text:
FCGI - Fast CGI module
use FCGI; my $count = 0; my $request = FCGI::Request(); while($request->Accept() >= 0) { print("Content-type: text/html\r\n\r\n", ++$count); }
Creates a request handle. It has the following optional parameters:
These filehandles will be setup to act as input/output/error on successful Accept.
The hash will be populated with the environment.
Socket to communicate with the server. Can be the result of the OpenSocket function. For the moment, it's the file descriptor of the socket that should be passed. This may change in the future.
You should only use your own socket if your program is not started by a process manager such as mod_fastcgi (except for the FastCgiExternalServer case) or cgi-fcgi. If you use the option, you have to let your FastCGI server know which port (and possibly server) your program is listening on. See remote.pl for an example.
Possible values:
If set, Accept will fail if interrupted. It not set, it will just keep on waiting.
Example usage: my $req = FCGI::Request;
or: my %env; my $in = new IO::Handle; my $out = new IO::Handle; my $err = new IO::Handle; my $req = FCGI::Request($in, $out, $err, \%env);
Creates a socket suitable to use as an argument to Request.
Pathname of socket or colon followed by local tcp port. Note that some systems take file permissions into account on Unix domain sockets, so you'll have to make sure that the server can write to the created file, by changing the umask before the call and/or changing permissions and/or group of the file afterwards.
Maximum length of the queue of pending connections. If a connection request arrives with the queue full the client may receive an error with an indication of ECONNREFUSED.
Close a socket opened with OpenSocket.
Accepts a connection on $req, attaching the filehandles and populating the environment hash. Returns 0 on success. If a connection has been accepted before, the old one will be finished first.
Note that unlike with the old interface, no die and warn handlers are installed by default. This means that if you are not running an sfio enabled perl, any warn or die message will not end up in the server's log by default. It is advised you set up die and warn handlers yourself. FCGI.pm contains an example of die and warn handlers.
Finishes accepted connection. Also detaches filehandles.
Flushes accepted connection.
Temporarily detaches filehandles on an accepted connection.
Re-attaches filehandles on an accepted connection.
Tells the library not to accept any more requests on this handle. It should be safe to call this method from signal handlers.
Note that this method is still experimental and everything about it, including its name, is subject to change.
Returns the environment parameter passed to FCGI::Request.
Returns the file handle parameters passed to FCGI::Request.
Returns whether or not the program was run as a FastCGI.
FCGI.pm isn't Unicode aware, only characters within the range 0x00-0xFF are supported. Attempts to output strings containing characters above 0xFF results in a exception: (F) Wide character in %s.
Wide character in %s
Users who wants the previous (FCGI.pm <= 0.68) incorrect behavior can disable the exception by using the bytes pragma.
{ use bytes; print "\x{263A}"; }
Sven Verdoolaege <firstname.lastname@example.com>
This software is copyrighted (c) 1996 by by Open Market, Inc.
See the LICENSE file in this distribution for information on usage and redistribution of this file, and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.
To install FCGI, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.
cpanm FCGI
CPAN shell
perl -MCPAN -e shell install FCGI
For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.


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The next is the now, but what's really changed? Higher fidelities have yet to produce significantly greater gaming experiences – to look at the launch line-ups of both the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, you could be well forgiven for delaying choosing to upgrade to either.
Which is precisely what I'm doing. I've had a little hands-on time with both, with mixed (first) impressions. I'm not surprised that Xbox One exclusive Forza Motorsport 5 is as accomplished as it is, and equally the delay of Sony's Driveclub was surely only unexpected by those who'd not played it.
Dead Rising 3, Killzone: Shadow Fall, Knack, Ryse: Son Of Rome – these all have their strengths, some even remembering that the central premise of a "game", definitively in the context, is to entertain. The blood can splatter a little bit more realistically, but if the method of spilling it hasn't changed since gaming's first forays into mainstream 3D, who really cares if something's running 1080p or 720p?
These new consoles will, as the Wii U is perhaps just beginning to, likely show their hands with greater purpose, with a clearer sense of the possibilities to come rather than what's immediately, commercially palatable, in a year or so. Maybe sooner – from previews to date, I know my interest has been piqued by 2014 PS4 exclusive The Order: 1886 (announcement trailer, below), a sort of Arthurian man-versus-monsters adventure set in an alternative-reality Victorian London.
The game looks to be a pretty linear affair, Gears Of War with better fog and different beasties, and I'm fine with that – with a limited amount of time to play with, outside of Real Life Commitments, I'm increasingly drawn to titles that don't require 40-something hours, or more, to get the most out of. With this in mind, 2014 also holds a few other trump cards: there's sci-fi survival horror in the shape of SOMA, coming to PC, Mac and (crucially, for the which-console-is-right-for-me sort) PS4, as well as the multi-platform, open-world, hack-everything (and still highly anticipated) Watch Dogs.
Another forthcoming multi-format release currently without a scheduled Xbox One port is Hyper Light Drifter, a gorgeous-looking 16-bit styled RPG. I appreciate that I just made a point of highlighting shorter, more one-way-forward structured games as a preference – but I'll make a concession for something that tickles the nostalgia buttons as superbly as this Kickstarter-funded project. They asked for $27,000, and to date almost $650,000 has been donated. Commit a certain amount of cheddar and makers Heart Machine (aka Alex Preston) will send your copy in SNES-style packaging. Oh, be still…
On a Kickstarter-gone-retro tangent, Sega fans of a certain vintage may be interested in this gorgeous-looking retrospective of the Mega Drive, currently in production. It's expected in June, so choose a pledge option while you can here.
But I digress, as the objective of this column is not to fill your minds with what's to be, but rather what was. And 2013 has been as rich as any other year in terms of gaming highs. At least, at has been from where I've been sitting (in front of my telly, late at night, when the wife and kids are in bed). With this solo perspective in mind, please appreciate that I can only highlight what I have played.
I know (recently pushing games on the box again sort, with some success) Charlie Brooker is one of many singing the praises of Papers, Please, but as a non-PC user I've not played it. (My wife bought a Mac, so I sold our PC, simple as.**) Equally, I've not Gone Home in 2013. But the successes of these indie-developed titles brilliantly illustrates the closing divide between major studios turning out quarter-billion-budget blockbusters and the games equivalent of the cottage industry: you don't need a team of multi-cultural developers and a pre-titles disclaimer to that effect to resonate with an audience.
That said, one of the greatest games of 2013 is Grand Theft Auto V (a video documenting many a way to die in it, above). Obviously. Of course it is. Have you played it? Quite a few people did. I don't need to write the first-day sales figures out again, but for those right at the back who've only just got over the disappointment of the 32X: it did alright.
I play GTA V, more often than not, as a tourist of the world Rockstar has built. Its 2013 version of San Andreas is very different to the one realised in the 2004 iteration named directly after the fictional state, based on southern California. In some respects it's not as 'limitless' – there was always the feeling, in San Andreas, of there being more out there, some new secrets to uncover. V opens every inch of itself up to the player at the outset, and it's such a richly vibrant world, too – so much so that the main story missions can occasionally become annoying distractions from simply base-jumping from a tower block after half-inching a helicopter from the local hospital roof, and then landing on a motorboat before blasting straight off to a jet ski race. If you get bored playing GTA V, I don't know if games are your thing.
Which is obviously a ridiculous thing to say: we're all gamers, however we choose to present that through everyday behaviour and habits. Got Temple Run (2) in your phone? Scrabble? Snake? You're a gamer. And while the contest between the Xbox One and PS4 plays out in advertising breaks most evenings, there's an even more ferocious turf war going down every single day on the App Store: a place where only the brave come to chance their hand at something genuinely new, something that truly stands out beside all the tower defence games, infinite runners and Angry Birds updates.
Credit is due, and some, to Malmö-based developers Simogo – that's Simon Flesser and Magnus 'Gordon' Gardebäck (see what they did, there?) – who've released two games for mobile devices in 2013, and both have been remarkable. Year Walk (terrifying goat man thing, below) emerged in February – a curious time to release a game set in the depths of a Scandinavian winter, just as the sun was beginning to make its presence felt in the Northern Hemisphere. It's a small game – short, if you crack its puzzles instantly… but you won't – but so wonderfully, wickedly formed that its eerie charms connect at first contact. Your player views the world – flat, yet layered in such a way that it feels as real as stepping out your own front door – from the first-person perspective, but moves like a side-scroller. Like a crab in the snow. Sort of.
I don't want to spend too long going into detail on each of my year-best choices, so I'll simply say: if you enjoy balancing cryptic puzzles with digit dexterity, and having the stuffing scared out of you at least twice per game, then download it. It's brilliant. As is Device 6, by the same developer and a tough(er) one to explain. Like Year Walk, it's a puzzle game – some stages can be solved quickly, while others really do require the retracing of steps several times. Each stage is mapped in words – the story is presented as text, but it rotates 360 degrees to match the direction the protagonist is walking. Ish. Again, it's got its share of unsettling moments – a doll's scream in particular sets my skin on edge thinking about it.
Simogo's pedigree was right up there before these two games – they're the team behind the super-fun rhythm-action game for iOS, Beat Sneak Bandit – but I'm pretty sure their stock is riding at an all-time high right now. Sticking to mobile, 'casual' games – not that the aforementioned two have anything casual about them – I've really been addicted to Impossible Road (main picture), which has been sold in some quarters as a Super Hexagon (featured in the last best-of article) for 2013. Which is maybe a bit unfair, as the just-one-more-go nature of Terry Cavanagh's 2012 hit is probably yet to be bettered by anything on the App Store.
But Kevin Ng's game – basically, you roll a ball down a path set in some sort of infinite void, until the ball falls off (it always falls off) and you start again – is certainly a quality way to kill time on Underground transfers. The soundtrack isn't up to much on repeat plays, though – I've found Machinedrum's Vapor City quite the appropriate accompaniment to the game's clean lines and undulating rhythms. A game might last a minute, but it'll more likely be over in seconds. At the time of writing my high score is a measly 75 (gates passed) – but that I'm determined to break 100 is a sign of a game that's got under the skin. (I guess I should watch the video below.)
And getting right into the heart of many a player in 2013 was The Last Of Us. Naughty Dog's PS3 exclusive that wasn't Uncharted took all the plaudits it could carry on its June release, and I can't argue with any of them. Third-person gameplay makes it an easy one to pick up and run with from the start – except, you can't run at the start. That's part of how this game gets to you. It offers no escape. No happy endings. And to say anything more there would almost certainly necessitate an almighty spoilers warning at the top of this piece.
The Last Of Us is bleak. (Okay, sometimes it's not… the giraffes, pictured below, anyone?) It's hard. And brutally so. It's a game that only holds your hand through its barely surmountable odds when it's absolutely necessary – it doesn't utilise a skip function when the player is repeating the same section a few times, as GTA V does (wisely acknowledging that not everyone picking it up is going to be able to handle its fiddly aircraft) – but somehow it reluctantly grants progress. Or, at least, that's how I felt: that this game was responding to how I was playing it. I think that's entirely in my head – I guess I just got better at said sequences (seeing the same throat ripped out six times in a row will change any man). But know this: if you can breeze through the Call Of Duty: Ghosts campaign (and you will), this is roughly a hundred times more challenging.
The story of The Last Of Us is great, too – and clever with it, presenting perhaps the only barely believable 'zombie' outbreak in gaming's 2013 courtesy of a loose grasp on one of the natural world's most striking survival-cum-reproduction mechanisms. Also up there in terms of its story is BioShock: Infinite, which I wrote about at no little length in April, in a piece also featuring an interview with the game's creator, Ken Levine. Some critics seemed shocked at the graphic violence of the game: but, the way I see it, when you've a protagonist as desperate, from the outset, as Booker DeWitt most certainly is, a little claret is surely expected.
Like its undersea-set predecessors, Infinite is a first-person shooter. Unlike those games, it's one where the layers of meaning in each scene, each interaction with companion NPC Elizabeth, takes on different relevance depending on the play through. Once you know the end – and the Internet had no shame in spilling it through an innumerable amount of analysis pieces (it was gaming's very own Breaking Bad moment of the year) – what comes before it can be unpicked myriad ways. Or maybe I'm just over-thinking things, as the gameplay itself is functional over fully engaging, allowing the story to dominate the lasting memories.
A game that really did impress on how it played, rather than what was said (a bunch of gobbledygook, mostly), was Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance. In one fell swoop Konami utterly destroyed the stealth factor of its Metal Gear Solid series, taking the play-any-way mentality of Guns Of The Patriots and refining it into a purely slice-the-shit-out-of-everything romp. And what fun. You're a ninja cyborg dude with a massive great sword and a wonderful 360 degrees of flexibility regarding how you dismember an enemy. Get angry and you can activate Ripper Mode: the name says everything you need to know about what happens next.
As gloriously, ridiculously entertaining as MGR:R is, though, it's another game that clued up to its players' varying abilities and embraced absolute beginners to its cavalcade of gleeful carnage. At normal difficulty, learning how to parry is a must – it opens enemies' defences, and more importantly keeps you alive. Lower the difficulty and the exacting nature of this system is toned right down: now, the player is relatively free to hack that helicopter to pieces with little fear of being obliterated in the process. It's a hardcore game for the everyman, the most fun without compromising the quality some out there look for in their purchases: that real, grind-it-out challenge.
Another winning factor in the make-up of MGR:R (gameplay video, above), for me, is that matter of time. It is a short game; likewise, something like BioShock Infinite can be played through in a weekend. I thought, when I bought it, that Ni No Kuni might make this year-end mixer. But such are the hours necessary to properly crack it that I am nowhere close to seeing its (really, quite beautiful) story out. So far, so brilliant, though, so perhaps it does deserve a hearty handshake of congratulatory appreciation. (Of course, you might not consider the Level-5/Studio Ghibli-developed RPG to be a game of 2013, as its PS3 incarnation first came out in Japan back in 2013. The quality of the localisation was worth the time, mind.)
Let's close this out. I've not ranked the above and, in that spirit, here are some more games I have really enjoyed in 2013 (based on the notes that I made in my phone across the last few months of properly trying to think this stuff through)…
The rightly rebooted Tomb Raider; the too-beautiful racer Grid 2; the emotionally stirring (mostly) subterranean shooter Metro: Last Light; the terrifically boisterous and addictive platforming silliness of Rayman: Legends; Quantic Dream's flawed but affecting interactive drama Beyond: Two Souls; and, finally, the nautical thrills to be found in Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag. I've been well into colons this year, clearly.
That these games have come so late in the cycle of current-gen (last-gen?) hardware is illustrative enough of the fact that it takes substantial time for developers to truly get the best out of the consoles they're working on. Think back to the early days of the Xbox 360: at launch, it had Call Of Duty, FIFA, Need For Speed. The Xbox One, right now, has: Call Of Duty, FIFA, Need For Speed. New consoles haven't been sold, initially, with talk of 'bits' or any other hardware terminology for a couple of generations now – they're introduced with familiar franchises. Inarguably, the greatest creativity comes later.
So here's looking forward to what the Xbox One and PS4 are achieving in, say, five years, let alone 12 months. Sure, they're doing nothing special in the pre-Christmas ship-'em-fast rush. But the now that comes next is unwritten and, on precedent, incredibly exciting.
(** Yes, I know, these games are available for OS X, too. I still haven't played them yet.)
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subset: commoncrawl


