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Information regarding Governor Baker's Phased Reopening can be found here: http://chicopeema.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=483
(*Our City's numbers do not reflect all that the State includes: the reason is some citizens no longer physically reside in Chicopee. They now reside in Non-Chicopee Assisted Living Facilities throughout the State but still hold a mailing address in Chicopee. For example – Holyoke Soldiers Home is the current home to six of our active cases but we do NOT include them in our numbers because they would not affect our population during this pandemic. At this hour – we have 14 of this type of active case. We do, however, continue to check in with them and make sure they are taken care of.)
The City of Chicopee continues to receive guidance from the Offices of Governor Charlie Baker and Lt. Governor Karyn Polito, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Center for Disease Control (CDC) and local healthcare professionals on how to respond to, as well as treat and prevent the spread of COVID-19. We encourage you to check out the following information from the State of Massachusetts and the CDC.
Click on the button below to learn more:
CDC.gov/COVID19 Coronavirus Fact SheetMassachusetts Department of Public Health Confirmed Cases in the U.S.BayState Health/ COVID-19
Department of Unemployment Assistance: Applying for Unemployment BenefitsLegislation Filing Package: https://www.mass.gov/doc/march-16-2020-unemployment-insurance-legislation-filing-package/download
U.S. ChamberCommerce Corona Virus Smallbiz Loan 2020Small Business Assistance for COVID-19 > EIDL - Worksheet & Instructions downloadSBA.gov/press-release/provide-disaster-assistance-loans-small-businesses-impacted-coronavirus-covid-19Greater Chicopee Chamber of Commerce
Empowerment Grant for Small Businesses
Reopening MassachusettsOrder No. 33: Order Implementing a Phased Reopening of Workplaces and Imposing Workplace Safety Measures to Address COVID-19Order No. 34: Order Expanding Access to and use of State Beaches and Addressing Other Recreational ActivitiesOrder No. 35: Order Clarifying the Progression of the Commonwealth's Phased Workplace Reopening Plan and Authorizing Certain Re-Opening Preparations at Phase II Workplaces
Guidelines: Sector-Specific Protocols and Best PracticesIndividual Business Reopen Dates Press Release: Baker-Polito Administration Provides Update on Phase II of Re-Opening Plan, Releases Guidance for Restaurants and LodgingPress Release: Baker-Polito Administration Releases Detailed Guidelines for the Phased Reopening of Child Care, Camps and Summer Recreational ProgramsMassachusetts Child and Youth-Serving Programs Reopen ApproachPress Release: Governor Baker Issues Executive Order in Advance of Phase IIPress Release: Reopening Massachusetts: Baker-Polito Administration Initiates Transition Second Phase of Four-Phase ApproachPress Release: Baker-Polito Administration Announces Updated Travel Guidelines to Support COVID-19 Response
Notes: Stay at Home order expired on May 18, 2020, and replaced with Safer at Home Advisory. As of May 18, 2020, (a) the manufacturing and construction industries are permitted to resume operations and (b) places of worship, firearm retailers, and shooting ranges are permitted to reopen, in each case, subject to certain restrictions. As of May 25, 2020, (i) general use offices, (ii) car washes, (iii) hair salons and barbershops, (iv) pet groomers, (v) drive-in movie theatres, (vi) laboratories, and (vii) certain outdoor recreational facilities and activities are permitted to reopen, subject to certain restrictions. As of May 25, 2020, state beaches are permitted to reopen for passive recreational activities and enjoyment and beach fishing. As of June 8, 2020, Phase II of the Reopening Massachusetts plan began. Pursuant to Step One of Phase II of the Reopening Massachusetts plan, as of June 8, 2020 (A) retailers, (B) childcare facilities and day camps, (C) warehouses and distribution centers, (D) personal services (i.e., home cleaning, photography, window washing, career coaching, and education tutoring), (E) post-secondary, higher education, vocational-tech and occupation schools, (F) youth and adult amateur sports, (G) outdoor recreation facilities, (H) non-athletic youth instructional classes (i.e., arts, education or life skills), (I) driving and flight schools, (J) outdoor historical spaces, and (J) funeral homes are permitted to reopen, in each case, subject to certain restrictions. Pursuant to Step One of Phase II of the Reopening Massachusetts plan, as of June 8, 2020 (1) restaurants are permitted to reopen for outdoor table service only, (2) hotels and other lodgings are permitted to reopen; provided, that events, functions, and meetings are not permitted, and (3) professional sports practices are permitted to resume; provided, that no games or public admissions are permitted. As of July 1, 2020, all travelers arriving in to Massachusetts are to self-quarantine for fourteen (14) days. As of August 1, 2020, all travelers entering the state, including both out of state residents and Massachusetts residents returning home, are to comply with certain orders regarding travel.
Massachusetts is a part of a coalition with New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Rhode Island to coordinate the reopening of the economy.


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Talking With Teens About Threats to Their Safety
Talking With Teens About Threats to Their Safety
The Scene
You've heard through the parent grapevine that a student in your 15-year-old daughter's school has been making violent threats. Over dinner you eye your daughter speculatively, wondering how to bring it up. "I hear some scary things have been happening at school," you begin. Your daughter rolls her eyes and says, "That's so not true... I'm not even going to talk to you about it, Mom. You always make such a big deal." She pushes her plate back abruptly and says, "I gotta study."
It can be hard to talk with your teenager about anything, let alone something as dicey as school violence. In addition to hormonal swings and growth spurts, adolescents are coping with the overwhelming developmental task of establishing an identity that is separate from yours.
Disobedience, disdain, disbelief, and just plain "dissing" may all be part of a teenager's repertoire of responses to your attempts to keep the lines of communication open. Still, teenagers need your active parenting whether they know it or not. Here's how to keep them talking.
The Words You Need
The Words: Sam's mother called and said a lot of the parents are talking about some trouble with a kid at school.
The Reason: Letting your teen know the context of your questions is helpful. It's also helpful not to make value judgements too early in a conversation. Many adolescents are extremely sensitive to judgements and may think you're trying to tell them what to think or feel, even if you aren't.
Also, teenagers' ongoing struggle for independence may cause them to disagree with you about practically everything: If you think something's frightening, then they may need to believe it isn't.
Finally, by attributing the information to another parent, you're letting your teen know that other parents, besides you, are concerned and involved in their kids' lives.
