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About Philippe II d'Orléans, régent du Royaume de France
The Pontcallec conspiracy was a rebellion that arose from an anti-tax movement in Brittany.
France was controlled by Philippe II, Duke of Orleans during the childhood of Louis XV.
The Regent, Philip II, Duke of Orleans, was the Grand Master of the Templars.
Philippe, Duke of Orleans, was elected the Grand Master of the Templar Order in 1705. He had convened a General Convent at Versailles in 1705. It was during the course of this Convent that the General Statutes were presented.
Philippe d'Orléans
Golden Fleece - Knights: Spanish Branch
Royal house
Philippe d'Orléans, né le 2 août 1674 à Saint-Cloud et mort le 2 décembre 1723 à Versailles.
Petit-fils de Louis XIII, il est duc de Chartres, duc d'Orléans (1701), duc de Valois, duc de Nemours et duc de Montpensier, régent du royaume de France pendant la minorité de Louis XV, il est appelé le Régent.
1 Biographie
1.1 Les jeunes années
1.2 Le mariage
1.3 Le militaire
1.4 Le Régent
1.5 Le sacre de Louis XV et la mort de Philippe d'Orléans
2 L'artiste
3 Notes et Références
4 Voir aussi
5 Articles connexes
5.1 Bibliographie
5.2 Au cinéma
Les jeunes années
Fils de Philippe de France (Monsieur), frère de Louis XIV, et de la princesse Charlotte-Élisabeth de Bavière (1652-1722), Philippe d'Orléans est d'abord titré duc de Chartres. Il reçoit une éducation soignée, principalement tournée vers la fonction militaire et diplomatique, comme il sied à un petit-fils de France. Il s'intéresse particulièrement à l'histoire, la géographie, la philosophie et aux sciences. Contrairement à son oncle et à son père, il monte mal, se montre mauvais danseur et n'aime pas la chasse. En revanche, il a la prodigieuse mémoire de son oncle : très tôt, il connaît sur le bout des doigts les mémoires et généalogies des grandes familles de la cour. Il a aussi une grande capacité de travail et d'intelligence.
Le mariage
Néanmoins, avec la naissance des trois fils du Grand Dauphin, fils aîné de Louis XIV – le duc de Bourgogne en 1682, le duc d'Anjou en 1683, le duc de Berry en 1686 – le duc de Chartres se retrouve sixième dans la ligne de succession au trône, ce qui ne lui laisse que bien peu d'espérances de régner et ne le place pas dans la meilleure situation pour faire un mariage avantageux. De plus, la France est en guerre avec la presque-totalité de l'Europe, ce qui rend impossible un mariage étranger.
Aussi, dès 1688, Louis XIV fait allusion à Mademoiselle de Blois, bâtarde légitimée. Ce mariage parachèverait la politique d'abaissement des branches cadettes de la maison de Bourbon voulue par le Roi Soleil. Mais Monsieur et sa femme, la Princesse Palatine, jugent une telle union tout simplement scandaleuse, indigne et pour tout dire inimaginable.
Le duc de Chartres est plus hésitant, d'autant que l'idée est soutenue par son précepteur, l'abbé Dubois. Au début de 1692, Louis XIV convoque son neveu et lui déclare qu'il ne peut mieux lui témoigner son affection qu'en lui donnant sa propre fille en mariage, ce à quoi le jeune homme ne sait répondre qu'en balbutiant un remerciement embarrassé. La Palatine, apprenant l'issue de l'entrevue, jette de hauts cris mais ne peut affronter le roi, d'autant qu'elle sait ne pouvoir compter sur le soutien de son mari (qui ne se révolta que peu de temps avant sa mort, lançant à son frère que : « Sans tirer aucun profit de ce mariage, Chartres n'en gardera que la honte et le déshonneur »). Elle borne l'expression de son mécontentement à tourner le dos au Roi après lui avoir fait une profonde révérence ; mais ensuite, prétend seul le duc de Saint Simon, elle donne à son fils une énorme gifle devant toute la cour. Le mariage n'en a pas moins lieu, le 9 janvier 1692.
Ce mariage arrangé, non désiré, ne fut guère heureux. Philippe, devenu duc d'Orléans en 1701 à la mort de son père, appelait sa femme « Madame Lucifer ». Ils eurent huit enfants dont un seul fils :
N... d'Orléans, « Mademoiselle de Valois » (17 décembre 1693 – 17 octobre 1694) ;
Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (20 août 1695 – 21 juillet 1719), épouse (1710) Charles, duc de Berry ;
Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans (13 août 1698 – 10 février 1743), « Mademoiselle d'Orléans » ;
Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans (20 octobre 1700 – 19 janvier 1761), « Mademoiselle de Valois », épouse (1720) François Marie d'Este-Modène, duc de Modène ;
Louis Ier d'Orléans, duc de Chartres, puis duc d'Orléans (1723), surnommé « le Pieux » (4 août 1703 – 4 février 1752) ;
Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (11 décembre 1709 – 16 juin 1742), « Mademoiselle de Montpensier », épouse (1723) Louis Ier, roi d'Espagne ;
Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans (18 décembre 1714 – 21 mai 1734), « Mademoiselle de Beaujolais » ;
Louise Diane d'Orléans (27 juin 1716 – 26 septembre 1736), « Mademoiselle de Chartres », épouse (1732) Louis François de Bourbon-Conti, prince de Conti.
Il eut également plusieurs enfants naturels dont :
Charles de Saint-Albin (1698-1764), né de Florence Pellerin, qui fut évêque-duc de Laon (1721) puis archevêque-duc de Cambrai (1723) ;
Jean Philippe d'Orléans (1702-1748), né de Marie Louise Le Bel de La Boissière, dite comtesse d'Argenton, qui fut légitimé en 1706 et fut Grand Prieur de l'Ordre de Malte en France (dit « le chevalier d'Orléans » ou « le Grand Prieur d'Orléans ») ;
Angélique de Froissy (1702-1785), née de Christine Charlotte Desmares (1682-1753), qui fut légitimée en 1722 et épousa le comte de Ségur.
Le militaire
L'année précédente, Chartres avait commencé la carrière des armes aux Pays-Bas, aux côtés de Louis XIV. Très vite, il s'avère un bon officier, aimé de ses soldats, enchaînant les campagnes. En 1693, il se distingue par une brillante conduite à Mons, à Steinkerque et à Bataille de Neerwinden. Il se montre également très critique vis-à-vis de la stratégie de l'armée de Flandre. Ses quelques initiatives, de portée certes modeste, s'avèrent en revanche des succès. À la cour, les comparaisons fusent avec le Grand Condé, ce qui lui attire la jalousie des autres princes du sang.
Désireux de calmer le jeu, Louis XIV rappelle tous les princes en 1697. Le duc de Chartres vit cette décision comme un camouflet personnel : on ne lui accorde aucun grand gouvernement, à la différence des bâtards, et on le prive de grand commandement. Il sait que son oncle désapprouve sa conduite : depuis l'adolescence, il fréquente les milieux libertins et mène une vie dissolue, ce que réprouve le strict duc de Saint-Simon, son ami d'enfance, qui reste pourtant à ses côtés lors de cette période de disgrâce. Il reçoit, à la mort de son père, le titre de duc d'Orléans. Rappelé à l'armée lors des campagnes difficiles de la guerre de Succession d'Espagne, il prouve sa bravoure à Turin en 1706. Après avoir été écarté des successions possibles, en France comme en Espagne, il intrigue. Son ambition mal déguisée et son goût pour la chimie le font soupçonner d'avoir contribué aux morts du dauphin et de sa famille. Louis XIV lui témoigne froideur et défiance et lui impose, par son testament secret, la présence des légitimés dans le Conseil de régence.
Le Régent
Philippe II d'Orléans et Louis XVÀ la mort de Louis XIV, le duc d'Orléans, adulte de la famille royale le plus proche du roi, devient naturellement le régent du royaume. Toutefois son pouvoir est limité par les demandes du testament de Louis XIV, qui indique la composition du conseil de régence, véritable conseil de gouvernement, et laisse au duc du Maine, l'un des bâtards du Roi-Soleil, l'éducation du jeune Louis XV. Philippe fait casser le testament par le Parlement (septembre 1715) qui le reconnaît comme seul régent, ce qui lui permet de réorganiser le Conseil à son gré et d'évincer le duc du Maine, bientôt exclu de la succession au trône que son père lui avait accordée. Toutefois, le Régent a dû pour se concilier le parlement lui rendre le droit de remontrances supprimé par Louis XIV, ce qui pèse lourdement au XVIIIe siècle.
Il tente de séduire les Français par une politique nouvelle : la paix est rétablie. Il soutient les jansénistes, abandonne la cause des Stuarts, tente de rétablir les finances et l'économie avec les audaces de Law. En entamant sa régence, il adresse, le 4 octobre 1715, une « Lettre à Mrs les intendans commissaires départis dans les provinces », dans laquelle il déclare que sa préoccupation majeure est le poids excessif des différentes taxes et annonce son intention d'établir un système d'imposition plus juste et plus égalitaire. Sur le plan de l'organisation du gouvernement, le Régent entame la politique de polysynodie, sans doute sous l'influence de son ami Saint-Simon : le remplacement des ministres par des conseils rassemblant des grands seigneurs et des techniciens. Mais il s'impose aux parlements et aux légitimés (septembre 1718), prend les armes contre l'Espagne dans une alliance avec Londres et Vienne (janvier 1719). La personnalité de l'abbé Dubois, son ancien précepteur, devenu archevêque, cardinal et ministre, s'impose de plus en plus auprès de Philippe, le fonctionnement de la polysynodie devenant de plus en plus difficile.
Sur le plan personnel, le régent n'a rien changé à sa vie frivole. Le Palais-Royal est le théâtre de ses abandons à la débauche en compagnie de ses « roués » (méritant le supplice de la roue), « fanfarons d'incrédulité et de crimes » ; les petits soupers y tournent parfois à l'orgie.
Le sacre de Louis XV et la mort de Philippe d'Orléans
Mais quand les calamités fondent sur le royaume : incendies, peste de Marseille, effondrement du système de Law, le pays souffre et gémit, on accuse l'irréligion du Régent. La sagacité et la finesse du cardinal Dubois dans les affaires, l'énergie intermittente du Régent et l'absence de toute opposition organisée font que la monarchie reste debout. Louis XV est sacré le 25 octobre 1722 et confirme le cardinal Dubois comme principal ministre, mais celui-ci meurt le 10 août 1723.
