text:
Illuminated manuscript
An illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented with such decoration as initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations. In the strictest definition of the term, an illuminated manuscript refers only to manuscripts decorated with gold or silver, but in both common usage and modern scholarship, the term refers to any decorated or illustrated manuscript from Western traditions. Comparable Far Eastern and Mesoamerican works are described as painted. Islamic manuscripts may be referred to as illuminated, illustrated or painted, though using essentially the same techniques as Western works. This article covers the technical, social and economic history of the subject; for an art-historical account, see miniature.
The earliest surviving substantive illuminated manuscripts are from the period 400 to 600, produced in Italy and the Eastern Roman Empire. The significance of these works lies not only in their inherent artistic and historical value, but also in the maintenance of a link of literacy offered by non-illuminated texts. Had it not been for the monastic scribes of Late Antiquity, most literature of Greece and Rome would have perished in Europe. As it was, the patterns of textual survivals were shaped by their usefulness to the severely constricted literate group of Christians. Illumination of manuscripts, as a way of aggrandizing ancient documents, aided their preservation and informative value in an era when new ruling classes were no longer literate, at least in the language used in the manuscripts.
The majority of surviving manuscripts are from the Middle Ages, although many survive from the Renaissance, along with a very limited number from Late Antiquity. The majority of these manuscripts are of a religious nature. However, especially from the 13th century onward, an increasing number of secular texts were illuminated. Most illuminated manuscripts were created as codices, which had superseded scrolls. A very few illuminated manuscript fragments survive on papyrus, which does not last nearly as long as vellum or parchment. Most medieval manuscripts, illuminated or not, were written on parchment (most commonly of calf, sheep, or goat skin), but most manuscripts important enough to illuminate were written on the best quality of parchment, called vellum.
Beginning in the late Middle Ages manuscripts began to be produced on paper.[1] Very early printed books were sometimes produced with spaces left for rubrics and miniatures, or were given illuminated initials, or decorations in the margin, but the introduction of printing rapidly led to the decline of illumination. Illuminated manuscripts continued to be produced in the early 16th century, but in much smaller numbers, mostly for the very wealthy. Manuscripts are among the most common items to survive from the Middle Ages; many thousands survive. They are also the best surviving specimens of medieval painting, and the best preserved. Indeed, for many areas and time periods, they are the only surviving examples of painting.
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Art historians classify illuminated manuscripts into their historic periods and types, including (but not limited to) Late Antique, Insular, Carolingian manuscripts, Ottonian manuscripts, Romanesque manuscripts, Gothic manuscripts, and Renaissance manuscripts. There are a few examples from later periods. The type of book that was most often heavily and richly illuminated, sometimes known as a "display book", varied between periods. In the first millennium, these were most likely to be Gospel Books, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells. The Romanesque period saw the creation of many huge illuminated complete Bibles – one in Sweden requires three librarians to lift it. Many Psalters were also heavily illuminated in both this and the Gothic period. Single cards or posters of vellum, leather or paper were in wider circulation with short stories or legends on them about the lives of saints, chivalry knights or other mythological figures, even criminal, social or miraculous occurrences; popular events much freely used by story tellers and itinerant actors to support their plays. Finally, the Book of Hours, very commonly the personal devotional book of a wealthy layperson, was often richly illuminated in the Gothic period. Other books, both liturgical and not, continued to be illuminated at all periods. The Byzantine world also continued to produce manuscripts in its own style, versions of which spread to other Orthodox and Eastern Christian areas. See Medieval art for other regions, periods and types. Reusing parchments by scraping the surface and reusing them was a common practice; the traces often left behind of the original text are known as palimpsests.
The Muslim World and in particular the Iberian Peninsula, with their traditions of literacy uninterrupted by the Middle Ages, were instrumental in delivering ancient classic works to the growing intellectual circles and universities of Western Europe all through the 12th century, as books were produced there in large numbers and on paper for the first time in Europe, and with them full treatises on the sciences, especially astrology and medicine where illumination was required to have profuse and accurate representations with the text.
The Gothic period, which generally saw an increase in the production of these beautiful artifacts, also saw more secular works such as chronicles and works of literature illuminated. Wealthy people began to build up personal libraries; Philip the Bold probably had the largest personal library of his time in the mid-15th century, is estimated to have had about 600 illuminated manuscripts, whilst a number of his friends and relations had several dozen.
Up to the 12th century, most manuscripts were produced in monasteries in order to add to the library or after receiving a commission from a wealthy patron. Larger monasteries often contained separate areas for the monks who specialized in the production of manuscripts called a scriptorium. Within the walls of a scriptorium were individualized areas where a monk could sit and work on a manuscript without being disturbed by his fellow brethren. If no scriptorium was available, then "separate little rooms were assigned to book copying; they were situated in such a way that each scribe had to himself a window open to the cloister walk."[2] The separation of these monks from the rest of the cloister indicates just how revered these monks were within their society.
By the 14th century, the cloisters of monks writing in the scriptorium had almost fully given way to commercial urban scriptoria, especially in Paris, Rome and the Netherlands.[3] While the process of creating an illuminated manuscript did not change, the move from monasteries to commercial settings was a radical step. Demand for manuscripts grew to an extent that the Monastic libraries were unable to meet with the demand, and began employing secular scribes and illuminators.[4] These individuals often lived close to the monastery and, in certain instances, dressed as monks whenever they entered the monastery, but were allowed to leave at the end of the day. In reality, illuminators were often well known and acclaimed and many of their identities have survived.[5]
First, the manuscript was "sent to the rubricator, who added (in red or other colors) the titles, headlines, the initials of chapters and sections, the notes and so on; and then – if the book was to be illustrated – it was sent to the illuminator."[2] In the case of manuscripts that were sold commercially, the writing would "undoubtedly have been discussed initially between the patron and the scribe (or the scribe's agent,) but by the time that the written gathering were sent off to the illuminator there was no longer any scope for innovation."[6]
Illumination was a complex and frequently costly process. It was usually reserved for special books: an altar Bible, for example. Wealthy people often had richly illuminated "books of hours" made, which set down prayers appropriate for various times in the liturgical day.
In the early Middle Ages, most books were produced in monasteries, whether for their own use, for presentation, or for a commission. However, commercial scriptoria grew up in large cities, especially Paris, and in Italy and the Netherlands, and by the late 14th century there was a significant industry producing manuscripts, including agents who would take long-distance commissions, with details of the heraldry of the buyer and the saints of personal interest to him (for the calendar of a Book of hours). By the end of the period, many of the painters were women, perhaps especially in Paris.
In the making of an illuminated manuscript, the text was usually written first. Sheets of parchment or vellum, animal hides specially prepared for writing, were cut down to the appropriate size. After the general layout of the page was planned (e.g., initial capital, borders), the page was lightly ruled with a pointed stick, and the scribe went to work with ink-pot and either sharpened quill feather or reed pen.
The script depended on local customs and tastes. The sturdy Roman letters of the early Middle Ages gradually gave way to scripts such as Uncial and half-Uncial, especially in the British Isles, where distinctive scripts such as insular majuscule and insular minuscule developed. Stocky, richly textured blackletter was first seen around the 13th century and was particularly popular in the later Middle Ages. Palaeography is the study of historical handwritten scripts, and codicology the related study of other physical aspects of manuscript codexes.
One of the most important features in the production of an illuminated manuscript is the amount of time that was spent in the pre-production stages outlining the work. Prior to the days of such careful planning, "A typical black-letter page of these Gothic years would show a page in which the lettering was cramped and crowded into a format dominated by huge ornamented capitals that descended from uncial forms or by illustrations."[7] To prevent such poorly made manuscripts and illuminations from occurring a script was typically supplied first, "and blank spaces were left for the decoration. This pre-supposes very careful planning by the scribe even before he put pen to parchment." If the scribe and the illuminator were separate labors the planning period allowed for adequate space to be given to each individual.