The Words: Sam's mom said that she heard someone at school got a threatening note, but I don't know if that's true.
The Reason: Sharing what you know, and inviting your child to "be the expert" is a way of encouraging him to share information without being put on the spot.
The Words: I love you and I want you to be safe.
The Reason: Working so hard to be independent can make some teens feel threatened by overt displays of parental affection, or "gushiness." At the same time, it's important for them to hear how much they mean to you, and why you are concerned.
The Words: I know I've said this to you before -- and I'll probably say it again 'cause it's so important: If someone threatens to hurt you, someone else, or themselves, you need to tell an adult you trust about it -- even if telling makes you feel like you're betraying a friend.
The Reason: Kids need to hear this repeatedly as they grow up. Loyalty to peers is of utmost importance to many teenagers. Usually it's okay to keep each other's secrets, but sometimes secrets can be deadly and need to be told.
The Words: If you feel like you can't tell me something, let's think of some adults who you can tell.
The Reason: Teens may feel at times that it's not safe to confide in their parents. Acknowledge that this may be the case occasionally, and help them remember who their other adult supports are. These can be teachers, neighbors, relatives, youth group leaders, or any adult family friend who takes a special interest in your children.
The Words: Here's what I want to do about what you told me.
The Reason: If you're going to take action on information your child gives you, then share your plan with her. If she protests, think carefully about the potential consequences of not taking action before you agree to her concerns. If you feel strongly that taking action is the right thing to do, acknowledge the validity of her feelings, but let her know that her safety and the safety of other kids has to come first.
The Words: This is complicated. Let's keep talking about it.
The Reason: Your teenager might roll his eyes and groan at this, but it's important for him to hear you acknowledge that life can be complex sometimes and that some problems can't be addressed in a single conversation.
Beyond the Conversation
Keep your child posted on the outcome of any actions you take. Remind her frequently that you love her and care about her. Remember that being the parent of a teenager can be lonely -- talk with other parents about how they discuss difficult issues with their adolescents.
If your child does come to you with safety fears about school, you'll need to talk with her about how you plan to address them. You'll also need to keep her informed of the outcome. You may want to talk with the other parents and school personnel, such as the teacher, principal, or guidance counselor. If threats or threatening behavior continue even after you've worked with the school, you may even need to go to the police.
Five Things You Can Do to Keep Talking
The roots of good communication between you and your teen begin to grow in early childhood. It's that much harder to talk openly and honestly with teenagers if you have no history of in-depth conversation. Here's how you can help your teen feel comfortable about sharing fears and worries:
- Listen carefully. Everyone, especially teenagers, likes to feel heard. When adolescents voice their opinions and views of the world, take time to listen respectfully to what they're saying.
- Don't jump to conclusions. Sometimes kids -- especially teens -- can take a long time to get to the point of a story. Try not to respond until you actually hear the end of a story.
- Praise kids when they ask for help. "I'm really glad you told me that" is a good way to encourage your teenagers to come to you again with their fears and worries.
- Respect their worries and concerns even if they're different from your own. Repeatedly teasing your daughter about her fears is a sure way to stop her from telling you about the bully she's afraid of at school.
- Remind your teens periodically that they should come to you if someone is threatening them or intimidating them at school, or anywhere else.
Most children attending school in this country won't find themselves in life-threatening situations and kids need to be reassured that they will most likely be safe in the classroom. However, it is useful to establish some ground rules for communicating about safety issues before problems arise.
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Single non-local metaparticle
Single non-local metaparticle | |
Creator(s) | Professor Hubert J. Farnsworth |
First appearance | Bender's Game |
The single non-local metaparticle is the matter that links all dark matter and made it possible to use pieces of it as fuel.
In an ill-conceived attempt to create a more durable harpsichord wax Professor Farnsworth put several dark matter (then useless) pieces in a particle accelerator, and because of quantum physics he generated two crystals, the single non-local metaparticle and the anti-backwards crystal. Because all dark matter is linked through the single non-local metaparticle it made all dark matter usable as fuel. When the Professor showed the particle to Mom she stole it, fired him and went to make billions off his invention by creating the dark matter fuel market which became the main fuel of the universe. Years later the Professor set out to destroy the crystal in revenge of his stolen invention with the anti-backwards crystal, and after an adventure in an altered reality he finally destroys the particle with the help of his son making all dark matter useless again.
Additional info
- When the Professor put the anti-backwards energy crystal close enough to the metaparticle it made a reaction on all dark matter and through Bender's imagination created Cornwood.
- This idea seems to be similar to the "One-electron universe" theory proposed by John Archibald Wheeler
- The metaparticle is an icosahedron (a 20-sided polyhedron). Just like the anti-backwards crystal resembles a 12-sided die, the metaparticle resembles a 20-sided die.


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Railhammer is now offering their Hyper Vintage model in chrome.
Livonia, MI (June 13, 2013) -- By popular demand Railhammer Pickups now offers the Hyper Vintage model with chrome cover. The custom spec. covers are made of German silver (aka nickel silver) and are chrome plated. Unlike brass, German silver has a minimal effect on the sound of the pickup.
The Hyper Vintage pickup is aimed at the player who likes a more traditional PAF style sound. Using Alnico 5 magnets and 42 gauge wire, the tone is warm, open, lightly compressed, with chimey highs. The Hyper Vintage is well suited for blues, classic rock, old school metal and punk, that "brown" sound, or for any player looking for a vintage vibe but wants the advantages of the Railhammer design. The bridge model is wound to 8.5K, the neck model to 7.5K, for excellent tone and volume balance when switching between pickup positions.
The patent pending Railhammers are designed by award winning guitar industry veteran Joe Naylor. Thin rails under the wound strings sense a narrow section of string, producing a tight, clear tone. Large poles under the plain strings sense a wide section of string, producing a fat, thick tone. This allows players to dial in a tight clear tone on the wound strings without the plain strings sounding thin or sterile. The result is improved clarity and tonal balance across all the strings.
Touch sensitivity, sustain, and harmonic content are also enhanced by the extremely efficient magnetic structure, and the elimination of any moving parts. The strong magnetic field also prevents any dead spots when bending strings (including on the round pole side).
Other features include: universal spacing, six screw German silver baseplate, four-conductor wiring (for custom wiring such as coil split, phase, series/parallel, etc.) and height tapered rails which contribute to consistent volume across all the strings.
