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Russian Orientalist; born at Wilna Dec. 15, 1819. As he showed marked ability in the study of Hebrew and Talmud, his parents, who were very religious, destined him for the rabbinate, and placed him at the yeshibah of Rabbi Israel Günzburg; but fate had decided that he should serve his race in a quite different sphere. Up to his eighteenth year he did not know any other language than Hebrew; but in three years, without the aid of a teacher, he acquired a fair knowledge of German, French, and Russian. Chwolson in 1841 went to Breslau, and, after three years' preparation in the classical languages, entered, in 1844, the Breslau University, where he devoted himself to the Oriental languages, especially Arabic. There he studied until 1848, and in 1850 he received the degree of doctor of philosophy at the Leipsic University. Onhis return to his native country he settled at St. Petersburg, and in 1855, being highly appreciated in learned circles, and having embraced Christianity, he was appointed extraordinary professor of Oriental languages in the university. Three years later he received a similar appointment in the Dukhovnaya Akademiya. In 1856 the Imperial Academy issued, at its own expense, Chwolson's first work, which at once established the authority of its author in the field of Oriental research. It was a contribution to the history of religion, entitled "Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus," in two volumes. Three years later Chwolson published another important work entitled "Ueber die Ueberreste der Altbabylonischen Literatur in Arabischen Uebersetzungen" (St. Petersburg, 1859; also in Russian under the title "Novootkrytie Pamyatniki," in "Russki Vyestnik," 1859). This work made a great sensation among scholars by the importance of its discoveries and by Chwolson's brilliant combinations concerning the old Babylonian monuments. It was followed in 1860 by "Ueber Tammuz und die Menschenverehrung bei den Alten Babyloniern" (ib. 1860).
His Life-Work.His reputation being now firmly established, Chwolson devoted himself to his life-task; namely, the defense of his former coreligionists. For blood accusation had been brought against the Jews of Saratov in 1857, and the government now summoned a commission of scholars to see whether any passages could be found in Jewish literature recommending the use of Christian blood for ritual purposes. Chwolson, who was appointed a member of the commission, wrote a report in which he fully demonstrated the groundlessness of the accusations in general, and pointed out that in this particular case of Saratov the evidence given by the two principal witnesses was full of contradictions and absurdities. As the investigation extended over a period of nine years, Chwolson, fearing that meanwhile the Jews of Russia would suffer under this accusation, secured permission to publish his memoir. It accordingly appeared in 1861, in the "Biblioteka dlya Chteniya," under the title "O Nyekotorykh Srednovyekovykh Obvineniyakh Protiv Yevreyev."
His Defense of the Talmud.In 1877 Chwolson had the mortification of seeing a new blood accusation brought against Jews at Kutais, Transcaucasia. At the same time several Russian anti-Semitic writers undertook a campaign against the Talmud, repeating the old charge that it contained blasphemies against Jesus. Chwolson again took up the defense of the Jews, and republished his memoir with many additions (St. Petersburg, 1880). A German edition of this work appeared in the year 1901 under the title "Die Blutanklage und Sonstige Mittelalterliche Beschuldigungen der Juden," Frankfort-on-the-Main. In this edition Chwolson, before entering into a discussion of the blood question, expounds the history of the Talmud, and shows that the "Pharisees" condemned by Jesus in the Gospels were not the Rabbinites in general, since the latter were the advocates of progress at the period of Jesus in history; that he meant by the term rather a certain class of false Pharisees, who were condemned in rabbinical literature also; and that it was not the Pharisees, but the Sadducees, who were the enemies and persecutors of Jesus. He further demonstrates that, according to Talmudical law, Jews were bound to look upon the Christians as their brethren, and that intolerance toward other religions was not a characteristic of the Talmudists. The assertions to the contrary are due partly to misconception, partly to hatred.
The deep-rooted belief that Jesus was crucified by the Jews being the principal cause of the prejudice against them on the part of the Christians, Chwolson, in a dissertation entitled "Poslyedniyaya Paskhalnaya Vecherya Isusa Christa i Den yevo Smerti," in "Christianskoe Chtenie," St. Petersburg, 1875 (German translation, "Das Letzte Passamal Christi," ib. 1892), shows the groundlessness of this belief. He points out that the proceedings of the trial and condemnation of Jesus, as related in the Gospels, were in violation of the rabbinical laws, and consequently could not have been conducted by a Jewish tribunal.
Other Works.The Jewish race, as well as the Jewish religion, was defended by Chwolson. In a work entitled "Kharakteristika Semitskikh Narodov," in "Russki Vyestnik," 1872 (German ed., Berlin, 1872), he draws a parallel between the distinguishing characteristics of the Jew, the representative of the Semitic race, and those of the Greek, the representative of the Aryan peoples, not always to the advantage of the latter. The pamphlet was translated into English under the title "The Semitic Nations," Cincinnati, 1874.
Chwolson is also the author of the following works: "Statistische Nachrichten über die Orientalische Facultät der Universität zu St. Petersburg," Leipsic, 1861; "Achtzehn Hebräische Grabschriften aus der Krim," in the "Mémoires" of the St. Petersburg Academy of Science, 1865 (Russian translation, "Vosemnadtzat Nadgrobnykh Nadpisei iz Kryma," St. Petersburg, 1866); "Izvyestiya o Khazarakh," St. Petersburg, 1869 (notes on the Chazars, Burtars, Madjars, Slavs, and Russians from the Arabic of Ibn Dasta); "Novotkryty Pamyatnik Moavitskavo Tzarya Meshi," ib. 1870; "O Vliyanii Geograficheskavo Polozheniya Palestiny na Sudbu Yevreiskavo Naroda," ib. 1875 (reprinted in "Sbornik Budushchnosti," ii. 1-4); "Vozmozhnyli v Turtzii Reformy?" ib. 1877 (on the Turkish reform); "Die Quiescentes He, Waw, und Iod in der Althebräischen Orthographie," Leyden, 1878 (Russian trans. in "Christianskoe Chtenie," St. Petersburg, 1881; English transl.by T. K. Abbott, Dublin, 1890); "Upotreblyayut li Yevrei Christianskuyu Krov?" 2d ed., St. Petersburg, 1879; "O Mnimoi Zamknutosti Yevreyev," ib. 1880; "Corpus Inscriptionum Hebraicarum," ib. 1882 Russian translation, ib. 1884); "Predvaritelnaya Zamyetka o Naidennykh v Semiryechenskoi Oblasti Siriskikh Nadgrobnykh Nadpisyakh," ib. 1886; "Syrische Grabschriften aus Semirjetschie," ib. 1890, in "Mémoires" of the St. Petersburg Academy; "Hat es Jemals Irgend Einen Grund Gegeben, den Rüsttag des Jüdischen Passahfestes als Πρώτῃ τῶν 'Αζύνων zu Bezeichnen?" in "Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Theologie," v. 38. Leipsic, 1896; "Staropechatnyya Yevreiskiya Knigi," on the Hebrew incunabula, St. Petersburg, 1897 (Hebrew transl., "Reshit Ma'ase ha-Defus," Warsaw, 1897). Mention may be made here of Chwolson's early contributions of Jewish biographies from Arabic sources, especially that of Maimonides by Al-Ḥifta, to the "Orient," 1846.
Chwolson is an indefatigable collector of Hebrew books, and his collection of Hebrew incunabula is one of the most valuable in existence. A catalogue of his Hebrew books was published by him under the title "Reshimat Sifre Yisrael," Wilna, 1897. The Russian government conferred upon Chwolson the title of "Councilor of State" ("Wirklicher Staatsrath").
The learned world in 1899 celebrated Chwolson's literary jubilee by presenting him with a collection of articles written in his honor by prominent European scholars. This was published by Baron David Günzburg under the title "Recucil des Travaux Rédigés en Mémoire du Jubilé Scientifique de M. Daniel Chwolson," Berlin, 1899.
- La Grande Encyclopédie, s.v.;
- Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, s.v.


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Litigants navigating the conflict between U.S. discovery obligations and foreign data protection laws have a new ally, the American Bar Association ("the ABA"). The ABA recently passed Resolution 103, which "urges" that:
[W]here possible in the context of the proceedings before them, U.S. federal, state, territorial, tribal and local courts consider and respect, as appropriate, the data protection and privacy laws of any applicable foreign sovereign, and the interests of any person who is subject to or benefits from such laws, with regard to data sought in discovery in civil litigation.
The full text of the resolution and accompanying report (the "Report") can be found here. In supporting its resolution, the ABA noted that "[l]itigants often face a Hobson's Choice: violate foreign law and expose themselves to enforcement proceedings that have included criminal prosecution, or choose noncompliance with a U.S. discovery order and risk U.S. sanctions ranging from monetary costs to adverse inference jury instructions to default judgments." Report at p. 2. As "U.S. law already provides a clear and workable standard for resolving the conflict" the ABA believes that Courts should give more consideration "to the national interests behind the non-U.S. laws" such that the comity factors are weighed and applied "in a manner that demonstrates respect for those laws and the principles of international comity." Report at p. 17.
The ABA's involvement with this issue is particularly timely, as it has recently become apparent that new data analytic technologies have weakened the effectiveness and reliability of anonymization, one of the primary mechanisms available to litigants to navigate cross border discovery conflicts. See e.g., The Practice of Law in the Age of Big Data, Nat. L. J., April 11, 2011.
Despite the apparent strength of this Resolution, it is worth noting that the ABA appears to have watered down the original intended language, restricting its statement to data that is "sought," i.e. affirmatively requested by an opposing litigant, as compared to the original language, which applied broadly to "data that is subject to preservation, disclosure, or discovery." The intent of this change is unclear, as the ABA continues to acknowledge that preservation related-activities can, by themselves, run afoul of foreign data protection obligations, even in the absence of actual production or cross-border transfer. Report at p. 12. For example, the European Data Protection Directive, defines regulated "processing" to include mere "storage," and further provides that data shall be "kept in a form which permits identification of data subjects for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for which the data were collected." See Directive 95/46/EC, Articles 1 and 6. Such restrictions can be inconsistent with broad U.S. preservation obligations, and non-compliance would seem to present many of the same risks that are a concern when it comes to cross border data transfer.
Regardless of any limited intent, it is hoped that the ABA's position will be taken to heart by the judiciary, as litigants in possession of protected data should not have to unnecessarily fear litigating in U.S. Courts.

subset: commoncrawl


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All the residents of a city street have had postal deliveries stopped after a postman was attacked by a dog.This seems frankly bizarre. Why the whole street? If the dog is loose again, it's loose, and is hardly likely to stop at the street boundary if it sees a postman in the neighbouring street!
They are furious at having to make a six-mile daily round trip to the nearest sorting office to collect post and have slammed the Royal Mail for punishing everyone for a single incident at one property.
Residents have raised this absurdity too:
One angry resident, who asked not to be named, said: 'It's not as if the dog was chasing the postman down the street.Better not give them ideas, Mr Anonymous…!
'It's disgusting and ridiculous for them to do this. If it's not OK for the postman to walk down the street, surely it's not OK for any of the residents to walk down it? All the other delivery drivers and gas men have never had any problems.'
A Royal Mail spokesman said:'Clearly it is the last resort to suspend deliveries. We continue to work with the customer or dog owner to resolve the issue.It seems to be deemed perfectly safe by everyone else…
'We do apologise to the affected customers. The service will be resumed as soon as we can be sure it is safe.'


