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The Official Blog of the American Pomeroy Historic Genealogical Association. The home of the Great A.A. Pomeroy Book Update Project, the Pomeroy Anvil Trail, the Pomeroy Collection, the Eltweed Pomeroy YDNA Project and the Mary Ann Coe Project. All articles on this blog are copyrighted by the American Pomeroy Historic Genealogical Association.
Wednesday, April 28, 2010
APHGA Report for the Month of April 2010
Several new members have joined the APHGA, each sharing their research for later publication of an updated genealogy of the descendants of Eltweed Pomeroy. Based on our extensive US and Canadian Pomeroy research we also expect to publish books on other large Pomeroy families who are not descended from Eltweed. One large family that settled early on in the colonies is that of Richard Pomeroy, who settled on the Isles of Shoals (then MA, now NH) by 1670. Other Pomeroys connected with that area are Leonard Pomeroy, a merchant in Plymouth, England and a Thomas Pomeroy who was also an early settler of the Isles of Shoals. Nancy, Ed, and several APHGA members are researching these early settlers to identify whether they were related.
One family previously identified by Albert A. Pomeroy in his genealogies "The History and Genealogy of the Pomeroy Family..." as descendants of Eltweed Pomeroy seem more likely descended from Richard Pomeroy of the Isles of Shoals. This is the family of Benjamin Pomeroy and his wife Anne. According to A.A. Pomeroy, Benjamin was born in 1724, the son of Eldad Pomeroy and Sarah Wait. Benjamin and Anne had at least 4 children: Richard, b. 5 Aug 1750; Deliverance, b. 11 Mar 1753; Anna, b. 14 May 1755 and Margaret, b. 22 May 1758. According to A.A. Pomeroy, Benjamin "settled in Georgetown, Me."
Other records associated with the history of Maine, identify a Benjamin Pomeroy, born in 1707 in ME who married "Ann" and had at least five children: Benjamin, b. 24 Jan 1741; Richard, b. 5 Aug 1750; Deliverance, b. 17 Mar 1753; Ann, b. 14 Mar 1755 and Margaret b. 22 May 1758. This Benjamin is identified as the son of Richard Pomeroy and Deliverance Berry.
Benjamin, son of Eldad would have been rather young to have been married and to have had a child by 1741. Additional research will be done, including a review of the Church of Christ, Congregational (Northampton, MA) records which were microfilmed and available through the Family History Library. We are hoping to find birth and/or baptismal records for the children of Eldad Pomeroy and Sarah Wait. We are also pursuing a search of early Maine vital and Church records.
We would love to connect with Plymouth, England Pomeroy descendants who may be related to Leonard, Thomas or Richard Pomeroy, to learn more about these families.
Mary Ann identified some new Pomeroy researchers who are descended from William Pomeroy, b. 13 Aug 1801 in NY State, who married Sarah L. Gleason on 31 Mar 1828 in Wayne County, NY. William died in 1866, probably in Van Wert, Van Wert County, New York. Sarah was b. 10 Dec 1808 in Manchester, Ontario Co., NY and died about 1842 in Brantford, Province of Ontario, Canada. She was the daughter of Bazaleel Gleason and Abigail Howland. William and Sarah had at least six children: Henry, b. 10 Nov 1829; Francis Cole, b. 26 Jan 1830; Carlos, b. 16 Feb 1832; Eliza Ann, b. 12 Aug 1834; Clarissa, b. 26 Jan 1836; and Sarah Jane, b. 30 Jul 1839. It is likely that the elder five children were all born in New York, while the youngest, Sarah Jane, was born in Canada.
Other researchers identify this William as the son of Phineas Pomeroy (Phinehas, Medad, Joseph, Medad, Eltweed) and Rebecca Sarah Spaulding, but our research leads us to believe that this is unlikely. According to Phineas Pomeroy's Revolutionary War Pension, his son William was born 29 Jan 1781. We believe that William Pomeroy, son of Phineas, married Polly Yeomans and settled in Roulette, Potter County, Pennsylvania. So, the question remains, who were the parents of William Pomeroy, b. 13 Aug 1801 in NY, who married Sarah L. Gleason? Based on proximity Nancy feels it is possible that William was a son of Rev. Francis Pomeroy (Timothy, Daniel, Ebenezer, Medad, Eltweed), but more research needs to be done. Is anyone else researching this family?
Also, has anyone done any research on Ralph Gordon Pomeroy, b. 26 Apr 1893 in Cleveland, OH, resided at 113 South St., in Lockport, Niagara Co., NY on 5 Jun 1918 (WWI Draft Registration). Mary Ann found an obituary in the Chicago Tribune, dated 3 Oct 1918: "Ralph Gordon Pomeroy, aged 26 years, at Marine hospital Oct. 1 [1918] beloved son of Jessie M. Cutler of 4326 Lake Park av. Funeral from chapel at Forest Home cemetery, Thursday at 2 p.m. Services by Landmark lodge, No. 422, A.F. and A.M."
Is this Ralph the son of Irving L. Pomeroy (Luther, Milton, Titus, Ebenezer, Eldad, Caleb, Eltweed) b. Apr 1868 in Lockwood, d. 13 Feb 1941 in Chicago, who was living with his mother in Lockport in 1900 and 1910, and identified as a widower in the US Federal Census. If so, was Irving divorced, not widowed?
Barb continued her review of Pomeroys found in early newspapers and continued her research of the life of Marcus Mills Pomeroy (Hunt, Hosea, Ebenezer, Ebenezer, Eldad, Caleb, Eltweed) for an article she will be writing. She is also continuing to review and transcribe Pomeroys in the 1865 NY State Census – she's currently reviewing Kings County.
Barb continues to enter Eltweed descendants with missing information into a spreadsheet so we can keep track of what research needs to be done for the upcoming book. Barb has entered over 1500 records so far. Barb will be working with Betty to better identify where research still needs to be done, by family and by place. Barb also attended the Association of Public Historians of New York State Conference in Buffalo, NY this past weekend. If you are doing genealogical research in New York State, you're lucky. Did you know that in 1919 NY State passed legislation to create officially appointed historians in every town, village, city, borough and county across the state? These historians can be very helpful in researching the communities in which your ancestors lived. For a listing of NY State Historians, check out the APHNYS website at http://www.aphnys.org/index.cfm . (Barb can be found in the Lake Ontario Region directory!)
Betty continued her review of Pomeroys in Northampton, MA census records that were previously unmatched. Betty has also been entering early CT vital records from the Barbour Collection. Betty has also been researching female Pomeroys whose married names are identified in these records by collecting census information for these families and entering that information into our databases. Betty has also been working to connect the many Parsons in our database to identify relationships between these people. Betty traced the Joseph Lathrop family. Joseph, b. 23 May 1815 in West Springfield, MA, married Abigail Alexander Pomeroy on 16 Oct 1838. Abigail, b. 16 Sep 1815 in Warwick, MA was the daughter of Medad Pomeroy (Medad, Seth, Ebenezer, Medad, Eltweed) and Jerusha Alexander. Betty was able to trace these families through the 1850 to 1870 US Federal Census records. She also researched the James Leander Pomeroy family. James was b. Nov. 1845, in New Gloucester, Cumberland Co., ME, son of Edward Pomeroy (Warham, Enos, Caleb, Samuel, Caleb, Eltweed) and Ann A. Rogers. Betty has been able to bring this line forward two generations based on Census record research. James and wife Laura settled in Gloucester, Essex Co., MA. If anyone else is connected with this family, we'd love to compare notes!
Betty also went to the Onondaga County Public Library with Lee and Ed and helped Lee to review and transcribe Pomeroys and collateral lines in the New York State Vital Records index. She and Lee also reviewed the Parsons vertical file at the library. Betty also continued her review and transcription of Pomeroys in the 1865 NY State Census. She is currently working on Poughkeepsie, NY records.
Lee continued to match Pomeroys found in 1911 Canadian Census records and British Columbia Marriages and Death records indexed on Ancestry.com. She was able to identify a "Honna Purmoy" as Hannah, the spouse of Oliver Pomeroy, son of George A. Pomeroy (Silas, Abner, Caleb, Samuel, Caleb, Eltweed) and Rebecca Palmer. Lee also organized a research trip to the Onondaga County Public Library to review Pomeroys in the NY State Vital Records index and Maine and Onondaga County records. Lee has been keeping a spreadsheet of the transcribed vital records for later data-entry.
Lee connected with a Pomeroy family when she was in Roscoe, NY on Saturday, April 20th. This family descends from Eltweed. Lee has contact information and has handed it over to Nancy. She also reviewed Pomeroy information in the Cortland Library, in Cortland, NY that same day.
Lee contacted the Sr. Managing Editor at the Syracuse Post Standard to clarify our understanding of their copyright practices and spoke with Pat and Barb about articles being planned. She prepared a report on the publication project for Project Roots department members.
