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Former Disney Channel Star Lee Thompson Young Found Dead
Lee Thompson Young, a former Disney Channel star who appeared on "Rizzoli & Isles," was found dead this morning at the age of 29.
Police confirmed that the versatile young actor died in an apparent suicide of a gunshot wound. TMZ reports that Young's landlord found him when he did not report to the set of the TNT drama this morning.
When officers arrived to his apartment at the 5000 block of Tujunga Avenue, they pronounced him dead at the scene. There is no word on whether Young left a note, and the coroner is taking over the case.
[Photos: More TV Stars We've Lost in 2013]
"It is with great sadness that I announce that Lee Thompson Young tragically took his own life this morning," said Young's long-time manager Jonathan Baruch in a statement.
"Lee was more than just a brilliant young actor, he was a wonderful and gentle soul who will be truly missed. We ask that you please respect the privacy of his family and friends as this very difficult time."
Young began his acting career early, appearing in community theater as a child before heading toward the bright lights of New York City. There, he auditioned for and won the main role in Disney's "The Famous Jett Jackson." The show lasted for three seasons and a TV movie.
[Related: 'That '70s Show' Star Lisa Robin Kelly Dead at 43]
After the end of the series, Young appeared in Jamie Foxx's "Redemption: The Stan Tookie Williams Story" and in the "Friday Night Lights" movie as Chris Comer. He also landed guest roles in TV shows including "The Guardian," "South Beach," and "Smallville."
In 2009, Young starred in the short-lived sci-fi drama "FlashForward" as an FBI agent who commits suicide to prevent a death.
His latest work was in TNT's "Rizzoli & Isles" as Det. Barry Frost, Rizzoli's (Angie Harmon) partner. The show halted production today as the cast and crew grieved over Young's death and it's unclear when filming will resume.
Young graduated with honors from the University of Southern California.
Watch a clip of Young on "Rizzoli & Isles":


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Google is trying to make it easier for Apps customers to find and deploy third-party applications from the Marketplace store it launched a few years ago.
The company has started to surface some of those third-party applications on the Google Apps administration console, from where customers can, for the first time, browse the catalog and install the products.
"These applications all offer the latest OAuth 2.0 security, single sign-on (SSO), and integration with Google services. Admins can now see reviews from verified users of the applications to help select the best app to meet their needs," wrote Apoorv Saxena, product manager, Google Apps for Business, in a blog post.
Until now, suite customers have had to go to the separate Google Apps Marketplace site to sift through the store's inventory of third-party apps.
Currently, about 20 out of the thousands of applications in the Marketplace can be accessed via the Apps admin console, but the goal is to increase that number.
"We will be adding more third-party apps from the Apps Marketplace to the admin console over time," a Google spokesman said via email.
Google launched the Apps Marketplace for the suite in March 2010 and from the start it was meant to be more than an e-commerce storefront. The Apps Marketplace has a set of APIs for third-party developers to integrate their cloud applications with Google Apps in a variety of ways, including single sign-on and fused user interface navigation.
Via the Marketplace, Google intends to foster and provide an ecosystem of complementary third-party applications for Apps, a cloud suite for companies of all sizes that offers email, calendaring, productivity software, storage and other capabilities.
Juan Carlos Perez covers enterprise communication/collaboration suites, operating systems, browsers and general technology breaking news for The IDG News Service. Follow Juan on Twitter at @JuanCPerezIDG.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I have a collection of shots from the same session in RAW and want to covert all of them to JPG. Each one should have a curve applied, then be scaled and sharpened using the same settings.
What is the best way to do this? Can I automate PhotoShop (or alternative) to perform the same steps over a number of pictures?


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Dothan Spray Foam Insulation
We are a licensed, bonded and insured insulation contractor, serving Dothan homeowners and business owners safely and ethically.
We are a licensed, bonded and insured insulation contractor, serving Dothan homeowners and business owners safely and ethically. With decades of experience in the industry, the professionals at Dothan Spray Foam Insulation are fully competent in both residential and commercial applications of spray polyurethane foam insulation. To learn more about our products and services, visit our website. We have compiled a wealth of information about insulation and energy efficiency that will help you make the right decision for your home. To request a free estimate, call us today or visit the website. We look forward to working with you.
Dothan ( DOH-thən) is a city in Dale, Henry, and Houston counties and the Houston county seat in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is Alabama's eighth-largest city, with a population of 71,072 at the 2020 census. It is near the state's southeastern corner, about 20 miles (32 km) west of Georgia and 16 miles (26 km) north of Florida. It is named after the biblical city where Joseph's brothers threw him into a cistern and sold him into slavery in Egypt.Dothan is the principal city of the Dothan, Alabama metropolitan area, which encompasses all of Geneva, Henry, and Houston counties; the small portion in Dale County is part of the Ozark Micropolitan Statistical Area. Together they form the Dothan-Ozark Combined Statistical Area.
Bama Dale, Brannon Stand Heights, Griffin Heights, Kelly Springs, Shady Heights, Spring Valley Acres, Stonebridge Estates, Trawick Rd Estates, Wiregrass Hills, Woodsvale


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Termination of the Facebook App on Certain Televisions
Originally Posted: 04/14/2015
Dear Valued Sony Customer,
Facebook, Inc. has decided that they will no longer support the Facebook App on certain devices including some models of Sony televisions.
As a result of Facebook's decision, the Facebook App will no longer be provided for the following models of Sony televisions after April 27, 2015.
- KDL-xxEX42x Series
- KDL-xxEX55x Series
- KDL-xxEX72x Series
- KDL-xxHX72x Series
- KDL-xxHX75x Series
- KDL-xxHX82x Series
- KDL-xxHX85x Series
- KDL-xxNX72x Series
- KDL-xxR55x Series
- KDL-xxW6xxA Series
- KDL-xxW6xxB Series
- KDL-xxW7xxB Series
- KDL-xxW8xxA Series
- KDL-xxW8xxB Series
- KDL-xxW9xxA Series
- KDL-xxW9xxB Series
- KDL-xxX8xxB Series
- XBR-xxHX92x Series
- XBR-xxHX95x Series
- XBR-xxX9xxB Series


