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Mummy (top) and Male (bottom) volumes colored with a transfer function (left) and shaded (right).
A transfer function is used to assign RGB and alpha values for every voxel in the volume. A 1D transfer function maps one RGBA value for every isovalue [0, 255]. Multi-dimensional transfer functions allow multiple RGBA values to be mapped to a single isovalue. These are however out of the scope of this tutorial, so I will just focus on 1D transfer functions.
The transfer function is used to "view" a certain part of the volume. As with the second set of pictures above, there is a skin layer/material and there is a skull layer/material. A transfer function could be designed to just look at the skin, the skull, or both (as is pictured). There are a few different ways of creating transfer functions. One is two manually define the transfer functions by specifying the RGBA values for the isovalues (what we will be doing), and another is through visual controls and widgets. Manually defining the transfer function is a lot like guess work and takes a bit of time, but is the easiest way to get your feet wet. Visually designing transfer functions is the easiest way to get good results quickly as it happens at run-time. But this method is quite complex to implement (at least for a tutorial).
Creating the transfer function:
To create a transfer function, we want to define the RGBA values for certain isovalues (control points or control knots) and then interpolate between these values to produce a smooth transition between layers/materials. Our transfer function will result in a 1D texture with a width of 256.
First we have the TransferControlPoint class. This class takes an RGB color or alpha value for a specific isovalue.
public class TransferControlPoint{ public Vector4 Color; public int IsoValue; /// <summary> /// Constructor for color control points. /// Takes rgb color components that specify the color at the supplied isovalue. /// </summary> /// <param name="x"></param> /// <param name="y"></param> /// <param name="z"></param> /// <param name="isovalue"></param> public TransferControlPoint(float r, float g, float b, int isovalue) { Color.X = r; Color.Y = g; Color.Z = b; Color.W = 1.0f; IsoValue = isovalue; } /// <summary> /// Constructor for alpha control points. /// Takes an alpha that specifies the aplpha at the supplied isovalue. /// </summary> /// <param name="alpha"></param> /// <param name="isovalue"></param> public TransferControlPoint(float alpha, int isovalue) { Color.X = 0.0f; Color.Y = 0.0f; Color.Z = 0.0f; Color.W = alpha; IsoValue = isovalue; } }This class will represent the control points that we will interpolate. I've added two lists to the Volume class, mAlphaKnots and mColorKnots. These will be the list of transfer control points that we will setup and interpolate to produce the transfer function. To produce the result for the Male dataset above, here are the transfer control points that we will define:
mesh.ColorKnots = new List<TransferControlPoint> { new TransferControlPoint(.91f, .7f, .61f, 0), new TransferControlPoint(.91f, .7f, .61f, 80), new TransferControlPoint(1.0f, 1.0f, .85f, 82), new TransferControlPoint(1.0f, 1.0f, .85f, 256) }; mesh.AlphaKnots = new List<TransferControlPoint> { new TransferControlPoint(0.0f, 0), new TransferControlPoint(0.0f, 40), new TransferControlPoint(0.2f, 60), new TransferControlPoint(0.05f, 63), new TransferControlPoint(0.0f, 80), new TransferControlPoint(0.9f, 82), new TransferControlPoint(1f, 256) };You need to specify at least two control points at isovalues 0 and 256 for both alpha and color. Also the control points need to be ordered (low to high) by the isovalue. So the first entry in the list should always be the RGB/alpha value for the zero isovalue, and the last entry should always be the RGB/alpha value for the 256 isovalue. The above list of control points produce the following transfer function after interpolation:
So we have defined a range of color for the skin and a longer range of color for the skull/bone.
But how do we interpolate between the control points? We will fit a cubic spline to the control points to produce a nice smooth interpolation between the knots. For a more in-depth discussion on cubic splines refer to my camera animation tutorial.
Here is a simple graph representation of the spline that is fit to the control points.
Using the transfer function:
So how do we put this transfer function to use? First we set it to a 1D texture and upload it to the graphics card. Then in the shader, we simply take the isovalue sampled from the 3d volume texture and use that to index the transfer function texture.
value = tex3Dlod(VolumeS, pos); src = tex1Dlod(TransferS, value.a);Now we have the color and opacity of the current sample. Next, we have to shade it. While this is simply diffuse shading I will go over how to calculate gradients (aka normals) for the 3D volume.
Calculating Gradients:
The method we will use to calculate the gradients is the central differences scheme. This takes the last and next samples of the current sample to calculate the gradient/normal. This can be performed at run-time in the shader, but as it requires 6 extra texture fetches from the 3D texture, it is quite slow. So we will calculate the gradients and place them in the RGB components of our volume texture and move the isovalue to the alpha channel. This way we only need one volume texture for the data set instead of two: one for the gradients and one for the isovalues.
Calculating the gradients is pretty simple. We just loop through all the samples and find the difference between the next and previous sample to calculate the gradients:
/// <summary> /// Generates gradients using a central differences scheme./// </summary> /// <param name="sampleSize">The size/radius of the sample to take.</param>private void generateGradients(int sampleSize) { int n = sampleSize; Vector3 normal = Vector3.Zero; Vector3 s1, s2; int index = 0; for (int z = 0; z < mDepth; z++) { for (int y = 0; y < mHeight; y++) { for (int x = 0; x < mWidth; x++) { s1.X = sampleVolume(x - n, y, z); s2.X = sampleVolume(x + n, y, z); s1.Y = sampleVolume(x, y - n, z); s2.Y = sampleVolume(x, y + n, z); s1.Z = sampleVolume(x, y, z - n); s2.Z = sampleVolume(x, y, z + n); mGradients[index++] = Vector3.Normalize(s2 - s1); if (float.IsNaN(mGradients[index - 1].X)) mGradients[index - 1] = Vector3.Zero; } } } }Next we will filter the gradients to smooth them out and prevent any high irregularities. We achieve this by a simple NxNxN cube filter. A cube filter simply averages the surrounding N^3 - 1 samples. Here's the code for the gradient filtering:
/// <summary> /// Applies an NxNxN filter to the gradients./// Should be an odd number of samples. 3 used by default./// </summary> /// <param name="n"></param>private void filterNxNxN(int n) { int index = 0; for (int z = 0; z < mDepth; z++) { for (int y = 0; y < mHeight; y++) { for (int x = 0; x < mWidth; x++) { mGradients[index++] = sampleNxNxN(x, y, z, n); } } } } /// <summary> /// Samples the sub-volume graident volume and returns the average./// Should be an odd number of samples./// </summary> /// <param name="x"></param> /// <param name="y"></param> /// <param name="z"></param> /// <param name="n"></param> /// <returns></returns>private Vector3 sampleNxNxN(int x, int y, int z, int n) { n = (n - 1) / 2; Vector3 average = Vector3.Zero; int num = 0; for (int k = z - n; k <= z + n; k++) { for (int j = y - n; j <= y + n; j++) { for (int i = x - n; i <= x + n; i++) { if (isInBounds(i, j, k)) { average += sampleGradients(i, j, k); num++; } } } } average /= (float)num; if (average.X != 0.0f && average.Y != 0.0f && average.Z != 0.0f) average.Normalize(); return average; }This is a really simple and slow way of filtering the gradients. A better way is to use a seperable 3D Gaussian kernal to filter the gradients.
Now that we have the gradients we just fill the xyz components of the 3D volume texture and put the isovalue in the alpha channel:
//transform the data to HalfVector4HalfVector4[] gradients = new HalfVector4[mGradients.Length]; for (int i = 0; i < mGradients.Length; i++) { gradients[i] = new HalfVector4(mGradients[i].X, mGradients[i].Y, mGradients[i].Z, mScalars[i].ToVector4().W); } mVolume.SetData<HalfVector4>(gradients); mEffect.Parameters["Volume"].SetValue(mVolume);And that's pretty much it. Creating a good transfer function can take a little time, but this simple 1D transfer function can still produce pretty good results. Here's a few captures of what this demo can produce:
A teapot with just transfer function:
The teapot with transfer function and shaded:
Now a CT scan of a male head. Just transfer function:
Now with shading:
And a mummy:
*The CT Male data set was converted from PVM format to RAW format with the V3 library. The original data set can be found here: http://www9.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/External/vollib/


