text:
London, England - For a soft-spoken, mild-mannered man, Tariq Ramadan stirs up a remarkable amount of controversy.
In his own Muslim community, the Islamic philosopher-activist comes under attack for selling out his religion to the West; Britain has funded his lectures to young Muslims. But Western critics accuse him of being a Trojan horse for radical Islam. In the past two years, the US has three times denied him a visa.
In short, he has as many enemies as friends on both sides of the Muslim-Christian divide. But Dr. Ramadan, one of the most influential voices among Europe's growing Muslim population, is not surprised.
"When you are in the middle of the river, speaking to both sides suffering from a crisis of identity, you'll be criti- cized by both sides," he says in an interview. "My main concern is reconciliation."
Across Europe, a rising number of disputes are increasingly calling into question the compatibility of European and Islamic ideals. Britain, for example - Ramadan's current home base - has been immersed in a heated debate for weeks over whether Muslim women should be allowed to wear a face-covering veil.
Challenging powerful figures, such as Osama bin Laden, who seek to pit Muslims against the West, Ramadan has focused on encouraging European Muslims to remain both true to their faith and loyal to the secular societies in which they live.
That is an urgent task, he says. But he is well-placed to fulfill it: As the grandson of Hassan al-Banna, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, he commands respect in the Islamic world; As a Swiss citizen fluent in English and French who boasts a PhD in philosophy, he is at ease in today's Europe.
"He's very exciting," says Abdul-Rahman Malik, a contributing editor to the British Muslim magazine 'Q.' "He's a believer, but able to communicate in the secular language that upper-middle class Muslims in Europe are familiar with."
In his books and articles, in lectures that are taped and widely circulated, on his website, and in debates with other Muslim figureheads, Ramadan addresses questions that European Muslims - especially young ones - come up against as they seek to respect their religion and their neighbors.
Should women and girls wear the hijab headcovering? (Yes, except where it is against the law, such as in French schools.) Does sharia, Islamic law, override local law? (No.) Is it wrong to listen to rap music? (It depends on the rapper.)
Such questions are daily dilemmas for young Muslims brought up in the traditional ways of their parents, many of whom immigrated from countries like Algeria or Pakistan, where mores were strict.
Moreover, Ramadan is thinking and speaking in the context of Islamic teachings hundreds of years old, first formulated in a very different world. In that context, it is not unusual for ulema, the Muslim clerics and preachers who set the discourse, to still divide the world between the dar al-Islam and the dar al-harb - the "house of Islam" and the "house of war" - between those countries under Islamic rule, and those where such rule remains to be imposed by the sword.
That sort of worldview, Ramadan worries, "leads to a simplistic, binary vision of 'us and them,' to a clash of two universes of reference, and pockets of Muslims living in a self-segregated reality."
It's a worldview that has wrought carnage on the streets of Europe and America: many of the perpetrators of the 9/11 attacks, the 7/7 bombings, and the 2003 Madrid bombings lived in such pockets of self-segregation.
Finding Islam's universality in its roots
At the beginning of the 21st century, Ramadan argues, Europe's 15-20 million Muslim inhabitants - most of them European citizens - cannot see themselves as foreigners in their new homelands. Instead, he says, they should see Europe as a "house of witness" where Muslims bear witness to their religion's message by living Islam peacefully in the modern world.
To do so, he says, Muslims must go back to Islam's roots, but with an entirely different purpose than that of the literalist Salafists who seek to recreate the "purity" of early Islam. His goal is "to return to the roots of tradition, find its universality so as to adapt it to today," he says.
In Ramadan's view, this approach is not simply an option; it is an imperative. The social and cultural norms of 8th-century Arabian Gulf tribes - some of which have been tightly woven into the practice of Islam over the centuries - are clearly irrelevant for European Muslims today.
"There is no other way but rereading, reunderstanding, being self-critical," he insists. Such a departure from dogmatic interpretation doesn't, however, mean questioning the central tenet of Islam - that the Koran is the word of God, as revealed to Mohammad.
But it does mean looking at the Koran as "an eternal message meeting a historical reality," he says. "A dogmatic approach to the text has nothing to do with the text, but with the mind of the reader," he adds.
At a more practical level, Ramadan urges European Muslims not to shun the societies in which they live but to embrace them and play as full a role as possible in their development. "Islamic ethics should nurture a commitment to society," he says.
Few Muslim-majority countries offer their citizens a chance to play much of a role, he points out: Most of them are dictatorships. In Europe, on the other hand, "we have rights; the democratic process helps us, through freedom of speech, both to participate in politics and break new ground in thinking about Islam."
If he could, Ramadan would democratize the whole process of deciding what acceptable Islamic behavior in today's world should look like.
"We cannot just rely on the scholars of the text," he says. "They give us the norms, but now we are dealing with a specific context [modern-day Europe] and the norms are simple but reality is complex."
In that vein, Ramadan demands a new way of looking at sharia, Islamic law derived from the Koran and prophetic tradition, which is often seen as being at odds with the modern world.
" Sharia is a set of values and principles, a path with objectives," he argues. "Seeing it as a closed structure is a betrayal of its origins: When Muslims were confident, they took things from outside, but it is when you have no confidence that you define Islam in opposition to the West."
Heresy, or vitally fresh approach?
This all sounds like dangerous heresy to many Muslim ears. Indeed, Ramadan is banned not only from the US, where the Department of Homeland Security prevented him from taking a teaching post at Notre Dame University, but from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Tunisia, and Syria as well.
"In the Muslim world he is attacked by fundamentalists," says Dounia Bouzar, a French former social worker who has written extensively on Islam and French society. "He is a subversive in the preachers' world and a revolutionary compared to most scholars."
Ramadan has found refuge, however, at Oxford University in Britain, where he is a visiting fellow and from whence he ventures forth on lecture tours, sometimes funded by the British government as it struggles to integrate the sort of young men behind the London bombings last year.
Some observers wonder, however, whether that sort of young man listens much to the fairly high-flown philosophizing in which Ramadan indulges.
Are youths in Paris suburbs listening?
In Britain, says Navid Akhtar, a film-maker of Kashmiri origin, most young Muslims are "more concerned with how to survive in hard economic conditions and settling their ethnic identity," Mr. Akhtar adds. "Navel-gazing about what if the Koran meant this or that does not play out in their lives."
Nor is Ramadan's name widely known among the sort of young men in the Parisian suburbs who vented their anger at society in outbursts of fiery violence last November. But his cassettes circulate widely among students and young people of Muslim background in France.
"Everybody listens to him," says Ms. Bouzar. "Any kid seeking himself is liberated by this possibility to be French and Muslim: Ramadan's proposals carry weight because they make sense."
Ms. Bouzar worries, though, that Ramadan's approach to modernizing Islam is based "on a vision that Islam has invented everything, that all human values are already in Islam," which she says could prevent listeners from recognizing that rights must be won through avenues such as education and democracy.
Though Ramadan has focused on making Islam relevant to European-born Muslims, he says he has also found receptive audiences in Muslim countries such as Morocco, Jordan, and Niger.
"We in the West are at the forefront of new challenges, so we find new answers," he says. "And Western Muslims are having an impact on Muslim-majority countries by the answers they come up with, their involvement in Western society, the way they speak about the rule of law and democracy and loyalty. We are creating a debate and opening doors."
It is an uphill battle, he acknowledges. "My struggle is not one with short-term results," he says. "It will take time changing mentalities."


text:
Vintage Navy Blue Lace Rustic Wedding Place Card
This elegant rustic place card is printed on a thick, Italian card.
- Card size: 104 x 130mm; (4.1 x 5.1 inch)
- Material: Cover: Bright White Board (250 gsm); Backing: Dark Blue Board (250 gsm)
- Items: Place Card
Included in price: grey digital printing
Personalization with guests' names is +£0.30 per card
We offer a wide variety of papers and fonts so if you don't find your colour in the options in the pictures, please contact us.
1.Selection & Personalisation
Add to your Cart products you wish to order + Add your text in the checkout box (or send us an email if you prefer)
2. Proofs & Review
We will create and email over your unique, personalised proof within 3-5 working days of placing the order
Three complimentary rounds of amendments are included to perfect your order.
Once you are happy with the design, your stationery will be printed within 15 working days and +3-4 days to be shipped.
To further customise our designs, print your guests names, add extra cards or change printing style...
Click : HERE to view our options.
Proofs & Review
A personalised proof will be send within 3-5 working days of placing your order and your text being provided via email.
Production & Shipping
Your order will be completed in 12-15 working days from approval of visual designs this is around 3-4 weeks.
+3-5 working days to be shipped for orders within UK. USA : usps postal service locally
You will be emailed tracking information.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Procedure Changes Effective 04/16/2012 (posted 04/12/2012)
On Monday, April 16, 2012 new filing instructions for Motions to Turnover Property and revised filing instructions for Reaffirmation Agreements to be posted.
New procedures effective April 16, 2012:
Revised Filing Instructions: On Monday, the court will post the following revised filing instructions which can be found here. If visiting the website they can be located from our Home page by clicking the CM/ECF link located in the burgundy bar and then clicking on the Filing button on the Case Management/Electronic Case Filing page.
1. Reaffirmation Agreements
2. Turnover of Property
- Revised Guide to Docket Events and Noticing Procedures: On Monday, the court will post a revised guide that can be used as a quick desk reference for filing pleadings. It is also located on our Home page.
In November 2011 the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania implemented several procedure changes and revised filing instructions for e-filers. As the court continues to review its current procedures and ECF events, new procedures and revised filing instructions for e-filers will be announced in advance of implementation. Depending on the topic matter, the court may seek feedback from e-filers prior to implementation. E-filers are encouraged to visit the court's website to stay informed of the changes.