Philippe d'Orléans lui demande alors la place de principal ministre que Louis XV, qui a pour lui la plus vive affection, lui accorde sans hésiter. C'est la première fois dans l'histoire de la monarchie qu'un petit-fils de France est investi de telles fonctions. Le duc d'Orléans se plonge dans les affaires avec ardeur. Mais il n'est pas en bonne santé, ayant beaucoup grossi et étant sujet à de fréquentes somnolences. Il meurt peu de temps après, le 2 décembre 1723.
Philippe d'Orléans a composé deux opéras, Hypermnestre et Panthée, peint et grave avec talent (on lui doit les illustrations d'une édition de Daphnis et Chloé). Il achète pour sa couronne le Régent, le diamant réputé le plus beau d'Europe.
Philippe II d'Orléans, Duc d'Orléans (1)
M, #103157, b. 2 August 1674, d. 2 December 1723
Last Edited=1 Apr 2009
Consanguinity Index=0.28%
Philippe II d'Orléans, Duc d'Orléans was born on 2 August 1674 at Saint-Cloud, Île-de-France, France. (3) He was the son of Philippe I, Duc d'Orléans and Elisabeth Charlotte Pfalzgräfin von Simmern. He married Françoise Marie de Bourbon, daughter of Louis XIV, Roi de France and Françoise Athénaïs de Rochechouart, on 18 February 1692 at Versailles, Île-de-France, France. (3)
He died on 2 December 1723 at age 49 at Versailles, Île-de-France, France, from apoplexy. (3) He was buried at Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France.3
Philippe II d'Orléans, Duc d'Orléans gained the title of Duc de Chartres between 1674 and 1701. (3) He gained the title of Duc d'Orléans in 1701.3 He held the office of Regent of France between 2 September 1715 and 16 February 1723. (3)
Child of Philippe II d'Orléans, Duc d'Orléans and Leonore (?)
-1. unknown daughter d'Orléans b. c 1688
Children of Philippe II d'Orléans, Duc d'Orléans and Françoise Marie de Bourbon
-1. unknown daughter d'Orléans (4) b. 17 Dec 1693, d. 17 Oct 1694
-2. Marie Louise Elizabeth d'Orléans+ (4) b. 20 Aug 1695, d. 21 Jul 1719
-3. Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans (4) b. 13 Aug 1698, d. 19 Feb 1743
-4. Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans+ (5) b. 22 Oct 1700, d. 19 Jan 1761
-5. Louis d'Orléans, Duc d'Orléans+ (3) b. 4 Aug 1703, d. 4 Feb 1752
-6. Louise Elizabeth d'Orléans (6) b. 11 Dec 1709, d. 16 Jun 1742
-7. Philippine Elisabeth d'Orléans (4) b. 18 Dec 1714, d. 21 May 1734
-8. Louise Diane d'Orléans+5 b. 27 Jun 1716, d. 26 Sep 1736
Child of Philippe II d'Orléans, Duc d'Orléans and Florence Pellegrin
-1. Charles de Saint Albin b. 5 Apr 1698, d. 9 Apr 1764
Child of Philippe II d'Orléans, Duc d'Orléans and Charlotte Desmares
-1. Philippe Angelique de Froissy b. c 1702, d. 15 Oct 1786
Child of Philippe II d'Orléans, Duc d'Orléans and Marie Louise Madelaine Victorine le Bel de La Bussiere
-1. Jean Philippe Francois d'Orléans+ b. 28 Aug 1702, d. 16 Jun 1748
Forrás / Source:
See also / Lásd még:
Philippe Charles d'Orléans, Duc de Valois (1)
M, #105795, b. 16 July 1664, d. 8 December 1666
Last Edited=4 Mar 2007
Consanguinity Index=7.73%
Philippe Charles d'Orléans, Duc de Valois was born on 16 July 1664 at Fontainebleau, Île-de-France, France. (2) He was the son of Philippe I, Duc d'Orléans and Henrietta Anne Stuart. (1) He died on 8 December 1666 at age 2 at Palais Royale, Paris, France. (2) He was buried at Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France. (2)
Philippe Charles d'Orléans, Duc de Valois gained the title of Duc de Valois. (1)
Forrás / Source:
Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Philippe II d'Orléans, duc d'Orléans August 2, 1674 – December 23, 1723), (1674–1701), a duc d'Orléans (1701–1723). He was the regent of France for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, an era known as the Regency or La Régence.
Early life
He was born in Saint-Cloud, the only son of Philippe de France, duc d' Orléans and his second wife Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine (1652–1722). He was the nephew of King Louis XIV of France.
As a grandson of King Louis XIII, he was a petit-fils de France. During his youth, he was referred to as Philippe Charles, duc de Chartres in order to differentiate him from his similarly named father.
[edit]Military service
He had his first experience of arms at the siege of Mons in 1691. He fought with distinction at the Steenkerque, at the Neerwinden and at the Namur (1692–1695). During the next few years, being without employment, he studied natural science.
He was next given a command in Italy (1706) and in Spain (1707–1708) where he gained some important successes, but he cherished lofty ambitions and was suspected of wishing to take the place of Philip V on the throne of Spain.[citation needed]
Louis XIV was angry at these pretensions, and for a long time held him in disfavour.[citation needed] In his will, however, he appointed him president of the council of regency of the young king Louis XV (1715).
[edit]Marriage and children
On 9 January 1692, he married Françoise-Marie de Bourbon (1677–1749), known at court as Mademoiselle de Blois, his first cousin and the legitimised youngest daughter of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan. Although strongly opposed by his mother, who disliked the king's illegitimate children, he was pressured into the marriage by the king. The couple, even though mismatched had many children:
1 Mademoiselle de Valois
2 Marie Louise Elisabeth d'Orléans
3 Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans
4 Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans
5 Louis d'Orléans, duc d'Orléans
6 Louise Elisabeth d'Orléans
7 Philippine Elisabeth d'Orléans
8 Louise Diane d'Orléans.
Illegitimate children
Philippe also had several illegitimate children with various women, three of whom he acknowledged.
By Florence Pellerin:
Charles de Saint-Albin (1698-1764)
By Marie Louise Le Bel de La Boissière:
Jean Philippe d'Orléans (1702-1748)
By Christine Charlotte Desmares:
Angélique de Froissy (1702-1785)
La Régence
On the death of Louis XIV (September 1, 1715), the late king's five-year-old great-grandson was crowned King Louis XV of France. The duc d'Orléans went to the parliament, had the will annulled, and himself invested with absolute power, and the then forty-one-year-old Philippe became regent.
The regent had great qualities, both brilliant and solid, which were spoilt by an excessive taste for pleasure. His dissolute manners found many imitators, and the Regency was one of the most corrupt periods in French history.
Philippe was a professed atheist who boasted to read the satirical works of François Rabelais inside a Bible binding during mass, and liked to hold orgies even on religious high holidays. He acted in plays of Molière and Racine, composed an opera, and was a gifted painter and engraver. Despite his atheism, Philippe favoured the Jansenists against the decrees of the Pope.
A liberal and imaginative man, he was however, often weak, inconsistent and vacillating. Nonetheless, as regent, he changed the manners of the ruler and his nobles from the hypocrisy of Louis XIV to complete candor. He was against censorship and ordered the reprinting of books banned during the reign of his uncle. Reversing his uncle's policies again, Philippe formed an alliance with England, Austria, and the Netherlands, and fought a successful war against Spain that established the conditions of a European peace.
At first he decreased taxation and dismissed 25,000 soldiers. But the inquisitorial measures which he had begun against the financiers led to disturbances. He countenanced the risky operations of the banker John Law, whose bankruptcy led to a disastrous crisis in the public and private affairs of France.
On June 6, 1717, under the influence of Law and the duc de Saint-Simon, the Regent persuaded the Regency Council to purchase from Thomas Pitt for £135,000 the world's then largest known diamond, a 141 carat (28.2 g) cushion brilliant, for the crown jewels of France. The diamond was known from then on as le Régent.
[edit]Cellamare Conspiracy
There existed a party of malcontents who wished to transfer the regency from Orleans to his cousin, the young king's uncle, King Philip V of Spain. A conspiracy was formed, under the inspiration of Cardinal Alberoni, the first minister of Spain, which was directed in France by the Prince of Cellamare, the Spanish ambassador, with the complicity of his wife's older brother, Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, duc du Maine, and his ambitious wife, Anne-Louise-Bénédicte, duchesse du Maine. In 1718, the Cellamare conspiracy was discovered and defeated.
Guillaume Dubois, formerly tutor to the duke of Orleans, and now his chief minister, caused war to be declared against Spain, with the support of the emperor, and of England and the Netherlands (Quadruple Alliance).
After some successes of the French marshal, the Duke of Berwick, in Spain, and of the imperial troops in Sicily, Philip V made peace with the regent (1720).
[edit]End of Regency
On the majority of the king, which was declared on February 15, 1723, the duc d'Orléans officially gave up the royal power, becoming first minister to the king, and remained in that office till his death on December 23, 1723.
After the end of his regency of France, his protegée, Louis XV moved the court back to the Palace of Versailles. He died at the Palais Royal in Paris and was buried in the town of his birth, Saint-Cloud.
He was a great collector of art, and his collection of paintings, mostly sold in London after the French Revolution, was one of the finest ever assembled.
Philippe promoted education, making the Sorbonne tuition free and opening the Royal Library to the public (1720). He is however most remembered for the debauchery he brought to Versailles, and for the John Law banking scandal.
The city of New Orleans, in Louisiana, U.S., is named after him.
Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
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Duke of Orléans
Regent of the Kingdom
Philippe with his mistress Marie-Thérèse de Parabère by Jean-Baptiste Santerre
Spouse Françoise Marie de Bourbon
Louise Élisabeth, Duchess of Berry
Adélaïde, Abbess of Chelles
Charlotte Aglaé, Duchess Modena
Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans
Élisabeth, Queen of Spain
Philippine Élisabeth, Mademoiselle de Beaujolais
Louise , Princess of Conti
Full name
Philippe Charles d'Orléans
Father Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
Mother Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate
Born 2 August 1674(1674-08-02)
Château de Saint-Cloud, Saint-Cloud, France
Died 2 December 1723 (aged 49)
Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France
Burial Basilica of Saint Denis, Saint Denis, France
Philippe d'Orléans, petit-fils de France (Philippe Charles; 2 August 1674 – 2 December 1723) was a member of the royal family of France and served as Regent of the Kingdom from 1715 to 1723. Born at his father's palace at Saint-Cloud, he was known from birth under the title of Duke of Chartres. His father was Louis XIV's younger brother Philippe de France, known as Monsieur; his mother was Elizabeth Charlotte, a German princess of the House of Wittelsbach.