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They don't necessarily look like we thought they would, but the robots are already among us. They give us directions when we're driving. By 2015, Governor Deval Patrick recently announced, they will collect all tolls in Massachusetts. Apple's personal assistant, Siri, might as well be an early prototype for protocol droids like C-3PO of "Star Wars." The drones America's sending into battle could be precursors to the robot army that rises up against humankind.
As robots get smarter and more competent, will we benefit? Robot wars aside, economists, at least, have assumed the answer is yes. The less menial work humans need to do, the more we can focus on the creative and flexible work that humans excel at—jobs that involve talking, listening, selling, inventing, choosing, designing. Most textbook economic models economists learn in school assume that when new-fangled machines drive growth, everyone ultimately benefits.
But a number of economists have noticed that today's technological changes are affecting workers differently than those models would predict. To the extent that the economy has rebounded, it has added fewer jobs than in past recoveries, as businesses take the opportunity to replace more people with machines.
Some experts, like Jeremy Rifkin at the Foundation on Economic Trends, have gone so far as to predict that we'll soon be living in a workerless world. But certain people are going to lose their jobs before others—and economists are beginning to take a hard look at the workers for whom robots may be a more immediate menace. Edward Leamer, an economist who teaches at the UCLA Anderson School of Management, has argued that while information technology is creating opportunity for the most talented workers, it's exacerbating income inequality by reducing the skills needed to perform most jobs. And now a disturbing new study by two researchers at Boston University and Columbia University is suggesting that fast-moving automation may come at the expense of another group of victims: our kids.
Part of the reason economists are rethinking the impact of technological change is that machines can do so much more than they ever could before—enough to replace human workers outright. Not everyone wants to use the word robots: As Leamer pointed out in an e-mail, it "suggests physical labor, as in robots are replacing humans in manufacturing." But whether you call them robots, smart machines, or computers, they are replacing not only factory workers, but tax preparers, bank tellers, service workers, and other people in jobs for which humans once seemed uniquely qualified.
To Laurence Kotlikoff, a Boston University economist who's interested in generational equity, the change is obvious. In the past, taxis might have replaced horse-drawn hansom cabs, but both required human drivers. The driverless cars being developing today will conduct themselves. Jeffrey Sachs, an economist who heads Columbia University's Earth Institute, had made the same observation: "There are auto plants where you go where there are basically no workers inside," he says. At one he visited a few years back, there was no mess, no grease—"just this humming sound of huge robots working."
In the context of rising unemployment, these observations prompted Sachs and Kotlikoff to ask an uncomfortable question: "What if the Luddites are now getting it right?" they write. In a new working paper titled "Smart Machines and Long-Term Misery," they pursue this question and reach a worrisome conclusion: Computer programs and robots may now be competing with workers in a way that leaves some groups—including supposedly tech-savvy young people—worse off in the long term.
It was clear to Sachs and Kotlikoff that something was messing with the wages of younger workers. While 60 years ago, the income of men between 45 and 54 beat out that of 25- to 34-year-old men by 4 percent, today the gap has grown to 41 percent. Young people might be comfortable with smartphones and fluent on the Internet, but that doesn't necessarily mean they have the skills to land those jobs that robots haven't made obsolete.
To explore this possibility, Sachs and Kotlikoff created "an admittedly highly stylized life-cycle model" that begins with the idea that machines and unskilled workers can easily substitute for each other. They assume young workers are unskilled workers: It takes time to accrue education and on-the-job training. With this framework (a variant on a standard economic model) in place, they run through a series of equations, the last of which indicates that, over the long term, when machines' productivity goes up, young people have a harder time investing in their own skills and in the technology that's boosting economic growth. In other words, when machines can easily replace lower-skilled workers, we move toward a world where every generation is actually worse off than the previous one—even as the economy grows.
The way this model plays out stacks up with other economists' findings about the downsides of technology. "Tech progress can make the pie bigger yet still make a lot of people worse off. It's the big paradox of our era," says Erik Brynjolfsson, who heads MIT's Center for Digital Business. Although he says he wouldn't necessarily start with the assumption that young people are unskilled, he believes the paper is raising the right issues. In the center's work, "we show some broadly similar things that technology can make people worse off," Brynjolfsson says.
The muddier question is who those people are—and whether, as Sachs and Kotlikoff suggest, younger people are among the groups being harmed. "There is much to the Sachs and Kotlikoff paper, but I don't view it mainly as an old vs. young effect," says economist Tyler Cowen. It may not make sense to assume that young people are the unskilled ones: "The key question is who works well with computers and who is competing with computers," Cowen says. Often, he points out, technological change favors the young—just look at Mark Zuckerberg—so it's perhaps too simple to group young people as one unskilled mass.
Of course, Zuckerbergs are not the norm. "There are a lot of young people to whom this model actually applies. Probably more than half of young people," drawn, for instance, from the two-thirds of 25- to 29-year-olds without bachelor degrees, says Sachs. "If our labor force was all young computer programmers, we probably wouldn't be having this discussion, period."
Sachs and Kotlikoff are economists, not revolutionaries; they aren't Luddite enough to want to smash the machines. Instead, they suggest a mechanism for making sure benefits are more evenly shared—in this case, a redistributive tax. Other economists think that it's still possible to get people the right education to do the jobs robots can't.
It's going to be a tough slog identifying those truly irreplaceable human roles, though. "I don't know if we're ever going to fall in love with machines," Kotlikoff offers. But even that's already happening: In 2009, a Japanese man married his virtual girlfriend.
Sarah Laskow is a freelance writer and editor in New York City. She edits Smithsonian's SmartNews blog and has contributed to Salon, Good, The American Prospect, Bloomberg News, and other publications.


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I want to run a game which as both an historical and geographical background matching our own reality. Description of lore should be quite accurate, but can have a pinch of myth, legend and magic as perceived in the ancient time (oracle, healer, tribe's shaman, witches, healing plants, deities, ...). However monsters and powerful wizards should be only present in oral traditions.
The goal is to run a game that can help to acquire knowledge about ancient time while having the fun of roleplaying.


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Citadel Securities has quietly become one of the largest forces in U.S. stock trading.
From the 35th floor of a downtown Chicago office tower, Citadel executes one out of every eight stock trades in the United States. At roughly 900 million shares a day, more stocks move through Citadel's systems than the New York Stock Exchange, which trades roughly 700 million shares a day.
If you own a 401(k) or have ever used an online broker, your trades have almost certainly passed through Citadel.
The most notable thing about the firm's trading floor is how eerily quiet it can be.
About 40 people "run" the trading floor, but they are simply overseeing computers that use algorithms to fill and route stock orders.
Related: High speed traders pay for an edge
Welcome to the new world of trading: More and more, high speed computer programs are replacing thousands of floor brokers once seen running and yelling across the floor of the NYSE.
Citadel's "floor" brokers don't do a lot of running. They sit together behind rows of computer terminals, clicking away on keyboards to ensure the firm's computers are operating correctly and are connected to all the right exchanges.
In essence, Citadel's proprietary computer programs have become the new eyes, ears, and brains of the U.S. stock market.
About 20 programmers create the computer algorithms that decide how to execute each order, and what to send to public exchanges or so-called dark pools.
Dark pools may sound like the favorite haunts of Star Wars villains, but they are simply venues where buyers and sellers can submit bids without disclosing them to the public markets. Citadel operates a dark pool called Apogee out of its New York office.
Citadel's programmers are constantly making adjustments as computers "learn" customer behavior to make the process more efficient.
"All the decisions are made by the computers," Jamil Nazarali, Citadel's head of electronic execution, told CNNMoney during an exclusive behind-the-scenes tour. "The people here are not making any decisions with respect to whether an order should be filled or at what price it should be filled. That's all done in an automated way."
Split second decisions: Citadel's computers execute a buy or sell order nearly instantaneously.
Related: Mini flash crashes: A dozen a day
When Citadel's computers do not to fill an order internally, the trade is pushed along to one of 13 public exchanges or one of more than 20 dark pools.
By law, Citadel must match or give a better price than what's been quoted on a public exchange, said Nazarali.
But some industry watchers question whether Citadel's prescient computer programs are always giving customers the best price.
Nazarali says they do: "As a market maker, I have a regulatory obligation to fill all customers orders on my book before I trade."
He said Citadel's systems actually create an even playing field between high-speed traders and retail traders who place orders through brokers like TD Ameritrade (AMTD) because they all have access to the same technology.
The industry's primary regulator, FINRA, recently asked some market makers and dark pool operators to provide information on how they fill trading orders. Regulators are worried about high-speed traders get an edge over other investors in certain trading venues. It's unclear if Citadel was part of that group, and FINRA declined to comment.
Trading is definitely faster, but whether it's better and cheaper for the average retail investor remains to be seen.
-- CNNMoney's Jordan Malter contributed to this report.


text:
LEGO Creator Expert MINI Cooper 10242 Construction Set
Take the iconic MINI Cooper for a drive! This beautifully crafted LEGO brick construction set replica of the classic MINI Cooper Mk VII is full of authentic details, from the classic green and white color scheme with white wing mirrors and racing stripes, to the opening doors, hood and trunk, sporty fog lights, detailed engine and separate spare tire compartment. You can even remove the roof to access a tan colored interior with patterned seats, veneer-style dashboard, turning steering wheel, and moving gearshift and handbrake. And of course, no MINI Cooper would be complete without a picnic basket and blanket, the perfect accessories for a fun day in the countryside!.