Should you have any questions regarding any of the new procedures or new functionality in CM/ECF you can contact us by e-mail at pambecf_helpdesk [at] pamb.uscourts.gov (subject: New%20Procedures%20or%20New%20Functionality%20in%20CM%2FECF) or by telephone at 717-901-2812 (Harrisburg) or 570-831-2530 (Wilkes-Barre).


text:
Common Lisp the Language, 2nd Edition
X3J13 voted in June 1989 (SYNTACTIC-ENVIRONMENT-ACCESS) to add some facilities for obtaining information
from environment objects of the kind received as arguments
by macro expansion functions, *macroexpand-hook* functions,
and *evalhook* functions.
There is a minimal set of accessors (variable-information,
function-information, and declaration-information) and a constructor
(augment-environment) for environments.
All of the standard declaration specifiers, with the exception of special, can be defined fairly easily using define-declaration. It also seems to be able to handle most extended declarations.
The function parse-macro is provided so that users don't have to write their own code to destructure macro arguments. This function is not entirely necessary since X3J13 voted in March 1989 (DESTRUCTURING-BIND) to add destructuring-bind to the language. However, parse-macro is worth having anyway, since any program-analyzing program is going to need to define it, and the implementation isn't completely trivial even with destructuring-bind to build upon.
The function enclose allows expander functions to be defined in a non-null lexical environment, as required by the vote of X3J13 in March 1989 (DEFINING-MACROS-NON-TOP-LEVEL) . It also provides a mechanism by which a program processing the body of an (eval-when (:compile-toplevel) ...) form can execute it in the enclosing environment (see issue (EVAL-WHEN-NON-TOP-LEVEL) ).
In all of these functions the argument named env is an environment object. (It is not required that implementations provide a distinguished representation for such objects.) Optional env arguments default to nil, which represents the local null lexical environment (containing only global definitions and proclamations that are present in the run-time environment). All of these functions should signal an error of type type-error if the value of an environment argument is not a syntactic environment object.
The accessor functions variable-information, function-information, and declaration-information retrieve information about declarations that are in effect in the environment. Since implementations are permitted to ignore declarations (except for special declarations and optimize safety declarations if they ever compile unsafe code), these accessors are required only to return information about declarations that were explicitly added to the environment using augment-environment. They might also return information about declarations recognized and added to the environment by the interpreter or the compiler, but that is at the discretion of the implementor. Implementations are also permitted to canonicalize declarations, so the information returned by the accessors might not be identical to the information that was passed to augment-environment.
variable-information variable &optional env
This function returns information about the interpretation of the symbol variable when it appears as a variable within the lexical environment env. Three values are returned.
The first value indicates the type of definition or binding for variable in env:
The second value indicates whether there is a local binding of the name. If the name is locally bound, the second value is true; otherwise, the second value is nil.
The third value is an a-list containing information about declarations that apply to the apparent binding of the variable. The keys in the a-list are symbols that name declaration specifiers, and the format of the corresponding value in the cdr of each pair depends on the particular declaration name involved. The standard declaration names that might appear as keys in this a-list are:
The a-list might contain multiple entries for a given key. The consequences of destructively modifying the list structure of this a-list or its elements (except for values that appear in the a-list as a result of define-declaration) are undefined.
Note that the global binding might differ from the local one and can be retrieved by calling variable-information with a null lexical environment.
function-information function &optional env
This function returns information about the interpretation of the function-name function when it appears in a functional position within lexical environment env. Three values are returned.
The first value indicates the type of definition or binding of the function-name which is apparent in env:
The second value specifies whether the definition is local or global. If local, the second value is true; it is nil when the definition is global.
The third value is an a-list containing information about declarations that apply to the apparent binding of the function. The keys in the a-list are symbols that name declaration specifiers, and the format of the corresponding values in the cdr of each pair depends on the particular declaration name involved. The standard declaration names that might appear as keys in this a-list are:
The a-list might contain multiple entries for a given key. In this case the value associated with the first entry has precedence. The consequences of destructively modifying the list structure of this a-list or its elements (except for values that appear in the a-list as a result of define-declaration) are undefined.
Note that the global binding might differ from the local one and can be retrieved by calling function-information with a null lexical environment.
declaration-information decl-name &optional env
This function returns information about declarations named by the symbol decl-name that are in force in the environment env. Only declarations that do not apply to function or variable bindings can be accessed with this function. The format of the information that is returned depends on the decl-name involved.
It is required that this function recognize optimize and declaration as decl-names. The values returned for these two cases are as follows:
augment-environment env &key :variable :symbol-macro :function :macro :declare
This function returns a new environment containing the information present in env augmented with the information provided by the keyword arguments. It is intended to be used by program analyzers that perform a code walk.
The arguments are supplied as follows.
An error is signaled if any of the symbols naming a symbol macro in the :symbol-macro argument is also included in the :variable argument. An error is signaled if any symbol naming a symbol macro in the :symbol-macro argument is also included in a special declaration specifier in the :declare argument. An error is signaled if any symbol naming a macro in the :macro argument is also included in the :function argument. The condition type of each of these errors is program-error.
The extent of the returned environment is the same as the extent of the argument environment env. The result might share structure with env but env is not modified.
While an environment argument received by an *evalhook* function is permitted to be used as the environment argument to augment-environment, the consequences are undefined if an attempt is made to use the result of augment-environment as the environment argument for evalhook. The environment returned by augment-environment can be used only for syntactic analysis, that is, as an argument to the functions defined in this section and functions such as macroexpand.
define-declaration decl-name lambda-list {form}*
This macro defines a handler for the named declaration. It is the mechanism by which augment-environment is extended to support additional declaration specifiers. The function defined by this macro will be called with two arguments, a declaration specifier whose car is decl-name and the env argument to augment-environment. This function must return two values. The first value must be one of the following keywords:
If the first value is :declare, the second value must be a cons of the form (key . value). The function declaration-information will return value when applied to the key and the augmented environment.
define-declaration causes decl-name to be proclaimed to be a declaration; it is as if its expansion included a call (proclaim '(declaration decl-name)). As is the case with standard declaration specifiers, the evaluator and compiler are permitted, but not required, to add information about declaration specifiers defined with define-declaration to the macro expansion and *evalhook* environments.
The consequences are undefined if decl-name is a symbol that can appear as the car of any standard declaration specifier.
The consequences are also undefined if the return value from a declaration handler defined with define-declaration includes a key name that is used by the corresponding accessor to return information about any standard declaration specifier. (For example, if the first return value from the handler is :variable, the second return value may not use the symbols dynamic-extent, ignore, or type as key names.)
The define-declaration macro does not have any special compile-time side effects (see section 25.1).
parse-macro name lambda-list body &optional env
This function is used to process a macro definition in the same way as defmacro and macrolet. It returns a lambda-expression that accepts two arguments, a form and an environment. The name, lambda-list, and body arguments correspond to the parts of a defmacro or macrolet definition.
The lambda-list argument may include &environment and &whole and may include destructuring. The name argument is used to enclose the body in an implicit block and might also be used for implementation-dependent purposes (such as including the name of the macro in error messages if the form does not match the lambda-list).
enclose lambda-expression &optional env
This function returns an object of type function that is equivalent to what would be obtained by evaluating `(function ,lambda-expression) in a syntactic environment env. The lambda-expression is permitted to reference only the parts of the environment argument env that are relevant only to syntactic processing, specifically declarations and the definitions of macros and symbol macros. The consequences are undefined if the lambda-expression contains any references to variable or function bindings that are lexically visible in env, any go to a tag that is lexically visible in env, or any return-from mentioning a block name that is lexically visible in env.


text:
Coinbase | |
Founded | 2012 |
Headquarters | San Francisco, California |
Key People | Brian Armstrong, CEO; Emelie Choi, COO |
Employees | 1200 |
Products | Cryptocurrency wallet, trading platform and processor, OTC brokerage services, cryptocurrency index, cryptocurrency custody services |
@coinbase | |
Profile | |
coinbase | |
Website | Coinbase Home |
Blog | Blog |
Coinbase, one of the largest individual companies in the U.S. cryptocurrency industry, is a cryptocurrency trading platform (CTP), wallet and broker for bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, and other digital assets. It also acts as a bitcoin transactions processor for merchants and other businesses (examples: Expedia, Overstock.com, Dell), and is among the top bitcoin CTPs both for trading volumes and the quality of its market according to CryptoCompare, an online cryptocurrency data aggregator and reporting service.[1] Coinbase became the blockchain industry's first "unicorn" when it raised $100 million in August of 2017, reputedly valuing the company at $1.6 billion.[2] After saying publicly in December 2020 that it had filed a draft application with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to list its shares on a stock exchange,[3] Coinbase's shares debuted in Nasdaq trading on April 14, 2021.[4]
- 1 History
- 2 Going public
- 3 Products and services
- 3.1 Wallets and storage
- 3.2 Coinbase Index Fund and "Coinbase Bundle"
- 3.3 Digital Asset Listing Framework
- 3.4 Custody Service
- 3.5 Coinbase Markets
- 3.6 OTC Cryptocurrency Trading
- 3.7 Cryptocurreny-to-Cryptocurrency Customer Trading
- 3.8 PayPal Withdrawals
- 3.9 Tax services
- 3.10 Insurance
- 3.11 Mobile apps
- 3.12 Debit cards
- 3.13 Lending
- 4 Digital assets
- 5 Key People
- 6 References
The San Francisco-based company was founded by Brian Armstrong and Fred Ehrsam, a former Goldman Sachs trader. It was incorporated in 2012. Coinbase was available in more than 32 countries as of August 2017 and grew its distribution to more than 100 countries by November 2020.[5][6][7]
The company received $5 million in funding from the venture capital firm Union Square Ventures in May of 2013[8] and $25 million from the venture capital firms Andreessen Horowitz, Union Square Ventures and Ribbit Capital in December 2013.[9]
Coinbase experienced an outage in December of 2017 when the platform went down under the weight of heavy traffic, leaving many of its more than 10 million customers unable to access their funds.[10]
In January 2018 Coinbase teamed up with Trading Technologies to give TT's clients access to GDAX so that they can trade futures and spot bitcoin side by side on TT's platform.[11] Trading Technologies now offers trading in bitcoin, Ethereum and other cryptocurrencies on Coinbase via TT Crypto for free to TT customers.
