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\nVitamin E is found naturally in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. Vitamin E is the collective name for a group of fat-soluble compounds with distinctive antioxidant activities [1].
\nNaturally occurring vitamin E exists in eight chemical forms (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol) that have varying levels of biological activity [1]. Alpha- (or \u03b1-) tocopherol is the only form that is recognized to meet human requirements.
\nSerum concentrations of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) depend on the liver, which takes up the nutrient after the various forms are absorbed from the small intestine. The liver preferentially resecretes only alpha-tocopherol via the hepatic alpha-tocopherol transfer protein [1]; the liver metabolizes and excretes the other vitamin E forms [2]. As a result, blood and cellular concentrations of other forms of vitamin E are lower than those of alpha-tocopherol and have been the subjects of less research [3,4].
\nAntioxidants protect cells from the damaging effects of free radicals, which are molecules that contain an unshared electron. Free radicals damage cells and might contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease and cancer [5]. Unshared electrons are highly energetic and react rapidly with oxygen to form reactive oxygen species (ROS). The body forms ROS endogenously when it converts food to energy, and antioxidants might protect cells from the damaging effects of ROS. The body is also exposed to free radicals from environmental exposures, such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, and ultraviolet radiation from the sun. ROS are part of signaling mechanisms among cells.
\nVitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that stops the production of ROS formed when fat undergoes oxidation. Scientists are investigating whether, by limiting free-radical production and possibly through other mechanisms, vitamin E might help prevent or delay the chronic diseases associated with free radicals.
\nIn addition to its activities as an antioxidant, vitamin E is involved in immune function and, as shown primarily by in vitro studies of cells, cell signaling, regulation of gene expression, and other metabolic processes [1]. Alpha-tocopherol inhibits the activity of protein kinase C, an enzyme involved in cell proliferation and differentiation in smooth muscle cells, platelets, and monocytes [6]. Vitamin-E-replete endothelial cells lining the interior surface of blood vessels are better able to resist blood cell components adhering to this surface. Vitamin E also increases the expression of two enzymes that suppress arachidonic acid metabolism, thereby increasing the release of prostacyclin from the endothelium, which, in turn, dilates blood vessels and inhibits platelet aggregation [6].
\nIntake recommendations for vitamin E and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the Institute of Medicine of The National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) [6]. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used to plan and assess nutrient intakes of healthy people. These values, which vary by age and gender, include the following:
\nThe FNB's vitamin E recommendations are for alpha-tocopherol alone, the only form maintained in plasma. The FNB based these recommendations primarily on serum levels of the nutrient that provide adequate protection in a test measuring the survival of erythrocytes when exposed to hydrogen peroxide, a free radical [6]. Acknowledging great uncertainties in these data, the FNB has called for research to identify other biomarkers for assessing vitamin E requirements.
\nNaturally sourced vitamin E is called RRR-alpha-tocopherol (commonly labeled as d-alpha-tocopherol); the synthetically produced form is all rac-alpha-tocopherol (commonly labeled as dl-alpha-tocopherol).
\nRDAs for vitamin E are provided in milligrams (mg) and are listed in Table 1. One mg vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is equivalent to 1 mg RRR-alpha-tocopherol or 2 mg all rac-alpha-tocopherol. Because insufficient data are available to develop RDAs for infants, AIs were developed based on the amount of vitamin E consumed by healthy breastfed babies.
\nAge | \nMales | \nFemales | \nPregnancy | \nLactation | \n
0\u20136 months* | \n4 mg | \n4 mg | \n\n | \n |
7\u201312 months* | \n5 mg | \n5 mg | \n\n | \n |
1\u20133 years | \n6 mg | \n6 mg | \n\n | \n |
4\u20138 years | \n7 mg | \n7 mg | \n\n | \n |
9\u201313 years | \n11 mg | \n11 mg | \n\n | \n |
14+ years | \n15 mg | \n15 mg | \n15 mg | \n19 mg | \n
*Adequate Intake (AI)
\nVitamin E is listed on the new Nutrition Facts and Supplement Facts labels in mg [7]. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required manufacturers to use these new labels starting in January 2020, but companies with annual sales of less than $10 million were allowed to use the old labels that list vitamin E in International Units (IUs) until January 2021 [8]. Conversion rules are as follows:
\nFor example, 15 mg of natural alpha-tocopherol would equal 22.4 IU (15 mg x 1.49 IU/mg = 22.4 IU). The corresponding value for synthetic alpha-tocopherol would be 33.3 IU (15 mg x 2.22 IU/mg).
\nNumerous foods provide vitamin E. Nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils are among the best sources of alpha-tocopherol, and significant amounts are available in green leafy vegetables and fortified cereals (see Table 2 for a more detailed list) [9]. Most vitamin E in American diets is in the form of gamma-tocopherol from soybean, canola, corn, and other vegetable oils and food products [4].
\nFood | \nMilligrams (mg) per serving | \n Percent DV* | \n
Wheat germ oil, 1 tablespoon | \n20.3 | \n135 | \n
Sunflower seeds, dry roasted, 1 ounce | \n7.4 | \n49 | \n
Almonds, dry roasted, 1 ounce | \n6.8 | \n45 | \n
Sunflower oil, 1 tablespoon | \n5.6 | \n37 | \n
Safflower oil, 1 tablespoon | \n4.6 | \n31 | \n
Hazelnuts, dry roasted, 1 ounce | \n4.3 | \n29 | \n
Peanut butter, 2 tablespoons | \n2.9 | \n19 | \n
Peanuts, dry roasted, 1 ounce | \n2.2 | \n15 | \n
Corn oil, 1 tablespoon | \n1.9 | \n13 | \n
Spinach, boiled, \u00bd cup | \n1.9 | \n13 | \n
Broccoli, chopped, boiled, \u00bd cup | \n1.2 | \n8 | \n
Soybean oil, 1 tablespoon | \n1.1 | \n7 | \n
Kiwifruit, 1 medium | \n1.1 | \n7 | \n
Mango, sliced, \u00bd cup | \n0.7 | \n5 | \n
Tomato, raw, 1 medium | \n0.7 | \n5 | \n
Spinach, raw, 1 cup | \n0.6 | \n4 | \n
*DV = Daily Value. FDA developed DVs to help consumers compare the nutrient contents of foods and dietary supplements within the context of a total diet. The DV for vitamin E is 15 mg for adults and children age 4 years and older [7]. One mg vitamin E = 1 mg RRR-alpha-tocopherol = 2 mg all rac-alpha-tocopherol. FDA does not require food labels to list vitamin E content unless vitamin E has been added to the food. Foods providing 20% or more of the DV are considered to be high sources of a nutrient, but foods providing lower percentages of the DV also contribute to a healthful diet.
\nThe U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) FoodData Central website lists the nutrient content of many foods, including, in some cases, the amounts of alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol. The USDA also provides a comprehensive list of foods containing vitamin E arranged by nutrient content and by food name.
\nSupplements of vitamin E typically provide only alpha-tocopherol, although mixed products containing other tocopherols and even tocotrienols are available. Naturally occurring alpha-tocopherol exists in one stereoisomeric form. In contrast, synthetically produced alpha-tocopherol contains equal amounts of its eight possible stereoisomers; serum and tissues maintain only four of these stereoisomers [6]. A given amount of synthetic alpha-tocopherol (all rac-alpha-tocopherol; commonly labeled as DL or dl) is therefore only half as active as the same amount (by weight in mg) of the natural form (RRR-alpha-tocopherol; commonly labeled as D or d).
\nMost vitamin-E-only supplements provide \u226567 mg (100 IU of natural vitamin E) of the nutrient. These amounts are substantially higher than the RDAs.
\nAlpha-tocopherol in dietary supplements and fortified foods is often esterified to prolong its shelf life while protecting its antioxidant properties. The body hydrolyzes and absorbs these esters (alpha-tocopheryl acetate and succinate) as efficiently as alpha-tocopherol [6].
\nThree national surveys\u2014the 2001\u20132002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) [10], NHANES III (1988\u20131994) [10], and the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (1994\u20131996) [11]\u2014have found that the diets of most Americans provide less than the RDA levels of vitamin E. These intake estimates might be low, however, because the amounts and types of fat added during cooking are often unknown and not accounted for [6].
\nThe FNB suggests that mean intakes of vitamin E among healthy adults are probably higher than the RDA but cautions that low-fat diets might provide insufficient amounts unless people make their food choices carefully by, for example, increasing their intakes of nuts, seeds, fruits, and vegetables [6,10]. The 1999\u20132000 NHANES found that 11.3% of adults took vitamin E supplements containing at least 400 IU [12].
\nFrank vitamin E deficiency is rare and overt deficiency symptoms have not been found in healthy people who obtain little vitamin E from their diets [6]. Premature babies of very low birth weight (<1,500 grams) might be deficient in vitamin E. Vitamin E supplementation in these infants might reduce the risk of some complications, such as those affecting the retina, but they can also increase the risk of infections [13].