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Texas Round Notary Stamp
Are you a newly appointed or established Texas Notary Public? Whether you are ordering the Round Texas Notary Stamp for the first time or you have recently renewed your license, you can ensure that Corp Connect provides only the most recent and state recommended Texas notary supplies. We strive to carry only the latest state-approved designs.
Round Texas notary seal available with the following options:
- Customized with your name, license number, and expiration date
- Choose from many different ink colors
- Available in self-inking, pre-inked, and wood handled stamps with no ink*
- Multiple size options available
- Self-inking and pre-inked stamps last for thousands of impressions before needing additional ink
*Optional eco-friendly, water soluble ink pads available in a variety of colors.
Texas Round Notary Stamp
Save 10%, code CORP10


text:
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Synopsis: | The definitive expressionistic Gothic horror classic that set the mold. Adapted from the Mary Shelley novel about Dr. Henry Frankenstein (Clive), the scientist who creates a terrifying, yet strangely sympathetic monster aided by his hunchbacked assistant, Fritz (Frye). Great performance by Karloff as the creation, which made him a monster star (in part, thanks to Jack Pierce's makeup). Several powerful scenes, excised from the original version, have been restored, including that of young Maria (Marilyn Harris), who is spotted by the monster innocently picking flowers by a pond. The first in the Universal series. |
Directed by: | James Whale |
Producer(s): | Mark Huffam |
Cast: | Boris Karloff, Colin Clive, Mae Clarke, John Boles, Dwight Frye, Edward Van Sloan, Frederick Kerr, Lionel Belmore, Arletta Duncan |


text:
Special Select Bowhair 33"
We created this product as a result of our frustration with the consistency of high quality horse hair in the world market. Special Select is our Platinum "Live" hair that has been sorted strand by strand by our specially trained craftspeople in China. We are the only bow hair suppliers in North America with their own dressing facility. The response to this hair by the most discerning bow makers and rehairers has been excellent.
- For the most discerning players and makers
- Sorted Strand by Strand
- Special Select is our Platinum "Live" bow hair specially sorted


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පොත් රාක්කය:උතුරු ඇමෙරිකාවේ භාෂා/ancestry
This is an ancestry page for the උතුරු ඇමෙරිකාවේ භාෂා shelf in the Wikibooks Stacks. It holds a list of ancestors of that shelf. Ancestor lists are based on the parentage of the shelves which specified on the shelf pages themselves; and the shelf pages are also responsible for detecting and reporting errors in the values of the ancestor lists. The current ancestor list for this shelf is


text:
Watch Doncaster Rovers against Oxford United in style on Saturday December 22 in the Legends' Club.
From only £75 + VAT per person, you can receive first class treatment in an exclusive package designed to enhance your matchday experience.
Each guest will enjoy the following:
- Welcome drink on arrival
- A complimentary matchday programme
- Exclusive access pass to the Legends' Club
- A three course meal prepared by our experienced chefs in the sponsors' lounge with waitress service
- Access to a cash bar throughout the day
- Fantastic executive seats in the East Stand
- Legends' Club visit from the Rovers' Man Of The Match
- Large screen TVs showing Sky Sports throughout the afternoon, including live Sky Sports fixture
To take advantage of this exclusive package and to book your place, please call commercial on 01302 764665, or email email@example.com.


text:
If the data provided on this site does not meet your needs, additional information on Health Statistics in Forsyth County can be located on the website for the NC State Center for Health Statistics.
Please note that it may take up to 10 business days for fulfillment of a data request if data are available. Data requests that are lengthy and/or complex may take more than 10 business days to complete.
All fields are required except for Fax #.


