One answer is the presence of bacteria.
7) Conclusion: The difference between granulomas (e.g. sarcoidosis), benign tumors and malignancies is the presence or absence of one of the two main entities- the virus and the intracellular bacteria. In granulomas, the action is governed by the intracellular bacteria through their influence in the mitochondrial DNA. In benign tumors, the action is governed by the presence of a virus in the nuclear DNA. But in (some/many/all) malignancies, the action is governed by both. Could malignancies be a viral tumor that is "secondarily infected" with bacteria, just like other disease processes we see (e.g. IBS, atopic pyoderma, asthma, etc.)? This would help to explain "premalignant" lesions and conditions like sebaceous adenomas and perianal gland tumors in which the vast majority are benign…until a malignancy finally pops up. And speaking of perianal gland tumors (and mast cell tumors of that area), is there an area of skin subject to more potentially virulent bacteria on the body other than around the mouth? (Speaking of bacterial influence, how many benign intestinal tumors do we see?)
I had a case of a very strange malignancy in the foot of a Labrador retriever last year. It was never definitively diagnosed by Antech except for being a highly undifferentiated sarcoma. It occurred after what appeared to be a stab wound between the toes. The owner thought he had stepped on glass in the backyard and that's just what it looked like. But, the lesion that appeared a month later continued to grow, leading the biopsy. We tried some medications and natural remedies but it continued to grow, leading to amputation of the leg. What got in there? A new virus, a new bacteria, or both? Did a bacteria enter an area where a virus already resided?
Is this what happens in other cancers? Do mycoplasma do this? Are mycoplasmal vaccine contaminants (which we know occur) part of the process of vaccine-induced sarcomas or is it just the adjuvant activating a residential virus? Could a secondary infection with intracellular bacteria be the thing that decompensates the FeLV, FIV, or HIV individual, knowing that L-forms and mollicutes invade white cells (as well as platelets and RBCs) and compromise their vitamin D receptors, creating a state of immunodeficiency within that cell?
It has been postulated for years that viruses and mycoplasma work in concert. These viruses and intracellular bacteria both reside inside the cell, working in different areas as described above. They are both part of our adaptive system, reacting to toxins, lectins, and other challenges. It's cool to see that there is something alive inside the cell reacting to challenges being made to that cell (not that DNA and RNA are not "alive"). Could it be that viruses are the main adaptive force and bacteria take it to a whole new level when things get really serious??? That's kind of what happens in the gastrointestinal tract, isn't it?
It is clear that we lose the battle mainly when our immune system takes a nose dive. We spend our lives before then being benefitted by the constant action of these guys (except for the ones that have been altered by man), who serve to signal the immune system that we have done something wrong, bringing on a variety of signs and symptoms. A healthy immune system is the governor and keeps these "helpers" from getting too powerful. They need a foreman. But, when the immune system crashes and we continue to insult these guys (kick their ant bed), these guys run rampant, including carrying their proclamations to distant locations (metastasis, scleroderma, "rheumatoid arthritis of the lungs", sarcoidosis). We lose our grip on them and they take over, all in the name of their own survival. They never wanted to hurt us. They were simply reacting to what we were doing to them. In fact, they're running scared. But make no mistake: They have no conscience and they will do what it takes to survive, even if it means killing the host. And when that occurs, these viruses and bacteria don't know they are committing suicide. But we should.
Lemme know what you think,
John B. Symes, DVM (aka "Dogtor J")
Important Links about Viruses, Bacteria and Cancer
The following links will help take the interested reader as far down this rabbit hole as they would like to go. Although this is a vital topic and a fascinating journey, I have to warn you that the going can- and will- get quite uncomfortable at times. But please keep in mind that we can still do much to prevent and treat these frightening conditions. We must focus on removing the triggers (e.g. carcinogens, dietary lectins, pollutants) and keeping our immune systems healthy. The viruses and bacteria are here to stay. We must simply make ourselves strong enough to live with them-even the man-made ones.
Cancer Bacteria (Wikipedia)
Acid Fast Bacteria Discovered in Prostate Cancer
Breast Cancer and Cancer Bacteria
Link Between Bacteria and Cancer Explored
Mycoplasma Research in Breast Cancer
Bacteria- The Ultimate Cause of Cancer
Mycoplasma in Gastric Cancer
Mycoplasma- The Linking Pathogen in Neurosystemic Disease
These are little tidbits of knowledge I've discovered or insights I've gained over the years while doing my in-depth studies.For example, did you know researchers have found that nearly 40% of the genetic information in our DNA is viral information? This explains what we call "genetic diseases" including familial and breed tendencies toward food intolerance (e.g. celiac disease), neurological disorders (e.g. epilepsy), and numerous cancers.
Read more…
Welcome to the blog of the new DogtorJ.com. New research into the origin of our medical woes has revealed something startling: As it turns out, we are our own worst enemy. Yes, the Pogo quote of yesteryear found in the title of this article is quite accurate when applied to our medical lives. We love to discuss those things that we call "causes" of diseases even though we often have little clue as to how these things really cause illness. Even medical professionals can have difficulty grasping the true cause-and-effect. But that is understandable once some insight is gained into the true nature of medical training.
In this section, I will be placing links to the latest breaking news in the food world, including updates on the use of elimination diets to control disease, articles on pet food, the truth about GMO foods and more. I will do my best to balance the bad with the good, but try to remember: Much of this will seem like bad news but at least we know about it now…and can change it!
With some of these stories, I will include a link to a blog entry so that you can comment on the article. This idea came to me after reading the first entry, which is a news flash that made my blood boil.
Shoot me an Email by clicking on the icon at the top of each page. Video testimonials are also welcome.
Read More…
What is the "Leaky Gut"? The "leaky gut syndrome" is the root of many medical evils once the "big 4" induce it. Read how Italians have survived being a pasta-based society.
Hip Dysplasia – "Genetics" vs. Diet
As misconceptions go, this is a high-priority item. Hip dysplasia is not what we were taught.
Epilepsy and Diet
I have been studying "idiopathic epilepsy" extensively since April of 2000. Guess what? It's not idiopathic anymore. A diet change can cure it!
The Truth About Pet Food
Dogs and cats are carnivores yet most pet foods are grain-based. Knowing how to read a label is also very important. Does your pet food really have vegetables in it? Really???
I have been successfully treating pets with epilepsy using diet changes alone for nearly 10 years. The results have been astounding. This paper helps to summarize my findings and recommendations.
This is the first blog placed on BlogtorJ.com (6-24-07) and pretty much covers the gamut of topics – from heartburn to cancer – that are discussed on this Website. The bottom line? Viruses and bacteria are not the enemy. We are! The good news: We do have our health destinies in our own hands.
This paper is an article I wrote for the newsletter of www.celiac.com when asked about the prevalence of celiac disease (gluten intolerance) in the dog and cat. This condition has been definitively diagnosed in the Irish Setter but not many other breeds of dogs. I will not be at all surprised when we find that it does exist in numerous other breeds… and even the lovable mutt…but as this article explains, that may very well be a moot point. Gluten is only the beginning.
This 40-plus page paper is my first major paper, written in 2001 and hurriedly placed on this site on that fateful and tragic day of 9-11. It represents the culmination of nearly two years of research on the subject of food-related disorders and contains an amazing amount of facts that have been hidden from public view concerning this subject. It covers how the "big 4" trouble foods- gluten, dairy, soy and corn- came into being, catapulted into common usage, and became directly involved in most of our serious medical conditions, including epilepsy, chronic fatigue, irritable bowel syndrome, insomnia, ADHD, pain syndromes, depression, and allergies. Severe immune-mediated diseases such as diabetes, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis are also covered.