Ed continued to research and data-enter information found on Pomeroy families who lived in Stark County, OH and later moved to Dekalb County, IN. Ed will be reviewing Hancock County, ME grantor/grantee indexes at the Family History Library this week. Although these deeds are available online, they early books are not indexed, so he will be copying Pomeroy, Lunt and Coffin entries to identify which books and pages the deeds are on. Ed is also planning a trip to the Onondaga County Library in Syracuse with Lee and Betty. Ed will continue his review of the Maine Vital Records CD collection available at the library. Ed's previous visit turned up some very useful information, including the marriage information for William Pomeroy and Nancy Grant, and Samuel Pomeroy and Lydia Gatcomb.
Ed identified a new Canada/Maine Pomeroy family that was living in Catalina, Newfoundland. This was George Pomeroy, b. abt 1816 who married Elizabeth (maiden name unknown). He died 1 May 1905 in Catalina. Elizabeth, b. abt 1822, d. 18 Oct. 1898 also in Catalina. The couple had at least one child, William James Pomeroy b. abt 1816 who d. 1 May 1905 in Catalina. William married Emily Sharp on 1 Mar 1890 in Catalina, and the couple had at least four children, all born in Catalina: Mary Ann Pomeroy, b. 11 Dec 1890; Jessie Pomeroy, b. 1 Sep 1894; George Pomeroy, b. 2 Dec 1897; and Rene Pomeroy, b. 30 Sep 1900. Does anyone descend from this family? If so, please contact us!
Pat researched an interesting record that Nancy found in Ancestry.com's U.S. Army, Register of Enlistments, 1798 – 1914, database. Thomas Pomeroy, (according to this record) was born abt 1799 in Pompey, Onondaga Co., NY and enlisted 2 Sep 1813 (at the age of 14!) into the U.S. Army Artillery. He joined in Greenbush, NY under Capt. Barker for service of five years. Other records in this same database identify Thomas as being born in Onondaga Co., NY and being a musician in the army at the tender age of 9. We would love to figure out who this Thomas was. There were no Pomeroys listed in the 1800 US Federal Census in Pompey, NY. There were Pomeroys who settled early in Otisco, but no Thomas that matches the description above. Who is this young man?
Nancy checked our blog's web statistics and was pleasantly surprised. We are averaging 200 unique visits to our blog site per month, since the blog was started just six months ago, with a record 256 visits in March 2010!
The Pomeroy Collection
Nancy scanned, conserved and organized the archive of letters associated with the Frederick Lawrence Pomeroy (James Clark, Stephen, Ebenezer, Ebenezer, Eldad, Caleb, Eltweed) family which was added to the collection recently.
Nancy has accessioned several genealogy and historical society newsletters, journals and magazines. Nancy also purchased and received the book "Local Color, Stories of Westhampton's First 225 Years", edited by Jacqui Hickey LaFrance, James E. Bridgman and Sarak K. Mulvehill and published by the Westhampton Historical Society. This is a reprint of the book that was published originally in 2003.
Two new and interesting additions to the collection are large felt advertising pennants for Pommery Champagne. Our facilities team has just hung one on the outside wall of the Project Roots Office. Nancy feels like celebrating! (Well, Nancy always feels like celebrating...)
The Pomeroy Anvil Trail
Work is well underway on the Pembroke, Maine, Pomeroy Anvil Monument dedicated to Thomas W. Pomeroy, a very successful clairvoyant physician who was born in Pembroke. Thomas lived and practiced in New York City from 1880 to 1926, but he and his wife returned to Pembroke every summer where they built a lavish summer home. Thomas was a Master Mason and member of the Crescent Lodge 78 for 73 years. The Town of Pembroke and the Pembroke Historical Society are planning a dedication ceremony on July 4, 2010 after the parade. The monument will be installed at the American Legion on Front Street. Now's the time to get your hotel reservations if you plan on coming to the dedication – Nancy, her husband Jerry and Bill and Sandra Pomeroy have their reservations and are looking forward to the event. Nancy was so impressed with the people of Pembroke when she and Jerry went on a scouting visit to Pembroke last July. She and Jerry are looking forward to their return visit.
The Mary Ann Coe Project
Nancy has started to write the Mary Ann Coe book. This has been a very rewarding and eye-opening endeavor so far. It's incredible how the simple act of writing a narrative makes you think of additional research and helps you to see the subject of your research in a different light. Nancy is compiling research done on the Coe family in the towns of Durham, CT; Granville, MA; Ballstown, NY; Paris, NY; and Pompey, NY, and would love to talk with other people researching the Coes or the towns listed above.
Pat continued her research on Carlos C. Coe, a relative of Mary Ann who was an early balloonist in New York State. Pat took a field trip to Rome, NY and visited the Jervis Public Library, the Rome Historical Society and the Rome Cemetery, as part of her Carlos Coe research. While not much was found on Carlos, Pat did collect information on Pomeroys from the Rome and Utica area, including the family of Daniel C. Pomeroy (Silas, Nathaniel, Noah, Noah, Joseph, Medad, Eltweed). Pat is also researching the Adam Junkins family in Cadiz, OH. Adam was the brother of Benjamin Junkins, Mary Ann's second "husband". Pat also researched NY State's insolvency laws for an article we hope to have published soon.
In between packing and moving, Judy has continued to transcribe articles in the Firelands Pioneer Journal and has made some great headway in entering Pomeroy vital records.
We have added 320 new people, 165 new sources and 2686 new citations to our genealogy databases over the past three weeks.
4 comments:
- AnonymousJune 6, 2010 at 11:38 AM
My Great Grandmother was Ann Marie Pomeroy born in Woodhull Steuben NY in 1840. She married Silas Wheeler and eventually moved to Allen NE where they died. Her father was Nelson Phineas Pomeroy born 1813 in New York. I think he is the son of Phinehas Pomeroy born in 1857 but I can't connect them. I'm really new at this if you can help. Thank you.....Eileen
ReplyDelete - AnonymousJune 23, 2012 at 3:07 PM
I'm the great, great, grandson of Marcus Mills Pomeroy. My mother has a lot of historical information about him and his family.
email@example.com - AnonymousNovember 3, 2015 at 4:35 PM
I have interest in a pomeroy line from catalina Newfoundland please contact me email@example.com


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If there is one number that may never end in a draw this week, then know that the number is here.


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Short Season, Tall Task
Can the NBA maintain its edge without his Airness?
by Gerry Brown |
The NBA had been swirling about in a snow-globe of uncertainty for some time. Would Michael retire? Would the lockout ever end? Would Dennis Rodman and Carmen Electra stay together? Now that the answer to all three questions is apparently yes (for now, anyway), one thing is absolutely certain: this will be an NBA season like none before. As much as many bitter fans would like to deny it, the first season of the post-Jordan era will be exciting. While all that boring NBA talk —everybody is rich, what's the problem?— has left a sour taste in the mouths of many people, the 1999 NBA season should bring lots of surprises.
It may take a while for the players to get back into playing shape and the early-season games will probably exhibit a level of play that is short of what we can expect come playoff time. Once the players get going, though, look for an exciting ride.
Because of the shortened 50-game schedule, each regular season game will take on increased importance. A lesser team that gets on a hot streak might make the playoffs this year, unlike during the grind of a normal 82-game season. Additionally, because games will be played 4-5 nights a week, teams will have to go deeper into their benches, and starters should be somewhat fresher come playoff time.
Disgruntled fans everywhere are likely to get over their grudges and return to the arenas by week three of the season. Fans everywhere, that is, except for those of the suddenly inept Chicago Bulls.


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The biggest machine in the world — the U.S. electric power grid — will have to become both harder and smarter. After the superstorms of 2012, that thought is pretty much the general consensus, in the industry and among the public, and communications platforms, the central nervous system of the 21st century grid, are already the focus of much of the discussion.
Before Hurricane Sandy, public dialogue about the smart grid was trending the same way as federal stimulus money — downward. Sandy changed everything. In the superstorm's aftermath, Maryland Gov. Martin O'Malley and New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie called for a hardening of the grid. New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo even went so far as to say, it is vital "to immediately invest in new construction, replacement and upgrades to transition the grid" to a "dynamic and flexible network" with enhanced sensors and controls providing real-time information about outages and usage.
While response to natural disasters is a key driver behind modernizing the grid, there is a trend in the electric industry to go even further. The new strategy also is to leverage, expand and integrate smart grid communications both to improve operational efficiency and increase the value of communications networks.
Leveraging the Network
"It began with advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)," said Michelle Rae McLean, director of product marketing at Silver Spring Networks. "But, as an industry, we've reached a tipping point; we're getting beyond AMI. People are realizing that we're not just building networks for the smart meter, rather we're building a smart grid."