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Amanda Knox
Amanda Knox is the American student who was convicted, then acquitted, then convicted again of murdering her roommate, Meredith Kercher, while both were students in Italy in 2007. The gruesome murder was discovered on 2 November 2007, when police found Kercher's body with her throat cut in the apartment she shared with Amanda Knox. Knox, then 20, was a student from the University of Washington spending the term in Italy. She and her Italian boyfriend, Raffaele Sollecito, were soon arrested and charged with the murder, along with a third man, Rudy Guede. Guede, a drug dealer from the Ivory Coast, was convicted of murder in October 2008 and sentenced to 30 years in prison. Knox and Sollecito remained in jail and had their own sensational trial, which lasted nearly all of 2009 and made "Foxy Knoxy" (as she had been nicknamed) a national obsession. Prosecutors called Knox "a she-devil, a diabolical person focused on sex, drugs and alcohol" and said she had killed Kercher as part of a drug-fueled sex game. Knox insisted she was innocent and said she had been beaten by police -- but she and Sollecito were convicted of murder and sexual violence on 4 December 2009. Knox was sentenced to 26 years in prison and ordered to pay Kercher's parents a million Euros each. Amanda Knox continued to maintain her innocence, and in 2011 her appeal led to a stunning reversal: she was acquitted after an appeals jury said the 2009 guilty verdicts for Knox and Sollecito were not supported by evidence. She returned to Seattle and published a memoir, Waiting to be Heard, in 2013.
However, her case continued to work its way through the Italian legal system, and on 26 March 2013, Italy's highest appeals court ruled that her aquittal was flawed and ordered a fresh trial for Knox and Sollecito -- in essence, a repeat of her 2011 appeal trial -- to be held in an appeals court in Florence. That trial ended on 30 January 2014 with a guilty verdict for both Knox and Sollecito. Knox was sentenced to 28 years and six months in prison, but (again) appealed the verdict. Just over a year later, on 27 March 2015, Italy's high court overturned the convictions and decided not to order another retrial, setting both Knox and Sollecito free and apparently bringing an end to legal proceedings.
The "Foxy Knoxy" nickname was taken by the press from Amanda Knox's MySpace page; although Italian papers used it to mean sexy or devious, Knox's family said it referred to her quickness on the soccer field… Amanda Knox attended Seattle Prep, a Catholic high school… Amanda Knox behaved oddly when she was first interrogated by police; as The Daily Telegraph reported, "While Miss Kercher's other friends had been distraught and tearful, Knox appeared entirely detached and showed no signs of distress, even performing cartwheels and doing the splits while she was waiting to be questioned." Knox later said this was her way of relieving stress… During the initial investigation, Amanda Knox accused a local bar owner, Patrick Lumumba, of the crime; he was later cleared and then sued Knox for defamation. Knox said she had accused him only after police hit her and pressured her without letting her have a lawyer or translator… Meredith Kercher was a citizen of the UK and a student at the University of Leeds; her family was from Coulsdon, a suburb of London… Amanda Knox was played by Hayden Panettiere in the 2011 TV movie Amanda Knox: Murder On Trial in Italy.
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text:
John D. Norton
Department of History and Philosophy of Science
and Center for Philosophy of Science
University of Pittsburgh
This page at http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/Goodies
Prepared to accompany
cityLIVE! "everything einstein"
November 15, 2007, 6:30 pm
The New Hazlett Theater, Pittsburgh PA
Panelists: John D. Norton, Walter Isaacson
Moderator: Regina Schulte-Ladbeck
What is it about Einstein that we find so fascinating? One side is that his thought and achievement seems so far above our mundane sphere that we are inspired merely reflecting on him. There is a second side to this fascination. It lies, I believe, in the thought that we are in the end not so far removed from him. While his achievements are transcendent, he was in the end simply human. He ate soup and paid taxes like the rest of us. He tried to keep ahead of the mundane practicalities of life before they submerged him. He didn't wear socks and thought just one soap for washing and shaving was quite enough.
It is that second sense that has always fascinated me. What Einstein did, he did using tools available to all of us. He had no magic wand or secret subscription to Encyclopedia Galactica, where all the truths of nature are written. He used tools and methods available to everyone. He read the same text books and journals available to every scientist of his day. His principal tool was a notepad with a pen and pencil. He read and wrote and calculated and thought; and out poured his extraordinary achievements.
In this regard, Einstein is part of an extraordinary tradition of achievement in science that extends to antiquity. I am equally fascinated by the ancient astronomers. Look around you. How could you figure out that the surface of the Earth is spherical--not just curved, but a surface of constant curvature in all directions? The ancient astronomers did it with nothing more than patient observation, pointed sticks and ingenious thought. Well, perhaps I am a little more fascinated with Einstein than the ancient astronomers.
My purpose here is to say something about how Einstein worked and thought. I've written a lot elsewhere on the details of Einstein's discoveries. Now I want to try to get behind them and understand better the thinking that led Einstein to them.
What did Einstein have to say about his own
thinking? We have an answer. Jacques
Hadamard was a French mathematician who approached Einstein
with questions on Einstein's thought processes when Hadamard was
preparing a psychological survey on the internal mental worlds of
Einstein's answer is reproduced more fully at right. It is somewhat unrevealing. Einstein struggles as would anyone trying to describe what transpires in their consciousness. For example, to begin with, words and language do not play any role in his thoughts. They must be sought for laboriously later. This is an experience familiar to many of us who find our thoughts racing ahead of our power to express them. It doesn't seem to capture anything distinctive about Einstein's thinking. |
Here's a longer extract from Einstein's answer: "(A) The words or the language, as they are written or spoken, do not seem to play any role in my mechanism of thought. The psychical entities which seem to serve as elements in thought are certain signs and more or less clear images which can be "voluntarily" reproduced and combined. There is, of course, a certain connection between those elements and relevant logical concepts. It is also clear that the desire to arrive finally at logically connected concepts is the emotional basis of this rather vague play with the above-mentioned elements. But taken from a psychological viewpoint, this combinatory play seems to be the essential feature in productive thought--before there is any connection with logical construction in words or other kinds of signs which can be communicated to others. (B) The above-mentioned elements are, in my case, of visual and some of muscular type. Conventional words or other signs have to be sought for laboriously only in a secondary stage, when the mentioned associative play is sufficiently established and can be reproduced at will. (C) According to what has been said, the play with the mentioned elements is aimed to be analogous to certain logical connections one is searching for. (D) Visual and motor. In a stage when words intervene at all, they are, in my case, purely auditive, but they interfere only in a secondary stage, as already mentioned. (E) It seems to me that what you call full consciousness is a limit case which can never be fully accomplished. This seems to me connected with the fact called the narrowness of consciousness (Enge des Bewusstseins)" From "A Mathematician's Mind, Testimonial for An Essay on the Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field by Jacques S. Hadamard, Princeton University Press, 1945." in Ideas and Opinions. |
Perhaps we should heed Einstein's
"If you want to find out anything from the theoretical physicist about the
methods they use, I advise you to stick closely to one principle: don't
listen to their words, fix your attention on their deeds."
"On the Methods of Theoretical Physics," Herbert Spenser Lecture, Oxford,
June 10, 1933.
What can we learn about Einstein's thoughts and methods by looking at his
work? I'll sharpen my queries in a series of questions that span from the
general and big to the narrow and specific.
Let us start with the biggest question first. When Einstein made his big discoveries, how did they happen? Did they come in momentary flashes of insight, the product of hidden processes that suddenly flood the mind with their perfected insight? Or did they come through slow labor, much as we might build a tall tower by patiently and systematically piling the bricks one upon another?
Einstein's major discoveries seem to have both in them. Let us consider two discoveries.
Special RelativityTake Einstein's 1905 discovery of the special theory of relativity. This is the theory for which he is best known. It says that moving rods shrink, moving clocks slow and that the speed of light is a fundamental barrier through which nothing can accelerate. The decisive moment in the discovery of the theory came after Einstein had become convinced of two apparently contradictory results. One was the principle of relativity that tells us that uniform motion has no effect on physical systems. The second--soon to be called the light postulate--asserted that the speed of light always came out to be the same number, 186,000 miles per second. How could he have both? If we chase after a beam of light, surely we must judge it slow down? The decisive insight, Einstein later recalled, came after a visit with his friend Michele Besso, when the two discussed his work. Both are possible, Einstein realized, if we give up an assumption about simultaneity. We had assumed that whether two events at different places are simultaneous is an absolute fact. It is not, Einstein now saw. Observers in relative motion will disagree on whether two events are simultaneous. What if those events are used to time how fast light goes, say how long it needs to traverse some measuring rod? Then those differing judgments of simultaneity will make the seemingly impossible, possible. The original observer and the one chasing after light will both judge the light to have the same speed. The rest was mechanical. Einstein needed only 5 to 6 weeks to write what is now often singled out as the greatest scientific paper of the 20th century, "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies." So it was all in that moment? Hardly. The real work lay in the reflections that convinced Einstein of the two apparently contradictory commitments. That work took, by Einstein's own reckoning, seven and more years. From his student days, Einstein had been fascinated by the latest, hottest theory of the moment, Maxwell's electrodynamics. It is a theory of electricity, magnetism and the waves that propagate in these fields; it was the closest the time had come to a theory of everything. One of its most striking results was that light is just a wave of propagating electric and magnetic fields and that it has a single, definite speed, 186,000 miles per second. Maxwell's theory was based on an ether with a preferred state of rest. The problem Einstein found was a tension between this preferred state of rest and the failure of experiments to reveal it. Worse on his reading the theory seemed to predict that no experiment could reveal it. So Einstein pursued the only line of research that seemed promising, attempts to modify Maxwell's theory in a way that would do away with the ether state of rest. It was a long and systematic search that went nowhere. The more he tried, the worse it got. Einstein came to a crisis. All efforts to modify Maxwell's electrodynamics had failed. But how could he keep both the idea that there is no ether state of rest and also the celebrated result of Maxwell's theory that light travels at exactly 186,000 miles per second. Then an observer chasing a light beam would not find the light to slow. These long efforts prepared the ground for Einstein's celebrated visit to Michele Besso. |
General RelativityWe see this same mix of flash of insight and systematic construction in the case of Einstein's greatest discovery, the general theory of relativity. This is the theory that tells us that gravity is just a curvature of the geometry of spacetime. It tells us that the real geometry of space is not the one Euclid described millennia ago and opens the door for later researchers to posit black holes and other extraordinary pathologies of space and time. The flash came in Einstein's first step. In 1907, while still a patent clerk, he was pondering how one might produce a relativistic theory of gravity and he was not having much success. Then he was struck by the fact that an observer in free fall no longer feels his own weight. He then hit upon what he called "the happiest thought of my life." One can produce gravity in gravity free space merely by reversing the process. Acceleration creates a gravitational field. This is his "principle of equivalence." That thought was the first step. It took seven and more years for Einstein to complete this work in 1915. Its first phase was devoted to systematic constructions that derived directly from Einstein's "happiest thought." In it, acceleration produced a special case of a relativistic gravitational field. Einstein now turned to the task of cataloguing the properties of this special case and generalizing them to arrive at a more general theory. In the special case, clocks are slowed and light is deflected by the gravitational field, which is proportional to the a variable speed of light. Those properties, Einstein supposed, hold in all static gravitational fields and he could arrive at the description of these fields merely by slightly generalizing the ways that the speed of light could vary with position in space. These constructions occupied Einstein's efforts in gravitation theory up to mid 1912. In the year that followed, Einstein made the transition to a spacetime theory in which gravitation is related to the curvature of its geometry. Unlike the case of special relativity, we have been able to reconstruct in some detail the steps and missteps of this decisive advance. We have a series of publications documenting the various stages of the developing theory and even his private notebook calculations, which I have spent a great deal of time in reconstructing. Einstein's explorations went quickly and slowly, straight and meandering. At times they became almost recipe-like. Einstein laid out the requirements his final equations must meet and then systematically searched for equations that satisfied them. While Einstein was launched by a flash of insight, the greatest part of work on the theory was spent in this systematic exploration. That eventually brought his project to completion. |
Einstein did have decisive flashes of inspiration. What was their character? Were they just wild moments of unfettered speculation? Or were they controlled? The first fits with the image of Einstein's scientific creativity as resulting from a liberation from reason. The second fits with it as a more profound fulfillment of reason.
My view is that his flights fit much better with the second. In the two cases we have just seen, the moment of inspiration was seeded by earlier work and directly responded to it.
The insight over the relativity of simultaneity came after years of struggle with failed efforts to reconcile the principle of relativity with Maxwell's electrodynamics. He did not so much choose to leap into the unknown as he was pushed by the accumulated pressure of those problems.
Things were similar but not so acute with the "happiest thought of [his] life," the principle of equivalence. It emerged after a series of failed attempts at finding a relativistic theory of gravitation. All the candidates he thought up failed to fit a simple expectation about gravity that he traced back to Galileo: all things big and small must fall with the same acceleration. The virtue of the gravitational field created by acceleration was that it was assured to have exactly this property.
We find the same control in another
of Einstein's legendary leaps.
In 1905, in the first of his papers of his annus mirabilis,
Einstein proposed that light energy might not be distributed over
space, as the wave theory supposed. Rather the energy of high
frequency radiation was localized into
pointlike quanta whose positions in space are independent of one
another, rather like the molecules of an ideal gas. |
The Light Quantum
What sort of theorist was Einstein? Everyone knows that he brought profound insight in the form of new theories in mathematical physics. If we seek the origin of that thought, should we put the emphasis on the "mathematical" or the "physical"? The distinction between the two is one that Einstein himself drew and reflected upon.
In thinking mathematically, or, as Einstein's sometimes said, formally, one takes the mathematical equations of the theory as a starting point. The hope is that by writing down the simplest mathematical equations that are applicable to the physical system at hand, one arrives at the true laws. The idea is that mathematics has its own inner intelligence, so that once the right mathematics is found, the physical problems melt away. Philosophers will recognize this as a form of Platonism.
In thinking physically, one proceeds quite differently. The starting point is physical. Perhaps it lies in an examination of the results of experiments; or in an insistence on certain founding physical principles, like the principle of relativity of the conservation of energy and momentum; or perhaps it draws on deeper, more visceral ideas of what can and cannot happen in real physical situations.
Einstein's theories sometimes made special mathematical demands on physicists. His great achievement, the general theory of relativity, required physicists to learn what we now call "tensor calculus," which proved something many found formidable. But it was not mathematics that drove Einstein's theoretical successes.