\nBecause the digestive tract requires fat to absorb vitamin E, people with fat-malabsorption disorders are more likely to become deficient than people without such disorders. Deficiency symptoms include peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, skeletal myopathy, retinopathy, and impairment of the immune response [6,14]. People with Crohn's disease, cystic fibrosis, or an inability to secrete bile from the liver into the digestive tract, for example, often pass greasy stools or have chronic diarrhea; as a result, they sometimes require water-soluble forms of vitamin E, such as tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate [1].
\nSome people with abetalipoproteinemia, a rare inherited disorder resulting in poor absorption of dietary fat, require enormous doses of supplemental vitamin E (approximately 100 mg/kg or 5\u201310 g/day) [1]. Vitamin E deficiency secondary to abetalipoproteinemia causes such problems as poor transmission of nerve impulses, muscle weakness, and retinal degeneration that leads to blindness [15]. Ataxia and vitamin E deficiency (AVED) is another rare, inherited disorder in which the liver's alpha-tocopherol transfer protein is defective or absent. People with AVED have such severe vitamin E deficiency that they develop nerve damage and lose the ability to walk unless they take large doses of supplemental vitamin E [16].
\nMany claims have been made about vitamin E's potential to promote health and prevent and treat disease. The mechanisms by which vitamin E might provide this protection include its function as an antioxidant and its roles in anti-inflammatory processes, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and immune enhancement.
\nA primary barrier to characterizing the roles of vitamin E in health is the lack of validated biomarkers for vitamin E intake and status to help relate intakes to valid predictors of clinical outcomes [6]. This section focuses on four diseases and disorders in which vitamin E might be involved: heart disease, cancer, eye disorders, and cognitive decline.
\nEvidence that vitamin E could help prevent or delay coronary heart disease (CHD) comes from several sources. In vitro studies have found that the nutrient inhibits oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, thought to be a crucial initiating step for atherosclerosis [6]. Vitamin E might also help prevent the formation of blood clots that could lead to a heart attack or venous thromboembolism [17].
\nSeveral observational studies have associated lower rates of heart disease with higher vitamin E intakes. One study of approximately 90,000 nurses found that the incidence of heart disease was 30% to 40% lower in those with the highest intakes of vitamin E, primarily from supplements [18]. Among a group of 5,133 Finnish men and women followed for a mean of 14 years, higher vitamin E intakes from food were associated with decreased mortality from CHD [19].
\nHowever, randomized clinical trials cast doubt on the efficacy of vitamin E supplements to prevent CHD [20]. For example, the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study, which followed almost 10,000 patients at high risk of heart attack or stroke for 4.5 years [21], found that participants taking 400 IU/day of natural vitamin E (268 mg) experienced no fewer cardiovascular events or hospitalizations for heart failure or chest pain than participants taking a placebo. In the HOPE-TOO follow-up study, almost 4,000 of the original participants continued to take vitamin E or placebo for an additional 2.5 years [22]. HOPE-TOO found that vitamin E provided no significant protection against heart attacks, strokes, unstable angina, or deaths from cardiovascular disease or other causes after 7 years of treatment. Participants taking vitamin E, however, were 13% more likely to experience, and 21% more likely to be hospitalized for, heart failure, a statistically significant but unexpected finding not reported in other large studies.
\nThe HOPE and HOPE-TOO trials provide compelling evidence that moderately high doses of vitamin E supplements do not reduce the risk of serious cardiovascular events among men and women >50 years of age with established heart disease or diabetes [23]. These findings are supported by evidence from the Women's Angiographic Vitamin and Estrogen study, in which 423 postmenopausal women with some degree of coronary stenosis took supplements with 400 IU vitamin E (form not specified) and 500 mg vitamin C twice a day or placebo for >4 years [24]. Not only did the supplements provide no cardiovascular benefits, but all-cause mortality was significantly higher in the women taking the supplements.
\nThe latest published clinical trial of vitamin E's effects on the heart and blood vessels of women included almost 40,000 healthy women \u226545 years of age who were randomly assigned to receive either 600 IU of natural vitamin E (402 mg) on alternate days or placebo and who were followed for an average of 10 years [25]. The investigators found no significant differences in rates of overall cardiovascular events (combined nonfatal heart attacks, strokes, and cardiovascular deaths) or all-cause mortality between the groups. However, the study did find two positive and significant results for women taking vitamin E: they had a 24% reduction in cardiovascular death rates, and those \u226565 years of age had a 26% decrease in nonfatal heart attack and a 49% decrease in cardiovascular death rates.
\nThe most recent published clinical trial of vitamin E and men's cardiovascular health included almost 15,000 healthy physicians \u226550 years of age who were randomly assigned to receive 400 IU synthetic alpha-tocopherol (180 mg) every other day, 500 mg vitamin C daily, both vitamins, or placebo [26]. During a mean follow-up period of 8 years, intake of vitamin E (and/or vitamin C) had no effect on the incidence of major cardiovascular events, myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular morality. Furthermore, use of vitamin E was associated with a significantly increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke.
\nIn general, clinical trials have not provided evidence that routine use of vitamin E supplements prevents cardiovascular disease or reduces its morbidity and mortality. However, participants in these studies have been largely middle-aged or elderly individuals with demonstrated heart disease or risk factors for heart disease. Some researchers have suggested that understanding the potential utility of vitamin E in preventing CHD might require longer studies in younger participants taking higher doses of the supplement [27]. Further research is needed to determine whether supplemental vitamin E has any protective value for younger, healthier people at no obvious risk of CHD.
\nAntioxidant nutrients like vitamin E protect cell constituents from the damaging effects of free radicals that, if unchecked, might contribute to cancer development [9]. Vitamin E might also block the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines formed in the stomach from nitrites in foods and protect against cancer by enhancing immune function [28]. Unfortunately, human trials and surveys that have attempted to associate vitamin E intake with cancer incidence have found that vitamin E is not beneficial in most cases.
\nBoth the HOPE-TOO Trial and Women's Health Study evaluated whether vitamin E supplements might protect people from cancer. HOPE-TOO, which followed men and women \u226555 years of age with heart disease or diabetes for 7 years, found no significant differences in the number of new cancers or cancer deaths between individuals randomly assigned to take 400 IU/day of natural vitamin E (268 mg) or a placebo [22]. In the Women's Health Study, in which healthy women \u226545 years of age received either 600 IU of natural vitamin E (402 mg) every other day or a placebo for 10 years, the supplement did not reduce the risk of developing any form of cancer [25].
\nSeveral studies have examined whether vitamin E intake and/or supplemental vitamin E affects the risk of developing prostate cancer. A prospective cohort study of >29,000 men found no association between dietary or supplemental vitamin E intake and prostate cancer risk [29]. However, among current smokers and men who had quit, vitamin E intakes of more than 400 IU/day (form not specified) were associated with a statistically significant 71% reduction in the risk of advanced prostate cancer. In a clinical trial involving 29,133 male smokers, men randomly assigned to take daily supplements of 111 IU of synthetic vitamin E (50 mg, as dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) for 5\u20138 years had 32% fewer prostate cancers compared to subjects who did not take the supplements [30]. Based in part on the promising results of this study, a large randomized clinical trial, called the SELECT trial, began in 2001 to determine whether 7\u201312 years of daily supplementation with 400 IU of synthetic vitamin E (180 mg, as dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate), with or without selenium (200 mcg, as L-selenomethionine), reduced the number of new prostate cancers in 35,533 healthy men age 50 and older. The trial was discontinued in October 2008 when an analysis found that the supplements, taken alone or together for about 5.5 years, did not prevent prostate cancer [31]. Results from an additional 1.5 years of follow-up from this trial (during which the subjects no longer received vitamin E or selenium), showed that the men who had taken the vitamin E had a 17% increased risk of prostate cancer compared to men only taking placebos, a statistically significant difference [32]. The risk of developing prostate cancer was also slightly increased in subjects taking vitamin E plus selenium or selenium alone, but the differences were not statistically significant. No differences were found among groups in the incidence of lung or colorectal cancers or all cancers combined. Study staff members will continue to monitor participants' health for up to 5 more years. The National Cancer Institute website provides additional information on the SELECT trial.
\nOne study of women in Iowa provides evidence that higher intakes of vitamin E from foods and supplements could decrease the risk of colon cancer, especially in women <65 years of age [33]. The overall relative risk for the highest quintile of intake (>35.7 IU/day, form not specified) compared to the lowest quintile (<5.7 IU/day, form not specified) was 0.32. However, prospective cohort studies of 87,998 women in the Nurses' Health Study and 47,344 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study failed to replicate these results [34]. Although some research links higher intakes of vitamin E with decreased incidence of breast cancer, an examination of the impact of dietary factors, including vitamin E, on the incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer in >18,000 women found no benefit from the vitamin [35].