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A woman brought her dog to a casual restaurant I dined at recently. I didn't think much of it until the manager came by to tell her that dogs are not permitted inside. Immediately the woman claimed her pet was a service dog. I always try to give people the benefit of the doubt, but based on her defensive reaction, I really don't think this dog was a service dog.
It is wrong to lie about your pet being a service animal. Furthermore, it is a crime.
Service dogs are dogs that have been trained to work or perform tasks for a person with a disability. Guide dogs and hearing dogs assist owners who are blind or have hearing impairments respectively. Emotional support animals are not included under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) or New York Civil Rights Law. Only dogs and miniature horses can be service animals.
In New York, the penalty for falsely representing your pet as a service dog is a fine, and on the third offense, up to 15 days imprisonment.
It shouldn't take the threat of jail time to deter you from lying though. The moral concerns should be enough. It is disrespectful to people with disabilities to pretend your dog is a service dog because what you're doing is actually pretending to have a disability yourself. The ADA exists to protect a class of people who would otherwise face discrimination while just trying to live their lives. Don't make light of that by faking a disability.
Additionally, service dogs undergo hundreds of hours of specialized training to become exceptionally well suited for the tasks they are called to perform. A poorly behaved pet masquerading as a service dog only gives service dogs a bad name and makes it harder for true service dogs and owners to get the respect they deserve.
On a practical level, the more animals that enter a place of business, the more hair and dander and scents they leave behind that can be an irritant to humans and a distraction to true service dogs. The owner relies on their dog to help them safely get around and a distracted service dog could lead to their owner getting hurt.
Finally, service dogs are not supposed to interact with other people while they're on the job. If you allow your fake service animal to be pet by strangers, it sends the message that petting service dogs is perfectly acceptable when it is not.
Don't put your desire to bring your dog everywhere above the needs of others—it's selfish, harmful, disrespectful and ultimately illegal.
—Kimberly Dijkstra
Agree? Disagree? We'd love to hear from you! Send a letter to the editor to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Obama Ousts Top Officers After Nuke Explodes In Ocean Instead Of Charleston
From worldtruth.tv
A shocking new Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) report circulating in the Kremlin today states that President Barack Obama, while in a rage, ousted four of the United States top ranking military officersafter they refused to detonate a nuclear device "in/near" Charleston, South Carolina this past week and, instead, exploded it off the Atlantic Coast.
According to this report, Strategic Missile Forces Command (SMF) notified both President Putin and the General Staff this past Tuesday (8 October) that at 01:58:11 GMT/UTC an atomic device was exploded in the seabed off the US Atlantic Ocean, barely 1,000 km (620 miles) from Charleston, causing a 4.5 magnitude earthquake measurement that SMF experts equate to being a 1-kiloton yield, which is equal to the power of 1,000 tons of TNT.
This report notes that SMF experts are able in differentiate an earthquake from an atomic blast in that in the former the ground starts shaking slowly as plates slide against each other, and then the seismic activity slow picks up as the ground really starts to move. In an atomic explosion scenario, however, the initial blast is extremely powerful, and the subsequent shaking of the ground grows progressively less severe as was the case with the 8 October blast.
The particular atomic device used, this report continues, was a B61-11 Nuclear Bomb Low-Yield Earth-Penetrating Nuclear Weapon, otherwise known as a "mini nuke" which was deployed by the Clinton administration in the post-Cold-War era, but had been rejected for deployment by Presidents Carter, Reagan, and Bush.
The B61-11 can penetrate and detonate below the earth's surface, creating a massive shock wave capable of destroying underground targets. In tests the bomb penetrates only 20 feet into dry earth, even when dropped from altitudes above 40,000 feet. But even this shallow penetration before detonation allows a much higher proportion of the explosion to transfer into ground shock relative to a surface burst.
Critical to note, this report says, are that many warnings to this atomic blast were given prior it 8 October, including to the highly influential Infowars.com website who on 3 September reported:
"A high level source inside the military has now confirmed to us that Dyess Air Force base is actively moving nuclear warheads to the East Coast of the United States in a secret transfer that has no paper trail.
According to the high level military source, who has a strong record of continually being proven correct in deep military activity, the Dyess Air Force Commander authorized unknown parties to transfer the nuclear warheads to an unknown location that has been reported to be South Carolina, where the warheads will then be picked up and potentially utilized."
Many other reports of an impending "event" engineered by the Obama regime to cause chaos in the United States we had, likewise, reported on in our reports Pentagon Warns To Expect "Radical" Change In US Government Soon and Obama Retreats To Secret Bunker As "Big Event" Draws Near.
In the aftermath of the Obama regimes failed false flag nuclear attack on Charleston, GRU analysts in this report say, was the Presidents unprecedented ousting of Americans top two military nuclear commanders, US Navy Vice Admiral Tim Giardina and US Air Force Major General Michael Carey, and two of the US Marines top officers, Major General Charles M. Gurganus and Major General Gregg A. Sturdevant.
Admiral Giardina and General Carey, this report says, were ousted by Obama due to their being the officers responsible for leaking the information about this impending nuclear attack on Charleston to Generals Gurganus and Sturdevant, who in turn began leaking this information to various global intelligence sources, including Infowars.com and France's highly respected dedefensa.org.
While Admiral Giardina and General Carey were the first to note Obama's transferring of nuclear weapons to Charleston outside of the normal chain of command, GRU experts say in this report, Generals Gurganus and Sturdevant were tasked with leading US Marine troops from Camp Lejeune in North Carolina to begin the implementation of martial law after this false flag attack had taken place.
Equally important to note, this report continues, is that a further warning of this Obama regime false flag attack on Charleston was given this past August by South Dakota Senator Sheldon R. Songstad who warned of the unprecedented actions being taken in FEMA Region III (which includes Washington D.C.) in preparation for it, and included:
"Nine-week training course for UN Peacekeepers in CONUS to learn Urban Warfare, English, and US weapons systems beginning 4th week of July for 386,000 troops to be completed by October 1st;
$11 million in antibiotics to be delivered to FEMA region III by October 1st ordered by CDC;
FEMA purchase orders for over $14.2 million for MREs and heater meals to be delivered to Region III by October 1st;
FEMA purchase orders for 22 million pouches of emergency water to be delivered to region III by October 1st;
FEMA purchase orders for $13.6 million for MREs and heater meals to be delivered to Austin by October 1st;
2800 MRAPs must be delivered to DHS by October 1st"
US Senator Lindsay Graham further warned South Carolinians about the threat of a "terrorist nuclear attack" on the same day that Infowars.com warned that high level military intel revealed to them that nuclear warheads were being shipped to South Carolina from a major Texas air force base under an "off the record" black ops transfer.
While the predictable US propaganda media organs loyal to Obama have reported that these military officers firings were due to incompetence, gambling issues, and (maybe) alcoholism, this GRU report notes that these "pathetic excuses" are to beyond belief to give credence to as these four distinguished officers were "beyond reproach" and held the highest security clearances anyone could hold in the United States.
Even though this report doesn't speculate on what Obama's next move will be after his failure to nuke Charleston, it does grimly note that the former Presidential candidate and US Congressman Ron Paul has added his voice this week to those warning the American people of an impending state of martial law and economic collapse being engineered around them.


text: American Homes has a wide variety of homes available to meet your individual style and needs. At American Homes we can help you create your own unique design configuration customized especially for your needs. Since it is your house; why not build it exactly the way you want? We look forward to working closely with you to make sure you get the home of your dreams. Below you can browse through all of our homes.


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Our Planning and Zoning Division helps with current and long-range planning in Lenexa. We are responsible for:
Development proposals
Requests for rezoning
Special use permits
Site plan and subdivision approval
Updating the Comprehensive Plan
Initiating amendments to the Unified Development Code
Zoning and future land use map
Development ACTIVITY map
Our Comprehensive Plan is the official guide for growth and development. It includes overall principles that reflect our desired policy direction, as well as specific plans and recommendations for implementing those ideas.
In summer 2021, the City started the process of creating a new Comprehensive Plan. Future land uses and policies reflected in the current plan may change upon completing this major update, which is expected to wrap up in late 2022.
The Planning Commission is responsible for reviewing, making recommendations related to, and approving various planning and zoning items. It has final approval on some development applications, while also making recommendations to the Governing Body on other development applications.
The Planning Commission also serves as the Board of Zoning Appeals. In some instances, a property owner may request a variance or exception from the requirements of the Unified Development Code.
You can consult several planning-related resources as part of the development review process.