Einstein's enduring achievements in physics were virtually all a product of the earlier part of his life: special relativity, Brownian motion that shows the reality of atoms, the light quantum, general relativity, the "A and B" coefficients paper that grounds lasers. All this was done before he turned 40. Virtually all of these achievements depended upon a very astute form of physical thinking. Einstein then dressed it in mathematical clothing, seeking where ever possible to keep the mathematics as simple as he could.
Just how did Einstein's physical insight work? One part was an keen instinct as to which among the flood of experimental reports were truly revealing. Another was his masterful use of thought experiments. Through them Einstein could cut away the distracting clutter and lay bare a core physical insight in profoundly simple and powerfully convincing form.
Here's an example of a thought experiment from Einstein's work on general relativity already mentioned above. Einstein realized at the start that we needed to think differently about the empty space of special relativity if we were to arrive at an acceptable relativistic theory of gravity. We needed to stop thinking of it as the gravitation free case. It is actually the simplest case of a gravitational spacetime. His claim, the principle of equivalence, was that uniform acceleration in empty space produces a gravitational field.
But how can that be made intelligible? Einstein's approach was simple and ingenious. He had us to imagine a physicist who is drugged and placed inside a box. That box is transported to a distant part of space where it is accelerated uniformly by some agent. The phyicist wakes up. Any object released by the physicist would accelerate to one part of the box. The acceleration would be the same for all objects released, be they small or large in mass. That is the distinctive property of gravity: it accelerates all masses alike. Could the physicist know that the box is accelerated unformly in space and not at rest in a homogenous gravitational field? No, Einstein asserted, there is no way. There is no difference between the two cases. The result of the acceleration is to create a gravitational field inside the box.
Einstein himself recognized this special facility for physical thinking when he wrote his Autobiographical Notes (see right), reporting that this physical insight and intuition outstripped his mathematical instincts. There is, however, a unexpected ending to the story that also surfaces in these remarks. Einstein's general theory of relativity derived essentially from physical thinking. How could he devise a theory of gravity that frees us from our dependence on any special coordinate systems? How could acceleration be deprived of its absoluteness in such a theory? However the theory grew so complicated and difficult that Einstein's physical instincts failed him at the crucial moment. In 1913 he published a defective version of the theory. After nearly three years of hesitation and doubt, he was able to repair the theory by writing down the mathematically simplest equations. They were ones he'd nearly adopted three years before. He had then thought them to be inadmissible for physical reasons. The diagnosis of his earlier error was clear. He had mistakenly trusted his physical insight over mathematical simplicity. |
"The fact that I neglected mathematics to a certain
extent had its cause not merely in my stronger interest in the
natural sciences than in mathematics but also in the following
peculiar experience. I saw that mathematics was split up into
numerous specialties, each of which could easily absorb the short
lifetime granted to us. Consequently, I saw myself in the position of
Buridan's ass, which was unable to decide upon any particular bundle
of hay. Presumably this was because my intuition was not strong
enough in the field of mathematics to differentiate clearly the
fundamentally important, that which is really basic, from the rest of
the more or less dispensable erudition. Also, my interest in the study of nature was no doubt stronger; and it was not clear to me as a young student that access to a more profound knowledge of the basic principles of physics depends on the most intricate mathematical methods. This dawned upon me only gradually after years of independent scientific work. True enough, physics also was divided into separate fields, each of which was capable of devouring a short lifetime of work without having satisfied the hunger for deeper knowledge. The mass of insufficiently connected experimental data was overwhelming here also. In this field, however, I soon learned to scent out that which might lead to fundamentals and to turn aside from everything else, from the multitude of things that clutter up the mind and divert it from the essentials." Albert Einstein, Autobiographical Notes. |
"Can we hope to be guided safely by experience at
all when there exist theories (such as classical mechanics) which to
a large extent do justice to experience, without getting to the root
of the matter? I answer without hesitation that there is, in my
opinion, a right way, and that we are capable of finding it. Our
experience hitherto justifies us in believing that nature is the realization of the simplest
conceivable mathematical ideas. I am convinced that we can discover
by means of purely mathematical constructions the concepts and the
laws connecting them with each other, which furnish the key to the
understanding of natural phenomena." "In a certain sense, therefore, I hold it true that pure thought can grasp reality, as the ancients dreamed." Albert Einstein, "On the Method of Theoretical Physics," The Herbert Spenser lecture, delivered at Oxford, June 10, 1933. |
The experience triggered a profound change in Einstein's thinking. He now became
convinced that the path to a deeper understanding of the physical
world lay in mathematics.
Einstein's conversion is expressed most eloquently in his own words from a lecture given in 1933 (left). Here Einstein has adopted a form of Platonism. What makes his adoption of it extraordinary is that he believed it was a lesson learned from his own experience of physical theorizing. |
Einstein's work continued to depend on mathematics and the mathematics he employed grew more as time passed. There are different ways of using mathematics to clothe a theory and Einstein adopted a particular stance towards them. The two ways I will describe will be recognized by anyone who has had a high school exposure to mathematics.
One approach is geometrical. The most familiar expression of it is Euclid's geometry. We pursue geometrical structures there by drawing lines and curves and seeing how they intersect. Take a parabola, for example. Does it have mirror symmetry about the vertical axis shown at right as a dotted line? To check, we have to find out whether flipping the figure over the dotted line makes a difference. It does not change the curve at all, so we infer that the parabola does indeed display this mirror symmetry. |
Another approach is algebraic. This is a way of doing mathematics that concentrates on writing symbolic expressions and manipulating them. "A fish is 10 inches long plus half of itself. How long is the fish?" We say. "Let x be the length of the fish. Then x = 10 + x/2. Solving, we find x=20. The fish is 20 inches long."
Here's another problem. Take the formula y=x2. Is it changed when we replace x by -x? A quick calculation shows that it is not. y=x2 becomes y=(-x)2 which is just y=x2 again since (-x)2 = x2.
This last problem is purely one of symbolic algebraic manipulation. Yet it is really just the same the problem as the symmetry of the parabola. If x and y are ordinary Cartesian coordinates the y=x2 is the formula for a parabola. Replacing x by -x is just the operation of reflection over the y axis. So when the formula y=x2 stays the same under this transformation, we have the algebraic equivalent of the demonstration of the mirror symmetry of the parabola.
We see the difference of approach expressed directly in physics. Consider special relativity. Most treatments of the theory rapidly seek to develop the notion of spacetime. Through it one learns a wonderfully simple way to conceive the theory. All of space and time taken together form a single spacetime. Special relativity is really just the theory of this spacetime's geometry. One uses the theory by drawing straight lines and hyperbolas and forming geometric constructions similar to those we learned in elementary geometry classes. The principle of relativity is expressed as a sort of isotropy of the spacetime, somewhat akin the isotropy of a Euclidean space--that all its directions are the same.
That geometrical way of conceiving special relativity is not Einstein's. It was devised by the mathematician Hermann Minkowski shortly after Einstein published his special theory of relativity. Einstein was reluctant to adopt Minkowski's method, thinking it smacked of "superfluous learnedness." It was only well after many others had adopted Minkowski's methods that Einstein capitulated and began to use them. It was a good choice. It proved to be an essential step on the road to general relativity.
Einstein preferred to think of his theory in terms of the coordinates of space and time: x, y, z and t. The essential ideas of the theory were conveyed by the algebraic properties of these quantities, treated as variables in equations. Its basic equations are the Lorentz transformation, which, in Einstein's hands, is a rule for changing the variables used to describe the physical system at hand.
The laws of physics are written as symbolic formulae that include these coordinate variables. The principle of relativity of relativity then became for Einstein an assertion about the algebraic properties of these formulae; that is, the formulae stay the same whenever we carry out the symbolic manipulation of change of variables of the Lorentz transformation.
The emphasis in Einstein's algebraic approach is on variables, not spacetime coordinates, and formulae written using those variable, not geometrical figures in spacetime.
For many purposes, it makes no difference which approach one uses, geometric or algebraic. Sometimes one is more useful or simpler than the other. Very often, both approaches lead us to make exactly the same calculations. We just talk a little differently about them.
However there can be a big difference if we disagree over which approach is more fundamental. We now tend to think of the geometric conception as the more fundamental one and that Einstein's algebraic formulae are merely convenient instruments for getting to the geometrical properties.
There is some evidence that Einstein saw things the other way round. He understood the geometric conception, but took the algebraic formulation to be more fundamental. A simple example illustrates how this difference can matter a lot.
Take a two dimensional Euclidean space with some
origin point O. We will consider all the
straight lines that pass through it. An elementary fact of
Euclidean geometry is that all these lines are exactly the same. None
is special geometrically. There is another way to investigate the geometry of a Euclidean space and the lines in it. That is to label all its points with coordinates. We usually use x and y and label the origin point O with the values x=0 and y=0. Then a straight line through the origin O is given algebraically by the formula "y=mx," where m can have any real value. |
So consider the sequence of formulae generated as
m varies: y=0, y= (1/2)x, y=2x, y=3x, y=4x, ... and so on. As m gets bigger, the straight lines described get closer and closer to a vertical line through O. Our geometric intuitions tell us that this is where the sequence of formulae must be heading. But they do not go there. When m gets to be infinitely big, we get the formula "y=infinity." It not at all clear what that represents. It is not a line passing through O since all lines passing through O must pass through x=0, y=0. These values do not satisfy the formula "y=infinity." |
One could take two attitudes to this little oddness. One could think geometrically. One could say that what we are really talking about are just straight lines in Euclidean space. So the limit of the sequence is just a vertical line. What has gone wrong is that algebraic device for representing lines as formulae has "gone bad" in this limiting case. So we shrug the whole thing off as an inadequacy in the algebraic representation.
One might also think algebraically and take the formulae to be fundamental. Then one would say that the set of structures represented themselves go bad in the limit. That is, they are "singular" to use the fancier term when infinities like this appear. That amounts to saying that something odd is afoot as we approach the limit of the sequence.
Of course it is not mandatory to take the geometrical approach as fundamental, that is, the one that is used to correct the algebraic when they disagree. One can imagine circumstances in which it would go the other way. Imagine, for example, that the variable y represents the distance traveled by a particle over time x once it has been ejected from some atomic event at speed m. The formulae y=1/2x, y=x, y=2x, ... represent the cases of the particle being ejected at faster and faster speeds. We could represent these by the corresponding straight lines on a graph. What of the limit of the sequence, y=infinity? It represents an occurrence we might plausibly judge as unreasonable. It is the ejection of the particle with infinite speed so that it instantly is moved "to infinity" or, in other words, is instantly no longer in the space at all. In this scenario, we might well judge the limit of sequence to be a singular process that we do not expect to arise in the world. We would explain away the vertical line in the graph as an oddity of the graph that does not represent anything real. | We would probably now choose to think geometrically. There is clear evidence that Einstein thought algebraically about these cases. This case of straight lines is a simple one I concocted as an illustration. Einstein never spoke of it. There are, however, more complicated cases in which Einstein clearly favored the algebraic representation with its singularities over the regular geometric representation. |
One arose in the later 1910s shortly after the birth of relativistic cosmology. Einstein became engaged in a dispute with de Sitter and others over a new cosmological spacetime explored by de Sitter.
In geometrical terms, the de Sitter spacetime is a hyperboloid of revolution in a five dimensional Minkowski spacetime. Fortunately, this somewhat intimidating technical specification is not needed to understand the essential point. De Sitter spacetime is completely homogeneous. Every point is geometrically just like every other. It also has no matter in it. | That can readily come about. To see how, imagine a two dimensional sphere in a three dimensional space. Its surface is homogeneous. Every point is geometrically like every other. De Sitter's hyperboloid is actually a very close geometrical analog of this sphere in the context of relativistic spacetimes. |
As usual, Einstein used coordinate labels to describe the properties of this spacetime. The coordinate system he used, however, had the awkward property of not covering the surface properly. It left some parts out and, worse, "went bad" on an entire spherical surface enclosing the region coordinatized. In the figure at left, the coordinate system "goes bad" at the point marked S where the spatial coordinate lines cross. If the figure included all the three dimensions of space, this point would be the surface of a sphere. |
Thinking geometrically, we would just say that there is no pathology on this surface. It is just that our coordinates used to describe the surface at those points are not working well any more. How could it be otherwise, we might wonder, since all points in the spacetime are the same geometrically.
Einstein did not say this. He took the algebraic structures arising from this coordinatization to be fundamental and insisted that there is a singularity in the spacetime on this sphere. He used a computation by the mathematician Hermann Weyl to suggest that the singularity somehow harbored masses that would act like gravitational source masses for the whole spacetime. | What attracted Einstein to this possibility was his fascination with an idea he attributed to Ernst Mach and called "Mach's Principle." The principle required that spacetime structure must be fixed fully by matter. If de Sitter spacetime has well defined spacetime structure but no matter in it, then it violates Mach's Principle. That matter might somehow linger in the singularity was a convenient way for Einstein to rescue Mach's Principle. |
For Einstein, the algebra trumped the geometry and he found pathologies where we now think there are none.
The transcendent achievement of Einstein required many components. He needed an intellect with singular powers. He needed a dedication to hard work. And he needed a commitment to finding the right answer, no matter how hard the path became.
We can learn just a little more from this glimpse of how Einstein thought. For Einstein had quite particular strengths. They lay in an acute physical intuition that guided him to the fertile physical ideas and revealing experimental results. As long as Einstein used those particular skills to drive his work, he produced one great success after another. He was the right thinker, with the right abilities, in the right place and time.
Then Einstein changed his thinking. He was no longer guided so much by physical intuition as by mathematical simplicity. As that change set in, Einstein's work began to languish. He retreated more and more into a private world in which he spent decades searching for his unified field theory. While he did that, the mainstream of physics moved on to elaborate the quantum theory. Einstein did not follow. His physical instincts told him that this was not the fundamental theory; that was to be found by the mathematical path.
We might lament that Einstein's work took this pathway. What might have happened had he continued to follow his older methods? We cannot know. However I suspect that not much would have emerged. Einstein's physical instincts were the ones needed to develop relativity theory and his other successes.
When the focus of research moved to quantum theory, a different sort of instinct seemed to be required. That was embodied by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr. He had a characteristic tolerance and even delight in contradiction. That characteristic enabled Bohr to theorize successfully in the bewildering and uncertain quantum domain and in a way that Einstein's physical sensibilities found repugnant. Einstein's role changed to that of a senior sage, warning the new generations of the dangers of the path they had chosen.
Copyright John D. Norton. November 12, 16 2007.