\nThe American Cancer Society conducted an epidemiologic study examining the association between use of vitamin C and vitamin E supplements and bladder cancer mortality. Of the almost one million adults followed between 1982 and 1998, adults who took supplemental vitamin E for 10 years or longer had a reduced risk of death from bladder cancer [36]; vitamin C supplementation provided no protection.
\nEvidence to date is insufficient to support taking vitamin E to prevent cancer. In fact, daily use of large-dose vitamin E supplements (400 IU of synthetic vitamin E [180 mg]) may increase the risk of prostate cancer.
\nAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts are among the most common causes of significant vision loss in older people. Their etiologies are usually unknown, but the cumulative effects of oxidative stress have been postulated to play a role. If so, nutrients with antioxidant functions, such as vitamin E, could be used to prevent or treat these conditions.
\nProspective cohort studies have found that people with relatively high dietary intakes of vitamin E (e.g., 20 mg/day [30 IU]) have an approximately 20% lower risk of developing AMD than people with low intakes (e.g., <10 mg/day [<15 IU]) [37,38]. However, two randomized controlled trials in which participants took supplements of vitamin E (500 IU/day [335 mg] d-alpha-tocopherol in one study [39] and 111 IU/day (50 mg) dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate combined with 20 mg/day beta-carotene in the other [40]) or a placebo failed to show a protective effect for vitamin E on AMD. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), a large randomized clinical trial, found that participants at high risk of developing advanced AMD (i.e., those with intermediate AMD or those with advanced AMD in one eye) reduced their risk of developing advanced AMD by 25% by taking a daily supplement containing vitamin E (400 IU [180 mg] dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate), beta-carotene (15 mg), vitamin C (500 mg), zinc (80 mg), and copper (2 mg) compared to participants taking a placebo over 5 years [41]. A follow-up AREDS2 study confirmed the value of this and similar supplement formulations in reducing the progression of AMD over a median follow-up period of 5 years [42].
\nSeveral observational studies have revealed a potential relationship between vitamin E supplements and the risk of cataract formation. One prospective cohort study found that lens clarity was superior in participants who took vitamin E supplements and those with higher blood levels of the vitamin [43]. In another study, long-term use of vitamin E supplements was associated with slower progression of age-related lens opacification [44]. However, in the AREDS trial, the use of a vitamin E-containing (as dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) formulation had no apparent effect on the development or progression of cataracts over an average of 6.3 years [45]. The AREDS2 study, which also tested formulations containing 400 IU (180 mg) vitamin E, confirmed these findings [46].
\nOverall, the available evidence is inconsistent with respect to whether vitamin E supplements, taken alone or in combination with other antioxidants, can reduce the risk of developing AMD or cataracts. However, the formulations of vitamin E, other antioxidants, zinc, and copper used in AREDS hold promise for slowing the progression of AMD in people at high risk of developing advanced AMD.
\nThe brain has a high oxygen consumption rate and abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids in the neuronal cell membranes. Researchers hypothesize that if cumulative free-radical damage to neurons over time contributes to cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, then ingestion of sufficient or supplemental antioxidants (such as vitamin E) might provide some protection [47]. This hypothesis was supported by the results of a clinical trial in 341 patients with Alzheimer's disease of moderate severity who were randomly assigned to receive a placebo, vitamin E (2,000 IU/day dl-alpha-tocopherol), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (selegiline), or vitamin E and selegiline [47]. Over 2 years, treatment with vitamin E and selegiline, separately or together, significantly delayed functional deterioration and the need for institutionalization compared to placebo. However, participants taking vitamin E experienced significantly more falls.
\nVitamin E consumption from foods or supplements was associated with less cognitive decline over 3 years in a prospective cohort study of elderly, free-living individuals age 65\u2013102 years [48]. However, a clinical trial in primarily healthy older women who were randomly assigned to receive 600 IU (402 mg) d-alpha-tocopherol every other day or a placebo for \u22644 years found that the supplements provided no apparent cognitive benefits [49]. Another trial in which 769 men and women with mild cognitive impairment were randomly assigned to receive 2,000 IU/day vitamin E (form not specified), a cholinesterase inhibitor (donepezil), or placebo found no significant differences in the progression rate of Alzheimer's disease between the vitamin E and placebo groups [50]
\nIn summary, most research results do not support the use of vitamin E supplements by healthy or mildly impaired individuals to maintain cognitive performance or slow its decline with normal aging [51]. More research is needed to identify the role of vitamin E, if any, in the management of cognitive impairment [52].
\nResearch has not found any adverse effects from consuming vitamin E in food [6]. However, high doses of alpha-tocopherol supplements can cause hemorrhage and interrupt blood coagulation in animals, and in vitro data suggest that high doses inhibit platelet aggregation. Two clinical trials have found an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke in participants taking alpha-tocopherol; one trial included Finnish male smokers who consumed 50 mg/day for an average of 6 years [53] and the other trial involved a large group of male physicians in the United States who consumed 400 IU (180 mg) of synthetic vitamin E every other day for 8 years [26]. Because the majority of physicians in the latter study were also taking aspirin, this finding could indicate that vitamin E has a tendency to cause bleeding.
\nThe FNB has established ULs for vitamin E based on the potential for hemorrhagic effects (see Table 3). The ULs apply to all forms of supplemental alpha-tocopherol, including the eight stereoisomers present in synthetic vitamin E. Doses of up to 1,000 mg/day (1,500 IU/day of the natural form or 1,100 IU/day of the synthetic form) in adults appear to be safe, although the data are limited and based on small groups of people taking up to 3,200 mg/day of alpha-tocopherol for only a few weeks or months. Long-term intakes above the UL increase the risk of adverse health effects [6]. Vitamin E ULs for infants have not been established.
\nAge | \nMale | \nFemale | \nPregnancy | \nLactation | \n|
1\u20133 years | \n200 mg | \n200 mg | \n\n | \n | |
4\u20138 years | \n300 mg | \n300 mg | \n\n | \n | \n |
9\u201313 years | \n600 mg | \n600 mg | \n\n | \n | |
14\u201318 years | \n800 mg | \n800 mg | \n800 mg | \n800 mg | \n|
19+ years | \n1,000 mg | \n1,000 mg | \n1,000 mg | \n1,000 mg | \n
Two meta-analyses of randomized trials have also raised questions about the safety of large doses of vitamin E, including doses lower than the UL. These meta-analyses linked supplementation to small but statistically significant increases in all-cause mortality. One analysis found an increased risk of death at doses of 400 IU/day (form not specified), although the risk began to increase at 150 IU [54]. In the other analysis of studies of antioxidant supplements for disease prevention, the highest quality trials revealed that vitamin E, administered singly (dose range 10 IU\u20135,000 IU/day; mean 569 IU [form not specified]) or combined with up to four other antioxidants, significantly increased mortality risk [55].
\nThe implications of these analyses for the potential adverse effects of high-dose vitamin E supplements are unclear [56-59]. Participants in the studies included in these analyses were typically middle-aged or older and had chronic diseases or related risk factors. These participants often consumed other supplements in addition to vitamin E. Some of the studies analyzed took place in developing countries in which nutritional deficiencies are common. A review of the subset of studies in which vitamin E supplements were given to healthy individuals for the primary prevention of chronic disease found no convincing evidence that the supplements increased mortality [60].
\nHowever, results from the recently published, large SELECT trial show that vitamin E supplements (400 IU/day [180 mg] as dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) may harm adult men in the general population by increasing their risk of prostate cancer [32]. Follow-up studies are assessing whether the cancer risk was associated with baseline blood levels of vitamin E and selenium prior to supplementation as well as whether changes in one or more genes might increase a man's risk of developing prostate cancer while taking vitamin E.
\nVitamin E supplements have the potential to interact with several types of medications. A few examples are provided below. People taking these and other medications on a regular basis should discuss their vitamin E intakes with their health care providers.
\nVitamin E can inhibit platelet aggregation and antagonize vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. As a result, taking large doses with anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications, such as warfarin (Coumadin), can increase the risk of bleeding, especially in conjunction with low vitamin K intake. The amounts of supplemental vitamin E needed to produce clinically significant effects are unknown but probably exceed 400 IU/day [61].
\nSome people take vitamin E supplements with other antioxidants, such as vitamin C, selenium, and beta-carotene. This collection of antioxidant ingredients blunted the rise in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, especially levels of HDL2, the most cardioprotective HDL component, among people treated with a combination of simvastatin (brand name Zocor) and niacin [62,63].