For more information:
Railhammer Pickups


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Coleman Sundome 3
My son and I have been using a SunDome for tent camping with the Boy Scouts for ages. For the money, I don't think there is a more useful tent for kids. It is easy to set up and roomy enough for three kids or two adults. I waterproof it every spring and seal the seams, we never have leak problems. The worst thing about this tent was the stuff sack it came with, which didn't last out the first year. We bought a small duffel bag to put the tent, poles and stakes in for storage and transport which works nicely.
The large windows and mesh at the roof provide adequate ventilation to prevent condensation if you leave the windows partially unzipped, which should not be a problem unless there is lots of windy rain. If the wind is blowing that hard, the ventilation at the top is fair. Fully closing the tent when it is cold outside makes for damp conditions inside, so layer up in the bag if it is cold outside. We have camped down to below zero temperatures in this tent without major problems.
Be careful with the shock cords in the poles, don't stretch them more than necessary when they are really cold or they won't come back to hold the poles together. They seem to recover nicely when they warm back up though, so it isn't a permanent condition.
Toss the stakes that it comes with and buy some V-stakes, you will be frustrated the first time you try to drive them into icy or rocky ground and they look like a pretzel.
I have had to replace the poles once, but that was due to some children (not my son) who decided to rough house around the tent, fell into it, and shattered the fiberglass poles.
This is a great tent for car camping or can be split up between two for backpacking. Every Boy Scout troop should buy a couple to provide tents for boys without the funds to buy their own on troop campouts. I think I have seen the going price at $49 in stores, much less online.
This is a classic tent that will be supported by Coleman for a long time for parts. Great beginner camper tent.
Design: Three Season Freestanding Dome Tent
Sleeps: 2
Ease of Setup: The only difficulty in setup is the pole sleeves, they take a little bit of persuasion.
Weight: 6-1/2 pounds (I'm guessing)
Price Paid: Was a gift, unknown
The Coleman SunDome 7' x 7' Three-Man tent is the perfect car-camping tent for two persons. It sets up easily in less than 20 minutes and DOES fit back into it's bag WITH a 7 x 8 tarp that I bought to use as a ground cloth under the tent. Some prefer to place the tarp inside the tent, but this is not necessary with the Sundome as it has a bathtub floor enclosure that is waterproof even in heavy rain storms that blow the entire tent down on top of itself. Yes, the tent stakes are rather cheap and two did come out of the ground on that particular night, but we survived and came out of it fine the next morning completely dry.
The pockets are now on the sides of the tent and are handy places for your flashlight, water bottle and eyeglasses as you sleep. Three could squeeze in there, but for car camping I prefer to have the extra space for pillows, a comforter, extra clothes, backpack, guitar, food, etc. You can almost stand up in this tent if you are fairly short, but overall, it's very comfortable to spend a few nights in. In case of leaks, which I haven't experienced yet, you could easily spend $5 on seam sealer and treat all of the seams, which is recommended by the experts prior to using any tent anyway.
As has been mentioned, this tent is bit heavy to do any backpacking with, but it's perfect for car camping and you could easily lug it a mile or so if you had to.
Design: Three-season free standing dome
Sleeps: 3
Ease of Setup: 15-minute set-up
Weight: Six pounds
Price Paid: $60
This is the first tent I ever bought about 7 years ago. It's a great tent for car camping for one or two people or two people plus a dog. My favorite feature of this tent is the floor. The bathtub style floor is made out of vinyl tarp material which is very strong and does not seep water like expensive lightweight tents. After seven years of abuse and abrasion, this floor has not a hint of water seepage. Out of all four tents I have owned, I would rather be in this one during a rainstorm.
The obvious downside is that it is very heavy and large. Definitely not a backpacking tent. Use this only if space and weight are not an issue. Another downside is I don't like fabric sleeves for the tent poles. I prefer the hook-and-grommet style that are much faster to set up and take down.
I have never staked this tent. It is freestanding and shock-corded poles keep it taut enough for casual, easy use.
I recommend this tent if you are a car camper who wants a durable rain-proof tent with room for 2+ people and gear for less than $50.
Design: 7'x7' Sundome freestanding.
Sleeps: 3
Ease of Setup: Easy
Weight: 6 pounds or so
Price Paid: $45
I have had the SunDome for about 8 years. My 16-year-old son and I have used it camping and it has held up well. We are not small people and the extra room comes in handy and the ventilation is wonderful.
I did not get the oportunity to sleep in the tent when my son went on a cub scouting excursion. Out of four tents used that weekend it was one of the two remaining tents standing that didn't bomb out during the night from heck. The only water that got in the tent was from his wet friends seeking shelter. All we had to do was hose it out and let it dry when he got home.
I've only had to replace one pole so far, and yes the stakes are a little lightweight but they have held the tent in place. My 4-year-old daughter has already mastered getting in and out of the tent and is quickly learning how to set it up. More fun times to come.
Design: 7x7 Sundome
Sleeps: 2
Ease of Setup: relatively easy
Price Paid: $39.99
I have had two of these tents and love them. I will stick with the Coleman brand on my next purchase. I think it is perfect for two people and gear for five days. It fits a queen sized air matress and has useful pockets in tent corners. Easy to put up alone in the high winds.
My only problem was the cheap stakes they include. I would recommend buying better ones. Also be careful with the stakeholes as they are small plastic clips.
Price Paid: $90
Not a bad tent for the price...as long as it doesn't rain. Mine leaked through a seam in the fly and dripped down the pole holding the fly up, then into one of the windows.
I was so concerned watching that leak I had not noticed the four leaks in each corner of the tent, in the seam just above the bathtub floor.
That bathtub floor holds water like a swimming pool.
Ease of Setup: Two person job
Price Paid: $129
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MSRP: $74.99 Current Retail: $99.99 Historic Range: $34.97-$109.99 Reviewers Paid: $39.99-$129.00 |


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Pack of small rubber float stops suitable for low-diameter lines up to about 4lb or so. The pack contains 15 stops on a convenient ring holder. Thread one (or two if using a heavy float setup) on the line above the float followed by a stop bead - the float stop grips the line but is easily adjusted if you decide to change the depth of your float. They also make excellent bait stops for your rigs.


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Generational Drift and Decay
Last week we began to unpack Michael Spencer's explosive article, "The Coming Evangelical Collapse." Spencer's central assertion that "we are on the verge-within 10 years-of a major collapse of evangelical Christianity" drew widespread affirmations (or resignation) from many evangelicals. Whether or not one agrees with Spencer's conclusions, the general resonance with this article by so many evangelicals and its specific charges against the evangelical church in America warrant serious consideration.