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Short-term tenures for Stewart Houston and Bruce Rioch followed George Graham's departure but Arsenal were still in need of a long-term answer.
This would be emphatically delivered in the form of a relatively unknown Frenchman who would change the Club forever.
Arsène Wenger arrived at Highbury in October 1996 after notable success at Monaco and a stint in charge of Japanese side Grampus Eight. He was the Club's first boss from outside the UK.
Arsenal finished third that season but the new manager would officially announce his arrival in his first full campaign at the helm. At one stage in 1997/98 the Gunners trailed leaders Manchester United by 11 points. However, imperious form throughout the second half of the campaign saw Arsenal crowned Premier League champions with two games to spare. Within two weeks, the Gunners had added the FA Cup, securing the Double in Wenger's first full season in charge.
As well as transforming Arsenal on the pitch, the new manager set about revolutionising his players' lives away from the pitch, implementing cutting-edge training regimes and dietary systems. The Frenchman was meticulous in his squad construction, adding the likes of Patrick Vieira, Emmanuel Petit and Marc Overmars to a team already boasting Arsenal institutions like David Seaman, Tony Adams and Dennis Bergkamp.
Another Highbury stalwart who continued to flourish under Wenger was Ian Wright. Already closing in on Cliff Bastin's all-time goalscoring record when the Frenchman arrived, Wright finally scored his magical 179th goal against Bolton Wanderers on September 13, 1997. In the end, perhaps Wenger's finest signing to date – Thierry Henry - would eclipse Wright's tally a little over eight years later.
"As well as transforming Arsenal on the pitch, the new manager set about revolutionising his players' lives away from the pitch, implementing cutting-edge training regimes and dietary systems."
Henry signed in August 1999, after Arsène Wenger's side had been denied back-to-back titles by one point by Manchester United in the previous May. At first, the Frenchman's ability to adapt to the rough-and-tumble of the Premier League was questioned, but after failing to score in his first eight games, the former Juventus star plundered an impressive 26 goals that term. Final defeats in the 2000 Uefa Cup and 2001 FA Cup meant that Henry was still without any Highbury silverware. But not for long.
In 2001/02, Arsène Wenger's side would surge to a spectacular Double, finishing seven points clear of Liverpool in the Premier League. They sealed the title with a win over Manchester United at Old Trafford, just days after dispatching Chelsea 2-0 in the FA Cup Final.
Despite lifting the FA Cup once more in 2002/03, back-to-back titles would again elude the Gunners. But they made up for that disappointment in the season that followed, completing an unbeaten title campaign and going on to eclipse Nottingham Forest's long-standing run of League games without defeat. Played 49, Won 36, Drawn 13, Lost None - that Arsenal side was truly 'Invincible'.
Wenger had conquered England but Europe still evaded him. A Quarter-Final defeat against Chelsea in 2004 matched the closest Wenger's Arsenal had come to the biggest prize in European football but that would all change in May 2006 when they went all the way to the Champions League Final in Paris. In between they claimed another FA Cup triumph, beating Manchester United in Cardiff in 2005.
Arsenal were quickly becoming one of the most revered sides in Europe. And they underlined their ambition when, in February 2004, construction began on the Gunners' new state-of-the-art home at Ashburton Grove, a stone's throw from Highbury. The new Emirates Stadium officially opened its doors in the summer of 2006 - a bold step into the future for a Club with a glittering past.
Copyright 2024 The Arsenal Football Club Limited. Permission to use quotations from this article is granted subject to appropriate credit being given to www.arsenal.com as the source.


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Faith Groups: No Progress in White House Meetings on Birth Control Mandate
The White House is currently in talks with various faith groups about the administration's mandate requiring employers to provide health coverage that includes contraception, sterilization and some abortion-inducing drugs. Some of these faith groups have said, in public statements and in communications with The Christian Post, that no progress has been made toward an acceptable accommodation.
World Vision, a Christian humanitarian organization, said in an email to The Christian Post that they have not made any headway. Those who are helped by World Vision are not required to be, or become, a Christian in order to receive their assistance. Because of this, World Vision does not qualify for an exemption to the mandate.
"We hope that the Administration will shift course and self-correct to affirm and clarify existing religious freedom as protected by the First Amendment and subsequent Supreme Court rulings, as well as religious hiring protections articulated in the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the Religious Freedom Restoration Act," said Kent R. Hill, senior vice president for World Vision's International Program Group.
Stanley Carlson-Thies, president of the Institutional Religious Freedom Alliance (IRFA), also sees little effort on the part of the Obama administration to work toward a new solution.
"Officials say they are working hard to develop a genuine solution for non-exempt religious employers that reject having to include contraceptives, including abortion-inducing drugs, in their health plans. Yet there is no sign that the administration is willing to abandon its flawed framework," he wrote on Monday in an e-newsletter.
IRFA is one of the groups that have been invited to the discussions with the White House.
President Obama announced a proposed accommodation on Feb. 10. Religious institutions with objections to the birth control mandate would not have to pay for insurance that covers contraception, sterilization and abortion-inducing drugs, but insurance companies would have to provide the coverage at no additional cost to any of their employees that request it.
This proposal was widely touted by Democrats, such as Sen. John Kerry (Mass.) and Washington Post columnist E.J. Dionne, who had raised objections to the original proposal. In a Sunday column, Dionne complained that Catholic bishops are only opposed to the revised mandate because they are engaged in election year politics.
"The bishops should ponder how they transformed a moment of exceptional Catholic unity into an occasion for recrimination and anger," Dionne complained.
Many of the faith groups have pointed out, though, that Obama's Feb. 10 speech has not even been put into effect with an executive order. Indeed, only five days later, Health and Human Services put the original executive order into effect and wrote in the summary that the regulation will go into effect "without change."
Besides the fact that Obama's Feb. 10 press conference did not carry the force of law and the regulation went into effect without Obama's proposed revisions anyway, many faith groups are objecting to the proposal even if it were to become part of the birth control mandate.
One complaint is that insurance companies would be offering services religious organizations find objectionable exactly because they have objections. So, it is still through the actions of the faith groups that the services they find objectionable are being offered.
Additionally, faith groups worry that they would still be paying for the services through higher premiums. Since, under the mandate, insurance companies would have to offer the services without charging a co-pay, insurance companies would have to raise premiums on everyone, including the employer share, to pay for the services.
A second issue raised with the White House is the status of religious institutions that self-insure. Even if Obama's proposed revision were to be codified in the law, religious organizations that self-insure would essentially be the insurance company required to provide birth control services.
A third issue raised with the White House has to do with the very premise upon which the religious exemption is based, namely, that the religious freedom clauses of the First Amendment only protect religious activities aimed at co-religionists, such as worship services, and would not protect religious activities aimed at those who do not share their faith, such as helping those in need.
A group of about 40 Catholic bishops are gathering in Washington, D.C., this week to meet with the White House. They issued a five-page statement Wednesday arguing that the birth control mandate is a violation of religious freedom.
"We wish to clarify what this debate is – and is not – about," the bishops wrote. "This is not about access to contraception, which is ubiquitous and inexpensive, even when it is not provided by the Church's hand and with the Church's funds. This is not about the religious freedom of Catholics only, but also of those who recognize that their cherished beliefs may be next on the block. This is not about the Bishops' somehow 'banning contraception,' when the U.S. Supreme Court took that issue off the table two generations ago. Indeed, this is not about the Church wanting to force anybody to do anything; it is instead about the federal government forcing the Church – consisting of its faithful and all but a few of its institutions – to act against Church teachings."


text: "The Great Gatsby" is a dazzling social satire, F. Scott Fitzgerald's masterpiece and a milestone in twentieth-century literature, now beautifully repackaged as part of the Penguin Essentials range. 'There was music from my neighbour's house through the summer nights. In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars.' Everybody who is anybody is seen at the glittering parties held in millionaire Jay Gatsby's mansion in West Egg, east of New York. The riotous throng congregates in his sumptuous garden, coolly debating Gatsby's origins and mysterious past. None of the frivolous socialites understands him and among various rumours is the conviction that 'he killed a man'. A detached onlooker, Gatsby is oblivious to the speculation he creates, but always seems to be watching and waiting, though no one knows what for. As the tragic story unfolds, Gatsby's destructive dreams and passions are revealed, leading to disturbing consequences. A brilliant evocation of 1920s high society, "The Great Gatsby" peels away the layers of this glamorous world to display the coldness and cruelty at its heart. "Not only a page-turner and a heartbreaker, it's one of the most quintessentially American novels ever written". ("Time"). "He (F Scott Fitzgerald) was better than he knew, for in fact and in the literary sense he invented a "generation"". ("New York Times"). "The most perfectly crafted work of fiction to have come out of America". (Professor Tony Tanner). "The American masterwork, the finest work of fiction by any of this country's writers". ("Washington Post"). F. Scott Fitzgerald was born in St Paul, Minnesota in 1896. He studied at Princeton University before joining the army in 1917. In 1920 he married Zelda Sayre. Their traumatic relationship and subsequent breakdowns became a major influence on his writing. Among his publications were five novels, "This Side of Paradise", "The Great Gatsby", "The Beautiful and the Damned", "Tender is the Night" and "The Last Tycoon" (his last and unfinished work); six volumes of short stories and "The Crack-Up", a selection of autobiographical pieces. F. Scott Fitzgerald died suddenly in 1940.