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Best Practices on Email Protection: SPF, DKIM and DMARC
Best Practices on Email Protection: SPF, DKIM and DMARC
Once we installed Zimbra Collaboration, we need to be aware of some additional configurations that will allow us to send emails to other Email systems with an improve Security, such Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo!, etc. This Wiki article will show the different Email Protection resources that exists, depends of the volume of sent email, will be better to implement only one, or two, or maybe all of them, depends.
Sender Policy Framework (SPF) is an email validation system, designed to prevent unwanted emails using a spoofing system. To check this common security problem, SPF going to verify the source IP of the email and compare it with a DNS TXT record with a SPF content.
Where needs to be configured?
SPF needs to be configured in the Public DNS
How to configure it?
First of all, generate the TXT SPF DNS entry (using the MXToolbox SPF Tool, or something similar), for example with the domain called domain.com and have 3 different entries to add:
- The A entry - mail.domain.com
- The MX entry - srvmta.domain.com
- The IPv4 entry - 220.127.116.11
If in your email system you are using external services like Mailchimp, Salesforce, etc. add them in the include part, for example:
- include:servers.mcsv.net (Mailchimp)
- include:_spf.salesforce.com (Salesforce)
- include:_spf.google.com (Google Apps)
Understand the "all" feature in the SPF entry
SPF can be configured in different ways, since neutral to hard fail. Almost 98% of domains are using the ~all (softfail) that means even if something of the SPF entry is wrong against the source Mailserver, mark the mail only like softfail. Here, the complete table to understand the feature all in the SPF
Parameter | Result | Means |
+all | pass | Permits all the email, like have nothing configured. |
-all | fail | Will only mark the email like pass if the source Email Server fits exactly, IP, MX, etc. with the SPF entry. |
~all | softfail | Allows to send the email, and if something is wrong will mark it like softfail. |
?all | neutral | Without policy |
Difference between ~all and -all
If your domain is under an SPAM attack trying to spoofing your domain, try to change the SPF to -all for a while, and reset to ~all when the attack ends. Keep selected the -all if you want to be strict with the SPF entry and you are sure that your DNS entry is correct.
How to test it
Have a lot of SPF tools to check if the DNS entry is correct, for example:
- http://tools.wordtothewise.com/spf (will show an overview of all the allowed IPS that can send using the domain)
- http://www.kitterman.com/spf/validate.html (Simple but effective, will show the SPF DNs entry and also the result: pass, softfail, fail, neutral, etc.)
- http://mxtoolbox.com/ A Classic
Deprecated SPF RR, use TXT RR only
In April 2014, the SPF DNS record was deprecated in the RFC, and the correct way to implement the SPF is using only a TXT DNS record. For example, this was a valid DNS entries before April 2014, TXT and SPF:
And here the RFC text where you can find the part about use only TXT:
DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM), is a method to associate the domain name and the email, allowing to a person or company assume the responsibiltity of the email.
Where needs to be configured?
DKIM needs to be generated per domain in our Zimbra Server, and needs to be configured in the public DNS of each domain.
How to configure it?
To configure properly DKIM, please follow the next Wiki - Configuring_for_DKIM_Signing
Once have the DKIM generated in Zimbra, add the info in the public DNS, will looks like:
How to test it
Have multiple websites to test it, for example:
- http://dkimvalidator.com You need to send a email, once you have the DKIM configured, then in the website will found a section called DKIM and the result in the end, if the test is passed or not.
2048-bit signatures starting ZCS 8.7.x
Starting ZCS 8.7.x Zimbra generates a 2048-bit key, after run the next command (mind the -a if it's the first time, and -u if you are updating the DKIM):
/opt/zimbra/libexec/zmdkimkeyutil -a -d yourdomain.com
You will observe something like the next (with your own information):
DKIM Data added to LDAP for domain zimbra.io with selector 25D766CE-CEAC-11E7-B087-020B6DB9DD9A Public signature to enter into DNS: 25D766CE-CEAC-11E7-B087-020B6DB9DD9A._domainkey IN TXT ( "v=DKIM1; k=rsa; " "p=MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAwA4vVMiV3/14hRMzbKNnBKNThqxTWLi2E5NqqHLccIJg/P33yqwgGVKKUM9HFfXZ8urz6/dl8oNG3oxs73W1sgWHrFRo3ZayHsuUMe+DLyt8wtyR/RUae0nvd6Z6t0lPwujXWBrRS/FeMg/IGA8ExBKjD+aAYdQfH/lhlDGzumTXgbSB0KMzlpOjcum2Aes69rEiR744GGaPb2" "X3MxK8vjpeMIx16n2tADb0wKKP19WTF0at5HCP8F4SFflLUPJMOC1Be9FCWjTjNr1qrRZTwCwC7OC9tnV7SsKKXG+8D6hu39Tm5U1GLzpKvLMIv14b6MWsU9cV/iVKH+hQq4YRowIDAQAB" ) ; ----- DKIM key 25D766CE-CEAC-11E7-B087-020B6DB9DD9A for zimbra.io
By default, DNS Servers only accepts 255 characters on every TXT entry, so depending on the DNS Server you are using you will need to do one of the next:
- On cPanel UI it's as easy at creating one new TXT entry with the selector, and on the value all together like "v=DKIM1; k=rsa; p=ALL-THE-CODE-"
- If using old version of Bind, or other DNS Server based in CLI, you can try by adding the DNS entry on the next format:
25D766CE-CEAC-11E7-B087-020B6DB9DD9A._domainkey IN TXT ("v=DKIM1; k=rsa; p=MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w..." 25D766CE-CEAC-11E7-B087-020B6DB9DD9A._domainkey IN TXT "...AQAB")
- Another way some DNS Servers might work are the next one:
25D766CE-CEAC-11E7-B087-020B6DB9DD9A._domainkey IN TXT ("v=DKIM1;k=rsa; p=" "MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w..." "...AQAB")
How to check that you have a valid DKIM signature
You can check if you have a valid DKIM by using for example the next URL - http://dkimcore.org/tools/keycheck.html : Introduce your selector and your domain and click on check
After a few seconds you will see the result:
DMARC, which stands for "Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting & Conformance", is a technical specification created by a group of organizations that want to help reduce the potential for email-based abuse by solving a couple of long-standing operational, deployment, and reporting issues related to email authentication protocols.
DMARC standardizes how email receivers perform email authentication using the well-known SPF and DKIM mechanisms. This means that senders will experience consistent authentication results for their messages at AOL, Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo! and any other email receiver implementing DMARC. We hope this will encourage senders to more broadly authenticate their outbound email which can make email a more reliable way to communicate.
Text and Image inspired from the Official dmarc org website
Where needs to be configured?
The DMARC needs to be configured in the public DNS.
How to configure it?
The DMARC record can be generated in multiple websites, for example http://www.kitterman.com/dmarc/assistant.html
Using the domain example.com, a possible option can be the next, please note that all the default options will be included implicit, even if you don't select them in the generator:
This configuration will generate the next DNS entry
- DMARC record for: example.com
- Record should be published at _dmarc.example.com
- v=DMARC1; p=quarantine; firstname.lastname@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.com; sp=quarantine
And will looks like this in a DNS with web interface:
How to test it
One of the best Sites to test the DMARC is the next link - https://dmarcian.com/dmarc-inspector/google.com is coming with the google.com domain per default. This website will show you all the DMARC information about your domain.
The reverse DNS resolution (rDNS) is a determination of the domain name that is associated to an IP. Some email companies like AOL, for example, will reject any email that doesn't have a valid rDNS.
Where needs to be configured?
To have a perfect match between the rDNS and the SMTP Banner of the server, need to have the next:
- In the public DNS of the ISP provider. Or if you have control of the public DNS of your IP range, then you can add the rDNS by yourself.
- In the Zimbra Server, need to edit the HELO to match between it and the rDNS record.
How to configure it?
To modify the Public DNS to match the IP and the rDNS, you need to contact with your ISP provider, or if you have acces to edit the DNS record of your IP, then change it by yourself. For example, if you have the IP 22.214.171.124 and needs to resolve to mail.example.com.
To edit the SMTP Banner and match it with the external rDNS. Need to edit the next in Zimbra: Zimbra 8.0.X
zmlocalconfig -e postfix_smtpd_banner="mail.example.com" zmcontrol restart
Zimbra 8.5, 8.6, and above
zmprov ms `zmhostname` zimbraMtaSmtpdBanner mail.example.com zmcontrol restart
How to test it
Use the next tool - http://mxtoolbox.com/ReverseLookup.aspx and fill it with your Public IP, if you have everything well configured, will return the name that you want.
Zimbra Settings For DMARC Alignment
Out Of Office Replies (Auto Responders)
Check your zimbraAutoSubmittedNullReturnPath global setting to ensure it is set to false. As the Zimbra user (su - zimbra) run:
- zmprov gcf zimbraAutoSubmittedNullReturnPath
- zmprov mcf zimbraAutoSubmittedNullReturnPath FALSE
If this is set to False, it will cause the Return Path address in Out Of Office Replies to an empty value like <>
This may cause SPF alignment to fail when your DMARC policy is set to quarantine or reject. Newer Zimbra versions should default this setting to False, but older installs may be using a value of True
Zimbra Web Client Personas
If you have mailbox setup of email@example.com, with an alias of firstname.lastname@example.com. 2. From the Zimbra Web Client, create a Persona for firstname.lastname@example.com. 3. When a message is sent with the email@example.com Persona selected, the following occurs:
- The Return Path email address is set to: email@example.com
- The From header email address is set to: firstname.lastname@example.com
- If your DMARC policy is set to quarantine or reject, this will cause the SPF alignment test to fail.
To Change This Behavior, set the zimbraSmtpRestrictEnvelopeFrom value to False for either an individual user, a domain, or a Class Of Service. For example, to change this setting for an individual user, as the Zimbra user (su - zimbra):
- zmprov ma firstname.lastname@example.com zimbraSmtpRestrictEnvelopeFrom FALSE
Further reading : https://blog.zimbra.com/2022/04/email-security-webinar-about-dmarc/