Yes, it is quite long, but it appeared on my computer screen and was placed onto the Web just as it came out of my head. And it is wordy in places. But, as I tell my clients, "There is no law that you have to read it all in one sitting. Think of it as a free, short book rather than a long research paper. It's all how you look at it, right?"
The one thing I can say is that this information WILL change your life…guaranteed!!!

subset: commoncrawl


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SAVE BIG TIME WHEN YOU BUY 3 or More! Collector pricing discounts reflect automatically when added to your cart.
The picture gallery above is intended to show you the styling and fit only, not the color schemes or art themes. We will use a blank Organic Cotton Blend Super Soft Pocket as a mini canvas to whip up a spectacular Surprise Pocket, JUST FOR YOU. Why so much less than our Design Your Own Tees? Well, not only is it an honor, but we wanted more time to create on the Fly, the feeling of time Flying by, the creative Freedom makes us feel as though we are Flying.
Play to us is painting and embellishing one of a kind garments fresh from the ideas in our head, rather than following any templates. We are rewarding those who totally trust our work, and are always keen to "one offs" and open to artistic surprise. Now remember, by purchasing this item you promise we get to decide what art goes on your exclusive pocket, leave it up to us, it'll be AMAZING and functional! We will only take note of your measurements. If you would rather provide even the littlest of input, even the slightest suggestion, please use any one of our other Design Your Own products found here- Couture Tee.
This deal requires complete artist AUTONOMY, No Exceptions...for reals, noooooo exceptions:) I look forward to creating a masterpiece for you today, and would like to thank you for your support in making us successful independent artists.
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Given the nature of making made to order, one of a kind wearable art pieces, delays do occur. We are unable to RUSH orders for any reason. We will not be held responsible for any specific date of arrival. In the event of any delays on your order, we will be sure to contact you and most often reward you for your patience:) We know how important it is for you to stay updated on your order's status. Each step of the way every 3-5 days you will get a status update. No need to email us, we've got ya covered. We'll stay away from the computer and stick to painting pants and tees in the studio:) 9.8 out of 10 customers are ecstatic about their purchase once they slip into them and strut around town in them. get ready for all the nice compliments.
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Hi Everyone! It truly is the most wonderful time of the year!! LOL, you know I had to say that as today was my first chance to see the new Weight Watchers Freestyle Program when I picked up my materials at my Weight Watchers meeting. I am pretty excited to see that most of my initial assumptions were right, but, actually, the new Freestyle Program might be better than I thought. They are essentially combining the best of both worlds encouraging everyone to make Simply Filling choices while following the SmartPoints Program.
Here is what you need to know about what's new to Weight Watchers in 2018.
- Your WW App will update on your weigh in day – mine is set for Sunday so I received everything today. Any of your meals and/or recipes built on the app/online, will automatically update with the new zero point foods.
- The SmartPoints Formula is NOT changing – there are just new zero point foods being added.
- The new lowest Daily Points Target is set at 23 SmartPoints to compensate for the zero point food additions. Your Weekly Points Allowance does NOT change.
- Don't fret though (I'll show you why this is awesome below), you now have "rollover" points – meaning, you can carry over up to 4 unused points each day.
- The Blue Dot Challenge still exists!! The new range based on 23 Daily SmartPoints is 13-28 (basically -10/+5).
Not too bad, right? Now, let's get into the good stuff.
If you show up to a Weight Watchers meeting this week, you will get all the materials. You may have to ask for these two items that are not directly handed out as they are encouraging everyone to use the app and their website.
You totally should get the pocket guide so you can geek out over all the new zero point foods in blue. Hello fat free refried beans……bean & cheese burritos or dip!
If you are a new member, you will get your materials throughout your first month. You get these first.
Then, this Move for Pleasure guide on the 4th week and the Shift Your Mindset guide on our 5th week.
First and foremost, I think it's awesome that Weight Watchers is actually listening to their members. The Freestyle program was created as a result of the number one challenge members had – Tracking! Some people are awesome at tracking while others truly struggling and feel "tied to their trackers". The new Zero Point foods not only encourage you to make better choices, but, it frees you to focus on tracking just those items that have points (just like the Simply Filling Technique.)
The new foods are based on the foundation of a healthy eating pattern, are less likely to be binged on and should only be eaten until you are satisfied, not stuffed. It's entirely up to you whether you track your zero point foods or not, but, if you are on a time crunch, it's nice knowing you can stay the course on zero point foods and only track the absolute bare minimum items that add points.
This picture is a great summary of all Zero Point Foods. But, you can find a detailed list of the over 200 zero point foods by clicking here.
Vegetarians are totally going to dig all the beans, tofu and edamame being zero points too.
Excited yet?!? You all, let's think about the possibilities……
Zero Point Eggs – scrambled fried, boiled, casseroled or quiched!!
Zero point 0% Greek Yogurt – leaving you room to add delicious toppings to your yogurt.
Building a salad with chicken, egg beans, veggies…..all zero, then, you get to layer on the "fun stuff" like nuts, avocado, cheese, or real deal dressing!
Zero Point Chili……almost zero point Split Pea Soup.
Corn and peas are now zero too…..meaning, you do not have to count Corn on the Cob!
But, let me put this in perspective even more. You can now have a zero or very low point bowl at Chipotle! Lettuce, fajita veggies, beans, corn salsa, fresh tomato salsa – all zero….then, add points for the things you want like chicken, guacamole, cheese.
The possibilities are endless and Weight Watchers really is making it easier when you need to come up with low or no point meals to plan for a night out or save up for a weekend celebration.
The new guides offer some fantastic new recipe ideas that I cannot wait to try. Feel free to swap out items to make the points lower like subbing chicken breast or shrimp (both zero) for beef.
To help you get even more ideas, they provided a shopping list with all zero point items in bold.
The one thing I am focusing on this week on the new program – Eating Mindfully!
And I am totally following WW 5 Take It Slow recommendations – anyone want to join in??
They have a new cookbook, a few new snack 2 point protein bars in chocolate/peanut butter and a cookbook/bag/pasta bundle out.
Totally buy the bundle if you want to cookbook it's currently $21.95 ($34.35 & you get a $5 off coupon for the cookbook). The cookbook alone is $19.95 so buy the kit then give the cookbook to one of your WW friends. The cookbook is truly beautiful and reminds me of the Oprah book last year.
I will not be going back to update any of my recipes for the Freestyle adjustment to SmartPoints (unless it's a Flashback Friday). However, I will make sure I add the new Freestyle SmartPoint adjustments for any new recipes going forward.
What do you all think of the new SmartPoints addition ~ WW Freestyle?
Night all!


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Do you dream of taking a cruise to the Galapagos? Do you want to experience the comforts of a four-star floating hotel and at the same time discover the wonders of a wild and unspoiled land? Here is all you need to know for a cruise to the Galapagos Islands, a land of contrasts and immense beauty, a natural paradise for many species of animals and birds.
What is the best time for a cruise to Galapagos?
The Galapagos Islands extend both north and south of the Equator. The particular location makes it a place where the temperature is pleasant throughout the year and never below 18 degrees. The climate in the Galapagos Islands basically involves two seasons. One is wet season which covers from December to May. In this period of time, the temperature is between 23 and 30 degrees and the rain leaves as quickly as it arrives.