Now, you may think, "How can Christianity suffer collapse? Such a thing isn't possible. This is just reactionary hyperbole!" However, Christian communities have arisen and vanished across the globe throughout history. The story of the church includes the ebb and flow of Christianity into and out of various cultures and regions; and while Jesus promised that his church would last until the end of the age, he never promised that it would do so in America. Recall that Christianity was dominant in Europe for more than a millennium and yet today barely a trace remains, while in Africa and Asia, the church is spreading like wildfire. Historian Philip Jenkins adds, "Once, the prospect of a non- or post-Christian Syria or Mesopotamia would have seemed inconceivable, as the Christians of these lands knew incontrovertibly that they stood at the heart of the faith" (Philip Jenkins, The Lost History of Christianity [HarperCollins: New York, NY], 42). Isn't this same prospect equally inconceivable to us?-and yet history proves it is possible.
Let me also add any impending collapse of evangelicalism as we know it is not the result of any flaw inherent to Christianity. It would be, without a doubt, the result of God's providence. We cannot know why, but given the state of the church in America, could it be God's judgment? I am inclined to think that is possible. Might we be the church in Ephesus to whom John writes, "you have abandoned the love you had at first" (Rev. 2:4)? Perhaps the Laodicean church that has become "lukewarm" (Rev. 3:16)?
This week let's examine another of Spencer's charges (an issue pandemic in our churches)-our abject failure to transmit [coherent] Christian faith to the next generation. Over the last century the church in America has suffered serious generational drift and decay. In every subsequent generation over the last century, the faith has become more fragmented, watered-down, superficial, and irrelevant. We have drifted from a vibrant faith rooted in the historic confessions, coherent theological convictions, and intelligent cultural engagement to a privatized faith that is indifferent to the past, theologically ignorant, and culturally irrelevant. As Michael Spencer writes:
We Evangelicals have failed to pass on to our young people an orthodox form of faith that can take root and survive the secular onslaught. Ironically, the billions of dollars we've spent on youth ministers, Christian music, publishing, and media has produced a culture of young Christians who know next to nothing about their own faith except how they feel about it. Our young people have deep beliefs about the culture war, but do not know why they should obey scripture, the essentials of theology, or the experience of spiritual discipline and community. Coming generations of Christians are going to be monumentally ignorant and unprepared for culture-wide pressures.
The evidence supporting this charge is both overwhelming and damning. As I wrote last week, less than one percent of professing Christians aged 18-23 possess the very basics of a Christian worldview. Droves of young people are leaving the church; countless numbers of young evangelicals-ill equipped-are being morally and spiritually decimated upon entering the university. The moral conduct of young evangelicals is barely distinguishable from their unchurched counterparts. And very few can articulate any doctrines remotely related to historic orthodox Christianity.
The travesty exists in the fact that among church leadership, this isn't new news. Countless studies documenting these facts have been published and available for years. In 2004, sociologists Christian Smith and Melinda Lundquist Denton conducted the largest study ever documenting the vacuous religious beliefs of young people. So discordant were the theological beliefs of young professing Christians that the researchers coined the phrase, "moralistic therapeutic deism" to describe the practice and belief of this generation. The results were published in the popular book Soul Searching, receiving widespread acclaim. A documentary-style film version followed, which was distributed to thousands of churches.
In regards to moral conduct, Christianity Today reported in 2003, "Specific studies of sexual trends among Christian teens have been limited, but all indications are that, on average, there is little difference between their sexual behavior and that of non-Christian youths…" (Jennifer Parker, Christianity Today, "The Sex Lives of Christians," Mar/Apr 2003). In 2007, Mark Regenerus, a sociologist and Christian, published Forbidden Fruit: Sex and Religion in the Lives of American Teens. Regenerus's study confirmed earlier findings, adding that evangelical teens may actually be having premarital sex at younger ages and more frequently than their nonevangelical counterparts. Barna's research on a range of moral and ethical questions also reveals little or no difference between Christian and non-Christian youth.
Again, this isn't news to anyone involved in youth ministry, and yet there appears to be little in the way of serious self-examination resulting in new strategies designed to remedy this deplorable condition. The emphasis still favors entertainment-based strategies designed to attract youth through big-event evangelism, celebrity testimonies, concerts, and pizza parties-but teaching them nothing of substance.
I've talked with numerous youth pastors who grieve over the state of the youth in their charge but concede that they are under pressure from church leadership to "keep the numbers up." These young leaders confess that if they simply sat down to exegete and teach the scriptures, their numbers would likely drop and thus would be sure to end their career in ministry. Where are the senior pastors, youth leaders, men and women willing to say enough? Are we willing to see the crowds diminish in order to reveal those earnest followers receptive to intensive discipleship? What is worse? Leading masses to believe that because they play dodgeball in church on Sunday night they are followers of Christ-or making disciples out of small but committed groups of young people who are serious about following Christ?


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The May 2017 issue of History of Psychology is now online. Articles in this issue explore neurohistory, the influence of Titchener's Oxford years on his thought, and gender and psychoanalysis in 1940s Britain. The issue also features a special section devoted to "Debating the New History of Psychology." Full titles, authors, and abstracts follow below.
"Historiography, affect, and the neurosciences," by Larry S. McGrath. Abstract:
Recent historiography has put to rest debates over whether to address the neurosciences. The question is how? In this article, I stage a dialogue between neurohistory and the history of the emotions. My primary goal is to survey these two clusters and clarify their conceptual commitments. Both center on the role of affect in embodied subjectivity; but their accounts widely diverge. Whereas neurohistorians tend to treat affects as automatic bodily processes, historians of the emotions generally emphasize that affects are meaningful and volitional activities. This divergence entails contrasting understandings of selfhood, embodiment, and historical change. More importantly, I argue, it reflects a broader realm of disputes within the neurosciences. The divisions among methodologies and commitments testify to the importance of historians' selection of evidence as well as the critical perspectives they can bring to scientific debates. The neurosciences do not offer readymade theories. Secondarily, I take stock of the shared limitations of neurohistory and the history of the emotions. Both conceptualize the biological bases of affection as a universal ground for historical inquiry. By reexamining this transhistorical approach to neuroscientific evidence, I suggest that historiography might widen the horizon of interdisciplinary scholarship beyond the present options.