In August of 2018, Coinbase announced it would boost its daily purchase limits to $25,000 and allow customers instant trading via bank transfers. Only customers who have completed the site's identity verification process will have access to the higher limits.[12]
In October 2018, Bloomberg reported that Coinbase's projected revenue from trade commissions, as well as gains and losses for its own cryptocurrency holdings, would be approximately $1.3 billion for 2018. These figures were predicted despite the platform losing 80 percent of its users between 2017 and 2018, as well as the lowering of cryptocurrency prices across the board (bitcoin's price at the end of October in 2018 was approximately $6250) and a pervasive "cooling" of the cryptocurrencies market's volatility. This news came just as multiple sources reported that the company was planning to start a new fundraising round at a higher valuation. New York investment firm Tiger Global was reportedly in talks with Coinbase to lead the round with an investment of as much as $500 million. Coinbase's COO, Asiff Hirji, said that this round of fundraising would focus on raising money from firms with a bullish view of cryptocurrencies: "for this round, we simply weren't interested in taking investments from firms that didn't have a constructive view of crypto. This round, and the future of cryptocurrencies in general needs to be about more than asset prices."[13][14]
Following a 51% attack on the Ethereum Classic (ETC) blockchain [15], Coinbase suspended all trading for ETC in January 2019. Coinbase made a post on its official blog saying that it had detected 88,500 ETC being double-spent.[16]
In April 2019, Coinbase ranked above JPMorgan Chase and LinkedIn on LinkedIn's top 50 U.S. employers list for 2019.[17]
In October 2019, Brian Armstrong said onstage at a Vanity Fair event that Coinbase had turned a profit for the last three years in a row, and that it had earned over $2 billion in transaction fee revenue since launching in 2012.[18]
In August 2020 Coinbase very publicly quit the Blockchain Association, which it helped found in 2018, when the association admitted rival Binance.US as a member. In a letter to the association board, Coinbase said, ". . . recent weeks have demonstrated to us that the Blockchain Association is not interested in the membership criteria we had worked to establish to underpin the mission of this organization."[19]
In late August 2020, Coinbase appointed Marcus Hughes, a former Morgan Stanley compliance executive, as general manager of its European operations.[20]
Bitcoin Cash investigation
In December 2017, Coinbase first announced that it would begin allowing users to trade Bitcoin Cash (BCH). It also added BCH to the accounts of users who had bitcoin in their Coinbase wallets before August 1, 2017. Shortly thereafter, the price of BCH spiked, going from $2,100 to $3,600 in less than 24 hours.[21]
The price increase resulted in Coinbase customers filing a class action lawsuit against Coinbase, accusing the exchange of facilitating insider trading. In July 2018, after a 6-month internal investigation, Coinbase concluded that there was no evidence that its staff had participated in insider trading.[22][23]
Personnel Changes
In October 2018, Coinbase announced that Adam White, head of the institutional platform group and one of its original employees, would be leaving the company and that Jonathan Kellner, the former CEO of Instinet, would take over White's former duties.[24] It was later announced that White left Coinbase to become the COO of Bakkt.[25]
Later that month Coinbase's head of trading, Hunter Merghart, announced he had resigned from Coinbase and was exploring other opportunities. Sources from Coinbase said that Merghart left the company because he felt he was not getting the proper resources to do his job and that he felt the company did not have a clear roadmap for building an institutional trading business. Merghart had joined Coinbase after being hired by Adam White.[26]
In April 2019 Dan Romero, the head of international business and former head of institutional business for Coinbase, announced that he was leaving the company.[27]
A month later Balaji Srinivasan, the CTO of Coinbase, announced that he was leaving the company as well. An anonymous source told The Block that Srinivasan was not given enough freedom within the company to operate independently, and that his vision for Coinbase's future differed from the company's roadmap.[28] In June 2019, Asiff Hirji left the company. According to a July 2019 article in The Information, an online technology news service, Srinivasan and Hirji had battled while at Coinbase.[29]
Emilie Choi, vice president of business, data and international and a former executive of Yahoo! and LinkedIn, was named COO.[30]
In late July 2019, Coinbase confirmed that Tim Wagner, the vice president of engineering would leave in two weeks.[31] On September 17, 2019 the Commodity Futures Trading Commission's (CFTC) Chairman Heath Tarbert announced the appointment of Coinbase vice president Dorothy DeWitt as the new director of the CFTC's Division of Market Oversight. DeWitt was Coinbase's general counsel for business lines and markets.[32]
In September 2020, Coinbase hired multiple Big Tech veterans - including two executives - to create a new "Platforms" team, which would focus on scaling Coinbase's technical infrastructure, ensuring its compliance with all applicable laws and regulations, and ensuring its resilience. The new Coinbase team consisted of VP of Product Shilpa Dhar, former head of product at Venmo; VP of Engineering Ravi Byakod, who formerly held leadership positions on engineering teams at Adobe and Google; and Frank Yoo, VP, design & research, who formerly led global design and research teams for GSuite at Google, as well as making significant contributions to platforms like Lyft, LinkedIn and Yahoo!.[33][34]
Black Lives Matter protests fallout
In early October 2020 the public learned through leaks to the media that Armstrong had provoked a walkout (which consisted of engineers closing their laptops due to their working from home during the novel coronavirus stay-at-home mandate) in June after the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis sparked widespread protests. According to CoinDesk, Armstrong resisted signaling publicly support for the movement Black Lives Matter, although he did tell Coinbase staff he acknowledged black lives do matter (lower case). On June 4, 2020 Armstrong tweeted "I want to unequivocally say that Black Lives Matter."[35] The Block Crypto also first reported in October that a person had informed them that hundreds of employees had taken part in the walkout.[36]
Armstrong posted a blog on September 27, 2020 titled "Coinbase is a mission focused company." After acknowledging the walkouts Armstrong highlighted the following statement, "Broader societal issues: We don't engage here when issues are unrelated to our core mission, because we believe impact only comes with focus."[37] On September 30 Armstrong followed up with a letter to employees offering those who were dissatisfied a severance package. He also said that by staying with the company an employee was affirming their support for the "culture shift" away from social and political activism.[38] In an October 8, 2020 blog post Armstrong reported that roughly five percent of the employees (at least 60 persons) had taken the severance offer.[39]
System outage during market crash
Coinbase experienced a brief outage on June 26, 2019. The website, API, and mobile apps were nonfunctional for about 15 minutes around 5 PM Eastern Standard Time. Around that time, the price of bitcoin slid about $1,785 before briefly recovering - to more than $12,000 - then continuing to fall throughout the following day. According to data from BitMEX, almost $250 million worth of digital assets were traded within five minutes during the first price drop, and almost $690 million were traded across the 15 minutes across the XBT/USD swap contract market. Robinhood experienced similar issues during the Coinbase outage and crash.[40]
Barclays drops Coinbase
In August 2019, the U.K.-based bank Barclays ended its relationship with Coinbase, ceasing all banking services for the exchange. This affected Coinbase's Faster Payments Scheme (FPS) services for U.K. customers, meaning that deposits and withdrawals began taking days to process. ClearBank is expected to begin banking services for Coinbase by the end of Q3, hopefully restoring Coinbase's FPS services.[41][42]
In a blog post on February 19, 2019, Coinbase announced that it had acquired Italy-based Neutrino to contribute to help it identify suspicious transactions.[43] At the time, Neutrino's website stated, "Neutrino supplies in-depth and flexible investigative solutions to the world's most crypto-savvy experts within leading financial services companies and law enforcement agencies."[44] Neutrino's three founders were once senior officers of Hacking Team, an Italian surveillance and cybersecurity consulting company which reportedly had sold spyware to the governments of Ethiopia, Sudan and Saudi Arabia, among others.[45]
According to news stories released after Coinbase's announcement, the Hacking Team had helped governments target journalists in addition to dissidents. Using Hacking Team software, governments reportedly stole journalists' internet passwords "to commit violations of human rights and freedom of information." The public advocacy group Journalists Without Borders cited the Hacking Team as "Enemies of the Internet." Reacting to the controversy over its acquisition of Neutrino, Coinbase submitted a statement a week later to The Block, an online blockchain industry news service, that said, "Coinbase does not condone nor will it defend the actions of Hacking Team."[46]
CoinDesk reported on March 1, 2019, that "the battle cry #DeleteCoinbase" raised in response to the Neutrino acquisition, "was resounding across crypto Twitter."[47]
Citing a conflict between Coinbase's and Hacking Team's missions, Armstrong wrote in a blog post on March 4, 2019, that Coinbase "together with the Neutrino team have come to an agreement: those who previously worked at Hacking Team (despite the fact that they have no current affiliation with Hacking Team), will transition out of Coinbase."[48] On March 5, a representative of Coinbase told Coindesk that the exchange "never shared our customer's personally identifiable information with any third-party blockchain analysis vendors." Analytics firm Elliptic said in a blog post that while working with Coinbase, Elliptic was never provided with "any personally identifiable information about [Coinbase's] users," though it did provide other exchanges and clients with addresses and transactions associated with financial crimes.[49]
In May 2020, Coinbase announced that it had acquired Tagomi, giving Coinbase the ability automatically to execute crypto trades valued in the millions of dollars, using Coinbase's holdings for liquidity. Greg Tusar, former global head of electronic trading at Goldman Sachs and co-founder of Tagomi, as well as Tagomi's other co-founders, joined Coinbase in the acquisition as well.[50][51]
In a November 2020 interview with a representative of the leadership advisory firm Heidrick & Struggles, Coinbase's head of institutional coverage, Brett Tejpaul, said that the acquisition enabled the company to ramp up its services to institutional clients. He said that the value of assets held for institutions topped $20 billion, having been about $6 billion before Coinbase acquired Tagomi.[52]
Bison Trails
In January 2021, Coinbase acquired Bison Trails (not to be confused with Boerse Stuttgart's Bison). In a blog post on their website announcing the acquisition, Bison Trails said the acquisition would help Bison Trails "enhance our infrastructure platform and make it even easier to participate in decentralized networks and build applications that connect to blockchain data." Coinbase said that Bison Trails would be a key part of its new Infrastructure as a Service business.[53][54]
$6.5 million settlement with CFTC
The CFTC announced on March 19, 2021 that it had settled charges against the company stemming from activities dating as far back as 2015. The CFTC alleged and the company agreed that it had engaged in " . . . reckless false, misleading, or inaccurate reporting as well as wash trading by a former employee on Coinbase's GDAX platform."[55] Coinbase's proposed listing of its shares on Nasdaq was pending at the time of the announcement.