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STEWART, WILLIAM JAMES, engineer, hydrographic surveyor, and civil servant; b. 23 Jan. 1863 in Ottawa, son of John Stewart and Mary Renney; m. 9 Nov. 1886 Clara Louise Lasher in Cataraqui (Kingston), Ont., and they had two daughters; d. 5 May 1925 in Ottawa.
William J. Stewart was the eldest son of a building contractor and officer in the Ottawa Field Battery. Raised in an Irish Anglican family, he was a gold-medal graduate of both the Ottawa Collegiate Institute (1879) and the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston (1883), which emphasized engineering as well as military training. He initially worked in eastern Ontario as a survey engineer for the Department of Railways and Canals and then, in March 1884, he joined the Department of Marine and Fisheries as an assistant to British Admiralty surveyor John George Boulton, who was conducting a hydrographic survey of Georgian Bay. It had been prompted by a mounting loss of lives and shipping, including the steamship Asia in 1882. Stewart succeeded Boulton as officer in charge in 1893, though by this time Stewart's fieldwork had extended to the west coast [see William Smith*]; his resurvey of Burrard Inlet in 1891 was the first hydrographic survey conducted in salt water by Canadian authorities. To enhance his ability, in 1897 he secured certification as a ship's master on inland waters. With no national geodetic survey to use as a base for hydrography, he reported that same year, he and his crews routinely used transit theodolites, sextants, triangular plotting, soundings from whaleboats or small steamers, and floor sampling. In a typical season, from May to November, about 800 square miles could be sounded.
When the maritime survey functions of Marine and Fisheries, Public Works, and Railways and Canals were united to form the Canadian Hydrographic Service within Marine and Fisheries in 1904, Stewart was appointed chief surveyor. During his tenure, the service published charts, sailing directions, and tide tables that facilitated safe navigation; impressively, Stewart was responsible personally or as a supervisor for producing some 170 charts. Between 1910 and 1922 his branch was part of the Department of the Naval Service, along with the dominion's fledgling navy, fisheries protection, tidal and current survey, and radio-telegraphy.
In 1907 Stewart succeeded William Frederick King* on the International Waterways Commission, later the International Joint Commission [see Sir George Christie Gibbons*]. He was involved in delineating the maritime boundary between Canada and the United States. In a related move, the maintenance of the boundary markers in the St Lawrence River and the Great Lakes was placed under his branch. In 1912, the year responsibility for the automatic water-level gauges on the lakes was also transferred, he was made a consulting engineer to the prime minister and the Department of External Affairs on matters relating to the commission. He would be reconfirmed in this position in 1921. The pinnacle of his career was perhaps reached in 1919, when he was asked to advise the British government on international boundaries arising out of the Treaty of Versailles.
A man of medium height and dark complexion, Stewart enjoyed curling but had few other recorded interests. In 1910 he suffered an ailment that left his right arm crippled. He had the reputation of being a demanding and parsimonious officer and a sound mathematician, and he worked closely with W. F. King and Otto Julius Klotz of the Dominion Observatory on coastal survey problems. Most of his associational memberships were professional: the oceanography section of the National Committee of Canada (within the International Astronomical Union), the International Geodetic and Geophysical Union, the Engineering Institute of Canada, the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Institute of Civil Engineers of Great Britain, the Geographic Board of Canada, and the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. He died in May 1925 at the Ottawa Civic Hospital following an emergency operation for gall-bladder cancer, and was buried in Beechwood Cemetery. The Ottawa Morning Journal believed he would be remembered as a mathematician and authority on hydrography.
William James Stewart is the author of "The Canadian Hydrographic Survey," in British Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, Handbook of Canada, ed. Ramsay Wright and James Mavor (Toronto, 1897), 61-66.
AO, RG 80-5-0-141, no.3298; RG 80-8-0-988, no.9305. LAC, RG 25, A-3-a, 1296: file 1921-426; RG 32, C2, 554: file 1863.01.23; RG 48; RG 51; RG 139, 30-31. Ottawa Morning Journal, 6 May 1925. Can., Parl., Sessional papers, 1892, no.10: 146. Canadian who's who, 1910. "Friends of hydrography": www.canfoh.org. (consulted 6 April 2004).
© 2005–2024 University of Toronto/Université Laval
Cite This Article
Patrick Burden, "STEWART, WILLIAM JAMES," in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 15, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed February 24, 2024, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/stewart_william_james_15E.html.
The citation above shows the format for footnotes and endnotes according to the Chicago manual of style (16th edition). Information to be used in other citation formats:
Permalink: | http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/stewart_william_james_15E.html |
Author of Article: | Patrick Burden |
Title of Article: | STEWART, WILLIAM JAMES |
Publication Name: | Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 15 |
Publisher: | University of Toronto/Université Laval |
Year of publication: | 2005 |
Year of revision: | 2005 |
Access Date: | February 24, 2024 |


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Product Name: FASS Titanium Signature Series Diesel Fuel Lift Pump 165GPH Class 8 Semi (TS 165G)
Manufacturer: FASS
Manufacture Part #: TS165G
Black Diamond Unlimited Part #: FASTS165G
Fitment Notes: Universal
The Titanium Signature Series diesel fuel lift pump was engineered by FASS Fuel Systems to be the top-performing, longest-lasting, and most reliable aftermarket filtration system in the diesel industry. Rated at 165 gallons per hour and backed by our 4-year lifetime warranty the Titanium Series lift pump is capable of supporting a semi-diesel engine with enough fuel with stock fueling system upgrades. A Titanium Series lift pump also offers advanced filtration benefits that will help protect the injection systems, effectively extending the life of your injectors. These Benefits include an improved filtration rating of 3 Microns, a built-in water separation filter, and FASS Fuel Systems patented air/vapor removal process.
The Titanium Series diesel fuel pumps are the superior fuel pump and filtration system, in the diesel industry. This is because here at FASS Fuel Systems we focus on perfecting our pumps and how they are engineered, taking the extra steps that our competitors ignore while they rush to get the product out the door. By doing this we have less than a 2% failure rating with our motor and a design that implements unique design features you can only get with FASS Fuel Systems
- FASS Silencing Technology (FST) was developed by the engineering team here at FASS Fuel Systems to help reduce the noise created by aftermarket fuel and air separation diesel lift pumps. By using radius cuts, tighter tolerances on all gears, and a high-quality military Spec'd Coating over the aluminum base, FASS Fuel Systems was able to develop the quietest fuel air separation system on the market.
- Performance Radius Cuts (PRC) are an advanced machining technique used to improve the flow of fuel through the diesel lift pump by creating smooth-flowing cuts within the aluminum housing. This prevents the reintroduction of air and vapor back into the fuel and also prevents stagnate fuel pockets from forming within the corner of a 90-degree bend. FASS Fuel Systems Titanium Series Diesel Fuel Pumps are the only Fuel Air Separation System that incorporates these exclusive Performance Radius Cuts, lesser competitors commonly use T-Bone and square 90-degree fittings that can limit fuel flow, cause restrictions and reintroduce air back into your fuel.
- Mass Flow Return (MFR) technology is used to continually "polish" your fuel by keeping a positive pressure on the fuel being delivered to the engine and returning the fuel, that's not yet needed, back to the tank after it has been passed through the filtration process, removing dirt, air, vapor, and water. This means your fuel is being constantly moved and cleaned, guaranteeing that your diesel truck always has the freshest and cleanest fuel possible.
FASS Titanium Signature Series Diesel Fuel Lift Pump 165GPH Class 8 Semi (TS 165G) Features:


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Finally, the USB port on the back of your television can be tapped for something useful. [Don] is using this add-on device to automatically cut the power to his Ambilight clone. Initially, he got tired of unplugging the power adapter each time he shut off the television, so he added a switch. But laziness overcame him and he decided he needed an automatic method. After probing around on the connections available, he established that the serial interface (normally used for servicing the device) was not of any use, but the USB port is. He measured the voltage of the power bus to be 5V when the TV is on, and 0.15V when it is off. He whipped up the circuit you see above which uses the USB connection to trigger a relay, connecting power to his Ambilight clone when the television comes on, and disconnecting it when the set is switched off.
Our dream has always been an XBMC capable device that can Velcro to the back of a TV, and be powered from that USB port. Unfortunately the Beagle Board hasn't yet made it to a stable level when running XBMC. Our next hope is the AppleTV 2, which can run XBMC but would require some hacking to get it working off of the USB port, raising concerns about how much current it would draw at 5V.


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Frequently Asked Questions
Below are Frequently Asked Questions on Age Discrimination.
Topic | Discrimination |
Age Discrimination |
Does the Act apply only to older people? The Act does not limit protection against discrimination to a certain age group. Does the Act apply to age distinctions that are included in federal, state and local laws, such as a minimum age to enroll in a public school? No, the Act does not apply to statutes and ordinances passed by elected bodies that establish age criteria for participation in certain programs. There are a variety of exceptions to the rule that permit age to be taken into account. For example, the act permits schools and colleges to offer special programs that are geared toward providing special benefits to children and the elderly in a specific age range. Does the Act allow schools to set age limits for programs like drivers education? Yes. The Act contains a number of exceptions that take into account whether consideration of age is necessary to operate the program. A district may limit participation in a driver's education course to those students who are a certain age if this age criterion is necessary to the program. What if a school or college uses factors other than age as criteria for admission to a program (such as requiring applicants to have graduated from their previous school within 2 years), but it has the effect of excluding older people who may have graduated many years ago? The Act may prohibit this if the requirement being questioned is not needed for the normal operation of the program being offered. Does the Act apply to age discrimination in employment? No, employment discrimination is covered by the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, which is enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Do I have to file an OCR complaint before I can file a claim in court? The regulations under the Age Discrimination Act, allow you to file a claim in Federal court only after: 1) 180 days have elapsed since you filed the complaint with OCR and OCR has made no finding, or 2) OCR issues a finding in favor of the recipient. If this occurs, OCR will promptly notify you and remind you of your right to file in court. If you are considering filing in court, bear in mind that OCR does not represent complaining parties or provide advice regarding court filings. You would need to use the services of your own attorney. Also, if you proceed with your claim in a court, OCR will not continue to pursue your OCR complaint. |


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Happy Birthday Mick Jagger! – Pic of the Week
Happy Birthday Mick Jagger! The Rolling Stones ringleader turns 69 years young today, July 26.
The pic of the week, shown above, displays a fresh-faced Jagger striking a pose in the early '60s, just as the Stones were starting to make some serious noise. Do you think he knew that a few decades later he'd be revered as one of the most influential frontmen of one of rock's greatest bands of all time? Looking at the confidence he exudes, he just might have had some inkling of what was coming his way.
With his distinctive vocal chops, trademark stage moves, and notorious sexual exploits, Mick Jagger has clocked in over fifty years in the music business, and made it look easy. While bands come and go throughout the years Jagger and the Stones have continued to be a mainstay in the rock world.
As the Rolling Stones recently celebrated their 50th anniversary, rumors continue to swirl that they are gearing up for a big tour announcement, but nothing has been officially confirmed just yet. Guitarist Keith Richards did admit that the band has been rehearsing but for what, when and where, he is not willing to disclose.
The Stones did recently reveal a new logo, check it out here.