\nOncologists generally advise against the use of antioxidant supplements during cancer chemotherapy or radiotherapy because they might reduce the effectiveness of these therapies by inhibiting cellular oxidative damage in cancerous cells [64,65]. Although a systematic review of randomized controlled trials has called this concern into question [66], further research is needed to evaluate the potential risks and benefits of concurrent antioxidant supplementation with conventional therapies for cancer.
\nThe federal government's 2020\u20132025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that \"Because foods provide an array of nutrients and other components that have benefits for health, nutritional needs should be met primarily through foods. ... In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements are useful when it is not possible otherwise to meet needs for one or more nutrients (e.g., during specific life stages such as pregnancy).\"
\nFor more information about building a healthy dietary pattern, refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the USDA's MyPlate.
\nThe Dietary Guidelines for Americans describes a healthy dietary pattern as one that
\nThis fact sheet by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) provides information that should not take the place of medical advice. We encourage you to talk to your health care providers (doctor, registered dietitian, pharmacist, etc.) about your interest in, questions about, or use of dietary supplements and what may be best for your overall health. Any mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional society, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or expert advice.


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These charm studs are easy & fun – and the perfect accessory for every day.
- Kris Nations
- Approximately 2.25" in diameter
- Made in the USA
- Manufacturer Style No. E1-CHARM
Dec 2019 Designers
Image caption appears here
These charm studs are easy & fun – and the perfect accessory for every day.
Sisters, Kris and Kim Nations, began producing their original line of eclectic jewelry after being encouraged to do so by their mother. Both sisters cite the woman who raised them as the single most important role model in their lives, and her influence is evident in everything from their jewelry designs to their business model. Kris and Kim envision someone much like their mom as the wearer of their jewelry – "a graceful, worldly, confident woman with true personal style that transcends time and trends."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Casio Digital Unisex Watch W-800H-1A Digital Resin Band Resin Glass Battery Life: 10 Years
Casio Digital Unisex Watch W-800H-1A Digital Resin Band Resin Glass Battery Life: 10 Years
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Animal Wildlife | Gentoo Penguin | The gentoo penguin is a medium-sized species of penguin that is found on the rocky islands of the sub-Antarctic Ocean. Gentoo penguins are most easily distinguished by the white "bonnet-like" marking across the top of their heads, and are most closely related to the Adelie and Chinstrap penguins which belong to the same group. The gentoo penguin breeds on many sub-Antarctic islands, with the main colonies found on the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the Kerguelen Islands. Smaller populations of the gentoo penguin are also found on Macquarie Island, Heard Islands, South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula. The total breeding population of the gentoo penguin is estimated to be over 300,000 pairs.
The gentoo penguin is the third largest species of penguin in the world behind the king penguin and the emperor penguin, with adult gentoo penguins reaching heights of up to 80cm in the southern parts of their range. The gentoo penguins found further north, are on average, slightly heavier and taller than their southern counterparts. Like other penguin species, the gentoo penguin has had to adapted to inhabiting very harsh conditions and having to get all of it's food from the freezing ocean. Gentoo penguins use their wings to propel them through the water and are thought to be the fastest swimming of all penguin species, able to reach speeds of nearly 30mph in the water.
The gentoo penguin is a carnivorous animal, that like all other penguin species, survives on a diet that is only comprised of marine animals. Krill and small crustaceans make up the bulk of the gentoo penguin's diet along with larger organisms including squid and various species of fish. Due to the fact that they inhabit quite uncompromising regions, gentoo penguins have no natural land-based predators. However, larger marine animals that also inhabit the freezing waters of the Antarctic Ocean will prey on these water-based birds, with leopard seals, sharks, humans and killer whales being the main predators of the gentoo penguin.
On average, the gentoo penguin breeds once a year, forming pairs that usually remain faithful to one another. The female gentoo penguin lays two eggs which are incubated by both parents for just over a month months, when only one of the eggs will usually hatch. The gentoo penguin chicks are fed and kept warm by their parents and remain with them until the chicks are around three months old. Today, the gentoo penguin is a near threatened animal as they are easily affected by changes in the water, both pollution and temperature. Gentoo penguin populations in some areas have also been depleted through human hunting.
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16 Nov Is a Roth 401(k) Right for You?
First available in 2006, the Roth 401(k) is a relative newcomer to the retirement savings world, and employers were slow to adopt it. That has changed in recent years. A 2017 survey found that seven out of 10 large and mid-size employers with defined contribution plans offer Roth accounts, and another 15% were planning to add the option or considering doing so (see chart).
A Roth 401(k) is a separate account within the employer's 401(k) plan that has tax advantages and limitations similar to a Roth IRA. However, 401(k)s have much higher annual contribution limits ($18,500 for all accounts combined in 2018 or $24,500 if you are age 50 or older). And unlike Roth IRAs, there are no income limits for contributing to a Roth 401(k).
If the Roth option is offered in your workplace plan, you might consider its long-term benefits.
Tax Advantage Now or Later
Contributions to a Roth 401(k) account are made with after-tax dollars, so there is no current-year tax advantage. However, distributions — including any earnings — are free of federal income tax as long as they meet certain conditions. Any matching funds from your employer go into a separate pre-tax account and will be taxed as ordinary income upon withdrawal.
Younger workers who are in a lower tax bracket and have many years for potential investment growth may find a Roth account especially appealing. But savers of any age could benefit from tax-free retirement income. When you retire or leave your employer for other reasons, you can transfer your Roth 401(k) balance directly to a Roth IRA, which will allow the assets to continue pursuing tax-free growth. Assets in a Roth 401(k) are subject to required minimum distributions (RMDs) beginning at age 70½, but you are not required to take RMDs from a Roth IRA, which provides more flexibility in managing your retirement income. (Beneficiaries, however, must take RMDs.)
You can contribute to both a Roth account and a traditional account within your employer's plan, or maintain a balance in one while contributing to the other. If your employer plan allows in-plan conversions, you might convert some traditional 401(k) assets to a Roth account, but be prepared to use funds outside the account to pay taxes on the conversion amount.
Qualified Distributions
Because Roth 401(k) contributions are made on an after-tax basis, they're always free of federal income tax when distributed from the plan. But any investment earnings on your Roth contributions are tax-free only if you meet the requirements for a "qualified distribution." In general, a distribution is qualified if it meets a five-year holding period and occurs after age 59½ or after your disability or death.
The five-year holding period starts with the year you make your first Roth contribution to your employer's 401(k) plan. For example, if you make your initial Roth contribution in December 2018, the first year of your five-year holding period is 2018 and your waiting period ends on December 31, 2022. The start date of the five-year holding period will carry over if you transfer Roth assets to a new employer's Roth 401(k) plan. Assets rolled to a Roth IRA are subject to the IRA's five-year holding period.
If your distribution isn't qualified, the portion of your distribution that represents investment earnings will be taxable and subject to a 10% early-distribution penalty, unless an exception applies.
This information is not intended as tax, legal, investment, or retirement advice or recommendations, and it may not be relied on for the purpose of avoiding any federal tax penalties. You are encouraged to seek advice from an independent professional advisor. The content is derived from sources believed to be accurate. Neither the information presented nor any opinion expressed constitutes a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security. This material was written and prepared by Broadridge Advisor Solutions. © 2018 Broadridge Investor Communication Solutions, Inc.


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Mojo::Server::Prefork - Pre-forking non-blocking I/O HTTP and WebSocket server
use Mojo::Server::Prefork; my $prefork = Mojo::Server::Prefork->new(listen => ['http://*:8080']); $prefork->unsubscribe('request')->on(request => sub ($prefork, $tx) { # Request my $method = $tx->req->method; my $path = $tx->req->url->path; # Response $tx->res->code(200); $tx->res->headers->content_type('text/plain'); $tx->res->body("$method request for $path!"); # Resume transaction $tx->resume; }); $prefork->run;
Mojo::Server::Prefork is a full featured, UNIX optimized, pre-forking non-blocking I/O HTTP and WebSocket server, built around the very well tested and reliable Mojo::Server::Daemon, with IPv6, TLS, SNI, UNIX domain socket, Comet (long polling), keep-alive and multiple event loop support. Note that the server uses signals for process management, so you should avoid modifying signal handlers in your applications.
For better scalability (epoll, kqueue) and to provide non-blocking name resolution, SOCKS5 as well as TLS support, the optional modules EV (4.32+), Net::DNS::Native (0.15+), IO::Socket::Socks (0.64+) and IO::Socket::SSL (1.84+) will be used automatically if possible. Individual features can also be disabled with the MOJO_NO_NNR, MOJO_NO_SOCKS and MOJO_NO_TLS environment variables.
See "DEPLOYMENT" in Mojolicious::Guides::Cookbook for more.
The Mojo::Server::Prefork manager process can be controlled at runtime with the following signals.
Shut down server immediately.
Shut down server gracefully.
Increase worker pool by one.
Decrease worker pool by one.
Mojo::Server::Prefork worker processes can be controlled at runtime with the following signals.
