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James Bond films are more than twice as violent as they used to be, researchers from Otago University have found.
The finding comes as no surprise to a local criminologist, who says film violence has become more extreme to pull in young audiences - some of whom identify with the violence to the point they commit brutal acts themselves.
Researchers analysed 22 films in the Bond franchise, from Dr No in 1962 to Quantum of Solace in 2008, to test the theory that popular movies are becoming more violent.
Not only did the newer Bond films feature more violence, there was an even bigger increase in the amount of severe violence - acts likely to cause death or injury if they occurred in real life.
The violent acts were defined as either trivial, such as pushes or open-handed slaps, or severe, such as punching, kicking or attacks with weapons.
Dr No featured only 109 violent acts compared with 250 in Quantum of Solace, which featured nearly three times as many acts of severe violence.
Study co-author Associate Professor Bob Hancox said the popular Bond films were seen by many children and adolescents, and their increasingly violent nature was concerning.
"There is extensive research evidence suggesting that young people's viewing of media violence can contribute to desensitisation to violence and aggressive behaviour."
Canterbury University criminologist Professor Greg Newbold said the tendency towards much more graphic violence was driven by what appealed to children.
"The more graphic the violence and the more spectacular the violence, the more appeal it has for kids, and the more money they [movies] make."
Dr Newbold said film violence was not a problem for children from good families, but it did have an impact on children from violent home backgrounds, who identified with characters capable of extreme violence and domination.
"Those kinds of kids identify with those hero figures, and then begin to act out in their own lives.
"They're the kinds of kids who are likely to go out and do a robbery and then gratuitously shoot someone because that's what they've seen done on TV or videos or whatever so many times. You just take a life, and that makes you a hero."
Dr Newbold disagreed that young people were becoming desensitised to violence.
"I think it's the opposite. I think they're being hyper-sensitised to it, and I think they adopt those role models. For them, the hero is the man who can smash and dominate other men."
Bob McCoskrie, director of conservative lobby group Family First, said the findings did not surprise him at all.
He said film classifications were looser now than a decade ago, which was helping to normalise violence, bad language and sexual content.
"Society simply responds to that, and this study is a classic example of how far it's going," he said.
"I think we'd be naive to think that we can continue to feed ourselves violent images and from there try to argue it has no influence on our actions or our attitudes - especially perhaps for younger people."
Chief censor Andrew Jack said societal attitudes towards the likes of violence and sex had changed, and that was reflected in the types of films being made.
But he disagreed there had been a discernible loosening in the classifications given to films.
About half of all complaints about film ratings were about cross-rated films which had been classified in Australia rather than here, as the latest three Bond films had been.
"I think Australians have a rather higher tolerance for violence than most New Zealanders do," he said.
Dr Jack said there had been no complaints so far about the latest Bond film, Skyfall, which was rated M, and one complaint each against the classifications of the previous two Bond films.
Skyfall was not included in the Otago University research, published in US journal Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, because it had not been released at the time of the study.


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Over two years have passed from my first Trans-siberian tour of Russia in 2007. I went back with Lucille in 2008 and in both occasion I wrote long journals about the experience. I kept them for me and a few friends until now, but I think I'm quite ready to share them. Here is the journal from 2007. The order of the pictures is completely random....Hope you enjoy it.
Here's the LINK

subset: commoncrawl


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"It's an unforgettable experience!"
"It's an unforgettable experience!"
"We really could see all sights on this tour!""
"The best part was the splash on water! Phenomenal…!"
You can not miss out on this special experience, if you ever come to Budapest! This flaming yellow bus looks like a little bit weird sightseeing bus on the roads, and when you see it splashing on water, first you get a heart attack than you quickly start looking for your mobile to call the police, ambulance or fire service… And you still can not believe your eyes, because instead of sinking the bus just floats forward easily. First you might think this can not be possible, but than you realise, what you see is an amphibious wonderbus! Till now we only knew about river cruises, where you could travel only on the water, and about city sightseeing tours, where tourists could explore the town on the roads of Budapest, but no one has ever seen a bus on water before. Those who have been to London might have tried the Duck Tours amphibious bus on the river Thames, but we had to wait until 2009, when RiverRide, Hungary's first amphibious bus was born, to be able to try this special service in Budapest too. Since then carries River Ride tourists on the streets of Budapest and splashes on water during the tour not to miss the beautiful view and the main attractions on the bank of the river Danube.
The amphibious bus introduces amongst other the Academy of Sciences, the Citadel and a lot of other must see attractions of the capital with the help of a travel guide. We can have a spectacular view on the Parliamen and the more than 150 years old towers of St. Steven's Basilika through the huge panorama windows of the bus. Accourding to the route the bus goes by the largest Synagoge of Europe, just before getting to the Opera Hause, designed by Miklós Ybl. After this comes Heroes' Square and than the bus drives to the quay and with a big splash takes possession of the water of the river Danube. A lot of people are waiting and following with attention the splash of the floating bus, and are watching with excitement weather the captain can manage to drive this great vehichle to the river bank while fighting against the stream of the Danube.
But no one needs to worry about the safety of the passangers. This special vehichle, suitable for both land and water, is absolutely safe on land and on water as well. The 9 emergency exits, anchor, life jackets under the seats and the qualified personnel together result a fully responsible and unique luxury vehicle. The two hour tour provides exciting, extensive and real experience for both children and adults. You do not even have to change your comfortable seat and you can enjoy a real adventure trip on land and water at the same time!
Would you like to play it safe and book a seat in advance? Are you travelling with a small group and you already have the date for your Budapest sightseeing? Do not wait any longer, get your tickets booked on riverride.com, where you can arrange your payment in many different ways. You can also find an accurate schedule attractions map on the RiverRide homepage, just to make your planning easier. You can even rent RiverRide for private tours, or as a spot for conferences, events, team building trainings, family celebrations, parties and cultural events. The team of River Ride even helps you arranging the programs.
You can also get a RiverRide voucher in case you would like to make a surprise for your friends or your partner. Explore the most beautiful attractions of our capital on four wheels on land and rocking on the waves of the Danube with the only bus in Budapest, which under obligation has to display its flag of convenience, just like water vehicles!


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The subtle difference between an obliviously trashy movie and a self-aware trashy movie can be the little thing that makes all the difference. The 1993 Sylvester Stallone sci-fi actioner Demolition Man knows it's trash, and jumps right in for a good old-fashioned wallow. Come to think of it, "old-fashioned" is not exactly the right word for a futuristic satire that teases the intellect while determinedly refusing to tax it.
In 1996 (three years in the movie's future), Los Angeles continues to devolve into devastating riots, taking the form—in the film's opening sequence—of a giant melee between sadistic über-criminal Simon Phoenix (Wesley Snipes, devouring scenery like a starving man) and police Sgt. John Spartan (Stallone), a wantonly destructive top cop with the nickname "Demolition Man" ("Send a maniac to catch one," Spartan "reflects"). Wrongly pinned with the deaths of dozens of innocent hostages, Spartan finds himself sentenced to CryoPrison along with his enemy Phoenix. But when Phoenix awakes and escapes from CryoPrison in 2032, the complacent police department of crime-free San Angeles can't tell its crimefighting ass from its crimefighting elbow. Its only hope? To fight fire with fire by thawing out the "Demolition Man" and siccing him on Phoenix. To the delight of Lieutenant Lenina Huxley (a well-cast Sandra Bullock), she becomes Spartan's guide to a baffling future.
Marco Brambilla emerged from obscurity to direct Demolition Man and the 1997 Alicia Silverstone/Benicio Del Toro action comedy Excess Baggage before promptly returning to obscurity (actually, to the art world, where his video and photography projects continue to thrive). Brambilla brings a fearless verve to Demolition Man, a Joel Silver production with photography by Alex Thomson (Excalibur, Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet) and a pinball-game script credited to Daniel Waters (Heathers) and Robert Reneau and Peter M. Lenko. Along with self-conscious Hollywood satire (including the film-opening image of the Hollywood sign on fire, Bullock's action-movie-loving cop, a President Schwarzenegger joke, and a direct reference to Stallone's Rambo character), the picture offers equal-opportunity social critique: the future world can be take as a conservative fable of the necessity of a strong national defense as well as a cautionary tale against conservatism-turned-fascism: the sanitized world includes a verbal morality statute that's also a shot at the MPAA.
While poking fun at our insatiably violent society, Demolition Man is itself merrily violent, resembling its own remarks about a society in which every restaurant is owned by the same fast-food joint, "the only restaurant to survive the Franchise Wars." The junk-food flick gets pleasingly vivid flavors from character actors like Nigel Hawthorne, Bill Cobbs and Bob Gunton, as well as injections of sugar and fat from Rob Schneider and Denis Leary, hilariously cast as underground revolutionary Edgar Friendly, the stand-up-comedian's answer to Che Guevara. Demolition Man doesn't quite go far enough, instead settling for cheap gags and cheap thrills, but it tickles fairly well for a couple of hours of crashes and fireballs.
If Demolition Man never quite achieves convincing depth on Blu-ray, it still looks its best yet in this hi-def presentation. Most importantly, Warner affords the picture a naturally filmlike look by forgoing digital tampering. Film grain and contrast look just right, black level is satisfyingly deep, and the subdued color palette looks as it should, while newly discernable textures help to make the Blu-ray stand head-and-shoulders above DVD. Likewise, the lossless DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1 mix makes the most of the film's original surround elements, with potent sound effects never drowning out the dialogue or music.
This catalog title comes with a vintage bonus feature: a nicely informative commentary with director Marco Brambilla and producer Joel Silver (the latter mostly just putting in a token "appearance" at the track's outset). Brambilla talks a good game about the picture, explaining his approach to every filmic element. Also on hand is the film's "Theatrical Trailer" (2:06, SD).
Review gear: |
Panasonic Viera TC-P55VT30 55" Plasma 1080p 3D HDTV
Oppo BDP-93 Universal Network 3D Blu-ray Disc Player
Denon AVR2112CI Integrated Network A/V Surround Receiver
Pioneer SP-BS41-LR Bookshelf Speaker (2)
Pioneer SP-C21 Center Speaker
Pioneer SW-8 Subwoofer


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Waterfront Homes
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Teppanyaki is such a fun way to dine, and a teppanyaki birthday dinner is next to none. Gather your friends for a delicious night out to celebrate because when you join the Chef's Table at Benihana, they'll send you a complimentary $30 voucher for your birthday! Happy Birthday!
Over the summer, I'll be posting more birthday offers, so be sure to refer back to the full list for any that you may have missed.