In 1692, he married his first cousin, Françoise Marie de Bourbon - the youngest legitimised daughter (légitimée de France) of Philippe's uncle Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan. Named regent of France for Louis XV until he attained his majority in February 1723, the era of his de facto rule was known as the Regency (1715–1723). He died at Versailles in 1723, being mourned by his protégé Louis XV.
Philippe Égalité, the "Citizen King" Louis-Philippe, and Prince Henri the Count of Paris, Orléanist pretender to the French throne, are among the male line descendants and heirs of Philippe. He is also an ancestor of Juan Carlos I of Spain, of Albert II, King of the Belgians, of Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and of Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples, a pretender to the Italian throne.
He is referred to historically as le Régent.
* 1 Parents
* 2 Youth
* 3 Education
* 4 Military career
* 5 Marriage
* 6 Court Life
* 7 The Regency
o 7.1 Louis XIV's will
o 7.2 Cellamare Conspiracy
o 7.3 Legacy
* 8 Issue
* 9 Ancestors
* 10 Titles, styles, honours and arms
o 10.1 Titles and styles
o 10.2 Honours
* 11 Sources
* 12 References
* 13 Titles
[edit] Parents
In March 1661, his father married his first cousin Princess Henrietta Anne of England, known as Madame at court. The marriage was stormy; Henriette was a famed beauty, sometimes depicted as flirtatious by those at the court of Versailles. Philippe's father was a homosexual whose liaisons with men were also well known at court.
Nonetheless, the marriage produced three children: Marie Louise d'Orléans, future queen of Spain, who left France in 1679 when Philippe was just five; Philippe Charles (1664–1666), Duke of Valois; and Anne Marie d'Orléans, born at Saint-Cloud in 1669, later queen consort of Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia (they became the maternal grandparents of Philippe's future protégé Louis XV).
Madame Henriette died at Saint-Cloud in 1670 amidst rumors of having been poisoned by her husband or his long term lover, the Chevalier de Lorraine; the two would remain together till the death of the Duke of Orléans in 1701.
In the following year, the Duke of Orléans wed Princess Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, only daughter of Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine and Landgravine Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel. The new Duchess of Orléans, who converted from Protestantism to Catholicism just prior to entering France, was popular at court upon her arrival in 1671 and quickly became the mother of Alexandre Louis d'Orléans in 1673, another short-lived Duke of Valois. The next year the duchess gave birth to another son, Philippe Charles d'Orléans;
[edit] Youth
Philippe in 1686 by Nicolas de Largillière.
Philippe's father, wearing the Order of the Holy Spirit.
Philippe Charles d'Orléans was born at the Château de Saint-Cloud, some ten kilometers west of Paris. As the grandson of King Louis XIII of France, Philippe was a petit-fils de France. This entitled him to the style of Royal Highness from birth, as well as the right to be seated in an armchair in the king's presence.[1]
At his birth, he was titled Duke of Chartres and was formally addressed as Monseigneur le duc de Chartres. As the second living son of his parents, his birth was not greeted with the enthusiasm the Duke of Valois had received in 1673.[2]
Philippe was born fourth in line to the throne, coming after Louis, Dauphin of France, his own father, and his older brother. When Philippe was born, his uncle Louis XIV was at the height of his power.
In 1676, the Duke of Valois died at the Palais-Royal in Paris, making Philippe the new heir to the House of Orléans; the future heirs of the Duke of Orléans would be known as the Duke of Chartres (duc de Chartres) for the next century. His distraught mother was pregnant at the time with Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (1676–1744), future Duchess and regent of Lorraine. Élisabeth Charlotte and Philippe would always remain close.[3]
The Duke of Chartres grew up at his father's "private" court held at Saint-Cloud, and in Paris at the Palais-Royal, the Parisian residence of the Orléans family until the arrestation of Philippe Égalité in April 1793 during the French Revolution.[4] The Palais-Royal was frequented by, among others, Marie Anne Mancini, Duchess of Bouillon, part of Philippe's father's libertine circle.
[edit] Education
A program of how best to educate a prince was drawn up exclusively for him by Guillaume Dubois, his preceptor.[5] Dubois had entered Philippe's household in 1683 as his "under-preceptor". Philippe's education was carried out by the respected instructor Nicholas-François Parisot de Saint-Laurent until 1687.[6]
Each course of study taught the duc de Chartres the "principles" or "elements" of a subject. Some of the best historians, genealogists, scientists and artists in the kingdom participated in this educational experiment, which started around 1689. For example, Philippe learned physics and mathematics from Joseph Sauveur; and from Étienne Loulié[7] he learned musical notation, elementary musical theory, plus the basics of playing the viol and the recorder.
Chartres was reared alongside Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon, later famous for his memoirs and defense of the rights of the peerage of France; Saint-Simon often accompanied the duke, and his wife was later a lady-in-waiting to Philippe's wife.
Next, collaborating to link physics and music, Sauveur and Loulié demonstrated vibrating strings and the Galilean pendulum, and how the mathematical principles on which these devices depend are related to music. Finally, in 1693 the prince studied composition with Marc-Antoine Charpentier. With Charpentier's help, he composed an opera, Philomèle, performed at his residence in 1694; and in 1705 the prince wrote a second opera, Penthée, to a libretto by the marquis de La Fare. In the late 1690s Chartres studied the viol with Antoine Forqueray the elder. Meanwhile, he was studying diplomacy and riding, as preparations for a military career.
The 10 year old Duke of Chartres in red on the right; the scene depicts the Doge of Genoa at Versailles on the 15 May 1685.
In May 1685 the duc de Chartres, then just ten years old, made his first public appearance at Versailles; the occasion was the arrival of the Doge of Genoa, Francesco Maria Lercari Imperiale, at the French court. Chartres was put on a stage with his uncle, cousin and father. On 2 June 1686 Chartres was invested with the Order of the Holy Spirit at Versailles; on the same day his future brother-in-law, Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, duc du Maine, also joined the order as did his cousins Louis III, prince de Condé and François Louis, Prince de Conti.
[edit] Military career
His father having earned military distinction in the Battle of Cassel and during the decisive French victory against William III of England, Chartres would demonstrate military prowess in continuation of that tradition. Chartres had his first experience of arms at the siege of Mons in 1691, the year before his marriage. He fought with great distinction at the Battle of Steenkerque on 3 August 1692. In the same year Chartres also served at the Siege of Namur. The next year Chartres served at the Battle of Landen; he fought along side the prince de Conti, who suffered injuries.
During hiatus between military assignments, Chartres studied natural science.
In the next century, Chartres would serve in the War of the Spanish Succession. He was next given a command in Italy (1706) and gained much credit for the Battle of Turin. Later he went to Spain and took part in the Battle of Almansa, a major step in the consolidation of Spain under the Bourbons (1707), where he achieved some important successes.
[edit] Marriage
Constant wars with many of the major powers in Europe rendered a significant marriage with a foreign princess unlikely, or so Louis XIV told his brother, Monsieur, when persuading him to accept the king's legitimised daughter, Françoise Marie de Bourbon (known as Mademoiselle de Blois), as wife for Philippe. The king offered a dowry of two million livres with his daughter's hand (not to be paid until the Nine Years' War was over,[8].%29 as well as the Palais-Royal for the bridegroom's parents. Upon hearing that her son had agreed to the marriage, Philippe's mother slapped his face in full view of the court and turned her back on the king as he bowed to her. Nonetheless, on 18 February 1692, the cousins were married.[9]
Philippe's wife, the proud Françoise Marie de Bourbon, youngest daughter of Madame de Montespan, by François de Troy.
The lavish ceremony took place in the chapel of the Palace of Versailles. The service was conducted by the Cardinal de Bouillon - a member of the House of La Tour d'Auvergne. In 1685, the Cardinal de Bouillon had refused to take part in the marriage of the Duke of Bourbon and Françoise Marie's sister, Mademoiselle de Nantes, and, as a result, had been sent into exile, but he was recalled for the wedding of Françoise-Marie and the Duke of Chartres. After the ceremony, a banquet was given in the Hall of Mirrors with all the princes and princesses of the blood royal in attendance.[10] Guests included the exiled James II of England and his consort, Mary of Modena. At the newlyweds' bedding ceremony later that evening, the exiled Queen of England had the honour of handing the new Duchess of Chartres her bed clothes.[10] Madame de Montespan, had not been invited to the wedding of her daughter.
The young couple, mismatched from the start, never grew to like each other, and soon the young Philippe gave his wife the nickname of Madame Lucifer.[11] In spite of this, they had eight children (see below).
[edit] Court Life
On the death of his father in June 1701, Philippe inherited the dukedoms of Orléans, Anjou, Montpensier and Nemours, as well as the princedom of Joinville.[1].[1] Philippe had died at Saint-Cloud after an argument with Louis XIV at Marly about Chartres' flaunting his pregnant mistress, Marie-Louise de Séry, before Françoise Marie.[12]. It has also been claimed that Philippe became so infuriated with Louis for not paying his daughter's dowry that he suffered a paroxysm.[13]
Throughout his life Philippe had many mistresses; his wife came to prefer living quietly at Saint-Cloud, the Palais-Royal, or her house at Bagnolet.
Upon the death of the prince de Condé in 1709, the rank of Premier Prince du Sang passed from the House of Condé to the House of Orléans. Philippe was thus entitled to the style of Monsieur le Prince.[14] But the rank of petit-fils de France being higher than that of premier prince, Philippe did not change his style; nor did his son or other heirs make use of the Monsieur le Prince style which had been so long associated with the cadet branch of the Princes de Condé that the heads of the House of Orléans preferred to be known at court by their ducal title.
In December 1697, the son of the Dauphin Louis de France married Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy, eldest daughter of Philippe's half sister Anne Marie. The match was negotiated as part of the Treaty of Turin, which ended Franco-Savoyard conflict during the Nine Years' War. The couple were the parents of two dauphins of France, Louis, Duke of Brittany, who died in 1712, and the Louis, Duke of Anjou, the future Louis XV.
In 1710, his eldest (and favourite) surviving daughter Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans married her first cousin Charles, Duke of Berry; he was a son of the Dauphin and thus outranked Philippe and his wife; this meant that Louise Élisabeth took precedence over her parents. The Berry couple would have no children that lived over a year.
