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Desperate Times, Desperate Measures: Civil Disobedience and the Rule of Law
By Jessica PishkoFebruary 11, 2014
Civil Disobedience by Lewis Perry
ON JULY 8, 2013, inmates at Pelican Bay State Prison in Northern California initiated a hunger strike to protest the conditions and overuse of SHUs (Segregated Housing Units). Inmates confined to the SHU are kept in a windowless room for up to 23 hours a day; some have been in the SHU for decades, despite clear and mounting evidence that solitary confinement causes definitive psychological harm and is tantamount to torture. Within a few weeks, some 30,000 prisoners all over California participated in the hunger strike. The movement issued a list of demands, including such reasonable items like ending long-term solitary confinement, permitting inmates a weekly phone call, and providing adequate food.
Wilbert Rideau, the well known editor of The Angolite and someone who suffered innumerable injustices under racist penal policies — including over a decade in solitary — eloquently defended the Pelican Bay hunger strikers in a New York Times editorial this summer. He writes that prisoners, who have so much to lose and are unlikely to succeed, still protest because they are "made desperate by the lack of options to address their grievances." For an inmate in solitary, denied access to writing materials and unable to vote, hunger strikes are the only way to bring to light conditions about which people on the outside lack information. Such protests seem like the epitome of civil disobedience, and as Lewis Perry suggests in his book Civil Disobedience: An American Tradition — they demonstrate the link between civil disobedience, citizenship, and the rule of law.
Perry, a history professor who has written well respected books about slavery and American intellectualism, argues that nonviolent protests, like hunger strikes, are a long-standing American tradition, mediating the competing American values of "revolution" and "submission to majority rule." Perry's book serves as a useful history of civil disobedience from prerevolutionary days to the present, though it avoids an overarching theme or interpretation. This can make an elusive concept even more slippery: for example, civil disobedience generally refers to breaking laws that are unjust, as in the case of the 1960 lunch counter sit-ins. There, African Americans sat in "white only" areas in order to protest Jim Crow laws; their act was designed specifically to draw attention to racial disparity (their action later legitimized by corrective Supreme Court rulings). Yet, as Perry points out, the term "civil disobedience" was also adopted by a group urging college students to lie about their race on college applications in order to protest affirmative action. Is such lying properly considered civil disobedience?
The term was popularized by Henry David Thoreau's essay "Resistance to Civil Government," which was renamed "Civil Disobedience" only years later. Thoreau did not think of himself as practicing civil disobedience, but his emphasis on doing what he, as an individual, thought of as "right" (even if it meant suffering punishment) is a theme that continues to resonate with other groups today. Civil disobedience is perhaps best generalized as intentional lawbreaking with the aim of revealing injustice. Perry traces the beginnings of civil disobedience in religious and moral authority — the idea that individuals should adhere to a higher law than current laws of the land. Over time, the religious overtones gave way to an emphasis on abstract notions of justice, of what it means to live in a just society.
Perry goes on to delineate some of the basic rationales behind civil disobedience as well as the tensions in that reasoning. Perry seems most interested in tracing the fault lines in civil disobedience theory: moral authority versus media coverage? Individual consciousness versus higher power? Righteous law-breaking or general disorder? Civil disobedients, Perry posits, paradoxically respect the law and societal institutions (like courts) while feeling, at the same time, that they cannot acquiesce in perceived immoralities perpetrated by those same institutions. While civil disobedience is not mentioned in the Constitution — indeed, the Founding Fathers were fairly allergic to all forms of law-breaking — some people have taken the incorrect and paradoxical view that the First Amendment protects civil disobedience. But it would also be wrong to say that civil disobedience has no relationship to fundamental rights, because such individual rights are frequently the basis of civil protest movements.
Civil Disobedience points out another important contradiction: if a citizen submits herself to the workings of a democratic government, then she must also submit herself to the punishment which comes from civil disobedience. Influential thinkers like Martin Luther King Jr. and Gandhi instructed their followers to peacefully submit to arrest and punishment. On the other hand, if the laws are unfair, then isn't the punishment for breaking them also unfair? Perry somewhat frustratingly doesn't really answer this question; instead he provides examples showing that no one who participates in civil disobedience agrees on what it means.
Perry rightly gives credit to the antislavery and civil rights movements for generating the most discussion about civil disobedience. He takes pains to discuss the role of black abolitionists, who protested laws that denied them the rights of citizenship. For such leaders, the only way to assert humanity was to defy the codified law of slavery. What are the obligations of someone who is not bestowed the rights of full citizenship to submit to the rule of law? In a just world, Perry points out, those individuals should have less to fear in terms of punishment, but it wasn't a just world. In any case, African-American antislavery activists never gave up their claims of citizenship even as they broke the law.
Perry also points out that civil disobedience hasn't always been "nonviolent" in the strictest sense of the word, and he seems interested in correcting the notion that civil disobedience is necessarily correlated with peaceful means. African-American antislavery protestors, for example, were willing to tolerate some violence in order to achieve their goals, especially on the grounds of self-defense. Further, what may seem peaceful to some is disruptive to others, such as harassing public figures to force their resignation, blocking college administrative buildings, or camping in Zuccotti Park.
Throughout the student protests of the 1960s, another theme emerged — if lawbreaking becomes commonplace, does it lose its power to shock? Perry cites one student protestor as stating that causing general disorder on campus is a way of protesting against a laundry list of repressive institutions — the draft, capitalism, and campus authority. Some of the student protests at Berkeley during the 1960s seem to simply resist the notion that school authorities had the right to limit student activism. Do those protestors, then, deserve punishment because they are breaking laws unrelated to the government policies at issue?
Today, the idea of nonviolent public protest is central to our notion of democracy. Activist groups as diverse as Occupy Wall Street and the religious right borrow the terminology. Perry discusses more recent forms of civil disobedience, focusing on the antiabortion movement for its well documented use of traditional tactics (sit-ins, blocking) and their justification on the basis on individual freedoms (the "right to life"). He omits hackers like Anonymous who try to evade detection and punishment as contrary to the civil disobedience tradition. In Perry's view, hackers aren't participating in civil disobedience if they hide their identity.
Perry is admirably sympathetic to political movements that are hard to justify morally. For example, he includes a discussion of the Southern states' protests against the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education as a form of civil disobedience; the KKK's acts were social protest against desegregation. Of course, the KKK was frequently violent, but they and other white supremacists did engage in acts like sit-ins and protests, which more closely align with civil disobedience.
Legally, what is the difference between civil disobedience and acts of lawlessness? Most of the time, the law does not consider intent in lawbreaking. In United States v. Schoon, the Ninth Circuit distinguished between two types of civil disobedience: one that breaks the law it protests (e.g., civil rights protestors deliberately breaking Jim Crow laws) and the other that defies other laws in order to make a public point (like protestors blocking a sidewalk). The protestor is still guilty for the crime committed, not for the law under attack. Legally, neither breaking the law to make a broader social statement nor breaking it to protest the specific law is an adequate defense.
Some civil rights advocates felt that change should always happen not through civil disobedience but through the courts, and this was true throughout the women's suffrage movement, as well. On the other hand, some leaders felt that change through the courts or Congress was too slow, and sometimes the courts make errors of judgment — witness the retrospectively poor judgment in Dred Scott or Plessy v. Ferguson. On the flip side, sometimes social and political pressure can push the tide toward a test case — the recent Supreme Court case striking down the Defense of Marriage Act comes to mind as an example. The choice to go to court always requires the selection of certain laws to oppose, which means that change must be slow and detailed. This contrast becomes more obvious in Perry's discussion of the student social protests during the 1960s. Many of their grievances were directed toward oppressive institutions in general, and such objections are not suitable for court action, because they don't address specific laws.
Does this mean that all civil disobedience that results in lawbreaking should be avoided? Some legal theorists, like the late dean of Harvard Law School Erwin Griswold, argue that lawbreaking should be punished equally, whether the justification is because the law is unjust or not. Griswold argued that those who break the law should be prepared to face the consequences. To do otherwise would demonstrate disrespect for the laws and rule of democracy. He justifies this argument by pointing out that morality does not necessarily equate with legality.
Griswold's argument, however, as the legal scholar Ronald Dworkin countered, is legally flawed. Not all examples of lawlessness are prosecuted; prosecutors always have discretion when choosing to prosecute crimes. Some laws may be unpopular and rarely enforced; others may be selectively enforced. Consider for example the enforcement of drug laws in poorer urban neighborhood as opposed to more affluent suburban ones. It's just not true that everyone breaking the law should be punished. Morality and legality aren't always equivalent.
But the sense that they should be penetrates all of American democratic society. When religious organizations refuse to pay for birth control, as required under the Affordable Care Act, is that civil disobedience? In such cases, objectors usually take refuge in the Constitution, evoking fundamental rights — such as the right to religious freedom — as something that supersedes all other laws. Civil rights advocates made much the same argument, positing that the Constitution made all men equal; therefore, any laws that purported to subjugate on the basis of race were invalid.