A special feature of this season is the sea water temperature: it is always very hot so it is perfect for swimming and diving for snorkeling. In this season the Galapagos become the meeting point also for many different species such as iguana, albatrosses, flamingos, white-cheeked pintails, turtles and the curious blue-legged boodies.
From June to December, on the other hand, the temperatures are decidedly cooler but without ever falling below 18 degrees and rainfall remains scarce. Characteristic of the season is a light fog that often darkens the sky while the sea becomes cold and many animal species prefer to emigrate to other places. The best season in which you can organize your Galapagos cruise is undoubtedly the one that corresponds to our winter.
The Galapagos Islands constitute an archipelago of volcanic origin composed of many small islands. They are considered the privileged point of view from which to observe nature given the still uncontaminated environments and the wild beauty that characterizes these islands. The most famous place in the Galapagos is Santa Cruz, the island where the Charles Darwin Research Center is located, which deals with the study and conservation of the biodiversity of the archipelago. On the island you can admire giant tortoises (April is the month of egg hatching) and pink flamingos.
The Bartolome Island is perhaps one of the most visited as it is the home of sea turtles and includes a natural park in which penguins, rays and sharks live together freely. Penguins are easily seen especially in September.
The San Cristobal Island, with the town of Cerro Brujo, is the site of the first landing of Charles Darwin. Here you can admire sea lions, marine and terrestrial iguanas but above all pelicans. Fernandina, on the other hand, is the most pristine island in the Galapagos archipelago. The island was formed through the stratification and solidification of volcanic lava and presents an almost lunar landscape. Here the natural wingless cormorants and iguanas find their natural home.
The flamingos prefer the Isabela Island: the characteristically shaped birds can be seen especially in the months of July and August, perhaps during a trek that traces the slopes of the Sierra Negra volcano. On the Espanola island, precisely in the town of Punta Suarez, from May to December it is possible to see the albatrosses that choose this place to mate and give birth to the babies.
Finally, the Floreana Island is perfect for bird watching but it is also famous for the Post Office Bay: from the end of the 1700s the sailors positioned a barrel in this bay where it was possible to leave the letters addressed to the families collected by the passing ship that took care of the delivery.


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PORTLAND, OR – August 9, 2011: To better understand the dynamic behaviour of cities, the City of Portland and IBM (NYSE: IBM) have collaborated to develop an interactive model of the relationships that exist among the city's core systems, including the economy, housing, education, public safety, transportation, healthcare/wellness, government services and utilities. The resulting computer simulation allowed Portland's leaders to see how city systems work together, and in turn identify opportunities to become a "smarter city". The model was built to support the development of metrics for the Portland Plan, the City's roadmap for the next 25 years.
All cities are made up of a complex system of systems that are inextricably linked. The City of Portland and IBM set out to understand how these systems interact with and affect each other in order to improve long-range city planning. New policies implemented in one part of the city can affect other city efforts, citizens, businesses and the environment in unexpected and sometimes counter-intuitive ways. IBM's System Dynamics for Smarter Cities model is designed to help mayors and other municipal officials reduce the unintended negative consequences of municipal actions on citizens, as well as uncover hidden beneficial relationships among municipal policies.
"By overcoming silos in the way we think, we are able to better visualize how our city systems work together and develop policies that achieve multiple objectives to help realize the full potential of our city," said Sam Adams, Mayor of the City of Portland. "By collaborating with IBM and applying the power of innovation, we have created an exploratory model that arms our city leaders with ways to explore decisions. In turn, that can help us become a Smarter City."
IBM approached the City of Portland in late 2009, attracted by the City's reputation for pioneering efforts in long-range urban planning. To kick off the project, in April of 2010 IBM facilitated sessions with over 75 Portland-area subject matter experts in a wide variety of fields to learn about system interconnection points in Portland. Later, with help from researchers at Portland State University and systems software company Forio Business Simulations, the City and IBM collected approximately 10 years of historical data from across the city to support the model. The year-long project resulted in a computer model of Portland as an interconnected system that provides planners at the Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability with an interactive visual model that allows them to navigate and test changes in the City's systems.
As an example of how the model could be used in practice, recently the City of Portland laid out plans to achieve a 40 percent reduction in carbon emissions by 2030, and an 80 percent reduction by 2050. The City already knew that shifting some trips away from driving to active forms of transportation, such as walking and biking, would be a part of how Portland meets its goals. However, when the IBM model was used to explore other relationships to active transportation, it revealed an interesting connection. The model reflects that, on average, obesity levels decline as more people walk and bike. Similarly, if obesity levels go down, active transportation becomes a more attractive option to more people. Essentially the tool highlighted a reinforcing feedback loop that could be used to jump start a continued cycle of improvement. Since shifting to walking and biking reduces driving trips, the obesity/active transport loop could be a self-reinforcing policy lever to address carbon goals.
"The City of Portland has served as a living laboratory during our year-long collaboration to explore how complex city systems behave over time. While other analytical approaches rely on breaking a problem down into smaller and smaller pieces, the model we've created recognizes that the behaviour of a system as a whole can be different from what might be anticipated by looking at its parts," said Michael Littlejohn, Vice President of Strategy for Smarter Cities at IBM. "Using this model, the City of Portland can experiment with different scenarios to see how their decisions might affect various parts of the city over the next 25 years."
This collaboration with the City of Portland has also proven valuable for IBM. IBM is applying its experience and modelling capabilities developed in this collaboration with the City of Portland to create offerings that will help other cities leverage systems dynamics modelling capabilities to enhance their city strategic planning efforts. Based upon IBM's experience in working with and conducting assessments of cities around the world, they've found that strategic planning in many cities is still being done in stovepipes without a holistic view of impacts/consequences across systems. By leveraging systems dynamics modelling techniques, IBM will be able to help other cities plan "smarter".
The work on the model assisted the City in identifying drivers of change that are being incorporated into the City's strategic plan. This plan, called the Portland Plan, sets priorities for action by the City and other government agencies in Portland and sets 25-year objectives for these priorities. The priority areas are Economic Prosperity and Affordability, Education, Equity, and Healthy Connected Neighbourhoods. The results of the joint project with IBM are also informing a set of long range metrics the City will use to track progress on the Portland Plan.
For more information about IBM Smarter Cities, please visit www.ibm.com/smartercities.


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Earlier today, we reported that Apple is cutting its iPhone 4 orders ahead of the launch of a new iPhone model. Based on the information previously available, we speculated that the next iPhone would be a relatively small upgrade. Now, reports are indicating that in fact it will actually be a major one, likely to be known as the "iPhone 5".
Although not much information is known at this point, the new handset is expected to include a brand-new case design, despite previous rumors that it wouldn't. According a "reliable source", the new case design will be "radically new", which makes us wonder what it will actually look like.
Just last month, we reported that Apple had purchased 200-300 glass cutting machines to be used by suppliers. That immediately points to a future handset with a curved glass screen. While glass cutting is expensive and can often lead to unexpected results, Google's Nexus S already includes a curved-glass screen for better comfort. As Apple looks to other makers for ways to improve its user experience, a curved glass screen could definitely make sense.
Other sources are also pointing at a larger screen while not increasing the size of the device, possibly making it edge-less, for better movie viewing experience. HTC has experimented with this before, although larger screens have always led to larger devices. The size of the current iPhone is seen by many as "perfect", I'm not sure how well a larger form factor would sit in with the iPhone user base.