The process of illumination
The following steps outline the detailed labor involved to create the illuminations of one page of a manuscript:
- Silverpoint drawing of the design were executed
- Burnished gold dots applied
- The application of modulating colors
- Continuation of the previous three steps in addition to the outlining of marginal figures
- The penning of a rinceaux appearing in the border of a page
- The final step, the marginal figures are painted[8]
The illumination and decoration was normally planned at the inception of the work, and space reserved for it. However, the text was usually written before illumination began. In the Early Medieval period the text and illumination were often done by the same people, normally monks, but by the High Middle Ages the roles were typically separated, except for routine initials and flourishes, and by at least the 14th century there were secular workshops producing manuscripts, and by the beginning of the 15th century these were producing most of the best work, and were commissioned even by monasteries. When the text was complete, the illustrator set to work. Complex designs were planned out beforehand, probably on wax tablets, the sketch pad of the era. The design was then traced or drawn onto the vellum (possibly with the aid of pinpricks or other markings, as in the case of the Lindisfarne Gospels). Many incomplete manuscripts survive from most periods, giving us a good idea of working methods.
At all times, most manuscripts did not have images in them. In the early Middle Ages, manuscripts tend to either be display books with very full illumination, or manuscripts for study with at most a few decorated initials and flourishes. By the Romanesque period many more manuscripts had decorated or historiated initials, and manuscripts essentially for study often contained some images, often not in color. This trend intensified in the Gothic period, when most manuscripts had at least decorative flourishes in places, and a much larger proportion had images of some sort. Display books of the Gothic period in particular had very elaborate decorated borders of foliate patterns, often with small drolleries. A Gothic page might contain several areas and types of decoration: a miniature in a frame, a historiated initial beginning a passage of text, and a border with drolleries. Often different artists worked on the different parts of the decoration.
Use of color in illuminated manuscripts
While the use of gold is by far one of the most captivating features of illuminated manuscripts, the bold use of varying colors provided multiple layers of dimension to the illumination. From a religious perspective, "the diverse colors wherewith the book is illustrated, not unworthily represent the multiple grace of heavenly wisdom."[2] While religious authors view themselves as instilling a part of God's vast glory on the work, many illustrations can be linked to "the history of the texts that were required to be illustrated and the needs and tastes of the readers of those manuscripts."[9] Color brought the images on the page to life and captivated the readers. Without color the impact of the image would have been completely lost.
The medieval artist's palette was broad; a partial list of pigments is given below. In addition, unlikely-sounding substances such as urine and earwax were used to prepare pigments.[10]
Color | Source(s) |
Red | Insect-based colors, including:
Chemical- and mineral-based colors, including:
Yellow | Plant-based colors, such as:
Mineral-based colors, including:
Green |
Blue | Plant-based substances such as:
Chemical- and mineral-based colors, including:
White |
Black |
Gold |
Silver |
An illuminated manuscript is not considered illuminated unless one or many illuminations contained gold foil or was brushed with gold specks, a process known as burnishing. The inclusion of gold on an illumination alludes to many different possibilities for the text. If the text is of religious nature the gold is a sign of exalting the text. In the early centuries of Christianity, "Gospel manuscripts were sometimes written entirely in gold."[11] Aside from adding flashy decoration to the text, scribes during the time considered themselves to be praising God with their use of gold. In one particular instance, "The life of Christ executed on gold backgrounds with much greater richness in the midst of innumerable scenes of the chase, tourneys, games and grotesque subjects."[12] Furthermore, gold was used if a patron who had commissioned a book to be written wished to display the vastness of his riches. Eventually, the addition of gold to manuscripts became so frequent, "that its value as a barometer of status with the manuscript was degraded."[13] During this time period the price of gold had become so cheap that its inclusion in an illuminated manuscript accounted for only a tenth of the cost of production.[14] By adding richness and depth to the manuscript, the use of gold in illuminations created pieces of art that are still valued today.
The application of gold leaf or dust to an illumination is a very detailed process that only the most skilled illuminators can undertake and successfully achieve. The first detail an illuminator considered when dealing with gold was whether to use gold leaf or specks of gold that could be applied with a brush. When working with gold leaf the pieces would be hammered and thinned until they were "thinner than the thinnest paper."[14] The use of this type of leaf allowed for numerous areas of the text to be outlined in gold. There were several ways of applying gold to an illumination one of the most popular included mixing the gold with stag's glue and then "pour it into water and dissolve it with your finger."[15] Once the gold was soft and malleable in the water it was ready to be applied to the page. Illuminators had to be very careful when applying gold leaf to the manuscript for fear ruining the color already placed in the illumination. Gold leaf is able to "adhere to any pigment which had already been laid, ruining the design, and secondly the action of burnishing it is vigorous and runs the risk of smudging any painting already around it." The careless implementing of gold could ruin the labor already placed in the illumination and thus cause the entire folio to be discarded.
Patrons of illumination
Monasteries produced manuscripts for their own use; heavily illuminated ones tended to be reserved for liturgical use in the early period, while the monastery library held plainer texts. In the early period manuscripts were often commissioned by rulers for their own personal use or as diplomatic gifts, and many old manuscripts continued to be given in this way, even into the Early Modern period. Especially after the book of hours became popular, wealthy individuals commissioned works as a sign of status within the community, sometimes including donor portraits or heraldry: "In a scene from the New Testament, Christ would be shown larger than an apostle, who would be bigger than a mere bystander in the picture, while the humble donor of the painting or the artist himself might appear as a tiny figure in the corner."[9][16] [17] The calendar was also personalized, recording the feast days of local or family saints. By the end of the Middle Ages many manuscripts were produced for distribution through a network of agents, and blank spaces might be reserved for the appropriate heraldry to be added locally by the buyer.
Displaying the amazing detail and richness of a text, the addition of illumination was never an afterthought. The inclusion of illumination is twofold, it added value to the work, but more importantly it provides pictures for the illiterate members of society to "make the reading seem more vivid and perhaps more credible."[18]
The illuminated letter P in the Malmesbury Bible. The script is blackletter, also known as Gothic script
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, in a medieval illuminated manuscript.
The Book of Dimma, an 8th-century Irish pocket Gospel Book.
Georgian Adysh Gospels, 897 AD.
The Pentecost, from an illuminated Catholic liturgical manuscript, c.1310-1320
The marriage of Girart to Bertha from the Roman de Girart de Roussillon, ca. 1450
An illuminated capital letter P in a Bible of AD 1407, Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England
Armenian manuscript of 1053. Work of Johannes.
15th century Flemish illumination depicting Alexander the Great's third victory over Darius
Founders' and benefactors' book of Tewkesbury Abbey, early 16th century
The Rochefoucauld Grail, about 1315
Battle of Ménfő, in the Hungarian Chronicon Pictum of 1360
Ethiopian, Illuminated Manuscript, 18th century, Princeton University Art Museum
See also
- Armenian illuminated manuscript
- Book of Job in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts
- Digital Scriptorium
- English Apocalypse manuscripts
- Gospel Book
- Historiated initial
- History of the book
- Lala de Cizique
- List of Hiberno-Saxon illuminated manuscripts
- List of illuminated manuscripts
- Manuscript culture
- Miniature (illuminated manuscript)
- Preservation of illuminated manuscripts
- Michael Sull
- International Association of Master Penmen, Engrossers and Teachers of Handwriting
- ↑ The untypically early 11th century Missal of Silos is from Spain, near to Muslim paper manufacturing centres in Al-Andaluz. Textual manuscripts on paper become increasingly common, but the more expensive parchment was mostly used for illuminated manuscripts until the end of the period.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Putnam A.M., Geo. Haven. Books and Their Makers During The Middle Ages. Vol. 1. New York: Hillary House, 1962. Print.
- ↑ De Hamel, 45
- ↑ De Hamel, 57
- ↑ De Hamel, 65
- ↑ De Hamel, Christopher. Medieval Craftsmen: Scribes and Illuminations. Buffalo: University of Toronto, 1992. p. 60.
- ↑ Anderson, Donald M. The Art of Written Forms: The Theory and Practice of Calligraphy. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc, 1969. Print.
- ↑ Calkins, Robert G. "Stages of Execution: Procedures of Illumination as Revealed in an Unfinished Book of Hours." International Center of Medieval Art 17.1 (1978): 61–70. JSTOR.org. Web. 17 April 2010. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/766713>
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Manuscript." http://arts.jrank.org/pages/9716/Manuscript.html. Web. 17 April 2010.
- ↑ Iberian manuscripts (pigments) Archived 23 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ De Hamel, Christopher. The British Library Guide to Manuscript Illumination: History and Techniques. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2001. Print,52.