Both sides accept the legitimacy of the lawmaking process, and belief in that process is necessary if civil disobedience is to have any meaning. Punishing civil disobedients, however, may not make sense — participants in the civil rights movement who disobeyed racist laws had no incentive to be deterred, whether they were punished or not. When a society deprives a group's fundamental rights, threats of punishment ring hollow.
As in the Pelican Bay hunger strikes, civil disobedience can be used to bring to light unfair conditions and initiate changes in laws. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation retaliated against the hunger strikers by cutting off their access to television, radio, and other news, restricted other privileges, and sent some people to "administrative segregation" — an even more punishing form of solitary where inmates are deprived of nearly all human contact. The CDCR's official statement was that the hunger strikes were primarily caused by inordinately powerful prison gang leaders. Most of the inmates' demands were not met; however, the state has agreed to hold public hearings on the use of solitary.
Perry doesn't address the use of civil disobedience by incarcerated individuals. Hunger strikers are not really disobeying a law, but they are giving authorities the opportunity to demonstrate the arbitrariness of punishment, which only reinforces the hunger strikers' cause and draws attention to the inhumaneness of their treatment. Furthermore, as with the case of African-American protestors during the pre–Civil War era: do inmates owe the law the same deference if they are not treated as full citizens of this country? While Perry does an excellent job recasting the US tradition of civil disobedience, he doesn't really address this question.
Perry sees the predictability of civil disobedience tactics, and their widespread recognition, as good signs. Police at the University of California, Davis recognized the gestures of civil disobedience — protestors linking arms, for example — as defiance and a sign of the students' refusal to disperse, and this shows that the tradition is alive and well. In a widely publicized incident, those students were doused with pepper spray, which, given the ubiquity of internet video, only served to bolster the cause of the protestors. Perry ends his book with a discussion of how the use of nonviolent protests throughout the world may well enhance this American tradition. Such uses of civil disobedience, as in the Arab Spring uprisings, may begin to provide a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between lawlessness and citizenship.
LARB Contributor
Jessica Pishko graduated with a JD from Harvard Law School and received an MFA from Columbia University. She writes frequently on incarceration and the justice system.
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Welcome to the Heart of Bend, Oregon: Discover Best Motels
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Mémorial des Martyrs de la Déportation, Paris
A view from the stairs that take you down into the memorial. The courtyard sculpture represents the imprisonment and torture of those deported during the Nazi Era.
Photo credit: Kristin Parker © 1997-2013.
May be reproduced for educational use within a single classroom.
A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust
Produced by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology,
College of Education, University of South Florida © 1997-2013.


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Outlook for fuel assistance is bleak
ADDISON COUNTY — Richard Moffi, fuel program chief for the state of Vermont, has grown accustomed to seeing Congress and the Oval Office haggle over funding for the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP).
Negotiators have historically started at a low number but eventually agreed on a LIHEAP figure that was at least equal to, or greater, than the year before so that qualifying citizens in cold parts of the country could get the fuel subsidies they needed to stay warm during the winter.
But Moffi, who has worked with heating assistance programs back into the 1990s, is skeptical about the prospect of a happy ending this year.
"I'm more pessimistic and a lot more scared than I have ever been," Moffi said on Thursday.
That fear of major cuts to LIHEAP is based on President Barack Obama's proposal that the program be funded at $1.98 billion for fiscal year 2012, which began Oct. 1. That sum is less than half of the $4.5 billion level at which LIHEAP was funded last year and substantially less that the $3.4 billion mark currently being pitched by the Senate Appropriations Committee and the U.S. House.
The president's funding proposal would translate into a LIHEAP budget of $11.6 million for Vermont for this coming winter, resulting in an average subsidy of just under $400 per qualifying household for the season, according to Moffi. That's less than half the $866 average benefit received by the 26,500 households that qualified for LIHEAP funding last year, Moffi noted.
To make matters worse, heating fuel prices are considerably higher right now than they were at the same time last year. The cost of No. 6 heating fuel oil currently averages $3.57 per gallon, up from $2.70 at this time last year and $2.40 per gallon in September of 2009, according information provided the Vermont Fuel Dealers' Association.
David Yacavone is commissioner of the Vermont Department of Children and Families, which presides over the state's fuel assistance program for the Vermont Agency of Human Services. Yacavone noted that applications for LIHEAP assistance are trending 10 percent higher than they were at this time last year. That means more competition for scarcer funds.
Moffi conservatively projects that 27,800 families will seek fuel assistance through LIHEAP this year.
Congress has yet to agree on a fiscal year 2012 budget to send to the Oval Office. In the meantime, programs like LIHEAP are operating under a continuing resolution until a spending plan is approved. David Carle, spokesman for Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., said continuing resolutions typically provide for the same funding (prorated) as the previous year. The current continuing resolution will expire in mid-November, he said.
Carle acknowledged that while Vermont's Congressional delegation is working hard to maximize LIHEAP funding, the task will be tougher this year. He noted the federal budget deadlock and the tough economy, factors that are putting pressure on every funding decision.
"It's as difficult an environment for LIHEAP as we've ever seen," Carle said.
Still, he said Leahy is optimistic Congress will be able to improve on President Obama's LIHEAP proposal.
"It's just a matter of how much," Carle said.
Rep. Peter Welch, D-Vt., on Thursday sent a letter to the Department of Health and Human Services calling for the immediate release of "as much LIHEAP funding as possible" under the current continuing resolution.
"Even in good economic times, LIHEAP is a critical lifeline for countless Vermonters," Welch said. "Now, with wages stagnate, a tough economy, rising fuel prices and Vermonters struggling to recover from Tropical Storm Irene, it is even more critical. Winter is upon us in the Northeast and we need to get the money to those who need it now."
Officials are not upbeat about the prospect of state government being able to kick in some money to supplement the LIHEAP resources. When the Legislature convenes in January it will face a tough budget process that will include an unforeseen variable: Expenses related to road and bridge repairs associated with Tropical Storm Irene.
Meanwhile, low-income residents are becoming nervous about the prospect of getting enough fuel to heat their homes for the winter, said Karen Haury, executive director of Addison Community Action/Champlain Valley Office of Economic Opportunity (ACA/CVOEO). The organization funnels aid to residents who are on the verge of running out of fuel and/or seeing their electricity shut off. ACA/CVOEO can tap resources from the federal Crisis Fuel Assistance Program, as well as through the Warmth and Shareheat programs offered by Green Mountain Power and Central Vermont Public Service Corp., respectively.
Those emergency funds are helpful but aren't meant to cover the long-term needs of clients, Haury noted.
Moffi said Vermont is anticipating a total of $2.5 million through the Crisis Fuel Assistance Program, a sum that is not likely to make a huge dent in clients' winter fuel bills.
"That $2.5 million won't last terribly long," said Moffi.
"People are afraid they will not get a check, and if they do, they think it will be so little that it won't do much good," Haury said.
A family of four cannot earn more than $3,447 per month to qualify for the federal fuel subsidies distributed through the state, according to information provided by ACA/CVOEO.
Helping Overcome Poverty's Effects (HOPE) is another organization trying to help people facing heating fuel and other utility crises. But Jeanne Montross, HOPE's executive director, stressed the organization does not have a lot of resources — just enough to help someone avert a power shut-off or put a little fuel in their tank while they search for a more permanent solution.
HOPE has traditionally maintained a pile of donated wood to distribute to clients. Unfortunately, HOPE hardly has any wood reserves right now.
"Luckily, we have had a long-warm autumn," Montross said.
"I think it is going to be a very tough winter."
Reporter John Flowers is at [email protected].