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Exhibition opening: "The Countess & Her Cats" and "Illustrating Twain"
Thursday, October 18, 5:30 p.m.
We will be showing diorama and dollhouse art from the artist Cynthia von Buhler, author of the children's books "But Who Will Bell the Cats" and "The Cat Who Would Not Come Inside." Von Buhler combines dioramas she constructs with illustration in an imaginative way in her delightful tales. "Illustrating Twain" will feature illustrations by Mark Twain and about Mark Twain. Through January 15.
The opening reception on Oct. 18 is free of charge. The exhibit may be viewed with the purchase of a Mark Twain House tour or for a $5.00 museum-only admission .
A Halloween Tea Party with the Countess
Saturday, October 27, 2:00 p.m.
The younger set are invited to don their Halloween finery for a tea with "Countess" Cynthia von Buhler, author and illustrator of But Who Will Bell the Cats? Kids will feast on tea and sweets, tour our new exhibition The Countess & Her Cats and enjoy a spooky performance by Hartford Children's Theatre.
Tickets $15 for adults, $10 for children. Call (860) 280-3130.


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(first posted 8/29/2015) I really can't point the exact moment where luxury cars stopped being about how comfortable, refined and enjoyable they could make the journey for the plutocrat driving it and more about just how many gizmos and new technology they could fit in them. But even on a sea of computers and automatic gearboxes with ten settings for the ferocity of the gearchanges (can I have mine on "Fluid Drive"?) you could always turn to Jaguar for your old-fashioned, luxury car needs. Or at least you could until this went out of production. Although that may not necessarily be a bad thing.
For starters, the designs and the interior accommodations may have been old fashioned, but the underpinnings were fantastically modern. Aluminum construction, multi-link suspension rear suspension and optional adjustable air suspension would certainly make monocles pop-out, or at least bring back horrible, horrible memories of Hydragas suspensions. The new for 2004 XJ's (or Forduars as some call them) were bigger in every dimension – the new short-wheelbase was three inches longer than the previous models long-wheelbase – and they were also much wider and taller than its predecessor, although weighed roughly the same.
I like the design, but comparing it to the previous design you can see why some people call it bloated. It really does seem like someone took an air compressor to an X308 and filled it like it was a bouncy castle. The unfortunate grille did it no favors either. But compared to the big cars of its time it looks the part. It was arugably better looking than the 7-Series and the Maseratti Quattroporte and about on par with the S-class and the Audi A8, but where the XJ won was with its interior.
Yes, I know that everyone, especially Britons, are tired of the stereotypical Mary Poppins, Jane Austen, Tweed, Tally-Ho-vicar heritage that England is all too commonly associated with. But when it comes to applying that to automotive interior design it just means that you end up with a lovely place to sit and rack up the miles. Yes, it may cause you to want to put a picture of the queen on the dash on occasion, but that just means that you find the interior homely. Nothing wrong with that if you ask me. Pair it up with the supercharged V8 and you end up with the ultimate gentleman's express.
Speaking of which, in Europe you could get these with one of the best diesels available at the time: a 2.7-liter twin-turbo V6 that was a joint venture of Ford in conjunction with Peugeot, it developed 201 horsepower and 321 lb-ft of torque. That meant 35 MPG and 0-60 in 8.2 seconds. The XJ6 name also made a comeback, with a 3.0-liter unit producing 232 horses. Neither of those engines made it stateside. There you only had the 4.2-liter AJ-V8 in either naturally-aspirated 300 hp or Supercharged 400 hp flavor. Woe. Regardless of engine, the transmission was a ZF-sourced 6-speed automatic.
The one I dreamed about as a kid however was this: the 155 MPH Super V8 Portfolio. What it was, essentially, was a long-wheelbase Jaguar Vanden Plas (Daimler in europe) with the Supercharged V8 of the XJR. It was the most expensive Jaguar for sale at the time. 2007 brought a facelift, coded X358, that brought a much needed new grille, other styling details and new front seats that improved rear legroom without sacrificing comfort. Everything else remained unchanged. But for those that were disappointed in how little it had changed, Jaguar had quite the surprise in store. A surprise that had been in development since 2006 and that was locked in even before the X358 was launched to the public.
It was only a matter of time before Jaguar decided to move as far away from the "Heritage Britain" image as humanly possible. Jaguar's chief designer, Ian Callum, had already modernized the image of the brand with the XK in 2007 and the XF in 2008. A complete revision of the big Jag that'd bring it in line with the rest of the lineup was inevitable. In 2009 the all-new XJ was released and…Alright, there's no subtle way of writing this. It lost absolutely everything that made it distinctive. It still screams "Big Car" and that's a very good thing. Unfortunately, it no longer screams "Jaguar". And some of the styling touches, like the blacked-out D-pillar, just don't make sense at all. Maybe they're there to make us think that there was an error in the factory when building it so we get some of that old BL-vibe.
However, you won't hear me complaining even a tiny little bit about the interior, it's absolutely fantastic to my eyes. Yes, it stopped looking like the inside of a country house and started looking like a nightclub. But I'm sorry, I adore it. The subtle touches of brushed aluminum and despite having a touchscreen, it still has buttons and thus remains usable. The interior itself is bathed in customizable lighting. And then we get to the LCD screen which, apart from being absolutely gorgeous, brings untold possibilities to the dashboard. To mention one, in case something goes pear-shaped the dash is not limited to give you a vague idiot light, but instead can pop up a large icon with a description of the problem, which would be easier to see and more difficult to ignore.
Ideally, I'd love to have this interior on an old-style XJ, as it would've been absolutely sensational. The Jag purists would've loved the fact that the exterior kept true to the image that Sir William Lyons envisioned when creating the first XJ yet updated for the gadget-obsessed limo buyer of today. Such a buyer would've considered the Jag because it looked different from all the S-Classes in their pay grade's parking lot but without sacrificing much in the way of toys. As it stands, the current XJ just looks like another big car, but we can take solace in one thing…
…you can still have it with brown leather and wood.
Curbside pictures courtesy of William Stopford


text: If you are interested in semantics, taxonomies, education, information overload and how libraries are evolving, you may enjoy this video of my talk on the Semantic Web and the Future of Libraries at the OCLC Symposium at the American Library Association Midwinter 2009 Conference. This event focused around a dialogue between David Weinberger and myself, moderated by Roy Tennant. We were forutnate to have an audience of about 500 very vocal library directors in the audience and it was an intensive day of thinking together. Thanks to the folks at OCLC for a terrific and really engaging event!