- ↑ Brehier, Louis. "Illuminated Manuscripts." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol.9. New York: Robert Appelton Company, 1910. 17 April 2010 http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09620a.htm
- ↑ De Hamel, Christopher. Medieval Craftsmen: Scribes and Illuminations. Buffalo: University of Toronto, 1992. Print,49.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Brehier, Louis. "Illuminated Manuscripts." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol.9. New York: Robert Appelton Company, 1910. 17 April 2010 http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09620a.htm , page 45.
- ↑ Blondheim, D.S. "An Old Portuguese Work on Manuscript Illumination." The Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series 19.2 (1928): 97–135. JSTOR. Web. 17 April 2010. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1451766>.
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- ↑ Jones, Susan. "Manuscript Illumination in Northern Europe". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/manu/hd_manu.htm (October 2002)
Further reading
- Bland, David. A history of book illustration: the illuminated manuscript and the printed book (London: Faber & Faber, 1958)
- Coleman, Joyce. Mark Cruse, and Kathryn A. Smith, eds. The Social Life of Illumination: Manuscripts, Images, and Communities in the Late Middle Ages (Series: Medieval Texts and Cultures in Northern Europe, vol. 21. Turnhout: Brepols Publishing, 2013). xxiv + 552 pp online review
- De Hamel, Christopher. A History of Illuminated Manuscript (Phaidon, 1986)
- De Hamel, Christopher. Medieval Craftsmen: Scribes and Illuminations. Buffalo: University of Toronto, 1992.
- Lazaris, Stavros. "L'illustration des disciplines médicales dans l'Antiquité : hypothèses, enjeux, nouvelles interprétations", in: La Collezione di testi chirurgici di Niceta (Firenze, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Plut. 74.7). Tradizione medica classica a Bisanzio, M. Bernabò (ed.), Roma, 2010, p. 99-109 [1].
- Lazaris, Stavros. "L'image paradigmatique: des Schémas anatomiques d'Aristote au De materia medica de Dioscoride", Pallas, 93 (2013), p. 131-164 [2].
- Lazaris, Stavros. "Art et science vétérinaire à Byzance: Formes et fonctions de l'image hippiatrique". Turnhout: Brepols, 2010 [3]
- Wieck, Roger. "Folia Fugitiva: The Pursuit of the Illuminated Manuscript Leaf". The Journal of the Walters Art Gallery, Vol. 54, 1996.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Illuminated manuscripts. |
Images (mostly)
- Medieval Illuminated Manuscripts Digitized illuminated manuscripts from the Dutch Royal Library
- Museum of the Book, The Hague. Thematic introduction, with many examples illustrated
- Project from Cambridge University – colored numbers are links to good images from various collections; good for finding images of specific subjects quickly
- Illuminated Manuscripts in the J. Paul Getty Museum – Los Angeles
- Portal to manuscripts in French public collections huge databases, in French
- Illuminating the Manuscript Leaves Digitized illuminated manuscripts from the University of Louisville Libraries
- [4] Digitized illuminated manuscript from Kathrine Zipista
- Medieval and Renaissance manuscripts, including lavishly decorated Books of Hours, Vulgates, and Medicinal Texts, 12 - 17th century, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries
- Illuminated Manuscripts digital collection from the Ball State University Digital Media Repository
- Spanish Chant Manuscript – A collection of Spanish illuminated manuscripts from the UBC Library Digital Collections
- Digitized Illuminated Manuscripts – Complete sets of high-resolution archival images of entire manuscripts from the collection of the Walters Art Museum
- Manuscripts of Lichfield Cathedral - Digital facsimile of the St Chad Gospels, 2010. Includes the ability to overlay images captured with 13 different bands of light, historical images (starting in 1887), multispectral visualizations, and sixteen interactive 3D renderings. College of Arts & Sciences, University of Kentucky
- Historical Image Overlays - See how an illuminated manuscript ages
- UCLA Library Special Collections collection of Medieval and Renaissance manuscripts
- Digital Scriptorium
- British Library, catalogue of illuminated manuscripts
- Collection of illuminated manuscripts. From the Koninklijke Bibliotheek and Museum Meermanno-Westreenianum in The Hague.
- On-line demonstration of the production of an illuminated manuscript from the Fitzwilliam, Cambridge
- On-line demonstration of the production of an illuminated manuscript from the BNF, Paris. Text in French, but mostly visual.
- Nancy Ross, Resources for English Illuminated Manuscripts.
- British Library, Glossary of Manuscript Terms, adapted from Michelle Brown, Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts: A Guide to Technical Terms (1994), ISBN 0-89236-217-0
- Herbert, J. A. (1911), Illuminated Manuscripts, online book.
- Illuminated Manuscripts', Book by John W. Bradley, from Project Gutenberg
- CORSAIR. Thousands of digital images from the Morgan Library's renowned collection of medieval and Renaissance manuscripts
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Diringer, David. The Book Before Printing: Ancient, Medieval and Oriental. New York: Dover Publications, Inc, 1982. Print.
- Greenia, George D. "The Politics of Piety: Manuscript Illumination and Narration in the Cantigas of De Santa Maria." Hispanic Review 61.3 (1993): 325–44. JSTOR. Web. 17 April 2010. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/475069>.
- 3D for Presenting Illuminated Manuscripts - Explains 3D modeling for the 8th-century illuminated St Chad Gospels
- The Saint John's Bible: an illuminated Bible project
- Ellen Frank Illumination Arts Foundation: the art of illumination
- Illumination Documentary produced by Full Focus About St John's Abby Illuminated Bible Project


text:
Some jobs are so emblematic of how we all perceive ourselves (or rather, they're emblematic of how we hope others perceive us) that, paradoxically, it's sometimes easy to overlook them. Firefighters, teachers and astronauts, for example — at their very best — embody those characteristics that we've collectively come to regard as admirable, even noble. Courage, compassion, imagination, tenacity, the ability to perform under pressure: Most of us are happy to legitimately claim even one of those traits as our own. To rightfully claim most of them — or all of them — is an honor reserved for a rare few.
Which brings us to nurses. The week of May 6 – May 12 each year is National Nurses Week in the U.S., and with all due respect to astronauts, teachers, firefighters and the rest, it's right and fitting that we single out this ancient profession and its practitioners for praise. Depending on what their patients require, nurses care, comfort, humor, cajole, gently (and sometimes maybe not so gently) badger and, in the end, they save lives. They're on the front lines, literally and figuratively, of a ceaseless war against suffering. We owe them.
Here, as National Nurses Week 2014 kicks off, LIFE.com pays tribute to nurses everywhere through the lens of one quiet, stirring photograph made by LIFE's Eliot Elisofon somewhere over North Africa in the spring of 1943. The picture features a "flying nurse" and Army Second Lieutenant named Julia Corinne Riley, one of a number of such nurses who flew with wounded Allied troops in C-47 cargo planes as the injured were being transported from the front to safety and treatment behind the lines.
As LIFE put it to its readers, in language that feels both patronizing and celebratory, in an April 1943 issue:
So, here's to nurses — flying, sailing, orbiting and earthbound. We'd be in trouble without you. And if we don't say it often enough, we'll say it now. Thanks.
— Ben Cosgrove is the Editor of LIFE.com
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
"I was there..."
by Calvin Welch
Crowds scuffle with San Francisco police on San Francisco State College campus, 1968.
Photo: Lou de la Torre
San Francisco riot police enter campus, 1968.
Photo: Terry Schmitt
Student being arrested, 1968.
Photo: Lou de la Torre
A first person account of the social and political strife at SF State College in the mid 1960s. Welch describes the situation: the actual electoral politics in the city was far more conservative than the cultural politics of San Francisco during that time, leading to tensions between the progressive student body and the city and university's more conservative leadership, one result being that the student body founded their own university, hiring faculty and a chancellor. The strife ultimately boiled over into a physical conflict lasting more than a year. |
One final event that ended the events of the 1960s was the student strike at San Francisco State College (SFSC), where there had always been a kind of symbiotic relationship with the Haight Ashbury. I believe the "Haight Ashbury" phenomenon took place in this neighborhood because 1) of the community's connection with SF State, 2) the role of both SF State students and faculty, and 3) the particular role of Ginsberg and Kesey, which is outside the framework of this talk.