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Population Composition: Australian citizenship
Age and year of arrival Citizenship rates increase with age, particularly among those under the age of 50, and with period of residence, particularly among those who arrived before 1985. In 1991, 70% of people aged 50 or more were citizens compared to 48% of those aged 18-29 and 55% of those aged 30-39. Similarly, 70% of people who had arrived before 1985 were citizens compared to 50% of those who had arrived in 1986-87 and 23% of those who had arrived in 1988-89. Most settlers are aged 15-34 on arrival (see Australian Social Trends 1995, Net overseas migration) and therefore age and year of arrival are strongly related. In 1993, 54% of settler arrivals were aged 15-34 and their median age was 28. In 1991, the median age of people who had arrived before 1971 was 53 compared to 27 for those who had arrived in 1990-91. Among people aged 50 and over who had arrived before 1985, the citizenship rate was 73%. CITIZENSHIP RATES BY AGE, 1991 Source: Census of Population and Housing (unpublished data) CITIZENSHIP RATES BY YEAR OF ARRIVAL, 1991 Source: Census of Population and Housing (unpublished data) Ability to speak English Citizenship rates also vary by ability to speak English because of the language criterion attached to a grant of citizenship. Among overseas born people who spoke a language other than English at home citizenship rates increased as their ability to speak English increased, from 48% of people who did not speak English at all to 72% of those who spoke English very well. Among overseas born people who only spoke English at home, and therefore may be assumed to speak English fluently, the citizenship rate was 54%, well below the average. This reflects the generally low citizenship rates of people born in the main English speaking countries. CITIZENSHIP RATES BY PROFICIENCY IN ENGLISH, 1991 Source: Census of Population and Housing (unpublished data) Eligibility for grant of citizenship While the census does not seek direct information on eligibility for a grant of citizenship, eligibility against the age, residency and language criteria can be approximated. Taking these into account increases the citizenship rate. Among those who spoke at least some English (language criterion), the citizenship rate was 61%. Among those aged 18 or more (age criterion), the citizenship rate was 62%. Among those who had arrived before 1988 (residency criterion) the citizenship rate was 69%. When all three criteria were taken together, the citizenship rate was 69%. Overall, the male citizenship rate was marginally higher than the female rate (61% compared to 60%). This was true in all cases except for those who did not speak English. For this group, the female citizenship rate was much higher than the male rate. This is related to the relatively large numbers of women in older age groups, which have higher citizenship rates than younger ones. CITIZENSHIP RATES, 1991
Country of birth - main English speaking countries With the exception of people born in South Africa, the citizenship rates of people born in the main English speaking countries were very low. Overall, in 1991, 46% of people born in the main English speaking countries were citizens. The citizenship rates for people born in the UK, Ireland or Canada were similar to this. People born in New Zealand or USA had very low citizenship rates, 24% and 27% respectively, while for people born in South Africa, the citizenship rate was very high at 73%. When the citizenship rates were standardised for age and year of arrival, the rates for people born in the UK declined while those for people born in the other countries increased. This reflects the different settlement patterns of the two groups. UK has been a major source of migrants for the past two hundred years while the other countries have only recently become significant sources of settlers (see Australian Social Trends 1994, Birthplaces of Australia's settlers). The most common explanation advanced for the generally low citizenship rates of people with an English speaking background is that '...the shared language, and strongly similar legal, political, and industrial relations arrangements of Australia and the other Anglo-American countries lead these immigrants to feel less need to make a choice of national identity.'2 CITIZENSHIP RATES OF PEOPLE BORN IN MAIN ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES, 1991
Source: Census of Population and Housing (unpublished data) Country of birth - non-English speaking countries The citizenship rate for people born in non-English speaking countries was 71% but there was considerable variation between countries. Of the top ten non-English speaking countries of birth, the citizenship rates varied from 45% for the Malaysian born to 94% for the Greek born. When standardised for age and year of arrival these rates changed to 65% and 81% respectively. Similarly, all of the standardised citizenship rates, except that for Lebanon, were quite different from the unstandardised rates. For people born in Italy, Germany or the Netherlands, the standardised rates were considerably lower than the unstandardised rates suggesting that their high citizenship rates are largely attributable to the age and year of arrival characteristics of these groups. The small proportions of recent arrivals from these countries have very low citizenship rates. In contrast, for people born in China, the Philippines and Malaysia, the standardised citizenship rates were considerably higher than the unstandardised rates. While their relatively recent arrival profiles contribute to their low citizenship rates they are highly likely to be granted citizenship as their period of residence in Australia increases. The slightly lower standardised rate for the Malaysian born is partly due to the high proportion of this group who are studying in Australia, and therefore qualify as residents, but who are unlikely to become citizens (see Australian Social Trends 1995, Overseas students in higher education). CITIZENSHIP RATES OF PEOPLE BORN IN NON-ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES, 1991
Source: Census of Population and Housing (unpublished data) Grants of Australian citizenship The annual number of grants of citizenship varies, reflecting both the number of settler arrivals two years previously and government initiatives to encourage citizenship applications. The peak in 1985-86 reflects the reduction in the eligibility period from three years to two in November 1984 while the high figures in the early 1990s resulted partly from interest generated by the Australian Bicentennial in 1988 and the Year of Citizenship in 1988-89. Of citizenship grants made since 1970, about one-third have been to former citizens of UK and Ireland. The other major countries of former citizenship have varied reflecting the changing mix of source countries of immigration (see Australian Social Trends 1994, Birthplaces of Australia's settlers). The UK and Ireland have also consistently been the largest source of new Australian citizens since the early 1970s. However, this was not always the case. In 1949-65, only 4% of citizenship grants were made to former citizens of UK and Ireland. Former Italian citizens made up 21% of new citizens in that period, followed by former citizens of the Netherlands (13%), USSR and Baltic States and Poland (both 12%). In the late 1960s former citizens of UK and Ireland increased their take-up of Australian citizenship and represented 10% of grants of citizenship in 1965-70, third after former Italian citizens (21%) and former Greek citizens (13%). GRANTS OF AUSTRALIAN CITIZENSHIP (a) Lagged by two years. Source: Bureau of Immigration, Multicultural and Population Research Australian Immigration Consolidated Statistics; Overseas Arrivals and Departures, Australia (3404.0) GRANTS OF AUSTRALIAN CITIZENSHIP BY COUNTRY OF FORMER CITIZENSHIP(a)
Source: Bureau of Immigration, Multicultural and Population Research Australian Immigration Consolidated Statistics and Immigration Update Endnotes 1 Joint Standing Committee on Migration (1994), Australians All - Enhancing Australian Citizenship, AGPS, Canberra. 2 Evans, M. (1988), Choosing to be a citizen: the time-path of citizenship in Australia, International Migration Review, vol. 22, no. 2.


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This impressive and modern house with a symmetrical structure, spotted on Nuevo Estilo, is located in one of the most privileged spots in the province of Cadiz, Spain, both because of its proximity to the coast and the protected wetland, with its exceptional flora and fauna. Designed by architect Pedro Riveiro Pita, the beautiful contemporary home offers plenty of peace and privacy with an ideal climate for year-round vacations. The home is spread out onto two levels surrounded by a natural garden, sea views and a swimming pool with water of a dark green color from the tone selected from the ceramic tile.
An old wooden door leads into the entrance of the home, with a courtyard in the lobby inhabited by a centenarian olive tree, surrounded by a colorful painting by artist Fernando Pagola. The work is also located on different walls, continuing in the staircase that leads to the upper floor. Two interior courtyards in the hallway are symmetrical and transparent, with sculptural compositions created by Alvaro de la Rosa. The pleasure of living inside and outside, surrounded by beauty, defines the identity of this house, much loved and enjoyed at all times of the year. The choice of furniture and the details were based on works of art.


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Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, has been spending the day in the Welsh city of St Asaph meeting victims of floods which have affected hundreds of people in the area.
St Asaph, in Clwyd, was one of the worst hit places in the UK, with more than 180 homes flooded and 500 evacuated.
The Prince had a private meeting with the family of Margaret Hughes, 91, who was found dead inside her home in the city and is thought to have drowned after being unable to escape the rising water.
Roy and Cynthia Evans, aged 93 and 83, told the Telegraph they were delighted with the Prince's visit to their street.
Mr Evans said: "He was very caring and said he was going to come back and see us again later. That's the second time he's been to St Asaph in three months now."
Mrs Evans said: "It boosts morale. We were very pleased, we didn't think this would happen. He was very caring and down to earth."


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Escaping the Giant Wave
Written by Peg Kehret
Reviewed by Quashei W. (age 11)
Do you like adventure books? If so, then you should try reading Escaping the Giant Wave by Peg Kehret. You might not want to put the book down; on the other hand it can be boring in certain spots. I liked the book because I like reading about different kinds of storms.
Escaping the Giant Wave is about a 13-year old boy named Kyle. He spends his vacation on the Oregon Coast. Suddenly, while he?s watching his baby sister Bee-bee his vacation becomes a nightmare. It becomes a nightmare because Bee-bee forgets that there was a sign that said, "there was an earthquake coming" and, she thinks she's going to get stuck in the earthquake. This part of the story really kept me on the edge of my seat while I read. It was very suspenseful waiting to find out what would happen when the earthquake hit.
I thought the book was just okay because I like adventure books. It could have been more exciting in certain parts. Also, I enjoy learning things about Tsunamis and earthquakes and that is exactly what the main character in this book experiences.
I would recommend this book because you learn about Tsunamis. It is an excellent adventure book to read. So, you should read it if you get the chance!!!!!


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Cheyenne is the capital and most populous city of the US state of Wyoming and the county seat of Laramie County. It is the principal city of the Cheyenne, Wyoming, Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Laramie County. The population was 59,466 at the 2010 census. Cheyenne is the northern terminus of the extensive and fast-growing Front Range Urban Corridor. Cheyenne is situated on Crow Creek and Dry Creek. The Cheyenne, Wyoming Metropolitan Area had a 2010 population of 91,738, making it the 354th most populated metropolitan area in the United States.
Cheyenne Frontier Days, which occurs during 10 days centered around the last full week in July, is the largest outdoor rodeo in the US. The events include professional bull riding, calf roping, barrel racing, steer wrestling, team roping, bronc riding, steer roping, bareback riding and many others. During this week there are many parades and other events. Additionally there is a carnival with numerous rides, games and shops.