Going public
On the same day that the price of bitcoin first breached $23,000, December 17, 2020, Coinbase blogged that it had filed a confidential draft application to register its securities for sale to the U.S. public, by filing a draft S-1 with the SEC. Rumors about the company, formally known as Coinbase Global, Inc., launching an IPO had swirled around the industry since early July when first reported by Reuters.[56] The Coinbase blog did not state whether the company was seeking to raise new funds through an IPO or execute a direct stock market listing to provide liquidity to current investors for their holdings.[57]
Coinbase announced on January 28, 2020 that it would go public through a direct listing on a stock exchange. In December it had posted a blog saying that it had applied to the SEC to register its shares for public trading.[58]
In February 2021, Coinbase's draft S-1 form became public. On February 25, 2021, Coinbase posted an announcement on its blog saying that it had filed the registration statement and that it planned to list its Class A common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the ticker symbol "COIN."[59][60] On March 17, 2021 it filed an amendment S-1/a registering almost 115 million shares which could be sold upon Coinbase's listing on Nasdaq.[61]
After the company settled charges in an enforcement action brought by the CFTC on March 19, 2021, Bloomberg reported that Coinbase was pushing back the date of its launch on Nasdaq planned for later that month until April.[62]
On April 14, 2021, Coinbase debuted on Nasdaq through a direct listing. Shares began trading at $381 per share. When trading began, Coinbase had a market valuation of $63 billion, and a fully diluted valuation of almost $89 billion, according to calculations by Bloomberg. The day before Coinbase's first day of trading, April 13, Nasdaq had set a reference price of $250 a share for Coinbase's direct listing.[63][64]
Brian Armstrong and other early investors in Coinbase, including Fred Wilson and his Union Square Ventures and Marc Andreesen and his Andreesen Horowitz venture capital firm, sold approximately $5 billion worth of shares on the first day of trading according to filings with the SEC.[65]
On May 17, 2021, a little more than a month since its debut, the price of Coinbase shares slid for the first time below the reference price of $250 that Nasdaq had set for the company on April 13. The stock closed at $248.24.[66] On May 17 the price of bitcoin was approximately $20,000 lower than its April 2021 highs of more than $63,000.[67][68]
Products and services
The company provides an API that enables users to generate bitcoin wallets and addresses, buy/sell and send/receive bitcoin, securely store bitcoin, retrieve real-time or historical price information, receive notifications when payments arrive, and accept and request bitcoin payments as a merchant. Its platform also offers exchange-based "hot" wallets, and ensures the secure storage of bitcoins offline and distributes bitcoins geographically in safe deposit boxes and vaults worldwide.[69]
Wallets and storage
In August 2017, Coinbase introduced Toshi, its first mobile application for Ethereum, as the first external application outside of the main Coinbase wallet, trading platform, and GDAX, Coinbase's digital currency exchange.[70]
In February 2019, Coinbase announced that it had added a feature to its integrated wallet that would allow customers to back up their private keys using Google Drive or iCloud. This caused intense debate among Coinbase users on Twitter, some saying this feature was necessary for wider adoption of cryptocurrency, while others pointed out that it created a massive attack vector against Coinbase customers that hackers could easily exploit.[71]
Coinbase Index Fund and "Coinbase Bundle"
Coinbase announced in March 2018 that it was working on a cryptocurrency market-value-weighted index fund for accredited investors and financial institutions. In October, the company announced that plans for the fund had been scrapped due to low interest from accredited investors and because the company raised fewer funds than expected.
After the cancellation was announced, Coinbase announced a new feature called "Coinbase Bundle," a retail-focused fund that allows investors to invest in a "basket" of digital assets for a minimum of $25. The feature launched in September.[72][73]
Digital Asset Listing Framework
Coinbase announced on September 25, 2018 that it was instituting a Digital Asset Listing Framework which would allow token and coin issuers to apply to Coinbase to have their tokens and coins listed for trading or other support by Coinbase. The announcement provided a link to a form that applicants are to submit to Coinbase.[74] The factors that Coinbase addresses in the framework are technology, including security and scalability; market supply and demand; cryptocurrency economics including distribution and incentives; regulatory certainty; and how the coin meshes with Coinbase's core values.[75]
Custody Service
The New York Department of Financial Services announced on October 23, 2018 that it had approved Coinbase's Coinbase Custody Trust Company LLC (Coinbasen Custody) to provide a limited range of custody services for bitcoin, bitcoin cash, Ethereum, Ether Classic, Ripple (XRP) and Litecoin.[76][77]
Grayscale Investments, part of the Digital Currency Group, announced on August 2, 2019, that it had selected Coinbase Custody to serve as the custodian for the digital assets underlying its products.[78] The agreement was effective July 29, 2019, and Grayscale had already transferred some assets to the custodian by the time of the announcement. Coinbase Custody is a New York State regulated trust company that had about $1 billion in customer holdings before the Grayscale transfers.[79] Grayscale was expected to transfer about $3 billion in assets to Coinbase Custody over an approximately 12 hour period, one of the largest transfers of cryptocurrency ever.[80]
In March 2019, Coinbase Custody announced through Coinbase's Medium blog that it would begin offering staking services to clients who are institutional traders. According to Coinbase, clients who use the service can make between 5 and 8 percent profit annually in interest rates paid by Coinbase to the clients. This payout only happens if customers hold certain cryptocurrencies, and the interest payments will be paid in those cryptocurrencies. The first coin that will be used in this service is Tezos (XTZ). This service involves storing Coinbase's clients' assets in cold storage, substantially mitigating the risk of theft. Although part of the process requires some funds to be kept online, Coinbase puts its own coins up, assuming the risk instead of its clients. Coinbase also said that client assets in storage would remain fully-insured. This process is based on proof of stake, which is based on proof of work, a concept that governs the digital infrastructure of cryptocurrencies like bitcoin and Ether. Because of the way this staking service works, only certain cryptocurrencies will be applicable; bitcoin, which uses a governance model based on proof of work, and Ethereum, which is also currently using this model, will not be supported in the near future.[81][82] According to the blog post, support for Maker tokens is planned for the future.[83]
Coinbase Markets
Coinbase Markets refers to the set of central limit order books that are accessed by traders through Coinbase Pro or Coinbase Prime.[84] Coinbase Pro was originally called GDAX.