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2007 Aerolite Cub Hybrid
Our Price: $8,900*
- Specifications
- Condition: Pre-Owned
- Category: Travel Trailers
- Sub-category: Travel Trailers
- Model Year: 2007
Our Price: $8,900*
Our Price: $5,900*
Our Price: $9,900*
*We have made every effort to ensure accuracy in the information provided. Specifications, equipment, technical data, photographs, and illustrations are based on information available at the time of posting and are subject to change without notice. To receive or verify current product information, please contact our dealership during business hours. Affordable RV's is not responsible for typographical errors in price or errors in description of condition of a vehicle or its listed equipment, accessories, price or warranties. Any and all differences must be addressed prior to the sale of the vehicle. Decision to sell an RV regardless of price is solely determined by Affordable RV's. Sale prices do not include mandatory fees such as NC sales tax, title, tag, documentary, new unit 7 year warranty, battery & box, and dealer pre-delivery inspection & service. Any estimated monthly payment calculated is for informational purposes only and does not constitute an advertisement for any terms, an actual financing offer, nor any commitment to provide financing. Affordable RV's makes no representations that any particular terms or financing are actually available. Your actual monthly payment will depend on your creditworthiness, the RV you purchase, the amount of your down payment, and the amount financed in your transaction. Your actual monthly payment may be higher than the payment estimated. Your ability to obtain a financing offer, as well as the actual terms of such offer, will be based on the RV you select and the underwriting criteria used by the finance sources chosen by the Affordable RV's to review your credit application.

subset: commoncrawl


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Discreet packaging and billing
Product Description
A collectible erotic playset featuring adjustable soft handcuffs with lace detailing. Includes 3 sensual body products and a set of 12 Kama Sutra Play Cards: 10 Kama Sutra position cards and 2 "Wild Cards" with tips and tricks about how to incorporate the included products into the game.
- HAND CUFFS soft lace handcuffs for gentle restraint
- FEATHER TICKLER for sensual application of Honey Dust
- 12 KAMA SUTRA PLAY CARDS for hours of erotic entertainment with your lover
- HONEY DUST Chocolate Caress (56 g): kissable body powder
- OIL OF LOVE The Original (22 ml): kissable body oil
- LOVE LIQUID Classic: (3 packets of 3 ml): personal, water-based lubricant
- Those who have always wanted to try something a bit more adventurous in the bedroom but weren't sure where to start
- Lovers who would like to experiment bondage play
- Couples who would like to learn how to master different sex positions
- Collect all four limited-edition play-sets!
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How Many Basset Hounds Are Sleeping in This Doghouse? [VIDEO]
You think there are only two basset hounds in there right? Think again.
There are only two valid explanations: The dogs were really, really cold, or they are owned by a clown. (Doesn't it remind you of a clown car?) How else can you explain that there were SO many dogs packed into that little doghouse?
And then there are like six more who come running to the window. Is this a basset hound ranch or something?


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Clean Pro Gutter Cleaning San Jose
Do the really smart thing — Let a Pro deal with those stopped up gutters!
San Jose's best rain gutter cleaning company. No company gets your gutters cleaned like Clean Pro Gutter Cleaning San Jose. We're here to save you time, money and trouble when it relates to gutter cleaning.
Gutter cleaning in San Jose can be a tedious chore. Clean Pro Gutter Cleaning is here to save you the time and trouble of cleaning your clogged up gutters and downspouts yourself.
Gutter and downspout cleaning can be more than a chore. Clogged gutters can cause significant water damage to your home. That's why San Jose homeowners depend on Clean Pro Gutter Cleaning to sweep away those obstructions and debris and keep their gutters working properly year-round. We have actually stayed in business since 2001 and we supply fast and very affordable rain gutter and downspout cleaning for homes with a 100% total satisfaction guarantee and a 30-day No Clog Written Warranty
San Jose, officially San José (; Spanish: [saŋ xoˈse]; Spanish for 'Saint Joseph'), is a major city in the U.S. state of California that is the cultural, financial, and political center of Silicon Valley and largest city in Northern California by both population and area. With a 2020 population of 1,013,240, it is the most populous city in both the Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area, which contain 7.7 million and 9.7 million people respectively, the third-most populous city in California (after Los Angeles and San Diego and ahead of San Francisco), and the tenth-most populous in the United States. Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay, San Jose covers an area of 179.97 sq mi (466.1 km2). San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County and the main component of the San Jose–Sunnyvale–Santa Clara Metropolitan Statistical Area, with an estimated population of around two million residents in 2018.San Jose is notable for its innovation, cultural diversity, affluence, and sunny and mild Mediterranean climate. Its connection to the booming high tech industry phenomenon known as Silicon Valley sparked Mayor Tom McEnery to adopt the city the motto of "Capital of Silicon Valley" in 1988.
Alma Neighborhood Association, Almaden Meadows, Blossom Valley, Bonita - 24th, Branham/ Jarvis, Broadway - Palmhaven, Cahalan, California Oak Creek, Cambrian Community, Canoas East, Capewood, Crossgate, Del Robles, Dobern, Doerr - Steindorf


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Kosciusko County covers one of the most scenic and historic areas of the state, with the towns of Warsaw, Milford, Sydney, Pierceton, Etna Green, North Webster, Leesburg, Claypool, Silver Lake, Mentone, Syracuse, and Burket, in addition to over 90 lovely lakes and many beautiful rural areas.
Copyright © 2024, Kosciusko Board of REALTORS®, All Rights Reserved.
Warsaw Indiana Web Design by 1Eighty Digital