It's not clear what the rest of the casing will look like, although we can speculate that it will likely reverse some of the exterior antenna design found on the iPhone 4, which led to dropped calls when the handset wasn't "held properly". Could the new design be even thinner than before?
This new report has also revealed a possible new release time frame. The consensus was that we'd only see a new device in September, but this source estimates that we'll see an unveiling at a special event in mid-August, along with a release later that month. It's not clear whether the traditional September Music event will happen a little sooner, or whether we'll see an actual separate event the month before.
Of course, there's also the possibility that there might be no truth to this story, but the source who leaked this is allegedly very credible. We'll have to wait and see, folks.
(via: BGR | image: ThisIsMyNext)
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Yesterday and Today
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Y&T n.12 Vanderbijlpark Dec. 2014
The American Indian Civil Rights Movement: A case study in Civil Society Protest
Kevin A Garcia1
Michael Mount Waldorf School firstname.lastname@example.com / firstname.lastname@example.com
The Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) of 2012 focuses on certain aspects of the social upheaval the US experienced during the 1960s and 1970s. Under the heading of "Civil society protests of the 1950s to the 1970s", grade 12 learners examine the American Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the Women's movement, and the various peace movements, of that period. However, most South African educators and students are unfamiliar with another, similar movement of the same time period, the American Indian people's movement for civil rights. Some familiarity with this movement and its historical background may offer the classroom teacher an opportunity for the enrichment of historical study and learning. Knowledge of this movement can provide a broader context for the topics specified by CAPS. The history of the Native American peoples is often neglected in the study of US history. Just as the history of the African people of South Africa has become central to a complete understanding of the development of this country, so a renaissance in the study of American Indian history has become important in history teaching and learning in the United States. In particular American race relations issues are better understood in a context of black-white-Indian issues than in terms of a simple black-white bi-polarity. Furthermore, such awareness introduces the possibility for conducting comparative historical analysis in the South African classroom.
This paper first establishes the historical background of19th century white-Indian relations. This was a period of intermittent warfare, followed by treaty-making and the confinement of Indian people to reservations. From the 1880s onward, these reservations were all but destroyed by new government policy through the Dawes Act. The 20th century was a period of changed and changing government policy toward the Indian population. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 partially revived Indian tribal life. However, after the Second World War, further damage to tribal life was caused by the policy of the termination of relations between the government and the tribes. This led to the growing militancy of Indian response, in the 1960s and 1970s. The American Indian Movement (AIM) and other Indian organisations confronted the state and Federal governments, in Indian country and beyond, on reservations and in the US Supreme Court. These confrontations (from the late 1950s to the early 1970s) precisely coincide with the time period specified in CAPS. By the end of this period, the American public image of the Indian peoples had begun to change and a general awareness of Indian problems and issues began to express itself.
Keywords: Civil Rights; Civil Society; Native Americans; (Tribal) Reservations; Self-government; Sovereignty; Assimilation; Activism (Activist).
Interaction between the Native American peoples, and settlers from Europe and their descendants, constituting the white majority of the US population, is often an important but neglected theme in the study of American history. For example, American Indian activist and historian, Vine Deloria, Jr (Yankton Dakota) pointed out during the (1992) quincentennial of Columbus's first voyage to the western hemisphere, that what was "missing in this celebration (was)...the indigenous people" (Nabokov, 1991:XVII).
The national Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS), of 2012, places the study of the US Civil Rights Movement (Black Freedom Movement) in the South African Grade 12 programme of study. This essay will provide a brief examination ofAmerican Indian people's efforts to achieve a greater measure of civil rights with-in, and alongside of, the larger American society. With this further context of American race relations, the South African educator may have the opportunity to somewhat re-orient the study of the 1960s and 1970s, a period of upheaval across the US.
Pre-twentieth century white-Indian relations2
The North American Indian struggle for civil rights can be said to have commenced with the arrival of the Spanish under Christopher Columbus in 1492. Columbus captured as many as two dozen Taino Indians and took them with him, when he returned to Spain (Brown, 1971: 2; Sale, 1991: 122). Sustained interaction between native peoples and English-speaking settlers began in 1607 with the settlement of the colony of Jamestown, in Virginia. Although some of this early contact was characterised by co-operation and mutual support, conflict and open warfare commenced as early as 1610 (Brown, 1971:3-4; Sale, 1991:275, 278) and dominated the period leading up to American independence, in the war of 1775-1783 (Brown, 1971:chapter one; Calloway, 2012:chapters three and four).
The first US treaty with native peoples (the Treaty of Fort Pitt) was concluded in 1778 and created a defensive alliance between the new nation and the Delaware Indian people of Pennsylvania (Calloway, 2012:226). Subsequent treaties generally concluded episodes of open hostility between the American government (or the white settlers) and Indian peoples. Such episodes were usually struggles for control of land. The treaties concluding them usually included land cessions by the native peoples concerned (Nabokov, 1991:117121; Calloway, 2012:286-287). Often, these treaties would be followed by a new outbreak of hostilities as white settlers overflowed the boundaries previously agreed to. This would then be followed by new negotiations and agreements, further reducing Indian control over land. This period lasted until the US Congress ceased to negotiate further Indian treaties in 1871 on the one hand, and until open warfare ended with the "Battle" (or Massacre) of Wounded Knee in 1890, on the other.
During most of the nineteenth-century, US government policy toward the Indian population continued to include a mixture of, forced removal, open warfare, treaty-making, and confinement to reservations. This process was summed up by Buffalo Chief (Cheyenne), in 1867, "You [the US government representatives at the Medicine Lodge Treaty conference] give us presents, and then take our land. That produces war" (Nabokov, 1991:117).
The most notorious example of forced Indian removal was the result of the Treaty of New Echota in 1835. The agreement of some tribal leaders led to the so-called "Trail of Tears" of 1837-1838, the expulsion ("the drive-away" as some Indians called it, (Nabokov, 1991:149)) of the Cherokee from the south-eastern US to the Indian Territory, west of the Mississippi River, during which about a quarter of the population died of sickness or exposure (Brown, 1971:5-6; Calloway, 2012:291).3
Warfare on the Great Plains included a well-known series of wars against the Sioux nations (Dakota and Lakota). These began with "Little Crow's War" in 1862 and included the Battle of the Little Big Horn (or Greasy Grass). This was the so-called "Custer's Last Stand", in which an entire detachment of Federal troops, under the command of US general George Custer, were killed to a man, by a large mixed Indian force of Cheyenne and Sioux. This period of warfare on the plains finally ended in the "battle" at Wounded Knee, South Dakota in 1890. Conflict during this period was punctuated by treaty-making, notably by the Medicine Lodge Treaty with the Indians of the southern Plains in 1867 and the Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868, with the Sioux of the northern Plains (Calloway, 2012:345, 369-384; Brown, 1971:chapters three, six, 12, 18, 19).
In the south-western desert, warfare with the Apache Indians finally ended with the surrender of the great Chiricahua war chief Geronimo in 1886 (Calloway, 2012:351). However, this was after the US Congress ended the policy of treaty-making with the Indian nations and so no treaty with the Apache was ever signed. They were simply assigned to reservations (Brown, 1971:chapters nine, 17).
In each of these cases, Indians were isolated from the white majority of the American people and confined to their designated reservations. The native way of life was viewed as too different and endangered to expect it would long survive in direct competition with the larger, developing (white) American society (Nabokov, 1991:147-148; Calloway, 2012:286-288). Reservation life was viewed by many whites as the only hope for the preservation of the Indian people's traditional ways of life.