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Being Safe in the Kitchen
Do you like putting on an apron and making a delicious snack for your family? How about helping out at the stove, stirring and sniffing the sweet smells? Or making cookies by cutting out your favorite shapes?
Making food is fun, but it's important to know how to be safe. This means knowing when to get the help of an adult assistant, how to keep things clean, and how to use the kitchen safely. Let's get cookin'!
Your Adult Assistant
If you've ever seen a cooking show on TV, you know that all the best chefs have an assistant to help them out. If you're a kid, an adult assistant can come in handy to make cooking easier and keep you safe.
Before beginning any recipe, get an adult's permission to work in the kitchen. If your recipe uses knives, the stove, or other kitchen appliances, you must have some adult help. Some things that adults use in the kitchen may seem simple to operate, but once you use them yourself, you might be surprised by how difficult they actually are. By having your assistant around, you can avoid surprises, stay safe, and have fun while you cook.
What Should You Wear?
Wearing an apron will keep your clothes clean. If you don't have an apron, an old shirt will do. But don't wear anything that's big and loose. Baggy sleeves or clothes could catch fire or get caught in mixer beaters or other equipment.
Keep Germs Out of Your Food
A big part of safe cooking is keeping the chef and the kitchen clean. The idea is to keep germs, which can make you sick, out of your food. Always wash your hands with soap and water right before you begin any recipe. This is especially important for recipes that involve touching the food directly, like kneading dough or mixing ingredients with your hands.
Also be sure to wash your hands before and after handling raw meat, poultry, egg, and fish products because these foods can contain bacteria. You don't want that bacteria getting on your hands because then they could end up in your mouth — yuck!
You also can fight germs by keeping your working surfaces (like countertops and cutting boards) clean and dry. Wash them with soap and warm water after you're done cooking.
Leftovers are great, but you don't want germs in them either. Ask your adult assistant for help in storing any leftovers. Food may be refrigerated or frozen to keep it fresh. Eat refrigerated leftovers within 3 to 4 days. Frozen leftovers are safe but lose flavor when stored longer than 3 or 4 months.
Using the Kitchen Safely
You have your ingredients neatly lined up, your hands washed, and your measuring spoons out. But before you start, it's a good idea to learn a few rules of the kitchen. It's easy to get injured in the kitchen if you're not careful, and a cut or burn will put an end to your fun cooking session.
Always ask your adult assistant if you can use blenders, food processors, knives, or other sharp kitchen tools. If you're allowed to use a knife, point the blade away from yourself and keep your fingers away from the blade when you're cutting. Give the job your full attention — no looking at the TV for a quick second or yelling to your sister. Your adult assistant should be nearby to keep an eye on what you're doing.
The same goes for the stove or oven: Get permission first and be sure your adult assistant is nearby to watch you.
Here are some ways to keep from getting burned:
- Use potholders or oven mitts (no dish towels) when handling hot pots, pans, or baking trays.
- Turn pot and pan handles toward the back of the stove so you won't knock them over by accident.
- Get help from an adult when using a gas stove. Never try to relight the pilot light on a gas stove. Only an adult should do this.
- Use only microwave-safe cookware in the microwave — never tinfoil or anything metal. If you're not sure if something is safe for use in the microwave, ask an adult first.
Cooking Lessons
Did you know there are special schools where grownups go to learn how to cook? That's because cooking is an art and it takes time and practice to learn how to do it.
If you're just starting out, it can take a while before you learn how to crack an egg or cook the pasta until it's just right. You'll figure it out — with a little help from your adult assistant!
Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor.
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Images sourced by The Nemours Foundation and Getty Images.


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Apple Watch may spot heart problem but more research needed
A huge study suggests the Apple Watch can detect a worrisome irregular heartbeat at least sometimes—but experts say more work is needed to tell if using wearable technology to screen for heart problems really helps.
More than 419,000 Apple Watch users signed up for the unusual study, making it the largest ever to explore screening seemingly healthy people for atrial fibrillation, a condition that if untreated eventually can trigger strokes.
Stanford University researchers reported Saturday that the watch didn't panic flocks of people, warning just half a percent of participants—about 2,100—that they might have a problem.
But even among those flagged, "it's not perfect," cautioned Dr. Richard Kovacs of the American College of Cardiology, who wasn't involved with the study.
People who received an alert were supposed to consult a study doctor via telemedicine and then wear an EKG patch measuring cardiac activity for the next week to determine the watch's accuracy. Some skipped the virtual check-up to consult their own doctors; overall, about 57 percent sought medical attention.
Among those who got EKG monitoring through the study, a third had atrial fibrillation, according to preliminary results being presented at an American College of Cardiology conference in New Orleans.
A-fib tends to come and go, and a week of monitoring might have missed some cases, said Stanford lead researcher Dr. Mintu Turakhia. But if the watch detected another irregular heartbeat while someone was wearing the EKG patch, 84 percent of the time it really was a-fib, he said.
"This study we believe provides very encouraging evidence that a device, the Apple Watch, can be used to detect a-fib and to point out to people when additional monitoring or testing may be needed," said Dr. Lloyd Minor, Stanford's dean of medicine.
Other cardiac experts said the study, which was funded by Apple, suggests screening with wearable technology might be technically feasible eventually, but needs lots more research.
"I would not advise this to the overall general population," said Dr. Valentin Fuster, director of Mount Sinai Heart in New York and a former American Heart Association president, who wasn't involved with the study. Instead, he'd like to see it tested in seniors with risk factors like high blood pressure.
A-fib occurs when the heart's top chambers, called the atria, get out of sync with the bottom chambers' pumping action. Sometimes patients feel a flutter or a racing heart but many times they're not aware of an episode.
Sometimes the heart gets back into rhythm on its own. Other patients get an electric shock to get back into rhythm, or are prescribed blood thinners to counter the stroke-causing blood clots that untreated a-fib can spur. A-fib causes 130,000 deaths and 750,000 hospitalizations a year in the U.S.
A-fib is most common in older adults, and other risks include high blood pressure or a family history of arrhythmias. But routine screening isn't recommended for people without symptoms. Studies haven't yet proved that early detection from screening would prevent enough strokes to outweigh risks from unnecessary testing or overtreatment.
A mobile app uses the optical sensor on certain versions of the watch to analyze pulse rate data. If it detects enough variation from beat to beat over a 48-hour period, the user receives a warning of an irregular heart rhythm.
The latest version of the Apple Watch also allows wearers to push a button to take an EKG and share the reading with doctors. Saturday's study didn't include watches with that capability.
No. The study was designed to tell how the watch compared to a week of standard EKG monitoring—not if the wearer's health improved because the screening uncovered the arrhythmia. To prove if detecting a-fib early lowers risk of stroke would require years of study.
And since the study didn't have a comparison group getting routine EKGs, there's no way to know if the watch missed heartbeat problems, giving a false sense of security, Kovacs said.
The puzzling low numbers of alarms might be because most participants were young or middle-aged, not the seniors who are most at risk for a-fib, he said.
© 2019 The Associated Press. All rights reserved.