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Before I joined the Delicious Living team, I worked for several outdoor-sports magazines. Over the course of a decade, I wrote and edited hundreds of articles about equipment, apparel, and footwear — but at times, I still got intimidated walking into an outdoor-sports store. I still can't help but wonder what people who aren't as familiar with tents, backpacks, and hiking boots must think; all those bells and whistles on the latest gear aren't necessarily clearly understood or explained. It's easy to feel that if you aren't prepared to climb Mount Everest or hike the Appalachian Trail, then you don't belong.
I was reminded of this feeling while reading "Label Know-how." Former Delicious Living editor Pamela Bond writes that she's reluctant to read nutrition labels partly because "a label can be a confusing, time-consuming read." If she finds labels confusing, how does the average consumer feel? Although research shows that a large majority of people want to eat healthier, many people, understandably, don't know how. And can you blame them? From low sodium to no sodium, no fat to trans fats, and myriad other categories trumpeted on food packaging (not to mention claims made on supplements, body care, and cleaning products), labels may muddy the waters rather than clarify an item's health benefits.
So how do we reduce the intimidation factor and make healthy eating and natural living accessible and understandable? Here's a start: Tell us what you need from us at Delicious Living. Then, share your knowledge with others. Pass along this issue to friends and family, and offer them your favorite healthy recipes and eating tips. Ask friends what questions they have about eco-issues, organics, parenting, and more, and post those on our online forums. Communication is a fabulous way to clear confusion. And since I happen to love both the outdoor and natural-products industries, I'd encourage you to take up the dialogue during a leisurely hike or bike ride.


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Ask the MB: Cold Head
A: Joe, don't cut it too close (see an earlier post on the matter). It's easy for us to sit here with hair up the wazoo and tell you to work with what the good Lord gave ya, but that's exactly what we're going to do. Hair replacement/transplants run into the many thousands of dollars and they're a crap shoot. For that kind of bread you can upgrade your hat collection with this ultra-toasty shaved beaver model (now on sale for $290) and have wads of cash left over for penis enlargement pills.


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Extra 6% OFF or Extra 10% OFF orders $100+ with code: SPRING
I have never written a bad review for anything on scrapbook.com, but Doodlebug really does a questionable thing in offering these items for sale as an essentials kit! (SIDE NOTE: All items are great quality! I LOVE Doodlebug products, including the Monster Mania collection!) First of all, the picture does not match the product received. There are no Chunky Brads in the kit, though they are not listed in the description, just pictured. Secondly, the border stickers pictured are also not included with this kit. But MAINLY, the value of the current kit that you will get if ordered as of 4/24/2012, not how it is pictured on this date, is $14.32!!! So you are paying $19.99 for $14.32 in product if purchased separately (Breakdown of prices: $1.09 per sheet of paper x 4, $3.99 for Icon Stickers x 1, $1.49 for Cut Outs x 1, $1.49 for doodle pop pumpkin x 1, and $2.99 for the spidies braddies x 1=$14.32 for the contents of the kit if purchased separately).
All the products included in the current kit are available for purchase online--all except the spidies braddies are available on sb.com! SO my recommendation: SAVE YOUR MONEY!!! Purchase the items separately!!!
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U.S. Federal and State Cases, Codes, and Articles
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Current as of January 01, 2020 | Updated by FindLaw Staff
(a) Legislative findings and purpose.--Taxpayers who successfully challenge the constitutionality of state taxes may be entitled to retroactive monetary relief for the amount of their overpayments. Because there may be many of such taxpayers and the period of retroactivity may be extensive, the amount of monetary relief owed to such taxpayers may represent a considerable and unpredictable risk to the fiscal integrity and stability of this state. This section provides the tax commissioner with greater flexibility and discretion in the manner in which such relief may be provided.
(b) Legislative intent and rules of construction.
(1) Legislative intent.--It is the intent of the Legislature that this section shall be construed to preserve the fiscal integrity and stability of the state of West Virginia and to provide appropriate relief to the extent required by this section and the state and federal constitutions. The provisions of section fourteen of this article shall remain in full force and effect with regard to overpayments of tax resulting from any reason including unconstitutionality.
(2) Rules of construction.
(A) The remedies provided by this section and section fourteen of this article are exclusive and shall be in lieu of any and all remedies provided at common law or by other statutes.
(B) Because all legislative enactments are presumptively constitutional and because the tax commissioner is without authority to determine the constitutionality of tax laws, other than through the courts, no cause of action shall exist against said tax commissioner, in his individual capacity, for damages, attorney's fees or court costs incurred in litigating the constitutionality of any tax law administered under this article which is subsequently determined to be unconstitutional.
(C) A holding of retroactivity shall not be deemed to override any statutes of limitation which have run, or to require relief for any cases which are res judicata.
(c) Criteria for retroactive monetary relief.--No person may be granted relief based on a claim of unconstitutionality, unless the decision that the tax or its application is unconstitutional also mandates retroactive monetary relief and is a final decision of a court of competent jurisdiction of this state or a federal court having appropriate jurisdiction. A final decision is one for which the availability of an appeal has been exhausted, and the time for filing a petition has elapsed or the petition has been finally denied.
(d) Amount of relief; interest.--The amount of monetary relief shall be comprised solely of the amount of overpayment, together with interest, and shall not include damages of any kind, court costs, or attorney's fees except when ordered by a court of competent jurisdiction. Interest shall be paid as provided by section seventeen of this article.
(e) Type and manner of providing relief.--In addition to the powers already provided in this article, the tax commissioner may, in his discretion and in accordance with guidelines published by him in the State Register, provide retroactive monetary relief by any one or combination of the following remedies:
(1) Refunds.--The total amount of any refund to be paid to a taxpayer may be paid either in one lump sum or in periodic installments. Installment payments shall be paid in full not later than three years from the date of the final decision of entitlement to retroactive monetary relief: Provided, That the periodic installment method for payment may only be used when the total amount of any refund to an individual taxpayer exceeds one thousand dollars or the aggregate amount of all refunds resulting from a final decision of unconstitutionality of a particular tax is estimated to be more than five million dollars.
(2) Credits.--With the taxpayer's consent, the tax commissioner may issue an overpayment credit for tax.
(f) Finality of relief.--The issuance of refunds or credits shall constitute complete and final settlement of all entitlements based on the claim or claims for which such refunds or credits were made.
Cite this article: FindLaw.com - West Virginia Code Chapter 11. Taxation § 11-10-14b. Monetary remedies for overpayments due to unconstitutionality - last updated January 01, 2020 | https://codes.findlaw.com/wv/chapter-11-taxation/wv-code-sect-11-10-14b/
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Politics and Law
October 20th, 2010There is no question that politics is a major component of modern day life. But who can actually define exactly what politics really is? It is one of those things that we all know it when we see it, but find it difficult to put a label or definition on. Difficult does not mean impossible, so let's begin.
Of course politics relates to governing, which is control over a social order or community, especially a political entity such as a state, city, country and the like. Practicing politics usually means asserting influence over others either on a civic level or an individual level to get them to do what the politician believes is best.
Some of the tools used by politicians to persuade people to come to their support are negotiations, laws, and often through force. Warfare has been called, "Politics by other means." In today's world most democracies will go to great lengths to avoid warfare and only use it as a last resort. Dictatorships and tyrannies however often use warfare and the threat of war, to control their own populations. Under ordinary circumstances however laws are the preferred method of creating structure, stability, and prosperity through the political process.