McLean said utilities want to leverage their networks for multiple applications, including distribution automation (DA), demand-side management (DSM) and peak-load management. She cited Oklahoma Gas & Electric, which is running a peak-load management program over its AMI infrastructure: "They could not have involved 42,000 customers as economically with a separate infrastructure. It improves the return on their AMI investment."
Most experts agree that communications within electric utilities is siloed, and leveraging communications assets between departments is often difficult or impossible. Too often bid specs for, say, AMI, are written without considering any other groups in the utility. That is the case, even though an AMI that blankets the service area with two-way communications, if designed right, also could be used for DA.
Stronger Business Case
"The business case for a multipurpose network would be much stronger if one common communications system would spread the cost over several departments," noted John McDonald, director of technology strategy and policy development for GE Digital Energy. But, of course, each department would have to "give up some ownership."
Of course, that can lead to cultural issues, which can be much stronger than the business case, he added. CEOs need to mandate that the communication silos be broken down before any investment is made across the utility, said McDonald. "Where that hasn't happened, we still have the silos and each group doing their own technology procurement."
Gary Rackliffe, ABB's vice president for smart grid in North America, also sees utilities expanding, leveraging and integrating their networks. "You don't achieve benefits just by putting a smart meter on a house. The next wave of smart grid investment is going to be connecting the dots." That means digitizing the grid: connecting the AMI to the distribution automation DA and outage management systems (OMS). "Integrating and developing these technologies is one of the keys to developing a comprehensive and effective smart grid," said Rackliffe.
A Need for Speed
Funding aside, utilities are finding this may not be quite as easy as they would like. For instance, smart grid applications such as DA may have response, bandwidth and latency requirements that the AMI specs may not meet. Bandwidth requirements depend on how much information needs to be sent within any given application (that is, are data points or files being sent?). With latency, cyber security is always a major consideration: How much security is desired versus how much latency can be handled?
Matt Olson, senior electrical engineer of telecommunications and network engineering for Burns & McDonnell, concurred. "There is a lot of discussion about whether AMI and distribution automation should be merged on the same network," he said. "What I'm seeing is it depends on the network and that it is very difficult to do consistent distribution automation on an AMI-speed network," he said. "If you want to do things with real-time controls, you need things that will get you real-time responses."
According to Todd Gurela, worldwide operations director of connected energy networks at Cisco, interest in integrated communications is growing. More and more, he noted, "strategic discussions with customers focus on multiservice communications systems that are built with much higher bandwidth" for the simple reason that these systems must not only be able to handle today's communications needs but also the needs of the future.
For instance, he said, "On the transmission level, you are looking at ultralow-latency communications networks to run real-time control systems with teleprotection as well as running all the secondary systems." That means "you need to have a much higher bandwidth to handle information that comes back from your utility assets," said Gurela.
As such, he said, the trend is toward IP-based network architecture, which is designed from day one to enable multiple applications while also providing utilities the ability to prioritize traffic over those networks. "You can prioritize so that safety and security protection data always take priority over secondary systems data," he noted. Furthermore, he added, "They are very flexible networks, because they allow multiple data sources to be engaged over the same investment."
Utilities will be able to communicate with customers directly through their own infrastructure or via a service provider's network. And, because the technology is so flexible, utilities can bring in new inputs, including more integration with heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and other energy systems within the customer premises.
Focus on Efficiency
Chattanooga's gigabit-per-second passive optical network (GPON) is a case in point. Last summer, the city showed its very high-speed system could limit outages under extreme circumstances (see "Smart Grid: It's All About Communications" on page 2). But, the city is not done yet. Indeed, it is thinking beyond outages and storm restoration.
In its next stage of smart grid development, the city will focus not only on integrating AMI data into the utility's OMS, as other utilities have done, but also on power quality. "More voltage control, more capacitor banks that help us with voltage stability and power factor — we're expanding our emphasis beyond outages to include efficiency of operation," Glass said.
That corroborates what some industry observers are seeing. "Between the time federal stimulus money first became available and now, things have changed," said Cisco's Gurela. Utilities are taking what he calls "a more mature focus on grid modernization" with real return on investment with respect to productivity, reliability, customer satisfaction and overall operational excellence as goals.
A Plug-and-Play Grid
That's certainly true in Massachusetts, where National Grid's smart grid pilot program has just gotten underway.
On the DA side, Chris Kelly, National Grid's utility of the future director, said the utility will be monitoring 11 distribution feeders and five distribution substations in the test area, which has a peak load of about 81 MW. "We'll be putting in four types of advanced distribution applications technology — 70 remote DA switches on the feeders, upgrades to station breakers and the energy management system, an advanced capacitor-control systems, and grid monitoring both on the feeder level and the primary and secondary transformer level," said Kelly.
The utility also will work with Schweitzer Engineering Labs to test the ability to detect fault locations. "We'll take all the data from the fault indicators and the other new grid equipment back into our control center to pinpoint the exact location of the fault," said Kelly.
The utility is taking a listen, test and learn approach to the pilot. "You have to set up the architecture end to end and test it under multiple scenarios," said Kelly. "It's one thing we truly believe in. Every vendor will say they're plug and play, and that it will work, but until you really get it connected to the system end to end, from the grid device to the WiMAX, to the control center, you're finding inconsistencies that need addressing. We are in the process of testing the entire architecture, and it's really going to save us a lot of time during commissioning."
Kelly does say that one of the reasons they chose the Cisco GridBlocks network is Cisco's philosophy of providing an open-standards-based router to join together the electrical grid with a digital communications network, which provides a platform for developing custom grid modernization applications. "More importantly," he added, "it is the first true IPv6 environment providing more addressable, configurable capabilities with more robust security."
Of course, communications standards enable interoperability, which in turn broadens the numbers and types of equipment options available to utilities. While 100% interoperability is probably impossible, there are reasons to be both pleased and frustrated with the current rate of standards development.
Standards and Interoperability
While the potential for truly smart grid communications exists, and the political pressure for the necessary changes is growing, "a convergence of standards is increasing the ability of utilities to realize true benefits of the technology," said GE's McDonald. "You can make the investment, however, the technology must comply with the communications standard and be tested for interoperability, which are two separate actions. Compliance does not guarantee interoperability."
"We're always seeing improvements in interoperability, but what interoperability are we after?" asked EnerNex's Houseman. "Are we after all networks operating together in the field, or where the same software handles the messages coming in, or the ability to talk with third-party devices attached to the network?" There are more types of interoperability than can be named, Houseman observed, from the physical to the application layer in the familiar open systems interconnection communications protocol stack.
"I don't think we want or need interoperability at every layer in that stack," Houseman stated. "Then everybody will be producing one generic product that is completely identical. We need to leave some room for innovation. On the other hand, I'm clearly of the opinion that we need to think about the level of interoperability we need and want for what we do."
Many smart grid communications systems fall under the IEEE 802 family of standards, which deals with local area and metropolitan area networks. "They were designed with an extensible architecture to create a family of standards with unique capabilities. Their common heritage and architecture gives unprecedented interoperability between the individual IEEE 802 standards," said the Electric Power Research Institute's Tim Godfrey, the vice chair of the newly formed IEEE 802.24 Technical Advisory Group (TAG), which includes IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet), 802.11 (WiFi), 802.15.4 (ZigBee) and 802.16 (WiMAX), among others.
However, added Godfrey, these 802 standards have a limited scope. "While they focus on lower layers [of the protocol stack] that are essential for interoperability, they are complementary to many other existing standards that specify higher layers," he explained. The main goal of the 802.24 TAG "is to facilitate coordination and cooperation among all working groups as they develop or amend standards that apply to grid modernization and utility communications," he said.
After Sandy, that would seem to be good advice. If the governors in the hardest-hit states follow up and, indeed, work with utilities to develop a strategy to make smart grid communications harder and smarter, everyone would benefit from the shorter outages and improved efficiencies a true 21st century smart grid would deliver.


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We immediately set up the camp after a beautiful helicopter ride from McMurdo Station that took us over fields of sea ice fronting the jagged, ice-draped Transantarctic Mountains. Our field camp, in Explorers Cove in above postcard, is situated at the mouth of the Taylor Valley, one of the many McMurdo Dry Valleys. These relatively ice-free valleys are U-shaped and were once sculpted by glaciers. The landscape was also sculpted by fierce katabatic winds. These winds can blow up to 260 mph, their relatively warm air contributes to the dryness, and the Transantarctics now act as an ice dam, blocking (for the most part) the East Antarctic Ice Sheet from encroaching into Explorers Cove.