"From classicism and idealism to scientific naturalism: Titchener's Oxford years and their impact upon his early intellectual development," by Saulo de Freitas Araujo and Cintia Fernandes Marcellos. Abstract: Continue reading New HoP: Neurohistory, Titchener at Oxford, & Debating the New History of Psych


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No. 4 Syracuse routs Canisius
Dec 16, 2012 - 4:49 AMVideo
Brandon Triche added 19 points for the unbeaten Orange (9-0) and Michael Carter-Williams tallied 12 points and 14 assists in the victory, the 899th of Boeheim's career. The longtime head coach will attempt to join Mike Krzyzewski and Bob Knight as the only men to reach the 900-win mark when Syracuse hosts Detroit on Monday.
The Orange also extended their non-conference winning streak to 51 straight regular-season contests by shooting a torrid 57.1 percent (8-of-14) from 3- point range and 54.8 percent overall. Southerland made 9-of-14 attempts from the field and 3-of-6 from beyond the arc, with Triche making 2-of-3 tries from long distance as part of a 7-of-11 night.
"I thought our guards controlled the game getting in the lane making plays," said Boeheim. "I thought that was the difference, and our defense was good overall."
Billy Baron and Isaac Sosa each netted 15 points for Canisius (6-2), which entered the Carrier Dome off to its best 7-game start since 1973-74 and riding a string of three consecutive wins.
The Griffins hung tough during a tightly contested first half in which Syracuse held a slim 35-32 edge, but the Orange dominated their overmatched foe after the break to keep their perfect mark intact.
Southerland registered five points to spark a 10-1 Orange run to begin the period, and the margin swelled to 15 shortly afterward when Triche buried a triple to put Syracuse up 50-35 just over five minutes into the second half.
Canisius would get to within 12 points on three occasions, the last coming when Sosa knocked down a long-range bucket with 4:17 to go that trimmed the Griffins' deficit to 69-57. Syracuse responded with a 9-0 spurt in which Carter-Williams assisted on all four baskets, however, to put the contest out of reach.
"We were able to close out better in the second half, unlike the first, and our wings played a little bit better too because a lot of times (Canisius) would bring guys to the corners and we were able to bump the wings down," said Triche. "As a whole I think me and Michael did a lot better. We gave up the middle more, but it helped on our end."
The Orange built a 23-14 advantage just past the midway mark of the first half on the strength of an 8-0 stretch, and the lead was seven with under six minutes left until intermission before Canisius ripped off nine consecutive points to forge ahead.
Josiah Heath's 3-point play with 2:23 remaining in the half sent the Griffins briefly in front by a 32-30 count, but Triche's driving layup just prior to the buzzer ended a 5-0 burst that placed Syracuse back on top at the break.
Game Notes
The game was the first for both teams in this year's Gotham Classic, a round- robin event between five programs that will take place through Dec. 30. Temple, Alcorn State and Detroit are also participating ... Syracuse has now won 29 consecutive home games and has bested Canisius 21 straight times, with the Griffins' last triumph in the series coming on Feb. 15, 1975 ... The Orange prevailed despite making just 50 percent (9-of-18) of their free throws on the evening ... Carter-Williams dished out a career-high 16 assists in Syracuse's 108-56 win over Monmouth last Saturday.
Dec 15 8:55 PM - CANISIUS: 32
Dec 15 7:55 PM - CANISIUS: 0
1st Half - 20:00
Dec 15 7:09 PM
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- Syracuse women's basketball: three takeaways from the 78-71 win versus Cornell Dec 19
- Former Syracuse men's basketball center Jesse Edwards out for West Virginia with broken wrist Dec 19


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Vietnam -- Vietnam War -- an illegal and genodical war by America against Vietnam
Background information:
The Vietnam War was part of Vietnam's multi decade war for independence from racist white "Christian" imperialists - first from the French and then from the Americans. Some see it as a proxy war between the USA vs. China+Soviet Union to stop communism. Yet, the whole point of fighting communism was to prevent independence of colonies and to secure western business interests. Therefore, Vietnam's wars (as well as other communist movements around the world) were a fight for freedom from racist white "Christian" imperialists.
Here are the major parties so you don't get confused (as much):
The following two wanted to unify the country through a nation wide vote:
● Pro-communist South Vietnamese Viet Cong underground movement (also known as National Liberation Front) led by Ho Chi Minh and backed by China
● Pro-communist North Vietnamese Army (also known as NVA or People's Army of Vietnam or PAVN).The following two were pro-west puppets and traitor to the Vietnamese people, who prevented Vietnam from gaining freedom:
● Emperor Bao Dai, a pro-French puppet - ruler of Vietnam (before the North and South split)
● USA funded a pro-west dictator instead, Ngo Dinh Diem, an anti-communist South Vietnamese politicians. Their army is called Army of the Republic of Vietnam (also known as ARVN)The following two are racist white "Christian" imperialists who tried to prevent Vietnam from gaining freedom:
● white "Western liberal democratic Christian" France
● white "Western liberal democratic Christian" America
Time line of events:
● Optional reading - link to??? Vietnam by France
Vietnam helps Americans, pleas for support for independence from imperialism was betrayed, but finds support from communists
● Ho Chi Minh, Communist leader of South Vietnam Viet Cong (also known as National Liberation Front), helped Americans during WW2 and asked for support to gain independence from French imperialists:
● During WW2, Ho Chi Minh saved downed American pilots and gathered intelligence on Imperial Japan for America. Franklin D Roosevelt (USA), Stalin (Russia), and Chiang Kai Shek (China) all agreed to turn Indochina to a trustee instead of allowing France to recolonize it.
● But, the "Greatest Briton that ever lived", "Sir" Winston Churchill (http://www.amazon.com/The-British-Mad-Dog-Debunking/dp/1530657741), rejected this plan because it would start a precedent against imperialism, which Britain wished to maintain.
● America prevented Vietnam from gaining independence by helping the French recolonize Vietnam. The French rule was more oppressive than before. Millions starved to death as Vietnam's rice stolen and exported to France.
● Ho Chi Minh believed in the propaganda known as the American Constitution (which was stolen from the Native Indians who were slaughtered to near extinction by white "Christians"). So, he called on these American "Christian leaders of the free world" with appeals for freedom and justice only to be ignored by these hypocrites.