text:
Media Digest (11/5/2012) Reuters, WSJ, NYT, FT, Bloomberg
G-20 ministers say they worry about the fiscal cliff and Europe's debt issues. (Reuters)
Toyota Motor Corp. (NYSE: TM) raises its profit forecasts but says its trouble in China was significant. (Reuters)
As the Greek government tries to finalize austerity plans, workers ready a large strike. (Reuters)
Shares in Hyundai and Kia fall after disclosures that they overstated mileage for cars sold in the United States. (Reuters)
Some companies move toward part-time workers to save money as government-mandated health care rules come into place. (WSJ)
Mutual funds run by three of the banks involved in the initial public offering of Facebook Inc. (NASDAQ: FB) sell shares quickly. (WSJ)
Ad spending has slowed, according to quarterly results from firms such as CBS Corp. (NYSE: CBS), Time Warner Inc. (NYSE: TWC) and News Corp. (NASDAQ: NWSA). (WSJ)
Walt Disney Co.'s (NYSE: DIS) "Wreck-It Ralph" tops the weekend box office with sales of $49.1 million. (WSJ)
Many U.S. companies seek investments from China. (WSJ)
Consulting firm Johnson Associates says Wall St. compensation will be higher in 2012 than in 2011, but many pay packages will be tied to longer term financial improvements. (WSJ)
Royal Bank of Scotland Group PLC (NYSE: RBS) tries to settle with government agencies pressing on its role on Libor manipulation. (WSJ)
Pandora Media Inc. (NYSE: P) and other online radio services press politicians to lower royalties but the music industry objects. (NYT)
Bank of America Corp. (NYSE: BAC) hopes that an improvement in its financial situation will allow it to pay a dividend or buy back shares. (FT)
Economic trouble in Europe could hurt trade talks between it and China. (Bloomberg)
Douglas A. McIntyre
Filed under: 24/7 Wall St. Wire, Press Digest Tagged: BAC, CBS, DIS, FB, NWSA, P, RBS, TM, TWC


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Dead Maze by Atelier 801
Rigaroga is a technologist lost in the wilderness, having adventures in geekery and nerdy mishegoss.
The Odd Order is a place for Rigaroga, friends and acquaintances to gather online.
If you'd like to pitch in, add a buck to the tip jar.
Or become an ongoing Patron, get gratis music downloads, and help me geek out!


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A Multilingual Message
At the end of his long career as leader of his people, Moshe reviewed for them the history of their forty-year journey from Egypt to Eretz Yisrael. This review is called Mishneh Torah which is recorded in the Chumash Devarim which we begin reading in the synagogue this Shabbat.
The Torah tells us that Moshe delivered this message in the clearest fashion, which our Sages interpret as meaning that he broadcast it in seventy languages.
What was the purpose of such a multilingual message if the only audience was made up of speakers of the Holy Tongue?
It has been suggested that since G-d knew that a time would come when the Jews who received His Torah would be dispersed in many lands and familiar only with foreign languages, it was necessary to implant in the Jewish psyche a subliminal familiarity with Torah in every language. This made it possible for Jews today to study Torah in so many languages and thus guarantee the learning of Torah in Israel forever.