In 1711, the Dauphin died at Meudon at the age of forty-nine and the title passed to his son, who died in 1712. Until his death in 1723, Orléans was generally considered to be first in line to the throne, although legitimists considered that Philip V of Spain, né Duke of Anjou and fils de France, held that place, on the contention that his renunciation in 1700 was constitutionally invalid.
In his will, Louis XIV appointed Orléans president of the council of regency for the young king Louis XV.
[edit] The Regency
Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans
Regent of the Kingdom
In office
1 September 1715 – 15 February 1723
Monarch Louis XV
Preceded by Guillaume Dubois
As Prime Minister
Succeeded by Louis Henri de Bourbon
As Prime Minister
Months before the death of Louis XIV, Philippe was present at the Persian embassy to Louis XIV. Mohammed Reza Beg[15] was a high-ranking official to the Persian governor of the Yerevan province (Armenia). He had been chosen by the Safavid Persian emperor Soltan Hosein for the mission and travelled with a grand entourage, as suitable to the diplomat of a mighty empire.
The scene of the Persian ambassador's entry into Paris, 7 February 1715, was described by François Pidou de Saint-Olon (1646–1720), a nobleman who was delegated the diplomatic position of liaison officer to the Persian delegation:[16]
[edit] Louis XIV's will
On 29 July 1714, upon the insistence of his morganatic wife, the marquise de Maintenon, Louis XIV elevated his legitimised children to the rank of Princes of the Blood, which "entitled them to inherit the crown if the legitimate lines became extinct"[17]. Thus, Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, Duke of Maine and Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon, Count of Toulouse were officially inserted into the line of hereditary succession following all of the legitimate, acknowledged princes du sang.
Mme de Maintenon would have preferred Philip V [King of Spain] to be Regent and the duc du Maine to be Lieutenant Général and consequently in control. Fearing a revival of the war, Louis named the duc d'Orléans joint President of a Regency Council, but one that would be packed with his enemies, reaching its decisions by a majority vote that was bound to go against him. The real power would be in the hands of the duc du Maine, who was also appointed guardian of the young sovereign.[18]
On 25 August 1715, a few days before his death, Louis XIV added a codicil to his will:
He sent for the Chancellor and wrote a last codicil to his will, in the presence of Mme de Maintenon. He was yielding, out of sheer fatigue, to his wife and confessor, probably with the reservation that his extraordinary action would be set aside after his death, like the will itself. Otherwise he would have been deliberately condemning his kingdom to perpetual strife, for the codicil appointed the duc du Maine commander of the civil and military Household, with Villeroy as his second-in-command. By this arrangement they became the sole masters of the person and residence of the King; of Paris ... and all the internal and external guard; of the entire service ... so much so that the Regent did not have even the shadow of the slightest authority and found himself at their mercy.[19]
The evening of 25 August, Louis XIV had a private audience with the Duke of Orléans, his nephew and son-in-law, re-assuring him:
You will find nothing in my will that should displease you. I commend the Dauphin to you, serve him as loyally as you have served me. Do your utmost to preserve his realm. If he were to die, you would be the master. [...] I have made what I believed to be the wisest and fairest arrangements for the well-being of the realm, but, since one cannot anticipate everything, if there is something to change or to reform, you will do whatever you see fit...[19]
Louis XIV died at Versailles on 1 September 1715, and was succeeded by his five-year-old great-grandson, Louis XV. On 2 September, the Duke of Orléans went to meet the parlementaires in the Grand-Chambre du Parlement in Paris in order to have Louis XIV's will annulled and his previous right to the regency restored. After a break that followed a much-heated session, the Parlement abrogated the recent codicil to Louis XIV's will and confirmed the Duke of Orléans as regent of France.[20]
On 30 December 1715, the regent decided to bring the young Louis XV from the château de Vincennes to the Tuileries Palace in Paris[21] where he lived until his return to Versailles in June 1722. The regent governed from his Parisian residence, the Palais-Royal.
Philippe disapproved of the hypocrisy of Louis XIV's reign and opposed censorship, ordering the reprinting of books banned during the reign of his uncle. Reversing his uncle's policies again, Philippe formed an alliance with England, Austria, and the Netherlands, and fought a successful war against Spain that established the conditions of a European peace. During this time he opened up diplomatic channels with Russia which resulted in a state visit by Tsar Peter the Great.
He acted in plays of Molière and Racine, composed an opera, and was a gifted painter and engraver. Although an atheist, Philippe favoured Jansenism which, despite papal condemnation, was accepted by the French bishops, and he revoked Louis XIV's compliance with the bull Unigenitus.
At first, he decreased taxation and dismissed 25,000 soldiers. But the inquisitorial measures which he had begun against the financiers led to disturbances, notably in the province of Brittany where a rebellion known as the Pontcallec Conspiracy unfolded. He countenanced the risky operations of the banker John Law, whose bankruptcy led to a disastrous crisis in the public and private affairs of France.
On 6 June 1717, under the influence of Law and the duc de Saint-Simon, the Regent persuaded the Regency Council to purchase from Thomas Pitt for £135,000 the world's then largest known diamond, a 141 carat (28.2 g) cushion brilliant, for the crown jewels of France. The diamond was known from then on as Le Régent.
In 1719, Philippe lost his favourite daughter Marie Louise Élisabeth, Dowager Duchess of Berry; she was buried at Basilica of Saint Denis.
[edit] Cellamare Conspiracy
There existed a party of malcontents who wished to transfer the regency from Orléans to his cousin, the young king's uncle, King Philip V of Spain. A conspiracy was formed, under the inspiration of Cardinal Alberoni, the first minister of Spain. It was directed in France by the Prince of Cellamare, the Spanish ambassador, with the complicity of the Duchess of Orléans' older brother, the duc du Maine, and Anne Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon, the latter's wife. In 1718, the Cellamare conspiracy was discovered and its participants exiled. Two years later its aims were revived in the Pontcallec Conspiracy, four leaders of which were executed.
Guillaume Dubois, formerly tutor to the Duke of Orléans, and now his chief minister, caused war to be declared against Spain, with the support of Austria, England and the Netherlands (Quadruple Alliance). After some successes of the French marshal, the Duke of Berwick, in Spain, and of the imperial troops in Sicily, Philip V made peace with the regent (1720).
Louis XV as a child, by Hyacinthe Rigaud (1715)
Elizabeth Charlotte, Philippe's mother to whom he would always be close, by Rigaud (1722)
From the beginning of 1721, Philip V of Spain, and the Duke of Orléans had been negotiating the project of three Franco-Spanish marriages in order to cement tense relations between Spain and France. The young Louis XV of France would marry the three-year old Infanta Mariana Victoria who would thus become Queen of France; the Infante Luis would marry the fourth surviving daughter of the Philippe, Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans; and the Infante Charles would be engaged to the pretty Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans who was the fifth surviving daughter of Philippe. The last two occurred.
In March 1721, the Infanta Mariana Victoria arrived in Paris amid much joy. Known as l'infante Reine (Queen-Infanta) while in France, she was placed in the care of the old Dowager Princess of Conti, Philippe's sister in law, and lived in the Tuileries Palace.
In November 1721, at the age of twelve, Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans was married by proxy in Paris[22], Louise Élisabeth and her younger sister left for Madrid. Despite a cold reception from the Spanish royal family, especially by Elisabeth of Parma, the stepmother of her husband, she married Louis of Spain on 20 January 1722 at Lerma. Her dowry was of 4 million livres. The last of this triple alliance was Philippine Élisabeth who never married Charles; the marriage, though never officially carried out was annulled; the French sent back Mariana Victoria and in retaliation, Louise Élisabeth and Philippine Élisabeth were sent back to France.
Franco-Spanish relations only recovered in 1743 when Louis XV's son Louis de France married Mariana Victoria's sister Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain.
In December 1722, the Regent lost his mother to whom he had always been close; the Dowager Duchess of Orléans died at Saint-Cloud at the age of seventy, with her son at her side, but he did not attend her funeral service because he had been called away on official business.[23]. Philippe was greatly affected by his mother's death.
On 15 June 1722, Louis XV and the court left the Tuileries Palace for the Palace of Versailles where the young king wanted to reside. The decision had been taken by the Duke of Orléans who, after the fall of Law's System, was feeling the loss of his personal popularity in Paris.[24] Philippe took the apartments of his cousin the late Dauphin on the first floor of the Palace; the King's apartments were above his.
On 25 October of that year, the twelve-year old Louis XV was anointed King of France in the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Reims. At the end of the ceremony, he threw himself in the arms of his uncle.[25]
On the majority of the king, which was declared on 15 February 1723, the Duke stepped down as regent. At the death of Cardinal Dubois on 10 August of that year, the young king offered the Duke the position of prime minister, and he remained in that office until his death a few months later.
The regent died in Versailles on 2 December 1723 in the arms of his mistress the duchesse de Falari. Louis XV mourned him greatly. The Duke of Bourbon took on the role of Prime Minister of France.
On 3 December, the Duke of Orléans' body was taken to Saint-Cloud where funeral ceremonies began the following day. His heart was taken to the Val de Grâce church in Paris and his body to the Basilica of Saint Denis, (about 10 km north of Paris), the necropolis of the French kings and their family.[26]
The heart of the Duke of Orléans is now at the Chapelle Royale de Dreux, the necropolis of all the members of the Orléans family, built in 1816 by his descendant Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, Duchess of Orléans, wife of Philippe Égalité. The chapel was completed as the Orléans family royal Chapel during the reign of his great-great-grandson Louis-Philippe I, King of the French.
[edit] Legacy
* The duke assembled the Orléans Collection, one of the finest collections of paintings ever made by a non-monarch, which was mostly sold in London after the French Revolution;
* He promoted education, making the Sorbonne tuition free and opening the Royal Library to the public (1720).
* The city of New Orleans, in Louisiana, U.S., is named after him.
[edit] Issue
Name Portrait Lifespan Notes
Mademoiselle de Valois
Blason duche fr Orleans (moderne).svg 17 December 1693 -
17 October 1694, Born at the Château de Marly and died at the Palais-Royal
Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans
Duchess of Berry Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans as the Duchess of Berry.jpg 20 August 1695 -
21 July 1719 Born at the Palace of Versailles; Married Charles de France, Duke of Berry and had issue; died at the Château de la Muette in Paris. She was known as Mademoiselle d'Orléans prior to her marriage.