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governments fall deaf to social reality, it's up to working people to
get loud. Obama's jobs speech proved that the Democrats -- like the
Republicans -- suffer from massive hearing loss, unable to listen to the
millions of people suffering from the intractable jobs depression.
mounting pressure from labor and community groups, Obama promised a
paltry $447 billion for his American Jobs Act, much of it going to
corporations as tax giveaways while the program is to be paid for, in
part, by "deficit reduction" -- cuts to Medicare, Medicaid, Social
Security, and other social programs. Such an insulting "solution" to the
deepening recession must be shouted down in the streets, but labor and
community groups don't seem up for the challenge.
With so many millions of unemployed and a labor movement under assault, rage can be easily channeled into massive, pro-worker demonstrations, assuming that inspiring solutions are put forward as demands. Unfortunately, the far-right Tea Party has taken much of the initiative, using the bait of fake-populist rhetoric while switching to pro-corporate solutions.
Sadly, labor's complete lack of action to organize their constituents and wider community is directly responsible for much of the Tea Party's success, with big corporate money being the other prop. This dynamic will become more volatile as the jobs depression lurches on; more working people will be lured by anti-immigrant and anti-Islam and anti-union "solutions" to the recession unless an alternative is put forward.
So what's holding labor back? Predictably, it's the old ball and chain Democrats that continues to crush any initiative from organized labor. As long as labor leaders hold the delusional belief that they are a listened to and a respected "partner" of the Democrats-- a party controlled by the rich and the big corporations-- they will continue to give inflammatory speeches against corporations and Republicans, while attaching themselves to any pathetic jobs program proposed by the President.
Before Obama's so-called big job speech, the AFL-CIO was demanding -- as part of their America Wants to Work Action Plan -- a job program that would put to work the "...25 million people in America who need full-time work..." This was to be done by investing "...at least $2.2 trillion in repairing our crumbling 20th century infrastructure and another $2 trillion building a modern clean energy infrastructure for the 21st century." These numbers accurately reflect the needs of millions of working people while taking into consideration the gigantic shift in our economy necessary to help prevent future environmental disasters.
By comparison, Obama's jobs program is laughable, were not the situation so serious. Economists have estimated that Obama's program will create, at most, 2 million jobs; of course the program will not receive even the small sums Obama is proposing, if it's even passed at all.
Labor's response to Obama's jobs farce was unparalleled praise; as if their above-cited Action Plan never existed; as if the economy could be jump-started by such weak investments. AFL-CIO President Richard Trumka remarked:
"The President took an important and necessary step tonight: he started a serious national conversation about how to solve our jobs crisis. He showed working people that he is willing to go to the mat to create new jobs on a substantial scale."
Shamefully, the AFL-CIO website also quoted numerous labor leaders responding favorably to Obama's plan, some gushing with admiration. However, all of them kept silent about the elephant in the room.
The two critical parts of Obama's job program that demand immediate condemnation are; 1) employer payroll tax cut (which is used to fund Social Security and Medicare); 2) funding the Jobs Program by taking away from Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security -- and other programs-- through Obama's deficit reduction "super congress." As these social programs become depleted, the jobs attached to them -- in the health care field -- will also go away, increasing unemployment through the backdoor.
The inability of labor leaders to come out publicly against this anti-worker agenda may be a historic low for organized labor. For labor leaders to praise Obama as he takes from Medicare to give tax breaks to corporations is simply a disgrace; it's also unsustainable.
Labor leaders are respected by the rank and file so long as they appear to be effective in fighting for the interests of working people. Pathetically clinging to the Democrats' policies has proven ineffective for years, though lately it has become criminal. For workers experiencing historic concessions and soaring unemployment, the sight of labor leaders back-patting the Democrats can only bring disgust. New leaders will inevitably emerge to give voice to this increasingly popular feeling.
What will the new crop of serious labor and community leaders advocate? Simply a return to the past; a return to what worked. Since pandering to politicians is a proven failure, organizing independently to challenge the political status-quo is the obvious answer. In fact, the AFL-CIO was traveling down this path when they announced demonstrations for jobs in October; however, it seems likely that Obama's jobs program will deflate these demonstrations, since many labor leaders seem to think the problem is solved (there is no mention of the protests on the AFL-CIO website or blog).
Sadly, such demonstrations are exactly what working people need at this time. Not a single demonstration, nor a small, symbolic one, but a sustained campaign of huge mass demonstrations that demand a real jobs program that will employ the 25 million people who need full-time jobs, while re-building the country's infrastructure to cope with the looming environmental disasters.
Mass demonstrations are especially important at this time because they prove to working people that the plight of each is shared by many others and that if all were organized together, they could become a powerful force of change. People are exposed to new ideas and given hope that there exists a power to remedy their situation as they meet like-minded individuals and groups that are working towards similar goals.
One such goal that should be immediately adopted by working class organizations is to drastically increase taxes on the rich and corporations. Shockingly, the jobs speech that labor leaders liked so much also included a bit about lowering the corporate tax rate. The inequality in wealth is perhaps the most important social phenomenon in the United States over the last 30 years, representing a gigantic transfer of wealth from working people to the very rich. Tax rates for the country's richest have fallen from 90 percent to 35 percent, creating multi-billionaires who are able to buy politicians that eagerly serve their benefactors, including Democrats and President Obama.
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The Living Network Be the Network
"My kingdom is not of this world." What did Jesus mean?
He was heir to the throne of King David. Wise men had recognized Him as a King at birth. The people proclaimed Him the highest son of David when He entered Jerusalem.1 He preached a kingdom at hand2 and told us to do the same.3 He took,4 gave,5 and appointed6 the Kingdom.
The Kingdom had been on earth from generation to generation.7 It was already there when He said He was going to take it away from the Pharisees and appoint it to the little flock and then He did.
He said he would not eat again until He did so with them in the Kingdom with all things fulfilled8 ---and then He did eat,9 because all things were fulfilled,10 that Kingdom was there, and the power came11 when they were in Jerusalem as He said it would be, with all power.12
He had said the Kingdom of God is at hand, and told us to preach the same. He came in Spirit and Truth.13 When did His Kingdom become only spiritual? Why did He tell His ambassadors in Matthew 20:25, Mark 10:42, and Luke 22:25, not to be like other princes and kings?
The word world in today's society might conjure up a picture of a blue planetary globe hanging marble like in the blackness of space like a photograph from the moon, but when the gospel was preached, man's viewpoint of earth had not reached such astronomical heights. There are many different words in the New Testament that are translated into the single English word 'world'.
Which Greek word was used by Jesus, according to John 18:36?
Was it the word aeon? 'Aion'14 means an unbroken age, and is far more often translated into variations of the word age or time.
Another Greek word translated world is 'oikoumene,'15 which originally meant "the portion of the earth inhabited by the Greeks, in distinction from the lands of the barbarians." It commonly has to do with inhabited places including Israel. It was your national home place.
The word 'ge'16 is also translated world, once, but is translated earth about 188 times, land 42 times, ground 18, and country, twice. This is the closest word to meaning planet earth that you will find in the text. If you were to say "I am from the United States," you would not be using 'ge'. If you said you went all over the continent or even the whole planet and have seen its mountains and valleys, deserts and rich farmland, then the word 'ge' might be appropriate. But 'ge' is not the word used to demonstrate Jesus' statement about His Kingdom not being of this world.
The word 'world' in John 18:36 is translated from the word 'kosmos.' Some might think that kosmos is like the modern word cosmos, and therefore means the whole universe, but that was not its common use at the time. Kosmos in Greek had the sense of an orderly arrangement, and the Romans were the New World Order arrangement of their day. From that word the Greeks produced other forms, such as the Homeric kosmeo, used in reference to the act of "marshaling troops."17
From the Greek and Roman point of view, the "... encroachment of one opposite on another was spoken of as injustice, (adikia) and the due observance of a balance between them as justice (dikê). The later word kosmos is based on this notion, too. It meant originally the discipline of an army, and next the ordered constitution of a state."18
The word kosmos is defined in Strong's Concordance as an "orderly arrangement" and in another Greek concordance as "an apt and harmonious arrangement or constitution, order, government."19
Was Jesus simply telling Pilate, who was sitting in the judgment seat, "My Kingdom is not a part of your constitution, order, or government and you have no jurisdiction to judge Me or My Kingdom"?
When Jesus was born, Augustus Octavius had already been the Emperor of Rome for almost 25 years:
"He [Augustus] was now, to quote his own words, 'master of all things,' and the Roman world looked to him for some permanent settlement of the distracted Empire. His first task was the re-establishment of a regular and constitutional government, such as had not existed since Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon 20 years before.'... At home it was understood that he would, year by year, be elected consul, and enjoy the powers and pre-eminence attached to the chief magistrate [god] of the Roman state. Thus the republic was restored under the presidency and patronage of its 'first citizen' (Princeps Civitatis)."20
Most people do not understand that the office of Emperor was an elected position with a ten year term, requiring an oath of office, and was equivalent to the Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy. He was often elected Principas Civatas or president of Rome.Besides holding those office he also requested the office of the Apotheos of Rome, which means he was the appointer of gods. That meant he appointed all the imperial judges or magistrates throughout the Empire, just like the President of the United States, who has also been labeled Apotheos.21
Rome had not conquered Israel at that time, but had been invited in to settle a civil war between two brothers back in 66 B.C. over who should be king. Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II were fighting over the Kingdom of God. One brother got the idea to invite Pompey and his legions for benevolent aid to settle this dispute. Rome was offered reimbursement by Aristobulus. There were men trying to overthrow his government.
Under international law, Aristobulus had made the request to Rome seeking to use its might as a world police force. Many countries accepted Roman aid by treaty, and were required to pay into the Roman effort of Pax Romana in the form of a tribute, or excise tax. They created mutual obligations which bound Aristobulus and Rome to keep the peace.
Aristobulus gained Pompey's favor by giving him a gift of gold. After some complaints surfaced, Pompey personally investigated and found Hyrcanus had a better claim as rightful king by the laws of Israel.
Pompey gave the gift from Aristobulus to the poor and offered to assist the lawful king in obtaining his throne. King Hyrcanus would not appeal to Rome, but without proper authority the Pharisees did.
Pompey's troops carefully removed Aristobulus and his adherents, the Sadducees, who still occupied the Temple illegally. Rome respected the laws of other nations. It did not simply impose its personal whim, but through the reason of right and wrong and jus gentium, they decided disputes based on the specific customs and ordinances of each country.
Jesus would not appeal to Rome, because to make treaties with other nations would be a violation of the laws of Israel,22 which diminished the rights of the people. Christ came to return every man to those rights endowed by God [Leviticus 25:10]and to the "perfect law of liberty".
The Romans had washed (in respect to the laws of the Jews) before entering that Herodian temple to remove Aristobulus' followers. The true defiling of the temple was at the hands of the people who had made the city a cauldron filled with the flesh of the people for the elite.23
Because of an appetite for the blood of the innocent, and a willingness to consent to the one purse that runs toward evil, the people were captured in the net of their own making which had been set to snare their neighbor for their personal welfare and gain.24
"Let their table become a snare before them: and that which should have been for their welfare, let it become a trap." Ps 69:22.
"And David saith, Let their table be made a snare, and a trap, and a stumblingblock, and a recompence unto them:" Romans 11:9.
Nimrod in Babylon, a mighty provider instead of the Lord.25
The word kosmos originated from the word komizo, meaning "to care for, take care of, provide for" or "carry off what is one's own."26 Governmental systems organized in the manner of Nimrod, Pharaoh, Caesar first offer benefits, often in the form of a social Democracies.
Plato stated that "Tyranny naturally arises out of democracy." Thomas Jefferson seconded this opinion in his second inaugural address with the comment that, "A democracy is nothing more than mob rule, where fifty-one percent of the people may take away the rights of the other forty-nine." He also gave us some insight as to when the transition from democracy to tyranny will take place by his statement, "The democracy will cease to exist when you take away from those who are willing to work and give to those who would not."
It takes a steady change in the spirit of the people in order to make that transition, but it is often punctuated with major events in history.
Originally, Israel was a government that had no central authority to regulate or compel the people to contribute to the military or to the welfare of society. The responsibility of government was in the hands of the people27 who made freewill offerings, and served as militia and court.
The welfare was managed through the network of the Levites, who were a unique civil society within their nation. Understanding the mission of Levites as a body politic is critical to understanding the mission of the early Church, and the nature of the Kingdom.
The Pharisees had consistently turned from God's charitable protection.28 Rome and Judea had become vast welfare states with people looking to government to take care of them, as in the days of Egypt and Babylon. They were covetous. They took comfort in benefits provided at the expense of their neighbor through the elected benefactors who exercised authority over the people. They became trapped in their own scheme, only to discover that they had become little more than merchandise, human resources for tyrants and despots.