Stop worker gracefully.
Mojo::Server::Prefork inherits all events from Mojo::Server::Daemon and can emit the following new ones.
$prefork->on(finish => sub ($prefork, $graceful) {...});
Emitted when the server shuts down.
$prefork->on(finish => sub ($prefork, $graceful) { say $graceful ? 'Graceful server shutdown' : 'Server shutdown'; });
$prefork->on(heartbeat => sub ($prefork, $pid) {...});
Emitted when a heartbeat message has been received from a worker.
$prefork->on(heartbeat => sub ($prefork, $pid) { say "Worker $pid has a heartbeat" });
$prefork->on(reap => sub ($prefork, $pid) {...});
Emitted when a child process exited.
$prefork->on(reap => sub ($prefork, $pid) { say "Worker $pid stopped" });
$prefork->on(spawn => sub ($prefork, $pid) {...});
Emitted when a worker process is spawned.
$prefork->on(spawn => sub ($prefork, $pid) { say "Worker $pid started" });
$prefork->on(wait => sub ($prefork) {...});
Emitted when the manager starts waiting for new heartbeat messages.
$prefork->on(wait => sub ($prefork) { my $workers = $prefork->workers; say "Waiting for heartbeat messages from $workers workers"; });
Mojo::Server::Prefork inherits all attributes from Mojo::Server::Daemon and implements the following new ones.
my $accepts = $prefork->accepts; $prefork = $prefork->accepts(100);
Maximum number of connections a worker is allowed to accept, before stopping gracefully and then getting replaced with a newly started worker, passed along to "max_accepts" in Mojo::IOLoop, defaults to 10000. Setting the value to 0 will allow workers to accept new connections indefinitely. Note that up to half of this value can be subtracted randomly to improve load balancing, and to make sure that not all workers restart at the same time.
my $bool = $prefork->cleanup; $prefork = $prefork->cleanup($bool);
Delete "pid_file" automatically once it is not needed anymore, defaults to a true value.
my $timeout = $prefork->graceful_timeout; $prefork = $prefork->graceful_timeout(15);
Maximum amount of time in seconds stopping a worker gracefully may take before being forced, defaults to 120. Note that this value should usually be a little larger than the maximum amount of time you expect any one request to take.
my $interval = $prefork->heartbeat_interval; $prefork = $prefork->heartbeat_interval(3);
Heartbeat interval in seconds, defaults to 5.
my $timeout = $prefork->heartbeat_timeout; $prefork = $prefork->heartbeat_timeout(2);
Maximum amount of time in seconds before a worker without a heartbeat will be stopped gracefully, defaults to 50. Note that this value should usually be a little larger than the maximum amount of time you expect any one operation to block the event loop.
my $file = $prefork->pid_file; $prefork = $prefork->pid_file('/tmp/prefork.pid');
Full path of process id file, defaults to prefork.pid in a temporary directory.
my $spare = $prefork->spare; $prefork = $prefork->spare(4);
Temporarily spawn up to this number of additional workers if there is a need, defaults to 2. This allows for new workers to be started while old ones are still shutting down gracefully, drastically reducing the performance cost of worker restarts.
my $workers = $prefork->workers; $prefork = $prefork->workers(10);
Number of worker processes, defaults to 4. A good rule of thumb is two worker processes per CPU core for applications that perform mostly non-blocking operations, blocking operations often require more and benefit from decreasing concurrency with "max_clients" in Mojo::Server::Daemon (often as low as 1).
Mojo::Server::Prefork inherits all methods from Mojo::Server::Daemon and implements the following new ones.
my $pid = $prefork->check_pid;
Get process id for running server from "pid_file" or delete it if server is not running.
say 'Server is not running' unless $prefork->check_pid;
Ensure "pid_file" exists.
my $healthy = $prefork->healthy;
Number of currently active worker processes with a heartbeat.
Run server and wait for "MANAGER SIGNALS".
Mojolicious, Mojolicious::Guides, https://mojolicious.org.
To install Mojolicious, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.
cpanm Mojolicious
CPAN shell
perl -MCPAN -e shell install Mojolicious
For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.


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Latitude was given the opportunity to add some life to the QV Melbourne carpark by implementing a series of large scale environmental graphics. The design took inspiration from early modernist graphic design, and acts as both environmental graphics as well as wayfinding.
Each typographic piece was individually hand painted on site, overlaying the painted forms producing a multiplied effect onto the existing brickwork. The location of each word was carefully considered to ensure high visibility, with the design also providing a welcomed use of colour and brightness to the underground levels.
Text and photography copyright of Latitude


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A new, advanced service offered by the Ohio Supercomputer Center leverages the unique computing properties of the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) to provide a robust visualization environment to researchers in fields as diverse as biomedicine, electrosciences and the animation arts.
Sine Curve Man - Charles Csuri 1967 - Csuri's drawing of a bearded man gained acclaim when the artist imaginatively transformed it using the sine curve function. In 1967, it won the Computers and Automation contest. |
OSC recently completed deployment of the "Csuri" Advanced GPU environment, increasing the Center's capabilities for advanced large-scale remote visualization and batch-rendering applications, as well as GPGPU applications. This powerful computing environment is now available to all Ohio college and university faculty, students and staff, as is an upcoming workshop planned to provide insights on the effective use of the service.
The high performance computing (HPC) community is aggressively exploring general-purpose GPU (GPGPU) computing by using them as "many-core processors" to solve scientific problems. Modern, commercially available central processing units (CPUs) are multi-core processors with 2, 4 or 8 independent processors on a single chip. Many-core processors, on the other hand, have hundreds or thousands of processors that are more tightly connected.
"For the right kind of problems, GPGPU computing can provide revolutionary performance advantages," said David Hudak, Ph.D., program director of cyberinfrastructure and software development at OSC. "The Csuri platform is designed to support the development of both GPGPU and advanced visualization solutions. We look forward to working with our user communities to develop codes and evaluate GPU-enabled third party applications."
One example of the work that can benefit from the Csuri Advanced GPU environment is the work of its namesake, Charles "Chuck" Csuri, whose sophisticated digital art involves giant rendering of thousands of frames.
Csuri is best known as the father of computer graphics, computer animation and digital fine art, creating the first computer art in the 1960s. In addition to being recognized by the Smithsonian Magazine, Csuri is seen as a pioneer of computer animation by the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) and the Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group Graphics (ACM-SIGGRAPH).
Csuri became interested in the digital computer as a means of imaging in 1964, when he saw a computer-generated face in a publication from the university's department of electrical engineering. While a senior professor at The Ohio State University (OSU), Csuri founded the Computer Graphics Research Group, the OSC Graphics Project and accad, an academic unit dedicated to the development of digital art and computer animation.
During the beta testing of the GPU system, Umit Catalyurek, Ph.D., associate professor in the Department of Biomedical Informatics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at OSU, used the nodes to develop a component-based runtime system for various biomedical image analyses and synthetic aperture radar image formations.
"One of student researchers is using the new GPU system to finish his experiments for a project on automatic tuning of radar signal processing on emergent architectures," said Catalyurek. "We are now developing software systems that will enable applications to easily scale from a single CPU or GPU to a cluster of GPUs and multicore CPUs."
With matching funding from DaytaOhio, a Wright Center of Innovation, OSC was able to develop the Csuri Advanced GPU Environment with the latest NVIDIA visualization technology, providing researchers with 18 NVIDIA Quadro Plex 2200 S4 units installed in the Center's flagship production cluster, the Glenn IBM 1350, and 16 nVidia C1060 cards installed in the BALE research cluster. The GPU environment also features the CUDA toolkit, including the CUDA SDK, a collection of example programs illustrating various aspects of CUDA and GPGPU usage.


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Beta-carotene may offer diabetes protection for those with genetic risk: Study
People with a genetic alteration that means they are at higher risk for the development of type 2 diabetes could benefit from supplementation with beta-carotene, according to new data published in Human Genetics.
Led by, Dr Atul Butte from the Stanford University School of Medicine, USA, the research team found that both beta-carotene and gamma-tocopherol interact with a gene known as SLC30A4 to influence diabetes risk, albeit in opposite directions.
"Type-2 diabetes affects about 15% of the world's population, and the numbers are increasing," said Butte.
"This vitamin [beta-carotene] was already known as being 'good' with respect to type-2 diabetes, so it was no surprise that we saw it, too," Butte added. "But it was reassuring, as it suggested we were doing things right, and interesting to find it paired with SLC30A4."
The findings point the way to further experiments that could establish whether beta-carotene and gamma-tocopherol are, respectively, protective and harmful themselves, or merely 'markers' whose blood levels dovetail the presence or absence of some other substance, process or defect that is a true causal factor, said the research team.