Marie Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans
Abbess of Chelles Marie Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans.jpg 13 August 1698 -
10 February 1743 Born at the Palace of Versailles and never married; became the Abbess of Chelles in 1719; she died at Chelles; known as Mademoiselle de Chartres, she was later known as Madame d'Orléans;
Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans
Duchess of Modena and Reggio Orléans, Charlotte-Aglaé.jpg 20 October 1700 -
19 January 1761 Born at the Palais-Royal; Married Francis III, Duke of Modena and had issue; died at the Luxembourg Palace in Paris; known as Mademoiselle de Blois and then Mademoiselle de Valois prior to marriage;
Louis d'Orléans
Duke of Orléans Louis-Orleans.jpg 4 August 1703 -
4 February 1752 Born at Versailles, he married Margravine Auguste Marie Johanna of Baden-Baden and had issue; died at the Abbaye de Sainte Geneviève in Paris; Duke of Chartres till his succession in 1723;
Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans
Queen of Spain Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, Reine d'Espagne, Jean Ranc.jpg 11 December 1709 -
16 June 1742 Born at Versailles, she married Louis I of Spain and had no issue; died at the Luxembourg Palace in Paris; known as Mademoiselle de Montpensier prior to marriage;
Philippine Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans
Mademoiselle de Beaujolais Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans.jpg 18 December 1714 -
21 May 1734 Born at Versailles, she never married; was engaged to the future Charles III of Spain; died at her mother's favourite home, the Château de Bagnolet, Paris aged 20; known as Mademoiselle de Beaujolais;
Louise Diane d'Orléans
Princess of Conti Orleans, Louise Diane.jpg 27 June 1716 –
26 September 1736 Born at the Palais-Royal, she married Louis François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, the grandson of her mother's sister, Louise Françoise de Bourbon; was the mother of Louis François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, the last Prince of Conti; died at the Château d'Issy; known as Mademoiselle de Chartres;
Philippe also had several illegitimate children with several women, three of whom he acknowledged.
* By Florence Pellerin:
o Charles de Saint-Albin (1698–1764);
* By Marie Louise Le Bel de La Boissière:
o Jean Philippe bâtard d'Orléans (1702–1748);
* By Christine Charlotte Desmares:
o Angélique de Froissy (1702–1785).
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Royal styles of
Phlippe, Duke of Orléans
Blason France moderne.svg
Reference style His Royal Highness
Spoken style Your Royal Highness
Alternative style Monseigneur
[edit] Titles and styles
* 2 August 1674 – 9 June 1701 His Royal Highness the Duke of Chartres (Monseigneur le duc de Chartres)
* 9 June 1701 – 2 December 1723 His Royal Highness the Duke of Orléans (Monseigneur le duc d'Orléans)
o 2 September 1715 – 15 February 1723 His Royal Highness Monseigneur le Régent
[edit] Honours
* Pavillon royal de France.svg 2 June 1686 created Knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit
* Pavillon royal de France.svg 1701 created Knight of Order of the Golden Fleece
[edit] Sources
* Antoine, Michel, Louis XV, Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris, 1989 (French).
* Dufresne, Claude, Les Orléans, CRITERION, Paris, 1991, (French).
* Erlanger, Philippe, Louis XIV, Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris 1965, reprinted by Librairie Académique Perrin, Paris, 1978, (French).
* Erlanger, Philippe, Louis XIV, translated from the French by Stephen Cox, Praeger Publishers, New York, 1970, (English).
* Haggard, Andrew C.P., The Regent of the Roués, Hutchison & Co, London, 1905, (English)
* Lewis, W. H., The Scandalous Regent, Andre Deutsch, London, 1961, (English).
* Meyer, Jean, Le Régent (1674–1723), Editions Ramsay, Paris, 1985, (French).
* Petitfils, Jean-Christian, Le Régent, Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris, 1986, (French).
* Pevitt, Christine, Philippe, Duc d'Orléans: Regent of France, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1997, (English).
* Ranum, Patricia M., Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier (Baltimore, 2004), pp. 324–27 (where Philippe is attributed the number "III," as some genealogies do.)
* Shennan, J. H., Phillippe, Duke of Orleans: Regent of France, Thames and Hudson, London, 1979, (English).
[edit] References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
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1. ^ a b c Nancy Nicholas Barker, Brother to the Sun king:Philippe, Duke of Orléans, p. 1.
2. ^ Pevitt, Christine, Philippe, Duc d'Orléans: Regent of France Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1997, (English), p. 9
3. ^ Fraser, Antonia, Love and Louis XIV, Anchor Books, 2006, p. 134.
4. ^ At the time of Philippe's birth, the Palais-Royal was only occupied as a grace and favour residence of the Duke of Orléans; it was later gifted to him when Philippe married Louis XIV's illegitimate daughter Mademoiselle de Blois in 1692.
5. ^ * V. de Seilhac, L'Abbé Dubois, premier ministre de Louis XV (Paris, 1862), especially pp. 5-11, 185-205, for the prince's education.
6. ^ Pevitt, Christine, Philippe, Duc d'Orléans: Regent of France, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1997, (English), p.23
7. ^ Patricia M. Ranum, "Étienne Loulié (1654-1702), musicien de Mademoiselle de Guise, pédagogue et théoricien," (part 1) Recherches, 25 (1987), especially pp. 67-75, on the prince's education; and (part 2), Recherches, 26 (1988-90), especially pp. 5-10, on the prince's subsequent protection of Loulié.
8. ^ Pevitt, Christine, Philippe, Duc d'Orléans: Regent of France, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1997, (English), p. 41
9. ^ The previous day there had been a formal engagement party at Versailles.
10. ^ a b The Unruly Daughter of the Regent
11. ^ Dufresne, Claude, Les Orléans, Criterion, Paris, 1991, p. 74-78, (French).
12. ^ Pevitt, Christine, Philippe, Duc d'Orléans: Regent of France Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1997, (English), p. 56
13. ^ Mitford, Nancy, The Sun King, Hamish Hamilton, 1966
14. ^ ib. Spanheim, Ézéchiel, pp. 104-105.
15. ^ In French sources, Méhémet Riza Beg.
16. ^ He had been the French ambassador in Morocco, of which he published a description, Relation de l'empire de Maroc. Oú l'on voit la situation du pays, Les mœurs, les Coûtumes, Religion, gouvernement et Politique des Habitans.... his brother, Louis-Marie Pidou de Saint-Olon (1637–1717), became French consul in Ispahan under the terms of the commercial treaty.
17. ^ Erlanger, Philippe, Louis XIV, translated from the French by Stephen Cox, Praeger Publishers, New York, 1970, p. 363
18. ^ ib. Erlanger, p. 364.
19. ^ a b ib. Erlanger, p. 373.
20. ^ ib. Dufresne, pp. 123-126.
21. ^ Antoine, Michel, Louis XV, Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris, 1989, p. 43.
22. ^ Nouvelle biographie générale
23. ^ Pevitt, Christine, Philippe, Duc d'Orléans: Regent of France, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1997, (English), p.306
24. ^ Antoine, p. 102.
25. ^ Dufresne, p. 170.
26. ^ Mémoires complets et authentiques du duc de Saint-Simon sur le siècle de Louis XIV et la Régence, pp. 93-94: Google Books
This page was last modified on 23 July 2010 at 19:07.
GEDCOM Source
@R1253182842@ Ancestry Family Trees (Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com. Original data: Family Tree files submitted by Ancestry members.)
GEDCOM Source
Ancestry Family Tree http://trees.ancestry.com/pt/AMTCitationRedir.aspx?tid=15151648&pid...
Philippe II d'Orléans, régent du Royaume de France's Timeline
1674 |
August 2, 1674
Château Saint Cloud, Saint-Cloud, Ile-de-France, France
1693 |
December 17, 1693
1695 |
August 20, 1695
Palais Versailles, Versailles, France
1698 |
April 5, 1698
Paris, Seine, France
August 13, 1698
Versailles, Ile-de-France, France
1700 |
October 20, 1700
25 Rue de Valois, Paris, Ile-de-France, France
1702 |
1703 |
August 4, 1703
Palace of Versailles, Versailles, Île-de-France, France


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Today marks my two year blogiversary, and I'm one of the stops on A Tour Through Crochet Country! If you haven't been following along, this is a wonderful blog tour organized by Crochetville. The tour features over 50 Associate Professional or Professional members of the Crochet Guild of America (CGOA).
Click here for the free pattern for the Recantgular Sampler Blanket.
If you're new here, welcome! I'm a crochet (and knitting) teacher, designer, and blogger. In addition to sharing my own projects and news on my blog, I also do a lot of interviews (I've even won a few awards) and book reviews. I'm really honored to be part of A Tour Through Crochet Country. To celebrate National Crochet Month and my blogiversary, I'll be sharing a free pattern below. But first I'd like to talk about how important the CGOA has been to me.
As many of my regular readers know, my grandmother taught me to crochet. After she passed away in 2007, I didn't have any important people in my real life to talk with about crochet. Through my membership in CGOA and my involvement in the CGOA Professionals listerv, I've had the chance to virtually meet many wonderful crocheters who share the same passion for the hook as I do.
Back in 2009, I had the honor of being introduced to a wonderful mentor, Mary E. Nolfi, through the CGOA mentoring program. When I was first exploring design, Mary guided and encouraged me. Her primer is a great intro for aspiring crochet designers. I still remember my excitement at emailing her when my first designs were selected for publication. I'm also grateful to Michelle Maks, yesterday's stop on the the tour, for taking a chance on me when she was the editor of Crochet World. I'm thrilled to have another mentor, Marty Miller (March 13's stop on the tour), who is helping me explore tech editing.
Now I'm paying it forward by volunteering to write book reviews for the CGOA newsletter and blog, and by serving as a mentor to another designer.
And, of course, CGOA membership has other benefits, even if you aren't a professional (or aspiring professional) in the industry. You get a subscription to Crochet! magazine and discounts at national retailers as well as on CGOA educational offerings. You can also participate in your local chapter. (I've been a member of the NYC Crochet Guild for years and in addition to great monthly meetings where I can hang out with fellow crocheters, they also offer classes and local discounts.)
I'd like give a shout out to a some other CGOA members I've met (in real life or virtually) who have been very helpful to me in the past few years.
Vashti Braha (interview) has taught me so much through her Crochet Inspirations newsletter, which has also inspired me to keep experimenting! Kim Guzman (interview) is so generous with her knowledge online and is a great teaching author. Juanita Quinones (interview) is a wonderful tech editor that is volunteering on the Home work project on Ravelry, which is giving a second life to vintage designs. Mary Beth Temple (interview) is a very strong advocate for crochet and has been a professional inspiration. Charles Voth (a.k.a. Stitch Stud) (interview) is a talented – and nice! – designer and tech editor who always shares so much of his knowledge with his fellow hookers online.