However, government policy shifted in the closing decades of the century. From the 1870s onward, the US Federal government gave up the policy of isolation of the various Indian nations on tribal reservations and moved toward the assimilation of Indian peoples into the culture, society and economy of the white majority.
One part of this effort involved the establishment of Indian boarding schools across the US. The purpose of these schools was to inculcate white culture and language in the younger generation of Indians and to create a generation of "Americanized" Indians. Away from their families and off the tribal reservations, Indian children were punished for the use of their mother tongue and learned the ways and means of finding their path through the world which the white man had created (Anderson, 2007:44-46, 51-53; Nabokov, 1991:213-217).4
This assimilation effort was supported by the passage of the Severalty Act (the Dawes Allotment Act) in 1887. The premise of this act was that the various Indian reservations should be broken up, communal land tenure would be ended, and the land distributed to individual small-holdings. This would encourage the Indian people dwelling there-in to take up settled farming in the manner of the whites, and to give up hunting, as their primary means of sustenance. This Act resulted in a drastic reduction in the amount of Indian-held land and the increased dependence of many Indian people, on government subsidies of various kinds, as promised in the various treaties (Calloway, 2012:420-423; Nabokov, 1991:232-237).
Under these pressures, the Indian population of the US steadily declined. The pre-Columbian native population of North America has been variously estimated at between two and ten million (or more) people. It reached its lowest point in 1900 when approximately 237 000 US inhabitants were identified as Indians (Nabokov, 1991:4).
During the twentieth century, this population was to experience a remarkable recovery.
The twentieth century
This, approximately fifty year long, process of assimilation culminated in the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924. This act granted full US citizenship to that portion of the Indian population which had not already received it (through military service or as a result of the Dawes Act land allotments). However, as was the case for Black Americans living in the Jim Crow southern states, at this same time, federal promises of the right to vote could not always be put into practice as state governments often prevented the practical application of these rights (Calloway, 2012:446-447).
During the Great Depression of the 1930s, Indian reservation life was renewed in some ways; by the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of 1934. The purpose of this Act was to restore an element of self-government to the various reservation populations. It provided for the re-establishment of limited tribal self-government, to be conducted along European lines with written constitutions and elected councils, etc. (Calloway, 2012:487, 488491). Although this controversial measure was rejected by some (on the grounds that it was imposed by the government in Washington and that it was contrary to Indian tribal traditions of government), (Burnette & Koster, 2012:516-520), its acceptance by most tribes meant that control of most reservations was taken out of the hands of Washington-appointed (and often corrupt) Indian Bureau agents (Nabokov, 1991:324-329).
Following the Second World War, national Indian policy shifted again. Washington sought to "terminate" its official relations with the Indian nations and thus its formal role in Indian affairs. Various explanations have been given for this decision. The new commissioner of Indian affairs, in 1950, Dillon S. Myer, had supervised the detention camps which housed Japanese and Japanese-Americans, during the Second World War. These camps had been likened by many, to the German concentration camp system. Myer then came to see the Indian tribal reservations as a form of "concentration camp" which ought to be done away with (Nabokov, 1991:334). The reservations were seen, by others, as places which refused to adapt to (or rather conform to) the so-called "American Way of Life", which was under Cold War threat from the Soviet Union (Calloway, 2012:495-496). Either way, the reservation came to be seen as an anomaly in the American cultural landscape and as something to be done away with. Termination agreements were sought with tribes which were thought to be capable of sustaining themselves. Their reservations ceased to exist as independent legal entities and they were subsumed into the states in which they were located (Calloway, 2012:496-498; Nabokov, 1991:344-347).
Related to this was the policy of voluntary re-location. Beginning in 1948, the US Federal government attempted to encourage the voluntary, subsidised transfer of as many American Indian people as possible, from their reservations to urban centres, primarily in the Western part of the US. In this way, the reservations would be gradually de-populated and their people would enter the mainstream of American urban life. Large numbers of Indians moved to cities such as St. Louis, Chicago and Denver, at least temporarily, in the pursuit of employment and a new way of life. However, some of these, disappointed with sub-standard housing conditions and the menial labour jobs available to unskilled workers from rural areas, eventually returned to their traditional reservation homes (Nabokov, 1991:348-351).
The New Activism of the 1960s and 1970s
The 1960s were a period of rejection of the status quo in Indian country as elsewhere.
In June of 1961, the American Indian Chicago Conference drew representatives from 90 tribes and bands. The result was a Declaration of Indian Purpose, sent to the new US president, John F Kennedy. This Declaration contained proposals for new legislation in areas such as economic development, health, welfare, housing, education, and law enforcement. The fundamental principle which underlay these proposals was that of self-determination for the American Indian peoples. The Indian peoples' way of life and culture was to be preserved from absorption by the dominant white American culture (Declaration of Indian Purpose, 1961:4).5
Later that same year, the National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) was established, under the leadership of, among others, Mel Thom, a young Paiute and Clyde Warrior (Ponca). The Council was born out of the frustration of youth delegates to the Chicago conference, over the perceived conservatism of the older representatives there. In its earliest period, the Council was particularly concerned to struggle alongside north-western tribes, to preserve fishing rights. It developed a particular interest in environmental issues from that point onward. The Council later supported Martin Luther King's Poor People's Campaign in 1968. Warrior, who is often compared to Malcolm X, participated in the March on Washington in 1963 and was the NIYC representative at Martin Luther King's anti-Viet Nam War march in Chicago in March of 1967 (Fluharty, 2011). Also in 1967, he presented an Indian view of poverty when, testifying before a Presidential Commission, he said that today the Indian peoples "are not free-free in the most basic sense of the word.. .we do not make choices. Our choices are made for us; we are the poor" (Warrior, 1967:529).
This younger generation of activists distrusted the older generation of tribal leaders, many of whom owed their positions to the structures established by the IRA of 1934 and to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) in Washington. Condemned as "Uncle Tomahawks", this older generation of Indian leadership were often, as much seen to be the objects of confrontation, as were the Washington-based officials (Calloway, 2012:527).
The early effort to challenge the white power structure, by the NIYC, came in 1964. They supported the Nisqually and Puyallup Indians as the tribal leaders attempted to re-claim fishing rights along the Columbia and Nisqually Rivers, in the state of Washington, in the American north-west. These rights were guaranteed by the Medicine Creek Treaty of 1853. However, the state game and fishery officials of Washington sought to impose state laws on the tribal members. This challenge achieved a great deal of publicity (particularly as a result of the participation of the actor, Marlon Brando) through a series of "fish-ins" during which they defied state laws controlling fishing in these rivers (NIYC History; Nabokov, 1991:359, 362-363). Arrests followed, as did some prison sentences, but the local leaders also achieved some court victories (McCloud, 1991:362-366; Calloway, 2012:508). In the Boldt decision of 1974, the US District court upheld tribal fishing rights as originally established by treaty. Environmental damage had already reduced the practical effect of this decision, however.