text: When governments fear the people, there is liberty...(Quotation) Quotation: "When governments fear the people, there is liberty. When the people fear the government, there is tyranny." Variations: "When governments fear the people, there is liberty. When the people fear the government, there is tyranny. The strongest reason for the people to retain the right to keep and bear arms is, as a last resort, to protect themselves against tyranny in government." "Does the government fear us? Or do we fear the government? When the people fear the government, tyranny has found victory. The federal government is our servant, not our master!" "When the people fear the government, that's tyranny; when the government fears the people, that's freedom." Sources consulted: Searching on the phrase "fear the people," "government fear us," "fear the government," "tyranny has found victory," and "government is our servant" Papers of Thomas Jefferson Digital Edition Monticello website Ford's Works of Thomas Jefferson UVA EText Jefferson Digital Archive: Jeffersonian Cyclopedia, Thomas Jefferson on Politics and Government, Texts by or to Thomas Jefferson from the Modern English Collection Thomas Jefferson Retirement Papers Quotable Jefferson, ed. Kaminski (searching under "tyranny") Bartleby.com Earliest known appearance in print: 1914[1] [2] Earliest known appearance in print, attributed to Thomas Jefferson: 1994[3] Other attributions: Samuel Adams, Thomas Paine Status: We have not found any evidence that Thomas Jefferson said or wrote, "When governments fear the people, there is liberty. When the people fear the government, there is tyranny," or any of its listed variations. Comments: One source attributes this quotation to Thomas Jefferson in The Federalist.[4] The Federalist, however, was the work of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison; it also does not contain the text of this quotation. This quotation is vaguely similar to Jefferson's comment in an 1825 letter to William Short: "Some are whigs, liberals, democrats, call them what you please. Others are tories, serviles, aristocrats, &c. The latter fear the people, and wish to transfer all power to the higher classes of society; the former consider the people as the safest depository of power in the last resort; they cherish them therefore, and wish to leave in them all the powers to the exercise of which they are competent."[5] To date however, the most likely source of this quotation appears to be a series of debates on socialism published in 1914, in which John Basil Barnhill said, "Where the people fear the government you have tyranny. Where the government fears the people you have liberty." Footnotes ↑ John Basil Barnhill, Barnhill-Tichenor Debate on Socialism, As It Appeared in the National Rip-Saw. Saint Louis, Mo.: The National Rip-Saw Pub. Co., 1914, 34. ↑ To establish the earliest appearance of this phrase in print, the following sources were searched for the phrase, "When governments fear the people, there is liberty": Google Books, Google Scholar, Amazon.com, Internet Archive, JSTOR, American Broadsides and Ephemera, American History and Culture Online: Sabin Americana, 1500-1926, Early American Imprints, Series I: Evans (1639-1800), Early American Imprints, Series II: Shaw-Shoemaker (1801-1819), Eighteenth Century Collections Online, The Making of the Modern World: The Goldsmiths'-Kress Library of Economic Literature, America's Historical Newspapers, 19th Century United States Newspapers, American Founding Era Collection. ↑ Gyeorgos Ceres Hatonn, It's All in the Game: Butterflies, Mind Control--The Razor's Edge (Phoenix Source Distributors, 1994), 214. ↑ Archimedes C. Articulo, The Experience of Philosophy (Manila, Philipines: Rex Book Store, 2008), 315. ↑ Jefferson to William Short, 8 January 1825. Ford XII:?. Further Sources Thomas Jefferson on Politics and Government. "Section 5: The Sovereignty of the People." When governments fear the people, there is liberty...(Quotation) « Thomas Jefferson's Monticello