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- Home
- Government
- Departments
- Health Department
- Housing
- Well Regulation
Well Regulation
Fitchburg Board of Health Private Well Regulation
The Board of Health implemented private well regulations that went into effect on September 7, 2018. Well drillers are required to obtain a permit prior to well drilling, provide the Health Department with a well drilling report and a water quality report. The complete regulations can be found here.
Apply for a well permit online with Viewpoint Cloud Online Permitting
Well Construction Permit
A Massachusetts Certified Well Driller shall obtain a permit from the Board of Health prior to the commencement of construction of a private well.
Each permit application to construct a well shall include the following:
- Property owner's name and address;
- Well driller's name and proof of valid Massachusetts certification;
- Plans with a specified scale, signed by a registered surveyor, engineer, or sanitarian showing the location of the proposed well in relation to existing or proposed above or below ground structures;
- A description of prior and current land uses within two-hundred (200) feet of the proposed well location, which represent a potential source of contamination, including
but not limited to the following:- existing and proposed structures
- subsurface sewage disposal systems
- subsurface fuel storage tanks
- public and private ways
- utility rights-of-way
- any other potential sources of pollution.
- Fee Schedule:
- Construction: $50.00
- Repair: $25.00
- Destruction: $25.00
- Plan Alteration: $10.00
Each permit shall expire one (1) year from the date of issuance unless revoked for cause, or extended. Permits may be extended for one additional six (6) month period provided that a written explanation for the request is received by the Health Department prior to the one year expiration date.
Well Construction Permits are not transferable.
Water Quantity and Pumping Test
The applicant shall submit to the Board for review and approval a Pumping Test Report. The Pumping Test Report shall include at a minimum: the name and address of the well owner, well location referenced to at least two permanent structures or landmarks, date the pumping test was performed, depth at which the pump was set for the test, location for the discharge line, static water level immediately before pumping commenced, discharge rate and, if applicable, the time the discharge rate changed, pumping water levels and respective times after pumping commenced, maximum drawdown during the test, duration of the test, including both the pumping time and the recovery time during which measurements were taken, recovery water levels and respective times after cessation of pumping, and reference point used for all measurements.
- Single family dwellings should be at least 600 gallons in a two hour period (5 GPM)
- In addition, the volume of water shall be at least 960 gallons in a four hour period (4 GPM).
- Multi-family dwellings and other uses may require longer yield testing depending on the required daily needs.
- Rates below 4 GPM for four hours shall not be approved without a special permit issued by the Board of Health. If a well must be fractured to obtain the required flow rate, the Well Completion Report should reflect the final flow rate or supplemental documentation must be submitted
Water Quality Testing
After the construction of the well has been completed and disinfected, and prior to using it as a private drinking water well, baseline water quality testing shall be conducted.
A water sample shall be collected either after purging three (3) well volumes or following the stabilization of the pH, temperature and specific conductance in the pumped well. The water sample to be tested shall be collected at the pump discharge or from a disinfected tap in the pump discharge line. In no event shall a water treatment device be installed prior to sampling.
Water quality testing, utilizing the applicable US EPA approved method for drinking water testing, shall be conducted by a Massachusetts certified laboratory and shall include analysis for the following parameters:
- Arsenic
- Ammonia
- Chloride
- Copper
- Fluoride
- Hardness
- Iron
- Lead
- Manganese
- pH
- Radon
- Sodium
- Total Coliform bacteria
- E. coli bacteria
- Nitrate/Nitrite
In wells drilled into bedrock the Board of Health requires that in addition to the parameters listed above, a Gross Alpha Screen test be performed. If the Gross Alpha screen detects radiation of 15 pci/l or more, then the water must be analyzed for Radium and Uranium concentrations.
Have a private well and have concerns?
Get a free well assessment with a water test as part of a new partnership with RCAP Solutions and the Health Foundation of Central Mass. Click here for details and the flyer
Private well owner and wish to take a survey? Click here for the flyer and survey info.


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November 27th, 2017
Winter is coming and we want to ensure that we are ready for what Mother Nature has in store for us this season. During bad weather conditions, we may need to cancel buses or close schools for the safety of our students and staff. Here's what you need to know:
Learn more about our Severe Weather procedures.
Categories: All Posts


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Pet Bearded Dragon Is Really Good at Playing 'Ant Crusher' [VIDEO]
The pet bearded dragon in this video excels at playing 'Ant Crusher' on a smartphone. This lizard's a natural gamer!
The bearded dragon tries to gobble each of the electronic ants as they descend the screen and only a misses a few. However, it quickly learns that a high score is a poor substitute for a full stomach.
Check out this video game-loving lizard below.


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The Cape Verde Peninsula sticks out westward into the Atlantic Ocean, reaching from the Old World to the New, harbouring the westernmost city on the African mainland: Dakar. A city that represents Africa's development better than almost any other, Dakar boasts the comforts and luxuries of modern living, while firmly keeping a grasp on its history and traditions. The bustling markets of downtown are juxtaposed with the laid-back pace of Île de Gorée and the surrounding beaches, making a visit to Dakar a fascinating experience of contrasts.
West African CFA franc
1 XOF = 100 centimes
Police: 17
Fire: 18
Medical: 33 889 1515
Enquete Plus — www.enqueteplus.com
Le Quotidien — lequotidien.sn
Le Soleil — lesoleil.sn
Sud Quotidien — www.sudquotidien.sn
Most businesses and shops generally open at about 8:30 am and close around 7:30-8:30 pm. Some establishments may close for a few hours during the early afternoon. Some places may also open on Sunday morning, and others will remain closed on Mondays.
City: 1.4 million Dakarois (2021 estimate)
Metro area: 3.9 million
Dakar has been for centuries a vital hub for travel and commerce, connecting Africa, Europe and the Americas. Once an important point for the Atlantic slave trade because of its strategic location, it still holds an important position for trade, transport and communication.
Dakar's rich cultural heritage and a diverse and often difficult colonial history have bred a unique social blend that incorporates European, North African and West African elements, but stands out from all three. It is a blossoming city with a vibrant art scene, exciting diversity and enough natural wonders in the vicinity to warrant a few day trips. The mix of cultures is clearly visible in every aspect of the city, from the art and architecture to the cuisine and religious practices, and every quartier holds new things to discover.
Giant bronze statues, fantastic art museums, mosques, cathedrals and tons of fascinating history mean that you're sure to find plenty to do in Dakar. If you feel like exploring a bit further outside the city, attractions like the pink Lake Retba, the Village des Tortues, and the nearby Gorée Island make for great day trips.
Museum of Black Civilizations
Mosque of the Divinity
African Renaissance Monument
Théodore Monod African Art Museum
Ile de Gorée
House of Slaves
Le Village des Tortues (The Turtoises' Village)
Grand Mosque of Dakar
Hann Park and Zoo
Lake Retba
Village des Arts
Place de l'Indépendance
Palais Présidentiel
Our Lady of Victories Cathedral
Layen Mausoleum
Like its population, Senegal's cuisine draws from North African, French, and Portuguese influences, all of which are mixed with local ingredients and the gastronomic traditions of the country's diverse ethnic groups. Fish is an important part of the food here, as are lamb, peas, peanuts, couscous, and lentils. Also, be sure to try some of the delicious juices made with fresh fruit like mango and soursop.
La Cabane du Pêcheur
Ali Baba
Chez Loutcha
La Fourchette
Lagon 1
Le Patio
Noflaye Beach
The coffee culture in Dakar has its quirks. There's nothing quite like buying a tiny plastic cup of extra sweetened coffee from a street vendor. But as the city has become ever more cosmopolitan and worldly, and as international influences have become more and more a part of life in the Senegalese capital, Western-style cafes have been popping up throughout the city. Below are some suggestions for those wanting to escape the hustle of the city to enjoy a hot coffee, a quick snack, or a creamy dessert.
Simone Cafe
Sweet Coffee
Presse Cafe
Nescafe Stands
Cafe Touba
Dakar boasts some of the best, liveliest, and most varied nightlife in West Africa. Bars provide cool and refreshing drinks, while nightclubs keep the crowds dancing till the morning. The selection of musical and cultural events is staggering, with concerts, movies, and performances always available throughout the city.
Phare des Mamelles
Le Thiossane
Institut Français du Sénégal
Théâtre Daniel Sorano
Le Patio
The best shopping to be found in Dakar is at the abundant and colourful markets all around the city. Some specialize in certain types of products, like fabrics or local produce, while others seem to offer just about anything you can think of. Be sure to haggle to ensure getting the best possible price, and beware of pickpockets, who tend to take advantage of the hectic bustle of markets.
Marché Sandaga
Marché Soumbédioune
Marché HLM
Marché Kermel
Sea Plaza
Passport / Visa
Citizens of the following countries can visit Senegal visa-free for a stay of up to 90 days: European Union citizens, Benin, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, India, Japan, Kenya, Liberia, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Korea, Togo, Tunisia, United States. They need a passport that is valid for at least 3 months from the date of arrival.
Visa for up to 90 days can be obtained upon arrival by citizens of 69 countries and territories including Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Cameroon, China, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic,Egypt, Honduras, Iceland, Israel, Jamaica, Libya, Liechtenstein, Madagascar, Monaco, Namibia, Nepal, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Russia, Seychelles, South Africa, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates and Zimbabwe. They need a passport that is valid for at least 6 months from the date of arrival.
Note that evidence of return or onward travel may have to be presented in order to enter the country. A certificate of vaccination against yellow fever might also be necessary if travelling from endemic countries.
If you're not sure whether or not to apply for a visa, we recommend that you contact the embassy or consulate in your country.
Website: www.diplomatie.gouv.sn
More Information:
Best Time to Visit
The best time to visit Dakar is during the dry season, namely from November to May, when the average temperature is around 20°/68°F and rain is basically non-existent. Of course, this is also high season. From June to October it's wet season, with hot, humid days and frequent rainfall. During this period, you can find good deals and still have a pleasant stay, but note that some business may be closed.
More Information:
Blaise Diagne International Airport (DSS)
The new airport serving the city of Dakar, Senegal, is indeed Blaise Diagne International Airport (IATA code: DSG), which is located about 43 km (27 mi) east of the city center. Blaise Diagne International Airport is a modern and well-equipped facility that opened in 2017 to replace Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport as the main airport serving Dakar and the surrounding region.
Blaise Diagne International Airport has a single terminal building that serves both domestic and international flights, and offers a range of amenities and services for travelers, including shops, restaurants, and lounges, as well as a number of banks and currency exchange offices. The airport also has a range of transportation options for travelers, including car rentals, taxis, public buses and a train called Train Express Regional (TER).
Address: Aéroport international Blaise Diagne, Ndiass, Senegal
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: +221 33 939 59 00
Website: www.dakaraeroport.com
More Information: The airport was named after Blaise Diagne, the first black African elected to France's parliament in 1914
Public Transport
Dakar's public bus system is called Dakar Dem Dikk. It is relatively reliable and very affordable, but the bus network can be very difficult to figure out if you're not already familiar with it. Be sure to ask a local if you're not sure which bus to take to get where you're going.
Website: www.demdikk.com
More Information:
Taxis are ubiquitous in Dakar and can be flagged down anywhere. They are fast and safe as well, but you must haggle and agree on the fare before getting in. Taxis can also be caught in front of major hotels. They are usually yellow and black with a printed number on the side.
More Information:
There are several post offices in Dakar.
Main Post Office:
Address: 12 Boulevard El Hadji Djily Mbaye, Dakar
More Information:
Pharmacie Mandela:
12 Avenue Nelson Mandela, Plateau, Dakar
Open 24h
+221 33 821 21 72
Pharmacie Guigon:
Avenue G. Pompidou, Dakar
Monday-Saturday 8.00-23.00
+221 33 823 03 33
Pharmacie Mame Oumy Gueye
125 Sacré çoeur 3 Pyrotechnie, Lot 87, Dakar
Monday-Saturday 8.30-23.00, Sunday 9.00-22.00
+221 33 825 59 99
More Information:
Country code: +221
Area code: 8
More Information:
230 V / 50 Hz
Type of power sockets: C / D / E / K
More Information:


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UNIDO and UNEP incorporated the lessons learned from the NCPCs in their joint RECP programme strategy. The strategy was approved in 2009 for implementation. It supports the global imperative to decouple economic development from further environmental degradation and resource depletion. The Programme aims to improve resource productivity and environmental performance of businesses and other organizations in developing and transition countries. The envisioned principal outcome is the widespread adaptation and adoption of RECP methods, practices, technologies and policies. The past decade has demonstrated that these are applicable and relevant. The challenge is now to scale-up their application so that they become common practice rather than isolated initiatives in a few selected enterprises.
The RECP Programme is implemented through four main intervention modules. Each covers several key activities and outputs.
1. RECP Service Delivery Network: expanding, strengthening and further capacitating the network of NCPCs and other RECP service providers. This includes, intensive networking and knowledge management, expansion of RECP to new countries and supporting existing NCPCs to scale-up their activities and impacts;
2. Thematic RECP Applications: implementation of RECP in enterprises and other organizations and monitoring of results, in particular on resource efficiency, waste and emission prevention and safe and responsible production;
3. RECP Incentives: mainstreaming RECP into government policy and enterprise finance, to further incentivize enterprises and other organizations to implement RECP; and
4. RECP Innovation: strengthening and/or creating national innovation capacities to support the adaptation and adoption of Environmentally Sound Technologies and sustainable product developments that are appropriate in the national industry context.
These components are implemented in flexible combinations to ensure effective support at the national, regional and global levels and further develop of RECP methods, tools, policies and technologies. This is achieved through:
• Global programme activities: these are carried out at the global level and provide a framework for regional and national activities. This includes review and assessment, tools development, capacity building and knowledge management.
• Substantive projects: these cover the implementation of the intervention modules in the programme countries through either country-specific projects aimed at creating or building institutional capacities or through thematic projects on e.g. resource efficiency, chemicals management or low carbon industry, which may cover multiple countries.


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So how are we doing in efforts to combat poverty in America?
One perspective can be gained by looking back.
It was 50 years ago our nation first seriously began to tackle the issue. That was after Michael Harrington, the socialist and former Catholic Work, published The Other America, a book that revealed to us that a full 25 percent of Americans were living in poverty. Harrington had attended Holy Cross, had been influenced by the Jesuits, and had experienced poverty first hand, beginning in 1951 serving as a Catholic Worker among the homeless in New York's Bowery district.
Harrington's book, which eventually sold over a million copies, came to the attention of then President John F. Kennedy and later, according to some reports, played a role in moving President Lyndon Johnson to declare his "War on Poverty. In the years that followed our nation witnessed the introduction of unprecedented federal and state anti-poverty programs, including Medicaid, Medicare, food stamps and expanded social security benefits. Arguable all these are traceable to Harrington's conscious altering book, listed in 1998 by Time magazine as one of the 20th century's most influential books.
Fast forward five decades:
Medicare in 2010 was providing health insurance to 48 million Americans - 40 million of these people age 65 and older; an additional eight million younger people with disabilities.
Medicaid had become the largest funding source for medical and health-related services for people living at and below U.S. poverty levels.
Food stamps in 2012 were assisting 46.4 million Americans by an average $133 per month.
Today, the percentage of Americans living in poverty has been reduced to 15 percent from the 25 percent in the 1960s. (The official poverty line for a family of three—one parent with two children—is $17,568.)
While 15 percent is an improvement, such a poverty level in America continues to be a disgrace.
The 15 percent figure, meanwhile, doesn't tell the whole story. Up to 43 percent of Americans currently live in what is called "liquid asset poverty," meaning they live on the edge of poverty and could fall into poverty within three months were they to lose their jobs. These are hardly reassuring numbers.
So if the bad news is we tolerate far too much poverty and have not found the will to eliminate it altogether, the good news is government programs, cavalierly on the cutting blocks by many conservative politicians, have made serious inroads into cutting back poverty in America.
Were in not for Medicare, Medicaid and food stamps programs U.S. poverty numbers would be much higher than they are today – and possibly higher than they were 50 years back.
Who has benefited most from these programs? Our elderly and our children have.
Consider this. Nearly half of all American children receive food stamp benefits at some point before they reach the age of 20. Among African-Americans the figure is much higher: 90 percent! One in seven Americans is currently enrolled in the food stamp program. This number has nearly doubled, to 18 million, from pre-2009 recession figures.
Bread for the World, the food lobbying organization states the moral case clearly: "We live in the world's wealthiest nation. Yet 14.5 percent of U.S. households—nearly 49 million Americans, including 16.2 million children—struggle to put food on the table.
"In the United States, hunger is not caused by a scarcity of food, but rather the continued prevalence of poverty. Both issues must be addressed in our continued efforts to help those Jesus called "the least of these" (Matthew 25:45)."
I wonder if the issue of poverty makes it into the presidential debate this week?


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How shoe designer Christian Louboutin's signature red soles became a must have, a trademark and finally a law suit.
BY Belinda White | 08 April 2011
Ask any fashionista about Christian Louboutin, and the first thing they will remark upon are the signature red soles the French cobbler has made his trademark.
Christian Louboutin sues Yves Saint Laurent
The story goes that Louboutin came up with the idea of giving all his designs a distinctive red, gloss sole in 1992 after painting red nail polish onto the bottom of a pair of shoes, because he felt the shoes "lacked energy". And so, a legend was born and in no time, flashing a red sole became a badge of honour for the fashion pack and Hollywood stars alike.
In pictures: Celebrities who love Christian Louboutin
Like so many labels, it was Carrie Bradshaw, Sex & The City's shoe-obsessed heroine, who made Louboutin a household name, with the designer's New York store even featuring as the opening shot in the first Sex & the City movie. Patricia Field, the franchise's costume designer, was quick to key into the brand's lust-worthy credentials, and eventually Louboutin matched Manolo Blahnik as the object of Carrie's desires, and, ergo, the desires of the legion of female fans of the show.
You can count on one hand the famous ladies who don't own a pair of Louboutin's iconic red-soled heels. How do we know that? Because they are, perhaps, the most instantly recognisable fashion accessory of all time, so much so, Louboutin even trademarked the 'Red Sole' feature in 2008.
So it's no surprise he has taken a hard line against fellow Gallic mega-brand Yves Saint Laurent, who Louboutin feels have unfairly copied his trademark.
Yves Saint Laurent's spring 2011 collection features a pair of red suede shoes with matching red soles, which have prompted Louboutin to file court papers in New York suing them. The collection also features purple shoes with purple soles, navy with navy soles and green with green soles, but it's the red soles that have sparked the legal action.
Court papers state 'The defendants use of red footwear outsoles that are virtually identical to plaintiff's Red Sole Mark is likely to cause and is causing confusion, mistake and deception among the relevant purchasing public as to the origin of the infringing footwear.'
Could, or should anyone but Louboutin ever make red-soled shoes again? Can you really own a colour? These are the issues that will, no doubt, be hard fought in the New York courts. But the outcome is moot. Louboutin's brand identity is so strong, anyone seeing those Yves Saint Laurent shoes on, would assume they were Louboutin's anyway.
Shop Christian Louboutin heels at the Telegraph Fashion Shop


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Avery 3-tab 11" x 8.5" Clear Label Punched Dividers 25 sets - 11445
- 0
- 1
Product Description
Product Details
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- Global Product Type:Index Dividers
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- Orientation:Portrait
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- Machine Compatibility:Inkjet Printers, Laser Printers
- Tab Material(s):Paper
- Index Divider Color(s):White
- Pre-Consumer Recycled Content Percent :: 0 %
- Total Recycled Content Percent :: 20 %
- Index Divider Style: Blank Self-Tab
- Index Divider Size:11 x 8 1/2
- For Use In:Three-Ring Binder
- Punched/Unpunched:3-Hole Punched
- Index Divider Material(s): Paper
- Tab Color(s):White
- Sets Per Unit :25
- Post-Consumer Recycled Content Percent :: 20 %
- Part Number: AVE-11445
Demonstration Video
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Find it now; Efficient solution for busy lives. Count on Avery for products and tools that make it easy to get professional results every time. Available in 3-tabs, 5-tabs, 8-tabs and 12-tabs sets, and white and a variety of colors.