After setting up camp, we turned to the most backbreaking part of the field endeavor: making dive holes through the sea ice. Dive holes provide the only entryway into the icy waters of New Harbor, for the ice divers who will put our experiments in place on the ocean floor and collect samples of sediments. It is an unbelievable process of drilling through the sea ice, melting a hole with the BBQ-like "hot fingers" and then powerfully chipping, sawing and mucking-out the hole to get it big enough for the ice divers to descend to the crystal clear seawater below. I found maintaining dive holes to be a difficult process. As I mucked to make a perfect ice-dive hole, I was exhausted within minutes, my arm muscles wore out, sweat turned to steam immediately. By the time the hole was finished, I was so hot, that I wished I could jump in. But since the water is -1.9°C (~28°F), that would not be a good idea. Finally, the dive holes are ready, and we can now deploy our experiments and collect our sediment samples.
The Dry Valleys, article in The Antarctic Sun
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WASHINGTON (JTA) — – Two conservative groups called on the Obama campaign to sever ties with a "radical" on its newly-released list of more than 600 rabbis who support the president's reelection.
The campaign rejected the demand.
The Republican Jewish Coalition on Thursday "expressed profound outrage" that Rabbi Lynn Gottlieb, a Renewal rabbi from California that the RJC described as a "radical rabbi", is part of Rabbis for Obama, which was launched Tuesday.
Gottlieb sits on the advisory board of Jewish Voice for Peace, a group that is active in the campaign to use boycott, divestment and sanctions to pressure Israel into ending the occupation of the West Bank, and that has no official position on whether Israel should exist as a Jewish state.
In September 2008, she was part of a coalition of religious groups that spoke about the Holocaust and Palestinian rights with Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad at a New York hotel. At that event, she said she favored face-to-face reconciliation, and asked Ahmadinejad, who has denied the Holocaust, to "change the way you speak about the Holocaust."
Gottlieb is one of eight Jewish Voice for Peace members on the list.
"By promoting and showcasing Rabbi Gottlieb as one of Pres. Obama's supporters, the Obama campaign lends legitimacy and credibility to a rabbi whose extreme views are well beyond the mainstream of the Jewish community and the mainstream of America," the RJC wrote in a statement to JTA.
Joining the RJC in calling on Obama to distance itself from the eight JVP members was the Emergency Committee for Israel, a group that has backed Republican candidates for Congress.
"It was particularly shocking to see that your campaign had recruited, and was touting the support of, rabbis who have no commitment to Israel's security, and whose values are representative of a small and extreme group of anti-Israel activists – and certainly not of the pro-Israel community," William Kristol, ECI's founder, wrote in a letter to Obama.
The Obama campaign dismissed the call to remove anyone from the list.
"The President's strong support of Israel and toughest-ever actions against Iran has led rabbis from across the political spectrum to express their support for the president and have committed to seeing him reelected," a campaign official told JTA. "The President obviously does not endorse or embrace their every affiliation, action or utterance."
Rabbi Sam Gordon of Illinois, one of three co-chairs of Rabbis for Obama, criticized the RJC. "I think picking out one rabbi out of 613 is missing the point and continuing to demonize those who disagree with a specific position of certain people within the Jewish community."
He praised Obama's "desire to bring about a lasting peace with security for Israel."


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Photo from My Life Size Labyrinths
"One ought, everyday at least, to hear a little song, read a good poem, see a fine picture, and if possible, speak a few reasonable words." - Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe
But it takes a Goddess
To get out of one.
What's true of oceans is true, of course,
Of labyrinths and poems. When you start swimming
Through riptide of rhythms and the metaphor's seaweed
You need to be a good swimmer or a born Goddess
To get back out of them
Look at the sea otters bobbing wildly
Out in the middle of the poem


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Editor's note: Dr. Mike Walden is a William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor and North Carolina Cooperative Extension economist in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics of North Carolina State University's College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.
RALEIGH, N.C. – It's that time of year again when economists are asked to polish off their crystal balls and peek into the economic future. I certainly understand why. Businesses can make better plans if they can forecast the strength of consumer spending. Knowing the outlook for employment and income will help consumers know if economic belt-tightening or belt-loosening is ahead. And how much government can spend – or borrow – is based on the availability of public revenues, and public revenues are largely tied to the relative strength of the economy.
My calendar is already booked solid for presentations about the economic future all around North Carolina. I always open my talks with a well-worn joke – that economists are better at predicting the past than the future. After the laughter subsides, I make the serious point that economic forecasting has a high error rate, especially when the forecasts are for specific numbers like the jobless rate, new jobs created and the change in spending. However, economists are much better at recognizing and predicting general economic trends.
So, let me begin with economic trends for 2014. I – and most economists – see several good trends. First, our economy will grow, meaning gains in economic production and income. That is, I don't see a recession – where production and income decline – on the horizon. The better business climate will mean more jobs – not for everyone who wants a job, but there will be fewer unemployed workers.
The housing market will also continue to improve in 2014. This is a big deal because the lack of robust home construction and sales activity has been the major factor behind the sluggish economy. People are buying homes again, developers are building homes again and the percentage of homeowners with troubled mortgages is down. I predict 2014 will be the year that builders add construction workers – something they've not done for several years in North Carolina – and this will be a big boost to the job market.
Inflation should remain mild in 2014 – averaging around 2 percent — and interest rates should continue to be affordable. Long-term interest rates, such as those on mortgages, did rise in 2013. The Federal Reserve is expected to reduce its monetary stimulus of the economy in 2014, which normally would mean even higher interest rates. But many experts think the Fed's actions have been widely anticipated and already adjusted in current interest rate levels. So the thinking is that interest rates won't move much in 2014.
Now let me provide some specific numeric forecasts. Remember to take these numbers not with a "grain of salt," but with the entire salt shaker. For the national economy, I see aggregate economic production (termed "gross domestic product") expanding by 2.75 percent — better than in 2013. I see between 2.5 and 2.8 million net payroll jobs created, thereby pushing the published unemployment rate to between 6 percent and 6.5 percent. Remember however, this most widely quoted jobless rate doesn't include unemployed workers who have left the labor force or those working part-time because they can't find full-time work. The rate that includes these folks will remain above 10 percent in 2014.
In North Carolina, I predict that nearly 100,000 net payroll jobs will be added in 2014 and a year-end published jobless rate of between 6.5 percent and 7 percent. Some regions of the state, such as the Triangle and Asheville, could see unemployment rates near 5 percent by year's end. However, 70 percent of the jobs created in the state will continue to be in three regions: Charlotte, the Triangle and the Triad.
This is a fairly optimistic economic outlook. But I certainly don't want to minimize the continuing economic issues we face. Certainly not everyone has benefited from the economic recovery. Average household income – after adjusting for inflation – is still lower than it was prior to the recession. There will be improvement in 2014, but many families will still have less than they had seven years ago.
We also face a problem of many unemployed workers not having the skills that businesses need for new hires. This is the skill mismatch problem, and economists think it accounts for a large number of the unemployed workers who have dropped out of the labor force. North Carolina may face this problem to a greater extent than other states because of the dramatic loss of manufacturing jobs in recent decades. Factory jobs here are down 45 percent since 1990. It's the reason we have unemployed workers at the same time that some businesses can't fill job vacancies.
Answers to the skill mismatch problem require thinking outside the box about worker training — including expansion of apprenticeship programs, vocational/technical options at high schools and quicker ways for workers to upgrade their skills using online and similar training methods.
The geographical "divide" in economic opportunities has been a long-term issue in North Carolina, and it will continue. Metropolitan areas like Charlotte and the Triangle (I call them our "racehorse economics") are some of the most dynamic and fastest growing in the nation, and they will continue to rapidly expand. But many small towns and rural areas, which traditionally based their economies on tobacco, textiles and furniture, continue to lag as those industries have downsized, and nothing significant has replaced them. A challenge for 2014 and beyond will be reviving those economies.
So the answer to the column's question (up, down or sideways for the economy in 2014) depends on who you are and where you are, but for more people than in recent years I forecast the answer will be "up." Of course, you'll have to decide for yourself. I have, however, left one frequent question unanswered – what will the stock market do in 2014? As the late economist Milton Friedman would say, it will fluctuate!


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At NCRC, a year of milestones
Published 12:00 am Wednesday, January 9, 2013
KANNAPOLIS – The North Carolina Research Campus, the biotechnology research hub in downtown Kannapolis, opened on the brink of what many call the "Great Recession."
But though growth has been slower than many would have liked, Director Mary Ann Lila of the N.C. State University Plants for Human Health Institute said there were many milestones at the NCRC in 2012, and more to come.
"We have all the enthusiasm, all the bells and whistles," Lila said, "and then, economic crisis."
Not far from her office windows, the Core Lab complex at the heart of the campus houses cutting-edge facilities and equipment used by universities and private companies alike.
Some of those labs and offices are still vacant, awaiting future clients.
But promising discoveries at the NCRC made headlines worldwide in 2012, and Lila (among others) expects still more in 2013.
From a BBC interview with David Nieman, director of Appalachian State University's Human Performance Lab, on the health effects of chia seeds, to studies on potential health benefits from blueberries and other foods coming from Lila's labs, research from the NCRC is being noticed.