● Ho Chi Minh turned to the communists for help. The communists support Vietnam's fight for independence. Yet, remember it's the "freedom loving" white hypocrites who demonize the communists as "evil".PHASE 2
Vietnam fights for and gains independence from French imperialists
● In 1945, after WW2, a France lost control of its Vietnam colonies.
● Starting in 1946, the First Indochinese War was waged by Vietnam to liberate themselves from French imperialists
● In 1950, France gives up control of Vietnam to Emperor Bao Dai, who is a pro-French puppet - a traitor to Vietnamese people.
● The Vietnamese people reject Emperor Bao Dai's treasonous rule and the communists continue fighting for their freedom.
● From 1950 to 1954, USA provides support (money and a military advisor group) for French recolonization of Vietnam
● In 1954, Vietnam won against France and temporarily split Vietnam into North Vietnam and South Vietnam. Democratic elections were scheduled to occur within two years to unify the country under one leader.PHASE 3
"western liberal democratic Christian" USA prevent the democratic elections
● They knew communism would win as 80% of Vietnamese were likely to pick Ho Chi Minh, a pro-communist leader of South Vietnam Viet Cong. The following is a quote from the American President, Dwight Eisenhower…
"I have never talked or corresponded with a person knowledgeable in Indochinese affairs who did not agree that had elections been held at the time of the fighting, possibly 80 percent of the population would have voted for Communist Ho Chi Minh as their leader rather then Chief of State Bao Dai." - American President Dwight Eisenhower (1954)
● Why were these white "Christian leaders of the free world" so concerned?? Another quote from the American president will explain all…
"Now let us assume that we lose Indochina. If Indochina goes, several things happen right away. The Malayan peninsula would be
scarcely defensible- and tin and tungsten we so greatly value from that area would cease coming… All of that weakening position
around there is very ominous for the United States, because finally if we lost all that, how would the free world hold the rich
empire of Indonesia? So you see, somewhere along the line, this must be blocked. That is what the French are doing" - American President Dwight Eisenhower (1953)It's clear as day. These white "Christians" don't care about human rights, freedom, justice, democracy, etc. They care about stealing from weaker nations so they can live in a FREE world - eg pay nothing.
● USA funded a pro-west dictator instead, Ngo Dinh Diem, an anti-communist South Vietnamese politicians. Their army is called Army of the Republic of Vietnam (also known as ARVN)
● 1956, Ngo Dinh Diem on behalf of his western-backers, canceled the democratic elections
Pro-west dictator, Ngo Dinh Diem's oppressive rule is supported by western propaganda and violence
● over 100,000 citizens, mostly communists but including anyone who opposed his rule, are imprisoned
● Ngo Dinh Diem's reign was marred by nepotism, human right abuses, oppression, corruption and vote-rigging.
● the west's "FREE press™" praise the hated dictator, Ngo Dinh Diem, as a hero of "democracy". Meanwhile, he oppresses his people and violently suppresses the REAL freedom fighters, who are trying to liberate Vietnam from racist white imperialists.
● America protected this despot with military actions against opposition groups like communists under the guise of "foreign aid".PHASE 5
Ngo Dinh Diem is Assassinated because he fails to secure American business objectives
● Mounting frustration with Ngo Dinh Diem within South Vietnam simultaneously generated outcry in America for supporting that despot.
● On November 2 1963, a coup by Ngo Dinh Diem's own military (ARVN) was funded by the CIA and backed by the USA White House.The reason? America felt Ngo Dinh Diem failed to achieve American business interests. Once again, this had nothing to do with freedom, human rights, democracy, etc. By the way, it only cost $40,000 usd to kill the leader of Vietnam.
"Western liberal democratic Christian" America wages war on Vietnam (late 1950s to 1975)
America tried the following to control Vietnam but failed:
● backing French recolonization with money and military aid
● canceling the democratic elections that would have resulted in communist rule
● backing a pro-west puppet dictator
● …and killing him when he couldn't secure American business interestsSo, white "Christians" resorted to their 500+ year favorite western value, genocide:
This is known as the Second Indochina War AKA Vietnam War. It is a genocidal war by the USA backed pro-west South Vietnamese government against both the South Vietnamese-based communist Viet Cong AKA National Liberation Front and the North Vietnamese Army AKA NVA, now known as the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN).
The communist Viet Cong and NVA received military and financial support from the communist powers, China and the Soviet Union.
America lies about the Gulf of Tonkin incident to justify a massive increase in troops into Vietnam to commence a racist campaign of rape, torture, and genocide
● On Aug. 4, 1964 American President, Lyndon B. Johnson, lied about North Vietnamese communists attacking on a US Naval destroyer, the Maddox, in the Gulf of Tonkin. Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution that unleashed 535,040 troops into Vietnam.
The Vietnam communist's Tet Offensive demoralizes America combined with anti-war sentiments ends the Vietnam War.
● In 1968, the famous Tet Offensive by Vietnam was a military failure but won a political victory by turning American public opinion, which was increasingly anti-war as May Lai type atrocities were exposed, even more vocal. Vietnam won two years later with USA withdrawing completely in 1973.
Death Toll:
America spread the "Christian values" and "western values" of "freedom", "democracy", "human rights", and "justice" with their racist and psychopathic military doctrine, "mere gook rule" where they should "kill anything that moves"
● 3,800,000 Vietnamese died, half or 2,000,000 were civilians. the vast majority of the dead were killed by American white "Christians". Yes, we could argue the the estimates all day as many armies were involved but remember this, America LIED about the Gulf of Tonkin incident. America INVADED Vietnam. America COMMITTED GENOCIDE against the Vietnam people by bombing them, raping, torturing, slaughtering, setting them on fire, and poisoning them with agent orange for nine years. Let's also not forget the British and the French and their roles in the creation of hell on earth for the Vietnamese. Without these "Christians", there would be no Vietnam War in the first place.
● "freedom and human rights defending" American white "Christians" annihilated Indochina with 15,500,000 tons of bombs - 12,000,000 tons on South Vietnam. alone. Keep in mind, Indochina - all of it - was innocent. This entire was was an illegal war of genocidal aggression. In contrast, America used only 6,000,000 tons of bombs during WW2. Leftover bombs continue to dismember and kill civilians today.