Butte said his lab is now gearing up to perform studies in which purified beta-carotene and gamma-tocopherol will be fed to lab mice. Such studies may show whether the compounds themselves are critical to preventing or accelerating the onset of type-2 diabetes, or whether they are in fact merely markers for other processes, said Butte.


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Friday, February 01, 2008
Grand Carnival Gala at the Luna Hotel Baglioni
Start time: 18:30
Place: Luna Hotel Baglioni
Organizer: Baglioni Hotels
Don't miss the special evening at the Luna Hotel Baglioni to celebrate togheter the most important weekend of the Venice Carnival!
The appointment will be at 6.30 pm in the warm atmosphere of the Fireplace Room for our Welcome Cocktail: just in front of the warmlighted-on fireplace you will savour the typical Venetian Canapès while sipping the renown Bellini and Rossini Cocktails, created for you by our Chef Carlo. During the cocktail you will be entertained by a special funny Opera: "Il Barbiere di Siviglia". The famous Opera of Gioacchino Rossini will be performed by top-level artists, prouded boast the stage of the most famous Italian and International Theatre.
Starting from 8.00 pm the refined Buffet Dinner will be served in the elegant ambience of the Marco Polo Ballroom, with original frescoes by the Pupils of the Tiepolo School.. The Marco Polo Ballroom is in fact the perfect setting to experience the real Carnival of Venice and you will have the chance to parade your Venetian Carnival costumes and traditional Masks!
We will make you dance till late with Dance Music of our Disk-Jockey: international covers, rock, group dances, music by '60s and '70s… At the end don't miss the exquisite typical Venetian desserts: frittelle and galani, prepaired by our Chef Carlo.
A sparkling and exciting evening is waiting for you in the elegant ambience of our Luna Hotel Baglioni to celebrate in the most unforgettable way the Carnival of Venice!
Dress Code: Carnival Costume (Costume d'Epoque or Cloak with Mask)
Rate: 210,00 Euro per persona (VAT and Wine from Canova Selection included)
Cancellation Policy: by 12.00 p.m. of 25th January 2008, with the whole rate as penalty.
On the second floor of the Luna Hotel Baglioni the special Carnival Atelier "Venice Atelier" will be organized during Carnival period, in order to rent and buy Costumes d'Epoque, Masks and Cloaks.
Partecipation costs: Euro 210 Euro
Start time: 19:30
Place: Palazzo Mocenigo
Organizer: Bauer Venezia
The Bauer Hotel has organized a special event for classical music lovers. The evening will start at 19.00 at the historical "Palazzo Mocenigo", one of the most prestigious private estate in Venice. In this magical atmosphere the prodigious and talented artist Maestro Andrea Bacchetti will perform a solo piano concert on the notes of J.S. Bach, Mozart and Debussy.
A delicious cocktail will be served after the concert.
For more information please contact our marketing dept on +39-041-240 69 09 or via e-mail on email@example.com
Partecipation costs: Euro 80
Start time: 20:00
Place: Palazzo Donà dalle Rose
Organizer: Associazione Internazionale per il Carnevale di Venezia
In the sumptuous environments of this historical residence still inhabited by the descendants of the ancient family Donà dalle Rose, which gave three Doges to the "Serenissima Repubblica" you will be able to realize with fantasy your favourite tale and make it live again in a "dream night".
The candle light dinner, the music of the "Caffè Concerto Strauss" with their extraordinary skill, the entertainments and your gorgeous carnival costumes, will make this night unforgettable.
• Welcome cocktail
• Served dinner with "La Dogaressa" catering (4 courses)
• Dancing with live music orchestra and open bar in the magnificent entrance hall of the Palace
Dress code: Carnival costume
Partecipation costs: Euro N.A.
Ball of Louis du Soleil
Start time: 20:00
Place: Palazzo Zenobio
Organizer: García Martín de Calera – Organizzazione Carnevalesca de Calera
At Carnival in Venice, the nocturnal lanes come alive with mystery,
the moon casts reflections on the winding canals,
and we evoke, for you, the opulence of an 18th century ball,
set against the background of the overwhelming original stage!
His Highness the King and the Royal Household cordially invite you
to a Carnival feast in the dignified grand ballroom of the Zenobio Palace.
You will be welcomed as a member of the court.
At the entrance of the palace, birds of fire dance along the canal, beyond the heavy doors a harpist plays, and the champagne flows. Flame throwers, musicians, and mystery beckon the guests into the fairy-tale-like garden. At a sign of the master of ceremonies, the invited guests follow him into the sea of lights that is the gilded ballroom.
Celebrated performers and intoxicating cuisine will envelope your senses. Finally, upon the arrival of Le Grand Monarque, Le Roi Soleil, you will be invited to dance with the King in the lavish setting of Zenobio Palace and to enjoy this evening with all your senses!
Let yourself fall into the fantasy that is Venice at Carnival!
Together with an international audience, you will enjoy this miraculous masquerade ball at the gorgeous Zenobio Palace, located on the lagoon at the heart of this romantic and mercurial city.
Dresscode: historical costume
Further information: www.garcia-martin.net
Partecipation costs: Euro 430
Start time: 20:30
Place: Palazzo Cà Zen
Organizer: Associazione Amici del Carnevale di Venezia
The magic of a meeting, an enchanted town , the charm of another period and of its seasons
Gala dinner. Dance and amusement
Dress code: Costume
Prize to the best costume
Additional information: firstname.lastname@example.com
Partecipation costs: Euro N.A.
Diner Dansante Le Menuet
Start time: 21:00
Place: Casin di Commercio (Procuratie Vecchie, Piazza San Marco, 180/C)
Organizer: C.C.I.
A Dinner in the most exclusive place of Venice: the old Casino (little house) of Commerce in the 'Procuratie Vecchie', looking straight to the San Marco Church and the Doge's Palace. A Master of Dance and a baroque ensemble will involve the guests in dancing minuets, rondo and other group dances, during and after a superb Dinner served by the famous restaurant La Colomba. Dress code: costume
Partecipation costs: Euro 250
Masks & Costumes Parade with Sound and Pictures
Start time: 21:30
Place: Ca' Zanardi
Organizer: Incentive Harmony di Nicolas & Jeanne-Bénédicte Arnita
Location : Palazzo Zanardi, 16th century, located in authentic Venice.
This unique setting was the first abode of Agnello Partecipazio Doge,
with its refined atmosphere and its elegant rooms enlighten with candlelight.
9 p.m. Welcome Cocktail and Dinner
11 p.m. Spectacle with the Parade of Costume & Masks
of the Commedia dell'Arte , Arlecchino Colombina and Pantalone, Brighella, Dottor Peste, with couples of venetian Aristocrats, with Casanova , the Doge, the Dogaressa and their court, everybody in traditional costume.
Guests will be able to admire the most elegant and rich costumes of the venetian Carnival
With the musical entertainment by Harp and Flute with pictures and explanation of the artistic and fashion period of 1800 in Venice. An actor will introduce you to the meaning of these personages and masks in the tradition of Venice.
Program :
21:00 Welcome Cocktail & Dinner
23:00 Parade of the Historical Costumes with Sound & Pictures
24:00 Live modern music
Dresscode : Costume e mask
Cost : 195 Euro per person and includes welcome cocktail, gala dinner wines included during dinner and entertainments. After midnight open bar.
Kindly do not hesitate to contact us for costumes rental. Our Atelier will be at your disposal.
The palace is accessible by walking on Calle Zanardi, 4132 Cannaregio,
Or by its water door on the canal Santa Caterina, in front of Foscarini School.
For more information contact our office
Incentiveharmony.com – Ca' Zanardi – Calle Zanardi – Cannaregio 4132 – 30121 Venice – Italy
Tel. +39 041 2410220 – Fax +39 041 5237716
Mail firstname.lastname@example.com
Partecipation costs: Euro 195


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MARINE CORPS BASE QUANTICO, Va., Aug. 30, 2011 — Transition is an ongoing process in Afghanistan, and it entails far more than simply winning on the battlefield, the commander of U.S. Central Command said here today.
Marine Corps Gen. James N. Mattis said 2010 was a very bad year for the enemy, and that 2011 is going to be even worse. The Taliban are "losing leadership, ground, logistics, and public support," he said at an Emerald Express Symposium at the Marine Corps University.
Time and again, Mattis stressed that transition in the country is going to work only if the coalition and the Afghan government get the inputs right.
The NATO-led International Security Assistance Force has been working over the past two years to focus resources on building the right organizations, staffing those organizations correctly, and developing civil-military plans and approaches for the unique situation for Afghanistan, the general said. Getting the organizations in place is "really the stuff of getting transitions correct," Mattis told the international audience at the symposium.
One organization that has stood up and become crucial is the ISAF Joint Command, a three-star command that focuses on the day-to-day activities of the war, freeing the four-star ISAF commander to focus on longer-range operations and relations within the alliance and with the Afghans.