Eight public and private universities and a range of health agencies and corporations are partners at the NCRC.
Throughout 2012, they announced a wide range of studies and some new products based on research conducted in Kannapolis.
Last week, the NCRC announced findings from studies on fatty liver disease, or FLD.
Alcohol abuse, obesity and other health problems are connected to FLD.
The disorder can lead to cirrhosis of the liver and cancer, among other health problems.
According to a report put out by the NCRC, Zhanxiang Zhou – co-director of the UNC Greensboro Center for Translational Biomedical Research at the campus – learned during a visit to China that some people he knew had been diagnosed with alcohol-related FLD.
Zhou was quoted as saying he hopes to develop FLD therapies by examining how diet and the body's internal mechanisms impact the disease's development.
And, in studies using animals, Zhou has found that zinc supplements may prevent and reverse FLD-related liver damage.
Other scientists may be help solve a nutrition crisis in Africa.
In one of the Plants for Human Health Institute "wet labs" at the NCRC, researchers are studying how nutrients in fruits and vegetables can be stabilized for long-term storage.
In the southern African nation of Zambia, Lila said, malnutrition is a serious problem.
But, she said, a project supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation may change that.
Ivette Guzman, a postdoctoral research associate who works with Lila, has been working at the NCRC since 2010.
She picks up a tray of vials filled with brightly-colored liquids – oils that contain nutrients captured from carrots, mangoes, kale and other foods.
"We're trying to develop a functional food for Zambia," Guzman said.
Six months out of the year, she said, there aren't any fresh fruits and vegetables. With only sporadic electricity in some area, there aren't easy ways to preserve those foods.
The foods available the rest of the year, such as corn grits, lack essential vitamins and nutrients, she said.
As a result, she said, the children's growth is stunted, and many Zambians suffer poor health.
Guzman and other researchers hope to create shelf-stable food products with the nutrition of those fruits and vegetables.
"We extract (nutrition) from the plant tissue, and capture it," she said, "either in oil or in flour, capturing these compounds."
"We're actually able to make simple cereals that capture all the nutrients of the mango … and have the protective properties," Guzman said.
The goal, she said, is not to change the Zambians' diet, but to enrich the foods they already have – so they can get the same nutrition from corn grits that they would get in fruits and vegetables.
Since the project began in October, Lila said, researchers have already made progress in discovering techniques that, one day, villagers might be able to use themselves with simple technology.
Lila hopes that these techniques, if successful, might be expanded into Uganda and Kenya as well.
"That's probably my favorite and most promising project right now," Lila said.
In addition to university research, Dole Foods – owned by David Murdock, who developed the campus – and other NCRC partner companies, such as General Mills and Monsanto, are conducting research in Kannapolis.
While the economy has slowed the pace of development, one proposal in the works for 2013 may bring more researchers on board.
The Plant Pathways Elucidation Project is a plan to recruit students who are working on their doctoral degrees, teaming them up with industry scientists.
According to a summary of the proposal, the effort would be aimed at helping future researchers have access to the technology and facilities of the NCRC.
At the same time, four-year college students from around the area would have opportunities to gain research experience.
Lila said the project would help fill a growing demand for experience. Competitive graduate programs are looking for college students with experience.
Lila said researchers at the NCRC are getting calls from students looking for internships, but there aren't enough to meet the demand. "They're begging to get in," she said.
The project would also help fill some of those facilities in the Core Lab that are still waiting for clients.
"We want to populate them, we want to get the instrumentation in place rapidly," Lila said.
The goal of the project would be to help discover how plants can lead to new products, new medical breakthroughs and more.
"Plants are better chemists than any human being could ever be," Lila said.
And, she said, by building "mega-teams" of student researchers and experts, more progress can be made toward discovering how they work.
"This is not ivory tower science," she said. "The questions that are being asked are being asked by Dole, by Monsanto. It's all interdisciplinary."
For UNC Charlotte graduate student Jon Shea, currently a research technician at the NCRC, the experience is already leading to opportunities.
He's a student in bioinformatics – the science of how biological data, such as proteins or genes, can be analyzed.
"Right now, I'm working on the blueberry project," Shea said.
His lab computer terminal, surrounded by papers and binders, shows data from a study of over 1,100 different blueberry plants.
The study hopes to find which varieties of blueberries have the most nutrition.
One day, Shea said, this study might impact what kinds of blueberries are sold at grocery stores, or used in making products.
"My goal would be for farmers to have the best plants to grow," Shea said.
He said he's excited about the experience he's gained at the NCRC, and looks forward to putting it to use at UNCC.
If 2013 goes as expected, he may be joined by many more students whose scientific careers began in Kannapolis.
Contact Hugh Fisher via the editor's desk at 704-797-4244.


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I survived my first week in the kitchen in pastry school! I think it's going to get intense starting next week. This week we just covered some basic skills and recipes.
I can't believe how much a difference a week in pastry school makes. I have already learned so much, and can feel myself improving – not only in pastry skills, but cleanliness and organization.
Today we practiced a few recipes we've made this week. The first being pâte à choux. We made the choux paste and piped cream puff and éclair shapes. I used a star tip this time and I think I prefer the look more. You can see how golden brown these are, so I think I under baked my cream puffs last night.
We made pastry cream and French meringue again….
We learned something new today: how to make dry caramel. Dry caramel is just sugar cooked slowly until it caramelizes.
I added heavy cream and sea salt later on to make caramel sauce.
Now what should I do with said caramel sauce? I'm thinking about making caramel macchiatos of maybe drizzling it over vanilla ice cream.
That's it for this week! Thanks for stopping by and reading! Have a great weekend. I'll see you on Monday. Don't be late.


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Joao Rodrigo Silva Santos. Photo/YouTube (Courtesy Photo)
by Zachary Lester
(NNPA)–Joao Rodrigo Silva Santos, a former Brazilian professional soccer player, was discovered dead by his wife when she found his severed head in a backpack outside the door of their home on Oct. 29, according to news reports.
Santos, 35, who had played for several teams both in and outside of Brazil, had been missing for several days. He was last seen on Oct. 28 being forced into a car near his home. His wife, Geisa Silva, grew concerned when he did not return to their Rio de Janeiro home and police began a search, according to news accounts.
Silva, a social worker who works with police investigating drug gangs, allegedly told authorities that neither she nor her husband had any enemies and she could not think of anyone who would want to injure him. Police, however, said he may have been targeted by gang members involved in drugs because of his wife's work.
"She was getting ready to go to work at 5:30 a.m. when she heard a noise, opened the door and saw his rucksack," a relative told News.com.au about Silva's shocking discovery. "Inside was his head."
Media reports said Santos his eyes and tongue had been cut out. His body had not been found as of Oct. 31.
According to The (London) Daily Mirror, Santos opened a food store after leaving soccer in 2011. The website reported that witnesses said Santos was accosted after closing his business one evening.
The Guardian reported that the police unit Silva works with has been cracking down on local gangs ahead of the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics.
Reprinted from the Afro American


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When the global economy seems to be in turmoil, we will need some reassurance. We should understand some of the learned principle and our future is often at a stake. The business world is often like a game of survival with so much risk and rewards. In this situation, only the best man who can win. It is often a battle between evil and good, especially when it comes to our financial affair. We should have the battle attitude to get ready for the fight. There's some point in our lives when a single mistake can cost us dearly. In many cases, we simply can't make the wrong choices. Financial investment requires careful planning and strategy. We should be fully prepared for the battle, so we will always get the upper hand. A winner is the one who can choose his battle and it is a good strategy to gain an upper hand against any kind of enemy. It is important for us to know how to size up our own ability. We should be able to hang in there and have the perseverance to endure everything when the going gets rough. Before performing an investment project, we also need to have the proper preparedness. Calculated risks need to be taken if we want to get bigger rewards and this is something that soldiers also need to take in the battlefield. Investors should understand their surrounding and use it for their advantage.
As an example, investors may find out that specific areas allow them to sell items at somewhat higher prices. They need to be cunning if they want to obtain the best possible results from their investment projects. It means that research and preparation should come in handy. Investors should also have a proper exit strategy. Not all of our project will succeed and when we are losing the game, it is better to withdraw then enduring more losses than necessary. This can applied in the stock market. If a stock doesn't perform well, we should have a plan on how to get rid of it from our portfolio. There are other factors that can compel us to withdraw from the investment project, such as inflation, fierce competition, higher risk and others. Even so, if we are financially conditioned we should be able to endure the most severe financial battle. We will be able to resist at least medium-level market volatility and fluctuation. If we are prepared, we should know what move that our opponent will make. We will be ready to make the appropriate adjustment based on the situation. We should be able to improve our overall durability if we diversity our investment portfolio properly. The real estate market is a good way to diversify our portfolio and it could provide us with multiple streams of income through the ownership of different assets. By having multiple stream of income, we will be closer in gaining the financial freedom we want.