Coinbase opened a Chicago office in April 2018 and hired Paul Bauerschmidt, an Eris Exchange and CME Group alumnus to be product lead for its exchange platform.[85] A year later, in April 2019, Coinbase closed the Chicago office in a shift away from its plan to develop support for high-frequency trading]. Bauerschmidt was among the 30 employees let go by the company.[86]
In a blog post dated May 23, 2018, Coinbase announced that it was eliminating the GDAX brand and would now call its exchange targeted to individuals "Coinbase Pro." GDAX customers were automatically transferred to Coinbase Pro.[87] According to CoinMarketCap, an online industry data reporting service, as of late February 2019 Coinbase Pro was second-largest U.S. based cryptocurrency exchange and the 47th largest one in the world. In the rankings, it was just behind Kraken at 46 but ahead of Gemini and Bittrex. [88] In 2019, as concerns grew about volume reporting on cryptocurrency trading platforms, Coinbase was rated highly by Bitwise, a digital asset and cryptocurrency advisroy firm, for the integrity of its reporting reporting. According to Bitwise in March 2019, Coinbase Pro was the second largest U.S. exchange and the fourth largest in the world ranked by accurate volume counting.[89]
On October 3, 2019 Coinbase posted its new fee structure for Coinbase Pro in a blog article. It raised fees for smaller accounts and lowered them slightly for larger, more active traders. For accounts below $50,000 per month, the discount for market making orders was also eliminated. The new fees were to go into effect on October 7, 2019.[90]
In a November 30, 2020 blog post, Coinbase said that it was immediately instituting a market maker scheme for less liquid trading pairs, saying, "Our Program will reward qualifying exchange clients with access to new pricing tiers."[91]
OTC Cryptocurrency Trading
In November 2018, Coinbase launched an OTC trading desk for Coinbase Pro customers. Coinbase's head of sales Christine Sandler said this new feature was meant to complement the rest of the exchange because "institutions are using OTC as an 'on-ramp for crypto trading.'" Sandler also said that the service is likely to be integrated with Coinbase Custody.[92]
Cryptocurreny-to-Cryptocurrency Customer Trading
Starting on December 18, 2018, retail customers at Coinbase.com were able to trade cryptos against other cryptos, allowing bitcoin to be traded against Bitcoin Cash, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, Litecoin and 0x.[93]
PayPal Withdrawals
In December 2018, Coinbase announced that it would be adding the ability for customers to link their PayPal accounts with their Coinbase accounts, allowing them to pay for cryptocurrency with fiat currency, or store fiat made from cryptocurrency trades in their PayPal accounts.[94] In February 2019, Coinbase extended this service to European users, specifically those in countries that are members of the European Union (EU) and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).[95]
Tax services
In January 2019, Coinbase began offering tax preparation services through a partnership with Intuit's TurboTax software. This service allows Coinbase customers to import all of their Coinbase transactions into the software.[96]
In November 2020, Coinbase announced via a blog post that it would no longer issue 1099-Ks to its customers.[97] These forms ostensibly caused the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to mistakenly accuse U.S. citizens of underreporting their cryptocurrency earnings on their taxes.[98]
In July 2019, Coindesk published a story saying that inside sources had said Coinbase was discussing the possibility of launching a regulated insurance company with insurance broker Aon, rather than self-insuring, an unregulated practice it had been using for years.[99][100]
Mobile apps
In October 2019, Coinbase launched a mobile trading app for professional investors. The app was for iOS users only, but in January 2020, Coinbase released an Android app. The app supports over 50 trading pairs and is available to investors in over 100 countries.[101][102]
Debit cards
In February 2020, Visa granted a principal membership to Coinbase, making it the first cryptocurrency exchange to be given the power to issue debit cards. Coinbase's membership was originally granted to Coinbase in December, although it was not revealed publicly until February.[103] After testing the concept in the U.K. and E.U., the company announced in October 2020 that it planned on offering U.S. customers a one percent rebate paid in bitcoin on purchases made with the debit card starting later that year or in early 2021.[104]
Coinbase began allowing U.S. retail customers to take out fiat loans against their bitcoin holdings at interest rates of 8 percent in fall of 2020. A company announcement in August said users would be able to borrow against up to 30 percent of their bitcoin holdings, and would not need to pass a credit check but would have to fill out an application. The announcement also said that credit lines would be capped at $20,000 per customer.[105] At the time of the announcement, Coinbase had licenses to offer this service in 17 states in the U.S. (Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgie, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas, Virginia, Nebraska, Utah, Wisconsin, and Wyoming), but that it was pursuing licenses in other states as well.[106]
On November 23, 2020, Coinbase announced that it would suspend all lending services on Wednesday, November 25, 2020 at 22:00 UTC, as well as cancel any open limit orders. Coinbase said this was due to recent guidance by the CFTC.[107]
Digital assets
Coinbase offers trading services for sixteen digital assets including bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), XRP, Bitcoin Cash (BCH), Litecoin (LTC), EOS, Stellar Lumens (XLM), Tezos (XTZ), Chainlink (LINK), Ethereum Classic (ETC), USD Coin (USDC), ZCash (ZEC), Basic Attention Token (BAT), Augur (REP), 0x (ZRX), and Maker (DAI).[108]
In February 2019, Coinbase announced that it would be adding support for trading XRP on the exchange. This began in "transfer-only" mode, meaning customers could only deposit tokens, not remove them from their Coinbase wallets. The company said that after a minimum of twelve hours after activating "transfer-only" mode for XRP, other trading services would be initiated.[109]
Bitcoin SV
During the Bitcoin Cash hard fork that created Bitcoin SV (BSV) in November 2018, Coinbase users with Bitcoin Cash in their accounts at the time of the fork were given BSV tokens at a 1-to-1 ratio. On February 14, 2019 - three months after the fork - Coinbase told its customers they could withdraw the BSV tokens out of their Coinbase wallets. Since Coinbase did not support BSV trading, users had to export their BSV balance to an external wallet to trade it for other cryptoassets or fiat currency.[110]
On October 23, 2018, Coinbase announced that it was joining a consortium of cryptocurrency companies called Centre. It also announced the exchange had begun supporting USD Coin (USDC), a stablecoin that it developed jointly with Circle, which is also a member of Centre.[111][112]
ZRX Listing
ZRX is the coin of 0x project.
On October 11, 2018 Coinbase announced that it was taking ZRX deposits and would launch trading on the Coinbase Pro platform in a limited roll-out once "sufficient liquidity" had been established but not less than 12 hours from the time of that announcement.[113] Coinbase announced on October 16 that it was fully supporting ZRX and customers could ". . . now buy, sell, send, receive, or store ZRX . . . "[114][115]
The listing of ZRX, which was the first new coin listed after the Digital Asset Framework was announced on September 25, 2018, was controversial with some market observers because the listing announcement was followed by a sharp run-up in the price of ZRX. Some observers said that the listing decision may have been influenced by the existing close ties between Coinbase personnel and persons associated with the 0x project.[116]
In August 2019, the U.K. branch of Coinbase announced that it would be dropping support for ZCash (ZEC) trading. The company sent out letters to its U.K. customers urging them to convert, liquidate, or transfer their ZEC holdings to other wallets by August 26th.[117] According to sources close to the matter, the decision was "completely to do with" Coinbase's new relationship with ClearBank, the bank that was to replace the role that Barclays formerly had with the company.[118]
Key People
- Brian Armstrong - CEO
- Emelie Choi - COO
- Adam White - former Vice President & General Manager
- ↑ Exchanges. CryptoCompare.
- ↑ Coinbase Becomes First Bitcoin 'Unicorn'. Fortune.
- ↑ Coinbase, With Bitcoin Soaring, Files in Preparation for Landmark Public Offering. CoinDesk.
- ↑ Coinbase is most valuable U.S. exchange after first day of trading. MarketWatch.
- ↑ A Look at the Most Popular Bitcoin Exchanges. Investopedia.
- ↑ Coinbase. Coinbase.
- ↑ Coinbase. Coinbase.
- ↑ Coinbase Nabs $5m in Biggest Funding for Bitcoin Startup. WSJ blog.
- ↑ Coinbase Raises $25M Led By Andreessen Horowitz To Build Its Bitcoin Wallet And Merchant Services. TechCrunch.
- ↑ Bitcoin fever exposes crypto-market frailties. Reuters.
- ↑ Coinbase is teaming up with a Chicago-based tech firm to unlease cryptocurrencies onto Wall Street. Business Insider.
- ↑ Conbase is boosting its crypto buying limit to $25K a day. Coindesk.
- ↑ Coinbase to Bring in $1.3 Billion in Revenue Despite Crypto's Massive Slump. Bloomberg.
- ↑ Coinbase, the startup at the core of the cryptocurrency craze, is now considered an $8 billion company. Recode.
- ↑ Coinbase. Coinbase.
- ↑ Coinbase Suspends Ethereum Classic After Blockchain History Rewrites. Coinbase.
- ↑ Coinbase Tops JPMorgan in LinkedIn List of Most Popular Employers. Coinbase.
- ↑ CEO: Coinbase Has Earned $2 Billion in Transaction Fees Since 2012. Coinbase.
- ↑ Coinbase exits trade group following entry of upstart rival Binance.US. The Block.
- ↑ Coinbase appoints new general manager to oversee Europe operations. The Block.
- ↑ Bitcoin: Coinbase Users Get 'Cash' Windfall. Fortune.
- ↑ Coinbase Reveal Results of Internal Investigation. Coindoo.
- ↑ Coinbase Finds No Insider Trading of Bitcoin Cash. Fortune.
- ↑ Crypto Exchange Coinbase Says Institutional Platform Head Is Leaving. Bloomberg.
- ↑ Coinbase's Adam White is joining Bakkt as its COO. The Block.
- ↑ Coinbase's Head of Trading Resigns After Six Months on Job. Recode.
- ↑ Dan Romero departs Coinbase, continuing the exodus of institutional talent. The Block.
- ↑ Coinbase CTO Balaji Srinivasan is leaving the cryptocurrency exchange. The Block.
- ↑ Inside Coinbase's Executive Turmoil: Conflicting Visions. The Information.
- ↑ Coinbase Says Chief Operating Officer Has Left Crypto Exchange. Bloomberg.
- ↑ VP of Engineering Tim Wagner Becomes Latest Exec to Leave Coinbase. CoinDesk.
- ↑ CFTC Taps Coinbase Lawyer to Head Division Overseeing Bitcoin Futures. CoinDesk.
- ↑ Coinbase is creating a new 'Platforms' team, hires executives from Venmo and Adobe. The Block.
- ↑ Welcoming three new senior leaders to Coinbase. Coinbase blog.
- ↑ Coinbase Employees Have Begun to Take Severance Packages. CoinDesk.
- ↑ A question about Black Lives Matter sparked an employee walkout at Coinbase this summer. The Block Crypto.
- ↑ Coinbase is a mission focused company. Medium.
- ↑ Coinbase Offers Severance Package to Employees Unsatisfied With 'Apolitical' Mission. CoinDesk.
- ↑ A follow up to Coinbase being a mission focused company. Medium.
- ↑ Coinbase Hit With Outage As Bitcoin Price Drops $1.8K in 15 Minutes. Coindesk.
- ↑ Barclays Is No Longer Banking Coinbase. Coindesk.
- ↑ Barclays cancels banking deal with Coinbase – Report. The Block.
- ↑ Coinbase Acquires Blockchain Analytics Startup Neutrino. CoinTelegraph.
- ↑ Company. Neutrino.
- ↑ Former Hacking Team Members Are Now Spying on the Blockchain for Coinbase. Motherboard.
- ↑ Coinbase responds to its controversial acquisition of blockchain intelligence platform Neutrino. The Block.
- ↑ Angry Bitcoin Fans Delete Coinbase Accounts to Protest Neutrino Acquisition. CoinDesk.
- ↑ Living up to our values and the Neutrino acquisition. Coinbase.
- ↑ Coinbase Now Says It Never Shared 'Personally Identifiable' Customer Data. CoinDesk.
- ↑ Coinbase Expands Institutional Services With Tagomi Purchase. Bloomberg.
- ↑ Coinbase Buys Tagomi as 'Foundation' of Institutional Trading Arm. Coindesk.