● Operation Ranch Hand dumped 19,000,000 gallons of chemical herbicides onto Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia - 11,000,000 of which was agent orange a known toxic herbicide / biological weapon that resulted in generations of gruesome birth defects. Agent orange was sprayed across 3,500,000 acres of Indochina, resulting in horrific birth defects that affect multiple generations of Indochinese and the destruction of farm lands and forests. This chemical weapon will continue destroying the land and creating generations of birth defects until 2075.
● Barbaric gang rapes of defenseless women and children
● gang raping
● water boarding
● mutilating them
● setting people on fire with napalm (designed specifically to be hard to wash off)
● massacring villages
● cut off limbs
● cut off ears
● cut off heads
● electrocute genitals
● blow up bodies
● randomly shooting civilians
● shot cattle and dogs for fun
● poisoned food stocks● Many of those who survived the genocide suffered horrific disfigurements from bombs, napalm, guns, mines, and their newborns suffer from gruesome birth defects due to agent orange.
● American white "Christians" have not apologized nor compensated Vietnam for its innumerable war crimes.
● The Phoenix Program: Douglas Valentine
http://www.amazon.com/The-Phoenix-Program-Douglas-Valentine/dp/0595007384The program was brutality included:
● systemic gang raping and torturing mere suspects
● 41,000 "extra-judicial executions" AKA slaughter● "Mere Gook Rule" was the American military doctrine as thoroughly detailed in the book "Kill Anything That Moves".
This barbaric warfare was approved by all levels of the American military and political powers.
The military indoctrinated them to see Vietnamese as "just gooks or dinks" - subhumans who didn't value human life unlike "civilized" "Christian" Americans (whose country is founded on invasion, mass rape, biological warfare, genocide, slavery, and grand theft).
Irrefutable evidence of this wide-spread policy of genocide litter this book and smashes the western lies that atrocities such as the My Lai Massacre were "rare" incidents by "bad apples".
The My Lai massacre in South Vietnam is where 347 to 504 Vietnamese civilians were raped and/or slaughtered - women, children, elderly - none were sparred.
Even American soldiers complained. Their protests were silenced by American political and military leaders and covered up by the "free" press and the courts of "justice". War criminal "soldiers" were given slaps on the wrist for raping and slaughtering civilians with impunity.
For example, at the My Lai Massacre, 30 individuals were involved in criminal misconduct, 28 of them officers – including two generals. Only ONE, Lieutenant William Calley, was sentenced to the "punishment" of home confinement for slaughtering 22 civilians. This remorseless excrement was even pardoned by President Nixon (another white "Christian").
He said "I carried out the order that I was given and I do not feel wrong in doing so." - William Calley
Here are the more notorious pieces of American shit in a heaping pile of shit that is the American army.
● General Julian Ewell AKA "Butcher of the Mekong Delta" ordered his soldiers to kill as many Vietnamese as they could - civilian or not.
● General John W. Donaldson
● Sgt. Roy BaumgarnerKill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam (American Empire Project): Nick Turse
● News/documentaries/books/schools
These all repeat the LIES from the government about how the Vietnamese attacked us first, My Lai Massacres (raping and slaughtering a village) were "rare", we didn't know agent was a deadly bioweapon, we were fighting "evil communism"
● FAKE "definitive Vietnam histories"
Here's a "definitive guide" to this heinous war yet it's basically USA government propaganda.
http://thevietnamwar.info/vietnam-war-summary-infographic/How did I know - by comparing the facts with their claims. They claim that the Gulf of Tonkin incident caused America to invade Vietnam. I showed you that the Gulf of Tonkin incident is a LIE.
You may laugh, but there are 50+ films about this war and none of them to my knowledge expose how racist, genocidal, and approved at all levels of the military this extermination was. Instead, most of these films are pro-American "heroes" (aka war criminals) and how they dealt with their "transitions" back into western society.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Vietnam_War_filmsI couldn't go through them all because they began making me sick but here's a small selection of how white people like to remember this genocidal war against Vietnam.
● Miss Saigon
White American "hero" shares a romance with a Vietnamese female while SHE kills an "evil Vietnamese male gook". That's right, the racist, serial raping, mass murdering white "Christian" psychopaths have magically transformed into the white rugged hero thanks to Hollywood.● Rambo 2 (1985)
American "hero" goes to Vietnam to fight "evil Vietnamese male gooks" alongside a VIETNAMESE FEMALE - the same ones these white "Christians" gang raped, mutilated, and slaughtered.● Forrest Gump (1994)
Punches an anti-war protester, who is portrayed as an unpatriotic treasonous jerk instead what he is, a man of conscience. Thus, legitimizing the war as "patriotic" instead of what it is, a genocidal war crime.● Missing in Action (1984)
American soldier escapes "evil Vietcong" and frees other American "captives". No word about the ILLEGAL INVASION of Vietnam based on LIES.● The Deer Hunter (1978)
This is an in-depth examination on how the Vietnam war disrupts the lives of people in a small town.Yes, oh, you poor white people. You're the REAL victims here. Your routine lives were "disrupted". How dare the genocide of millions of innocent Vietnamese gooks get in the way of your football practice and taco Tuesdays.
● Born on the 4th of July (1989)
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096969/The biography of Ron Kovic. Paralyzed in the Vietnam war, he becomes an anti-war and pro-human rights political activist after feeling betrayed by the country he fought for.
Once again, it's about the white "man" and his suffering. The millions of Vietnamese gooks are mere window dressing when 20x to 40x as many of them were raped, burnt to death, tortured, poisoned, and slaughtered by white "Christians".
● Platoon (1986)
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0091763/This film is based on the Mai Lai massacre, where white "Christian" soldiers gang raped defenseless females and slaughtered a village. Some hail this as a triumph of the American conscience, but that's bullshit because it pretends to be isolated event. A white "hero" brings justice to this event so viewers to delude viewers into thinking "Americans care about justice". What they don't understand is that Mai Lai massacres happened routinely as documented in the book,
Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam (American Empire Project): Nick Turse
http://www.amazon.com/Kill-Anything-That-Moves-American/dp/1250045061/● Full Metal Jacket (1987)
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0093058/This supposed masterpiece by Stanley Kubrick simply shows how the soldiers are trained in dehumanizing ways and that such training leads them to do bad things like…a single murder. What they avoid showing you is that from top to bottom, the pure evil of a racist genocide against the Vietnamese people was approved within congress and all levels of the American military.
What happened to these racist white "Christian heroes" ?