I hope I've been able to paint a picture that shows the actual electoral politics in San Francisco was much more conservative than the cultural politics of San Francisco at this time. Nowhere was this more evident than at SFSC. The strike at SFSC has received very little attention — and that's a crime. As far as I'm concerned — I was a student at SF State so I'm kind of biased — it was far more significant than the Free Speech Movement at Berkeley. I guess those guys at Berkeley get better jobs, end up with more money and pay historians and filmmakers to believe it. Those of us who go to State colleges don't have that kind of influence. Maybe we got worse educations, and they're just more articulate. My belief is that they own the media.
S.I. Hayakawa, elevated from professor to President of the School during the strike, took a hard line and encouraged police action, eventually becoming one of California's senators in the 1970s.
Hayakawa in centerfold of issue #1 of Leviathan, a radical political journal in San Francisco in 1969.
The strike at State was exceedingly important. In the first place, it's got symbolic importance, not to mention it launched S.I. Hayakawa, to the embarrassment and chagrin of us all [Hayakawa subsequently ended up in the Senate of the United States -- ed.]. Secondly it's significant in terms of what was happening at State during that time. I came to State out of the valley (Stockton) during the period 1962-1967. I come to SF State, and it's like WOW! First I'm one of about 700 freshmen, and State didn't want freshmen. The average age in 1962 was 26 years old. I'm going to my first class and everyone's smoking cigarettes, in school, in class! What?! This is not Stockton! These people are cool!
A very politically active, culturally active, sexual politics was going on there before anywhere else. It was the sexual liberation age, and Jefferson "Fuck" Poland used to fuck in public as a political statement. But there was also a political reality that these days is hard to believe. The Associated Students at SF State, the student government — everyone got involved. This was serious politics.
Photo: Lou de la Torre
It is not an accident that the Black Panther Party was formed in San Francisco. It wasn't formed in Oakland. It was formed here. The push for the Black Panther Party first came from the Black Student Union at SF State, who demanded reparations for slavery, and got a chunk of the ASU money. This is you whiteys paying us back for slavery, and they took a chunk. And they didn't tell anybody where it went.
Confrontation on campus during strike, 1968.
Photo: Lou de la Torre
Black Student Union marchers, San Francisco State strike, 1968.
Photo: Terry Schmitt
A number of later players in redevelopment politics, like WAPAC (Western Addition Project Action Committee) and the people behind the Patty Hearst food distribution in 1974, were at SF State at that time. People who later appear in neighborhood politics in Chinatown and the Mission were at SF State. There was even a student university funded by the ASU in which students hired faculty of their own and paid them directly. It was an extraordinary situation, had more than rhetorical control, real financial control, several hundreds of thousands of dollars every semester, and spent it.
The experimental college was formed in 1964-1965. Leroi Jones was invited to be its first chancellor: he insulted us by telling us when he got there that he was Baraka, he was no longer Leroi Jones, and what the fuck are you guys doing, calling me Leroi Jones? We said, well we didn't know you changed your name. And he demanded his salary up front plus additional funds and then he disappeared. The next thing we read is that he's busted in New Jersey after having supposedly just purchased several thousand dollars of guns to arm an insurrection in some town in New Jersey! OK.
What was happening was, in the Mission, in Chinatown, in the Western Addition, students at State were being placed in the external college classes of the Black Student Union (BSU). And they started developing a) an understanding of what was going on at this point, and b) a desire to organize, to become organizers, to become involved in the community struggle. But the strikers at State, nominally protesting the BSU and the Golden Gator newspaper, went to the Gator and kicked some people's ass. And the Gator called the police and the nice liberal chancellor didn't know what to do.
To make a long story short, there was kind of a faculty riot as well, observed by this right-wing guy S.I. Hayakawa, a world-famous linguist-cum-chancellor that Reagan appointed. For the next year there were pitched battles, occurring virtually daily -— i.e., it's 12 o'clock, time for the battle at the central quad. The TAC unit, straight from the Housing Authority was brought out to SF State. For a year several hundred San Francisco police, armed to the teeth, were on patrol at SF State. It was a locked-down campus, for an entire academic year. There were cops everywhere. There were no student organizations. You could not hold a rally. There was no free speech. And there was no longer an Associated Student fund. The money stopped. The BSU was declared an illegal campus organization, and was kicked off campus; many other student organizations were declared illegal, banned, pushed off campus, and enforced with the boots of cops! This was not a symbolic show — this was an occupying force for a year!
It taught a lot of people at lot of lessons about politics and reality. And about the SFPD and Joe Alioto, and about how it worked. That was the end of the '60s. OK.
Photo: Lou de la Torre


text:
Though farmers are not subject to the landscape irrigation rule, they are doing their part to conserve by adhering to other water conservation regulations required as part of their water use permits. Many agriculture producers in our District are fulfilling those requirements by implementing best management practices (BMPs) through the Suwannee River and Ichetucknee partnerships.
BMPs are carried out through methods and tools that reduce water use. Improving irrigation system efficiency, evaluating systems for leaks, and ensuring that irrigation takes place only when necessary are some of the methods that help save water.
By improving irrigation management, farmers save an average of 1.5 million gallons of water per crop season.
About 99% of poultry farmers, 90% of dairies, and 70% of crop farmers within the District are implementing BMPs through the Suwannee River and Ichetucknee partnerships.
Both partnerships make cost share funding available to eligible farmers. Such funds help cover costs for technology and equipment used to implement BMPs.
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This year marks the 20th anniversary of a lot of great albums like Biggie's "Ready To Die," Nas' "Illmatic" and Outkast's "SouthernplayalisticCadillacMusic." In your opinion, what was it about that year that made 1994 so special?
We always talk about the music of that time being the golden era. But what was driving that golden era was things like BET, MTV, I think The Box was still around back then, when you could pay and order videos over the phone. I think commercial radio had just adopted playing Hip-Hop. So there was such a wide outlet for the music to get to the ears. [But] it was a starving time too, because no disrespect, but we came out of the era where Rakim and Kane and a couple people weren't making… their careers were slowing down a bit you know? Times were changing so it was a time when everybody was looking for new music. Combined with the swag of what was going on… it was good, it was a good time.
I guess it didn't hurt that in 1994, there was so much good music to push.
You know what's so funny about it man? There's not really a bad album in that group man. Those were good albums, and it's been 20 years already. Man I feel blessed to just still be here. I think it's great and I think it's right that we reflect on those albums, too… a lot of those artists are still touring and recording and making money so that's good man, nobody is mad at that. I think it was a great era. I know a lot of people like to use the term "Golden Age." I think it was good time for music. But I think all the different eras were good times for music, too. When it moved over to the west, when it moved over to the south, it was all still good times.
I agree, but if that's the case, why do you think there's so much debate over whether or not the '90s should be called the Golden Age?
I'm gonna tell you something, I saw something online from Joe Ski Love, he had a big record in the '80s, ("Pee-Wee's Dance") and he said he was a little disappointed because Hip-Hop is what it is to you. Hip-Hop really is what it is to the individual person, that's why there's always been gimmick records from day one, hardcore rap and then commercial. So it's what it is to you and sometimes I lose track of that myself. Can't be mad man, it is what it is.
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Tuesday, July 17, 2012
Lessons from EKG Class
Naively, I said "Sure!"
What I didn't realize is how hard this is to do today.
Much of this is not residents' fault. They only have so many hours in so many days to attend lectures while caring for patients. Thanks to residency work-hour restrictions, those hours have become even fewer. To make matters much worse, through the year residents are torn to different rotations at different times and different hospitals. Since topics for EKG interpretation span over many lectures, it is impossible for residents to attend every lecture over the academic residency year. Just like when a student misses half the lectures for a college course, it's hard to get an A.
Yesterday, I stood before a crowded room of about 35-40 residents and interns for their first of many EKG classes. There they sat, with their nicely pressed florescent-white lab coats ready to learn. They were quiet and respectful as they sized up their middle-aged physician attending who apologetically arrived 5 minutes late after seeing an urgent consult in the Emergency Room. They had no idea what to expect. I some ways, neither did I.
I plugged in the obligatory USB thumb drive to the obligatory computer to display the obligatory Powerpoint presentation, then stopped. Up came the image on the screen. They turned toward it, oblivious how uninterested I was in the contents of the slide. I asked them a question.
"How many of you don't know the first thing about an EKG?"