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Chris Morely continues his guest post series on Natural Law: Part 3
Vatican II and incorporating modern specialist expertise
Part 1 dealt with the Natural Law.
In Part 2 we considered the male and female perspectives of Natural Law and the Church's teachings on sexual morality, and recent learning from experts in evolution.
Here in Part 3, we move on to the Church's stated position on considering outside expertise and some particular examples – insights from human psychology, secular liberal philosophy, and modern Christian moral theologians, including a Pope. We assess how well the Church's sexual behaviour teaching copes with the various critiques and its response.
Vatican II
The 2nd Vatican Council directed the Church to look beyond its well established traditions and scriptural interpretations and take account of the expertise available from various fields of learning in the modern world, and use these external insights to review and update its teachings of the Truth, as appropriate.
However this directive appears to be ignored more than followed.
The Church's most recent formal statement is the 1986 letter to the bishops on the pastoral care of homosexual persons, from the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.
In paragraph 2, this tells us:
However, the Catholic moral viewpoint is founded on human reason illumined by faith and is consciously motivated by the desire to do the will of God our Father. The Church is thus in a position to learn from scientific discovery but also to transcend the horizons of science and to be confident that her more global vision does greater justice to the rich reality of the human person in his spiritual and physical dimensions, created by God and heir, by grace, to eternal life.
This is not a satisfactory response to the Vatican II instruction to learn from outside expertise. The key passage is: 'we can learn from scientific discovery' but our position means we can 'transcend the horizons of science and .. be confident that [the Church's] more global vision does greater justice to the rich reality of the human person in his spiritual and physical dimensions'.
In other words, we are correct already and simply don't need to consider anything else or change our teaching as a result of any scientific discovery: "[the Church's] more global vision does greater justice … ".
Unchanged since 1986 but outside expertise moves on
While the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith has not changed its position on the treatment of lesbian and gay people since 1986, much new information has been gathered on the history of homosexuality, its nature and causes, biblical and theological perspectives, and from the empirical sciences.
In many areas covered by the Congregation's pastoral guidelines, Catholic culture has made major advances (Curb & Manahan, 1985 [14]; Francoeur, 1988 [15], 1989 [16]; Gramick, 1983 [17], 1988 [18]; Nugent, 1984 [19], 1992 [20]). Those are just the first eight years worth of publications from around the time of its publication in 1986, and very much more has been published since.
The tension between the unchanging formal fixed Church view of homosexuality and the changing worldview, is evident when John R. Quinn, Archbishop of San Francisco, replied to the Curia's 1986 letter on the pastoral care of homosexuals, with clear frustration:
We cannot fulfill our task [as pastors and bishops] simply by an uncritical application of solutions designed in past ages for problems which have qualitatively changed, or which did not exist in the past. (Quoted in Gramick & Furey, 1988, p. vii) [13]
He was writing this from San Francisco as thousands of gay men in his city, significant numbers of whom were Catholic, already had HIV infection and were dying of AIDS, before any effective treatment was available. The world for lesbians and gay men had very significantly changed.
No change: a comfort blanket
Plainly the field of sexual morality is one where the Church is reluctant to incorporate external expertise and the weight of modern moral theological and scriptural opinion, preferring instead to keep its comfort blanket of familiar traditions and teachings wrapped tight round its fist.
Catholic theologians are vulnerable when speaking out on these themes: some have been disciplined and others have lost their jobs. Debate and scholarly exploration of ideas is inhibited and closed down. The Church gives little sign of active, responsive listening.
It would be a firm but accurate criticism to say that the Church is being disrespectful to lesbian and gay Catholics by apparently not listening and responding to the wealth of new information and insights available in the 25 years since 1986, contrary to her own Catechism's instruction to be 'respectful, compassionate and sensitive' to lesbian and gay people (in paragraph 2358).
Now it is time to turn our attention to some of the secular experts' work that ought to have an impact on the Church's thinking and teaching about sexual morality.
Psychologically natural forms of human sexual expression
Among the disregarded modern secular perspectives is that offered by Thomas Nagel ¹, who denies Aquinas's central presupposition, that in order to discover what is natural in human sexuality we should focus on what humans and lower animals have in common. Using this approach, Aquinas concluded that the purpose of sexual activity and the sexual organs in humans was procreation, as it is in the lower animals.
Nagel, by contrast, argues that to discover what is distinctive about natural human sexuality, and so be able also to work out what is unnatural or perverted, we should focus instead on what humans and lower animals do not have in common. We should emphasize the ways in which humans are different from animals, the ways in which humans and their sexuality are special.
Thus Nagel argues that human sexuality, whether strictly procreative as required by Aquinas, or expressed in various other ways, is explained by human psychology. For it is human psychology that makes us quite different from other animals, and hence an account of natural human sexuality must acknowledge the uniqueness of human psychology. We have been created with and have evolved with proportionately massive brains compared with all other animals, and this makes us quantitatively and qualitatively different and our human psychology is expressed in distinctly human sexual behaviours.
Aquinas and the Church have ignored these brain and psychological differences from animals.
Mutual sexual interest and arousal
Nagel therefore proposes that psychologically healthy natural human sexual interactions, are all those in which each person responds with sexual arousal to noticing the sexual arousal of the other person. In such an encounter, each person becomes aware of himself or herself and the other person as both the subject and the object of their joint sexual experiences. If mutual arousal and interest is not present, Nagel describes this as perverted, or in Aquinas's terms, unnatural.
Psychology, not organs, not bodily responses
Nothing in Nagel's psychological account of the natural and the perverted refers to bodily organs or physiological processes. That is, for a sexual encounter to be natural, it need not be procreative in form, as long as the requisite psychology of mutual recognition and arousal is present. Whether a sexual activity is natural or perverted does not depend, in Nagel's view, on what organs are used or where they are put, but only on the character of the psychology of the sexual encounter.
Thus Nagel disagrees with Aquinas that homosexual activities, as a specific type of sexual act, are unnatural or perverted, for oral and anal sex may very well be accompanied by the mutual recognition of and response to the other's sexual arousal.
Thomas Aquinas emphasised the sin in homosexual acts
The change from Aquinas's judgemental natural law response to every activity that is not strictly procreational, toward an amoral psychological account such as Nagel's, represents a more widespread modern trend. Aquinas's moral or religious judgments are replaced by acceptance of behaviours as part of the normal range of human sexual expression, or by medical or psychiatric judgments and interventions. ²
There is no requirement for the Church to accept the specific sexual behaviour conclusions Nagel reaches (mutual interest leading to mutual arousal, whether married or not, followed by any consensual sexual behaviour), but there is a need to address his insight that exploring the perspective of what is different, special and unique about people compared with animals is illuminating. We have a highly intelligent human psychology not found in animal-kind. What does that mean for considering what are appropriate sexual behaviours and relationships for humans? Does it not suggest that human sexual behaviours are likely to be more complex and nuanced?
Could not Nagel's insights be combined with the unitive, and consensual sexual behaviour be acceptable if that is within a marriage or the lesbian and gay equivalent?
Secular liberal sexual philosophy
Modern secular liberal sexual philosophers now emphasise the values of autonomous choice, self-determination, and pleasure in arriving at moral judgments about sexual behavior, in contrast to the Aquinas tradition that justifies highly restrictive sexual morality limits by reference to Natural Law, God and scripture as the source of those limits.
The secular liberal finds nothing morally wrong, or non-morally bad, about either masturbation or homosexual sexual activity. These might be 'unnatural' in the sense of being solitary or less common, but in many if not most cases, they can be carried out without harm being done either to the participants, or to anyone else.
For the secular liberal, anything done voluntarily between two or more people is generally morally permissible. A sexual act would be morally wrong if it were dishonest, coercive, or manipulative, and Natural Law theory would agree with that. However Aquinas would instead start by saying that anything that is not marital vaginal sex open to procreation is fundamentally wrong because it is 'unnatural' and against God's purpose, and no amount of good intentions or other justification can ever eradicate that fatal flaw in any alternate sexual activity.
Modern liberal Catholic moral theologians and others
Modern liberal Catholic moral theologians such as Todd Salzmann and Michael Lawler ³, and Sister Margaret Farley [4], and Dr James B Nickoloff [5], Bishop Geoffrey Robinson [6], James Alison [7], and Joshua Allen [8], all put a high moral value on consensual sexual activity only within committed permanent relationships, whether heterosexual marriage, lesbian and gay marriage, or lesbian and gay civil partnerships. Within such committed relationships, the emphasis is not on particular sexual acts and what body part goes where, but far more on its unitive value, consent and doing no harm.