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patm -- Device driver for IDT77252 based ATM interfaces (ProSum and IDT)
device patm device utopia device atm options NATM options LIBMBPOOL
The patm device driver supports ATM cards based on the IDT77252 chip. It has been tested with ProSum's ProATM-155 cards and with IDT's evaluation boards. The driver interfaces with the natm(4) framework, netgraph(4) and HARP. It provides only PVC services. Signalling, ATMARP, ILMI and other higher layer protocols are implemented using netgraph(4) or HARP. For configuring the card for IP see natmip(4). The driver supports UBR, CBR, VBR and ABR traffic. Supported AALs are: AAL0 (cell payloads), AAL5 and raw AAL. The driver supports opening of VCI/VPI 0/0 in RX, raw AAL-mode. This VC will receive all incoming cells (even those with non-zero GFC fields and VPI/VCI values outside the allowed range) that are not claimed by other open connections. This may be used for monitoring purposes. The following sysctls are recognized by the driver additionally to those handled by utopia(4): hw.atm.patmN.istats Returns a list of uint32_t statistic counters with internal driver statistics. hw.atm.patmN.eeprom This is a read-only variable containing the contents of the on-board EEPROM device. hw.atm.patmN.lbuf_max This puts an upper limit on the number of large receive buffers the driver will allocate. This is a read-only variable that can be set via a loader tunable. hw.atm.patmN.tx_maxmaps This is the upper limit of transmission DMA maps the driver will allocate. This is read-only but may be set via a loader tunable. hw.atm.patmN.debug (only if debugging enabled) These are debugging flags. See if_patmvar.h() for the possible flags. This may be initialized via a loader tunable. hw.atm.patmN.regs (only if debugging enabled) Returns the current values of the card's registers. hw.atm.patmN.tsq Returns the transmit status queue. When loaded the driver initializes several variables from loader tunables: hw.patmN.lbuf_max This initializes the corresponding sysctl variable and defines an upper limit on the number of large receive buffers (mbuf clusters). hw.patmN.tx_maxmaps This initializes the corresponding sysctl variable and is the maximum number of DMA maps for transmission that the driver will allocated. hw.patmN.debug (only if debugging enabled) Initializes the debugging flags. The driver supports the media options sdh, noscramb and unassigned (see utopia(4)) when the card is a 155MBit card. Both PMC-Sierra S/UNI and IDT77155 PHY chips are supported for these cards. For 25MBit cards the IDT77105 is supported.
patm1: <NICStAR (77222/77252) ATM adapter> port 0xc000-0xc0ff mem 0xf8000000-0xf83fffff,0xf4000000-0xf4000fff irq 11 at device 8.0 on pci2 patm1: IDT77252 155MBit interface; idt77252 Rev. G; IDT77155 PHY patm1: 128K x 32 SRAM; 4096 connections
natm(4), natmip(4), utopia(4)
The card fails to generate an interrupt if a cell is received in AAL0 mode that has the MSB of the PTI field cleared. Therefore cells will be delivered on the next receive interrupt which can happen either when the receive status queue is full, or a cell with the last bit of the PTI set is received. Although the card supports AAL3/4 the driver does not. The rate tables used by this driver are not the tables recommended by IDT (they are wrong anyway). The driver's tables are slightly more aggressive than IDT's. That means, that the actual cell rate can be slightly higher than the specified. This is in contrast to the IDT tables where cell rates 5% less than the allowed one have been observed. This can be changed by changing the program that generates these tables, found in /usr/src/sys/dev/patm/genrtab, and regenerating them. The reported media for the 155MBit cards will always be OC3/MM, because there is no (known to me) way to figure out the actual medium. The medium should really be coded in the EEPROM by the manufacturer. The Tx cell counter in the utopia statistics is wrong, because the chip uses idle cells for spacing and the PHY counts these cells. While there is a configuration option for the chip to switch of these cells and, according to the documentation, this should not influence cell spacing, it does, so the driver let's the chip generate idle cells.
Thanks to Christian Bucari from ProSum for lending two of these cards to enable the development of this driver. Thanks also for answering my questions.
Harti Brandt <firstname.lastname@example.com>. FreeBSD July 15, 2003 FreeBSD


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Temporary names of elements
The Question:
Where do temporary names of new elements come from?
The Answer:
If you look at a recent periodic table of the elements, you'll probably see a few at the end which have yet to be officially named. During the time between discovery and the approval of a new name, temporary names and abbreviations are assigned using Latin roots, as follows:
- 0 = nil
- 1 = un
- 2 = bi
- 3 = tri
- 4 = quad
- 5 = pent
- 6 = hex
- 7 = sept
- 8 = oct
- 9 = enn
To get the temporary name of a new element, simply take the roots corresponding to its element number, and combine them with "ium." For the temporary abbreviation, use the first letter of each root.
So, for example, before it was officially named Meitnerium, element 109 was called unnilennium (un + nil + enn + ium), and was abbreviated Une. Element 115, unnamed as of this writing, is called ununpentium for now, and is abbreviated Uup.
-The Editors


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Radical Software Group is a loosely defined ensemble of artists and programmers, working collaboratively in digital media. Radical Software Group, or RSG, is named in honor of Radical Software, the short-lived but seminal 1970s magazine, which investigated nascent video technology with much the same irreverent spirit that RSG now brings to digital culture. The group, whose membership shifts according to the project, has focused largely on network environments and interface design, including the award-winning software tool Carnivore.
Alex Galloway was born in 1974. He received a B.A. from Brown University and a Ph.D. from Duke University. He worked at Rhizome.org from 1996 to 2002. His work has been exhibited at Eyebeam, New York; White Columns, New York; the New Museum for Contemporary Art, New York; Transmediale, Berlin; P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center, Long Island City, New York; the Institute of Contemporary Art, London, and on the Whitney Museum of American Art's artport website, among other venues. Galloway also won the Berlin Prize in 2018. He teaches at New York University. Galloway lives in New York City.


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Please visit our Open House at 16521 58 AVE in Surrey.
Open House on Saturday, October 26, 2019 1:00PM - 3:00PM
A rare opportunity to own in Cloverdale's most prestigious neighborhood. This is a brand new luxury home built by the sought after Marathon Homes. As you walk through and view this gorgeous house,you will see the attention to detail that Marathon Homes does so well. Entertain in your gourmet kitchen while keeping the cooking in the spice kitchen . Magnificent master on main with a spa like en-suite. Grand open concept will make you feel like you are entering a luxurious hotel. Upstairs boasts 4 over-sized bedrooms each with their own en-suits.Rent out the beautiful suite in the basement or save it for guests. The basement has two additional bedrooms, as well as a large rec room and a wet-bar. Enjoy lounging in your handsomely landscaped back yard. This house is a MUST see!