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- Home
- Government
- Departments
- Finance
- Water Saving Tips
Water Saving Tips
Here are some water conservation methods that all customers of Big Spring utilities should utilize to conserve water.
In the Bathroom
- Turn off the running water while you brush your teeth (save 1 to 5 gallons of water per minute).
- Turn off the water while shaving. Fill the sink with a little water and rinse your razor in that (save 1 to 5 gallons of water per minute).
- Install low-flow shower heads and toilets (save 1 to 5 gallons of water per minute). Take shorter showers. You can save 2 to 10 gallons for every minute you cut back. Or take a shallow bath instead (short showers with a low-flow head uses less water than a bath).
- While waiting for the shower or bath water to warm up, save that water and use it on your house plants, flower beds, trees, for pet drinking water or elsewhere.
- Get running toilets fixed. A running toilet can use as much as 30 to 500 gallons of water per day. If the toilet handle frequently sticks in the flush position letting water run, replace it or get it fixed.
- Install a toilet dam or displacement device to cut down on the amount of water needed for each flush. Put an inch or two of sand or pebbles in the bottom of a quart or larger container and fill the rest of the container with water. Put the cap on and place the bottle in your toilet tank, safely away from the operating mechanism. The container will save on each flush without impairing the efficiency of the toilet.
- Check your toilets for leaks. Put a few drops of food coloring in the tank. If the coloring begins to appear in the bowl without flushing, you have a leak that should be repaired immediately. Even a small leak can waste thousands of gallons a month.
In the Kitchen
- Don't use running water to thaw meat or other frozen foods. Defrost food in the fridge or use the defrost setting on your microwave.
- Rinse vegetables and fruits with a sink full of clean water rather than running the water the whole time.
- Don't run the tap to get cold or hot water. Keep a bottle or pitcher of drinking water in the fridge instead of running the water to cool it. Heat water in the microwave.
- When washing dishes by hand, don't keep water running. Use sinks full of water to wash and then rinse.
- Soak pots and pans instead of letting the water run over them while you scrape.
- Reuse the water left over from cooking foods like pasta and vegetables to water house plants.
- Run only full loads of dishes in your dish-washing machine (save up to 15 gallons of water per load).
In the Rest of the House
- Run only full loads of clothes in your washing machine (save up to 23 gallons of water for every load you don't run).
- Never pour water down the drain when there may be another use for it such as watering a plant or cleaning around the house.
- Don't use or install ornamental water features unless they recycle water.
- Use high-efficiency appliances if possible.
- Get leaky faucets and pipes fixed. A small drip can waste up to 2,700 gallons per year.
Outdoor Watering
- Water your lawn every 3 days. Your lawn doesn't need more than this.
- Water after 10 p.m. or before 10 a.m. to avoid evaporation.
- Keep sprinklers from watering pavement. Position them so that water lands on the lawn and shrubs.
- The idea is to cycle your watering so most of the water gets into the soil. High clay-content soils absorb water very slowly, so it is necessary to apply no more water than the ground can absorb. Over watering does not help your lawn.
- Don't water if it's raining - even if it is your day/time to water. The point is to conserve our water!
- Reset your automatic sprinkler system as the season changes to eliminate unnecessary watering. Homes with automatic sprinklers use up to 50% more water than manually operated systems.
- Treat brown spots in the lawn with the hose instead of running the entire sprinkler system.
- Use drip or soaker-type irrigation for all plantings except turf.
- It's a good idea to review the way you use all the areas of your yard and prioritize your landscaping into high-care zones, moderate-care zones and low-care zones. Then water accordingly. If you have some high priority areas that you want to keep green, you may need to let other areas go brown.
Outdoor Water Saving Lawn Care Methods
- When possible, place plants with similar watering needs in the same areas.
- Border all lawn areas with low-water ground covers to reduce water runoff and buffer the grass from hot pavement.
- Use an auto-shutoff nozzle on your garden hose.
- Aerate your lawn. This increases water infiltration into the soil, allowing more water to get to the root zone. Aerating also adds air to the soil, which aids plant growth.
- Avoid over-fertilizing. Fertilizer increases the need for water. Fertilize appropriately.
- Set lawnmower blades to cut grass at about 2 to 3 inches long. Mowing grass shorter dries out the soil faster and increases water use.
- Leave grass clippings on your lawn. This will reduce evaporation and add organic matter to the soil, allowing it to retain more water.
- Compost your yard and food waste in your back yard. Compost is a valuable tool for reducing your landscape's water needs.
- Spread mulch or compost around plants to reduce water loss and weed growth.
Other Outdoor Water Uses
- Wash you car at a commercial car wash that recycles its water (look for the automatic drive-through car washes, the manual ones often don't recycle water). Or use a bucket and/or hose with an automatic shut off nozzle at home.
- Don't hose down your driveway. Sweep it instead.


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Photo: Mark Buckler (Enlarge image)
Scientific Name: Anas acuta Classification: Game Species Abundance: Common throughout state
Northern pintails (Clayton Ferrell/USFWS)
Northern pintails get their name from their distinctive tail, which is long and pointed. Both males and females have long, pointed tails; however, the breeding male has a much longer, more prominent tail than females or non-breeding males. Breeding males have a white chest with a white line going down their brown head and neck. Females and males that are molting are mottled brown and white with unmarked pale tan faces and dark bills.
Seasons / Limits Youth Waterfowl Day(s) Extended Falconry Seasons
Additional Info (including license requirements, non-toxic shot requirements, baiting information and various reports)
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The N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission is working cooperatively to determine broad-scale movements and nesting locations of northern pintails. In February 2004, biologists with the Wildlife Commission, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the New York Cooperative Research Unit marked 15 female pintails in North Carolina with state-of-the-art transmitters that can be picked up by polar orbiting satellites. In February 2005, an additional 12 female pintails were instrumented by Wildlife Commission biologists. Other states are also cooperating in this Atlantic Flyway project and include: New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, and Florida. Specifically, researchers hope to gain a better understanding of the relationship between pintails that winter in various areas of the Atlantic Flyway and the overall continental population.
The northern pintail has the largest breeding range of any waterfowl species with nesting locations extending into Siberia and Scandinavian Peninsula. In North America, pintails nest from the eastern Canadian maritime provinces, west across the northern tier of the United States and throughout Canada and into Alaska. Highest concentrations of nesting pintails occur in Saskatchewan and Alberta. With its expansive breeding range, pintails have historically been considered one of the most numerous duck species as recorded on breeding grounds surveys; however, numbers of pintails have declined over the last 40 years and currently are below their long-term average and below goals established by the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. Mid-winter aerial survey estimates of pintails in North Carolina suggest that wintering numbers have declined over the long-term, but have stabilized over the last 20 years.
In North Carolina and throughout the country, pintails are a highly prized species by hunters, but the long-term population decline has necessitated much more restrictive hunting seasons compared to most other duck species. The most likely culprit for long-term decline is poor breeding success as a result of long-term changes in habitat and more recent changes in farming practices. This fact was dramatically highlighted when pintail populations failed to rebound when the prairie region recently enjoyed a relatively wet cycle. Many other duck species during the same time period showed very favorable increases and several reached record levels. Much of the problem likely occurs in Prairie Canada (the heart of Pintail country), where nearly 75% of the grasslands have been converted to croplands since the early 1900's and where large-scale, government conservation programs (like CRP) do not exist.
One of the poorly understood aspects of pintail ecology is the relationship of pintail breeding areas and their affiliation to wintering areas in North Carolina and other areas of the Atlantic Flyway. Pintails wintering in the Atlantic Flyway are generally considered to be mix of birds that nest in both eastern Canada and the prairie pothole region of the United States and Canada. How this mix varies from north to south in the flyway in not well recognized. Although pintails are widely dispersed and occur in far fewer numbers in eastern Canada, nesting habitat in this region is likely much more stable and does not undergo the sometimes dramatic changes that occur in the prairies. Complicating the matter is that breeding grounds surveys targeting pintails in eastern Canada are lacking and population trends from this vast area are unknown. Having a better understanding how pintails wintering in the Atlantic Flyway relate to the overall continental population of pintails will help guide managers in North Carolina and the Atlantic Flyway in making better informed pintail harvest and habitat management decisions.
In North Carolina, pintails are a coastal oriented species as the overwhelming majority of the pintail harvest occurs in 6 coastal counties.
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We thus focused our marking efforts along the coast at several locations where suitable trapping sites could be found. Pintails were caught with both rocket nets and swim-in traps and then fitted with transmitters. The heaviest birds with adult plumage characteristics were chosen to be fitted with transmitters. All were kept overnight for observation and then released at the capture site. Other pintails captured were leg-banded and released on-site. Birds were marked at 4 different locations: 4 from Mattamuskeet National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) (Hyde Co.), 3 from Pocosin Lakes NWR (Washington Co.), 2 from Pea Island NWR (Dare Co.) and 2 from Pine Island Hunt Club (Currituck Co.).
click for large image Photo: SCDNR
The satellite transmitters (called PTT's or Platform Transmitter Terminals) are manufactured by Microwave Telemetry, Inc. and weigh 20g. The weight of the transmitter is critical as the overall weight of the transmitter/harness package should not exceed approximately 3-4% of the weight of the bird. Until very recently, technology did not exist that allowed for such a lightweight package with an extended battery life. The transmitters rest on the back of the bird and are attached with a Teflon ribbon harness. Birds appear to adapt well to the transmitter package although we do suspect that it takes several days before the bird has adjusted and preened in the harness to their liking.
Transmitters may be programmed an infinite number of ways, depending upon study objectives. Because we are primarily interested in large-scale movements over the course of 1 year, our transmitters are programmed to send a signal every 65 seconds for eight hours every six days. This routine conserves battery power and should allow researchers to track the pintails through spring migration, breeding, and the following fall migration. Signals are picked up by an ARGOS tracking system receiver attached to several NOAA polar-orbiting weather satellites. SERVICE ARGOS is a cooperative venture under the joint management of France's Center of National Space Studies, and the United States of America's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The purpose of ARGOS is to allow researchers to remotely collect environmental data on a wide range of subjects, including: meteorology, oceanography, and animal ecology. The data is then relayed down to earth where locations are determined by ARGOS and then finally where it is sent to project personnel.
NOTE: The winter of 2005-06 marked the end of the field phase of the northern pintail satellite telemetry study. No future updates to the existing tracking maps will be made. Please follow the link below to view or download a final report summarizing the results of this study.
Northern Pintails in Eastern North America - Atlantic Flyway Satellite Telemetry Project Final Report (PDF - 3.81MB)
View maps of migration and movement of northern pintails instrumented with satellite transmitters (called PTT's or Platform Transmitter Terminals). Each map displays the movements of an individual pintail. Adobe Acrobat Reader is required. Each link will open a PDF in a new browser window.
see map of all pintails instrumented in North Carolina in 2005 (pdf - opens to new window)
U.S. Geological Survey New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Cornell University Pea Island NWR: http://peaisland.fws.gov/ Mattamuskeet NWR: http://mattamuskeet.fws.gov/index.html Pocosin Lakes NWR: http://pocosinlakes.fws.gov/
Discovery For Recovery: An International Pintail Recovery Initiative Palmetto Pintails: tracking pintails in South Carolina New Jersey Pintail Satellite Telemetry Study
Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries - Tundra Swan Trax Pennsylvania Game Commission - Swans in Pennsylvania N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission – Atlantic Flyway Tundra Swan Research Ecology of the Atlantic Brant
Microwave Telemetry: http://www.microwavetelemetry.com/ Service Argos: http://www.argos-system.org/
Visit the Waterfowl in North Carolina page for more information about management of pintails in North Carolina.
Please report all bands online at www.reportband.gov
Please be aware that starting July, 2017, the toll-free telephone number that had previously been available to report bird bands is being discontinued. This discontinuation is collectively due to past problems with accurate data recording, high rates of dropped calls and budget cuts. People calling this toll-free number will be directed to report their bird bands using the REPORTBAND website or by mail. We rely heavily on your cooperation in reporting banded birds to help in their management, and we would like to thank you for your continued support in this effort.