Their heads swung back to me, silently. Much of the room smiled, not certain where I was going. Hesitantly, a few hands rose in the air.
I had never seen this before. As their soon-to-be instructor, I could not help but ask myself silently what the heck these kids have spent at least $200,000 of their parents' money learning in medical school. How on earth can any student leave four years of medical school education and not know the first thing about an EKG?
I pressed on.
"How many of you know something about an EKG and its basics but realize you need to know more?"
Relieved, I saw many more hands go up.
EKG reading is one of those basic skills that every physician should at least have a rudimentary knowledge. Medical school's controlled classroom-like environment lends itself better to instruction of the basics rather than hurried clinical rotations. Clinical rotations are where residents should fine-tune their skills in this area. How and why some medical students are not even exposed to this basic skill before entering their internship is one question, but what these young doctors are receiving for their huge costs of education is even a more important one.
As pressures continue to mount on physician salaries in the years ahead and their corresponding debts mount, perhaps we should ask ourselves why our young doctors continue to pay huge sums for their medical education of when the quality of the instruction has been allowed to slip to this level.
Could it be their academic instuctors never attended an EKG class either?
8 comments:
- Art Fougner MD said...
Relax - soon you'll be giving these classes to Nurse Practitioners.
- Tue Jul 17, 07:46:00 AM CDT
- Dennis said...
I suspect in the near and dear future, there will be a computer software 'doctor' evaluating the EKG as the real 'doctor' will not have the time for it. The results will arrive electronically in the patients file by and by and the doc will 'see' it moments before he sees the actual patient...
- Tue Jul 17, 09:08:00 AM CDT
I asked the same question. I had to say ECG before i got a response. EKG (German) I found a lot of people think EKG is brainwaves and ECG is cardio. Go figure. In all fairness, the same is said over GORD and GERD, Same thing, one is latin and another is... I work part time in ED and our ElectroCardioGraphs do diagnose for us. I havnt completed med school I am still a PA.
- Tue Jul 17, 10:52:00 AM CDT
- Jeremy said...
Many residents may know something about a topic but not raise their hands. Often raising your hand in response to a simple question leads to pimping on harder questions. And no matter how much a class knows about EKGs, the lecturer is going to still give the same lecture. In the end: no upside to hand raising.
- Tue Jul 17, 12:13:00 PM CDT
Really? As a biology grad student, we taught EKG basics to general zoology undergrads in lab.
How far knowledge will shift in the patient direction? I carry a pocket EKG machine with me on long runs as it sometimes triggers AVNRT (yes - it's a modified 1 lead piece of junk, but it's been extremely useful for diagnosing the problem). There are so many resources, both in terms of devices and understanding, that weren't available to the general public even 10 years ago.
Nothing I dig up will replace an experienced doc who knows these issues inside and out, but I'm starting to wonder if I can easily replace the random doc I happen to get when I walk into a general clinic.
Oh vey... - Tue Jul 17, 01:23:00 PM CDT
"What is the definition of a double blind study?"
answer: two orthopods looking at an EKG
Perhaps the orthopod has been unfairly maligned. - Fri Jul 20, 04:50:00 AM CDT
As I learned in my education, if you wait for someone else to teach you, you won't ever learn.
Things are much different now Wes, many medical/nursing students would just assume blow off most lectures and learn on their own once they figure out the faculty just doesn't care.
I think you might have some grateful students in that class of yours.
-SCRN - Sat Jul 21, 08:49:00 PM CDT
Dr. Fougner,
With all due respect, we DID have EKG interpretation in my Nurse Practoner course. In fact, I taught it to students in basic nursing classes at the associate degree RN level.
Please be aware of what our knowledge base is prior to making these type of assumptive comments.
Thank you.
Crnp2001 - Sat Jul 21, 09:08:00 PM CDT


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Global Climate Strike
Download© Licensed to London News Pictures. 20/09/2019. Bristol, UK. Wildlife filmmakers with "Film Strike for Climate" take part in the Global Climate Strike on 20 September 2019. Bristol is an international centre for wildlife filmmaking, and Film Strike for Climate is a movement within the film industry to mobilise cast, crew and industry member to strike on September 20th to demand radical and immediate international climate action. The Bristol event, with Bristol Youth Strike 4 Climate, is part of a UK wide and international day of protest as students and school pupils and adult workers across the world miss classes and strike to protest a lack of governments' action to combat the climate crisis, ahead of the 2019 Climate Action Summit in New York on 23 September with plans to address the global climate emergency. The international school strike for climate movement was started by Swedish student Greta Thunberg. Photo credit: Simon Chapman/LNP.
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Most people feel annoyed and a little exposed when they find a TSA inspection note in their luggage. But when blogger Jill Filipovic opened her suitcase after a recent flight, she got a personalized (read: invasive) message along with her notice.
Filipovic, a lawyer who writes for the site Feministe, saw that one ever-so-discreet TSA inspector had written some encouraging words on the note he or she slipped into her bag. "Get your freak on girl" read the scribbled remark. And to what did Filipovic owe this bit of unexpected support? The TSA screener had apparently found Filipovic's vibrator in the bag.
(MORE: Airport Screening: Shoe Removal Policy Could Come to an End)
After posting a photo of the note to the blog and adding, "Total violation of privacy, wildly inappropriate and clearly not ok, but I also just died laughing in my hotel room," Filipovic later became more disturbed by the agent's creepy gesture.
"The fact that TSA rifles through our personal items isn't a secret, but it's also something most of us don't particularly want to think about," she told the site Daily Dot in an email. "The fact that they would leave a note takes it to another level of invasive — especially since I imagine they assumed I'd be embarrassed by their discovery."
And that's where the problem really lies. Some may think it's all fun and games to poke fun at Filipovic's ownership of a sex toy. But for the TSA agent to use his or her power to make Filipovic potentially feel embarrassed and violated — when agents are supposed to be professional and discrete while rifling through our personal belongings supposedly to detect bombs — is just plain wrong.
Sex toys aren't illegal, but they certainly are taboo to many people. They're okay to have, but maybe not okay to talk about. The TSA agent responsible for the note was clearly aware of that. Never mind trying to pack your underwear at the bottom of your luggage (in hopes that if your bag does get inspected, the TSA agent won't have to touch your unmentionables). Now you have to worry about whether the TSA's getting a laugh at your expense.
LIST: 20 Reasons to Hate the Airlines
Frances Romero is a writer-reporter at TIME. Find her on Twitter at @frances_romero or on Tumblr. You can also continue the discussion on TIME's Facebook page, on Twitter at @TIME and on TIME's Tumblr.


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Samsung continues its successful juggernaut of supporting competitors chips while introducing its own products. Their advances in process and circuit technology such as Through Silicon Via (TSV) will strengthen their edge.
Is this a lesson for Intel on how to leverage their technology edge...
Ron Maltiel
Samsung cuts dependence on Qualcomm
By Kim Yoo-chul, 03-19-2012
Smartphone maker plans to use in-house chips for Galaxy S III
Samsung Electronics will use its single-chip solutions for its next smartphone, the Galaxy S III, to lower dependence on U.S. chipmaker Qualcomm.
The move comes as Samsung, the world's top memory chipmaker, aggressively shifting focus to more profitable and less-volatile non-memory chips.Memory chips like DRAMs and NAND flashes are used to read and write data with these chips being commoditized. Thus they are cheap, compared with non-memory chips. Non-memories are to control an entire computing system and require advanced chip-making technology.
``Samsung's single-chip solution is a combination of long-term evolution (LTE), telecommunications and W-CDMA functions,'' a high-ranking company executive said Monday.The firm's Exynos-branded quad-core mobile application processors (APs) are to be equipped in the Galaxy S II's successor, according to the executive.``We don't think there will be big technology-related problems as we have already tested our telecommunications chips in some smartphones and tablets for consumers in North America. Also, Google's first reference mobile, the Galaxy Nexus, is using Samsung's telecom chips,'' said the executive.
``Samsung has a stronger intent to lower its dependence on Qualcomm and our technicians believe that we have made significant progress in producing logic-based chips for high-end devices, combined logic and memory chips for graphic controllers and core communication chips for Internet-enabled consumer devices,'' said the executive.