The highest authority on earth should be the Almighty Father of us all, in Heaven. That Father of us all should rule through the hearts and minds---of the people, for the people, and by the people. Jesus said to pray only to Our Father in Heaven and to Call no man on earth Father,29 because the Roman leaders were all addressed as Patri, Father.
Tribute is: "A sum of money paid by an inferior sovereign or state to a superior potentate, to secure the friendship or protection of the latter."30 And "Excise (tribute), in its origin, is the patrimonial right of emperors and kings."31
The Pharisees appealed to Rome to get rid of Jesus, but Jesus would not appeal to Rome either for protection or to get rid of the Pharisees. Jesus is King. Had He appealed to Rome for protection He would have compromised the sovereignty of His Kingdom.
Allegiance is: "The obligation of fidelity and obedience which the individual owes to the government under which he lives, or to his sovereign, in return for the protection he receives. It may be an absolute and permanent obligation, or it may be a qualified and temporary one."32
Jesus had been hailed as King by the people, gave instruction in the royal treasury,33 issued orders in the government temple,34 and fired personnel. In 78 BC, the Pharisees had an ordinance35 passed into law requiring the temple tax be paid, or the matter was handed over to the appointed civil magistrates of Judea for enforcement. The Greek word for "moneychangers" was kollubistes36 ,which was a word for a small coin or "clipped amount". Kollubistes had to do with the commission charged by the holders of these lucrative offices of the government.
These commissioned moneychangers were likely to bring in an amount in excess of 7,600,000 denarii in that one month. They were allowed to charge a silver meah, or about one-fourth of a denar. Their cut on this one event could be 950,000 denarii, worth more than $9,000,000 today. "Thus the immense offerings … to the Temple passed through the hands of the moneychangers."37
Only the king could fire these gatekeepers of the temple treasury,38 and that is exactly what Jesus was doing with His string whip39, turning over those tables.40 Understanding who the money-changers were as government officials, and what it meant to be fired from their lucrative commissioned position in the national treasury, brings the motivation of crucifying Jesus into a new and revealing light.
The Sadducees and Pharisees, including the scribes, were just a few of the more dominating political and philosophical groups of Judea which had changed the system preached by Moses and the prophets.
The Sadducees espoused the Hellenizing philosophy of the early Hasmonean princes, which had merged Church and State, allowing the Levites to own land and profit from collected taxes forced on the people by statutes created by the Sanhedrin and the application of the people for the benefits offered by the foolish system of Corban of the Pharisees.
In 78 BC, the Pharisees, a political party, had an ordinance41 passed, requiring the temple tax be paid or face the judgment of an appointed civil magistrate of the Judean government. Funds flowed into the government's treasury within the temple, whether it served the people or not. With top-down legislated courts, new statutes, and the fornication of the priests with the government of Herod and Rome, the system served the people less and the people served the government more.
"All government without the consent of the governed
is the very definition of slavery!"42
The Kingdom was an alternative form of government which Jesus preached. Moses, Abraham, and the prophets had taught its precepts centuries before. It set men free from the tyranny of men who would rule over their brothers and neighbors, by unifying them in systems of charity and hope, love, and respect for the rights of each other.
Freedom under the God of creation had been a common theme of the Bible from Cain to Revelations. Nehemiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Gideon, Moses, and Abraham all sought to set men free and teach them the way of liberty under the God of this planet. Yet modern Churches are often preaching that we are supposed to be subject to rulers.
Jesus was teaching people how a Kingdom of faith, hope, and charity worked. He knew that only freewill offerings, in a society that loved justice and mercy and each other as much as themselves, could establish a treasure of brotherhood that brings us closer to God and secures to us our godly endowment of freedom.43
The central treasury of the temple that held the government funds for the welfare system of a nation could be eroded by a selfish populous or robbed by a corrupt bureaucracy. Such a self-destructive system supplanted the natural need for family, the foundation of society, and seduced the people into a slothful state of servitude. Jesus took the Kingdom from those who would suppress and corrupt the people and appointed His faithful followers to be the princes and ambassadors of a Kingdom that set men free in spirit and in truth.
Governments have no inalienable right to rule mankind. They obtain lawful authority through consent. Understanding how that consent is obtained is the first guardian of freedom.
"The real destroyers of the liberties of the people is he who spreads among them bounties, donations, and benefits." 44For "No one is obliged to accept a benefit against his consent. But if he does not dissent, he will be considered as assenting."45 "Every man is presumed to intend the natural and probable consequences of his own voluntary acts."46
Why was Jesus' kingdom not a part of that world? Because the Kingdom of God is and was not a part of the constitutional order of Rome, which by that time in history was exercising authority over the people who applied(or prayed) to it for their benefits and welfare.
Rome had gone from a free republic to an Empire. A once independent and self reliant society had become self indulgent, apathetic, and subject to the whim and will of their chosen Dictators, who called themselves Fathers and benefactors of the people.
Those benefactors forced contribution by the people to provide the welfare for the people by taxation of the people through their system of Roman Qorban or the Herod's Corban,47 which made the word of God to none effect.48 Society has always been required by God to make sacrifices to assist the needy of society, but that sacrifice must be freely given to be truly godly and qualify as true charity.
"Pure religion and undefiled before God and the Father is this, To visit the fatherless and widows in their affliction, [and] to keep himself unspotted from the world." James 1:27
In Jesus' Kingdom, the needy of society were provided for through freewill offerings of the people who professed Him as King, and God as their Father. His sheep were fed according to the perfect law of liberty, by faith, hope, and charity. It was the world of Rome and the Pharisees that made the provisions of society a blemish on its moral character.
God's way was the antithesis of these social contracts, oaths, and benefactors who exercise an authority other than God's, the prophets, and Christ's.49 Moses had required that we love our neighbor as ourselves with freewill offerings to provide for society. Jesus was no different, and if we understood Abraham's altars, we would see the same charity manifest to keep the people out of the hands of Ur and Sodom.
The Kingdom of God, the government of Israel and all those who walked with God would not covet their neighbor's goods through the agency of the institutions of the world.
Is there such a thing as free education, free fire protection, free police services? The benefits of government should be the result of the free will contributions of the people who come to the aid of their neighbor because it is right to do so.
God given rights are also responsibilities. If we will not exercise our responsibilities then we will loose our rights. "The hand of the diligent shall bear rule: but the slothful shall be under tribute." Pr. 12:24
"Protection draws to it subjection; subjection protection"50
Moses set up a government entirely dependent upon freewill offerings distributed by a system51 of charitable ministers52 that served the welfare needs of the families in congregations of tens.53 They formed a separate body54 for the ministration of a free state. In Israel the people decided fact and law according to the commandments of God.
When the voice of the people55 cried out for a commander in chief to fight their battles and to appoint judges from the top down, God called it a rejection of Him. Samuel warned the people about the bondage56 that would result.57 The sin of that rejection continues in the world today.
Paul said there were gods many and the God of heaven said we should not make covenants with those gods or the inhabitants of their world. The original word for God and gods in old and new testaments means ruling judges or magistrates.58 People make men gods over them by praying to them for justice and mercy, by bowing down and serving them in a covetous desire of the benefits they promise.
These precepts and warnings are repeated throughout the Bible.
"When thou sittest to eat with a ruler, consider diligently what [is] before thee: And put a knife to thy throat, if thou be a man given to appetite. Be not desirous of his dainties: for they are deceitful meat." Proverbs 23:1-3
The contractual nature of government requires the consent of the people in waiving their rights, through the offers of benefits supplied at the expense of their neighbor---which is the antithesis of charity. God's Kingdom is a system of faith, hope, and charity that binds families, communities, and nations together in a network of brotherhood so that the people can survive without the benefactors who would make them into merchandise. God's Kingdom operated by the perfect law of liberty, but that liberty can be lost through the sloth and avarice of the people.
At Pentecost, any one who received the baptism of Christ was kicked out of the welfare system established by the Pharisees and were allowed to enter the charitable system established by Christ and his appointed apostles. We see the Church taking on their job, working daily in the temple and tending to appointing porters to tend to the bank59 of the people, and rightly dividing the daily ministration for the people.
In Ephesus, there was an uproar about the apostles with a reference to robbing the temple there. One of the best-kept secrets of our time is what was actually going on in these temples. We have seen that the temple built by Herod collected vast sums of money and contained a great treasury. Through its administration, it oversaw a welfare program for the needy, built aqueducts, and provided common government services.
The assembly at Ephesus was fashioned according to the doctrines of Diana, i.e. Artemus, in the Asiatic traditions. It's center was a massive temple similar in design to the front of the US treasury. Each of its 127 columns had been contributed by different government members.
The most interesting thing was its purpose. It contained a great vault, which was considered one of the safest depositories in Asia Minor. This temple actually functioned as a bank. What we might call the "high priest" was also a credit officer making loans and collecting interest, managing valuable property, and in charge of security for those who deposited valuables in the temple in the course of commerce and trade.
It was was literally an underwriter of national social insurance systems. There were regular and sizable contributions by members in the hopes of a secure return, profit, or gain. There was coinage of money and the issuing of scrip. Ephesus was a World Bank of the world order.
Some temples acted as investment houses for mining, trade, and even military ventures. Great returns could be had with such investments in temples like Janus and Diana. The members were investors and the Temple of Diana could seat over 24,000 people.
In the Temple of Saturn there was a common treasury, supported by the general taxes and a special reserve fund, and the aerarium sanctum ---originally consisting of the spoils of war, but maintained chiefly by a 5% tax on slaves who were fired or discharged. It was not to be touched except in cases of extreme necessity.60
What was the purpose of the golden calf? It was not mere superstition that motivated them, but practicality and a lack of faith. The people literally deposited their gold on the altar of the golden calf. Gold was deposited into a large statue for all to see. The wealth and the community was melded together into a common purse. 61 They took, in turn, a token of their membership and the promise of security.
No one person could leave in the face of an enemy without leaving behind the golden depository of their wealth. Moses could take the people out of Egypt, but only God, time, and repentance could take Egypt out of the people. The depository of the Kingdom is the purses and pockets of a network of people who love one another.
This practice was used in Athens, who called their golden statue of a god the "reserved fund". In 406 B.C., at the close of the Peloponnesian war, after a naval disaster, Athens equipped and manned its new fleet by sending the gold statue of the god Nike (in the Parthenon) to the mint.
These idols were not just superstitious mumbo-jumbo, but paganism with a purpose. They were reserved funds established to protect the people and guarantee their loyalty. It also secured the power of the ruling elite. The king of Sodom had put more value on "his" human resources than the treasure of his city.
Aaron also knew these "arts of the temple" and accommodated the people. But Moses was outraged with the people for entrusting their family wealth in this unrighteous mammon. He knew it would return people to the bondage of Egypt. He called out the Church in the wilderness to undo that mess, the same as Christ called out the Church.
How much gold does the United States have in its Reserves?
There is supposed to be about 530 tons of gold in "reserve fund" at Fort Knox, although they have not had an audit in half a century.
If people of America had the lawful title to just one gold ounce each they would have their own reserve fund. In a vault, some thieves and robbers can steal the whole lot. And since it is not formed into a statue they could do it and you wouldn't even know.
To depend on a networking community based on charity is conducive to brotherly love, while commercial insurance and welfare systems under benefactors who exercise authority usually produces cold hearts.
In fact, God never wanted the people to build the stone temple. The ancient temple of Israel was to be only a tent that moved about. The Holy Spirit did not dwell in the works of men's hands, but in hearts and minds of people who live by faith and hope, charity and love.
"If ye were of the world, the world would love his own: but because ye are not of the world, but I have chosen you out of the world, therefore the world hateth you." (John 15:19)
The planet did not hate the apostles, but those members of governments that reject God hated the Christians. They spoke evil of the ways of the Lord, even accusing them of turning the world upside down.
"Love not the world, neither the things [that are] in the world. If any man love the world, the love of the Father is not in him. For all that [is] in the world, the lust of the flesh, and the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life, is not of the Father, but is of the world."62 (1 John 2:15-16)
John is not talking about not loving the planet. From the beginning, man was meant to have dominion over it and given the command to dress and keep it. It should be clear that the world Jesus is talking about is the world men make for themselves. The ones were people are bound by the contracts they make and the benefits they apply for.
"This Bible is for the Government of the People, by the People, and for the People."63 The kingdom of Heaven on earth in Spirit and in Truth was a government system of liberty that by its nature was the adversary of the "world" that sought to posses men and make them human resources.