"It's as if you are at the battalion level and you are in the current fight, and you are also responsible for operations a week from now," he said. "All of your attention is focused on the current fight and getting the resources to those in contact right now." The same thing happens at every level of command, the general added.
NATO Training Mission Afghanistan took a mission spread out over the country and made sense out of chaos, Mattis said, and is performing a mission critical to the long-term success of efforts in the country. U.S. troops are drawing down in Afghanistan, he said, but the number of Afghan soldiers and police is increasing far faster than the drawdown.
Working on getting the rule of law in place in Afghanistan is another key capability, Mattis said. "These are areas you've got to deal with," he added. "Otherwise, you have a 'catch and release' program or ethical violations � neither of which can be sustained."
The ISAF headquarters has an element that works on reintegration and reconciliation. Reintegration is a bottom-up process, and thousands of young Afghan men have turned away from the Taliban and are throwing their lot in with the Afghan government, Mattis explained. Reconciliation, he said, is worked top-down, as Afghan government officials work with leaders who have complaints and try to get them into the political process.
"Nobody reconciles if they're winning," Mattis said. "First of all, you've got to drive the enemy and destroy their hopes. Nobody reintegrates to the losing side. You are not reading about an Afghan army platoon going over to the enemy," or a police station joining forces with the Taliban.
Getting the inputs right means building on the security that battlefield success causes, the general explained. If this is not the case, he added, "then you'd better change your strategy, change your tactics."
Other organizations in the command also are part of the transition effort. A combined special operations command features intelligence fusion cells, information operations cells and anti-corruption task forces. Some of these are not traditional or normal jobs for the military, Mattis acknowledged, "but they are absolutely critical."
People are the most important part of any organization, the general said, but it has to be the right type of person in the right place.
"Sometimes, you need to get rid of some people whose approach to coalition and civ-mil fighting is obsolete," he said. "If someone cannot create harmony across interagency lines, across international lines, if someone can't get the interagency to work together, that person's leadership is obsolete. That person is a bigger asset to the enemy than they are to our own mission, our own nation."
The reality of planning and getting these concepts right may be lost on Americans who believe the United States is alone in the effort, Mattis said.
"There are 49 nations fighting together in the largest coalition in modern history," he said. "The reason I bring this up is … [Americans] sometimes wonder if we're doing it on our own. I would just tell you that Canada, Estonia and the Netherlands have lost more troops per capita in this fight than we have, and that the Pakistan military has lost more troops than all of NATO combined. They are not a perfect ally, [but] everybody coming to the table brings something."
U.S. Department of Defense
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs)


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On a break from his job at the Gillette plant, Stephen Torci paused at a memorial for a killed cyclist, where a "ghost bike" stood in tribute.
He didn't know the woman who had died in last week's accident, an Irish native named Tanya Connolly, 37. . But amid the midday bustle of West Broadway, the lone white bike called for a moment of reflection.
"It says something about biking in Boston, doesn't it?" Torci said Monday as he and others looked on at the streetside memorial, where ghostbikes.org mourners have left flowers, Irish flags, and handwritten condolences for Connolly.
In a grass-roots gesture of solidarity and remembrance, cyclists often place the painted bikes at the sites of fatal cycling accidents, both to mourn the victim and urge passing motorists to drive more carefully.
For victims of car crashes and violence, street memorials are often created publicly, as part of a ceremony in which friends and family bring candles, flowers, and keepsakes. But the ghost bikes are a more mysterious custom. They appear without notice, with no indication of who is responsible.
The ritual, which seems to have begun in St. Louis in 2003, has since spread to cities around the world, and in recent years has been followed regularly in Boston.
Besides South Boston, where Connolly was struck by a tractor-trailer, a ghost bike marks the Morrissey Boulevard spot in Dorchester where Doan Bui, 63, was fatally struck by an allegedly drunken driver on Sept. 14. A short distance away from the bike lay a bouquet of fresh flowers and an array of fruit.
In recent years, there have also been memorials in other communities. In 2009, for instance, a ghost bike was left at the site of a fatal accident in Brookline.
There is no system behind the tributes, no organizing force that makes the arrangements. But in a cycling community that is bound together by shared experience, someone usually steps forward.
"There is nothing organized about it," said David Watson, who directs the Massachusetts Bicycle Coalition, an advocacy group. "It just sort of happens."
The bikes, usually older models that have seen better days, are painted wheel-to-wheel in white, creating a stark, almost haunting image. They are carried to the memorial, so that no dirt smudges the tires. They are brought unnoticed, then left chained to a tree or lamppost as if their owner will soon return.
"They just appear," said Pete Stidman, who directs the Boston Cyclists Union. "It's a reminder to the public and to the city that we have to do something. We can't keep letting this happen."
A website, ghostbikes.org, chronicles the custom with a focus on the Street Memorial Project in New York City. It describes the ghost bikes as "dignified and somber" memorials meant as a "quiet statement in support of cyclists' right to safe travel."
"The death of a fellow bicyclist hits home, since we travel the same unsafe streets and face the same risks; it could just as easily have been one of us," the website states.
Carolyn Szczepanski, a spokeswoman for the League of American Bicyclists, said the roadside memorials have become a growing tradition over the past decade, at once a cautionary message and a public expression of grief.
The group estimates that at least 700 cyclists are killed in US traffic crashes each year and has embarked on a campaign to track all cycling deaths, called Every Bicyclist Counts.
Cycling advocates say Boston officials typically allow the ghost bike memorials to remain for weeks or even months before they are removed. Dot Joyce, a spokeswoman for the mayor's office, said the city is sensitive to the memorials and the message they convey, and tries to be accommodating.
Eventually, the city reaches out to the cycling community to have the memorial taken down, as they do with other street memorials, Joyce said.
In South Boston on Monday, the sight of the freshly painted bike and a bright Irish flag drew many passersby. Most said they had never seen a memorial like this, and wondered what it meant.
One young woman, a 19-year-old named Sam, said the memorial was beautiful, in its way, but deeply sad. "I love the way they did it," she said. "But it makes me wonder who is going to die next."
In Dorchester, a cyclist heading toward UMass Boston slowed as she approached the ghost bike. Stephanie Politano, 27, said she had never seen one before. Told what it meant, she said she keeps to the sidewalk on her ride along the water down to Castle Island. The roads were too scary. "I hate riding in the city," Politano said.
Peter Schworm can be reached at email@example.com.


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Remember how I lately I have been obsessed with Alice in wonderland? The last product from that obsession is this beautiful Alice doll!
Let me share with you how she began and the steps I followed to let her come to life in my art studio in the course of a week.
I started out with her legs this time. Not my usual way, but for some reason I had striped socks in mind and that's how started.
Then, I sculpted the head using paper clay, then I painted her big expressive gray eyes using my favorite mixed media techniques.
Then, I worked on her underwear. Totally handmade, I cut the fabric with my own patters and sew everything to perfection using hand and machine techniques. Once I am happy with one piece of clothing, she can wear it!
See what I mean? Here she is in progress as she now has her beautiful head and her hand painted legs attached to a torso. Excuse the mess behind! I like to have everything at hand and sometimes I do runs to my favorite stores to find the perfect fabric or accessory.
That's where I found the perfect accessory for her neck collar. Some lace applications over her striped blouse that I made from a fabric scrap I collected from a thrifty store and she is looking great!
Now she has arms I decorated with lacy sleeves for her blouse. At this stage, I really did not know who she was going to be, but I already knew she was going to be a beautiful handmade girl.
I had a great idea next… A blue skirt with soft flowing fabric! Yes! that is what she was going to wear over her super cute underwear. She is finally taking form, but still there's a very important detail missing.
The hair! I started rummaging in the collection of materials I keep for my handmade dolls, and then I came across this beautiful curly blond hair. Once I saw it I immediately knew who she was going to be… Alice in wonderland!!
And once I knew who she was going to be, I knew what to do with her. she was going to wear a big black bow on her hair, and she was going to have the "Drink me" bottle in her hands.
All that was left was to take her official photos. The white clovers on my garden are blooming now, so it was the perfect setting for her! And she was ready!
Would you like to see more pictures of her and maybe adopt Alice so she can go live with you? Head out to my official online art gallery at danitaart.com and see the rest of the photos and her adoption page, and don't forget to let me know what do you think of her her in the comments section 🙂


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Although computers have been called "thinking machines," their internal operations have very little to do with how the original thinking machine — the human brain — actually works. That's changing, however, as some researchers at MIT and the University of Texas Medical School have demonstrated in a new computer chip that mimics how the brain learns as it receives new information.
The chip can simulate the activity that takes place in the brain's synapses. Synapses connect neurons in the brain. Neurons are where the brain stores information.
One of the obstacles in trying to simulate brain activity on silicon is scale. That's because brain activity takes place in parallel — many things happening simultaneously. Computer activity takes place in series — one thing after another.