- ↑ Coinbase Has Raked in $14B in New Institutional Assets Since April. CoinDesk.
- ↑ We're joining Coinbase!. Bison Trails.
- ↑ Coinbase to acquire Bison Trails to compete in the market for infrastructure as a service. The Block.
- ↑ CFTC Orders Coinbase Inc. to Pay $6.5 Million for False, Misleading, or Inaccurate Reporting and Wash Trading. Commodity Futures Trading Commission.
- ↑ Exclusive: Crypto exchange Coinbase readies landmark stock market listing, sources say. Reuters.
- ↑ Coinbase announces confidential submission of draft registration statement. Coinbase.
- ↑ Coinbase announces proposed direct listing. Coinbase.
- ↑ Coinbase announces filing of registration statement for proposed public direct listing of its Class A common stock. Coinbase blog.
- ↑ AMENDMENT NO. 1 TO FORM S-1REGISTRATION STATEMENT. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
- ↑ Coinbase's Direct Listing Pushed Back to April. Bloomberg.
- ↑ Coinbase is most valuable U.S. exchange after first day of trading. MarketWatch.
- ↑ Coinbase Listing Puts Spotlight on Nasdaq As Bitcoin Booms. Bloomberg.
- ↑ Coinbase CEO Sold $291.8M in Shares on Opening Day. CoinDesk.
- ↑ Historical Stock Quote. Coinbase.
- ↑ Coin List. CryptoCompare.
- ↑ Bitcoin hits new all-time high above $63,000 ahead of Coinbase debut. CNBC.
- ↑ Company Overview of Coinbase, Inc.. Bloomberg.
- ↑ Coinbase CEO Owns More Ether Than Bitcoin. Coin Journal.
- ↑ Coinbase Cryptocurrency Wallet Introduces Cloud Storage for Private Keys. NewsBTC.
- ↑ Coinbase is shutting down its fund aimed at big investors as it pivots to a new retail product. The Block.
- ↑ Coinbase is shutting down its fund aimed at big investors as it pivots to a new retail product. Coindesk.
- ↑ Coinbase's New Asset Listing Process. Coinbase.
- ↑ Coinbase Digital Asset Framework. Coinbase.
- ↑ DFS AUTHORIZES COINBASE GLOBAL, INC. TO FORM COINBASE CUSTODY TRUST COMPANY LLC. New York Department of Financial Services.
- ↑ Coinbase Gets Approval to Offer Crypto Custody Services in New York. Traders Magazine Online News.
- ↑ Grayscale Selects Coinbase Custody as Custodian. Globe News Service.
- ↑ Grayscale's $2.7 Billion in Crypto Assets Will Now Be Held by Coinbase Custody. CoinDesk.
- ↑ Grayscale To Move Billions In Bitcoin, Ripple's XRP, Ethereum, And Litecoin To Coinbase In One Of The Largest Ever Crypto Transfers. Forbes.
- ↑ Coinbase Gets Approval to Offer Crypto Custody Services in New York. Traders Magazine Online News.
- ↑ Coinbase's New Customer Incentive: Interest Payments, With a Crypto Twist. Wall Street Journal.
- ↑ Coinbase Custody launches staking support for Tezos, MakerDAO governance to follow. Medium.
- ↑ Coinbase Markets Trading Rules. Coinbase.
- ↑ Bitcoin exchange Coinbase opens Chicago office in bid to attract investors, local talent. Chicago Tribune.
- ↑ Coinbase Shutters High-Speed Crypto Trading Division, Axing 30 Jobs. CoinDesk.
- ↑ https://blog.coinbase.com/gdax-is-now-coinbase-pro-b062a12758a0. Coinbase.
- ↑ Top 100 Cryptocurrency Exchanges by Trade Volume. CoinMarketCap.
- ↑ Bitwise Asset Management Presentation to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
- ↑ Updates to Coinbase Pro Fee Structure. Medium.
- ↑ Coinbase December 2020 Market Maker Program. Medium.
- ↑ Coinbase Quietly Opened Its OTC Crypto Trading Desk This Month. Coindesk.
- ↑ Coinbase Adds Crypto-to-Crypto Trading for Retail Customers. Coindesk.
- ↑ Coinbase Users Can Now Easily Make Fiat Withdrawals via PayPal. Coinspeaker.
- ↑ Coinbase Extends PayPal Withdrawal Option to 32 European Countries. Coindesk.
- ↑ Ernst and Young Unveils Crypto Tax Accounting Tool to Help You Pay Bitcoin Taxes. CCN.
- ↑ Coinbase Tax Resource Center. Coinbase.
- ↑ Coinbase Ditches US Customer Tax Form That Set Off False Alarms at IRS. Coindesk.
- ↑ Coinbase may be planning to launch its own regulated insurance firm. The Block.
- ↑ Coinbase Is in Talks to Launch Its Own Insurance Company. Coindesk.
- ↑ Coinbase rolls out Android app for professional investors. The Block.
- ↑ The Coinbase Pro mobile app is now available for Android. Medium.
- ↑ Visa Grants Coinbase Power To Issue Bitcoin Debit Cards. Forbes.
- ↑ Coinbase launches crypto debit card in U.S. with 1% Bitcoin reward. Fortune.
- ↑ Coinbase to Offer Bitcoin-Backed Loans to US Customers. Coindesk.
- ↑ Borrow cash using Bitcoin as collateral. Coinbase.
- ↑ Coinbase Will Suspend All Margin Trading Tomorrow, Citing CFTC Guidance. Coindesk.
- ↑ Prices. Coinbase.
- ↑ Coinbase Exchange Users Can Buy and Sell XRP Starting Tomorrow. Coindesk.
- ↑ Coinbase Exchange Users Can Now Withdraw Bitcoin Cash Fork BSV. Coindesk.
- ↑ Crypto Exchange Coinbase to List Stable Coin Backed by Circle. Bloomberg.
- ↑ Coinbase Adds Its First Stablecoin Tied to the US Dollar. Coindesk.
- ↑ ZRX is now available to trade on Coinbase Pro (Updated). Coinbase.
- ↑ Buy and Sell ZRX on Coinbase. Coinbase.
- ↑ Coinbase Adds First Ethereum Token to Professional Trading Platform. Coindesk.
- ↑ 0x (ZRX) Falls 15% After Initial Coinbase Surge, Not All Investors are Convinced. News BTC.
- ↑ Coinbase UK Dropping Support for Cryptocurrency Zcash. Coindesk.
- ↑ Barclays cancels banking deal with Coinbase – Report. The Block.


text:
If Newt Gingrich were being nominated for sainthood, many of us would vote very differently from the way we would vote if he were being nominated for a political office.
What the media call Gingrich's "baggage" concerns largely his personal life and the fact that he made a lot of money running a consulting firm after he left Congress. This kind of stuff makes lots of talking points that we will no doubt hear, again and again, over the next weeks and months.
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But how much weight should we give to this stuff when we are talking about the future of a nation?
This is not just another election and Barack Obama is not just another president whose policies we may not like. With all of President Obama's broken promises, glib demagoguery and cynical political moves, one promise he has kept all too well. That was his boast on the eve of the 2008 election: "We are going to change the United States of America."
Many Americans are already saying that they can hardly recognize the country they grew up in. We have already started down the path that has led Western European nations to the brink of financial disaster.
Internationally, it is worse. A president who has pulled the rug out from under our allies, whether in Eastern Europe or the Middle East, tried to cozy up to our enemies, and has bowed low from the waist to foreign leaders certainly has not represented either the values or the interests of America. If he continues to do nothing that is likely to stop terrorist-sponsoring Iran from getting nuclear weapons, the consequences can be beyond our worst imagining.
Against this background, how much does Newt Gingrich's personal life matter, whether we accept his claim that he has now matured or his critics' claim that he has not? Nor should we sell the public short by saying that they are going to vote on the basis of tabloid stuff or media talking points, when the fate of this nation hangs in the balance.
Even back in the 19th century, when the scandal came out that Grover Cleveland had fathered a child out of wedlock — and he publicly admitted it — the voters nevertheless sent him to the White House, where he became one of the better presidents.
Do we wish we had another Ronald Reagan? We could certainly use one. But we have to play the hand we were dealt. And the Reagan card is not in the deck.
While the televised debates are what gave Newt Gingrich's candidacy a big boost, concrete accomplishments when in office are the real test. Gingrich engineered the first Republican takeover of the House of Representatives in 40 years — followed by the first balanced budget in 40 years. The media called it "the Clinton surplus" but all spending bills start in the House of Representatives, and Gingrich was Speaker of the House.
Speaker Gingrich also produced some long overdue welfare reforms, despite howls from liberals that the poor would be devastated. But nobody makes that claim any more.
Did Gingrich ruffle some feathers when he was Speaker of the House? Yes, enough for it to cost him that position. But he also showed that he could produce results.
In a world where we can make our choices only among the alternatives actually available, the question is whether Newt Gingrich is better than Barack Obama — and better than Mitt Romney.
Romney is a smooth talker, but what did he actually accomplish as governor of Massachusetts, compared to what Gingrich accomplished as Speaker of the House? When you don't accomplish much, you don't ruffle many feathers. But is that what we want?
Can you name one important positive thing that Romney accomplished as governor of Massachusetts? Can anyone? Does a candidate who represents the bland leading the bland increase the chances of victory in November 2012? A lot of candidates like that have lost, from Thomas E. Dewey to John McCain.
Those who want to concentrate on the baggage in Newt Gingrich's past, rather than on the nation's future, should remember what Winston Churchill said: "If the past sits in judgment on the present, the future will be lost." If that means a second term for Barack Obama, then it means lost big time.


text:
Create a Website Account - Manage notification subscriptions, save form progress and more.
Persons required to be licensed by the State of Arizona to fish in Arizona must also obtain a City of Litchfield Park fishing permit from the Parks and Recreation Department located at 100 S. Old Litchfield Road in Litchfield Park.