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Director Jean-Jacques Annaud certainly knows animals. He's probably best known for directing The Bear, which depicted the adventures of a bear cub in the Canadian wilds. Many would say Annaud's better with critters than humans -- the bear cub in that film was way more expressive than Brad Pitt was in Seven Years in Tibet, or Jude Law in Enemy at the Gates. Tigers don't have quite the same range as bears, nor can they stand on two legs for cute humanoid tricks, and that may be why Two Brothers' story is rounded out with a lot more people than were in The Bear.
Kumal and Sangha get above-the-title billing in this tale, despite the fact that the adult versions of each don't show up until about halfway through the film, replacing the numerous cubs that portray the brothers as kittens. There are lots of "Awwww!" moments with the babies, especially in a sequence where one is frightened by a civet and runs up a tree, while the other comes to the rescue -- this scene will resurface later as a tiger flashback, the only moment that approximates the bear dreams and psychedelic-mushroom hallucination in The Bear.
Guy Pearce plays Aidan McRory, a sort of real-world Indiana Jones type who goes looking for valuable statues in jungles and makes off with them (the time period is nonspecific, but clearly within the colonial period). When he's not stealing relics, he's writing books about his adventures, all of which make him out to be a bigger hero than he is. But he spends too much time in Thailand: Before long, the locals figure out exactly how they can exploit him, from a corrupt village chief (Jaran Phetjareon) who rats him out to the cops to the amusingly pompous French governor Eugene Normandin (Jean-Claude Dreyfus, single-handedly proving that the French are as good at mocking themselves as anyone) who wants to enlist McRory's services to help make the local prince (Oanh Nguyen) look good in front of his wife (Stéphanie Lagarde, who looks like Shelley Duvall dressed as the Wendy's hamburger girl).
So how do the tiger cubs get sucked up into all this? Basically, McRory shoots their father early on, then tentatively adopts Kumal, only to lose him after a brief stay in jail. Kumal is bought by circus promoter Zerbino (Vincent Scarito) and his Ron Jeremy-look-alike sidekick, the fire-eating and sword-swallowing ringmaster Saladin (Moussa Maaskri).
Sangha, meanwhile, is discovered by Normandin's insufferably cutesy son Raoul (Freddie Highmore, thankfully not on screen very much) and adopted as a pet. Within the governor's household, Sangha feuds with the family dog, which at one point leads to an awfully contrived sequence in which the animals push a shoe around under the dinner table in such a way as to make McRory think the governor's wife is playing footsie with him.
Anything more about the plot probably heads into severe spoiler territory, but suffice it to say that fate will bring the brothers together again, and you do get to see a cool tiger-on-tiger fight. (Disclaimer: Forcing animals to fight each other in real life is bad. But watching them onscreen, knowing in the back of your mind that no real animals were harmed, is badass. )
Annaud uses a mix of film and digital video, in part to avoid the headaches encountered while filming bears and realizing that film magazines tended to run out just when the bears started doing all the cool stuff. Digital video was probably necessary to capture such temperamental beasts as tigers, but it also detracts from the overall look. Especially in low light, the tigers move so fast that there tends to be a DV blurring effect. And fire never looks quite right on DV, especially if it's being augmented with computer-generated flames. Too yellow.
No need to harp on that, though. Tigers are such rare and beautiful beasts that you could just film them running around an enclosure for an hour or so, and I'd pay to see it. Annaud adds much more and has made a compelling story that's truly for the whole family, without being overly sentimental in the way that American so-called "family" fare tends to be. In a summer of very few smart films appropriate for all ages, don't be surprised if Two Brothers does very well indeed. If it can also raise awareness of the danger of tiger extinction, so much the better.


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Hardback, Faber, revised edition, reprinted 1947. Book condition: faded cloth, good tight copy, no dust wrapper.
The second volume in The Flax of Dream tetralogy.
The publisher's blurb for the first edition (1922) is succinct: 'This is the tale of a boy's last terms at a public school, and it is in a sense a sequel to The Beautiful Years. It is the work of a very clever young writer whose nature essays have attracted the widest attention here and in America. It is utterly unlike the usual "school story". It is a subtle and beautifully written study of character.'
Dandelion Dayswas rewritten in 1930, and it is the text of this edition that has been used in all subsequent reprints. The publisher's blurb for this edition states: 'Like The Beautiful Years, which was republished in 1929, this is an entirely new version of one of Mr Williamson's earlier novels. It is, in fact, a new novel, as can be judged from the author's remark in his dedication, that "only twenty-seven of the original sentences remain". Dandelion Days is the second book of a series of four, of which The Beautiful Years is the first, and The Pathway – which made Mr Williamson famous throughout Europe and America – the last. It continues the story of Willie Maddison, whose childhood was the subject of The Beautiful Years. Here is the lovely downland country seen through the eyes of a boy whose experiences start him on the lonely path of poet and dreamer; his love and agony over Elsie Norman; his great friendship and sense of fun and adventure with Jack and others of "The Owl Club"; his mental stress and struggle against the tyranny of distasteful learning – in fact Willie Maddison is shown in process of being formed into the man whose ragic and ironic story ends with The Pathway. Dandelion Days is a book full of beauty and humour.
'An earlier book of Mr Williamson's, Tarka the Otter, won for him the Hawthornden Prize for 1927.'
(For a further consideration of the book and the background to the writing of it, see Anne Williamson's Dandelion Days.)
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When Joanna Shu and I first saw The Devil Wears Prada, we agreed Anne Hathaway had it much easier than us. Our first jobs out of college were far worse, there was no free designer clothing and plenty of modern sexism to endure as two of the few women in the office. Without getting into specifics, our boss's daily mistreatment made Meryl Streep's character look like a sweet puppy. It's no wonder that we forged a deep friendship as a result, and it's definitely no wonder that both of us, almost a decade later, have set out to work for ourselves; myself as a visual artist and writer, and Shu as the founder and COO of Refresh Skin Therapy.
As The Feminist Bride, I'm always on the look out for companies that meet fiancé's wedding needs without sucking them down the deep, dark consumerist hole that is the wedding industrial complex. I'm also interested in featuring companies that promote and support women either socially or professionally (e.g. there are way too few companies with women in leadership positions). Shu, a divorced single-mom of two and leader of this vegan skincare line, fit the bill perfectly. So I wanted to ask Ms. Shu how Refresh Skin Therapy fits into the bridal beauty industry and what sets her and her company apart from the others.


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The Maricopa County Board of Supervisors issued a proclamation this week aimed at saving lives. The Board officially recognized September as National Suicide Prevention Awareness Month.
Suicide is the 10th leading cause of death among adults in the U.S. and the second leading cause of death among those ages 10 to 24. The proclamation encourages all residents to "take the time to inquire as to the wellbeing of their family, friends, and neighbors over the next few days and to genuinely convey their appreciation for their existence."
National Alliance on Mental Illness
National Suicide Prevention Lifeline
Suicide Prevention Resource Center


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Taylor is the Jerry and Felicia Campbell Chair Professor of Economics at Central Michigan University. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Georgia in 1998 and was an assistant professor of economics at the University of Virginia between 1998 and 2003. He has been a professor at CMU since 2003 and joined the Mackinac Center's Board of Scholars in 2014.
Taylor is an authority on 20th century economic history in the United States, particularly the Great Depression and World War II, and how these historical episodes relate to cartel, labor and public choice theory. Journals in which his work has appeared include: The Journal of Law and Economics, Journal of Economic History, Public Choice, Economica, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, American Economic Review (Papers and Proceedings), Southern Economic Journal, Journal of Industrial Economics, Explorations in Economic History among others. He has published editorials in Forbes, The Wall Street Journal, USA Today and The Detroit News, and has testified on the findings of his research before Congress.
He has been editor-in-chief of Essays in Economic & Business History since April 2012.


