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Tomorrow, the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations will take up NASA's budget for the next fiscal year. The President's priorities for NASA – including our goal and timeline for sending American astronauts to Mars in the 2030s – traditionally have enjoyed strong bipartisan support, which is a testament to the hard work and progress of NASA's dedicated employees and contractors.
Unfortunately, this work is in jeopardy of being halted, delayed or possibly undone by the Budget Bill as currently written. This could cost our country jobs and opportunity as well as progress on some of the defining issues of our time, including returning human spaceflight launches to America, our Journey to Mars, and our ability to understand and respond to things like earthquakes, storm events, and climate change.
Technology drives all of our exploration and it also creates jobs, strengthening the American economy and producing "spill-over effects" (like those we're seeing in Nepal, as NASA technologies are being used to save lives and strategically deploy resources). The bill being considered would take funding from this type of critical technology development.
For example, it would upend the investments we need to execute contracts with Boeing and SpaceX to return the launches of American astronauts to American soil and to do it by 2017. Instead, it would force us to continue our sole reliance on Russia. In other words, it would guarantee we will continue to send millions of dollars a year to Moscow instead of investing that money in United States, creating jobs and once again launching Americans from U.S. soil.
This at a time when a new consensus is emerging around NASA's goal, timetable, and plan for sending American astronauts to Mars in the 2030s. Make no mistake: This plan is clear. This plan is affordable, and this plan is sustainable.
Meanwhile, NASA has an amazing fleet of Earth observation satellites, many in partnership with other nations, and they help us predict and respond to disaster as well as understand climate change and many other aspects of our living planet's processes. Yet, the House proposal would seriously reduce our Earth science program and threaten to set back generations worth of progress in better understanding our changing climate, and our ability to prepare for and respond to earthquakes, droughts, and storm events.
With the incredible progress we've been making – from Earth Science to Orion to the Space Launch System to the work being done on the International Space Station – now is not the time to hit the rewind button or to press pause. It's time to fast forward into greater prosperity and job creation as America expands humanity's reach into space, while strengthening our leadership here on Earth.
To read the entire Office of Management and Budget letter on the FY 2016 Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, visit:


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What is a fear or a "blocker" you've had to overcome as a first-time entrepreneur? How did you overcome it?
To help aspiring entrepreneurs understand the types of blockers they may face, we asked business owners and experienced entrepreneurs this question for their best insights. From overcoming the fear of success to the fear of rejection, there are several business blockers you may face and how to overcome them as a first-time entrepreneur.
Embrace Change to Overcome the Fear of Success
As silly as it sounds, sometimes the biggest fear of an entrepreneur can be achieving success. The underlying reason behind this fear is "change." People sometimes fear change, and if success is achieved, then change inevitably comes with it. That's why it's important that "good" change will come with it when success is achieved. If there's fear around achieving success, make sure that there will be plenty of good change that comes along with the achievement.
Brett Farmiloe, Terkel
Believe In Your Vision to Overcome Doubt
A significant doubt that I had was, "Will people take me seriously?" It's easy to fall into doubting yourself more than those around you or with whom you do business. I had a vision that I believed in, which ended up being more powerful than my doubts. That made a big difference, and it has allowed me to thrive.
Eric Blumenthal, The Print Authority
Understand Your Value to Overcome Market Concerns
Early on, I feared that I was getting into an oversaturated market. There were already tons of beauty products and suppliers out there, so how would I make my mark?
I had my doubts, but I overcame them by believing that the competition couldn't match the products and services I could provide. I simply believed in the value of what I was offering and that others would see it, too.
Vanessa Molica, The Lash Professional
Kickstart Your Idea Even Without the Funding
First-time entrepreneurs usually get an idea but don't like to start working on it immediately. They always come up with excuses like, "I won't get any money" or "I don't know how to market my product." Guess what? I also did the same. I wouldn't start working on my idea unless I had all the money in hand. This fear made me feel limited until I met a mentor who said, "I started my first business when I was broke too. But you know what, if you are passionate about your idea, you will find a way to kickstart it."