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"Memphis Beat" premieres Tuesday, June 22, on TNT.
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A few months back, Entertainment Weekly ran an article on the long history of Hollywood's various attempts to sequelize the 1985 Chevy Chase crime comedy Fletch. For years, apparently, Kevin Smith tried to reboot the series with acting pal Jason Lee ( Mallrats , Chasing Amy , Dogma , Clerks II ). It's a bummer that particular pairing never happened, because it sounds awesome. Lee is an underrated talent. His work on NBC's white trash sitcom "My Name Is Earl," for example, was impeccable. But the guy only seems to hit the big time when he signs onto junk like Alvin and the Chipmunks . So until Alvin and the Chipmunks 3 gets the green light, Lee has found himself a home on TNT.Lee headlines the new police procedural "Memphis Beat." It's another colorful but formulaic crime solver series custom tailored to fit alongside TNT's other weekly offerings ("Saving Grace," "The Closer," "Leverage," "Dark Blue"). Lee plays Dwight Hendricks, a Memphis police detective whose laid-back attitude belies some brilliant cop instincts. As with basically all cop shows, our hero's roguish, easygoing style rubs his uptight new boss (Alfre Woodard) the wrong way. With the show's workplace dynamic in place, we need some family backstory. We get that in the form of Celia Weston (TV Land addicts will remember her as Jolene on "Alice"). She plays Dwight's mama, with whom he shares a close/overprotective relationship. Finally, a little character quirk is in order; so in addition to being a police detective, our protagonist is a (not-so-convincingly dubbed) singer in an Elvis cover band (a fact that barely even comes up in the pilot).The initial mystery that "Memphis Beat" offers up (elder abuse with a side order of fraud) isn't anything too spectacular, but it does point up the show's preoccupation: Memphis history and culture. While investigating an elderly female disc jockey who helped introduce rock and roll to Memphis, Dwight gets to talk a lot about how much he loves the city and its musical legacy. The bluesy soundtrack, the frequent shots of barbecue joints and the endless Elvis references give "Memphis Beat" a certain style. But they also reduce the city to a caricature on a tourist brochure. The flavor is great, but a little more meat on the bone would serve this series well. The cast is solid enough. In addition to Lee and Woodard, we get welcome character actors D.J. Qualls ( Road Trip ) and Abraham Benrubi ("ER") as a couple of uniformed cops. But the overall writing is spotty. It doesn't (in the pilot, anyway) nail down a consistent, credible voice. For example: Given Lee's comedic résumé, "Memphis Beat" plays awfully straight. While an Elvis-impersonating cop in Memphis sounds wacky, it ain't. Lee keeps a straight face, but he looks somewhat pained doing it. "Memphis Beat" has a slick look, offers an inviting setting and boasts a colorful cast of characters. … Now, if it would just loosen up and have fun with the premise, it might be an enjoyable show.