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Tour Thailand On Google Street View
(Reuters) - Google rushed out its panoramic Street View maps in Thailand on Friday as part of the country's efforts to show tourist hot spots have recovered from last year's floods.
But it also marked something of a change of fortunes for Google itself, which has weathered several storms in Asia over its mapping products.
Google rolled out 360-degree images of the streets of Bangkok, the resort island of Phuket and the northern city of Chiang Mai. Street View allows users to click through a seamless view of streets via the company's Google Maps website.
Google plans to use a tricycle-mounted camera to photograph places that can't be reached by car, such as parks and monuments. The Tourism Authority of Thailand will launch a poll to choose which sites to photograph first.
We really want to show that Thailand isn't still underwater, said David Marx, Google's Tokyo-based communications manager. People should see Thailand for what it is.
Pongrit Abhijatapong, marketing information technology officer at the Tourism Authority of Thailand, said it was less about showing that Thailand was back to normal.
Rather, we hope tourists can see with their own eyes what Thailand is like. Street View will help their decision-making process in a positive way in regards to visiting Thailand.
Google has not always been able to count on such enthusiasm elsewhere in Asia, illustrating the challenges the company has faced besides high-profile spats with China over privacy and India over removing offensive content.
While Google has faced issues globally - most recently over its changes to its user privacy policy - Google's efforts to map and photograph streets across Asia have encountered cultural, political and security obstacles.
In Japan, for example, Google was required to reshoot its street level photos in 12 cities in 2009 after complaints the 360-degree camera, set atop a vehicle plying Japan's narrow streets, was photographing the insides of people's homes.
And in South Korea its Seoul offices were raided in 2010 after police discovered that the Street View vehicle was not just taking photos but also capturing data over Wi-Fi networks.
In India, Google's plans to capture street-level images of Bangalore were blocked by Indian police in 2011. Google says it is in discussions with the Indian government on ways to move forward.
Marx pointed out that Street View had been rolled out without problems elsewhere in Asia, including Hong Kong, Macau, and Singapore, and is about to begin photographing Malaysia.
The cases in Japan and Korea have been resolved, Marx said, and Street View was now live and popular in both countries.
Indeed, Marx said Street View now covered much of Japan, including far-flung islands. In addition, Google captured street-level images of the area hit by the tsunami as part of an initiative to chronicle the devastation and reconstruction.
Japan, he said, has become one of the global highlights of Street View.
But issues remain in both countries. Japan's Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications has since warned Google to comply with the country's privacy laws. That included a notice in November instructing Google to delete data collected from Wi-Fi networks.
In South Korea, prosecutors said their investigations were only temporarily suspended after failing to gain access to some Google staff involved in the matter.
To be sure, the issues Google faces are not exclusively Asia-related. But many of the problems over its mapping applications have been.
While it chose to risk China's ire by pulling its search operation out of China over a censorship dispute in 2010, in other cases in Asia it has danced carefully between local laws and sensibilities, and not compromising its own position.
Take Google Maps, for example, which is the mapping service that Google users access through a web browser or their phone.
To comply with laws in India and China, which require all published maps to hew to the host country's official borders, Google has created different versions - one for those accessing Google Maps inside India, one for those in China and another for the rest of the world.
Stefan Geens, a Belgian consultant who tracks the political dimensions of Google's mapping services at his blog ogleearth.com, says that given the size of both markets Google had little choice.
But Geens, the recipient of a Google grant to research international law and remote sensing technologies, said it also had to take into account the feelings of local staff in both countries.
Google doesn't have to answer just to the Indian government, but also to its employees, when they do stuff which might offend Chinese or Indian sensibilities, he said.
Google's multiple version may have allowed Google Maps to be launched in those countries, but it has not quieted all criticism.
Cambodia has complained about the depiction of its disputed border with Thailand, while Vietnam has complained about depiction of its maritime claims in the South China Sea, which overlap with China and other countries. Google says the latter is down to Vietnamese Internet users viewing the Chinese version of Google Maps.
In India, protests have been more voluble and less easy to brush off. Over the past few years media and MPs have been outraged about the delineation of the China-India border on Google Earth and Google Maps, most recently earlier this month when a newspaper in northeast India ran a banner headline reporting that Google Earth was showing parts of the state of Assam as being part of China.
Most of these cases, Geens says, are either due to mistakes by Google or users looking at the wrong maps. Where locals are quick to see a conspiracy, he says, it's more often an honest mistake on the part of Google.
Google has had more PR success with an offshoot of Google Maps dreamed up by two of its engineers in India. Frustrated that parts of the country were inadequately covered by the product, they developed a tool to allow users to fill in the holes.
Submissions are then reviewed before being added to Google Maps itself. Called Map Maker, fans include the Pakistan army, which used it to update their maps after floods swept away local infrastructure in 2010.
But Map Maker's appeal has been limited by criticism that any data contributed is proprietary, compared with open source projects such as OpenStreetMap.
On Monday, the World Bank, which announced in January that Google had allowed it privileged access to Map Maker for its disaster relief efforts, responded to criticism that it was using a closed system by stressing that it was not using Map Maker to create new data, but as another source of data.
Google's launch of Street View in Thailand, therefore, is a chance for Google to highlight a trouble-free partnership with a government in a country it views as a surprisingly strong market.
Google says that use has grown significantly there, and that it is now one of the biggest users in the world of the live traffic feature on Google Maps - unsurprising, perhaps, given the capital's traffic jams.
Thailand is not the first Asian country to embrace Street View but its request that the launch be brought forward was unusual, Google's Marx said. Although Google had already started photographing before the floods hit, they completed the project within six months after the government's request. Thailand, said Marx, is an outlier in a good way.
(Additional reporting by Tim Kelly in TOKYO, Kim Miyoung in SEOUL, Rebecca Conway in ISLAMABAD, Amy Lefevre in BANGKOK and Prak Chan Thul in PHNOM PENH)
© Copyright Thomson Reuters 2024. All rights reserved.


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Chinatown's Taiwan Deli has tasty bites at ridiculously low prices
Wed, Oct 6, 2010 (8:05 p.m.)
Photo: Beverly Poppe
When the tiny, obscure Champion Gourmet Chinese deli closed in April, you could almost hear the sighs coming from fans of its rich noodle soups and dumplings. Champion was so off the radar—tucked upstairs in a Spring Mountain Road mall—only fellow travelers and adventuresome lao-wai (non-Chinese) knew of its existence. Service was always perfunctory, and English a rare commodity. If you asked for water, you were directed to a cooler and a stack of Styrofoam cups. If you wanted a soda, you pretty much grabbed one from the fridge and pointed to it so your waitress would know to add it to the bill.
- Yi Mei Champion Taiwan Deli
- 3435 S. Jones Blvd., 222-3435.
- Daily, 7 a.m.-9 p.m.
- Recently reviewed
- Carlito's Burritos (9/22/10)
I was still mourning this gastronomic loss a month ago when I heard a Taiwanese joint had just opened on Jones near Spring Mountain. No one told me it was owned by the same folks. All I could tell upon entering was that it looked like a new, nicely decorated Chinese noodle parlor. Then I asked for some water, and a nice, semi-bilingual gal pointed me to the Styrofoam cups beside the water cooler. The clouds parted on the spot, and angels started singing as I realized rumors of Champion's death had been greatly exaggerated.
The official name is Yi Mei Champion Taiwan Deli, and every day it's packed with Chinese tourists and Chinese-American locals, who come here for a taste of Taiwan at criminally cheap prices. You might feel a little like a rabbi at an Arkansas pig roast when you first walk in, but the staff is welcoming and the menu well-translated and easy to navigate. You'll want to go directly to the beef or pork rolls (and maybe to a green onion or leek pancake) to begin your meal, then to any of the dumplings or pot stickers. From there proceed directly to the soup noodle/dry noodle page, then pick and point. You can't go wrong with any of them, and the spicy peanuts or spicy sesame sauce noodle will make you wonder what you ever saw in fettuccine Alfredo.