In 1968, US President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Indian Civil Rights Act. This Act was passed in response to revelations of abuses by tribal governments, as raised in US Congressional hearings. The central elements of this Act were intended to apply most of the provisions of the US Bill of Rights of 1791, to American Indian tribe members. Because tribal governments had been recognized via treaties between the US federal government and tribal leaders, courts often held that Bill of Rights provisions did not apply on the reservations under tribal jurisdiction. The Act guaranteed that certain rights as freedom of speech of the press, and of assembly, the right of the accused to be represented by an attorney in criminal cases, protection against "cruel and unusual punishment", and most fundamentally, the right to "equal protection under the law" all would be available to those on, as well as off, the reservation (Northwest Justice Project, 2012:1). The effect of the Act was later somewhat diluted by the US Supreme Court decision Santa Clara Pueblo vs. Martinez of 1978, which limited US Federal court oversight of tribal courts.6
Nineteen sixty-eight also marked the beginning of the most militant Indian Rights Organisation, the American Indian Movement (AIM), led by Russell Means (Ogallala Lakota) and Dennis Banks (Anishinaabe). Advocates of "Red Power", Means and Banks, along with other AIM leaders such as Vernon and Clyde Bellecourt (Chippewa) became the most generally well known American Indian activist leaders of the 1960s and 1970s, as they borrowed various strategies from the Black Power Movement (Bellecourt, 1973:372376). In particular, AIM adopted the Black Panther Party tactic of street patrols. In radio equipped cars, they shadowed police vehicles in Indian urban neighbourhoods. They then monitored the treatment of Native youths arrested by the police, in an effort to curb incidents of excessive force in such arrests.
The 1960s ended with what was probably the most dramatic demonstration of the new Indian activist trend, the illegal occupation of the former federal prison on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay (Fortunate Eagle, 1991:367370). This occupation lasted from November 1969 until the removal of the last protestors, by US marshals, in June 1971. During that period, a changing series of both Indian leaders and participants, and government negotiators were involved. During the occupation, the group on the island issued a "Proclamation to the Great White Father and to All 'His' People" (Calloway, 2012:532).
The next decade included several note-worthy demonstrations and other public activities, all intended to bring the needs and demands of the native community before the larger American public.
In 1970, in November, on Thanksgiving Day, at the site of the supposed "first thanksgiving", Plymouth, Massachusetts, Indian activists declared a "National Day of Mourning".
In the autumn of 1972, leaders organised a "Trail of Broken Treaties" to bring together native participants from different parts of the US, to converge on the national capital in Washington. This march led to the unplanned, six-day occupation of the headquarters building of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the presentation of the planned list of demands, the "Twenty Points". In this document, AIM and other activists called for the abolition of the BIA, the review of all treaties, greater protection for Indian culture and a renewed commitment by the Federal government to the restoration of Indian community life, socially and economically (Calloway, 2012:548).
In 1973, the Ogallala Sioux (Lakota) nation declared its independence from the US in an attempt to re-assert national sovereignty. Before that year was out, the US government was confronted with the most direct challenge to its authority since the end of the military period of US-Indian relations in 1890. Traditional leaders engaged in a challenge to the administration of tribal council president, Richard Wilson. They enlisted the support of AIM who arrived at the Pine Ridge reservation along with about two hundred supporters. They met a force of US federal marshals and FBI agents at Wounded Knee. The resultant stand-off lasted more than two months. Enormous press coverage was generated, but at the cost of several wounded, and two dead Indian activists (Calloway, 2012:550-551; Crow Dog, 1991:573-575). The end of the siege was finally negotiated after the intervention of a US Senator, and the disputed Wilson tribal administration was later brought to an end (Nabokov, 1991:362).
Issues of women's liberation entered the Indian rights movement as they did the Black freedom movement and the anti-war movement of the same period. In 1974, Women of All Red Nations (WARN) was established. This was partly in response to a degree of marginalisation experienced by Indian women who were part of AIM. Leaders such as Janet McCloud were involved in issues from the north-west Indian fishing rights campaign to the renewal of native spirituality (Trahant, 1999). They took up several issues of particular interest to Indian women, including the sterilisations of native women by the Indian Health Service. This practice was a hold-over from the much earlier era of eugenics activity, but did not entirely end on the reservations, until the 1970s (Johansen, 2011).
One might ask, how did it happen that this American Indian movement for civil rights arose at the same time as the American Black Freedom and other similar movements? It is to be expected that a certain synergy developed amongst the many activist movements of that era, during the 1960s and 1970s in the US. These different movements learned from one another, borrowing tactics and taking advantage of the increasing opportunities for mutual support. The exposure offered by electronic media such as television, made the struggles of women, black Americans and anti-war activists common knowledge in Indian country and beyond. However, American Indian peoples endured unique pressures in post-war America. The disintegration of tribal and reservation life generated first by land allotment, and then by tribal termination, caused the rapid deterioration of many tribal bonds. This was added to the larger social pressure of American society, from which Native Americans were not immune or even isolated. Thus, the question is not, why there was an Indian civil rights struggle in the 1960s and 1970s, but why did it take so long to surface?
The American Indian Civil Rights movement and its historical background are of some relevance to grade 11 learners and their teachers. The study of race and racist thinking in the 19th century may be opened up by an examination of some aspects of the treatment ofAmerican native peoples by the US Federal government. This would be worthy of a further study.
However, this movement has most direct relevance to those in Grade 12 and their instructors. The CAPS document particularly points to the Black Freedom Movement, the Women's movement and the peace movements as the specific, examinable sub-topics under Civil Society Protest.
The American Indian movement will provide the classroom teacher with useful points of comparison to the Black struggle for civil rights. As has been seen, there are some direct points of contact between these movements. Some individual Indian leaders sought to participate, as Indian leaders, in the larger struggles of the 1960s and 1970s, as led by such figures as Martin Luther King, Jr. Others consciously copied the tactics of groups like the Black Panthers. Indian women, like African American women at the same time, began to wrestle with their dual identities as women, and as members of a minority group within a larger, discriminatory society.
It is also worthwhile to address the question of the disparity of response, by the larger American society toward the black freedom struggle, and the seemingly parallel efforts of Native Americans. For several years, the white majority of the US was caught up by the black struggle for social equality, with millions riveted by the images on the nightly television news reports. The Indian Civil Rights Movement never received the support of such a mass audience, however.
This difference may flow from a number of sources. Perhaps the Indian movement's lack of charismatic leaders such as Martin Luther King, Jr. or Malcolm X helped to diminish its public profile. Clyde Warrior, for instance, died of alcohol abuse while still in his twenties. Some others, such as Russell Means, moved off the national stage into tribal politics at least for a time. Of course this raises the question, did the lack of media attention itself prevent the rise of such a leader to public prominence? Were such leaders present, but ignored by the mass media; what came first, the media attention, or the leader?
Then there was always a great disparity of numbers between the two campaigns. During the 1960s, black Americans were approximately 10 percent of the total US population. Most white Americans came into contact with some black people, on a daily basis. The 1963 March on Washington numbered nearly a quarter of a million participants (Kenworthy, 1963:12) while the Trail of Broken Treaties caravan counted only about 500 participants in Washington, in 1972. As has been seen, the American Indian population represented less than one half of one percent during the 1960s. Relatively few whites ever saw an American Indian person beyond a few western states (or apart from a movie theatre, or on television, in a cowboy western). Did the black American liberation struggle represent the efforts of a people who seemed more "real" and known to the majority of Americans, while the Indians seemed more distant and perhaps "fictional"?
Finally, were the two movements different in a way which made the black liberation struggle seem less threatening? At the beginning of their struggle, African American leaders recognised their status as the directors of the movement of a definite minority within American society. They sought cooperation and support, by appealing to the collective conscience of the white majority. This was to change for many white Americans, after the violence of the late 1960s. However, many Indian leaders tended to be more confrontational, from earlier on. They may have been drawing on a centuries' long collective memory of armed struggle by Indian polities and sovereignties against white power structures in North America. As one Indian leader said, "Indian people are nations, not minorities" (Calloway, 2012:640). In their approach to the dominant American society, they insisted on being recognised as such.