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Whac-a-Mole by Chasma brings classic arcade fun into the palm of your hand! Players must use quick reflexes (along with a little help from a trusty virtual mallet) to whac dozens of pesky moles trying to sneak out of their holes. Remember to stay sharp - these moles love to taunt players that miss! Featuring cutting-edge online scoreboard technology, Whac-a-Mole lets players compete with opponents from around the globe!


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"Star Wars: The Clone Wars" Season 3 Premieres Friday, September 17 on Cartoon Network
via Cartoon Network press release:
Secrets Are Revealed In All-New Season of Star Wars(TM): The Clone Wars(TM) Premiering on Cartoon Network, Friday, September 17, 9 p.m. (ET/PT)
New Clone Wars Adventures(TM) Online Virtual World to Debut with Season Premiere
Building on the huge ratings win from last spring's second season finale of Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Cartoon Network announced today it will premiere 22 all-new episodes for season three of the critically acclaimed CG-animated series from creator George Lucas and Lucasfilm Animation. The special, one-hour season three premiere event of Star Wars: The Clone Wars airs Friday, September 17, at 9 p.m. (et/pt).
The season two finale of Star Wars: The Clone Wars was the highest-rated telecast of the season among all key kid demos: 2-11, 6-11, 9-14. The one-hour special also took the #1 spot as the most-watched telecast of the day (May 2) among boys 6-14, and #1 for its timeslot with kids 6-14 versus all television. Star Wars: The Clone Wars is a thrilling, weekly 30-minute "mini-movie" created by the talented artists at Lucasfilm Animation.
Mystery, intrigue and adventure await our heroes with all-new action-packed episodes of Star Wars: The Clone Wars. As war continues to rage throughout the galaxy, the dark side grows even stronger and the Jedi Knights are pushed to the breaking point. The lines between good and evil become blurred as secrets are revealed, truths are questioned and alliances are betrayed. Loyalties are tested as new enemies emerge and heroes rise – and fall.
In this transformative new season of Star Wars: The Clone Wars, surprises wait at every turn, the fate of the galaxy hangs in the balance and the destiny of the "Chosen One" will at long last be uncovered. Thrilling, unpredictable and often humorous, the exciting new adventures of the Star Wars Saga will captivate fans of all ages.
Fans of the Star Wars: The Clone Wars animated television series on Cartoon Network can also look forward to the scheduled online release of LucasArts, a division of Lucasfilm Entertainment Company Ltd.'s and Sony Online Entertainment LLC's (SOE) Star Wars(R): Clone Wars Adventures(TM) video game on September 15. The ultimate virtual destination for a new generation of Star Wars fans, Clone Wars Adventures is an action-packed virtual world where players can go online to experience fun minigames, daily activities, events, rewards, lively social environments and competition. Clone Wars Adventures lets players duel iconic adversaries with their own custom lightsaber, speed through the galaxy in a custom starfighter, defeat enemies and take down starships.
Clone Wars Adventures is a free-to-play to game, but players who want to take the galactic action to the next level can purchase a monthly Membership subscription for $5.99, while a variety of epic items can also be purchased through Station Cash(R) micro-transactions. The Clone Wars Adventures Galactic Passport is scheduled to be available at thousands of retail locations in North America later this fall and will include a 90 day membership, 500 Station Cash, the ability to unlock the Togruta playable character, a Yoda monitor topper, and more.
Sony Online Entertainment LLC (SOE) is a recognized worldwide leader in massively multiplayer online games, with hundreds of thousands of subscribers around the globe. SOE creates, develops and provides compelling entertainment for the personal computer, online game console and wireless devices and continues to redefine the business of online gaming and the creation of active player communities while introducing new genres on all entertainment platforms.
Lucasfilm, LucasArts, Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Lucasfilm Animation and related character names, vehicle names and properties are trademarks and/or copyrights, in the United States and other countries, of Lucasfilm Ltd. and/or its affiliates. TM & © Lucasfilm Ltd. All rights reserved. All other trademarks and trade names are properties of their respective owners..
Cartoon Network (CartoonNetwork.com), currently seen in more than 97 million U.S. homes and 166 countries around the world, is Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.'s ad-supported cable service now available in HD offering the best in original, acquired and classic entertainment for youth and families. Nightly from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. (ET, PT), Cartoon Network shares its channel space with Adult Swim, a late-night destination showcasing original and acquired animation for young adults 18-34.
Turner Broadcasting System, Inc., a Time Warner company, creates and programs branded news, entertainment, animation and young adult media environments on television and other platforms for consumers around the world.


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How Cold Stress Affects Soybean
May 2, 2013
With the warmer conditions and warming soil temperatures planters started rolling across Nebraska over the weekend and early this week. By mid week, however, field work stopped due to rain, snow, and a return to colder temperatures. Now growers are wondering how this cold stress and the potential for inbibitional chilling may affect soybean seeds that have been planted.
Soybean Germination Process
See updated cold stress injury threshold in April 21, 2015 CropWatch article.
See updated cold stress injury threshold in April 21, 2015 CropWatch article.
The germination stage of soybean consists first of a very fast uptake of water (imbibitional phase) followed by a much slower uptake of water (osmotic phase). Chilling during the first phase can cause severe problems because the imbibed water is needed to rehydrate the cotyledons and embryo to the point that cell membranes become functional. Cold temperatures interfere with proper hydration of those membranes. The imbibitional phase is typically not very long (less than 24 hours) and can occur with relatively little soil moisture since the seed is dry. Thus, getting a cold rain 0-24 hours after you plant can lead to chilling injury in soybean and lower stands. A study by UNL researcher W.J. Bramlage et al. showed that when the soybean seed coat was removed, imbibition injury occurred within 30 minutes. With a seed coat, imbibition is slower and a longer exposure would be needed before chilling injury occurs.
A key point to consider is that chilling injury is likely to be greater if soil temperatures were cold (less than 40° F) at planting rather than becoming cold 24 or more hours after sowing. The longer the seed is in the ground at warm soil temperatures before cold temperatures occur, the less likelihood there is of chilling injury. The bottom line is: Plant your soybeans if you think the soil temperatures won't get cold (less than 40°F) for at least 24 hours. If you planted two or more days before the cold rain, there should be no imbibitional injury due to cold temperature.
During the second phase of germination, the fully functional membranes (after imbibitional hydration) create an osmotic situation in which water diffuses into the living cells. Osmotic water uptake is slow with cold temperatures. Chilling during this phase causes little direct injury to the germinating seedling. Cold temperatures will, however, slow emergence.
Be Aware of Soil Moisture Content
More important than cold soil temperatures after imbibitional water uptake is the soil moisture content. Cold soil delays the germination to emergence process, but cold soil plus soggy soil conditions of some duration can substantively reduce soybean emergence. Why? Soil-borne pathogens love soggy soil. Since the period of seedling germination to emergence takes longer due to the cold, those pathogens will have more time to infect the seedling cotyledons and access their carbohydrate, protein, and lipid reserves. The seedling needs those cotyledon reserves to live on until the unifoliolate leaves start photosynthesis and form more carbohydrates. This is why fungicide seed treatments are crucial if planting soybeans in April or early May and in cold, wet conditions. Ultimately, it is soggy soil with cold temperatures that kill your germination.
More Information
For additional research see Dynamics of Imbibition of Soybean Embryos by C.W. Vertucci et al. in Plant Physiology, the journal of the American Society of Plant Biologists.
Jim Specht, UNL Professor of Agronomy and Horticulture
Jenny Rees, Extension Educator
Online Master of Science in Agronomy
With a focus on industry applications and research, the online program is designed with maximum flexibility for today's working professionals.


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Top 6 Holiday Gift Picks for Pets
We know you'll be inundated with gift ideas this holiday season, but after sharing our ideas for gifts for your vet, we couldn't resist offering a few of our own favorites for the year courtesy of VetStreet's Dr. Patty Khuly.
Each year, Dr. Marty Becker asks us to nominate products for inclusion in his annual Good Morning America segment on gifts for pet lovers. This year, I suggested this stunner of a product, which is actually a fabric.
Crypton resists odors and stains so well that it's being marketed in beautiful colors and patterns for pet beds and accessories. After my cat urinated on my gorgeous Crypton Wegman Gameboard Throver, I thought it would be forever tainted by the smell. Instead, I cleaned it with a disinfectant solution and he's never peed on it again — a sure measure of odor elimination. They make beds as well.
I always recommend at least one exercise-inducing cat toy every year. But Neko Flies is different: The fishing pole has interchangeable "lures" for cats with different destructive tendencies. I picked up dragonfly and mouse models, both of which appeal equally to my kitties Tybalt and Mambrú.
I'm big on recirculating water dishes for pets. Not only are they easier to manage, but most pets will also drink more — a very healthy thing, especially for cats — when the water moves. This version (available at Petco and other big-box shops) has proved its merit in my household. Plus, it makes a loud noise if the water level is too low, which is great for busy people.
My sister's dogs are the rough-and-tumble types who can kill a toy in two seconds flat. Enter the heavy-duty Hugglehounds plush toys with Tuffut Technology. They're made of dog-resistant fabric that's sewn in three layers for extra durability. Enticing knots, multiple squeakers and zero stuffing (very important!) round out the design.
I love this pet safety device so much I take every opportunity I can to talk it up. I lost a dog to drowning, and I've since declared that I will never watch another pet drown. Hence, the Safety Turtle. Nothing is more important than supervision, and I'd never skip a life vest, but these collar-attachable sensors provide extra peace of mind. They signal loudly when they get wet — and they're super cute!
I thought they would be gimmicky, but these collars are so well designed I couldn't help but recommend them as another safety device. My neighborhood lacks streetlights, so it's helpful to have these for my dogs when we go out at night. According to the company, extra-small collars and harnesses will soon be available.
That's my batch for this year. What are your favorite pet gifts?
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Vetstreet.com is a new animal health and lifestyle site dedicated to giving you the most accurate pet information possible, so you can keep your dogs and cats healthy and happy. Our articles are written and reviewed by leading veterinarians, journalists, and animal health experts.