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Charlotte, NC (Restaurant News Release) This May, learn "the Secrets of Cinco" with Salsarita's. The Fresh Mexican Cantina is celebrating Cinco de Mayo with a five-day celebration full of food and special offers from Thursday, May 2 through Monday, May 6 at participating locations.
Each day starting May 2, members of Salsarita's Cantina Club loyalty program will receive a top-secret email, good for that day only, which they can use for special offers on Salsarita's flavorful, fresh Mexican cuisine. Guests must be Cantina Club members to receive the offers. Guests can contact their local Salsarita's for additional promotions
"Salsarita's has always been a great place to celebrate Cinco de Mayo – and this year, with a five day long celebration, there has never been a better chance to experience what our restaurants have to offer," said Phil Friedman, CEO of Salsarita's.
To register for the Cantina Club, guests must pick up a Cantina Club Card in the restaurant and register it online.
Founded in 2000 in Charlotte, N.C., Salsarita's offers Mexican favorites such as signature Casaritos®, Mexican pizza-inspired Cantizzas®, and an assortment of tacos, quesadillas and nachos made fresh to order with an extensive selection of proteins, toppings and fillings, as well as six flavorful house-made salsas. The franchise has more than 80 locations in 19 states, including seven that are company-owned. Salsarita's expects to have at least 10 new restaurants operating and 4-6 franchise agreements signed before the end of 2013, with long-range projections calling for over 300 locations nationwide over the next several years. For more information, visit www.salsaritas.com.
Courtney Thomas
Sanderson & Associates, Ltd.


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Greathouse Trial Law
Drunk Driving Injury Attorney in Martinez
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- Free Consultation – Tell us what happened. We will review your case and its potential worth. Virtual and phone consultations are available.
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- We Keep You Updated – Transparency is key. We keep you informed about your case.
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- Experienced – We have experienced drunk driving accident attorneys who can help.
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Client Reviews – Drunk Driving Injury Attorney in Martinez
We look forward to being your dedicated Drunk Driving Injury Attorney. Greathouse Trial Law has Drunk Driving Injury Attorney who aggressively represent individuals in drunk driving accidents, so that they may receive the recovery to which they are entitled. Finding the right Drunk Driving Injury Attorney to represent you and your loved ones is a process that requires careful consideration. We offer free case reviews to determine if you have a case.
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While prior printers frequently had an outside cij printer manufacturers , most printers sold today utilize a standard power supply that is integrated into the actual printer. A little yet refined measure of hardware is incorporated into the printer to control every one of the mechanical parts of activity, as well as interpret the data shipped off the printer from the PC. It is associated with the PC by a link through the connection point port. The connection point port can be either equal port, USB port or SCSI port. The equal port is as yet utilized by numerous printers, yet most fresher printers utilize the USB port. A couple of printers interface utilizing a sequential port or little PC framework interface (SCSI) port. Various kinds of inkjet printers exist in view of the strategy they use to convey the beads of ink. There are three principal inkjet advances at present utilized by printer producers. The warm air pocket innovation utilized by producers, for example, Ordinance and Hewlett Packard is ordinarily alluded to as air pocket fly. In a warm inkjet printer, little resistors make intensity, and this intensity disintegrates ink to make an air pocket.
As the air pocket grows, a portion of the ink is pushed out of a spout onto the paper. At the point when the air pocket implodes, a vacuum is made. This maneuvers more ink into the print head from the cartridge. A common air pocket stream print head has 300 or 600 minuscule spouts, and every one of them can fire a drop at the same time. Warm inkjet innovation is utilized solely in the shopper inkjet printer market. The ink utilized is generally water-based, color based or color based yet the print head is created typically at less expense than other ink stream advancements. As opposed to the air pocket fly innovation, the piezoelectric innovation, protected by Epson, utilizes piezo precious stones. A precious stone is situated at the rear of the ink repository of every spout. The precious stone gets a little electric charge that makes it vibrate. At the point when the precious stone vibrates internal, it powers a minuscule measure of ink out of the spout. At the point when it vibrates out, it maneuvers a more ink into the supply to supplant the ink splashed out.
The constant inkjet technique is utilized financially for checking and coding of items and bundles. The main patent on the thought is from 1867, by William Thomson. The principal business model was presented in 1951 by Siemens. In nonstop inkjet innovation, a high-pressure siphon coordinates fluid ink from a supply through a minute spout, making a persistent stream of ink drops. A piezoelectric precious stone makes the surge of fluid break into drops at customary spans. The ink drops are exposed to an electrostatic field made by a charging terminal as they structure. The field is fluctuated by the level of drop redirection wanted. This outcomes in a controlled, variable electrostatic charge on every bead. Charged beads are isolated by at least one uncharged "monitor drops" to limit electrostatic repugnance between adjoining drops. The charged drops are then coordinated (diverted) to the receptor material to be printed by electrostatic redirection plates, or are permitted to progress forward undeflected to an assortment drain for reuse.
Ceaseless inkjet is one of the most established inkjet advances being used and is genuinely experienced. One of its benefits is the extremely high speed (~50 m/s) of the ink drops, which permits the ink drops to be tossed a significant distance to the objective. One more benefit is independence from spout obstructing as the fly is dependably being used While printing is begun, the product application sends the information to be printed to the printer driver which makes an interpretation of the information into an organization that the printer can comprehend and verifies that the printer is on the web and accessible to print. The information is sent by the driver from the PC to the printer through the association interface. The printer gets the information from the PC. It stores a specific measure of information in a support. The cushion can go from 512 KB irregular access memory (Smash) to 16 MB Slam, contingent upon the printer model. Supports are valuable since they permit the PC to get done with the printing system rapidly, rather than trusting that the genuine page will print. If the inkjet printer has been inactive for a while, it will ordinarily go through a short cleaning cycle to ensure that the print heads are perfect. When the cleaning cycle is finished, the inkjet printer is prepared to start printing. The control hardware actuates the paper feed stepper engine.
This connects with the rollers, which feed a piece of paper from the paper plate/feeder into the printer. A little trigger component in the plate/feeder is discouraged when there is paper in the plate or feeder. In the event that the trigger isn't discouraged, the inkjet printer illuminates the "Out of Paper" Drove and sends an alarm to the PC. When the paper is taken care of into the inkjet printer and situated toward the beginning of the page, the print head stepper engine utilizes the belt to move the print head gathering across the page. The engine stops for the merest part of a second each time that the print head showers spots of ink on the page and afterward moves a smidgen prior to halting once more. This venturing happens so quick that it appears to be a ceaseless movement. Different spots are made at each stop. It showers the CMYK (cyan/red/yellow/dark) colors in exact sums to make any other variety under the sun. Toward the finish of each total pass, the paper feed stepper engine propels the paper a negligible part of an inch. Contingent upon the inkjet printer model, the print head is reset to the starting side of the page, or, generally speaking, just switches course and starts to get back across the page as it prints. This cycle go on until the page is printed. The time it takes to print a page can differ generally from one printer to another. It will likewise fluctuate in light of the intricacy of the page and size of any pictures on the page. When the printing is finished, the print heads are stopped. The paper feed stepper engine turns the rollers to wrap up driving the finished page into the result plate.
Most inkjet printers today use inkjet inks that are exceptionally quick drying, so you can promptly get the sheet without smirching it. Contrasted with before customer situated printers, inkjet printers have various benefits. They are calmer in activity than influence spot grid printers or daisywheel printers. They can print better, smoother subtleties through higher printhead goal, and numerous inkjet printers with photorealistic-quality variety printing are generally accessible. In contrast with additional costly advancements like warm wax, color sublimations, and laser printers, the inkjet printers enjoy the benefit of basically no warm-up time and lower cost per page (aside from when contrasted with laser printers).
The hindrances of the inkjet printers incorporate feeble print heads (inclined to obstructing) and costly inkjet cartridges. This ordinarily leads esteem disapproved of shoppers to think about laser printers for medium-to-high volume printer applications. Different disservices incorporate ink dying, where ink is diverted sideways from the ideal area by the hairlike impact; the outcome is a sloppy appearance on certain kinds of dad