The Bible is a book about godly and ungodly governing of the planet without oppressing our brothers. It is about men who seek to be free souls under God and other men who seek to oppress the people.64
Peter warns that because of deceptive words and our own covetousness we would become merchandise and condemned.65 Since the antithesis of covetousness is charity, then the path to freedom is love.
We should understand that Jesus, Moses, and Abraham were talking about setting people free by teaching them to be a community of Faith, Hope, and Charity. The Church was meant to be a government of service and brotherhood so that all may be free under the perfect law of liberty.
"Wherefore the rather, brethren, give diligence to make your calling and election sure: for if ye do these things, ye shall never fall: For so an entrance shall be ministered unto you abundantly into the everlasting kingdom of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ." 2 Peter 1:10, 11
Elements of the world and the kingdom
"Looking for and hasting unto the coming of the day of God, wherein the heavens being on fire shall be dissolved, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat?" 2 Peter 3:12
Some interpreter of the New Testament suggest that the word "elements" is referring to a future nuclear war. The word "element is from the Greek stoicheion66 from stoicheo "to proceed ... in order".
The same words element is also used in Galatians 4:3,67 in reference to bing "in bondage under the elements of the world." This is the same "world" which is defined "constitution, order, government." And, in Galatians 4:9, we see, "But now, after that ye have known God, or rather are known of God, how turn ye again to the weak and beggarly elements, whereunto ye desire again to be in bondage?"
We see the same words in Colossians 2:20, "Wherefore if ye be dead with Christ from the rudiments of the world, why, as though living in the world, are ye subject to ordinances," In Colossians 2:8 we see the Greek word "ordinances" translated "traditions" of that same constitutional order. "Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition68 of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ." The word spoil means "to carry off booty."
Mammon does not mean money but is entrusted wealth.69 Systems that hold the wealth and property of the people for the good of society exercise the right to choose granted to the people by God. Men who seek power seek those offices of power and are corrupted by that power granted by the people. Such systems always fail under corruption, avarice, and over-indulgence because of the spirit of tyranny.
"And I say unto you, Make to yourselves friends of the mammon of unrighteousness; that, when ye fail, they may receive you into everlasting habitations." (Luke 16:9)
Mankind has repeatedly been snared by his own wantonness and appetite, his own greed and lust. Man's sinful nature will always bring him back to the bondage of Egypt. He must repent and change his ways in order to be free. Even though he may have to suffer for a season under the burden of his captivity, he must, with honesty and honor, seek to learn the ways of Our Father who are in Heaven.
"No servant can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon." Luke 16:13, Mt. 6:24.
In the process of being freed from bondage, we may continue to pay the Pharaoh a tale of bricks, Herod the Corban of the temple, and Caesar the tribute of the world, but we should not eat of the things sacrificed to these gods of force and fear. They serve deceitful meats and their table is a snare. To be freed of the tyrants of the world you must first be freed from the tyranny in your heart and mind through charity and humility.
The "Kingdom of Heaven" as a phrase only appears in the gospel of Matthew who originally wrote in Aramaic. In translating from Aramaic to Greek, the word malkuthach becomes basileia ouranos, or Kingdom of Heaven. It actually means a "realm". The word ouranos in Plato's Dialogues is translated "world".70 Ouranos, is from a root word meaning "to cover, encompass" meaning the "vaulted expanse of the sky", from the outer edge of the atmosphere to the center of the earth. The Kingdom of Heaven is the Kingdom of the World.
Rome recognized Jesus as a king of an autonomous government in the world but not of the world of Rome. If God's kingdom was of the world of Rome Christ would have plead His case before Pilate who was sitting in the judgment seat of Rome.71 Jesus claimed Pilate lacked jurisdiction because His kingdom was not of the world of Pilate.
If Christ is our king and we are ruled by God, then why are we subject to the ordinances of benefactor who exercise authority? Why are we under tribute? Have we left the path to the kingdom of God and crossed over the line into the "world" and grip of Caesar?
"It is trite law72 that His Majesty's subjects are free if they can make their own arrangements so that their cases may fall outside the scope of the taxing Acts. They incur no legal penalties and, strictly speaking, no more censure if, having considered the lines drawn by the Legislature for the imposition of taxes, they make it their business to walk outside them."73
We are all in the world God created, but we should not be of the world of Rome? Have we prayed and bowed down to Roman gods? Have we been snared by the unrighteous mammon? Have we been spoiled through the philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of that world. The kingdom of Heaven that was preached by Christ and the prophets is the godly arrangement that allows men to be subject to the "higher liberty" under the God of Heaven walking outside the ordinances of men, living in the world but not of it.
Repent, and seek the kingdom of God, and His righteousness.
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1Matthew 21:9 "And the multitudes that went before, and that followed, cried, saying, Hosanna to the Son of David: Blessed [is] he that cometh in the name of the Lord; Hosanna in the highest."
2Matthew 4:17 "From that time Jesus began to preach, and to say, Repent: for the kingdom of heaven is at hand." [Matthew 4:23, 9:35, Mark 1:14, Luke 4:43, 8:1]
3Matthew 10:7 "And as ye go, preach, saying, The Kingdom of heaven is at hand."
4Matthew 21:43 "Therefore say I unto you, The Kingdom of God shall be taken from you, and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof."
5Luke 12:32 "Fear not, little flock; for it is your Father's good pleasure to give you the Kingdom."
6"...I appoint unto you a Kingdom, as my Father hath appointed unto Me;"Lk 22:29
7Daniel 4:3 "...how mighty [are] His wonders! His Kingdom [is] an everlasting Kingdom, and His dominion [is] from generation to generation. (Dan. 4:34, Lam 5:19 ...thy throne from generation to generation.)
8Luke 22:16 "For I say unto you, I will not any more eat thereof, until it be fulfilled in the Kingdom of God."
9John 21:13 "Jesus then cometh, and taketh bread, and giveth them, and fish likewise."
10Luke 21:32 "Verily I say unto you, This generation shall not pass away, till all be fulfilled." [Matthew 24:34]
11Mark 9:1 "And He said unto them, Verily I say unto you, That there be some of them that stand here, which shall not taste of death, till they have seen the Kingdom of God come with power."
12Matthew 28:18 "And Jesus came and spake unto them, saying, All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth."
13John 4:24 "God [is] a Spirit: and they that worship him must worship [him] in spirit and in truth."
14 Strong's #165 aiwn aion from the same as 104; n m AV-ever 71, world 38, never + 3364 + 1519 + 3588 6, evermore 4, age 2, eternal 2, misc 5; 128 1) for ever, an unbroken age, perpetuity of time, eternity
15Strong's # 3625 oikoumenh oikoumene feminine participle present passive of 3611 ); n AV-world 14, earth 1; 15 1) the inhabited earth 1a) the portion of the earth inhabited by the Greeks, in distinction from the lands of the barbarians
16Strong's # 1093 gh ge contracted from a root word; n f AV-earth 188, land 42, ground 18, country 2, world 1, ...) arable land 2) the ground, the earth as a standing place 3) the main land as opposed to the sea or water
17Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2001 Douglas Harper
18John Burnet's Early Greek Philosophy: Section A: Introduction
19Strong's # 2889 Online Bible Concordance, Winterbourne, Ontario, Canada.
201910 Encyclopedia Britannica
22Exodus 23:32 "Thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor with their gods.
Judges 2:2 And ye shall make no league ... but ye have not obeyed my voice: why have ye done this?" See Deuteronomy 17:15,17.]
23Ezekiel 11:3-11 "Which say, It is not near; let us build houses: this city is the caldron, and we be the flesh." See also Exodus 16:3, Ecclesiastes 4:5, Micah 3:3 .
24Proverbs 1:10-33 "Come with us, let us lay wait for blood, let us lurk privily for the innocent without cause: ... let us all have one purse... consent thou not...."
25In Genesis 10:9 the word hunter is from tsayid which is more often translated 'provision, food, food-supply, or victuals'. Nimrod was a benefactor who exercised authority over the people in providing their welfare at his civic table, or altar.
26Strong's # 2889 Online Bible Concordance, Winterbourne, Ontario, Canada.
27Judges 17:6 "In those days [there was] no king in Israel, [but] every man did [that which was] right in his own eyes."
28John 19:15 "But they cried out, Away with [him], away with [him], crucify him. Pilate saith unto them, Shall I crucify your King? The chief priests answered, We have no king but Caesar."
30Brande. Black's 3rd Ed. p. 1757.
31Vectigal, origina ipsa, jus Cæsarum et regum patrimoniale est.
32Black's 3rd Ed. p. 95.
33John 8:20 "These words spake Jesus in the treasury, as he taught in the temple: and no man laid hands on him; for his hour was not yet come." The word treasury is gazofulakion gazophulakion 1) "a repository of treasure, especially of public treasure, a treasury"
34Mark 11:16 "And would not suffer that any man should carry [any] vessel through the temple."
35Salome- Alexandra (about 78 BC), that the Pharisaical party, being then in power, had carried an enactment by which the Temple tribute was to be enforced at law. Alfred Edersheim's book The Temple.
36"kollubistes, (i.q. a. a small coin, cf. Clipped; b. rate of exchange, premium), a money-changer, banker: Mt.xxi. 12; Mk. Xi. 15; Jn.ii. 15." Thayer's Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament, page 353.
37New Unger's Bible Dictionary
381 Chr. 9:22 "All these [which were] chosen to be porters in the gates [were] two hundred and twelve. These were reckoned by their genealogy in their villages, whom David and Samuel the seer did ordain in their set office."
39"All these [which were] chosen to be porters in the gates [were] two hundred and twelve. These were reckoned by their genealogy in their villages, whom David and Samuel the seer did ordain in their set office." 1 Chronicles 9:22
40 5132 trapeza trapeza AV-table 13, bank 1, meat 1; 15 1) a table.
Trapeza is the Greek word for bank and is translated bank in Luke 19:23.
41Salome- Alexandra (about 78 BC), that the Pharisaical party, being then in power, had carried an enactment by which the Temple tribute was to be enforced at law. Alfred Edersheim's book The Temple.
42Jonathon Swift
43Matthew 6:20 "But lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break through nor steal:"
44Plutarch, 2000 years ago.
45Invito beneficium non datur.Dig. 50.17.69; Broom, Max.3d Lond. ed.625.
461 Green. Evid. § 18; 9 East, 277; 9 Barnue. & C. 643; 3 Maule & S. 11, 17.
47The words Qurban, Qorban, Corban or Korban all mean sacrifice or contribution.
48Mark 7:13 "Making the word of God of none effect through your tradition [ordinance], which ye have delivered: and many such like things do ye." [ Mt 15:6]
49Matthew 20:25, Mark 10:42, Luke 22:25 "It is not to be that way with you."
50Protectio trahit subjectionem, subjectio protectionem. Coke, Littl. 65.
51Numbers 18:23 "But the Levites shall do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation, and they shall bear their iniquity: [it shall be] a statute for ever throughout your generations, that among the children of Israel they have no inheritance."
52Numbers 7:5 "Take [it] of them, that they may be to do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation; and thou shalt give them unto the Levites, to every man according to his service."
53Numbers 18:21 "And, behold, I have given the children of Levi all the tenth in Israel for an inheritance, for their service which they serve, [even] the service of the tabernacle of the congregation."
54Numbers 8:14 "Thus shalt thou separate the Levites from among the children of Israel: and the Levites shall be mine."
55"…now make us a king to judge us like all the nations... And the LORD said unto Samuel, Hearken unto the voice of the people in all that they say ... they have rejected Me, that I should not reign over them." (1 Samuel 8:5,7 )
56"...This will be the manner of the king that shall reign over you: He will take your sons ... and some shall run before his chariots.... he will appoint him captains... to make his instruments of war... he will take your daughters... your fields...and give them to his servants... he will take the tenth ... and give to his officers... he will take ... your goodliest young men... and put them to his work. He will take the tenth ... and ye shall be his servants. And ye shall cry out in that day because of your king which ye shall have chosen you; and the LORD will not hear you..." 1 Sa 8:11
571 Samuel 8:8 "According to all the works which they have done since the day that I brought them up out of Egypt even unto this day, wherewith they have forsaken me, and served other gods, so do they also unto thee."
58See Strong's concordance and others.
59Acts 6:2 "Then the twelve called the multitude of the disciples [unto them], and said, It is not reason that we should leave the word of God, and serve tables." [This is the word for bank. The seven men chosen correspond to the events of Ecclesiastes 11:2]
60(Livy vii. 16, xxvii. 10) Encyclopedia Volume 1 AKA Encyclopedia Anglicana and part 1 of the Interpedia Project.
61"Cast in thy lot among us; let us all have one purse: My son, walk not thou in the way with them; refrain thy foot from their path: For their feet run to evil, and make haste to shed blood. Surely in vain the net is spread in the sight of any bird. And they lay wait for their own blood; they lurk privily for their own lives. So are the ways of every one that is greedy of gain; which taketh away the life of the owners thereof." Proverbs 1:14-19
62 "the world" Translated from Strong's No. 2889 kosmos {kos'-mos} 1) an apt and harmonious arrangement or constitution, order, government… On line Bible and Concordance. Woodside Bible Fellowship.
63John Wycliffe's introduction to his translation of the Bible in 1382.
64Exodus 22:21 "Thou shalt neither vex a stranger[oppress], nor oppress [squeeze] him: for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt."
652 Peter 2:3 "And through covetousness shall they with feigned words make merchandise of you: whose judgment now of a long time lingereth not, and their damnation slumbereth not."
66 4747 stoicheion element rudiment principle. first thing, from which the others belonging to some series or composite whole take their rise, an element, first principal. e.g. the elements, rudiments, primary and fundamental principles of any art, science, or discipline 1a) the elements of religious training,... principles and practices of the old covenant world order #2Pe 3:10,12
67Galatians 4:3 "Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage under the elements of the world:"
68Paradosis ... ordinance 1) giving up, giving over
69"Mammon, an Aramaic word mamon "wealth" … derived from Ma'amon, something entrusted to safe keeping." Encyclopedia Britannica.
70"…indeed we have no suitable word to express what the Greeks at first called an ouranos. It will be convenient to use the term 'world' for it"; Plato's Dialogues, Early Greek Philosophy, Introduction , John Burnet.
71Matthew 27:19 "When he was set down on the judgment seat, his wife sent unto him, saying, Have thou nothing to do with that just man: for I have suffered many things this day in a dream because of him." Also John 19:13
72"Trite law is law that, if you do not know it, you should." Gordon Jackson (Glasgow Govan), Subordinate Legislation Committee Official Report 31 October 2006.
73 Lord Sumner, Levene v. Inland Revenue [1928] A.C. 217,227.