Amid the explosive growth for LTE-enabled smartphones globally, the decision could hurt San Diego-based Qualcomm in the mid- to long-term, according to analysts.``Samsung is paying huge amounts to Qualcomm in return for using its single-chip solutions in strategic digital devices, however, Qualcomm is gradually losing its edge,'' said another Samsung executive. Both executives asked not to be identified as they don't have the right to officially speak to the media.
Samsung, which was the world's biggest smartphone seller last year, plans to sell 250 million smartphones this year, up 25 percent from its earlier target of 200 million.
Ambitious Samsung, uneasy Qualcomm
So far, Samsung Electronics is an earnings propeller for Qualcomm because the American firm was the sole provider of one-chip solutions. ``It was believed that Qualcomm chips had greater stability and suited easy upgrades. But, that's the old story,'' said the Samsung executives.
In line with its plan, Samsung is improving ``through silicon via'' (TSV) memory stocking technology. ``Our long-term plan is clear. Using Samsung solutions for Samsung products.''
To prevent Qualcomm from losing one of its top customers, it recently announced the launch of its fifth-generation Gobi reference platform that seeks to pack support nearly all major worldwide mobile standards into a single chip. Based on the company's Gobi LTE wireless baseband modems, the MDM9615 and MDM9215 deliver fast LTE connectivity with backwards compatibility to both HSPA+ and EV-DO networks, Qualcomm insists.
``This will allow support for regional LTE frequencies with backwards compatibility to existing 2G and 3G technologies, allowing Gobi LTE devices to connect to faster LTE network locallys and stay connected to the Internet globally on 3G networks worldwide,'' it added.
Both Qualcomm officials in South Korea, and Samsung Electronics spokesman Ken Noh declined to comment on the Korean firm's plans.
Samsung's transition towards becoming a solutions provider and a chip supplier is strengthening as its mobile head Shin Jong-kyun is injecting more resources to expand the management of its own telecom chips.``Our division is not just to produce smartphones and tablets. In order to diversify portfolios, our division should do better for telecom chips,'' said Shin.
The chip division is handling mobile APs and the head of the company's device solution unit, which encompasses flat-screens and memory chips, recently told The Korea Times that its mobile AP-making factory in Austin, Texas, became fully operational last year. Apple's i-devices use Samsung's mobile APs produced at the Austin plant.
The Exynos chip is currently built using a 45-nanometer process but the new Exynos chip will be made with 32-nanometer technology, giving better performance quality without using as much power. Samsung said that in terms of performance, it gives up to 26 percent more than the current 45-nanometer chip, with battery life improved by half. The new version will be used in the Galaxy S III.
This in itself is good news for consumers who rely on battery performance when choosing devices.``The development of quad-core mobile APs is finalized and the decision to make one-chip solutions was by Shin,'' said an executive at the company's semiconductor division.``If Samsung successfully strengthens its management for telecommunications chips, then it expects to see more revenue from smartphones and tablets. That's the scenario we hope,'' said the unnamed executive.
Samsung has a cross-licensing deal with Qualcomm until 2024 to use the American firm's single-chip solutions.
Switzerland-based brokerage UBS has raised its target for Samsung Electronics shares to 1.48 million won citing a rising shares in smartphones.


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72 entrants from 18 countries drove in 4 different Peugeot HDi diesel cars
1000km of normal roads from Paris to Geneva in all weathers
Peugeot 308 HDi returns just under 90 mpg in real world driving conditions.
Coinciding with the 2010 Geneva Motor Show, the Peugeot ECO CUP was designed to see if four different standard Peugeot HDi diesel models in the hands of everyday drivers could deliver fuel economy to match or beat the official government fuel economy figures.
The result? They were not so much matched as shattered. The best return was a fraction shy of 90mpg and, what is more, this wasn't in a tiny city car, hybrid or specially adapted vehicle. It was in a standard production Peugeot 5-door 308 HDi 110 model, driven over 1000kms of French and Swiss roads in heavy wintery conditions. Even Peugeot's new 7-seat 5008 MPV returned economy figures of nearly 85mpg.
Average fuel consumption achieved by the winning drivers:
Peugeot 308 HDi FAP 110 – 89.95 mpg
Peugeot 207 HDi 90 – 87.10 mpg
Peugeot 5008 HDi FAP 110 – 84.77 mpg
Peugeot 3008 HDi FAP 110 – 79.10 mpg
Jon Goodman, Managing Director of Peugeot UK, said: "This project has proven two things; that there are a lot of people out there interested in doing their bit for the planet by stretching fuel economy to the max; and that this can be achieved in standard Peugeot diesel cars, with our new 5008 7-seater MPV nearly cracking 85mpg and our 308 5-door family hatch pushing 90mpg. This is a great reminder that, in this dynamic and technology-obsessed industry, genuine environmentally friendly motoring is available for the masses right now."


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Landing in D.C.
Beltway, Capital Waterfront, capitol hill, Chris Gheysens, city sports, coffee, College Park, convenience store, custom salads, dairy, Delaware, digital kiosks, filling stations, Florida, georgetown, hoagies, John Poplawski, largest, mac and cheese mash-ups, Maryland, milkshakes, New Jersey, Newseum, nitro cold-brew coffee, NoMa, pennsylvania, Sizzli, specialty bakery, Sterling, upscale, virginia, Wawa, West End, wifi, Wild Goose Cafe
Wawa Will Open Largest Store Ever in D.C. Wawa, the Pennsylvania-based convenience store chain, will open its largest store to date at 1111 19th St. NW in the former City Sports location in December. It will be open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year. Although the Read More


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Polito Marble
Please make sure you are ordering the correct color and size!
SIZE : 10.88 inches x 12 inches; covers 0.91 sq ft per tile sheet. Use the calculator below to find the amount you need.
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Reader Discussion: Do You Play PC Games On Your Television?
During a recent interview with Kotaku, Valve's Gabe Newell discussed the popularity of Steam's Big Picture mode and the future of PC gaming on television sets.
"I think in general that most customers and most developers are gonna find that [the PC is] a better environment for them," said Newell. "Because they won't have to split the world into thinking about 'why are my friends in the living room, why are my video sources in the living room different from everyone else?' So in a sense we hopefully are gonna unify those environments."
Most modern HDTVs feature PC inputs, and DVI/VGA-to-HDMI cables are always an option for those that don't. Personally, I've loved playing PC versions of XCOM, Dishonored, and Far Cry 3 on my television. Is this an option you've personally used, or do you tend to stick to traditional consoles?


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Homes for rent & sale near this school
from Movoto
This school is far below the state average in key measures of college and career readiness.
(Remember: high graduation rates don't mean much if students are graduating without the coursework and test scores they need to succeed.)
This section reflects how well this school serves students from low-income families.
Currently, this information is unavailable. Update me when new information is published on this school's profile.


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MPT is a US-based start-up company that commercialized PARMAX(R), a distinctive family of specialty materials that expands Solvay Advanced Polymers portfolio of ultra-performance polymers. This follows the
recent announcement of the Solvay Group's intent to purchase the Polymers Division of Gharda Chemicals in .
PARMAX(R) is a family of transparent amorphous materials that is comparable to semi-crystalline materials.
Solvay Advanced Polymers plans to integrate the PARMAX(R) product line with other ultra-performance polymers within the company's operating unit headquartered in
Solvay Advanced Polymers


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I was 20 years old and I met a Ghanaian by the name of Adolph (the name should have scared me off ). Since I had always had a flare for different cultures and things me dating him was nothing usual for me. Well, I also didn't want to just settle down with him being, he was 12 years my senior, and I had no job, with undiagnosed illnesses and very little family support. Believe me when his checks came in I was not getting a piece whatever he had ha sent to Africa. I had a daughter and I had fellows who wanted to court me, but he would not allow it, he was jealous. He would knock on my door until I answered, leave notes, pacifically lose weight while I was in his absence. That made me feel sorry for him and I use to really take care of him cook his meals, wash his clothes, clean his, care for him when he was sick. I hadn't been with a man in 7 years seriously.
I hadn't slept with a man in a year. He use to eat with me, wash me, I mean I had my first real organism with him. I was deeply in love with him I needed him like he was a drug. OK back to the story, We were on in off for two years than he needed a place to stay, I Let him move in with me he stayed for one month in a half and I ended up pregnant. I told him I was excepting showing him the test grabbed the test from my hand and fling it in the trash. I was shocked. I mean all this time we were together never used protection and I asked Jehovah and him for a child and he throws the test away.