text: SFI stands for Software-Based Fault Isolation. SFI is an isolation technique described by Wahbe et al. in their 1993 paper Effcient Software-Based Fault Isolation. Instead of running code is a separate process, untrusted code is loaded into into the host's address space, part of the address space is reserved to the application and referred to as its fault domain, and the code is rewritten such that it cannot modify or jump to addresses outside of its fault domain.


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Praise be to Allah.
Firstly, we would like to thank you for your question. Secondly, before we discuss the matter of your right to the mahr or dowry, we should discuss the matter of marriage itself. A Muslim man is permitted to marry a chaste woman from the People of the Book (see Question #689 and #2527), and she is judged according to her situation at the time of marriage: has she given up her former promiscuous, immoral ways or not? If she is chaste and pure, it is permissible for him to enter into a marriage contract with her, and in this case, the dowry is her undeniable right. In order to resolve the problem once and for all, we advise you to enter Islam, because Islam cancels out all previous sins and wrong deeds, so save yourself from the Fire of Hell and earn happiness in this world and the next. Once you have become Muslim there will be no element of doubt whatsoever concerning the validity of your marriage, and the problem to which you refer in your question will no longer be an issue at all. We ask Allaah to guide you and us, and to give you help and success. Peace be upon those who follow true guidance.


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Cameron is a recent PhD graduate in Oceanography but specializes in intercontinental transport of air pollution and its effects on regional and global climate. Since 2000, he has participated in 8 airborne field campaigns, logging more than 650 hours as a "flight scientist". Cameron also brought his surfboard with him and is one of the few scientists who has been brave enough to go into the fairly cold Ocean!
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I walked into town this morning, four and a half miles gently downhill into the bowl of London, the chalk basin where Soho, Mayfair, Bloomsbury, Marylebone and divers other of the villages that constitute the West End have their jostling, bumptious beings.
There's that thing in the air. That thing. That thing that goes with the first yellowing of the leaf, the hint of chill in the air, the extra urgency of bicycles and the bright blue brand new George of Asda V-necks worn by schoolchildren on the pavements starting the new school year. That thing that stings the nostrils and fills the brain with an equal measure of dread and delight.
And the conkers. Conkers gleaming like jewels in their split pods. Conkers rolling into the road, splattered by four-by-fours late for the school gates. Conkers ready to be strung and swung in the playground.
Summer, spring and winter have their qualities, their affinities and associations ("Where are the songs of spring? Aye, where are they? Think not of them, thou hast thy music too" or words to that effect) but this time of year alone summons the terrors of termtime.
That thing is as delicious as it is dreadful. A terrible memory and a memory for which one yearns.
Or perhaps it's just me.


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and Beyond, to the true joy of flying."
I take flying personally. Every time I climb into the cockpit, I want to know that the aircraft
I'm flying is the product of the best design and the most innovative engineering available.
That's why I've poured my heart, mind and soul into ensuring that each aircraft carrying my name is
the very best that it can be. Whether you choose to fly the EA-200, EA-300L, EA-300LP, EA-330LT,
EA-330LC, EA-330LX and EA-330SC, you have my personal guarantee that EXTRA aircraft will
carry you Above and Beyond, to find the true joy of flying.
Walter Extra
Chief Designer - Company Founder


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The most comprehensive definition of biology is that it is the investigation of the emergent process that we call evolution. Evolutionary theory's seamlessly coherent explanatory power for the phenomena that biology investigates at every level of complexity, in the myriad fields that biology encompasses, and in the interrelationships between and among those fields, is unrivaled and presents evolutionary theory as the grand unifying theory of biology. The theory of evolution has been repeatedly tested for over a century for inconsistency. While new findings continue to illuminate the dimensions and consequences of the evolutionary process, the central tenets of evolutionary theory remain unchanged. It is accepted by scientists — religious believers and non-believers alike — in their refereed scientific publications, and transcends theory. For educators to pretend that biology is anything else than the study of the process and outcomes of evolution, or that evolution is not an accepted scientific theory, would misrepresent the vast body of knowledge that has accumulated over the past century and a half. Such misrepresentation would be a gross disservice to the human community.
The theory of biological evolution does not conflict with religious faith in God Who is ground of all existence, or with faith in Jesus as Messiah. This is so since biological evolution is an existent, testable truth, as are all truths that have been discovered by the empirical methodology of science. It is not within the scope of either biology or any other scientific discipline to investigate questions that lie within the realm of religion, such as why there is existence.
There is no conflict between the theory of biological evolution and religious faith in God. Evolution is an existent, testable truth, as are all truths that have been discovered through the empirical methodology of scientific inquiry. It is not within the scope of biology or any other scientific discipline to investigate questions that rightly lie within the purview of religion.
Since first proposed, the theory of evolution has transformed the study of life by providing a framework for understanding natural processes. In the words of the renowned evolutionary geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky, "nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." Empirical studies over the past 150 years have provided tightly interwoven evidence for evolution and effectively serve as a guiding light for current and future biological inquiry. To confront students with untestable alternatives would not only misrepresent the significance of evolutionary theory and the legitimacy of the scientific method, but would also jeopardize future achievements.
We, the faculty of the Department of Biology at Saint Louis University, a Jesuit Catholic institution of higher learning, accept the above statement as basic to our mission of teaching, in order to further the goal of investigating and promoting the truth.