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saf(1m) [opensolaris man page]
saf(1M) System Administration Commands saf(1M) NAME
saf - Service Access Facility DESCRIPTION
The SAF generalizes the procedures for service access so that login access on the local system and network access to local services are managed in similar ways. Under the SAF, systems may access services using a variety of port monitors, including ttymon, the listener, and port monitors written expressly for a user's application. The manner in which a port monitor observes and manages access ports is specific to the port monitor and not to any component of the SAF. Users may therefore extend their systems by developing and installing their own port monitors. One of the important features of the SAF is that it can be extended in this way by users. Relative to the SAF, a service is a process that is started. There are no restrictions on the functions a service may provide. The SAF con- sists of a controlling process, the service access controller (SAC), and two administrative levels corresponding to two levels in the sup- porting directory structure. The top administrative level is concerned with port monitor administration, the lower level with service administration. The SAC is documented in the sac(1M) man page. The administrative levels and associated utilities are documented in the System Administration Guide - Volume II. The requirements for writing port monitors and the functions a port monitor must perform to run under the SAF and the SAC are documented here. Port Monitors A port monitor is a process that is responsible for monitoring a set of homogeneous, incoming ports on a machine. A port monitor's major purpose is to detect incoming service requests and to dispatch them appropriately. A port is an externally seen access point on a system. A port may be an address on a network (TSAP or PSAP), a hardwired terminal line, an incoming phone line, etc. The definition of what constitutes a port is strictly a function of the port monitor itself. A port monitor performs certain basic functions. Some of these are required to conform to the SAF; others may be specified by the require- ments and design of the port monitor itself. Port monitors have two main functions: managing ports and monitoring ports for indications of activity. Port Management The first function of a port monitor is to manage a port. The actual details of how a port is managed are defined by the person who defines the port monitor. A port monitor is not restricted to handling a single port; it may handle multiple ports simultaneously. Some examples of port management are setting the line speed on incoming phone connections, binding an appropriate network address, reinitializing the port when the service terminates, outputting a prompt, etc. Activity Monitoring The second function of a port monitor is to monitor the port or ports for which it is responsible for indications of activity. Two types of activity may be detected. The first is an indication to the port monitor to take some port monitor-specific action. Pressing the break key to indicate that the line speed should be cycled is an example of a port monitor activity. Not all port monitors need to recognize and respond to the same indications. The indication used to attract the attention of the port monitor is defined by the person who defines the port monitor. The second is an incoming service request. When a service request is received, a port monitor must be able to deter- mine which service is being requested from the port on which the request is received. The same service may be avail- able on more than one port. Other Port Monitor Functions This section briefly describes other port monitor functions. Restricting Access to the System A port monitor must be able to restrict access to the system without disturbing services that are still running. In order to do this, a port monitor must maintain two internal states: enabled and disabled. The port monitor starts in the state indicated by the ISTATE environment variable provided by the sac. See sac(1M) for details. Enabling or disabling a port monitor affects all ports for which the port monitor is responsible. If a port monitor is responsible for a single port, only that port will be affected. If a port monitor is responsible for multiple ports, the entire collection of ports will be affected. Enabling or disabling a port monitor is a dynamic operation: it causes the port monitor to change its internal state. The effect does not persist across new invocations of the port mon- itor. Enabling or disabling an individual port, however, is a static operation: it causes a change to an administrative file. The effect of this change will persist across new invocations of the port monitor. Creating utmpx Entries Port monitors are responsible for creating utmpx entries with the type field set to USER_PROCESS for services they start. If this action has been specified, by using the -fu option in the pmadm command line that added the service, these utmpx entries may in turn be modified by the service. When the service terminates, the utmpx entry must be set to DEAD_PROCESS. Port Monitor Process IDs and Lock Files When a port monitor starts, it writes its process id into a file named _pid in the current directory and places an advisory lock on the file. Changing the Service Environment: Running doconfig(3NSL) Before invoking the service designated in the port monitor administrative file, _pmtab, a port monitor must arrange for the per-service configuration script to be run, if one exists, by calling the library function doconfig(3NSL). Because the per-service configuration script may specify the execution of restricted commands, as well as for other security reasons, port monitors are invoked with root permissions. The details of how services are invoked are specified by the person who defines the port monitor. Terminating a Port Monitor A port monitor must terminate itself gracefully on receipt of the signal SIGTERM. The termination sequence is the following: 1. The port monitor enters the stopping state; no further service requests are accepted. 2. Any attempt to re-enable the port monitor will be ignored. 3. The port monitor yields control of all ports for which it is responsible. It must be possible for a new instantiation of the port monitor to start correctly while a previous instantiation is stopping. 4. The advisory lock on the process id file is released. Once this lock is released, the contents of the process id file are undefined and a new invocation of the port monitor may be started. SAF Files This section briefly covers the files used by the SAF. The Port Monitor Administrative File A port monitor's current directory contains an administrative file named _pmtab; _pmtab is maintained by the pmadm command in conjunc- tion with a port monitor-specific administrative command. The port monitor administrative command for a listen port monitor is nlsadmin(1M); the port monitor administrative command for ttymon is ttyadm(1M). Any port monitor written by a user must be provided with an administrative command specific to that port monitor to per- form similar functions. Per-Service Configuration Files A port monitor's current directory also contains the per-service configuration scripts, if they exist. The names of the per-service configuration scripts correspond to the service tags in the _pmtab file. Private Port Monitor Files A port monitor may create private files in the directory /var/saf/tag, where tag is the name of the port monitor. Examples of private files are log files or temporary files. The SAC/Port Monitor Interface The SAC creates two environment variables for each port monitor it starts:PMTAG and ISTATE. This variable is set to a unique port monitor tag by the SAC. The port monitor uses this tag to identify itself in response to sac mes- sages. ISTATE is used to indicate to the port monitor what its initial internal state should be. ISTATE is set to "enabled" or "disabled" to indicate that the port monitor is to start in the enabled or disabled state respectively. The SAC performs a periodic sanity poll of the port monitors. The SAC communicates with port monitors through FIFOs. A port monitor should open _pmpipe, in the current directory, to receive messages from the SAC and ../_sacpipe to send return messages to the SAC. Message Formats This section describes the messages that may be sent from the SAC to a port monitor (sac messages), and from a port monitor to the SAC (port monitor messages). These messages are sent through FIFOs and are in the form of C structures. sac Messages The format of messages from the SAC is defined by the structure sacmsg: struct sacmsg { int sc_size; /* size of optional data portion */ char sc_type; /* type of message */ }; The SAC may send four types of messages to port monitors. The type of message is indicated by setting the sc_type field of the sacmsg structure to one of the following: SC_STATUS status request SC_ENABLE enable message SC_DISABLE disable message SC_READDB message indicating that the port monitor's _pmtab file should be read The sc_size field indicates the size of the optional data part of the message. See "Message Classes." For Solaris, sc_size should always be set to 0. A port monitor must respond to every message sent by the sac. Port Monitor Messages The format of messages from a port monitor to the SAC is defined by the structure pmmsg: struct pmmsg { char pm_type; /* type of message */ unchar_t pm_state; /* current state of port monitor */ char pm_maxclass; /* maximum message class this port monitor understands */ char pm_tag[PMTAGSIZE + 1]; /* port monitor's tag */ int pm_size; /* size of optional data portion */ }; Port monitors may send two types of messages to the SAC. The type of message is indicated by setting the pm_type field of the pmmsg struc- ture to one of the following: PM_STATUS state information PM_UNKNOWN negative acknowledgment For both types of messages, the pm_tag field is set to the port monitor's tag and the pm_state field is set to the port monitor's current state. Valid states are: PM_STARTING starting PM_ENABLED enabled PM_DISABLED disabled PM_STOPPING stopping The current state reflects any changes caused by the last message from the SAC. The status message is the normal return message. The nega- tive acknowledgment should be sent only when the message received is not understood. pm_size indicates the size of the optional data part of the message. pm_maxclass is used to specify a message class. Both are discussed under "Message Classes." In Solaris, always set pm_max- class to 1 and sc_size to 0. Port monitors may never initiate messages; they may only respond to messages that they receive. Message Classes The concept of message class has been included to accommodate possible SAF extensions. The messages described above are all class 1 mes- sages. None of these messages contains a variable data portion; all pertinent information is contained in the message header. If new mes- sages are added to the protocol, they will be defined as new message classes (for example, class 2). The first message the SAC sends to a port monitor will always be a class 1 message. Since all port monitors, by definition, understand class 1 messages, the first message the SAC sends is guaranteed to be understood. In its response to the SAC, the port monitor sets the pm_maxclass field to the maximum message class number for that port monitor. The SAC will not send messages to a port monitor from a class with a larger number than the value of pm_maxclass. Requests that require messages of a higher class than the port monitor can understand will fail. For Solaris, always set pm_maxclass to 1. For any given port monitor, messages of class pm_maxclass and messages of all classes with values lower than pm_maxclass are valid. Thus, if the pm_maxclass field is set to 3, the port monitor understands messages of classes 1, 2, and 3. Port monitors may not generate mes- sages; they may only respond to messages. A port monitor's response must be of the same class as the originating message. Since only the SAC can generate messages, this protocol will function even if the port monitor is capable of dealing with messages of a higher class than the SAC can generate. pm_size (an element of the pmmsg structure) and sc_size (an element of the sacmsg structure) indicate the size of the optional data part of the message. The format of this part of the message is undefined. Its definition is inherent in the type of message. For Solaris, always set both sc_size and pm_size to 0. Administrative Interface This section discusses the port monitor administrative files available under the SAC. The SAC Administrative File _sactab The service access controller's administrative file contains information about all the port monitors for which the SAC is responsible. This file exists on the delivered system. Initially, it is empty except for a single comment line that contains the version number of the SAC. Port monitors are added to the system by making entries in the SAC's administrative file. These entries should be made using the adminis- trative command sacadm(1M) with a -a option. sacadm(1M) is also used to remove entries from the SAC's administrative file. Each entry in the SAC's administrative file contains the following information. PMTAG A unique tag that identifies a particular port monitor. The system administrator is responsible for naming a port monitor. This tag is then used by the SAC to identify the port monitor for all administrative purposes. PMTAG may consist of up to 14 alphanumeric characters. PMTYPE The type of the port monitor. In addition to its unique tag, each port monitor has a type designator. The type designator iden- tifies a group of port monitors that are different invocations of the same entity. ttymon and listen are examples of valid port monitor types. The type designator is used to facilitate the administration of groups of related port monitors. Without a type designator, the system administrator has no way of knowing which port monitor tags correspond to port monitors of the same type. PMTYPE may consist of up to 14 alphanumeric characters. FLGS The flags that are currently defined are: d When started, do not enable the port monitor. x Do not start the port monitor. If no flag is specified, the default action is taken. By default a port monitor is started and enabled. RCNT The number of times a port monitor may fail before being placed in a failed state. Once a port monitor enters the failed state, the SAC will not try to restart it. If a count is not specified when the entry is created, this field is set to 0. A restart count of 0 indicates that the port monitor is not to be restarted when it fails. COMMAND A string representing the command that will start the port monitor. The first component of the string, the command itself, must be a full path name. The Port Monitor Administrative File _pmtab Each port monitor will have two directories for its exclusive use. The current directory will contain files defined by the SAF (_pmtab, _pid) and the per-service configuration scripts, if they exist. The directory /var/saf/pmtag, where pmtag is the tag of the port monitor, is available for the port monitor's private files. Each port monitor has its own administrative file. The pmadm(1M) command should be used to add, remove, or modify service entries in this file. Each time a change is made using pmadm(1M), the corresponding port monitor rereads its administrative file. Each entry in a port monitor's administrative file defines how the port monitor treats a specific port and what service is to be invoked on that port. Some fields must be present for all types of port monitors. Each entry must include a service tag to identify the service uniquely and an identity to be assigned to the service when it is started (for example, root). The combination of a service tag and a port monitor tag uniquely define an instance of a service. The same service tag may be used to iden- tify a service under a different port monitor. The record must also contain port monitor specific data (for example, for a ttymon port mon- itor, this will include the prompt string which is meaningful to ttymon). Each type of port monitor must provide a command that takes the necessary port monitor-specific data as arguments and outputs these data in a form suitable for storage in the file. The ttyadm(1M) command does this for ttymon and nlsadmin(1M) does it for listen. For a user-defined port monitor, a similar administrative command must also be supplied. Each service entry in the port monitor administrative file must have the following format and contain the information listed below: svctag:flgs:id:reserved:reserved:reserved:pmspecific# comment SVCTAG is a unique tag that identifies a service. This tag is unique only for the port monitor through which the service is available. Other port monitors may offer the same or other services with the same tag. A service requires both a port monitor tag and a service tag to identify it uniquely. SVCTAG may consist of up to 14 alphanumeric characters. The service entries are defined as: FLGS Flags with the following meanings may currently be included in this field: x Do not enable this port. By default the port is enabled. u Create a utmpx entry for this service. By default no utmpx entry is created for the service. ID The identity under which the service is to be started. The identity has the form of a login name as it appears in /etc/passwd. PMSPECIFIC Examples of port monitor information are addresses, the name of a process to execute, or the name of a STREAMS-based pipe to pass a connection through. This information will vary to meet the needs of each different type of port monitor. COMMENT A comment associated with the service entry. Port monitors may ignore the u flag if creating a utmpx entry for the service is not appropriate to the manner in which the service is to be invoked. Some services may not start properly unless utmpx entries have been created for them (for example, login). Each port monitor administrative file must contain one special com- ment of the form: # VERSION=value where value is an integer that represents the port monitor's version number. The version number defines the format of the port monitor administrative file. This comment line is created automatically when a port monitor is added to the system. It appears on a line by itself, before the service entries. Monitor-Specific Administrative Command Previously, two pieces of information included in the _pmtab file were described: the port monitor's version number and the port monitor part of the service entries in the port monitor's _pmtab file. When a new port monitor is added, the version number must be known so that the _pmtab file can be correctly initialized. When a new service is added, the port monitor part of the _pmtab entry must be formatted cor- rectly. Each