If you've made it this far, your probably asking yourself, "Didn't she promise a freebie?"
Charity Crochet for Project Night Night – The Rectangular Sampler Blanket
Early in my career, I worked for an organization that provided temporary housing for hundreds of homeless families, so the tour's featured charity, Project Night Night, is really close to my heart. I wanted to create a project that was beautiful to look at but also fun to make.
The Rectangular Sampler is a variation on the traditional granny square that incorporates a stitch sampler to keep things interesting. There's a granny rectangle, an alternating v-stitch, staggered puff stitches, and a fun edging.
Click here for the Rectangular Sampler Blanket pattern!
This makes a great stroller blanket or play mat, or even a baby or comfort blanket. I plan to donate my sample to Project Night Night, and I hope you'll consider making one to donate to Project Night Night or a local children's charity.
I crocheted the sample with Cascade Yarns 220 Superwash in Pacific, Cordovan, and Alaska Sky. None of these pictures really do justice to the Alaska Sky, which is a pale, sky blue. I like using non-traditional colors for children's blankets because I think it gives them a longer life cycle when they can be displayed in more settings.
And now back to a A Tour Through Crochet Country
Here's the schedule for the rest of the tour. I've actually had the pleasure of interviewing several of the CGOA pros on this list, so I've also included the links to those interviews below. I hope you will stop by and check out all the posts (and tutorials, giveaways, and discounts) the other participants have to offer. Enjoy the rest of National Crochet Month!
March 1 Shelby Allaho
March 2 Ellen Gormley (interview) and Nancy Nehring
March 3 Phyllis Serbes and Mona Muhammad
March 4 Amy O'Neill Houck and Akua Hope
March 5 Mary Jane Hall and Lindsey Stephens (interview)
March 6 Edie Eckman and Shannon Mullett-Bowlsby
March 7 Jennifer Cirka and Annette Stewart
March 8 Andrea Graciarena and LeAnna Lyons
March 9 Dawn Cogger and Angela Whisnant
March 10 Andrea Lyn Van Benschoten and Renee Rodgers
March 11 Joy Prescott and Donna Childs
March 12 Pam Daley and Deb Burger
March 13 Tammy Hildebrand and Marty Miller
March 14 Jocelyn Sass and Jennifer E Ryan
March 15 Andee Graves and Kimberly McAlindin
March 16 Laurinda Reddig
March 17 Brenda Bourg and Susan Lowman for CGOA
March 18 Rhonda Davis and Tammy Hildebrand for CGOA
March 19 Julie Oparka and Cari Clement for CGOA
March 20 April Garwood and Mary Colucci for CGOA
March 21 Alaina Klug
March 22 Erin Boland and Jenny King
March 23 Margaret Hubert (interview) and Jane Rimmer for CGOA
March 24 Bonnie Barker and Marcy Smith for CGOA
March 25 Kim Guzman (interview) and Susan Huxley (interview)
March 26 Susan Lowman and Michele Maks
March 27 me! and Brenda Stratton
March 28 Kathy White and Lori Carlson
March 29 Amy Shelton (interview) and Donna Hulka
March 30 Linda Dean and Kristin Dragos
March 31 Karen CK Ballard and Gwen Blakley-Kinser (interview)

subset: commoncrawl


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Over the past two years, I've had the opportunity to share live my "back of the napkin" visual thinking approach with somewhere around 10,000 people in 20 states. (That's not including dozens of webinars reaching a dozen countries.)
Now for the first time, I'm offering my full two-day training conference to the public. This is the full version of the same workshop I've delivered to Microsoft, eBay, Boeing, Gap, Kraft, Frito-Lay, Cisco, the US Navy, and the United States Senate.
The conference will take place March 4-5, 2010 at the Kabuki Hotel here in San Francisco. The price for both days is $1,095.
Register here.To make sure that everyone attending is guaranteed meaningful individual attention and effective team exercises, I'm limiting attendance to this first session to 40 people. 30 seats filled up in the last two weeks, so 10 openings remain.
For more details on what we'll be covering, who should attend, and what materials I provide (copies of both my new books, a personal whiteboard, etc.), please check out this overview I posted on Slideshare.


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A diverse and attractive weatherboard range
A no-fuss, site-painted weatherboard available in a range of different profiles, from contemporary to traditional. The range includes smooth to woodgrain finishes:
- HardiePlank™ Woodgrain. Traditional woodgrain
- HardiePlank™ Smooth. Modern straight lines
- HardiePlank™ Old Style. A smooth surface and rebated edges to create shadow lines
- HardiePlank™ Rusticated. Pre-primed with a subtle timber grain, and rebated edges to create shadow lines.
Not quite the look you are after? Can we suggest a less traditional, modern weatherboard, Scyon™ Linea™ weatherboard.
Ideal for full wrap and composite designs
As an external cladding in residential single and medium-density homes, including alterations and additions, where a cost-effective traditional or contemporary weatherboard look is required. Ideal for full wrap or composite construction designs on either timber or light gauge steel framed homes.
Reliable, secure and tested, Hardieplank™ ticks all the boxes
- A wide variety of looks can be achieved with the varying profiles in the range.
- It can also be used as bracing.*
- HardiePlank weatherboard is resistant to damage from termites, rot and fire.**
HardiePlank™ weatherboard Installation diagram
* When installed in accordance with James Hardie's Structural Bracing Application Guide.
** When installed and maintained correctly and to the extent set out in James Hardie's published literature current at the time of installation.


text:
Chosen Biotech
23 Points
All In-game items are purchased from Steam Community Market. There is a 7 day trade restriction on every new item purchased from the market. So there will be a 7 day delivery cool-down after your order is approved.
PIXELMAN Emoticon
Steam Community Item
Steam Trading
23 Points
16 Points
33 Points


text:
SAN DIEGO--(BUSINESS WIRE)--An independent study commissioned by the American Council on Exercise (ACE) found barbell bench press, the pec deck machine and bent-forward cable crossovers are the most effective exercises for targeting the major muscles of the chest.
The study, conducted by a team of exercise scientists at the Department of Exercise and Sport Science at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, sought to determine which one of the most common strength-training exercises for the chest is most effective.
"We took nine of the most common chest exercises performed by men and women, and tested which one elicited the highest level of muscle activation," said ACE Chief Science Officer Cedric Bryant, Ph.D. "According to the EMG results, three exercises (barbell bench press, the pec deck machine and cable crossovers) were far and away the winners in terms of chest muscle activation."
Exercise physiologists began the study using a test group of 14 healthy males ranging in age from 19 to 30, all of whom had prior experience in resistance training. To establish a baseline of fitness, a one-repetition max (1 RM) was determined for five moves: barbell bench press, bent-forward cable crossovers, seated chest press, incline dumbbell flys and the pec deck. A 1RM was not determined for the four exercises that rely solely on bodyweight for resistance: dips, suspended pushups, stability-ball pushups and standard pushups.
After a minimum of three days of rest, the subjects returned to perform five repetitions of each of the nine exercises at 80 percent of their predetermined 1RM, in random order. During each of the exercises, electromyography (EMG) electrodes monitored muscle activation of the pectoralis major muscles.
Compared to the top-performing barbell bench press, the pec deck machine had 98 percent of muscle activation and bent-forward cable crossovers had 93 percent.
All of the remaining exercises resulted in significantly lower muscle activation, with suspended pushups, stability ball pushups and standard pushups rounding out the lowest three.
"This study provides valuable information to individuals who want to perform exercises that best emphasize pecs," Bryant said. "Knowing which exercises yield the highest level of muscle activation will allow individuals to make more informed exercise selections in their quest to live their most fit lives."
To download a copy of the study or to explore tips on how to perform the top three moves correctly, visit ACEfitness.org.
About ACE
Since 1985, American Council on Exercise (ACE) has evolved from a small nonprofit dedicated to educating people about proper fitness to a 50,000-strong network of certified Personal Trainers, Group Fitness Instructors (GFI), Health Coaches and Advanced Health & Fitness Specialists (AHFS). As the largest NCCA-accredited nonprofit fitness certification organization in the world, ACE provides quality continuing education to professionals and conducts independent science-based research to protect all Americans from unsafe and ineffective products. Our goal is to inspire people to live their most fit lives through free fitness resources including workouts, nutrition information and expert advice. For more information, call (800) 825-3636 or visit ACEfitness.org. AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EXERCISE, ACE and ACE logos are Registered Trademarks of the American Council on Exercise.


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Car hire in Iceland
Hiring a car in Iceland
Iceland is a country of contradictions. Known as 'the land of fire and ice', it is home to some of the world's most active volcanoes and some of Europe's largest glaciers.
During the peak of summertime, there is almost 24-hour days of sunshine, while in winter there are just a few hours of daylight - with the latter being the perfect setting to get a clear view of the magical Northern Lights.
It truly is a unique destination that offers visitors unspoilt nature, a vibrant culture and magnificent landscapes - all of which can be explored easily with your hire car.
What you need to know
There's plenty of choice when it comes to hiring a car in Iceland, as many well-known companies - such as Alamo, Budget, Thrifty and Enterprise - operate in the country. To narrow your search, you can use our booking tool to find the type of car you want, for your selected dates and budget.
Holiday Autos don't charge hidden fees and there are no credit card charges, meaning the price you see is the price you pay. You can also cancel for free, should your plans change unexpectedly and we're on hand 24/7 if you need us.
Where to pick up your car
There are are host of airports in Iceland, with the largest and most-used hub in Iceland being Reykjavík-Keflavík Airport (KEF). This is the one you're likely to land in if you're opting to fly to the island from elsewhere in the world. At the airport, some car rental companies operate out of the terminal, some have a shuttle bus service and some will send representatives to meet you. If you've arranged your hire car beforehand, then you'd just need to fill in some paperwork and away you go.
If you're flying from somewhere else in Iceland, then it's likely you'll fly to Reykjavík Airport (RKV), which means you'll arrive in the country's capital. You can pick up your car from here as well, but it's worth checking to see if the company you wish to use have representation here.
Best Car Hire Companies Iceland
Car Hire Reviews Iceland
Where to go
Where you go first once you've picked up your hire car depends on what you want your trip to Iceland to be. If you're looking to really relax, head to the steaming Reykjadalur Valley and bathe in the hot springs, before climbing the trail back to your rental. If you're after an adventure, go on a Superjeep excursion across the landscape in search of the Northern Lights. You could take an ice-climbing tour of the Solheimajokull glacier on the south coast of Iceland or embark on a driving tour on Ring Road, which circles the country.