"That means, when you have to go up to scale to the sizes of our brains, or even the brains of very simple animals, it becomes nearly impossible," one of the researchers, University of Texas Medical School Associate Professor Harel Shouval, explained to TechNewsWorld.
Other members of the research team were Chi-Sang Poon, a principal research scientist in the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology; Guy Rachmuth, a former postdoc in Poon's lab; and Mark Bear, the Picower Professor of Neuroscience at MIT.
Miracle of Parallel Processing
What kind of scale are researchers confronted with? It's estimated that there are 100 billion neurons in the brain talking to each other through a 100 trillion synapses.
"The number of connections between neurons in our brain grows approximately by the square of the number of neurons in the brain," explained. "So the problem gets very quickly out of hand."
"If all those synapses need to be simulated in series, there is no way we can do anything in a finite time," he said.
"Each synapse is incredibly slow compared to anything digital, but how the brain does what it does is by having an immense number of these 'machines' working in parallel," he added.
The new chip, however, can have millions of simulated synapses on it. The researchers are able to mimic a synapse with 400 transistors. Using very large scale integration (VLSI), billions of transistors can be placed on a chip.
Prosthetic Retinas
Another problem tackled by the new chip is simulating how neurons communicate with each other through the synapses. How something is learned is determined by changes in the strength of those connections, which are called "ion channels."
To simulate on a chip what happens in those channels, the researchers had to make the current flow on the silicon mimic the analog behavior in the channels. Rather than spiking the current — turning it off and on — a gradient approach is used which emulates how ions flow in the channels between neurons.
"If you really want to mimic brain function realistically, you have to do more than just spiking," Poon told MIT tech writer Anne Traffton. "You have to capture the intracellular processes that are ion channel-based."
The researchers see a number of applications for the new chip. For example, it could be used in neural prosthetic devices, such as artificial retinas, or to model neural functions, which can now take hours or even days to simulate.
From Thinking to Learning Machines
Earlier this year, IBM researchers announced they had made a breakthrough in their efforts to make chips that work like the human brain. The chips, which are still in the test phase, are expected to be the backbone of a new breed of thinking machine called a "cognitive computer."
Cognitive computers will add to their knowledge base as humans do — through experience, by finding correlations, creating hypotheses, remembering and emulating the brain's structural and synaptic plasticity.
The brain structure is based on learning, by establishing pathways, reenforcing pathways and eliminating pathways when they're not being used, explained Roger L. Kay, president of Endpoint Technologies Associates.
"Computers have not generally been learning structures, even though artificial intelligence has spent some time trying to make that happen," he told TechNewsWorld.
Artifical intelligence researchers pioneered the idea of a computer architecture wherein nodes shared information with nearby nodes, just as neurons share information with neighboring neurons through synaptic connections, he explained.
"But it really didn't work until recently," he said. "So the idea that you could create a learning strucuture in a machine is something that's just beginning."
"AI showed the theory of it, but in reality, it's much more complicated," he added.


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Pieces of NWHI Puzzle Falling into Place
Expedition Log #7
Reported for: 10 July 2003
Reported by: Holly S. Lohuis
Latitude: 23 degrees 46.7 minutes N.
Longitude: 166 degrees 14.3 minutes W.
Location: French Frigate Shoals, anchored halfway between La Perouse and East Island
Weather: Patchy clouds and sun
Plan for the day
Today we will have multiple underwater teams as well as one landing team at Tern Island.
Statement from Ronda Friend, ship's galley cook: "The first week of any expedition is always very tough because of different personalities, different equipment and the time you need to see how everyone works as a team. It's all beginning to fall into place."
Quote of the day: "No one can do their job alone, no matter how talented they are. We all need each other." Ronda Friend
Dive/land excursion plans and mission
Land team 1: 0700 h departure to East Island.
Paul and Mark spent three hours in the morning on East Island with Chris Eggleston of USFWS and Arron Dietrichh with NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service to film Tiger Sharks patrolling the shallows for Black-Footed Albatross fledglings, but there were no interactions. They filmed Hawaiian Monk Seals and Green Sea Turtles hauled out on the beach.
Sea team 1: East Island: 0700 h departure . Yves, Ed, Matt and Holly traveled in the zodiac off shore East Island. Spent 2.5 hours in the water hoping to film Tiger Sharks and Albatrosses but nothing happened.
Land team 2: 0800 h departure Antoine, Mike and Tom spent all day with Beth Flint of USFWS filming a variety of sea birds and Hawaiian Monk Seal mothers and pups.
Searcher dive team: 0830 h
Dive #1:
Dove off the Searcher anchored half way between La Perouse and East Island.
Divers: Jean-Michel, Nan, Ronda, Doc, Jim, and Tove. Purpose: exploratory dive. Found the rare Fire Sea Urchin, Asthenosoma varium.
Depth & Time: 79' for 41 minutes, compressed air.
Dive #2: 1130 h
Off the Searcher- same location with Yves, Matt and Holly. Depth and Time: 81' for 42 minutes. Nitrox 30%.
Purpose: hoping to film the Fire Urchin but never found it after searching for 40 minutes. We know they don't move fast. Bad luck.
Dive #3: 1130 h
Le Perouse Pinnacle:
Cameramen: Yves Lefevre
U/W lights: Tove Petterson
Diver, biologist: Holly Lohuis
Nitrox: 32%, 36' for 77 minutes
Statement from Holly: "As soon as we jumped in, we had one curious, young monk seal that stayed with us for about five minutes before it swam off. We also encountered the largest green sea turtle I have ever seen as well as a few black jacks that stayed with us for the whole dive. We circumnavigated the Pinnacle and found tunnels and channels to swim through with the surge helping us through.
Just west of the Pinnacle are some of the largest giant table corals, Acropora cytherea, with a diameter of over eight feet. This species of coral is found in the NWHI and other Pacific Islands and atolls but not around the main Hawaiian Islands. Since these islands are too far north to be in the main path of hurricanes coming up from the south, and because there is a wide variety of substrate and habitat, French Frigate Shoals has the highest diversity of corals of any of the other NWHI & main Hawaiian Islands and atolls."
Factoids: French Frigate Shoals has the highest population of Hawaiian Monk Seals, with about 30% of the population (numbering around 1400) breeding and hauling out on the sand bars and beaches. The population is unfortunately declining here for reasons still not completely understood. Most likely it is a combination of lack of food from competition with the lobster fisheries, entanglement in marine debris, shark attacks, bioaccumulation of contaminants from the Coast Guard era, and the unexplained imbalance in the sex ratio, with more males than females. This imbalance seems to make the males very competitive and aggressive which sometimes results in female mortality during mating. But this year, researchers have seen the highest survivor success of pups since the late 1990's with over 60% of pups that have survived their first year of life.
What's good : "The people on this expedition. There is not a bad apple in this group. After four years of leading exploratory trips on boats, I'm impressed that even among groups of professionals, this group is ready to drop what they are doing and jump in to help when needed." Rhonda Friend
What's bad : "The challenge in juggling the use of power with all the other operations such as not being able to use the stove, microwave, dishwasher, washing machine, or dryer while Don and Blair have the compressor fired up to fill the tanks. I have created my own nightmare by wanting to make sure we have fresh fruit and vegetables--I bought seven, 50-gallon coolers in hopes of providing fresh produce for most of the trip. I am sporting black and blue bruises all over my body. You cannot hide the battle wounds of working in close quarters on a boat." Rhonda Friend
What's fun: From the expedition dives to the presentation of a great meal, we are all in this together.
Life aboard Searcher: Life is falling into a comfortable routine.
Rest and relaxation activities : "I started reading about Captain Cook before this project and it's fun listening to what others know about the voyages of Cook and other explorers throughout this part of the world. It really feels remote here." Rhonda Friend
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There's an interesting theme developing here. I immediately think of Nora's article on vision boards: http://www.wisebread.com/vision-boards-dream-big-play-with-pictures-and-...
It really points up that financial goals are not just numbers. Any number is a moving target, and the cost of living you might pay for that high salary can be surprising. Along with savings and investing goals, we need ideas for what we want out of life. I wasn't lying when I said my lifestyle is not lavish, even though the income is rather large. But I am very happy with what I have, six-year-old computer and all. I'm getting paid to do the only thing I've ever really done well, I have a wonderful family, and occasionally some new toys or neat experiences to build memories. It doesn't get better than that.
Then there's Phillip's post: http://www.wisebread.com/you-can-be-as-happy-as-a-dane
The connection for me is that the misery of poverty isn't really about the number on your bank statement. It's the anxiety of not knowing if you have enough to get through the week, or getting a lot of calls from bill collectors, or the catastrophe of a major health problem with no health insurance, or just plain unfair things happening to you because you don't have any money or any credit.
Catherine Shaffer
Wise Bread Contributor