American Indian Chicago Conference 1961. "Declaration of Indian Purpose". Available at http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED030518.pdf. Accessed on 10 November 2014. [ Links ]
Anderson, L 2007. Carlisle vs. Army. New York: Random House. [ Links ]
Bailey, GA and Sturtevant, WC 2008. Indians in contemporary society. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. [ Links ]
Bellecourt, V 1973. "Birth of AIM". In: P Nabokov, 1991. Native American testimony: A Chronicle of Native-White relations from prophesy to the present, 1492-1992. New York: Viking. [ Links ]
Brown, D 1971. Bury my heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian history of the American west. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [ Links ]
Burnette, R & Koster, J 1974. "A blueprint for elected tyranny". The road to Wounded Knee. New York: Bantam Books. In: CG Calloway, 2012. First peoples: A documentary survey of American Indian history. Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin's. [ Links ]
Calloway, CG 2012. First peoples: A documentary survey of American Indian history. Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin's. [ Links ]
Childers, EB 1882. "Responsive and resistant students". In: P Nabokov, 1991. Native American testimony: A chronicle of Native-White relations from prophesy to the present, 1492- 1992. New York: Viking. [ Links ]
Crow Dog, M 1991. "I would rather have my baby at Wounded Knee" (with Richard Erdoes) Lakota Woman. New York: Harper Perennial. In: CG Calloway, 2012. First peoples: A documentary survey of American Indian history. Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin's. [ Links ]
Deloria, Jr, V 1991. "Forward". In: P Nabokov, 1991. Native American testimony: A Chronicle of Native-White relations from prophesy to the present, 1492-1992. New York: Viking. [ Links ]
Fluharty, S 2011. "Warrior, Clyde", ABC-Clio History and the Headlines. Available at http://www.historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com/ContentPages/ContentPage.aspxPentryId=1171993¤tSection=1161468. Accessed on 21 September 2014. [ Links ]
Fortunate Eagle, A (Red Lake Chippewa) 1991. "Invading Alcatraz". In: P Nabokov, 1991. Native American testimony: A chronicle of Native-White relations from prophesy to the present, 1492-1992. New York: Viking. [ Links ]
Iron Shell (Brule Sioux) 1868. "We want you to take away the forts from the country'. In: CG Calloway, 2012. First peoples: A documentary survey of American Indian history. Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin's. [ Links ]
Johansen, BE 2011. "Women of All Red Nations", ABC-Clio History and the Headlines Available at http://www.historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com/ContentPages/ContentPage.aspx?entryId=1172002. Accessed on 17 October 2014. [ Links ]
Kenworthy, EW 1963. "200, 000 March for civil rights in orderly Washington rally; President sees gain for Negro", The New York Times, August 29, 1963. In: Reporting civil rights: Part two, American journalism 1963-1973. New York: Literary Classics of the United States, Library of America. [ Links ]
Lone, W 1972. "Responsive and resistant students". In: P Nabokov, 1991. Native American testimony: A chronicle of Native-White relations from prophesy to the present, 14921992. New York: Viking. [ Links ]
Mankiller, W 1993. "Returning the balance" (with Michael Wallis), Mankiller: A chief and her people. New York: St. Martin's Press. In: CG Calloway, 2012. First peoples: A documentary survey of American Indian history. Boston, New York: Bedford/ St. Martin's. [ Links ]
McCloud, L (Tulalip) 1971. "The new Indian wars". In: P Nabokov, 1991. Native American testimony: A chronicle of Native-White relations from prophesy to the present, 14921992. New York: Viking. [ Links ]
Nabokov, P 1991. Native American testimony: A chronicle of Native-White relations from prophesy to the present, 1492- 1992. New York: Viking. [ Links ]
National Indian Youth Council. "NIYC History". Available at: http://www.niyc-alb.org/history.htm. Accessed on 10 November 2014. [ Links ]
Northwest Justice Project 2012. "Indian Civil Rights Act". Available at http://www.washingtonlawhelp.org/files/C9D2EA3F-0350-D9AF-ACAE-BF37E9BC9FFA/attachments/3928DFFE-A03E-7661-F42B-BDFE2C910E91/9202en.pdf. Accessed 12 September 2014. [ Links ]
One Horn (Miniconjou) 1868. "This is our land, and yet you blame us for fighting for it". In: CG Calloway, 2012. First peoples: A documentary survey of American Indian history. Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin's. [ Links ]
Sale, K 1991. The conquest of paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian exchange. London: Hodder & Stoughton. [ Links ]
Thornton, R 1987. American Indian holocaust and survival: A population history since 1492. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. [ Links ]
Trahant, M 1999. "The center of everything-native leader Janet McCloud..." The Seattle Times, July 4, 1999. Available at http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19990704&slug=2969841. Accessed on 20 November 2014. [ Links ]
Warrior, C 1967. "We are not free", The president's National Advisory Commission on rural poverty. In: CG Calloway, 2012. First peoples: A documentary survey of American Indian history. Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin's. [ Links ]
1 I would like to thank the Gilder-Lehrman Institute of New York City, for selection as one of the participants in the seminar, "Native American History", held at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire (USA), during August 2014. Professor Colin G Calloway, of the College, conducted this seminar and authored the main seminar text. Maura Wynne, the Assistant Principal, Social Studies, at Sheepshead Bay (NY) High School, was the seminar master teacher. Mrs Trish Godlonton, the deputy administrator of Michael Mount Waldorf School has provided me with an academic home, and the opportunity to participate in the SASHT conference at the University of the Witwatersrand, October 2014, where the original version of this paper was first presented.
2 The use of the term "Indian" is not without controversy. In some parts of the United States it is being supplanted by the term "Native American". However, particularly in the American West, it is still the accepted term amongst indigenous people themselves (Calloway, 2012: 11).
3 The Cherokee were one of the so-called "Five Civilized Tribes" of the south-eastern US. They were called this because of their success in adopting European agricultural practices and other adaptations to white culture. Despite this, the US state of Georgia insisted upon, and got, their expulsion to the Indian Territory, west of the Mississippi River. Their overland trek, to this new home, resulted in the deaths of up to 25% of the tribal population (Brown, 1971:7).
4 One Indian student account records how "We were told never to talk Indian and if caught, we got a strapping with a leather belt" (Lone Wolf [Blackfoot], 1972:218). On the other hand, the father of one student at the famous Carlisle Indian School for boarders, was quoted as saying "Here are people trying to teach you. You must try to learn and when you come back home your people will be glad to see you and what you learn will be a benefit to them" (EB Childers, Creek, 1882:219).
5 It is worth noting that the Declaration begins with a "pledge" of loyalty to the American democratic form of government and a rejection of "any alien form of government... (or) ideology". This is clearly a Cold War era statement of the rejection of Soviet communism (Declaration of Indian Purpose, 1961: inside front cover).
6 Gale Encyclopedia of US History 2006, "Indian Civil Rights Act" (available at http://www.answers.com/topic/indian-civil-rights-act, as accessed on 20 November 2014).


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Think AnonX really works? While the server is off US terroritory, I wonder if Wasicek could be served with a warrant obstructing justice if he decides not to give over the names? (just speculation on my part).