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Yesterday, Mark posted Progressive Insurance's denial that it had represented the driver who killed one of its policy holders, in an effort to getting out of paying a claim. Now, Matt Fisher, the brother of the dead woman, has posted a scathing rebuttal, which begins by noting:
At the beginning of the trial on Monday, August 6th, an attorney identified himself as Jeffrey R. Moffat and stated that he worked for Progressive Advanced Insurance Company. He then sat next to the defendant. During the trial, both in and out of the courtroom, he conferred with the defendant. He gave an opening statement to the jury, in which he proposed the idea that the defendant should not be found negligent in the case. He cross-examined the plaintiff's witnesses. On direct examination, he questioned all of the defense's witnesses. He made objections on behalf of the defendant, and he was a party to the argument of all of the objections heard in the case. After all of the witnesses had been called, he stood before the jury and gave a closing argument, in which he argued that my sister was responsible for the accident that killed her, and that the jury should not decide that the defendant was negligent.
PREMIUM FISHER | Today, in response to my blog post…
(via Wil Wheaton)


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10m WSPR signals received on G4ILO's attic dipole |
Tuning around the 10m band and there was not the wall of loud signals that such good propagation would suggest. A couple of good old boys from Mississippi and Tennessee were chewing the rag, oblivious to the fact that their signals were bending S meter needles thousands of miles away. But apart from those few stations there was an absence of signals. A station I worked called CQ with no takers for some time afterwards. I tried CQing myself, with no result. To me this also shows that the enhanced propagation was very selective, supporting the theory that it was Sporadic-E propagation.
10m signals spotted by G4ILO, 27/9/2012 |
There is yet more interesting 10m propagation today. I have already spotted stations from VK2 and from Thailand. It's a shame you can't WSPR and operate on the same band at the same time. Or rather, it's a shame that I can't. So I'll switch between modes, running WSPR when I'm not actually in the shack and able to use the keyboard or mic.