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Immunization program
BILL TEXT:STATE OF NEW YORK ________________________________________________________________________ 312--A 2003-2004 Regular Sessions IN SENATE (Prefiled) January 8, 2003 ___________ Introduced by Sens. NOZZOLIO, LEIBELL, HANNON, LARKIN, DeFRANCISCO, FARLEY, HOFFMANN, MALTESE, PADAVAN, RATH, SKELOS, SPANO, VELELLA, VOLKER -- read twice and ordered printed, and when printed to be committed to the Committee on Health -- committee discharged, bill amended, ordered reprinted as amended and recommitted to said commit- tee AN ACT to amend the public health law, in relation to information relat- ing to immunization against meningococcal meningitis The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assem- bly, do enact as follows: 1 Section 1. Statement of legislative findings and declaration of 2 purpose. The legislature hereby finds and declares: meningococcal 3 meningitis is a serious disease which can lead to death within only a 4 few hours of onset, is fatal in one in ten cases, and leaves one in 5 seven survivors with a severe disability such as loss of limb, cognitive 6 deficits, paralysis, deafness, or seizures. The legislature further 7 finds and declares that those residing in dormitory-like residences are 8 at heightened risk to contract meningococcal meningitis and that chil- 9 dren residing in camps share characteristics with populations which have 10 been scientifically shown to be at heightened risk of exposure. The 11 legislature further finds that meningococcal meningitis outbreaks cause 12 significant alarm and confusion in the communities in which they occur. 13 The legislature further finds and declares that the risk presented by 14 meningococcal meningitis requires those individuals at risk to make an 15 informed choice regarding immunization. The legislature further finds 16 and declares that the educational and decision making processes 17 warranted by meningococcal meningitis are not applicable to situations 18 in which the risks require mandatory immunization. 19 § 2. The public health law is amended by adding a new section 2167 to 20 read as follows: EXPLANATION--Matter in italics (underscored) is new; matter in brackets [] is old law to be omitted. LBD01366-02-3S. 312--A 2 1 § 2167. Immunization against meningococcal meningitis. 1. As used in 2 this section, unless the context requires otherwise: 3 a. The term "student" means a person attending an institution and, in 4 the case of a student attending college, "student" means a person who is 5 registered to attend or who attends classes at an institution, who is 6 enrolled for at least six semester hours or the equivalent per semester, 7 or at least four semester hours per quarter. 8 b. The term "institution" means an academy or college, as defined in 9 section two of the education law, or a children's overnight camp as 10 defined in section one thousand three hundred ninety-two of this chap- 11 ter, where the person attending such camp remains overnight for a period 12 of not fewer than seven days. 13 c. The term "immunization" means an adequate dose or doses of an 14 immunizing agent against meningococcal meningitis which meets the stand- 15 ards approved by the United States public health service for such 16 biological products and which is approved by the department under such 17 conditions as may be specified by the public health council. 18 2. Each institution shall distribute, in a form provided or approved 19 by the commissioner, written information about meningococcal meningitis 20 and meningitis immunization to all students. The information provided by 21 the institution shall include, but not be limited to, the following: 22 a. a description of the disease and means of transmission; 23 b. the benefits, risks, and effectiveness of immunization; 24 c. the availability and cost of immunization, including an indication 25 of whether or not the institution offers meningococcal meningitis immun- 26 ization services. 27 3. Each institution shall also distribute, in a form provided or 28 approved by the commissioner of health, a response form, to be completed 29 by the student or, where the student is under the age of eighteen years, 30 such student's parent or guardian, which shall include the following: 31 a. The student, or if under the age of eighteen years the parent or 32 guardian of the student, certifies that the student has already received 33 immunization against meningococcal meningitis within the ten years 34 preceding the date of the response form; 35 b. The student, or if under the age of eighteen years the parent or 36 guardian of such student, has received and reviewed the information 37 provided by the institution, understands the risks of meningococcal 38 meningitis and the benefits of immunization, and has decided that the 39 student shall not obtain immunization against meningococcal meningitis. 40 The student, or if under the age of eighteen years the parent or guar- 41 dian of such student, shall indicate his or her decision in a box or 42 space placed appropriately on the form and shall return the completed 43 form to the institution. Nothing in this subdivision shall be construed 44 to prohibit an institution from incorporating the form required by this 45 subdivision into another health certificate or form required by the 46 institution. 47 4. Each institution shall maintain completed response forms. 48 5. No institution shall permit any student to attend the institution 49 in excess of thirty days without complying with this section; provided, 50 however, that such thirty day period may be extended to not more than 51 sixty days if a student can show a good faith effort to comply with this 52 section. 53 6. Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit institutions 54 from adopting or maintaining more stringent policies regarding immuniza- 55 tion against meningococcal meningitis. 56 § 3. This act shall take effect August 15, 2003.


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Cafédirect Fair Trade Espresso Vivo Coffee Pods (*Intensity 9) 5.3g (10's) x10
For the true coffee connoisseurs, try our range of gourmet beans. Taken from some of the most prized coffee crops in the world, these tantalizing beans are unique, full of intense flavour and distinct, rich tastes. Premium beans mean two things; better quality coffee for you and a more enriched existence for our small holder growers.


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Dr. Richard Niederman, a periodontist and an expert in evidence-based medicine and medical informatics, has been named chairman of the Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion and a tenured professor of epidemiology and health promotion at NYUCD. He succeeds Dr. Ralph V. Katz, who joined the NYU College of Dentistry in 2000 as the inaugural chair of the Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion. Dr. Katz will continue to serve as a professor of epidemiology and health promotion.
Since 2003, Dr. Niederman has served as director of the Center for Evidence-Based Dentistry and as a senior member of the staff at The Forsyth Institute. Previous positions include head of the Office of Evidence-Based Dentistry at the Harvard School of Dental Medicine, associate professor of health policy and health services research at the Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, and head of the Department of Cell Biology at The Forsyth Institute.
Dr. Niederman received a dental degree from the Harvard School of Dental Medicine, where he also completed specialty training in periodontics. He holds an MA degree in zoology from the University of California, Davis, a certificate in evidence-based medicine from Oxford University, and a certificate in medical informatics from the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA. He is a consultant to the Council on Scientific Affairs of the American Dental Association and the founding associate editor of the Journal of Evidence-Based Dentistry. His research has been continuously funded by the NIH, industry, and private philanthropic foundations.
Most recently, Dr. Niederman received a grant of $6.6M from the NIH/NIMHD (National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities) to improve oral health and reduce costs of rural, school-based caries prevention programs.
Dr. Niederman's scholarship and teaching background, coupled with his expertise in evidence-based practice and medical informatics, make him uniquely qualified to develop synergies among investigators and educators at NYUCD, the College of Nursing, and NYU's newly-created Global Institute of Public Health.