Chris Panteli, LifeUpswing
Believe in Your Team to Avoid Overwork
Quite often, new entrepreneurs are afraid to "let go." This means that they are constantly in a position where they are stretched too thin and are not focusing on more managerial tasks.
To get past this roadblock, it's important to remember that you hired smart, capable team members who also deserve to shine in their roles. So, instead of micromanaging, begin delegating in a clear, effective manner to avoid burnout and even engage your team in a more satisfying way.
Lauren Kleinman, The Quality Edit
Practice Generosity to Overcome the Scarcity Mindset
I had to work through my scarcity mindset to take the leap to entrepreneur. Growing up poor and later working my way up the corporate ladder, I clung to the security that a steady paycheck and benefits provided. Letting go of that weekly deposit into my bank account has allowed me to invest in my own business, where I enjoy the fruits of my labor.
The future is up to me, and while that can still be scary, I have learned that if you practice generosity, it will come back to you (just like all things in life).
Dawn Myers, Guided Leadership Solutions
Gain Confidence Over Time Despite Doubters
When I first started my company, I was terrified of talking about it - I was nervous about what my friends would say, scared someone would copy me, or even that my family would doubt me. Time was my ally, and while I never really made an effort to talk about my company more, the longer we stayed in business, the more confident I got overall.
Sylvia Kang, Mira
Share Your Creation, and the Right Audience Will Find You
Of course, at first, we doubted if people would like our bohemian jewelry designs as much as we did. But then again, since ours is a labor of love, we didn't let those doubts stop us from designing and sharing our creations with the world. We were going to do it anyway! Remember that whatever you create or sell will find an audience as long as it is something of value.
Lior Abady, Boho Magic
Try Despite the Fear of Failure
I'd never taken on anything so big on my own before, and I was petrified. If you fail, you're the only one to blame. There are no partners, no parents, no spouses - it's just you and the things you did wrong. I think most entrepreneurs are afraid of failing alone. If you're not, you're delusional.
I'd gotten to a point where fear was paralyzing me, so I had a realization: I can fail for sure because I'm too afraid to take risks on my own, or I can have the possibility to fail if something goes wrong and my plans don't pan out the way I wanted them. But if you don't try, you're going to fail, so why not try?
Sam Spratt, Spotloan
Get Feedback to Overcome the Fear of Rejection
I felt a lot of fear when I first started my business. My knees were shaking when I made my first cold call. I've had to overcome a fear of rejection, losing a customer, and a fear of failure. But I overcame all of these fears with time and patience. I've run a lot of my own experiments, and if one approach doesn't work, I try another one. I used to be scared of public speaking, but not anymore. When I feel fear, I tell myself that it is just a feeling and that I shouldn't be afraid of my own feelings. I also rely on my friends and family for support and encouragement. Sometimes talking with them and getting their feedback helps me overcome my fear.
Ben Miller, Focus On Digital
Copyright © 2024 SCORE Association, SCORE.org
Funded, in part, through a Cooperative Agreement with the U.S. Small Business Administration. All opinions, and/or recommendations expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the SBA.

subset: commoncrawl


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This manual gives you a complete guide to the LispWorks IDE development environment. This environment comprises a large number of window-based tools which have been designed with the Common Lisp developer in mind. The following are among the features provided by the environment:
Because of the large number of tools available, consistency is a vital theme in the environment; each tool has a similar look and feel so that you need only spend a minimum amount of time learning how to use the environment.
In addition, there is a high degree of integration between the tools available. This means that it is possible to transfer pieces of information throughout the environment in a logical fashion; if you create an object in the Listener, you can examine it by transferring it directly to the Inspector. The class of objects that it belongs to can be examined by transferring it to a Class Browser, and from there, the generic functions which have methods defined on it can be browsed.
To reflect these themes of consistency and integration, the earlier chapters in this manual deal with the generic aspects of the environment, while at the same time introducing you to the more important tools.