"If you have ever visited Wyoming during the summer time, it is by far the most beautiful state in the United States. Yes it does have cold winters but the summer time makes it all worth it. As some of you may already know the leading causes of automobile accidents is wildlife. Majority of wildlife related accidents are caused by Black Bear. One day while driving down the road and a black bear out of no where came walking across the freeway. With no room to turn or sway my vehicle, I hit the bear head on with my new 2012 Hyundai Genesis. I just purchased it a few months ago and I was so upset. I called the police to report the accident and in return that dispatched a tow truck driver to the scene. The damage was very bad, I remember the hood being bent so far up I couldn't see out my own windshield. After talking with the tow truck driver, I realized my new car was totaled.
I asked him, what would I need to do to get my claim handled correctly. He said "here call Pinnacle. I have referred numerous customers to them and they have all been very pleased with their work." So I took Pinnacle Auto Appraisers business card and held on to it. After a week, I finally heard back from the insurance company and they made me an offer on my car. During the last few days I decided to do my own research to compare with the appraisal the insurance company provided. I was not happy with their offer. It was almost $3,000 less than what I saw my book value to be and also what is was selling for. I told the insurance company I wasn't going to accept and called Pinnacle. After speaking with the appraiser, I felt much better. He explained to me how the process works and that they would handle the negotiations for me. After just a few days I received the appraisal and it looked very professional. After not hearing from Pinnacle Auto Appraisers for a few days, I finally got a call from my Certified Auto Appraiser. Not only did he get more money out of them but he got almost $2,900 just like I expected. These guys know their stuff and if you want a company that will handle it for you, hire these guys! ~ Matt G. - Cheyenne, WY
We bring our expertise and experience to the table for large corporations as well as the common car enthusiasts. Whether you are disputing a total loss claim or looking to purchase a classic or exotic car: We can help value what you own!
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The Conrad Desk by Gus* Design Group is a compact home office desk with a strong Mid-Century pedigree.
All surfaces are finished in walnut, to contrast the slender, tubular stainless steel legs and brushed aluminum drawer pulls. The main drawer is designed to hold hanging file folders, and the two smaller drawers are perfect for organizing stationary and supplies. This desk evokes the style of 1950s Modernism, but with a scale and functionality suited perfectly for today.


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On Oct. 8 at 6:45 p.m. a call came to Emery County Sheriff Greg Funk concerning an overdue hunter. Ken Moosman went hunting on Oct. 6 and was not heard from since. A search was called.
Emery County Search and Rescue located the hunter's truck below Fly Canyon in upper Joe's Valley. That night a team was assembled at the Fly Canyon Trailhead consisting of the search and rescue members and personnel from the Emery County Sheriff's Office. The Department of Public Safety's helicopter flew the area during the night using infrared and on Tuesday with a spotter from the search and rescue team.
On Oct. 9 the searchers began a ground search for the hunter. Members from the Sanpete Search and Rescue also assisted. Sanpete searchers began at the Skyline Drive and worked their way down the canyons. Emery County began at Fly Canyon and worked their way up the canyon. The scene of the accident was discovered in early afternoon. The hunter's rifle was located on the horse trail. The horse was located a short distance from the gun tangled in some brush. After a search of the area Ken Moosman from Clawson was located not far from the horse. It appears he was the victim of an accident involving his horse. He succumbed to his injuries at the scene of the accident and it appears he died instantly.
Sheriff Funk said, "I want to personally thank all of the volunteers that came to help on this search. They were there the entire night and throughout the next day. They did a fantastic job. They brought their horses and mules to help search the area. They left their employment and took vacation time. We appreciate their willingness to help out and their dedication to the safety and welfare of those in our community."


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NEW YORK – Changes might be coming for the New York Jets.
Mark Sanchez losing his starting job won't be among them.
Rex Ryan again stood by his quarterback Monday despite Sanchez's struggles in an ugly mistake-filled 30-9 loss to the Miami Dolphins on Sunday that left the Jets coach searching for answers and fans chanting for Tim Tebow to take over.
"I think Mark's our guy," Ryan said. "I don't think there's any doubt about that. I'm confident in Mark."
There's no question, though, that the Jets (3-5) need to figure things out, and quick. They have games at Seattle and St. Louis after their bye-week break, followed by a home game on Thanksgiving night against New England.
Ryan originally planned to have the players report to the facility on Monday and Tuesday, but decided to give them the full week off to be with their families and prepare for Hurricane Sandy.
"I want them to get away and when they come back, we have to be all in," Ryan said during a conference call. "The only chance we have is if we are 100 percent all in. We have no wiggle room. We need to start playing a ton better."
Ryan will brainstorm with his coaches this week before they take a few days off, and he expects suggestions on how to fix "everything" from everyone on his staff.
"Is it a little change? Is it a radical change?" Ryan said. "I'm up for anything."
While Tebow won't be the solution as the full-time quarterback, Ryan acknowledged that he'll explore how the versatile backup can be used more on offense after seeing minimal playing time during the season's first half. Tebow has played in just 54 offensive plays, averaging less than seven per game.
"I think we'll take a hard look at how we're using him, what we're asking him to do," Ryan said. "Are there other things we can do with him? I think you're absolutely right. We will definitely look at that."
So much was made in the offseason about how Tebow would add a unique element to the offense, whether it was in wildcat or read-option packages, but that certainly hasn't materialized. Last week, offensive coordinator Tony Sparano said he could "do a better job" of using Tebow.
To his credit, Tebow has not complained publicly, or offered a sliver of frustration, knowing he could be doing more to help this team.
"I'm just ready and willing," said Tebow, who even lined up at wide receiver Sunday. "Whenever they call my number, I go out there to help the team and (I'm) not listening to what the crowd is saying."
There's a good chance that Tebow will be a large part of the discussions between the coaches this week, and would understand if the backup quarterback wasn't thrilled with his role so far.
"Any competitor wants to be out there playing, so it wouldn't be shocking if that's how he felt," Ryan said. "As a football team, we're frustrated. We're getting closer and closer, and we thought we were getting better as a football team, but we took a step back yesterday."
The Jets allowed a blocked punt to be returned for a touchdown, had a field goal blocked and Sanchez fumbled on a sack that the Dolphins later turned into a score. There were mistakes all over the field, and it wasn't all Sanchez.
"We all understand it comes down to execution," center Nick Mangold said. "It doesn't matter if we have Joe Namath back there if we don't execute."
There were missed throws, dropped passes, failed assignments on the line and in the running game — and it all added up to a dismal performance on offense. Cornerback Antonio Cromartie intimated after the game that the defense has been doing its part while the offense continues to struggle.
With a long break in between games, there's plenty of time for frustration to fester, something that helped rip apart the Jets' season a year ago. Mangold insists that won't be the case this time around.
"We learned last year that pointing fingers and being disgruntled is not going to help anybody," Mangold said.
The players also support Sanchez as their leader, despite the growing public sentiment that some sort of change needs to be made to save the season.
"I believe in Mark just as much as he believes in me being a nose tackle," Sione Po'uha said.
Sanchez was 28 of 54 for 283 yards with a touchdown, but had the fumble late in the opening quarter on a sack by Nolan Carroll. He also was intercepted by Chris Clemons when he had the Jets driving while trailing 27-3 in the third quarter.
There are mistakes still being made by Sanchez that many don't expect from a fourth-year quarterback. But, he has also had to adjust to a constantly changing cast of characters on offense around him. While many teams build around their quarterbacks, particularly a first-rounder such as Sanchez, the Jets have rebuilt the personnel on offense on a regular basis.
Only two skill position players remain from Sanchez's rookie season in 2009: tight end Dustin Keller and running back Shonn Greene. While it's not the only reason for Sanchez's struggles, the frequent turnover can't have helped his development.
So, for now, this remains Sanchez's team to lead — to a second-half surge or a second straight season out of the postseason.
"If it was one guy, I think it's easy to say we'd make that change," Ryan said. "But I think Mark gives us the best chance to win. That's how I feel. Can Tim be successful? Yeah, absolutely. We'll look at that as well. But in my opinion, Mark as the starting quarterback gives my football team the best chance to win."
NOTES: Po'uha said he has no structural damage to his back after missing three games because of severe stiffness. He returned Sunday and played 21 snaps. ... Ryan said thinks RB-WR Joe McKnight (sprained right ankle), LB Bart Scott (hyperextended right big toe), S Eric Smith (sprained knee) and RB Bilal Powell (dislocated right shoulder) should be healthy and ready to go against Seattle.
Online: http://pro32.ap.org/poll and http://twitter.com/AP_NFL


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Ecoroof Talk: Stephan Brenneisen
Feb 23, 2011 at 8:33 AM 0 Comments
"Green roofs from pilot to mainstream: Pushing the market with wild life visions"
Thursday, March 3rd - 5:30 pm
Portland Building - 1120 SW 5th Ave - 2nd Floor Auditorium
Green roof and biodiversity expert Stephan Brenneisen will present on his work and research in Basel, Switzerland. Sponsored by the Bureau of Environmental Services. Attendance is free.