Contemporary liberal Anglican, Episcopal and other liberal Christian moral theologians generally share this moral restriction on the use of human sexual faculties to those within committed permanent relationships.
In contrast, contemporary orthodox and evangelical Christian theologians are doctrinaire with tradition and biblical interpretations, decidedly hostile to any homosexual expression, and strict about limiting sex to within married heterosexual relationships, and they oppose adultery and divorce.
It is notable that a great deal more effort is put into condemning any homosexual activity whatsoever, than ever appears to be the case in relation to the much more frequent moral misbehaviours of heterosexuals which demonstrably harm others, such as adultery and divorce. In psychological terms this looks like a near pathological anti-homosexual obsession, scapegoating and displacement.
Oftentimes the Magisterium and others within the Catholic Church lurch into this same condemnatory response to homosexuality, forgetting their Catechism duty to treat lesbians and gay men with 'respect, compassion and sensitivity'. Condemnatory sermonising that disregards the Catechism instructions on respect, compassion and sensitivity does not engender respect for the Church among those hurt by this. Frank acknowledgments of error and apologies for the unnecessary offence caused are decidedly rare and this is also un-Christian. Expecting lesbians and gay men to always turn the other cheek in the face of such Church misbehaviour is unreasonable. Such mistreatment, especially when repeated, is psychologically damaging to mental health and well-being.
Aquinas-lite, a contraception OK variant of Natural Law
Natural Law is still alive and well today among some contemporary philosophers of sex, even if the details do not exactly match Aquinas as now taught by the Church. John Finnis [9] [10] comes very close to a traditional Catholic or orthodox evangelical position. He does not require all vaginal intercourse within marriage to be open to procreation, so contraception is acceptable to Finnis.
However he invokes God and argues that only vaginal intercourse within marriage avoids 'disintegrity'. Only in marital vaginal sex, as intended by God's plan, do the couple attain a state of genuine unity: 'the orgasmic union of the reproductive organs of husband and wife really unites them biologically.' He says 'all extramarital sexual gratification' is morally worthless, even if it is vaginal intercourse within a committed relationship, because the body is then just a tool of sexual satisfaction and, as a result, the person undergoes 'disintegration.' 'One's choosing self [becomes] the quasi-slave of the experiencing self which is demanding gratification.'
This is almost indistinguishable in practice from Aquinas. This is Aquinas-lite, ignoring Aquinas's expectation of vaginal sex being for procreation and the contraception ban in In Humanae Vitae. Finnis appears to have conceived this framework to justify maintaining the hegemony of the current orthodox Catholic and evangelical Christian vaginal intercourse-only model for marriage. Finnis's language is marginally different to Aquinas: 'disintegrity' and 'disintegration' being his terms to condemn all other sexual activity in place of Aquinas's 'unnatural' or the 1986 letter from the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faiths' choice of the word 'disordered'. It doesn't feel any less damning to have that Finnis's choice of words applied to you.
Love's the thing
Pope John Paul II, wrote a sexual morality text book as Karol Wojtyla [11], and said that allowing oneself to be used sexually by another makes an object of oneself, and consent alone is not enough for this to be morally acceptable. 'Only love can preclude the use of one person by another' (p. 30), since love is a unification of persons resulting from a mutual gift exchange of their selves.
Note, however, that his idea that a unifying love is the key component that justifies sexual activity (in addition to consent) has an interesting and ironic consequence: gay and lesbian sexual relations should also be permissible if they occur within loving, monogamous homosexual marriages (which is the position advocated by the theologians Patricia Jung and Ralph Smith [12]).
However at this point in any discussion, defenders of the view that sexual activity is justifiable only within heterosexual marriage (such as Finnis and Wojtyla), commonly resort to Natural Law to rule out homosexual marriage, and to God to rule out all homosexual activity.
This only works if their Scripture interpretations are sound. Demonstrate that traditional scripture interpretations against homosexual sex are unsound, as many scholars have, and they'll try a flip to quoting Church Tradition. But as many scholars have shown, there was no continuous Christian tradition of homosexuality being a sin, until shortly after St Thomas Aquinas arrived and made it so. The homosexuality is an 'unnatural vice' tradition is late (over 1200 years after Jesus) and it was invented, and it stands tottering on shaky Natural Law foundations. [There is a continuous Church tradition of some kind of sexual sin from the earliest days. Sorry I distorted what I meant to say. See Terence's comment at the end and my response. And Part 4 includes the history of the sexual sin in some detail, and describes how Thomas reinforced this and codified it in the Church's theology.]
So the holes in the Catholic Church's defence of its current Natural Law and sexual morality teaching are becoming really obvious. When the Natural Law arguments are under significant sustained critique, they turn to what they say 'God says' to rescue their argument. Impasse is often reached soon after this: if you don't believe (as a secularist), or you're a Christian who sees the loving Jesus of the Gospels welcoming all people including lesbians and gay men especially when in committed unitive relationships in place of a punishing God, or if you don't accept the Church's interpretations of scripture, there is impasse.
Changing Church views
There are signs and sounds of creaking tectonic plates that indicate the Catholic Church is tending to be less dogmatic than it has been in the past and is edging towards finding a fresh way to represent the Truth in its teaching. Terence has posted about how the Vatican hasn't officially repeated the 'intrinsically disordered' phrase recently; and about the nuanced language coming from the Archbishops of Westminster and Southwark in the pastoral letter about civil gay marriage, and in the Archbishop of Westminster's recent reconfirmation of the Soho Masses pastoral ministry for lesbians and gay men.
Significant moral theologians of all sexualities have continued to voice concerns about the Truth of the sexual morality teaching from the Church.
Human cost of waiting
However while waiting for these tectonic plates of sexual morality teaching to shift, the human cost, which is born by lesbians and gay men and not the Church, is significant. We should remember that slaves continued to suffer too in the very slow repositioning of the Church on the slavery issue. The Church should avoid imposing a similar lengthy human cost on further generations of lesbians and gay men.
There has been around 750 years of pain so far since Thomas Aquinas facilitated the first declaration that homosexuality is a sin. The Church's continuing strictures are significant pressures that reinforce and give authority to lesbian and gay discrimination in law and other mistreatment, they encourage the avoidable spread of HIV/AIDS, and they provoke suicides, especially among lesbian, gay and questioning teenagers.
Sinful delay
It has been suggested by theologians that the Church can sin. Sins against slaves and against lesbians and gay men, for not working with due speed to resolve these issues, should be on the Church's and Magisterium's conscience, as should those relating to failures to effectively address clerical child abuse. Failing to effectively address clerical child abuse scandalises the world and is a cause of further doubt to Catholics and the world that the Church is speaking the Truth about the proper expression of human sexuality, when the Magisterium's own involvement in and response to clerical sexual abuse has been so wanting and disordered.
Next Time: Part 4: More holes and weaknesses in Natural Law exposed
Next time, in the final segment, we'll consider a further range of experts, referenced in Stanford University's Encyclopedia of Philosophy's chapter on Homosexuality and Natural Law. We will conclude with a detailed examination of Thomas Aquinas's homosexual deception, where he suppressed elements from Aristotle, and mis-stated others, and became a prime cause of the Church making homosexuality a grave sin for the first time.
Further Reading and References
For a thorough study of the approaches to Human Sexuality by the Catholic Church, this is particularly useful: Catholic Culture and Sexuality, by Robert T Francoeur, 2005.
It contains a section 'Dealing with Homosexuality'.
Robert T. Francoeur, PhD, is co-editor of the international award-winning Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality (Francoeur & Noonan, 2004a), compiled by 280 experts reporting on all aspects of sexual attitudes, values, behaviors, and relationships in 62 countries on seven continents. Trained in Catholic theology, human embryology, and sexology, Francoeur is also recent editor of the Complete Dictionary of Sexology (Francoeur, et al. 1995.and Sex, Love and Marriage in the Twenty-First Century (Francoeur, Cornog & Perper, 1999).
¹ Nagel, Thomas. "Sexual Perversion", in Alan Soble, ed., The Philosophy of Sex, 3st edition. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997, pp. 9-20. http://www.iep.utm.edu/sexualit/#H10
² Soble, Alan. Sexual Investigations. New York: New York University Press,1996. (chapter 4)
³ Salzmann, Todd and Lawler, Michael. "The Sexual Person: Toward a Renewed Catholic Anthropology" Georgetown University Press, 2008 http://press.georgetown.edu/book/georgetown/sexual-person
[4] Farley, Margaret. "Just Love: A Framework for Christian Sexual Ethics", Continuum, 2006
[5] Nickoloff, James. " 'Intrinsically Disordered' :Gay People and the Holiness of the Church" Bannan Institute, Santa Clara University, 2009 http://www.scu.edu/ignatiancenter/faculty/fellowships/upload/f_09_Intrinsically-Disordered.pdf
[6] Robinson, Geoffrey. "Christian Basis for Teaching on Sex: Sexual Relationships: Where does our Morality come from?" Address to New Ways Ministry Conference, March 2012 http://www.bishopgeoffrobinson.org/Christian%20Basis%20for%20Teaching%20on%20Sex.pdf
[7] Alison, James. Theology as Survival: an interview with James Alison by Brett Salkeld, 2012 http://www.jamesalison.co.uk/texts/eng67.html
[8] Allen, Joshua. Gay Marriage, Natural Law, and Civil Law: Understanding the Locus of Debate; De Libris Arbitrium, Center for Morality in Public Life, January 2011 http://www.cfmpl.org/reviews/2011/01/20/gay-marriage-natural-law-and-civil-law-understanding-the-locus-of-debate/
[9] Finnis, John. "Law, Morality, and Sexual Orientation" Notre Dame Law Review 69:5 (1994), pp1049-76.