Any child under the age of 6 must be accompanied by a person with a current license and permit. Annual and daily permits are available. All annual fishing permits expire one year from the date of issue. In order to obtain a permit a picture ID must be presented when purchasing the permit.
Annual fishing permit...…$ 10
Daily fishing permit...…$ 3
Annual fishing permit...…$20
Daily fishing permit...…$ 5
When fishing, permits must be presented for inspection when requested by authorized City personnel.
A limit of a total of 6 fish per day per valid fishing permit is permitted for bass and/or catfish; however, no more than 4 of one species is allowed. There is no limit to the number of other fish that may be caught. Limits are set by the Parks and Recreation Department for City sponsored special events.
Fishing is restricted to 1 line per person and no more than 1 hook per line
Barbed hooks are prohibited
Gigs, spears, explosives, firearms, air rifles, electronic shocking devices, nets, traps, and bows are prohibited
Cleaning of fish at lakeside is prohibited
Dead fish, trash, and/or litter, including lures, hooks or fishing lines, must be disposed of in a trash receptacle or removed from the premises
Harming waterfowl in any manner or by any means is strictly prohibited.


text:
Juliette Lewis
Born: 6/21/1973
Birthplace: Los Angeles
Film actress known for her somewhat cocky attitude, decent acting, and her former relationship with actor Brad Pitt. After receiving an Oscar nomination for her role in Cape Fear (1991), she appeared in Woody Allen's Husbands and Wives (1992), Oliver Stone's Natural Born Killers (1994), Kalifornia (1993), and she played a mentally challenged young women in The Other Sister (1999). She also performs with her band, Juliette and the Licks.
See also:


text: "Award-winning writer Nancy Butler - adapter of Marvel's best-selling SENSE AND SENSIBILITY and PRIDE AND PREJUDICE - brings you another Jane Austen classic, breathing life into the author's most precocious heroine, Emma Woodhouse. Discover what has made this story so enduring, as it's retold in the Mighty Marvel Manner with the beautiful illustrations of Janet Lee! Collecting EMMA #1-5."


text:
Graphic artists — plan, analyze, and create visual solutions to communications problems.
I am a problem solver. I love to look at your design needs from the root level and come up with solutions that are creative and original but most of all - will work for you and your needs. Branding and continuity are important in promoting your business and I will work with you to establish and maintain your marketing material.
Branding Strategies
It is critical to be aware of your brand experience and have a plan to create the brand experience that you want to have… a good brand doesn't just happen.
Print Design
Print layouts require an experienced eye for the details specific to page layout. Typography techniques are essential in print and have a direct impact on how the reader interprets content.
Website Design
I create visual experiences on the internet. My task is the creative design of web pages, the goal is to create pages with a specific design, a uniform graphic set, and eye grabbing details.
UX Design
User Experience Design takes your users needs into account at every stage of your companies lifecycle, from usability of your website to adding a product to your cart to receiving the email invoice.
Current Projects
Some samples of projects I am currently working on or recently finished.
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Donations and Sponsorships
10th Coquitlam Scouts, Website
New View Society, Website
Tip A Wee Dram, Fundraiser Marketing Material


text:
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Packing Lightmaps |
Pop Quiz: You have 765,618 lightmaps for a scene and very few of them have power of 2 dimensions, what do you do? If your answer was to rescale them and call CreateTexture 765,618 times please slap yourself. If your answer had anything to do with glTexImage2D, you might want to leave now. What you really want to do is smush them all into a couple larger textures, and this text will show you one way of doing it.
What we'll do is recursively divide the larger texture into empty and filled regions. We start off with an empty texture and after inserting one lightmap we get this:
Here we've split the texture in half by line A then split the upper half by B and inserted the first lightmap to the left of B. When we go to insert the next one, we'll first check if it can fit above A and if it can we check to see if it can fit left of B, nope full, then right of B. If it fits there we split B exactly how we split the original texture, otherwise we insert and split below A. After inserting a second lightmap the texture becomes:
Pretty basic. The implementation of the tree is straightforward. Here it is in a C++ pseudocode hybrid:
struct Node { Node* child[2] Rectangle rc int imageID } Node* Node::Insert(const Image& img) if we're not a leaf then (try inserting into first child) newNode = child[0]->Insert( img ) if newNode != NULL return newNode (no room, insert into second) return child[1]->Insert( img ) else (if there's already a lightmap here, return) if imageID != NULL return NULL (if we're too small, return) if img doesn't fit in pnode->rect return NULL (if we're just right, accept) if img fits perfectly in pnode->rect return pnode (otherwise, gotta split this node and create some kids) pnode->child[0] = new Node pnode->child[1] = new Node (decide which way to split) dw = rc.width - img.width dh = rc.height - img.height if dw > dh then child[0]->rect = Rectangle(rc.left, rc.top, rc.left+width-1, rc.bottom) child[1]->rect = Rectangle(rc.left+width, rc.top, rc.right, rc.bottom) else child[0]->rect = Rectangle(rc.left, rc.top, rc.right, rc.top+height-1) child[1]->rect = Rectangle(rc.left, rc.top+height, rc.right, rc.bottom) (insert into first child we created) return Insert( img, pnode->child[0] ) |
The insert function traverses the tree looking for a place to insert the lightmap. It returns the pointer of the node the lightmap can go into or null to say it can't fit. Note that you really don't have to store the rectangle for each node, really all you need is a split direction and coordinate like in a kd-tree, but it's more convenient with them.
The code that calls Insert can then use the rectangle from the returned node to figure out where to place the lightmap in the texture and then update the node's imageID to use as a handle for future use.
int32 TextureCache::Insert(const Image& img) pnode = m_root->Insert(img) if pnode != NULL copy pixels over from img into pnode->rc part of texture pnode->imageID = new handle else return INVALID_HANDLE |
Once the lightmap is in the larger texture, you'll want to go through any meshes that use it and adjust their texture coordinates based on the lightmap's rectangle in the larger texture.
And now your moment of zen:
Pretty eh? These are some lightmaps from the Near Death Experience tech demo. I've padded each lightmap with white so you can see the separations. Other examples without padding.
Keep in mind that you can apply this same technique not just to lightmaps, but to packing any textures you want into larger ones. For example, the algorithm works like a charm for building font textures.
Anyhow, if you have any questions or comments email email@example.com. Thanks for reading.


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text:
Frank Plumpton Ramsey
Quick Info
Cambridge, England
London, England
Frank Ramsey's parents were Arthur Stanley Ramsey and Agnes Mary Wilson. Arthur Ramsey was President of Magdalene College, Cambridge, and a tutor in mathematics there. Frank was the oldest of his parents four children. He had one brother and two sisters and his brother Michael Ramsey went on to become Archbishop of Canterbury.Ramsey entered Winchester College in 1915 and from there he won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge. He completed his secondary school education at Winchester in 1920 and he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, to study mathematics. At Cambridge, Ramsey became a senior scholar in 1921 and graduated as a Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos of 1923.
After graduating, Ramsey went to Vienna for a short while, returning to Cambridge where he was elected a fellow of King's College Cambridge in 1924. It is worth noting that this was a most unusual occurrence, and in fact Ramsey was only the second person ever to be elected to a fellowship at King's College, not having previously studied at King's.
In 1925 Ramsey married Lettice C Baker and they had two daughters. In 1926 he was appointed as a university lecturer in mathematics and he later became a Director of Studies in Mathematics at King's College. It was a short career, for sadly Ramsey died at the beginning of 1930. However, in the short time during which he lectured at Cambridge he had already established himself as an outstanding lecturer. Broadbent writes in [1]:-
His lectures on the foundations of mathematics impressed young students by their remarkable clarity and enthusiasm ...Although Ramsey was a lecturer in mathematics, he produced work in a remarkable range of topics over a short period. As well as starting up the new area of mathematics now called 'Ramsey theory', which we say more about below, he wrote on the foundations of mathematics, economics and philosophy.
He published his first major work The Foundations of Mathematics in 1925. In this work he accepted the claim by Russell and Whitehead made in the Principia Mathematica that mathematics is a part of logic. Ramsey's aim in this paper, however, was to improve on the Principia Mathematica and he did so in two ways. Firstly he proposed dropping the axiom of reducibility which, he writes, is:-
... certainly not self-evident and there is no reason to suppose it true; and if it were true, this would be a happy accident and not a logical necessity, for it is not a tautology.His second simplification is to suggest simplifying Russell's theory of types by regarding certain semantic paradoxes as linguistic. He accepted Russell's solution to remove the logical paradoxes of set theory arising from, for example, "the set of all sets which are not members of themselves". However, the semantic paradoxes such as "this is a lie" are, Ramsey claims, quite different and depend on the meaning of the word "lie". These he removed with his reinterpretation that removed the axiom of reducibility.