Stephan leads the Green Roof Centre of Competence at the Zurich University of Applied Sciences Wenswil where he conducts research and advises on green roof policies and designs. Stephan did his PhD studies on how different green roof substrate depths influence biodiversity and continues to actively promote the design of green roofs for biodiversity.
Thursday March 3rd
5:30-6:30 pm
Portland Building
1120 SW 5th Ave
Portland Oregon 97204
2nd Floor Auditorium
This talk is the first in a series of ecoroof-related opportunities available in the month of March. Visit the Ecoroof Portland webpage to learn about other presentations and tours open and available to the public.
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Hey guys,
This is my answer to a homework problem and i have the program working but i want to make sure you agree that it meets the functionality because its worded funky.
Any input is apprciaited
Problem: Write a method named multiple that determines, for a pair of integers, whether the second integer is a multiple of the first. The method should take two integer arguments and return true if the second is a multiple of the first and false otherwise. [Hint: Use the remainder operator.] The main () method in the test driver should read two integers, call multiple to determine if one is a multiple of the other, and print a message i.e. as in:
The number 4 is a multiple of the number 2
The number 5 is not a multiple of 2
There is no need to create two classes simply the test driver.
import java.util.Scanner; //Allows me get values from users. public class multiples { public static void main(String[] args) { //Initializes Scanner for use Scanner input=new Scanner(System.in); //Declaring the Variables I will use. int FirstNumber; int SecondNumber; boolean isamultiple; System.out.println("Please Enter First Integer: \n"); FirstNumber = input.nextInt(); System.out.println("\nPlease Enter Second Interger: \n"); SecondNumber=input.nextInt(); isamultiple=testmultiple(FirstNumber,SecondNumber); if (isamultiple) System.out.printf("\nThe number %s is a multiple of the number %s",FirstNumber, SecondNumber); else System.out.printf("\nThe Number %s is not a multiple of the number %s", FirstNumber,SecondNumber); System.exit(0); } public static boolean testmultiple(int Number1, int Number2) { if (Number1%Number2 == 0) return true; else return false;


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Thanks for mentioning our AGI article!
Welcome to Wise Bread's Best Money Tips Roundup! Today we found some awesome articles on how to avoid costly travel mistakes, ways to clear your mind, and how to not get hustled by your student loans.
7 Costly Mistakes Travelers Make and How to Avoid Them — Being inflexible with travel dates can cost you big time when it comes to traveling. [MintLife]
10 Simple Ways to Clear Your Mind — Getting some fresh air can help you clear your mind. [PopSugar Smart Living]
How to Not Get Hustled by Your Student Loans — To avoid getting hustled by your student loans, pay them on time every month. [Fatwallet]
Redecorate with items you already own — Do you have extra wine corks lying around your home? Use them to create wall hangings or bath mats. [Living on the Cheap]
Top 10 Apps to Organize and File Your Taxes — Outright and Slice can help you organize and file your taxes. [Careful Cents]
Finance Basics: What is a Checking Account and How Should I Use It? — Your main checking account should be the primary entry and exit point for your money. [Narrow Bridge]
How My Mother Saved $208 on Milk — Did you know you can save money by purchasing powdered milk? [Bargain Babe]
What is Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) and How Does it Affect Your Taxes — Your AGI summarizes all of your income sources and is used as the basis line in many tax calculations. [Free From Broke]
Can You Save Money with a Pellet Stove? — If you have oil or electric heating, you may be able to save money with a pellet stove. [Free Money Finance]
5 Ways to Include Learning in Your St. Patrick's Day Fun — To include learning in your St. Patrick's Day fun, explore the Irish culture. [Parenting Squad]
Disclaimer: The links and mentions on this site may be affiliate links. But they do not affect the actual opinions and recommendations of the authors.
Wise Bread is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com.


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[marco] sent in this video (scroll down) showing how to make a vacuum tube by hand. The page and captions are in french, but it's pretty interesting to watch. A small spot welder, some fairly basic glass working tools and a vacuum generator are required, but the technology is definitely within reach for the dedicated hardware hacker.
48 thoughts on "How To Make A Vacuum Tube"
Very relaxing video to watch, strangely.
Couldn't he find a longer version of the song, or a different one?
Very cool though, wish I had this kind of equipment. Would love to make my own tubes.
Also, what kind of setup is required for cutting glass with a wire like that?
But the real question is, can he make Nixies?
Yes. There are YouTube videos of people making those.
i want to do this for a living.
I as well.
this has got to be, in all seriousness, the greatest hardware hacker. he even looks like a mad scientist for gods sake!
I wish the writeup was in english.
it may have just been the editing of the video, but did it look to anyone else like that old man was just making up the measurements as he went?
That is really a great video, thanks for sharing.
I would like to say, however, that I would sooner have his workshop and tools than the vacuum tube. Anyone know what kind/where to get a spot welder like that? I'm impressed…
If you want to wish for something like his workshop, set your goals a little higher and wish for the knowledge this guy has. If you had his workshop, it would be a total waste.
This video an awesome display of talent, knowledge and patience.
I get the impression that not only can this guy make vacuum tubes, but he built all the tools he uses himself. Like that spot welder, it looks handmade.
wow, what amazing skill he has, a real veteran of engineering.
harbor freight has some really cheep spot welders. harborfreight.com just search for spot welder.
the guys work shop is amazing. Most all his tools he created himself. Its a nice touch at the end where he graphs the tubes specs.
I wonder if anyones done a good writeup on homebrew resistance welders…
It would definitely be a useful thing to have around.
That's really amazing! I think i have all the equipment requiered, so if i got some extra time i will try to do it. But i also have to learn some french i think :P
All you need is a nichrome wire and a transformer with high current and low voltage (i think 5v will be suitable and the current depends of the wire diameter and lenght). Make a pseudo-cut in the glass, place the wire in the "pseudo-cut" and turn it on!
This guy is a real hero. I can't believe the work and skill he put into this project. From what I got out of the french, it looks like these tubes actually went into a transmitter that he used to make a transmission across the atlantic!
It's neat that vacuum tubes are actually within the reach of the "common man" – I'd like to see someone build a homemade transistor that can handle any significant power.
If all our high-tech manufacturing is ever lost for some reason, guys like him will keep us talking on the radio. Just awesome.
thanks for posting greetings from the netherlands
marco -
I recoded the video to divx avi and uploaded it to rapidshare, get it here:
http://rapidshare.com/files/82175021/How_to_make_a_vacuum_tube.avi.html -
Absolutely superb, I sincerely hope we NEVER loose this kind of dedication to technology.
Now I have a sudden urge to buy some and make a headphone amp.
Brilliant stuff.
Wow, He is Realy cool ! Real Hacker
Damm i didnt finished my school http://www.lis-mbo.nl/
the vacuum tubes
detailed history of vacuum tubes
construction of an transceiver using old tubes
making of a triode and all the necessary equipment for its realization
quick production review with the manufactured triodes
the authorclaude paillard as many starts during 50s, with RC model remote. mechanics is one of his favorite hobby ("violon d'ingres", ingres's violin), he makes a point of honnor making the engine that will power the boat.
in 1959 he became F2F0 and pass the exam on a 5-band AM transceiver of his manufacture. the DXCC was quickly done although contacts is not his hobby ("tasse de thé", cup of tea) and would only serve most of the time to validate a personal realization. he has a great time with the BLU which comes slowly on the amateur bands. then comes a RTTY period, on refurbished machines.
"Not my cup of tea" means the same thing in English (English English from England I mean) as it does in French (the "tasse de thé" saying, "ce n'est pas mon tasse de thé", oui?).
More translation revelations coming in 2026, language fans! But wasn't that interesting?
This is some seriously beautiful work.
I second the notion to create Nixie tubes using this!
As someone who was actually PLANNING to build a giant
Nixie by hand myself, I wonder if he used any mercury in these (didn't see any). In Nixies, a very small amount of mercury was often used along with argon/neon inside, and varying the noble gas along with the amount of mercury changed the intensity of the orange. Look up Penning mixtures on wikipedia.What metals did he use? I've been planning my Uber Nixie to use tantalum wire for ultimate cathode & annode life, but that is a bit overkill…
Lastly, I'd be curious to see the working life for his tubes. The hardest thing to control making a vacuum tube is the metal to glass seal- depending on the type of glass and ESPECIALLY your choice of metal, a good seal can be hard to achieve. Many Nixies have gone bad due to their seal. He's annealing the glass, I think, in that cannister between steps to reduce strain in the glass (tempering it), and to alieviate compression stress from the heated metal shrinking at a different rate than the glass. Understand, if you just melt glass around a metal wire, it will not make a perfect seal unless you anneal the glass (otherwise it will crack)
This guy makes it look EASY- there is a LOT of small bits you have to know about both glassblowing, metalurgy, and glass-to-metal contraction properties to do something like this properly (researched forever for my Nixie). He has the right equipment and serious skills.