If you're a music lover, you could head to the dazzling Harpa concert hall, which was designed to look like a golden glacier. You could hear the harmonious Iceland Symphony Orchestra or Icelandic Opera. Why not go to the country's capital - Reykjavík - and indulge in some retail therapy or grab a bite to eat?
Driving in Iceland
We recommend that you become familiar with Iceland's driving rules and regulations before you pick up the keys for your hire car, as there is some important information you need to know. You drive on the right hand side of the road and overtake on the left. Try to keep this in mind when you make any stops, such as at services, as it can be easily to slip back into old habits.
The general speed limit is between 30 and 50 kilometres per hour in populated areas, 80 kilometres per hour on gravel roads in rural areas and 90 kilometres per hour on paved roads. Both passengers and drivers must wear their seatbelts at all times, as this is the law. Babies and young children must be in car-safety seats. You must have your headlights on at all times when driving, rain or shine, day or night.
Off-road driving is illegal in Iceland, so don't be tempted, as the consequences can be heavy.
Longer drives
If you are traveling to Iceland for a proper driving holiday, then you don't need to look any further than the Ring Road for the perfect road trip. Measuring 832 miles long, Route 1 is a circuit that runs around the entire country, running through some of Iceland's most popular tourist destinations, as well as some hidden treasures.
You can start this drive as soon as you leave Reykjavík-Keflavík Airport by heading to the nearby village of Hveragerdi, which is at the top of a geothermal area, meaning there are hot springs aplenty. The next point of interest on the road is Kirkjubaejarklauster, home to Thingvellir National Park, which has geysers, more springs and the breathtaking Gullfoss waterfall.
Once you're back on the road, your next stop should be Hofn. Here you can take in the beautiful scenery on offer in the Skaftafell National Park, which sits below the Vatnajokull glacier and is surrounded by black desert sands. This is great terrain to hike and it's definitely worth spending some time here.
Further along on Route 1, you'll come to Egilsstadir. With its vast and wild scenery, towering mountains and charming villages, the Eastern Fjord is truly breathtaking. Next, make your way to Lake Myvatn into the beautiful northern highlands and to see the most powerful waterfall in Europe.
Top attractions to visit in Iceland
Many tourists head to Iceland in search of the sometimes elusive Northern Lights, but this land has so much more to offer. It is a great place for relaxation, adventure and a place to discover new dishes that may become old favourites.
Thingvellir National Park
Thingvellir National Park is the only place in the world where you can swim between two tectonic plates. Every year, the plates are moving around an inch apart, creating the best location for snorkelling in the world. You can see as far as 120 metres, and while there is no wildlife to be seen, the Eurasian and American tectonic plates are a sight to behold all by themselves.
Langjokull glacier
Up high in the mountains you can speed across the Langjokull glacier on a high-speed skiddoo. You can get there with a specialist team who will show you how the skiddoo works. This is a real taste of adventure that can't be experienced anywhere else.
Whale-watching in Reykjavik
You can catch a boat from the old harbour in Reykjavik to try and spot of the 23 different types of whale that live in the waters around Iceland. You can also see other marine wildlife, such as harbour porpoises, puffins and white-beaked dolphins.
Car Hire Tips
Car hire pitfalls to avoid
What to know to pick up a rental car?
Car Hire Fuel Policy Explained
Popular locations
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Car hire in Azores
Car hire in Faro
Car hire in Gatwick airport
Car hire in Heathrow airport
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Car hire in Florence
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Car hire in Naples Airport
view all


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From: Samuel Thibault email@example.com Subject: rm -fr slowness
I have always been surprised by the slowness of a mere rm -fr. Looking a bit inside, I see that diskfs_dirremove_hard() calls diskfs_file_update (dp, 1) (as does diskfs_truncate, diskfs_direnter_hard, and diskfs_dirrewrite_hard). diskfs_file_update then calls pager_sync on the pager, which thus writes back the whole ext2fs pager!
This sounds a bit excessive to me, an unlink could just record it in memory and actually sync later. Also, the wait flag is set, so we really waits for all I/Os, which basically means strictly serializing file removals: remove one file, wait for the disk to have done it (~10ms), remove the next one, etc. I guess this is for safety reasons against crashes, but isn't the sync option there for such kind of
IRC, freenode, #hurd, 2011-07-23
<antrik> youpi: hm... async deletion does have one downside: I just removed
something to make space, and retried the other command immediately
afterwards, and it still said "no space left on device"... a few seconds
later (after the next regular sync I suppose?) it worked
<youpi> well, that's sorta expected, yes
<youpi> we get the same on Linux
<youpi> Mmm, on second thought, I'm not sure how that can happen
<youpi> the asynchronous thing is for disk writes, not cache writes


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Denise Richards
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Denise Lee Richards (born 17 February 1971) is an American film actress and former fashion model.
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Red Book interview[edit]
- As a mom, I can't imagine how hard it would be to hear hurtful, untrue things being said about my daughters.
- I'm in a no-win situation. If I have my kids in the show, I'm exploiting them. If I don't, people will think I'm not a hands-on mom.
- On having her young daughters on her TV program
- Everyone says I'm exploiting the kids, but they haven't even seen one episode.
- I didn't go into this marriage with the idea of just trying it out. I fell in love and wanted to make a new life with him. A lot of people said to me, "How could you go out with someone with his past?" But I've always believed that everyone deserves a second chance. I fell in love with who he was when I met him: a strong man who could admit his weaknesses and work through them.
- Of her ex-husband, Charlie Sheen


text:
McCarthy raised her hidden left hand from behind the desk, revealing an engagement ring.
"It's a yellow sapphire," she said. "The View" co-host told how Wahlberg, star of CBS' "Blue Bloods" and a member of New Kids on the Block, proposed to her last weekend. She said her son, Evan, helped with the proposal.
Wahlberg, 44, then came on the set of the ABC show and hugged and kissed his fiancee.
"I feel like the luckiest girl in the world. He's so wonderful," McCarthy, 41, said.
This will be the second marriage for both.


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I am participating in the Teen Book Scene blog tour for Maggie Gelbwasser's debut novel titled Inconvenient. Much thanks to Teen Book Scene for including me on this tour. Please stay tuned tomorrow when I interview Maggie about her book!
Description: Alyssa is the daughter of Russian Jews who came to America when she was four. She lives in an uneventful suburb of New Jersey, trying to survive high school where she can't seem to fit in. While everything on the surface seems to be smooth, behind closed doors Alyssa's mother is drinking and can't seem to stop. Alyssa tries to cover up for her mother and though her father is aware of the situation, he just believes it's just a mere inconvenience to their lives. Will Alyssa's mother finally admit she has a problem and will she seek help with her addiction?
Review: Identifying and exploring the Russian-Jewish-American culture and alcoholism are key elements in Gelbwasser's first young adult novel. Alyssa is forced to deal with her mother's alcoholism alone. At first she believes her mother is unwinding from a stressful project for her job, but soon witnesses that her mother's drinking has become uncontrollable. Instead of speaking about the white elephant in her house, Alyssa's father absorbs himself in the evening news, hoping that the problem will magically go away. Alyssa can't and won't talk to anyone about her problems at home because she's afraid of the shame that will be brought on to her family. Like her father, Alyssa focuses on her own social life where she is trying to make sense of the mixed signals she is receiving from her potential boyfriend Keith and see her best friend, Lana, is trying desperately to fit in with a popular clique.
The two subplots involving Keith and Lana are unnecessary to the book and don't really add anything to the story. What I loved most about this book is how the main story line featuring Alyssa's mother and alcoholism is dealt with in the book. Like many contemporary problem novels, Inconvenient does not solve all the characters' problems neatly by the end of the book. Alyssa confronts her dad and mother about the problem. She finally garners the support of her father, and together they help her mother face her illness. We watch as her mother go through the cycles of recovery, but it remains to be seen if her mother is able to remain sober.
Gelbwasser's characters are very well done. Alyssa is well-developed and likable. She is aware of her surroundings. She has a strong sense of self. Lana's desperation to be noticed by the popular crowd and slowly losing her own identity is sad to see but it does seem real. Alyssa's parents' desire to pretend everything is fine was also realistic albeit frustrating. Gelbwasser's depiction of Russian immigrant culture is interesting, particularly the aspects of how much drinking is involved in the culture, since I didn't know much about it before reading this book. Though the subplots slowed down the pacing of the book, I would recommend it to readers looking for a realistic depiction of how the issue of alcoholism is addressed in the book.
Rating: 4 stars
Words of Caution: Since the book is about alcoholism, there are many scenes where alcohol is involved. There is also some language as well as a few intense make-out scenes. Recommended for Grades 9 and up.
If you like this book try: Recovery Road by Blake Nelson or Love You, Hate You, Miss You by Elizabeth Scott


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The Government of Norway made a financial contribution to the work of the International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP) this week. ICMP received 1,500,000 Norwegian Kroner (186,000 Euros) towards ICMP's identification project in Bosnia and Herzegovina.Since its establishment in 1996, ICMP has assisted the authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina in addressing the issue of persons missing from the conflict. Using scientific methods, primarily DNA analysis in identification of mortal remains, ICMP has helped thousands of families to find the truth about what happened to their loved ones.
ICMP collects blood samples from relatives of the missing and receives bone samples from court appointed pathologists. These are archived and sent to ICMP laboratories for testing. Once the DNA is extracted DNA profiles are entered into ICMP's database and matched. To date ICMP's efforts have resulted in DNA-assisted identifications of 9,756 individuals missing from Bosnia and Herzegovina.
"Our work is not about the past. It is about the present and the future and I believe that addressing the horrors of the past is essential to moving on", said Kathryne Bomberger, ICMP Director-General. "ICMP could not have existed without the political and financial support of generous governments and their openhearted citizens. I should like to sincerely thank the Government of Norway for their valuable support since 2001", Bomberger added.
The work of ICMP is also supported by the Governments of Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Germany, the Holy See, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union. The C.S. Mott Foundation provides funding to ICMP for the "Paths to Reconciliation" project.


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Online Highways Home
10th Annual Polish Festival
Authentic Polish food, beef, raffle, live entertainment, fun activities for kids.
03/05 Coming to The Phoenix area
National Festival of the West
Scottsdale AZ
March21-24 Nation Festival of the West is the country's largest celebration of the Old West and the American Cowboy.