Stuff started to happen to him he called me a witch. I had was severely depressed, with high blood pressure, no money, bills and he just packed up and left and went to his new wife. I agonized what to do in a daze I made appointments for help but he would stand me up. So I made an appointment for an abortion he took me, paid, came back gave me cab money and left. I ended up in the mental hospital and I wanted to kill him. He still tried to come over I. Never let him taste the best dam women he ever had. I have one thing to say to you Lady in distress in England, you have won, because you said no and you have a beautiful baby girl and never feel shame because you let your beauty come out inside out and that your girl. What a blessing she is. It's women like you that make me have hope for future generations.


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Nugent grabs treble
David Nugent bagged a hat-trick as Leicester made it four home league wins on the bounce with victory over npower Championship high-flyers Hull.
Nugent, who scored his 100th career league goal in the 2-1 win over Burnley on Wednesday, ending an 11-game drought, put the hosts ahead after seven minutes and was on hand to restore their advantage after Jay Simpson's leveller.
He waited until stoppage time to complete his treble as the Foxes climbed eight places to seventh and Nigel Pearson claimed the bragging rights over his old employers.
The defeat denied the Tigers, who had lost only one of their opening six games, the opportunity to go joint top of the table.
Nugent's early opener arrived when he intercepted Danny Drinkwater's attempt at goal and took advantage of the wrong-footed Ben Amos to steer home.
The Foxes almost doubled their lead immediately as Jamie Vardy showed his strength to hold off two defenders before unleashing a shot which was deflected just wide.
And from the resulting corner there was uncertainty in the Tigers' box as Wes Morgan headed on for Vardy, whose goal-bound strike hit team-mate Sean St Ledger before being scrambled clear.
With the visitors rocking amid a downpour in the east midlands, a brief glimpse of an opportunity momentarily raised their hopes only for the offside flag to thwart Simpson as he looked to latch onto Robert Koren's neat pass.
But moments later they were level. Corry Evans picked out Sone Aluko and his cross-cum-shot from the right side of the box was turned in by the ever-alert Simpson.
Leicester mounted a spirited response to the setback as Drinkwater received Anthony Knockaert's pass before skipping past Evans and drilling a powerful effort narrowly over.
Nugent doubled his tally and restored the home side's lead three minutes before half-time. Knockaert kept the ball alive after Ahmed Elmohamady cleared Ben Marshall's effort on the line, the French winger delivering a cross for Nugent to head in from close range.
Pearson's side raced out of the blocks after the interval and should have made it 3-1 when Vardy was put in the clear by Knockaert, but the former Fleetwood striker put his shot too close to Amos and it was clipped behind for a corner.
It served as a wake-up call for Steve Bruce's charges, who soon called Kasper Schmeichel into action as Aluko's 25-yard thunderbolt had the Dane scrambling across goal to tip wide.
The Tigers boss introduced Nick Proschwitz from the bench for the final 12 minutes, hoping to see the #2.6million German striker open his account for the club, but it was the hosts who threatened next.
Alex Bruce handled the ball on the edge of the box and, despite Nugent's appeals for a penalty, a free-kick was given and Knockaert's effort was plucked out of the air by Amos.
Steve Bruce was sent to the stands in the closing stages - punishment for his reaction to a questionable call from the linesman, who adjudged the ball to have crossed the sideline as Hull tried to break clear.
Pearson had cause for complaint next when six minutes was added on and Hull almost grabbed a dramatic leveller. Elmohamady's header from a corner was destined for the back of the net, only for Knockaert to clear off the line.
But Martyn Waghorn picked up the loose ball, found fellow substitute Lloyd Dyer and he picked out Nugent, who slotted past Amos to seal the win.
Source: PA
Source: PA


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Wells Fargo Hikes Dividend, Is Bank of America Next?
At the beginning of this month, I expressed my opinion that Wells Fargo , the nation's fourth largest bank by assets and the largest mortgage originator, would increase its quarterly dividend payout if given the approval from regulators to do so. This opinion is now confirmed. Now the question is whether or not its competitors, like Bank of America will follow suit.
Wells Fargo hikes dividend payout
In a press release issued yesterday, Wells Fargo announced its decision to raise its quarterly distribution to $0.25 per share, up 14% from a previous payout of $0.22 per share. According to the bank's chairman and CEO John Stumpf: "The dividend increase approved by our board today was included in our 2012 Capital Plan and reflected the confidence we have in our company's performance."
While this is great news in and of itself, as it increases the yield on Wells Fargo's shares to 2.9% at today's price, the forward guidance given by Stumpf was even better. Again, according to his prepared remarks: "We remain committed to returning more capital to our shareholders. We requested an increase in capital distributions in our 2013 Capital Plan as compared to our 2012 plan, subject to review and non-objection by the Federal Reserve Board."
As I've discussed previously, prior to the financial crisis, Wells Fargo paid out anywhere between 35% and 50% of its earnings to shareholders. It subsequently ratcheted that back during the financial crisis and has been slowly building it up ever since. In the third quarter of last year, for instance, Wells Fargo distributed only 23% of its quarterly net income via dividends. With the most recent increase, in turn, the payout will continue its upward climb, coming in at 27% relative to the bank's fourth-quarter earnings.
For long-term income investors, the question is: How much higher can Wells Fargo's dividend go? And the answer to this is: It depends. More specifically, it depends on how much the company decides to payout and how much it makes. On the conservative side, I think its yield on today's price could grow to nearly 4%. This is assuming its earnings from the fourth quarter stay flat and that its payout ratio grows to 40%.
Speaking for myself only, a seemingly likely 4% payout ratio for an institution of Wells Fargo's quality is hard to pass up, and particularly when other income-generating vehicles are yielding next to nothing thanks to the Federal Reserve.
Will Bank of America follow suit?
For anyone watching the banking industry, Wells Fargo's announcement raises the question: Which other banks will follow suit? And while I'd like to say that all of them will, as essentially every too-big-to-fail bank has intimated the desire to, the decision of whether to actually allow it ultimately rests with the Federal Reserve.
Since the financial crisis, banks have had to submit their capital plans to regulators every year as a part of the now-annual stress tests. And it's only after this submission that institutions are given the go-ahead to make changes to their capital allocation strategies.
Submissions for 2013 stress tests were due earlier this month. Though this hasn't been confirmed, it's widely anticipated that banks like Bank of America and even Citigroup will request permission to return more capital, be it through dividends or share buybacks.
In Citigroup's case, the Wall Street Journal reported that the nation's third largest bank by assets has asked regulators for permission to repurchase "just enough stock to counter dilution from routine share issuance." As a side note, the Fed's denial of a previous request by Citigroup was one of the factors that led to the departure of the bank's former CEO Vikram Pandit in the second half of last year.
In Bank of America's case, while CEO Brian Moynihan has steadfastly refused to answer questions on the issue, it's widely assumed that it too has asked the Fed for approval to up its current $0.01 per share quarterly dividend. Whether it gets approval appears to be dependent on two things. First, its capital levels. And second, the predictability of its earnings.
Though I've be wrong before, I personally believe it will get the go-ahead for a move in this regard. Even though its earnings have been admittedly unpredictable, due largely to a barrage of multibillion-dollar legal settlements, it's nevertheless stuffed to the gills with excess capital. At the end of the fourth quarter, Bank of America had a Basel III Tier 1 common capital ratio of 9.25%. That's the best among all too-big-to-fail banks, and a staggering 75 basis points higher than its requisite 8.5% level. In other words, there's billions of dollars in captive capital just waiting to be distributed, and there are fewer and fewer reasons for the regulators to stop the bank from doing so.
Want to learn more about Bank of America?
To learn more about the most talked-about bank out there, check out our in-depth company report on Bank of America. The report details Bank of America's prospects, including three reasons to buy and three reasons to sell. Just click here to get access.
The article Wells Fargo Hikes Dividend, Is Bank of America Next? originally appeared on Fool.com.
John Maxfield owns shares of Bank of America. The Motley Fool recommends Wells Fargo. The Motley Fool owns shares of Bank of America, Citigroup, and Wells Fargo. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
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WASHINGTON (AP) — Businesses added to their stockpiles for an 18th consecutive month in June, but the increase was the smallest in more than a year. Companies may be less confident amid declining consumer demand and growing fears of a recession.