FOR OTHERS wanting to try this- if you get good with glassblowing, you can try this yourself, provided you have a vacuum pump and, for Nixies, a glass cylinder of a noble gas (less than 100$)- just do some research here:
This guy has a lot of books on tubes- many are quite good, and they are all FREE. I learned everything I have from reading all of these, some of which are original company manuals for production!
Hope this helps. REMEMBER- most of the basic fab is not too difficult with a lot of glassblowing experience, it's the GLASS TO METAL SEALS you need to worry about.
unbelievable. I just loved some old school manufacturing that i saw around his workshop. Proof that you can do awesome things with a little inovation :)
Coolest. Thing. Ever. And lots of respect, guys like this are so very rare …
English translation, in case you want it:
Not perfect, but understandable…
"also, what kind of setup is required for cutting glass with a wire like that?" – atrain
I've seen something like that done. Basically, you just get a power supply capable of putting out some amps, and hook up a thick enough wire to it (you could probably pilfer it from a toaster — I think we used piano wire). Wrap the wire around the glass (making sure not to have the two ends touch, which would short circuit your short circuit!) and hit the power. The glass cracks due to thermal expansion. If needed, you can squirt some liquid (like alcohol) around the joint, which will cool off the glass quickly, causing it to break.
Awesome! I sometimes find it hard to believe what one skilled & determined man and a shop full of powertools can do. He is a real master at work!
Very nice find, thank you hack a day…
Yeah, that was cool, but if I hear the first 60 seconds of "The Man I Love" on piano more than 20 times, I go insane and kill the closest bystander. Good thing the video ended at 17 minutes. That was a close one!
Ok, now we need someone to go and make about 17,000 of these and build their own ENIAC.
@25: And high-current, low voltage power supplies aren't actually all that exotic. A soldering gun is one, for example — it's actually a step-down transformer. The U-shaped piece of metal tubing the tip fits into forms a very thick one-turn secondary winding.
his first article for radio-ref (in 1959) is a bfo for the bc453 "command set" that attract attention for their remarkable selectivity.
he became the editor of "analyses de revues" (analysis of reviews), a column he held several years. he will be also a member of the board of the ref for 3 years.
he publishes, among other things: a linear amplifier equipped with 811, a oscillographic device allowing continuous monitoring of the modulation quality and also of the emitted signal purity, a tv camera equipped with integrated circuits and several ssb ("blu") equipments including a transistorized transceiver which will be widely used in mobile.
in one word – genius.
In a few short days Hackaday has shown us everything from modding new hardware, someone pushing the edge of car aerodynamics and now this master!
2008 is going to be a great year if you can keep this up!
The dude's got patients.
Wow! He made a light bulb? Man life was hard for on indicator lights before LED's. All that just so he could see that his radio was on? In my opinion the sounds is enough :/
Hahahaha sorry couldn't help it. -
Actualy I think he did use mercury, advance the movie to
15:24 I think thats what he is vaporizing, if im correct that is mercury dripping, I think he is attempting to make Mercury vapor with that machine, probably through decompression, but dont quote me on that one. Im assuming thats how he made the tube following. and why it glows like that. if any one else has specifics please correct me, Im merely commenting on observations. -
Glad I'm not the only one who felt a deep respect for this guy once I saw his workshop and skills
Now my dream is to be like him in the future… but with transistors :-D
I wonder how hard would be to make an almost-hand-made transistor..
@33 (dioxide)
It would consist of a rusty razor blade and a pencil to make a contact diode you could then make this into a contact transistor relatively easily. -
This was superb. Cheers.
atrain; my guess the wire used in cutting the larger class tube was nichrome as used in heating elements. Once apon a time there was a kit sold to cut wine and or other bottles to make craft projects. Basically you score the glass, the application of heat creates stress in the glass where it's scored and it breaks.
M4CGYV3R; here stateside the old "Lejay maual" had instructions on building a spot welder, a reprint of the manual can bu purchasesd from Lindsay books http://www.lindsaybks.com/bks/lejay/index.html, by chance the illustration at the top left is the spot welder. Most of the projects in the lejay manual are quite dated, but can be upgraded to modern times.
The man must be France's Dave Gingery.
I think it's especially cool that he's even injection molding the little blue bases himself too!
He's probably a retired engineer..
Instructables website (Instructables.com) has a home brew Arc welder made with two microwave oven transformers – he home brewed the secondary transformer windings with wire laying around.
Seems things may be more simple than we think.
I mention this because of the Idea of creating the necessary tools to cut glass and spotweld. High amps low volts – :-)
I would also love to try to make a Homebrew spotwelder
It looks as though he uses inductive heating at one point too, that's magic.
then, this is the realization of a 2300 mhz station and after of a 10 ghz equipment whose descriptions appear in radio-ref. these both realizations are crowned (with success) in the field by "france-england premieres" in 1968 and 1969. a superb "cross-band" 2.3-10 ghz qso over a distance of 40 km (24.85 miles) is still in memory of the sacred good times of the signatories!
lover and respectful of the old and venerable components, he revives reception tubes of 20s in making emitting it 3 watts on the band 80 m in telegraphy. qso across europe will be realized … see chapter qrp transmitter.
his reverence for the sir arthur collins's equipment, lead him to restore a number of collins radios, and especially the 618-t.
and then, is it to participate in its own way to the centennial of the invention of the triode by lee de forest in 1906, he launch on the manufacture of the mythical tm developed by the general ferrié in 1915. making a lamp, it's not so easy, but to getting things complicated with difficulty, f2fo will make everything he needs for this project, and especially various pumps, and a molecular one, to get vacuum allowing employment in emission of the made tubes.
a dozen lamps will thus see the light of day …
to check the measurements, a qso will be realized on january 1, 2005 on 80m in cw between montrouge, 92 and camaret, 29. the tubes are robust and will comme on contacts …
the original purpose, which was to cross the atlantic, was reched by f6bwo who has realize numerous qso on 4 continents.
the work
the work — amply illustrated — is composed of the following chapters:
tubes: history of vacuum tubes, from their emergence in 1906 until the advent of the transistor in 1960
qrp transmitter: realization of a transmitter using lamps from before 1925
triodes: making of a tm triode and necessary tools (pumps, oven …).
photos: some photos of making steps
mr mignet (pdf: 58 pages – 2 mb): original document describing the making of the "3-electrode vacuum tubes" by a pioneer in the twenties
additions of 6 october 2005 (not reproduced in pdf format)
review after one year of made triodes use (published in megahertz magazine #281 – august 2006)the printable versions of the first four chapters in pdf format are available below:
the tubes (part 1) 72 pages – 68 mb
the tubes (part 2) 49 pages – 61 mb
qrp transmitter 41 pages – 5 mb
triodes (part 1) 36 pages – 31 mb
triodes (part 2) 25 pages – 15 mb
triodes (photos) 6 pages – 24 mbif you want to know more, continue to scroll these pages. the text, photos and video are of the author f2fo.
the video
the mp4 video file is available below:
making of a triode tube 17 minutes – 125 mb
presentation: f9oe
transcript: f9hspaillard dot claude at free dot fr
december 31, 2007 -
The video shows what's it's now the technology so thanks for the chance to us to enjoy life and technology…
No matter what long's take to discover all this things you have to create magic =transform in life to every ona in this world…
Thanks SCIENTIFIC & SCIENCE…
This should be filed under tube and classic hacks.
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Columns Retired Columns & Blogs |
HeadRoom Total BitHead headphone amplifier
When, on his long-running TV variety show, Jackie Gleason used to order up some "traveling music" from music director Ray Bloch, he got a live orchestra's worth. But when Gleason, a composer and conductor in his own right (he wrote his show's unforgettable theme song, "Melancholy Serenade"), actually traveled, his listening options were severely limited compared to ours. By the time the comedian died in 1987, Sony had introduced the Walkman cassette player, but Apple's iPod was still more than a decade in the future.
No one will accuse HeadRoom's new Total BitHead headphone amplifier of being stylish or of riding the iPod craze, though it does make an ideal companion for an iPod. If a direct tie to the iPod was the idea, the BitHead would be shiny, sleekly curvaceous, and white, with iPod-like electronic controls and an iPod-like name. The BitHead's controls are decidedly old-school: a knurled analog volume knob and a pair of slide switches.
Like most audiophile products, the Total BitHead is about good sound, not good looks. Of course, many good-sounding products also look good. They're also more expensive. But by concentrating on sound rather than style, HeadRoom can bring you the Total BitHead for the very reasonable price of $269 (a standard model, which uses parts of lower sonic quality, costs $199).
The Total BitHead is a black plastic box that weighs just 5.5oz with its four AAA batteries. Its clunky design makes it look bigger than it actually is—set it next to a standard-size iPod and you'll see that they're almost the same size. The BitHead has two 1/8" headphone jacks.