Arizona Renaissance Festival
Apache Junction AZ
March30-31 In addition to village street and pathway events, the Festival has twelve stages of ongoing shows performing every half-hour. From the daily opening ceremony to the closing cannon shot, every Festival minute and every Festival acre is filled with mirth, merriment and marketplace exhibitions.
Marana Main Street Festival
Marana AZ
April6 Located downtown at Marana Main Street and Civic Center Drive, between the Marana Municipal Complex and the Marana Health Center. There will be: Kids activities, Entertainment, Food, Vendors, Bed races, Concert (Saturday night), Pancake breakfast (Sunday), and RV boondocking (Friday-Sunday).
10th Annual Polish Festival
Phoenix AZ
April13-14 Authentic Polish food, beef, raffle, live entertainment, fun activities for kids.
Prickly Pear Festival
Superior AZ
August24 The historic copper mining town of Superior hosts a new prickly pear festival featuring a morning "how to pick and juice 'em" class by Jean Groen.


text:
Age of Reason, Part First, Section 8
What more does man want to know than that the hand or power that made these things is divine, is omnipotent? Let him believe this with the force it is impossible to repel, if he permits his reason to act, and his rule of moral life will follow of course.
The allusions in Job have, all of them, the same tendency with this Psalm; that of deducing or proving a truth that would be otherwise unknown, from truths already known.
I recollect not enough of the passages in Job to insert them correctly; but there is one occurs to me that is applicable to the subject I am speaking upon. "Canst thou by searching find out God? Canst thou find out the Almighty to perfection?"
I know not how the printers have pointed this passage, for I keep no Bible; but it contains two distinct questions that admit of distinct answers.
First, Canst thou by searching find out God? Yes because, in the first place, I know I did not make myself, and yet I have existence; and by searching into the nature of other things, I find that no other thing could make itself; and yet millions of other things exist; therefore it is, that I know, by positive conclusion resulting from this search, that there is a power superior to all those things, and that power is God.
Secondly, Canst thou find out the Almighty to perfection? No; not only because the power and wisdom He has manifested in the structure of the Creation that I behold is to me incomprehensible, but because even this manifestation, great as it is, is probably but a small display of that immensity of power and wisdom by which millions of other worlds, to me invisible by their distance, were created and continue to exist.
It is evident that both these questions were put to the reason of the person to whom they are supposed to have been addressed; and it is only by admitting the first question to be answered affirmatively, that the second could follow. It would have been unnecessary and even absurd, to have put a second question, more difficult than the first, if the first question had been answered negatively. The two questions have different objects; the first refers to the existence of God, the second to his attributes; reason can discover the one, but it falls infinitely short in discovering the whole of the other.
I recollect not a single passage in all the writings ascribed to the men called apostles, that conveys any idea of what God is. Those writings are chiefly controversial; and the subjects they dwell upon, that of a man dying in agony on a cross, is better suited to the gloomy genius of a monk in a cell, by whom it is not impossible they were written, than to any man breathing the open air of the Creation. The only passage that occurs to me, that has any reference to the works of God, by which only his power and wisdom can be known, is related to have been spoken by Jesus Christ as a remedy against distrustful care. "Behold the lilies of the field, they toil not, neither do they spin." This, however, is far inferior to the allusions in Job and in the 19th Psalm; but it is similar in idea, and the modesty of the imagery is correspondent to the modesty of the man.
As to the Christian system of faith, it appears to me as a species of Atheism a sort of religious denial of God. It professes to believe in a man rather than in God. It is a compound made up chiefly of Manism with but little Deism, and is as near to Atheism as twilight is to darkness. It introduces between man and his Maker an opaque body, which it calls a Redeemer, as the moon introduces her opaque self between the earth and the sun, and it produces by this means a religious, or an irreligious, eclipse of light. It has put the whole orbit of reason into shade.
The effect of this obscurity has been that of turning everything upside down, and representing it in reverse, and among the revolutions it has thus magically produced, it has made a revolution in theology.
That which is now called natural philosophy, embracing the whole circle of science, of which astronomy occupies the chief place, is the study of the works of God, and of the power and wisdom of God in his works, and is the true theology.
As to the theology that is now studied in its place, it is the study of human opinions and of human fancies concerning God. It is not the study of God himself in the works that he has made, but in the works or writings that man has made; and it is not among the least of the mischiefs that the Christian system has done to the world, that it has abandoned the original and beautiful system of theology, like a beautiful innocent, to distress and reproach, to make room for the hag of superstition.
The Book of Job and the 19th Psalm, which even the Church admits to be more ancient than the chronological order in which they stand in the book called the Bible, are theological orations conformable to the original system of theology. The internal evidence of those orations proves to a demonstration that the study and contemplation of the works of creation, and of the power and wisdom of God, revealed and manifested in those works, made a great part in the religious devotion of the times in which they were written; and it was this devotional study and contemplation that led to the discovery of the principles upon which what are now called sciences are established; and it is to the discovery of these principles that almost all the arts that contribute to the convenience of human life owe their existence. Every principal art has some science for its parent, though the person who mechanically performs the work does not always, and but very seldom, perceive the connection.
It is a fraud of the Christian system to call the sciences human invention; it is only the application of them that is human. Every science has for its basis a system of principles as fixed and unalterable as those by which the universe is regulated and governed. Man cannot make principles, he can only discover them.
For example: Every person who looks at an almanac sees an account when an eclipse will take place, and he sees also that it never fails to take place according to the account there given. This shows that man is acquainted with the laws by which the heavenly bodies move. But it would be something worse than ignorance, were any Church on earth to say that those laws are a human invention. It would also be ignorance, or something worse, to say that the scientific principles by the aid of which man is enabled to calculate and foreknow when an eclipse will take place, are a human invention. Man cannot invent a thing that is eternal and immutable; and the scientific principles he employs for this purpose must be, and are of necessity, as eternal and immutable as the laws by which the heavenly bodies move, or they could not be used as they are to ascertain the time when, and the manner how, an eclipse will take place.
The scientific principles that man employs to obtain the foreknowledge of an eclipse, or of anything else relating to the motion of the heavenly bodies, are contained chiefly in that part of science which is called trigonometry, or the properties of a triangle, which, when applied to the study of the heavenly bodies, is called astronomy; when applied to direct the course of a ship on the ocean, it is called navigation; when applied to the construction of figures drawn by rule and compass, it is called geometry; when applied to the construction of plans or edifices, it is called architecture; when applied to the measurement of any portion of the surface of the earth, it is called land surveying. In fine, it is the soul of science; it is an eternal truth; it contains the mathematical demonstration of which man speaks, and the extent of its uses is unknown.
It may be said that man can make or draw a triangle, and therefore a triangle is a human invention.
But the triangle, when drawn, is no other than the image of the principle; it is a delineation to the eye, and from thence to the mind, of a principle that would otherwise be imperceptible. The triangle does not make the principle, any more than a candle taken into a room that was dark makes the chairs and tables that before were invisible. All the properties of a triangle exist independently of the figure, and existed before any triangle was drawn or thought of by man. Man had no more to do in the formation of these properties or principles, than he had to do in making the laws by which the heavenly bodies move; and therefore the one must have the same Divine origin as the other.
In the same manner, as it may be said, that man can make a triangle, so also, may it be said, he can make the mechanical instrument called a lever; but the principle by which the lever acts is a thing distinct from the instrument, and would exist if the instrument did not; it attaches itself to the instrument after it is made; the instrument, therefore, cannot act otherwise than it does act; neither can all the efforts of human invention make it act otherwise that which, in all such cases, man calls the effect is no other than the principle itself rendered perceptible to the senses.
Since, then, man cannot make principles, from whence did he gain a knowledge of them, so as to be able to apply them, not only to things on earth, but to ascertain the motion of bodies so immensely distant from him as all the heavenly bodies are? From whence, I ask, could he gain that knowledge, but from the study of the true theology?
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4725.0 - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Wellbeing: A focus on children and youth, Apr 2011
ARCHIVED ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/05/2012 Reissue
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HOUSING AND COMMUNITY FACILITIES: OVERCROWDING This article is part of a comprehensive series released as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Wellbeing: A focus on children and youth. Note: In this section 'children' refers to people aged 0–14 years. The terms 'youth' and 'young people' refer to people aged 15–24 years. Data presented are from the ABS National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey, 2008 (cat. no. 4714.0).
Living in overcrowded conditions may affect health and wellbeing in a number of ways. For example, having inadequate household facilities to properly meet the needs of occupants can assist the spread of infectious diseases, as well as leading to increased household tension (Endnote 1). WHO IS LIVING IN OVERCROWDED HOMES? The Canadian National Occupancy Standard, is an internationally accepted tool that measures the extent to which a dwelling is being utilised and the need (or not) for additional bedrooms in order to adequately house the occupants. In 2008, an estimated 92,700 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and youth (31%) lived in overcrowded housing (based on the Canadian National Occupancy Standard). In remote areas, more than half (58%) of children and youth lived in an overcrowded dwelling compared with just over one-quarter (26%) in regional areas and one-fifth (19%) in major cities. While a higher proportion of children and young people in remote areas were living in overcrowded conditions, the number of affected children and youth in regional areas was almost as high as in remote areas (34,600 compared with 39,600). 3.1 OVERCROWDING BY REMOTENESS AREA, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 0–24 years—2008
OVERCROWDING BY TENURE TYPE Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and young people living in housing that was owned with a mortgage were the least likely to experience overcrowding (11% and 18% respectively), while children and young people living in housing rented from an Indigenous housing organisation were the most likely to live in overcrowded conditions (57% and 53% respectively). The greatest number of children and young people living in overcrowded conditions were living in housing provided by a State or Territory Housing Authority (public housing) (18,900 children and 10,300 young people). DEGREES OF OVERCROWDING In 2008, there was a noticeable variation in the degree of overcrowding depending on location. Of the 228,700 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and youth living in non-remote areas, almost one-quarter (23%) lived in an overcrowded dwelling. Of these, just over two-thirds (69%) lived in a dwelling that needed only one extra bedroom in order to adequately accommodate all occupants. Among the 68,300 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and youth in remote areas, more than half (58%) were living in a dwelling that was overcrowded. Of these children and youth:
ENDNOTES 1. Steering Committee for the review of Government Service Provision (SCRGSP), 2009, 'Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage (OID) - 'Key Indicators 2009' – Chapter Nine: Home Environment', Productivity Commission, Canberra <www.pc.gov.au>.