Mask created for file-sharers
By BRIAN BERGSTEIN - Associated Press
Wyatt Wasicek was so outraged by the recording industry's legal assault on users of free music-downloading sites that he decided to ride to the rescue. He created a program called AnonX that masks the Internet address of people who use file-sharing programs such as Kazaa.
Available for $5.95 per month, AnonX sets up a virtual private network, or VPN, between a user's computer and the company's computers. The AnonX computers act as proxies, and actually do the Web surfing for the subscriber.
In theory, no one outside of AnonX can see the subscriber's Internet address -- including the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), which has forced Internet service providers to turn over subscriber information as part of its campaign to sue hundreds of individual song downloaders.
Wasicek, 29, promises not to divulge his 7,000 users' Internet addresses and believes he can't be forced to do so.
Although Wasicek lives in Austin, Texas, he says AnonX's official owner lives in Vanuatu, the loosely regulated Pacific island that also hosts Kazaa's parent company, Sharman Networks Ltd. AnonX's servers are strategically placed overseas as well.
RIAA spokesman Jonathan Lamy declined to comment on AnonX.
Wasicek says he put a filter on AnonX to block its use for child pornography. He also says he'll cut off service for egregious downloaders of copyrighted material.
So why bother creating AnonX?
Wasicek's day job is at an Internet service provider that frequently gets letters from the entertainment industry demanding subscriber information, and he claims most of them are erroneous, wasting everyone's time. Wasicek said he decided to shield file-sharers who generally use the technology legitimately but might occasionally break copyright law without realizing it.
"I'm doing this to protect the family with the 13-year-old, not the 25-year-old with 25 movies he's sharing with his buddies," he said. "I wanted to go back to the good old days when people could surf anonymously."
Still, AnonX's technical claims were met with suspicion by Sascha Wildgrube, director of development at Steganos GmbH, a German provider of Internet privacy services.
"There are a number of products available that state they can hide the (Internet) address in file-sharing networks like Kazaa. We closely observe that market, and all products we reviewed turned out to be snake oil," Wildgrube said. "We will take a look at AnonX.com, but I do not expect it to be what it claims."


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Anyone who spends any time mixing with climate scientists or really looking at the literature knows that the scientific consensus on the reality of human-related climate change is almost universal. Thus it is not at all surprising that methods designed to assess this consensus objectively – such as that undertaken by Oreskes in 2004 and recently re-asserted in the LA Times (non-subscription version) come up with very conclusive results. Similar studies could be done by looking at abstracts at big meetings (AGU, EGU etc.) or simply by talking to us. One could of course argue about what this means, but the existence of this consensus is not really up for debate. That doesn't stop some people from trying of course, but these attempts have been rather embarrassing at best.
However, that didn't prevent the latest incoherent and highly misleading press release from the Senate EPW committee being issued to support the effort. I was recently in conversation with a journalist, who told me that she'd asked the ex-talk-radio author of these EPW releases, Mark Morano, what exactly they were suppposed to achieve. Morano replied that it was to 'get their message out'. When asked what that message was, no clear answer was forthcoming. That politicians indulge in politics is not surprising, but these releases are really scraping along the bottom. The only consolation is that they are being completely ignored by the media. Long may that consensus remain!


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Scientology sent a statement to the press about our Paul Haggis post.
As with everything in scientology's PR denial closet, you have to read it closely and parse its terminology carefully. Scientology mastered the technique of "depends upon what the meaning of the word 'is' is" long before Bill Clinton came along.
Here is the statement in the Hollywood Reporter:
In a statement, the Church of Scientology responded to Remini and Rinder's letter. The Church's full response is below:
Leah Remini, Paul Haggis and Mike Rinder have predictably thrown up a reprehensible smokescreen to turn horrific sexual assault and rape allegations made against Haggis by four women into a bigoted attack about their former religion.
Today's transparent ploy by Remini and Rinder fails to mention that plaintiff Haleigh Breest's court papers definitively state that "Ms. Breest has nothing to do with Scientology. Being a critic of Scientology does not give a man permission to rape." Furthermore, Remini and Rinder conveniently fail to mention that the three additional women making allegations against Haggis all are on record to the Associated Press as stating that they are not Scientologists — as if an alleged rape victim's religion should matter — and that these allegations have nothing to do with the Church. Not only are Remini and Rinder mouthing a debunked conspiracy theory that was dead on arrival when they posted today's rant, they further offend countless other alleged victims with stunning insensitivity.
To be clear, the Church has never met the women in this case nor their attorneys and knows nothing about the accusations against Haggis other than what has appeared in press reports and public court documents.
Apparently they want to hang their hat on the fact that the accusers are "not scientologists", as if this is what we said.
If this was a scientology operation, the accusers are unlikely to be scientologists. It would be too easy to trace. Not even scientology is that foolish and I would be the last person to allege that these accusers were scientologists. See my recent blog post about the scientology spy, Heather McAdoo (The Story of a Scientology Spy). She was NOT a scientologist. Just someone who was persuaded by a Private Investigator to do something completely immoral and sordid for money. The LAST person scientology would want as an operative would be a scientologist (it is VERY difficult to hide their involvement). The fact that none of the accusers is a scientologist is dispositive of absolutely nothing.
They then go on to claim we are "mouthing a debunked conspiracy theory that was dead on arrival" — this "debunked conspiracy theory" being what? That scientology engages in activities to frame its enemies? That is FAR from a "debunked theory." That is a well-documented FACT. See my recent post Framing Whistleblowers — The Scientology Playbook.
So who really is "offending countless other victims with stunning insensitivity"? That would be scientology trying to pretend righteous indignation that they could possibly frame critics. Try telling that to Paulette Cooper. Or Gabe Cazares. Or David Miscavige's own father.
And the final denial "To be clear, the Church has never met the women in this case nor their attorneys…" This is likely a literally true statement. But once again, one has to look at what it actually says. "The Church" never "met" Heather McAdoo either. She was hired by a Private Investigator who was hired by an attorney. David Miscavige tried this same line about the PI's caught spying on his father — he didn't know them.
When things are REALLY sensitive, the cut-outs are carefully constructed. A lawyer hired by scientology retains another lawyer for an "undisclosed" client and that lawyer hires Private Investigators who then hire operatives.
If all this seems sort of far-fetched, remember Harvey Weinstein and the army of high-priced lawyers, PI's and spies he employed (see my earlier post on this subject Harvey Weinstein and Scientology — Separated at Birth? following the brilliant piece by Ronan Farrow in the New Yorker). Harvey Weinstein was an amateur compared to scientology. Don't forget, scientology was convicted of engaging in the largest infiltration of the US Government in history. And it is a part of their religious doctrine to destroy their enemies. And L. Ron Hubbard explained in detail how to go about framing someone.
Perhaps these accusers have randomly crawled partly out of the woodwork of their own accord as a pure coincidence. That is possible.
The problem is that scientology has a documented history of engaging in frame-ups of its enemies, and a doctrine that dictates they continue to do so as the gospel according to L. Ron Hubbard. It's hard to ignore that once you know. Scientology tries to pretend it doesn't exist for that very reason.
We want ALL the facts to be known.


text: When the teeth are decayed and it has to be restored the dentist goes for the filling but sometimes the decay is extensive and a large part of the tooth is lost. In such cases pins and posts are used as the simple filling material can not give the adequate strength to sustain the masticatory forces and fractures. The pins and posts can be used separately or together as decided by the dentist. Continue reading