Inside is a headphone amplifier based on Burr-Brown OPA4743 quad op-amp chips. Input can either be analog, accessible via a 1/8" stereo mini-jack, or digital through a USB port, which feeds an onboard D/A converter (a Burr-Brown PCM2902). When you're on the go with a portable MP3, CD, or cassette player, the analog connection is your only choice. But if you're accessing audio from your laptop, the USB connection is theoretically better—it takes the audio conversion out of the "dirty" computer environment and powers the amplifier, thus saving the Total BitHead's batteries.
Access to the batteries is via a large rubber flap atop the unit. The prominence and convenience of access initially led me to believe I'd be changing batteries often, but HeadRoom's projected battery life of 40 hours per set appears to be, if anything, conservative: I'm still on my first set, with which I've made round trips to Canada, Indianapolis, and twice to Europe, as well as often using the BitHead at the gym and the pool. Battery life depends on what headphones you use. What's more, using the BitHead instead of plugging headphones directly into my iPod has had a noticeable effect on the Apple's battery life—a six-hour transatlantic flight leaves the iPod with plenty of juice to spare.
Using the Total BitHead
HeadRoom supplies a short 1/8"-stereo-to-1/8"-stereo cable, a USB connector, rubber feet, and lots of Velcro Velcoin discs so you can attach your iPod or other player to the BitHead, and the BitHead to your laptop or the underside of your desk.
To use the Total BitHead with an iPod, plug the iPod's remote into the iPod, and the supplied jumper between the iPod's remote and the BitHead's input jack. A fixed level-line output would be a better interface for the BitHead, but my original iPod isn't so equipped, so I settled on setting the iPod's volume control near the top of its range, which not only sounded best but is HeadRoom's suggested setting. But be sure to turn the iPod's volume control all the way down when you power up the Total BitHead, or you'll hear a loud pop through the headphones.
A green LED glows when the BitHead's power is on. On the other side of the volume control is a red LED that lets you know when the amplifier is clipping or when the batteries need replacing. Next to that is a switch to activate HeadRoom's proprietary processing, which is designed to create a virtual room in your head instead of the usual headphone affliction of distinct blobs of sound, caused by the total isolation between channels. The processing creates interchannel cross-feeding accompanied by a small time delay, to create a smoother, more natural soundfield. The effect is subtle but useful, especially during long listening sessions, where it cuts down on fatigue—particularly with hard-panned pop recordings.
To use the Total BitHead with a computer, connect it via the USB ports and turn the BitHead off so it can be powered by the computer and save the batteries. For sound output, Mac OS X users need only go into the Finder's System Preferences menu, click on Sound, and then on USB. I don't do Windows, but I'm sure it's more complicated (send those angry letters!). HeadRoom claims that PCs "should automatically" recognize the BitHead and configure it as the default device, but I've heard the screams coming from my wife's PC-equipped home office.


text:
Washington keeps condemning Iran's government and making thinly veiled threats. But in Iran, many people are in the midst of challenging the country's rulers, in the streets and at the ballot box.
The June 17 election for president could be a turning point or a hollow spectacle — no one knows which — but the Bush administration is eagerly trashing the whole thing. "The United States has not waited for the first ballot to be cast before dismissing Iran's presidential election as rigged," Agence France Presse reported over the weekend.
But Iran's election is not rigged. There is a fierce electioneering battle underway here, with some significant differences between candidates. Meanwhile, hindered rather than helped by the bellicose statements from Washington, courageous Iranian activists have begun a new wave of actions against the status quo of theocracy.
On June 12, in front of the University of Tehran, nearly a hundred courageous women sat down to demonstrate for human rights in a society where women literally and figuratively are compelled to sit at the back of the bus. "Stop Bias Against Women," said one handheld sign. "Stop violation," said another. And: "Freedom."
Across the wide vehicle-choked street, several hundred Iranian men and women of all ages quickly gathered to augment the demonstration, one of the only such public protests in recent years. "Political prisoners should be free," they chanted. A sign declared: "First Democracy, Then We Will Continue Living."
Some of the Iranian people who most strongly oppose the government's theocracy are boycotting the election. Others will vote, primarily for Mostafa Moin, the most popular candidate at the reform edge of the spectrum. He's in sync with the current president, Muhammad Khatami, "termed out" after eight years in office. Khatami wasn't able to do much to undermine the power of highly conservative clerics. Yet many young people, who have faced extremely puritanical strictures, say that life in Iran has become a bit less stifling in recent years.
The widely respected icon and hack Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, positioned midway on the spectrum of candidates, has been making noises that are not only somewhat conciliatory toward the United States but also indicate that he favors a move away from current restrictive pressures on media and personal freedom. He might just be blowing smoke to appeal to the youth vote, but he clearly realizes that many in the nation's large population of young people are especially eager for such changes.
Several of the eight presidential candidates are hardline theocrats. Whether their outlook will prevail after the ballots are cast June 17 (or in the runoff scheduled for two weeks later if no candidate gets more than 50 percent in the first round) remains to be seen. So does Iran's path after this historic crossroads that could lead to more fundamentalist repression or progress for elements of democracy in Iranian society.
As I've learned more about what's at stake here for Iranian people, I've become more angry at the deceptive rhetoric coming out of Washington. When President Bush and his aides call Iran's presidential election meaningless, it is wishful thinking. Some of the Bush neocons have the delusion that they can overthrow the Iranian regime with plenty of missiles. But the real means for displacing Iran's theocratic rulers with democratic processes are grassroots efforts of the sort taking root in Iran right now.
Evidently, the Bush administration would prefer that Iran's presidential election be won by the most reactionary theocratic forces in the country. Many of Bush's policymakers have a fantasy that involves seeing Iran changed with military force. And a more reasonable Iranian president could make Bush's agenda-setting for warfare more difficult.
We should remember that the Bush team has much nicer things to say about the far-more-repressive government in Saudi Arabia. And a few weeks ago, Laura Bush — with her husband's endorsement — proclaimed Egypt's sham election "reforms" to be an inspiration. Iran's election process is very flawed, but it includes real aspects of democracy. Compared to the current Saudi or Egyptian electoral setups, Iran is a beacon of hope for the region.
The Washington officials who warn of Iran's nuclear intentions fail to mention that the U.S. government has been encouraging the spread of nuclear power plants for five decades. From an environmental standpoint, Iran (like all nations) is ill-advised to develop nuclear power. But there's no evidence it is anywhere near developing nuclear weapons. And the Bush administration, with a solid track record of winking at Israel's hundreds of atomic bombs and lying about WMDs in Iraq, is in no credible position to lecture about Iranian nuclear activities.
Bombast from the U.S. government helps to strengthen the hand of hardline Iranian "theologues." For them, a missile strike against Iran would be a godsend.
While in Washington there are fervent dreams of a military assault on Iran, many people in Iran have boundless dreams of creating a society that embraces human rights. Americans who want to help them should challenge the dominant rhetoric of American media and politics that is now setting an agenda for war on Iran.
NORMAN SOLOMON's new book is War Made Easy: How Presidents and Pundits Keep Spinning Us to Death.


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In the middle of 1985, it became unavoidably clear that Christopher Isherwood was dying. Almost from the time he was diagnosed with prostate cancer, in 1981, the 81-year-old author had been gradually shutting down, quietly preparing himself -- and his 51-year-old lover, Don Bachardy -- for the end. He had stopped making entries in the diary he had kept for decades, went out less and less, and announced he would no longer write letters. But there remained a final task, at once marvelous and harrowing: Bachardy, who had been drawing and painting Isherwood throughout their 32-year relationship, ceased working with other subjects and turned his attention entirely to his lover.
'It's one of the most valuable gifts among many valuable gifts that Chris gave me, the experience of watching him die,' says Bachardy, sitting in the Santa Monica home he shared with Isherwood for more than 25 years. 'It helped me to accommodate myself to the idea of my own death.' Over the last six months of Isherwood's life, Bachardy made 441 drawings and paintings of his lover.
Executed with Japanese brushes, the drawings have the spare, understated power of final things. Some are difficult to look at -- in many, Isherwood is clearly in pain, and some were done in the minutes and hours after his death. Though drawing Isherwood was a way for Bachardy to be with him during his final illness, it didn't mitigate the loss. 'No amount of thinking one's prepared for it -- just because it's obviously going to happen -- means that you get through it OK,' he says. 'It's always different from what you think it will be.'
In a different kind of tribute, Bachardy began to read the writer's diary -- on the day Isherwood died -- something he had never done while he was alive. 'Almost like I was sleepwalking, I went to his desk and took that first volume, which was actually the last volume, and started reading backward,' he says. 'It was like he was having a dialogue with me.'