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BASRA, Iraq – Witnesses say demonstrators have taken to the streets in Iraq's second largest city to back the government of Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki, which has weathered over two weeks of angry protests.
The rally Tuesday in the mostly Shiite port city of Basra appears to be the largest show of support for the government since primarily Sunni protests erupted last month over grievances including the detention of prisoners and perceived second-class treatment.
An Associated Press journalist on the scene said more than 2,000 people participated in the Basra demonstration, some holding pictures of the Shiite prime minister.
At one point, they burned a picture of Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri, the highest ranking member of Saddam Hussein's regime still at large. He recently voiced support for the Sunni anti-government protests.


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By Matt Weber
New Concrete Coating Converts a Dull Slab into a Colorful Canvas.
The natural color of concrete has all the flair and fashion of dirty dishwater. That's why there's an entire industry dedicated to "decorative concrete." From artistic stamping tools to artful acid stains, decorative concrete is a hot topic in home-improvement and one that's growing in leaps and bounds. However, most decorative concrete projects require skill, practice and often special equipment. That's why the EHT staff was eager to try the new ConcreteRevive product from Gulf Synthetics. With some basic tools and standard painting techniques we were able to completely resurface a patio with no demolition or new concrete. Here's how it happened:
Something New
The product we applied to the concrete was a composite polymer coating that revives and preserves existing concrete and asphalt structures. Generally speaking, maintenance for exterior concrete surfaces has been limited to two choices: regular re-sealing or demolition and replacement, both of which can be expensive and labor-intensive. However, ConcreteRevive fills cracks and covers stains, restoring old patios, pool decks, porches, walkways and asphalt blacktop.
"Polymers and composites aren't new," says company president, Mitch Wood, "but what we are doing with them is." Water-based and VOC-free, the new concrete coating is high-build and quick-setting. With little effort it achieves a textured, slip-, stain-, and scuff-resistant surface.
And, here's the kicker: The coating can be tinted by simply adding any color of paint you want. Acrylic latex paint is used as the pigment, so if you can find a paint swatch, then you can color your concrete to match.
"We have introduced the right product at the right time," says Wood. "The Gulf Synthetics mission is to develop innovative, affordable and environmentally friendly solutions to everyday maintenance challenges. The solutions we offer are perfect in the current 'repair now, replace later' economy."
Easy to Do
The ConcreteRevive kits are packaged in a 5-gallon container for easy mixing. The kit contains two parts: liquid resin and a dry chemical. Two quarts of exterior acrylic latex paint are added for the color tone. With two coats applied to the concrete surface, each kit will cover about 200 square feet.
Before applying, make sure the existing concrete is clean, dry, dull and pH neutral. Remove any loose mortar or cement. Use an acrylic concrete caulk to patch any large cracks (over 3/8 inch), and allow the surface to completely dry for 48 hours prior to application. Apply ConcreteRevive only in moderate temperatures.
Begin mixing the product by emptying white liquid resin into the 5-gallon bucket. Add the latex paint to the resin and mix briskly for one minute. Slowly add the dry agent while stirring briskly with a drill mixer for five minutes. The powder should break down completely, and the mix will be smooth and viscous when ready to use.
Mask off the area to be painted with painter's tape. Use typical "cut-in" techniques to paint around edges, borders and adjacent objects. Cut-in with two coats, allowing them to dry between each. Remix the product every two hours during application.
Allow the ConcreteRevive to dry to the touch (usually about 1 hour).
For the best coverage, paint the field of the concrete surface with a 3/8-inch nap roller, working in a north-south direction. Allow it to dry completely before applying the second coat.
Apply second coat in an east-west direction. The second coat is critical to attaining the proper texture. Use a 3/4-inch nap (or larger) roller for the second coat. Nap size determines texture or "pile," but also affects the square-foot coverage of product. The trick is to be consistent in your application technique. Allow the coating to completely dry before use.
After the ConcreteRevive has thoroughly dried, Gulf Synthetics recommends applying two coats of a non-slip, non-yellowing acrylic topcoat made for decorative concrete. The topcoat adds an extra layer of protection and makes cleanup easier in areas where food, grease and dirty footprints collect easily. Follow the sealer manufacturer's recommendations for best results.
The entire process isn't much more complicated than painting a floor, and the tools can be easily cleaned with water. In virtually no time, the slab had a completely renewed surface, at a fraction it would have cost for traditional concrete rehab.
For more information, visit www.gulfsynthetics.com.
Other Concrete Articles:
- Concrete Water Repellant
- Staining Concrete Step-by-Step
- Concrete Creations
- Pouring and Finishing an Exposed Walkway


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A poor credit car loan will be your best choice to amend your credit score standing and get into a new car. The loan process for weak credit car loan is akin to any other loan. All you must do is fill in a easy on-line application form with few of your particulars. Before applying for one of these bad credit car loans there are a couple things you can do to make sure that the process goes easily for this specialised area of automotive finance:
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It's believed that regardless of considering unfavorable credit ratings as a huge obstacle to getting automotive loans, there are alternatives still available for getting bad credit report car loans; it simply takes additional search and legwork.