Business inventories rose 0.3 percent in June, the weakest gain since May 2010, the Commerce Department reported Friday. Total business sales rose 0.4 percent after a 0.1 percent drop in May.
The rebound in sales should help to bolster shaky business sentiment and spur further inventory restocking in coming months. A separate report Friday showed that demand at the retail level was up in July, which could help alleviate concerns of a downturn.
Overall economic growth slowed to just 0.8 percent in the first six months of this year, the worst growth since the recession officially ended in June 2009. A drop in inventory rebuilding would further hamper growth and put the country at risk of falling back into a recession.
The June inventory increase pushed total stockpiles to $1.52 trillion, up about 15 percent from the recent low of $1.32 trillion reached in September 2009.
Wholesalers increased their stockpiles 0.6 percent. Manufacturers and retailers both increased their stocks 0.2 percent.
Sales at the wholesale level rose 0.6 percent, retail sales increased 0.3 percent, and manufacturing sales gained 0.2 percent.
Slower inventory restocking would reduce factory orders, if it persisted. Manufacturing has been one of the strongest sectors in this recovery, but it has faltered in recent months.
High energy prices have dampened consumer spending and natural disasters in Japan disrupted supply chains, particularly for auto parts and electronics.
A private trade group reported last week that that manufacturing activity barely grew in July. The Institute for Supply Management, a trade group for purchasing executives, said its index of manufacturing activity fell to 50.9 in July. That was the lowest reading since July 2009 and just barely above the 50 reading that indicates manufacturing is growing and is not in a recession.


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Friday, September 19, 2008
Mechanical Paper – the New Diet
The unfortunate situation is that there has been little-to-no action by the pulp & paper industry to invest in additional deinking capacity for expanded production of recycled content printing & office paper in North America. And the good intentions of certified virgin fiber does not lessen the demand for timber for paper. However, environmentally speaking, there is good news in that the mechanical pulp process does utilize less wood input (close to half the amount) compared to kraft pulp. Additionally, the bleaching process for virgin mechanical pulp also lends itself to being free of chlorine compound use.
So if I have anything to point to as far as environmentally significant progress in the printing & writing sector of the paper industry in the past 5 years, it would have to be the increased production and marketing of mechanical pulp papers that can replace the use of kraft pulp paper for offset printing, book production, office paper and business forms.
20 years ago, even the infrequent paper consumer was aware of the term "acid-free paper". The disparaging talk at the time by those in the paper industry was that every grandma with her own lousy poetry book wanted it printed on archival paper—as if their tome would be sought after for eternity. I wish I had a nickel for everyone who inquired about acid-free paper at the time. Many even confused acid-free as some environmental benefit.
There are solid benefits to archival acid-free papers. Being able to view the Declaration of Independence is a good example. National Geographic magazine is famously printed on acid-free archival paper. Recently, I had the clichéd experience of waiting at the doctor's office perusing a National Geographic from 1971 about the Apollo 15 lunar expedition (We took a motor-vehicle AND golf clubs to the moon! —Way to go USA!). Amazingly that magazine looked as good as the day it was printed. It reminded me that my mother has been saving for me, every National Geographic since the mid-1960's, neatly stored by year in leather-like slipcases. I'll take them someday if I ever happen to move into a home the size of the Astrodome. Meanwhile, I'd prefer if National Geo would have continued producing the CD-ROM of all issues back to 1888…it was much more portable and didn't involve paper.
My point being that one day we will realize that not everything needs to be archival on paper. Certainly the younger set that can text message with one hand understands that. So kraft pulp's days may be numbered…or at least limited.
In the meantime, paper based communications such as utility bills, mundane office memos…and certainly junk mail…could all be produced on the mechanical pulp papers. There is no reason this material needs to be produced on kraft pulp printing & office paper.
Again, the environmental benefit is the higher yield of paper production to timber input and the chlorine free process. But as I wrote about last year, the environmental benefit can only be claimed if mechanical pulp paper is used in place of kraft pulp paper. Some mechanical pulp paper, such as newsprint or coated mechanical for newsweekly magazines have always used mechanical pulp, therefore no environmental impact sea-change exists for that use.
Abitibi-Bowater is taking the lead on production of this type of paper with its Ecopaque brand printing papers. Xerox branded Hi-Yield Business Paper is an office paper utilizing mechanical pulp. And for the double whammy—mills like Manistique Papers (uncoated paper ) and Myllykoski/Madison (coated paper) produce mechanical pulp papers with recycled fiber.
So I think it is time that mechanical process paper (again - only when being used to replace existing kraft process paper) should take its place alongside recycled content and certified virgin fiber in the dialog about sustainable paper production and use.
2 comments:
- David PIneault said...
Dear Gerard,
All good points. I've often wondered why the North American pulp & paper industry didn't use more mechanical pulp to manufacture certain paper grades/products as you suggest.
I think there are two intertwined issues that have limited its use over the years. The first is economic, the second is, unfortunately, historical.
There are several "sub-types" of mechanical pulp. Historically, stone groundwood (SGW) was the mainstay of the mechanical pulping sector. In this process, the chips are simply ground/macerated by large stone grinders. Trouble is, it takes a MASSIVE amount of electricity to run the grinders. Not a winning economic (or enviornmental) business model these days - just ask the folks at St. Marys Paper. There's always hydro - a big electricity source in Canada. But that's subject to the whimsy of weather and the industry uses a lot of water already.
Then thermomechanical (TMP) came along. A bit better on the cost side but not much and it couldn't compete with the brightness levels achieved by kraft pulping.
I think the whole issue comes down to why, from a marketing viewpoint, Americans equate brightness with quality.
The unfortunate historical point is that it may be too late to transition the North American pulp/paper industry to more mechanical pulping. The industry isn't investing (it's divesting) so the construction of a greenfield mechanical pulp mill is just not in the cards. I suppose converting a kraft mill to a mechanical (TMP) mill is feasible just not likely (and probably quite expensive).
You lament the lack of investment in deinking capacity in North America. That's a hangover from the disastrous attempts at that in the late 1990s following Clinton's executive order to print government docs on 10% postconsumer content. Everyone with a $1 and a dream invested in deinking and some 30 plants were either built or planned from 1994 -1998. Alas, only a handful exist today after several ownership changes and 10s of millions lost. Again, this comes down to cost economics and there are only a few examples where a deinking pulp mill can compete with a virgin mill.
Finally, I am always puzzled why so-called environmentalists have come to the not-as-yet-proven conclusion that electronic substitutes are inherently more green than paper. It still takes matter and energy to create a CD-ROM, a lap-top or a flash drive. They don't pop out of thin air. And, it takes electricity to run Al Gore's Internet (you know, the dude who won the Nobel Prize on Global Climate Change). And, electricity, my friend, is generated by oil, coal and, yes, natural gas.
There are no easy answers. The North American pulp/paper industry is one of the greeniest pulp/paper industries in the world. Personally, we should go after "bad actors" in SE Asia, Russia, Central Africa and South America. Go after them HARD by documenting the harvesting practices and refusing to buy products made from illegally harvested wood. That would do far more for the planet than trying to squeeze another nickele from an already strapped and green North American industry.
David Pineault - September 22, 2008 at 3:54 AM
- Unknown said...
Only this month we offer our trusted clients obesity treatment at half price! But I know, how to lose weight!
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City of Mississauga
Mississauga is a successful city with a lot going for it. People from around the world are attracted to its high-quality balanced lifestyle, excellent community programmes, efficient services, leisure options, and welcoming atmosphere.
As Canada's sixth largest city, Mississauga is a key economic centre, attracting international talent, global investment, and an enabling environment for businesses to thrive. It is a young city that has rapidly grown into a major hub for innovation and economic development.
Mississauga is one of Canada's most globally connected and culturally diverse cities. Residents hail from every part of the world and its diverse energies help fuel a vibrancy and openness to the world that makes Mississauga truly unique.
It enjoys a naturally balanced lifestyle with green jewels such as the Credit River and beautiful waterfront. It celebrates its local heritage, thriving arts scene and enjoys being in the heart of one of North America's most exciting and prosperous regions.
Mississauga's "can do" spirit and commitment to excellence positions it for success on all fronts. The possibilities are limitless.
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