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Los Santos Church
The Los Santos Church is the only church in Los Santos. The church is located in Jefferson and is inaccesible to the player. The church has one of the Ballas gang tags that the player must spray over to complete the game. The church is also a drop-off/pick-up point during the Taxi side mission. Members of the Ballas gang can be found at the church unless the area is taken over by the Grove Street Families.
- One can notice the Rockstar Games logo on the top of the multi-color glass paneling on both sides of the church.


text: Mid Valley Disposal is a local, privately held recycling and waste management company located in the heart of California's Central Valley. Founded in 1997, Mid Valley Disposal has been serving the San Joaquin Valley with the same operations and values that the company was built upon 17 years ago. Mid Valley Disposal strives to have an active role in the community by participating in local events, visiting classrooms around the community providing recycling education, and by delivering the best personalized service we can to each of our customers.


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The Center for Investigative Reporting (CIR) announced today the launch of a new investigative news channel on YouTube. CIR will be producing and curating content for the channel, and the Investigative News Network will provide business and development support.
INN will be working with CIR to promote the channel and to engage the audience through social media and online chats.
The investigative news channel is made possible by a generous grant from the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation. Read the full press release:
For Immediate Release
April 11, 2012
Lisa Cohen, 310-395-2544, email@example.com
Andrew Sherry, 305-908-2677, email@example.com
The Center for Investigative Reporting (CIR) to Launch Investigative News Channel on YouTube
Funded by Knight Foundation, Investigative News Channel to Bring Deep Reporting to New Audiences
CIR to Produce and Curate the Channel; Investigative News Network to Build the Business Among its Members
Berkeley, Calif. – The Center for Investigative Reporting (CIR) announced today it will launch a new investigative news channel on YouTube that will be a hub of investigative journalism, with $800,000 in support from the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation.
CIR, the non-profit investigative reporting organization that has produced numerous award-winning investigations, will curate the YouTube channel, which is expected to launch in July 2012. Journalists will be trained in audience engagement and other best practices for online video. The Investigative News Network (INN) will also be responsible for working with its member organizations to leverage the channel to reach new audiences and increase the amount of earned revenue to subsidize their public interest journalism.
"This collaboration is poised to bring investigative reporting authoritatively onto the social web," said Michael Maness, vice president for media innovation and journalism at Knight Foundation, which promotes informed and engaged communities. "We hope it will engage audiences and expand public appetite for visual story telling."
Robert J. Rosenthal, executive director of CIR said, "One of the goals of this partnership will be to raise the profile and visibility of high impact story telling through video. We hope this initiative generates revenue that supports the work of nonprofit organizations and independent filmmakers everywhere. Collaborative efforts like this are no longer the future of journalism, they are today's reality."
The investigative news channel will feature videos from major broadcasters and independent producers, both national and global, non-profit and for-profit. Contributors to the channel will include NPR, ABC News, The New York Times, CIR, Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, Center for Public Integrity, American University Investigative Workshop, Independent Television Service, as well as other members of the Investigative News Network. CIR plans to add additional contributors and will seek submissions from freelance video journalists and independent filmmakers from around the globe.
CIR and INN will work together to promote the channel and to engage users in the content through social media and online chats.
"We are very excited at the opportunity to expand the size of the audience for public interest journalism through the YouTube platform," said Kevin Davis, CEO & Executive Director of the Investigative News Network, a 501(c)(3) organization that represents the interests of 60 nonprofit, nonpartisan newsrooms in North America. "We believe that this channel can increase the impact of accountability journalism in a way that both engages and informs."
Sharon Tiller, director of digital media for CIR, said, "The Knight grant gives CIR and INN the crucial start-up funding to launch and curate a new YouTube Channel that will be a dynamic hub for high quality, high impact investigative videos stories from top news producers but also a magnet for emerging talent from all over the world."
About the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation
Knight Foundation supports transformational ideas that promote quality journalism, advance media innovation, engage communities and foster the arts. The foundation believes that democracy thrives when people and communities are informed and engaged. For more, visit KnightFoundation.org.
About the Center for Investigative Reporting
Founded in 1977, the Center for Investigative Reporting is the nation's oldest nonprofit investigative news organization, producing unique, high-quality reporting that has impact and is relevant to people's lives. CIR's newest venture, California Watch, is the largest investigative team in the state. The organization's stories appear in hundreds of news outlets including NPR News, PBS Frontline, PBS NEWSHOUR, The Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, Washington Post, The San Francisco Chronicle, The Sacramento Bee, The Daily Beast, MinnPost and American Public Media's Marketplace. CIR stories have received numerous journalism awards including the Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Silver Baton, George Polk Award, Emmy Award, Investigative Reporters and Editors Award and the MacArthur Award for Creative and Effective Institutions. Its reports have sparked state and federal hearings and legislation, United Nations resolutions, public interest lawsuits and changes in corporate policies. For more information, please visit www.centerforinvestigativereporting.org and www.californiawatch.org.