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To keep the player focused on the game's world is crucial to every game creator. While the player is traversing a space this is even more important, but at the same time harder to achieve. So how do you keep your game interesting and avoid turning it into a walking simulator?
The Wizard of Oz. Dir. Victor Fleming. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. USA.1939. |
This blog post is based on a conversation that I had with Brian Upton at GDC a few weeks back. Most of the basic stuff here comes from the discussion with Brian, then I have added my own ideas on top of them.
Our basic problem was stated as the following: Where is the fun in simply going from place to place?
This is a problem that is very unique to games. In a movie we rarely see a character actually going places. Instead we witness the intention of going to another place, possibly see the mode of transportation, and then we're at the destination. Unless narrative-related hardships happen along the way, we never see the character actually traveling. Why? Because it simply isn't very interesting.
Games work differently. In games we have to show every single step that the player takes. There are a couple of reasons for this.
The first, and the most obvious, is that it's very hard to know what the player's intent is. When you enter a car in GTA, the game can't possibly know where you're supposed to be going. You have to express your will by actually driving your car where you want it to go, every inch of the way. When a game features cuts, like in fast travel systems, it's all based upon the player first expressing their will to go to a certain place.
In games we want the player to take on the role of a certain person. If a game simply decides where the player will go when they enter a car or start walking, that aspect is violated. There are a few games that do it, e.g Thirty Flights of Loving, but these games are usually short and made in a way where this phenomenon becomes a part of the gaming experience, or they simply contain very little player agency overall (e.g. interactive games like Heavy Rain). In this aspect, traversal is more than simply "empty travel time", it's a crucial expression of the player's agency, cementing their role as the protagonist.
The second reason is a bit more subtle. As mentioned, part of what makes games interesting is the expression of will. To achieve this, the player must know what they are able to do within the game's universe. In a movie, a character can reach for an object we've never seen before, or exclaim "I saw that shop on my way over!" despite the viewer never seeing it. This isn't possible in a game. In order for a player to know a game's possibility space, both in spatial terms and in terms of what actions are available, they need to familiarise themselves with it. They have to go through the boring process of walking about in order to form a mental picture of the surroundings. If they don't, they can't possibly know what their options are.
However, this activity is not very interesting at its core. Sure, it's fun to look at fancy environments for a bit, but after a while it gets tiresome. Most games solve this by introducing some sort of activity to the player at this point.
Sonic: Lost World (2013) |
Think of how you sometimes zone out when you perform an activity at a certain level of difficulty. For instance; driving, knitting, or just walking rugged terrain in the woods. This is the same thing - you are engaged just enough not to get bored by the traversal.
Metro 2033 (2010) |
Virginia (2016) |
I know there are some people who argue that "walking simulator" is not a fair name, but because of this issue I actually think it is quite appropriate. What happens during traversal is quite closely linked to the core of the game. In a 3D platformer your activity during traversal is still about platforming, in a horror game you are on the lookout for danger, and in a walking simulator - well, you are simply walking.
This doesn't pose a problem to everyone who plays walking simulators, and I think the "trick" is to put yourself in a sort of meditative state where you simply block out any intruding thoughts and just focus on the essence of being in the game. One way of achieving this is through stuff like music. It's one of the reasons why The Chinese Room's titles have been so successful. Their amazing music often becomes front and center during these moments of just walking, and by doing so keeps the player in the world.
Still, I think this poses a problem and it's something that anyone making a narrative-heavy game needs to think about. It's similar to how scenes are constructed in movies. If a scene simply starts and ends on the same note then it falls flat and gets boring. Just like some walking simulators can get away with just walking, some movies can get away with this for a portion of the audience. But that doesn't mean it's the best way to approach the problem. In the same way as film scenes thrive on there being dramatic motion, so should games try to find an interesting activity to tie together all of the traversal.
If you are making a game that uses a classical game mechanic, then this doesn't pose a huge problem. But it's when you want to go off the beaten path and try something different, especially when the focus is on storytelling, that this becomes crucial. You need to consider: when the player is simply walking around, what keeps their mind in the game's world?
In one of our upcoming super secret games, we want to explore new ways of telling a story through gameplay. This makes the issue of traversal really high on the list of things we need to make work. A key component for us in solving this has been to focus on what sort of fantasy it is that we want our players to partake in. The trick is then to make sure that our players focus on this fantasy at every single moment. We want to make sure that the players are preoccupied with things that relate to this fantasy, and that these actions require their attention.
The way we intend to do this is by packing the environment with narrative- and gameplay-important information. The more of this information the players have, the easier it is for them to create plans for overcoming upcoming obstacles. On top of that, the information changes over time, so players need to keep up this mental exercise even when entering previously visited locations. The crucial bit is to avoid making this procedure too difficult, as it would otherwise be exhausting in the long run. It should lie at the sweet-spot where it becomes barely conscious, coming into full focus only when important, when new information is discovered. On top of this, the information needs to be interesting in itself, not simply dull collectibles or similar. As I mentioned earlier, it is important that this task reinforces the player's fantasy.
I know this sounds a bit fuzzy, but going into greater details would be too spoilerish at this point. It's also worth pointing out that this is still in an early state, and we haven't had time to see how well it works when put in practice.
So, this is far from being a solved issue. But by simply recognizing it and gathering modes of attack, it feels like we've taken steps towards a solution.


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It's a madhouse already at the 2011 Bay Area Maker Faire. Though the show doesn't officially start until tomorrow, Friday is "Education Day", a special preview for local schools. As makers scramble to set up their displays, a thousand impressionable young minds seek the most cacophonous mixture of taiko drumming, ArcAttack's musical Tesla coils, and the beeping and booping of the R2-D2 Builder's Club.
Maker Faire is returning for its sixth year at the San Mateo Event Center, and is shaping up to be bigger and zanier than ever. We'll do our best to provide some live updates through the weekend. As always, check out the official site for pointers on hours, admission, parking and especially public transit options.
(Photo: Colossus, the death-defying centerpiece of the Midway area of the Faire.)


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Good evening everybody, welcome to colourful and beautiful world of crochet. Today we are going to try and create it rather more entertaining and pleasant. There is nothing additional elegant and comfortable than this easy pineapple net bag so that we are going to teach you ways to crochet this absolutely attractive bag. I'm sure you have got already created one thing like this however if you have got not yet, this is often a good chance because bag is one of the most useful and ordinarily used accessory that has no alternative, especially while shopping. This is a very trendy and popular piece that you find in the bags sort. So, let's get down to the business and start crochet today to get a big pleasure.
Click here to show tutorial
Free Video Instructions
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Source:아델코바늘 Adel Crochet


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Hi lovely people!! A few weeks ago I shared a link across to Donna Salazar's blog for my "Create" Art Journal Cover... here's the full reveal for you here also!
These hinged ring bound albums are perfect, the denim cover is lined inside with kraft to match the pages and the pages themselves are thick and chunky, so they are perfect for coping with whatever you want to throw on them!
For the cover I have used my favourite embellishments - cogs, butterflies, denim offcuts and lace ribbon! Cogs are always gorgeously grungy, butterflies are almost essential on my work as is lace ribbon. The canvas butterfly was cut from Donna's Canvas Ribbon from Scrapbook Adhesives by 3L using one of the Wonderful Wings Dies from Spellbinders.
To start the cover I adhered some old book paper with gel medium and then painted on some clear and white gesso over top. I've then added a strip of denim cuff offcut and the chipboard cogs. Next some more white gesso. I use a palette knife for the gesso, I like the effect of it as compared to a paint brush. The colour is layers of Mix'd Media Inx Re-Inker and Smooch Spritz sprays. Add some glitter to the 3D Foam Swirls then some Mix'd Media Inx overtop! The alpha letters were inked and then glittered with Twinkle Dust Glitter. A great way to adhere this is with Clearsnap's Glue Gloss, it's an easy way to get glue in just the right place, with no mess.
I can't wait to create many messy girly grunge pages in this journal, I promise to share as I create!
DSD Products used:
Scrapbook Adhesives by 3L
Denim Art Journal
Canvas Ribbon
Lace Ribbon
3D Foam Swirls
Mix'd Media Inx - Denim, Wisteria
Mix'd Media Ink ReInkers - Denim, Wisteria
Smooch Spritz - Mixed Berries, Caramel Latte, Sea Breeze
Twinkle Dust Glitter - Mixed Berries
Glue Gloss
Other Products:
Denim Offcuts
Vintage Book Paper
Chipboard Alphas and Cogs
3D Matte Gel
White Gesso, Clear Gesso
Thanks for stopping by today! M xo


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Changes of State: Solids, Liquids, and Gases
A snowman, glass of water and steam might look very different but they are made of the same stuff! Just like any substance, water has three different forms, called states: solid, liquid and gas. The state will change when the substance is heated.
A snowman is made of snowflakes which are ice, the solid state of water. An ice crystal has a fixed volume and shape and is unable to flow.
When a snowman is heated, it turns into water, a liquid. As a liquid, water has a fixed volume, but its shape changes to fill the shape of its container.
When water is heated, it turns into a gas. As a gas, steam does not have a fixed volume or shape. It expands to fill the shape and volume of its container.


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3 inch stainless constant-diameter direct-fit cat-back system cuts backpressure up to 79 percent and flows up to 138 percent better. Throaty sound, huge polished tip. Formed of heavy-duty stainless steel, Banks increased-diameter mandrel-bent Monster exhaust pipes (3 inch intermediate pipe and 3.5 inch tailpipe) bolt behind the catalytic converter, cutting backpressure up to 79 percent and increasing flow up to 138 percent for increased power, longevity and fuel efficiency. The polished-stainless straight-through muffler outflows stock, and delivers a commanding, yet civil, exhaust note. The system includes Banks exclusive ob-round (patented design) angle-cut rolled-edge tailpipe tip in your choice of polished chrome-over stainless or high-temp black! And to keep it looking good, there's a 1/2 inch air gap to help keep heat from tarnishing the finish. An adjustable clamp lets you position it on the tailpipe just right. The lightweight, direct-fit-system bolts on easily. Fully compatible with Ford's factory warranty, the entire system is covered by Banks 5-Year Limited Warranty. Monster Exhaust System, Single Exit, Black Obround Tip for use with 2004-2008 Ford F-150/Lincoln, SCLB-ECMB Standard Cab Long Bed to Extended Cab Medium Bed Key Features Mandrel bent Stainless Steel construction Virtually eliminates backpressure Lowers exhaust gas temps Dramatically improves flow Maximum Airflow 3 inch stainless constant-diameter direct-fit cat-back system Cuts backpressure up to 79 percent Flows up to 138 percent better Huge 4.38×5.25 inch Cerakote Black Tip US Patent #5,581,111 S1 CARB E.O. Not Required
Additional Attributes:
Extended Information:
Emissions : CARB Eligible
Life Cycle Status: Available To Order
Quantity of Each: 1
Package UOM: EA
Dimension: 36 x 12.5 x 22 inches
Weight: 47 PG