The dialogue between the writer and the artist has been movingly told in the recent documentary Chris & Don: A Love Story. Meanwhile, a film adaptation of Isherwood's masterly novel A Single Man -- inspired in part by his relationship with Bachardy -- has been directed by the designer Tom Ford and is scheduled for release later this year. And Bachardy's art continues to win new admirers. According to Peter Plagens, an artist and former art critic for Newsweek, 'Bachardy's portraits look satisfyingly like the person portrayed. They have a style that's unmistakably Bachardy.' New York artist Jack Pierson describes the 'Last Drawings' series as 'the peak of Bachardy's achievement. They are breathtaking. The beauty is so great, the death is transformed.' After 50 years of dedicated work, it looks like the 74-year-old Bachardy is finally getting his due.
Bachardy is no stranger to painting the rich and famous: His book Stars in My Eyes includes drawings of such grand dames of the screen as Bette Davis, Ginger Rogers, and Louise Brooks, accompanied by his sharply observed accounts of his sessions with his subjects. In addition to stars, he also painted the official portrait of former California governor Jerry Brown, which hangs in the California State Capitol Museum. But it's been a long journey from being the much younger boyfriend of the world-renowned writer to being very much his own man. Both Isherwood and Bachardy seem to have been through cycles of renown, obscurity, and rediscovery. One leading scholar and critic, the late Carolyn G. Heilbrun, began her 1970 study of Isherwood by arguing that since he 'has been denied, or spared, the gifts of widespread fame or fashion, it is appropriate to begin with the pronouncement that he is the best British novelist of his generation.' For his gay fans, he is something more: While his early books obliquely hint at gay life, 1964's A Single Man was one of the earliest literary novels with an unapologetically gay protagonist. By the late '60s and '70s, Isherwood had become more outspoken about gay politics and his life as a gay man, and he and Bachardy together became heroic figures to a younger generation of gays.
When the two began dating in 1953, it was something of a local scandal in Los Angeles circles. The English-born Isherwood was 48 years old and a well-known writer, while the 18-year-old Bachardy, who looked even younger, was an L.A. native from a modest background with no clear plans for his future. Isherwood was famous for The Berlin Stories, later adapted for the stage and film musical Cabaret, which takes place just before and during the rise of Hitler. For many years Bachardy was overshadowed by Isherwood, who came to the United States in 1939 and was working as a Hollywood screenwriter by the 1940s. Though Bachardy had established his own reputation as a portraitist by the early '60s, receiving commissions in New York and London and frequently exhibiting at galleries in both cities and in California, it took a long time for their wide social circle to regard him as something other than a 'toy boy,' as Bachardy puts it.
From the start, Isherwood was aware of the situation. In a 1955 diary entry he describes 'an air of strain' at a party he and Bachardy attended. 'And afterward Don (drunk) said, 'I wish I was dead,' and, 'I hate them all,' and, 'I want them to like me for what I really am, but I don't know what I am.' '
Almost from the time they met, Isherwood encouraged his lover to develop his artistic talent. Bachardy had been drawing since he was a child, often copying pictures from movie magazines. 'We'd been together more than three years with Chris urging me, but carefully, you know, not nagging about it,' Bachardy recalls. 'I resisted. I was scared to death I didn't have the makings of an artist.' Bachardy finally enrolled for a six-week summer term at Chouinard Art Institute (which later became part of the California Institute of the Arts). 'I knew before the end of the first week I'd found it,' he says. Isherwood obviously agreed, noting at the time, 'I think that the art school may really be an answer to his vocational problem. But now he has to get to feel independent in himself and thus turn his dependence on me into a free association. This will be a great test for both of us, of course.'
Isherwood's prediction was prescient, and the scene of the great tests was the house in the Santa Monica Canyon where Bachardy has now lived for nearly 50 years. The area had long been known for its natural beauty, featuring hill and ocean views, and the mixed community of artists, writers, and bohemians who lived there. Starting in the 1930s, it became a refuge for many of the European exiles Isherwood befriended, including Thomas Mann, Igor Stravinsky (one of the couple's closest friends), and Vienna-born screenwriter and saloniste Salka Viertel. Isherwood lived above Viertel's garage in the 1940s, where he met Greta Garbo, among many others, at Viertel's legendary parties.
The Santa Monica house is steeped in souvenirs of Bachardy's years with Isherwood -- paintings, sculptures, photographs. Paintings fill the walls, sometimes three or four from floor to ceiling. The short foyer that leads from the dining room to the bedroom and studies is nicknamed 'Hockney Hall' -- half of it is filled with David Hockney paintings and drawings, many of Isherwood, Bachardy, or the two of them together.
'I've lived two thirds of my life here,' Bachardy says. 'I think I'm at nature a homebody. My home base is an important part of my stability.' Though much of the house, especially the extensive painting collection, would probably be recognizable to Isherwood, there have been some changes made to the surroundings, most of them gradual. 'It's really like aging oneself,' he says. 'One can go for a couple of decades and then suddenly look in the mirror and see that one has gotten old without really noting it.' Isherwood's former study is pretty much as he had it; on his desk is a small clock that had belonged to his Berlin landlady in the 1930s (she presented it to him when he visited her in 1953).
Bachardy and Isherwood made no pretense about being a pair in an era when the term 'gay couple' barely existed. But if their steep age difference lent itself to obvious interpretation -- shortly after they met, Isherwood wrote of his 'special kind of love for Don; I suppose I'm just another frustrated father' -- the trajectory of their relationship provides an eloquent response. Bachardy says that he wasn't intentionally seeking out an older man when he met Isherwood, 'but when one is young, one so often doesn't know oneself well enough to know what one needs.' In fact, he says, 'I was ripe for an older man to take an interest in me as I was. Not to change my nature but to use what I had to help direct me in a way that might lead me to something that would give me a life.'
As the boy came into his own, the relationship grew more complex. 'Chris would have much preferred if I'd just settled into a relationship and been satisfied with only him sexually,' Bachardy says. 'He'd been frank about his experience before he knew me, so I used it against him. I said, 'Well, you've had all this experience and you want to deny me?' Well, that's putting him on the spot, isn't it?' It was only later that 'I understood that it was very difficult for him to allow me my freedom. I knew it cost him a lot and that impressed me. That he loved me enough to suffer the jealousy and inconvenience of infidelity.' Asked to clarify what he means, Bachardy says, 'Well, I mean, if you want to spend a quiet night at home, and your lover says, 'I've got a date,' that's inconvenient. That's damned inconvenient, you know.'
But in the early 1960s, Bachardy was involved with another man and was thinking about leaving Isherwood, who took a teaching job in San Francisco in part, Bachardy says, because 'we decided maybe it would be better if we were each of us alone for a while. I think he was away for three months. There's nothing like solitude to clear one's mind, and to allow one to concentrate on a particular problem.' The result: 'It didn't take me long to realize that I didn't want to split up with him.'
Isherwood, a dedicated user of the material of his own life, eventually incorporated some of that difficult period into A Single Man, which he considered his best novel. It takes place during a single day in the life of a 58-year-old Englishman named George, who lives and teaches in Los Angeles and is mourning the recent death of his younger lover. Bachardy notes in Chris & Don that the novel grew in part from Isherwood's exploration of what his life would be like without him. 'He killed me off someplace so that he could really get into the idea,' says Bachardy.
Bachardy visited the set of the film adaptation, which stars Colin Firth as George, three times. (Ford, who's making his directorial debut, also wrote the screenplay.) Bachardy, who has a cameo in the film -- 'a speaking line' -- was impressed by Ford's set. 'I've visited many film sets in my time, and I've never been on one with such an upbeat feeling, where everybody was working in synchronicity and good cheer,' he says. For his part, Ford says, 'I adore Don. If I was not a married man I would chase after him. He is a catch, and I hope that one night, after a few vodka tonics together, he will not be upset if I give him a proper goodnight kiss.'
The year after Isherwood's death, Bachardy began what turned out to be a 10-year relationship with Tim Hilton, an architect 26 years his junior. 'I'd grown so much in years with Chris,' Bachardy says, 'I couldn't wait to share it with somebody else. And I realized I was old enough to play Chris's role and I cast Tim in my role. I should have asked his permission, I suppose. That would have helped us. But we did have some very, very good years together.' So having been the mentee, he was ready to become the mentor. And in his own extensive diaries of those years, he says, he can see how 'much of my experience with Tim echoed my experience with Chris. And for the first time I was understanding all kinds of situations between Chris and me and seeing them from his point of view and saying to him in my head, 'Oh, that's how you were feeling. Oh, that's what this misunderstanding was all about. Now I get why you were reacting as you did.' ' (Hilton and Bachardy remain on good terms and, in fact, had plans to meet for dinner the week after this interview.)
After his relationship with Hilton ended, Bachardy initially worried that he would struggle on his own. 'I'm happy to say that's not at all the case,' he says. 'The day isn't long enough to suit me. I have so many things I want to do before I die.'
He continues to paint and draw in his studio, sometimes standing at a table for six hours. 'My day is very full. I'm good by myself,' Bachardy says. 'I've got my work. It feeds me. I don't notice the time passing because I'm so engaged in what I'm doing. That's a great, great blessing: to have a vocation. And it was Chris who gave it to me.'
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