[10] Finnis, John and Martha Nussbaum. "Is Homosexual Conduct Wrong? A Philosophical Exchange," in Alan Soble, ed., The Philosophy of Sex, 3rd edition. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997, pp. 89-94.
[11] Wojtyla, Karol [Pope John Paul II]. Love and Responsibility. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1981.
[12] Jung, Patricia, and Ralph Smith. Heterosexism: An Ethical Challenge. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1993.
[13] Catholic Culture and Sexuality, by Robert T Francoeur, 2005.
[14] Curb, R., & Manahan, N. (Eds.). (1985). Lesbian nuns breaking silence. Tallahassee, FL: Naiad Press.
[15] Francoeur, R. T. (1988). Two different worlds, Two different moralities. In J. Gramick & P. Furey (Eds.), The Vatican and homosexuality: Reactions to the "Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the pastoral care of homosexual persons." New York: Crossroad.
[16] Francoeur, R. T. (1989). New dimensions in human sexuality. In R. H. Iles (Ed.), The Gospel imperative in the midst of AIDS: Toward a prophetic pastoral theology. Winton, CT: Morehouse Publishing.
[17] Gramick, J. (Ed.). (1983). Homosexuality and the Catholic Church. Chicago, IL: Thomas More Press.
[18] Gramick, J., & Furey, P. (Eds.). (1988). The Vatican and homosexuality: Reactions to the "Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the pastoral care of homosexual persons." New York: Crossroad.
[19] Nugent, R. (Ed.). (1984). A challenge to love: Gay and lesbian Catholics in the Church. New York: Crossroad.
[20] Nugent, R., & Gramick, J. (1992). Building bridges: Gay and lesbian reality and the Catholic Church. Mystic, CT: Twenty-Third Publications.
Chris Morley's complete series on natural law
- Natural Law Part 1: Sex and Catholics introduced the Natural Law.
- Natural Law Part 2: Gender perspectives and evolution considered the male and female perspectives of Natural Law and the Church's teachings on sexual morality, and recent learning from experts in evolution.
- Sex and Catholics 3: Vatican II and Modern Specialists considered examples of the world's expertise in science and learning relating to the Church's sexual morality teaching and assessed the Church's teaching in the light of these critiques, and its response.
- Sex and Catholics 4: More Weaknesses in Natural Law considered more expert criticism of the use of Natural Law and Church's sexual morality teachings about homosexuality and critically assessed what is called "New Natural Law" and its treatment of homosexuality.
Related articles
- Sex and Catholics: the problems in Natural Law (queeringthechurch.com)
- Sex and Catholics 2: Gender perspectives and Evolution (queeringthechurch.com)
- Natural Law, Pure Reason and Vatican Jargon. (queeringthechurch.com)
- Terry Weldon on Catholic Magisterial Teaching about Human Sexuality: Animal Considerations (bilgrimage.blogspot.com)


text:
Union of Concerned Scientists
The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) "is the leading science-based nonprofit working for a healthy environment and a safer world. UCS combines independent scientific research and citizen action to develop innovative, practical solutions and to secure responsible changes in government policy, corporate practices, and consumer choices." [1]
- "The Union of Concerned Scientists is celebrating its 40th anniversary this year. Founded in 1969, it was born out of a teach-in organized by a group of scientists and students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to protest the militarization of scientific research and promote science in the public interest." [2]
Support for a Moratorium on New Coal Plants
In a study released in October, 2008, the UCS called for a moratorium on new coal-fired power plants that do not capture their carbon dioxide emissions. The authors of the study wrote that the United States should:
- "Stop building new coal-fired power plants without CCS. Each new coal plant built without CCS represents a major long-term source of CO2. It is not safe to assume that new coal plants built today without CCS could cost-effectively add it later, because the cost of CCS (considerable even when included in the plant's original design) would be much higher if added as a retrofit. The federal government should therefore adopt a strong performance standard limiting CO2 emissions from new coal plants, which will prevent the construction of any plant not employing CCS from the outset. Until such a policy is put in place, state regulators should evaluate proposed plants using a projected range of prices those plants would likely have to pay for their CO2 emissions under a capand-trade program." [3]
Agriculture & antibiotics
In 2001, the UCS announced that antibiotics in factory farms account for the overwhelming majority of all antibiotic use in the country. Dr. Margaret Mellon, is author of the UCS's report on anti-biotic use in livestock and the director of their food and environment program. [4] According to Dr. Mellon, her group "did not oppose using antibiotics to treat sick animals, but that it did oppose their use for promoting growth or preventing infections in healthy animals." According her report, U.S. livestock producers use about 24.6 million pounds of antibiotics annually for "nontherapeutic" purposes (growth promotion and disease prevention) as opposed to treatment of disease. The nontherapeutic total includes about 10.3 million pounds in hogs, 10.5 million pounds in poultry and 3.7 million pounds in cattle. By contrast, humans use approximately 3 millions pounds of antibiotics annually in the U.S. Figures from the report showed much higher figures for animals and much smaller figures for humans, than industry generated reports. [5] The UCS reports that antibiotics administered to livestock are approximately eight times the amount administered to people for illnesses. [6] See also Meat & Dairy industry, sections 4 & 5.
- Kevin Knobloch - President
Board of directors
- James J. McCarthy (Chair)
- Peter A. Bradford (Vice-Chair)
- Thomas Eisner
- James A. Fay (Board Member Emeritus)
- Richard L. Garwin
- Kurt Gottfried
- Andrew Gunther
- Geoffrey Heal
- James S. Hoyte (Treasurer)
- Anne R. Kapuscinski
- Jessica T. Mathews
- Edward L. Miles
- Mario J. Molina
- Stuart L. Pimm
- Adele Simmons
- Nancy Stephens
- Louis Salkind
- Thomas H. Stone (Secretary)
- Ellyn R. Weiss
Board members
- Kurt Gottfried (Chair)
- Peter A. Bradford (Vice-Chair)
- Thomas Eisner
- James A. Fay (board member emeritus)
- Richard L. Garwin
- Andrew Gunther (representative of the National Advisory Board)
- Geoffrey M. Heal
- James S. Hoyte (Treasurer)
- Anne R. Kapuscinski
- James J. McCarthy
- Mario J. Molina
- Stuart L. Pimm
- Adele Simmons
- Nancy Stephens
- Thomas H. Stone
- Ellyn R. Weiss
2 Brattle Square
Cambridge, MA 02238
Phone: 617-547-5552
Fax: 617-864-9405
Web: http://www.ucsusa.org
Articles & sources
SourceWatch articles
- Citizen groups working on coal issues
- Coal moratorium
- Exxon Mobil
- Francesca Grifo
- Political interference in scientific research (U.S.)
- Meat & Dairy industry
- Henry W. Kendall
- Howard Ris - executive director
- Alden Meyer
- ↑ What We Do, UCS, accessed August 3, 2007.
- ↑ History, Union of Concerned Scientists, accessed September 1, 2009.
- ↑ "Coal Power in A Warming World," (Executive Summary) Union of Concerned Scientists, October 2008
- ↑ Union of Concerned Scientists Hogging It!: Estimates of Antimicrobial Abuse in Livestock, Food & Agriculture, January 2001
- ↑ Denise Grady Scientists See Higher Use Of Antibiotics on Farms, New York Times, January 8, 2001
- ↑ Brian Colleran Think Before You Eat The Widespread Effects of Factory-Farmed Meat, e-magazine.com, accessed January 2009
- ↑ Directors, Union of Concerned Scientists, accessed September 1, 2009.
- ↑ About UCS, UCS, accessed August 3, 2007.
UCS Reports
- "Smoke, Mirrors, and Hot Air: How ExxonMobil Uses Big Tobacco's Tactics to Manufacture Uncertainty on Climate Science," January 2007.
- "Federal Science and the Public Good", February 2008. (This is the portal page to the report).
- "A to Z Guide to Political Interference in Science"
External resources
Coal vs. wind comparison, Union of Concerned Scientists website, accessed February 2008.