Ramsey published Mathematical Logic in the Mathematical Gazette in 1926. In this he attacks the:-
... Bolshevik menace of Brouwer and Weyl ...for denying that propositions are either true of false. He writes:-
Brouwer would refuse to agree that either it was raining or it was not raining, unless he had looked to see.He also criticises Hilbert in Mathematical Logic saying that he had attempted to reduce mathematics to:-
... a meaningless game with marks on paper.His second paper on mathematics On a problem of formal logic was read to the London Mathematical Society on 13 December 1928 and published in the Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society in 1930. This examines methods for determining the consistency of a logical formula and it includes some theorems on combinatorics which have led to the study of a whole new area of mathematics called Ramsey theory. Harary describes this birth of Ramsey theory in [8] where he writes the following:-
The celebrated paper of Ramsey [in 1930] has stimulated an enormous study in both graph theory ..., and in other branches of mathematics .... Most certainly 'Ramsey theory' is now an established and growing branch of combinatorics. Its results are often easy to state (after they have been found) and difficult to prove; they are beautiful when exact, and colourful. Unsolved problems abound, and additional interesting open questions arise faster than solutions to the existing problems.The combinatorics was introduced by Ramsey to solve a special case of the decision problem for the first-order predicate calculus. However, as Mellor points out in [9], it is now known that there is a more direct proof than that given by Ramsey, while the general case of the decision problem cannot be solved. So Mellor points out that [9]:-
Ramsey's enduring fame in mathematics ... rests on a theorem he didn't need, proved in the course of trying to do something we now know can't be done!Ramsey made a systematic attempt to base the mathematical theory of probability on the notion of partial belief. This work on probability, and also important work on economics, came about mainly because Ramsey was a close friend of Keynes. Being a friend of Keynes certainly did not stop Ramsey attacking Keynes' work, however, and in Truth and probability , which Ramsey published in 1926, he argues against Keynes' ideas of an a priori inductive logic. Ramsey's arguments convinced Keynes who then abandoned his own ideas. Ramsey, proposing a probability measure based on strength of belief, [11]:-
... derives measures both of desires (subjective utilities) and of beliefs (subjective probabilities), thereby founding the now standard use of these concepts.In economics, Ramsey wrote two papers A contribution to the theory of taxation and A mathematical theory of saving. These would lead to important new areas in the subject.
It was philosophy, however, that was Ramsey's real love. He wrote a number of works such as Universals (1925), Facts and propositions (1927), Universals of law an of fact (1928), Knowledge (1929), Theories (1929), and General propositions and causality (1929). Braithwaite writes in [6]:-
... in general philosophy took more and more of his attention. For profitable thought in this most difficult field Ramsey was superbly equipped, and there is no doubt that his early death has deprived the world of one of its most promising philosophers.One would have to say, however, that Ramsey's work in philosophy has been somewhat overshadowed by that of Wittgenstein. Recently, however, Ramsey's work in philosophy seems to be receiving more attention.
Several of the articles cited in the references paint vivid pictures of Ramsey's character. For example Braithwaite writes in [6]:-
As a person, no less than as a thinker, Ramsey was an ornament to Cambridge. From his undergraduate days he had been recognised as an authority on any abstract subject, and his directness of approach and candour were an inspiration to his associates. His enormous physical size fitted well the range of his intellect, and his devastating laugh suited his power of humorously discarding irrelevancies, which power enabled him to be both subtle and profound in the highest degree.Mellor, in [10], paints a similar picture:-
He was a quiet, modest man, easy going and uninhibited, with a loud infectious laugh, his tolerance and good humour enabling him to disagree strongly without giving or taking offence; as with his brother Michael ... whose ordination ... Frank, as a militant atheist, regretted.In [2] his potential is emphasised:-
He was tall (six feet three inches) and bulky, short-sighted, wore steel-rimmed spectacles and appeared clumsy but was in fact a good tennis player. He produced his remarkable output in four hours a day - he found it too exacting to do more - in the mornings, with afternoons and evenings often spent walking or listening to records. He listened a lot to classical music, both live and recorded, and was a keen hill-walker.
There was no one in Cambridge among the younger men who would be considered his equal for power and quality of mind, and also for the boldness and originality of conception in one of the most difficult subjects of study.Ramsey suffered an attack of jaundice and was taken to Guy's Hospital in London for an operation. He died following the operation.
An article about his death is at THIS LINK.
References (show)
- T A A Broadbent, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). See THIS LINK.
- Obituary in The Times
See THIS LINK - J M Keynes, Frank Plumpton Ramsey, Essays in Biography (London, 1933).
- D H Mellor (ed.), Prospects for pragmatism : Essays in memory of F P Ramsey (Cambridge, 1980).
- N-E Sahlin, The philosophy of F P Ramsey (Cambridge, 1990).
- R B Braithwaite, Frank Plumpton Ramsey, J. London Math. Soc. 6 (1931), 75-78.
- P Engel, Ramsey: croyance, vérité et probabilité, in Le formalisme en question Saint-Malo, 1994 ( Paris, 1998), 289-302.
- F Harary, A tribute to Frank P Ramsey, 1903-1930, J. Graph Theory 7 (1) (1983), 1-7.
- D H Mellor, The eponymous F P Ramsey, J. Graph Theory 7 (1) (1983), 9-13.
- D H Mellor, Frank Plumpton Ramsey, The Dictionary of National Biography : Missing Persons (Oxford, 1993), 546-547. See THIS LINK.
- D H Mellor, Frank Plumpton Ramsey, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8 (London, New York, 1998), 44-49.
- J Spencer, Ramsey theory and Ramsey theoreticians, J. Graph Theory 7 (1) (1983), 15-23.
- P M Sullivan, Wittgenstein on 'The foundations of mathematics' by F P Ramsey, June 1927, Theoria 61 (2) (1995), 105-142.
- D Vernant, L'interprétation du formalisme logique : F P Ramsey, lecteur des 'Principia mathematica', in Le formalisme en question Saint-Malo, 1994 (Paris, 1998), 147-168.
Additional Resources (show)
Other pages about Frank Ramsey:
Cross-references (show)
- Other: Cambridge Colleges
- Other: Cambridge Individuals
- Other: Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (A)
- Other: Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (C)
- Other: Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (F)
- Other: Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (P)
- Other: Other institutions in Cambridge
Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update October 2003
Last Update October 2003


text:
NASA's Mars rover Curiosity has snapped stunning shots of a brief partial solar eclipse on the Red Planet, capturing images of the tiny Martian moon Phobos crossing the face of the sun.
Curiosity took the photos of Phobos on Thursday (Sept. 13), roughly five weeks after landing inside the Red Planet's huge Gale Crater on Aug. 5.
The images, taken with Curiosity's Mast Camera (Mastcam), look very different than the solar eclipses on Earth that we're used to. That's because our planet's moon is about 2,160 miles across (3,476 kilometers), big enough to block out the solar disk entirely when Earth, moon and sun are perfectly aligned. Even partial eclipses of the sun by our moon are impressive celestial events.
While Phobos orbits much closer to Mars than our moon does to Earth, it's just 14 miles across (22 km) on average. So Phobos takes only a small bite out of the sun during a Martian solar eclipse. [Photos: 'Ring of Fire' Solar Eclipse of May 2012]
Mars' other moon, Deimos, is even smaller and farther away from the Red Planet's surface than Phobos, so it blots out even less of the sun when crossing — or transiting — the solar disk. Many scientists think both Phobos and Deimos are asteroids that Mars' gravity captured long ago.
The eclipse photos were no lucky occurrence. Curiosity scientists and mission managers had been planning to snap them for a while, and the rover will likely take more such images in the coming days and weeks.
"Actually, there are I think three opportunities in the next month or so where we'll image those transits," Curiosity mission manager Jennifer Trosper, of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., told reporters Sept. 12.
"They're neat opportunities to see a unique scientific observation," Trosper said, adding that NASA's Spirit and Opportunity rovers, which landed on the Red Planet in January 2004, also have taken similar photos.
Such transit shots can help refine researchers' understanding of the orbits and orbital evolution of Phobos and Deimos, scientists have said. But the gee-whiz factor may be reason enough by itself to point Mastcam skyward.
The $2.5 billion Curiosity rover is about six weeks into a two-year mission to determine if the Gale Crater area could ever have supported microbial life.
Curiosity spent much of its first month on Mars stationary, as mission scientists and engineers checked out the rover's systems and 10 science instruments. But the six-wheeled robot has hit the road recently.
From Friday through Monday (Sept. 14-17), Curiosity logged 282 feet (86 meters) on the Martian surface, bringing its total odometry since landing to 745 feet (227 m), rover team members said.
Curiosity is on its way to a site called Glenelg, where three different types of Martian terrain come together in one place. But its main science destination is the base of Mount Sharp, the 3.4-mile-high (5.5 km) mountain that rises from Gale's center.
Mars-orbiting spacecraft have spotted signs that Mount Sharp's foothills were exposed to liquid water long ago. Curiosity could be ready to turn its wheels toward these interesting deposits — which lie about 6 miles (10 km) away — by the end of the year or so, researchers have said.
This story was provided by SPACE.com, a sister site to LiveScience. Follow SPACE.com senior writer Mike Wall on Twitter @michaeldwall or SPACE.com @Spacedotcom. We're also on Facebook and Google+.
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Artemius of Alexandria
Artemius of Alexandria was the Patriarch of Alexandria of the Church of Alexandria from 1845 to 1847.
Little is known of the early life of Patr. Artemius. His date of birth is unknown. He was respected and experienced. The Holy Synod of the Church of Constantinople elected Artemius to the see of Alexandria over the objections of the Hellenic Community of Alexandria, although he had recommended Archimandrite Hierotheus for the Patriarchal Throne. He was installed on October 8, 1845.
His patriarchate was one of internal upheaval as neither the clergy nor people accepted Artemius as Patriarch of Alexandria. This hostility finally led him to resign on February 11, 1847.
Artemius of Alexandria | ||
Preceded by: Hierotheus I |
Patriarch of Alexandria 1845-1847 |
Succeeded by: Hierotheus II |


text:
This past weekend, Amnesty International USA hosted the 2012 Regional Conferences in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, San Francisco and Washington, DC. The conferences brought together 1,000 people from around the country to hear inspiring speakers, share tactics, learn about pressing issues and help shape Amnesty's future. The following is just a quick overview of the events:
West: Held in San Francisco, the Western conference began with remarks by Lhamo Tso, wife of the Tibetan Prisoner of Conscience (POC) Dhondup Wangchen, who is serving a prison sentence in China for speaking out about Tibetan human rights through his filmmaking. The conference also included caucuses by roles including youth, local groups and human rights educators, and workshops on topics including POC's, Pussy Riot, the Middle East and North Africa, and closing remarks by Bu DongWei, a former Amnesty POC.