● Here's USA senator, John McCain. This feces "served" in the Vietnam War and got captured by Vietnamese forces. Now, this "brave man" is running for president while calling Vietnamese people gooks. This is the western value known as "justice"
McCain Criticized for Slur / He says he'll keep using term for ex-captors in Vietnam - SFGate
http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/McCain-Criticized-for-Slur-He-says-he-ll-keep-3304741.phpHow Come McCain's "Gook" Slur Isn't Bigger News? | Raymond Leon Roker
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/raymond-leon-roker/the-real-mccain-might-be_b_136353.html● John Kerry is a senator. He also served in Vietnam, but at least he had the honor of telling the truth about the atrocities committed in Vietnam…
Here's American Lieutenant, John Kerry, now a Senator in a surprisingly honest testimonial of the Vietnam War in 1971.
"We had an investigation at which OVER 150 HONORABLY DISCHARGED AND MANY VERY HIGHLY DECORATED VETERANS TESTIFIED TO WAR CRIMES COMMITTED IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, NOT ISOLATED INCIDENTS BUT CRIMES COMMITTED ON A DAY-TO-DAY BASIS WITH THE FULL AWARENESS OF OFFICERS AT ALL LEVELS OF COMMAND…"
"They told the stories at times THEY HAD PERSONALLY RAPED, CUT OFF EARS, CUT OFF HEADS, TAPED WIRES FROM PORTABLE TELEPHONES TO HUMAN GENITALS AND TURNED UP THE POWER, CUT OFF LIMBS, BLOWN UP BODIES, RANDOMLY SHOT AT CIVILIANS, RAZED VILLAGES IN FASHION REMINISCENT OF GENGHIS KHAN, SHOT CATTLE AND DOGS FOR FUN, POISONED FOOD STOCKS, and generally ravaged the countryside of South Vietnam in addition to the normal ravage of war, and the normal and very particular ravaging which is done by the applied bombing power of this country."
"In our opinion, and from our experience, THERE IS NOTHING IN SOUTH VIETNAM, NOTHING WHICH COULD HAPPEN THAT REALISTICALLY THREATENS
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. And to attempt to justify the loss of one American life in Vietnam, Cambodia, or Laos by linking such
loss to the preservation of freedom, which those misfits supposedly abuse, is to us the height of criminal hypocrisy, an it is that kind of hypocrisy which we feel has TORN THIS COUNTRY APART."""We found that not only was it a civil war, an effort by a people who had for years been seeking their liberation from any colonial
influence whatsoever, but also we found that the Vietnamese whom we had enthusiastically molded after our own image were hard
put to take up the fight against the threat we were supposedly saving them from.""We found MOST PEOPLE DIDN'T EVEN KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMMUNISM AND DEMOCRACY.
They only wanted to work in rice paddies without helicopters strafing them and bombs with napalm burning their villages and tearing their country apart. They wanted everything to do with the war, particularly with this foreign presence of the United States of America, to leave them alone
"We saw first hand how MONEY FROM AMERICAN TAXES WAS USED FOR A CORRUPT DICTATORIAL REGIME. We saw that many people in this country had a one-sided idea of who was kept free by our flag, as BLACKS PROVIDED THE HIGHEST PERCENTAGE OF CASUALTIES.""
● Finally, there white "Christian" pedophiles that take advantage of their destroyed country and economy for "sex tourism" a lot which is pedophilia.
So, what is Vietnam's terrible crime that suffered the wrath of white "Christian" genocide?
They choose communism. Vietnam had the nerve to choose freedom instead choosing to be be oppressed, starved to death, and plundered by racist white "Christians". That's their crime.
Q: Well, the Vietnamese tortured us.
A: You invaded their homes, gang raped their children and wives, set them on fire, and their descendants suffer from horrifying birth defects. What did you expect? I'm genuinely surprised the Indochinese people (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos) don't suicide bomb your cities every 3 days.
● General Vo Nguyen Giap: Defeated French Imperialism, Drove the U.S. out of Vietnam | Global Research - Centre for Research on Globalization
This is a great overview - probably the best one.● The American involvement in Vietnam
http://rationalrevolution.net/war/american_involvement_in_vietnam.htm● What the United States Did to Vietnam » CounterPunch: Tells the Facts, Names the Names
http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/06/19/what-the-united-states-did-to-vietnam/● The Phoenix Program: Douglas Valentine


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Some people '˜genetically programmed' to crave fatty foods over sugary snacks
One in 100 people have a defect in the MC4R gene which makes them love fatty foods and shun sugar, a new Cambridge University study has revealed.
These people are also more likely to get fat, according to the study.
Most people find both high-fat and high-sugar foods enticing, but those who carry variants in gene MC4R are overly attracted to high fat foods, the study found.
The report is one of the first to show a direct link between food preference and specific genetic variants in humans.
Researchers tested lean people, obese people and people who were obese because they have a defect in the MC4R gene.
They gave all participants a blind test all-you-can-eat buffet of chicken korma with three options manipulated to look and taste the same, but in which the fat content provided 20 per cent (low), 40 per cent (medium) and 60 per cent (high) of the calories.
The researchers found that, although there was no overall difference in the amount of food eaten between the groups, individuals with defective MC4R ate almost double the amount of high fat korma than lean individuals ate (95 per cent more) and 65 per cent more than obese individuals.
Next people were given Eton mess, a sugary dessert made with a mixture of strawberries, whipped cream and broken meringue.
Again, there were three options from which participants could freely choose, with sugar content providing 8 per cent (low), 26 per cent (medium) and 54 per cent (high) of calorific content, but with the fat content fixed.
Lean and obese people said they liked the high sugar Eton mess most - but individuals with defective MC4R gene liked it less, and even ate significantly less of all three desserts compared to the other two groups.
Its authors say their study, published today in the journal Nature Communications, may also help in understanding obesity.
The researchers said that for the one in 100 individuals, the fact that the MC4R pathway is not working may lead to them preferring high fat food without realising it and therefore contribute to their weight problem.
Professor Sadaf Farooqi from the Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science at the University of Cambridge, who led the research team, explained: "Our work shows that even if you tightly control the appearance and taste of food, our brains can detect the nutrient content.
"Most of the time we eat foods that are both high in fat and high in sugar.
"By carefully testing these nutrients separately in this study, and by testing a relatively rare group of people with the defective MC4R gene, we were able to show that specific brain pathways can modulate food preference."