port monitor must have an administrative command to perform these two tasks. The person who defines the port monitor must also define such an administrative command and its input options. When the command is invoked with these options, the information required for the port monitor part of the service entry must be correctly formatted for inclusion in the port monitor's _pmtab file and must be written to the standard output. To request the version number the command must be invoked with a -V option; when it is invoked in this way, the port monitor's current version number must be written to the standard output. If the command fails for any reason during the execution of either of these tasks, no data should be written to standard output. The Port Monitor/Service Interface The interface between a port monitor and a service is determined solely by the service. Two mechanisms for invoking a service are presented here as examples. New Service Invocations The first interface is for services that are started anew with each request. This interface requires the port monitor to first fork(2) a child process. The child will eventually become the designated service by performing an exec(1). Before the exec(1) happens, the port monitor may take some port monitor-specific action; however, one action that must occur is the interpretation of the per-service con- figuration script, if one is present. This is done by calling the library routine doconfig(3NSL). Standing Service Invocations The second interface is for invocations of services that are actively running. To use this interface, a service must have one end of a stream pipe open and be prepared to receive connections through it. Port Monitor Requirements To implement a port monitor, several generic requirements must be met. This section summarizes these requirements. In addition to the port monitor itself, an administrative command must be supplied. Initial Environment When a port monitor is started, it expects an initial execution environment in which: o It has no file descriptors open o It cannot be a process group leader o It has an entry in /etc/utmpx of type LOGIN_PROCESS o An environment variable, ISTATE, is set to "enabled" or "disabled" to indicate the port monitor's correct initial state o An environment variable, PMTAG, is set to the port monitor's assigned tag o The directory that contains the port monitor's administrative files is its current directory o pThe port monitor is able to create private files in the directory /var/saf/tag, where tag is the port monitor's tag o The port monitor is running with user id 0 (root) Important Files Relative to its current directory, the following key files exist for a port monitor. _config The port monitor's configuration script. The port monitor configuration script is run by the SAC. The SAC is started by init(1M) as a result of an entry in /etc/inittab that calls sac(1M). _pid The file into which the port monitor writes its process id. _pmtab The port monitor's administrative file. This file contains information about the ports and services for which the port monitor is responsible. _pmpipe The FIFO through which the port monitor will receive messages from the SAC. svctag The per-service configuration script for the service with the tag svctag. ../_sacpipe The FIFO through which the port monitor will send messages to sac(1M). Port Monitor Responsibilities A port monitor is responsible for performing the following tasks in addition to its port monitor function: o Write its process id into the file _pid and place an advisory lock on the file o Terminate gracefully on receipt of the signal SIGTERM o Follow the protocol for message exchange with the SAC A port monitor must perform the following tasks during service invocation: o Create a utmpx entry if the requested service has the u flag set in _pmtab o Port monitors may ignore this flag if creating a utmpx entry for the service does not make sense because of the manner in which the service is to be invoked. On the other hand, some services may not start properly unless utmpx entries have been created for them. o Interpret the per-service configuration script for the requested service, if it exists, by calling the doconfig(3NSL) library routine Configuration Files and Scripts The library routine doconfig(3NSL), defined in libnsl.so, interprets the configuration scripts contained in the files /etc/saf/_sysconfig (the per-system configuration file), and /etc/saf/pmtag/_config (per-port monitor configuration files); and in /etc/saf/pmtag/svctag (per- service configuration files). Its syntax is: #include <sac.h> int doconfig (int fd, char *script, long rflag); script is the name of the configuration script; fd is a file descriptor that designates the stream to which stream manipulation operations are to be applied; rflag is a bitmask that indicates the mode in which script is to be interpreted. rflag may take two values, NORUN and NOASSIGN, which may be or'd. If rflag is zero, all commands in the configuration script are eligible to be interpreted. If rflag has the NOASSIGN bit set, the assign command is considered illegal and will generate an error return. If rflag has the NORUN bit set, the run and runwait commands are considered illegal and will generate error returns. If a command in the script fails, the interpretation of the script ceases at that point and a positive integer is returned; this number indicates which line in the script failed. If a system error occurs, a value of -1 is returned. If a script fails, the process whose environment was being established should not be started. In the example, doconfig(3NSL) is used to interpret a per-service configuration script. ... if ((i = doconfig (fd, svctag, 0)) != 0){ error ("doconfig failed on line %d of script %s",i,svctag); } The Per-System Configuration File The per-system configuration file, /etc/saf/_sysconfig, is delivered empty. It may be used to customize the environment for all ser- vices on the system by writing a command script in the interpreted language described in this chapter and on the doconfig(3NSL) man- page. When the SAC is started, it calls the doconfig(3NSL) function to interpret the per-system configuration script. The SAC is started when the system enters multiuser mode. Per-Port Monitor Configuration Files Per-port monitor configuration scripts (/etc/saf/pmtag/_config) are optional. They allow the user to customize the environment for any given port monitor and for the services that are available through the ports for which that port monitor is responsible. Per-port moni- tor configuration scripts are written in the same language used for per-system configuration scripts. The per-port monitor configura- tion script is interpreted when the port monitor is started. The port monitor is started by the SAC after the SAC has itself been started and after it has run its own configuration script, /etc/saf/_sysconfig. The per-port monitor configuration script may override defaults provided by the per-system configuration script. Per-Service Configuration Files Per-service configuration files allow the user to customize the environment for a specific service. For example, a service may require special privileges that are not available to the general user. Using the language described in the doconfig(3NSL) manpage, you can write a script that will grant or limit such special privileges to a particular service offered through a particular port monitor. The per-service configuration may override defaults provided by higher-level configuration scripts. For example, the per-service configura- tion script may specify a set of STREAMS modules other than the default set. The Configuration Language The language in which configuration scripts are written consists of a sequence of commands, each of which is interpreted separately. The following reserved keywords are defined: assign, push, pop, runwait, and run. The comment character is #. Blank lines are not significant. No line in a command script may exceed 1024 characters. assign variable=value Used to define environment variables; variable is the name of the environment variable and value is the value to be assigned to it. The value assigned must be a string constant; no form of parameter substitution is available. value may be quoted. The quoting rules are those used by the shell for defining environment variables. assign will fail if space cannot be allocated for the new variable or if any part of the specification is invalid. push module1[,module2, module3, . . .] Used to push STREAMS modules onto the stream designated by fd; module1 is the name of the first module to be pushed, module2 is the name of the second module to be pushed, and so on. The command will fail if any of the named modules cannot be pushed. If a module can- not be pushed, the subsequent modules on the same command line will be ignored and modules that have already been pushed will be popped. pop [module] Used to pop STREAMS modules off the designated stream. If pop is invoked with no arguments, the top module on the stream is popped. If an argument is given, modules will be popped one at a time until the named module is at the top of the stream. If the named module is not on the designated stream, the stream is left as it was and the command fails. If module is the special keyword ALL, then all mod- ules on the stream will be popped. Only modules above the topmost driver are affected. runwait command The runwait command runs a command and waits for it to complete; command is the path name of the command to be run. The command is run with /bin/sh -c prepended to it; shell scripts may thus be executed from configuration scripts. The runwait command will fail if com- mand cannot be found or cannot be executed, or if command exits with a nonzero status. run command The run command is identical to runwait except that it does not wait for command to complete; command is the path name of the command to be run. run will not fail unless it is unable to create achild process to execute the command. Although they are syntactically indistinguishable, some of the commands available to run and runwait are interpreter built-in commands. Interpreter built-ins are used when it is necessary to alter the state of a process within the context of that process. The doconfig interpreter built-in commands are similar to the shell special commands and, like these, they do not spawn another process for execution. See the sh(1) man page. The initial set of built-in commands is: cd, ulimit, umask. Sample Port Monitor Code This example shows an example of a "null" port monitor that simply responds to messages from the SAC. ># include <stdlib.h> # include <stdio.h> # include <unistd.h> # include <fcntl.h> # include <signal.h> # include <sac.h> char Scratch[BUFSIZ]; /* scratch buffer */ char Tag[PMTAGSIZE + 1]; /* port monitor's tag */ FILE *Fp; /* file pointer for log file */ FILE *Tfp; /* file pointer for pid file */ char State; /* portmonitor's current state*/ main(argc, argv) int argc; char *argv[]; { char *istate; strcpy(Tag, getenv("PMTAG")); /* * open up a log file in port monitor's private directory */ sprintf(Scratch, "/var/saf/%s/log", Tag); Fp = fopen(Scratch, "a+"); if (Fp == (FILE *)NULL) exit(1); log(Fp, "starting"); /* * retrieve initial state (either "enabled" or "disabled") and set * State accordingly */ istate = getenv("ISTATE"); sprintf(Scratch, "ISTATE is %s", istate); log(Fp, Scratch); if (!strcmp(istate, "enabled")) State = PM_ENABLED; else if (!strcmp(istate, "disabled")) State = PM_DISABLED; else { log(Fp, "invalid initial state"); exit(1); } sprintf(Scratch, "PMTAG is %s", Tag); log(Fp, Scratch); /* * set up pid file and lock it to indicate that we are active */ Tfp = fopen("_pid", "w"); if (Tfp == (FILE *)NULL) { log(Fp, "couldn't open pid file"); exit(1); } if (lockf(fileno(Tfp), F_TEST, 0) < 0) { log(Fp, "pid file already locked"); exit(1); } log(Fp, "locking file"); if (lockf(fileno(Tfp), F_LOCK, 0) < 0) { log(Fp, "lock failed"); exit(1); } fprintf(Tfp, "%d", getpid()); fflush(Tfp); /* * handle poll messages from the sac ... this function never returns */ handlepoll(); pause(); fclose(Tfp); fclose(Fp); } handlepoll() { int pfd; /* file descriptor for incoming pipe */ int sfd; /* file descriptor for outgoing pipe */ struct sacmsg sacmsg; /* incoming message */ struct pmmsg pmmsg; /* outgoing message */ /* * open pipe for incoming messages from the sac */ pfd = open("_pmpipe", O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK); if (pfd < 0) { log(Fp, "_pmpipe open failed"); exit(1); } /* * open pipe for outgoing messages to the sac */ sfd = open("../_sacpipe", O_WRONLY); if (sfd < 0) { log(Fp, "_sacpipe open failed"); exit(1); } /* * start to build a return message; we only support class 1 messages */ strcpy(pmmsg.pm_tag, Tag); pmmsg.pm_size = 0; pmmsg.pm_maxclass = 1; /* * keep responding to messages from the sac */ for (;;) { if (read(pfd, &sacmsg, sizeof(sacmsg)) != sizeof(sacmsg)) { log(Fp, "_pmpipe read failed"); exit(1); } /* * determine the message type and respond appropriately */ switch (sacmsg.sc_type) { case SC_STATUS: log(Fp, "Got SC_STATUS message"); pmmsg.pm_type = PM_STATUS; pmmsg.pm_state = State; break; case SC_ENABLE: /*note internal state change below*/ log(Fp, "Got SC_ENABLE message"); pmmsg.pm_type = PM_STATUS; State = PM_ENABLED; pmmsg.pm_state = State; break; case SC_DISABLE: /*note internal state change below*/ log(Fp, "Got SC_DISABLE message"); pmmsg.pm_type = PM_STATUS; State = PM_DISABLED; pmmsg.pm_state = State; break; case SC_READDB: /* * if this were a fully functional port * monitor it would read _pmtab here * and take appropriate action */ log(Fp, "Got SC_READDB message"); pmmsg.pm_type = PM_STATUS; pmmsg.pm_state = State; break; default: sprintf(Scratch, "Got unknown message <%d>", sacmsg.sc_type); log(Fp, Scratch); pmmsg.pm_type = PM_UNKNOWN; pmmsg.pm_state = State; break; } /* * send back a response to the poll * indicating current state */ if (write(sfd, &pmmsg, sizeof(pmmsg)) != sizeof(pmmsg)) log(Fp, "sanity response failed"); } } /* * general logging function */ log(fp, msg) FILE *fp; char *msg; { fprintf(fp, "%d; %s ", getpid(), msg); fflush(fp); } The sac.h Header File The following example shows the sac.h header file. /* length in bytes of a utmpx id */ # define IDLEN 4 /* wild character for utmpx ids */ # define SC_WILDC 0xff /* max len in bytes for port monitor tag */ # define PMTAGSIZE 14 /* * values for rflag in doconfig() */ /* don't allow assign operations */ # define NOASSIGN 0x1 /* don't allow run or runwait operations */ # define NORUN 0x2 /* * message to SAC (header only). This header is forever fixed. The * size field (pm_size) defines the size of the data portion of the * message, which follows the header. The form of this optional data * portion is defined strictly by the message type (pm_type). */ struct pmmsg { char pm_type; /* type of message */ unchar_t pm_state; /* current state of pm */ char pm_maxclass; /* max message class this port monitor understands */ char pm_tag[PMTAGSIZE + 1]; /* pm's tag */ int pm_size; /* size of opt data portion */ }; /* * pm_type values */ # define PM_STATUS 1 /* status response */ # define PM_UNKNOWN 2 /* unknown message was received */ /* * pm_state values */ /* * Class 1 responses */ # define PM_STARTING 1 /* monitor in starting state */ # define PM_ENABLED 2 /* monitor in enabled state */ # define PM_DISABLED 3 /* monitor in disabled state */ # define PM_STOPPING 4 /* monitor in stopping state */ /* * message to port monitor */ struct sacmsg { int sc_size; /* size of optional data portion */ char sc_type; /* type of message */ }; /* * sc_type values * These represent commands that the SAC sends to a port monitor. * These commands are divided into "classes" for extensibility. Each * subsequent "class" is a superset of the previous "classes" plus * the new commands defined within that "class". The header for all * commands is identical; however, a command may be defined such that * an optional data portion may be sent in addition to the header. * The format of this optional data piece is self-defining based on * the command. The first message sent by the SAC * will always be a class 1 message. The port monitor response * indicates the maximum class that it is able to understand. Another * note is that port monitors should only respond to a message with * an equivalent class response (i.e. a class 1 command causes a * class 1 response). */ /* * Class 1 commands (currently, there are only class 1 commands) */ # define SC_STATUS 1 /* status request * # define SC_ENABLE 2 /* enable request */ # define SC_DISABLE 3 /* disable request */ # define SC_READDB 4 /* read pmtab request */ /* * `errno' values for Saferrno, note that Saferrno is used by both * pmadm and sacadm and these values are shared between them */ # define E_BADARGS 1 /* bad args/ill-formed cmd line */ # define E_NOPRIV 2 /* user not priv for operation */ # define E_SAFERR 3 /* generic SAF error */ # define E_SYSERR 4 /* system error */ # define E_NOEXIST 5 /* invalid specification */ # define E_DUP 6 /* entry already exists */ # define E_PMRUN 7 /* port monitor is running */ # define E_PMNOTRUN 8 /* port monitor is not running */ # define E_RECOVER 9 /* in recovery */ Directory Structure This section gives a description of the SAF files and directories. /etc/saf/_sysconfig The per-system configuration script. /etc/saf/_sactab The SAC's administrative file. Contains information about the port monitors for which the SAC is responsible. /etc/saf/pmtag The home directory for port monitor pmtag. /etc/saf/pmtag/_config The per-port monitor configuration script for port monitor pmtag. /etc/saf/pmtag/_pmtab Port monitor pmtag's administrative file. Contains information about the services for which pmtag is responsi- ble. /etc/saf/pmtag/svctag The file in which the per-service configuration script for service svctag (available through port monitor pmtag) is placed. /etc/saf/pmtag/_pid The file in which a port monitor writes its process id in the current directory and places an advisory lock on the file. /etc/saf/ pmtag /_pmpipe The file in which the port monitor receives messages from the SAC and ../_sacpipe and sends return messages to the SAC. /var/saf/_log The SAC's log file. /var/saf/pmtag The directory for files created by port monitor pmtag, for example its log file. LIST OF COMMANDS
The following administrative commands relate to SAF. sacadm(1M) port monitor administrative command pmadm(1M) service administration command ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes: +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ | ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE | +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ |Availability |SUNWcsr | +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ SEE ALSO
exec(1), sh(1), init(1M), nlsadmin(1M), pmadm(1M), sac(1M), sacadm(1M), ttyadm(1M), fork(2), doconfig(3NSL), attributes(5) SunOS 5.11 30 Jul1998 saf(1M)


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Unemployment is at 8.3 percent. The economy is sputtering at 1.5 percent growth. Food prices are rising due to drought conditions across the country. And gas prices are up again, pinching Americans' summer budgets. It is past time for the President and Congress to pursue smart policies that would put us on a path to relief.
According to AAA's Fuel Gauge Report, the current national average for regular is $3.66 per gallon. That's up 28 cents per gallon from a month ago, and July had its biggest price jump since AAA started tracking prices in 2000.
There are many factors affecting prices that we cannot control—worldwide tensions, especially in the Middle East, can drive up oil prices. Global demand, especially from China and India's rapidly growing economies, continues upward.
But after three years of adding regulatory hurdles and blocking exploratory access and development, President Obama's policies are helping keep prices higher than necessary.
If the President truly wanted to lower gas prices, he would work to increase supply. But when given the opportunity, he has done the opposite. He turned down the Keystone XL pipeline, which would bring up to 830,000 barrels of oil per day from Canada. His Administration has made it even harder for companies to explore and extract domestic energy resources by canceling, delaying, or withdrawing a number of lease sales for exploration and development. Meanwhile, huge swaths of federal lands have been put off limits for energy exploration.
Domestic refinery outages have had a recent impact on gas prices. Two of the factors holding back domestic energy production are regulatory red tape and litigation—and these, we can do something about. As Heritage's Nicolas Loris notes:
Environmental activists delay new energy projects by filing endless administrative appeals and lawsuits. Creating a manageable time frame for permitting and for groups or individuals to contest energy plans would keep potentially cost-effective ventures from being tied up for years in litigation while allowing the public and interested parties to voice opposition or support for these projects.
We don't have to stand still. Congress could alleviate the energy crunch in 10 different ways by taking action on things we can control, like restrictions on oil shale development and offshore drilling.
One of the most common objections is that increasing domestic oil production takes too long and would not impact the market for at least a decade. The longer people make this argument, however, the longer it will take. The sooner we make investments in domestic energy, the sooner those benefits will be realized. And with some serious reforms, some of this oil can reach the market in much less than a decade.
Gas prices aren't under the control of any one President. But Americans shouldn't settle for policies that restrict oil exploration, refining, and production and artificially drive prices higher.
High Gas Prices: Obama's Half-Truths vs. Reality
Obama's 10 Worst Energy Policies
Quick Hits:
- More than 40 percent of immigrants—both legal and illegal—who have been in the U.S. for 20 years are on some type of welfare, according to a new report.
- The U.S. Navy rescued 10 people from the Gulf of Oman, where their ship flying the Iranian flag had caught fire. "It's not uncommon for U.S. Navy ships to rescue mariners in distress whatever their nationality," says ABC.
- Democratic Missouri Senator Claire McCaskill called conservative views "outside of the mainstream" and "dangerous" in an attack on her new opponent Todd Akin, the winner of Tuesday's Republican primary.
- NASA scientists are "thrilled" with the quality of images the Mars rover Curiosity is sending back, reports the L.A. Times.
- A new Heritage Legal Memo explains the section of the 1996 welfare reform law that Obama's Health and Human Services Department has changed—and shows why HHS has no authority to do so.