LispWorks IDE User Guide (Windows version) - 25 Nov 2011


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I.E.E.100 is a seven-minute piece[1] specially composed by Delia for the Radiophonic Workshop in Concert event on the 19th May 1971 at the Royal Festival Hall to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Institute of Electrical Engineers.
I began by interpreting the actual letters, I.E.E. one hundred, in two different ways. The first one in a morse code version using the morse for I.E.E.100. This I found extremely dull, rhythmically, and so I decided to use the full stops in between the I and the two E's because full stop has a nice sound to it: it goes di-dah di-dah di-dah.[2]
I wanted to have, as well as a rhythmic motive, to have musical motive running throughout the whole piece and so I interpreted the letters again into musical terms. 'I' becomes B, the 'E' remains and 100 I've used in the roman form of C."[2]
Some of it was worked out mathematically. I tried to get into it a feeling of simplicity and loneliness of a man on a moon.[3]
Delia's ability to take on enormous projects to order was [shown] when she composed a special extended electronic piece for the Institute of Electrical Engineers which was performed before the Queen and Prince Philip at the Royal Festival Hall. Taking the initial letters IEE, Delia composed music from their mathematical correspondences and from morse code: introducing elements of the development of electricity in communication from the earliest telephone to the Americans landing on the moon. There was the voice of Mr Gladstone congratulating Mr Edison on inventing the phonograph: the opening and closing down of Savoy Hill with Lord Reith's voice: and Neil Armstrong speaking as he stepped onto the surface of the moon. The powerful punch of Delia's rocket take-off threatened the very fabric of the Festival Hall.[4]
"IEE 100," [was] intended to show off the capabilities of the new Synthi 100. [...]
In reality, the premiere of Derbyshire's work very nearly didn't happen. Typical of her method of working, she had developed numerous ideas and written detailed notes about the piece, but put off working these ideas out until the last minute. The night before the concert, as Derbyshire was still putting the finishing touches on the piece, concert director Hodgson started to get a bad feeling about her mood. He instructed Workshop engineer Richard Yeoman-Clark to secretly make two copies of the tape she was having him run of the final version of the work and to give Hodgson the second copy that night. He recalls: "I said to Richard, 'Run another set in Room 12, don't tell Delia you're doing it, and that copy bring to me in the morning, because I have an awful feeling she was going to destroy the tape.' And he did that. And she came in the next morning in tears, around 11 o'clock. And said, 'I've destroyed the tape, what are we going to do?' I don't think she ever forgave me for that."[5]
In some ways the seven-minute piece resembles much of Derbyshire's earlier works, particularly in the use of complex, drawn-out tape pedal points, in this case, layering on to of these excerpts of famous events in scientific and broadcasting history, such as the Apollo moon landing and the opening and closing of the BBC's Savoy Hill studios.[6]
stereo recording of the final presentation."[7]
This track list is as yet incomplete, as a whole recording of I.E.E.100 is not yet forthcoming but James Percival describes her makeup tape as
archive recordings (Samuel Morse, Lyndon B. Johnson, the opening of Alexandra Palace, the closing of Savoy Hill, Neil Armstrong
so we take those to be the tracks for now.
Samuel Morse
Based on a transcription of the morse code for "I.E.E.100"
Clip 1 from Sculptress of Sound
Lyndon B. Johnson
Alexandra Palace
Savoy Hill
"Savoy Hill, in central London, opened for medical use in 1889. It became the home of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, which offered accommodation to the British Broadcasting Company in 1923." The I.E.E. was founded in 1871 (in fact, this is for their 100th anniversary bash in 1971) but we don't know in which year they took residence at Savoy Hill.
Man on a Moon
Using the voice of Neil Armstrong when he descended onto the moon, it evokes the loneliness of a man so far from his similars.[8]
We don't know which track this is, based on the notes "IEEC", where "I" is note B (after G and "H" as A):
Clip 2 from Sculptress of Sound
DD125111: List of historical events to recall in I.E.E.100
DD125042: Reverse of DD125111: An Outside Studios schedule dated 21 April 1971
DD125131: Notes: "General: Analyse I E E 100 in as many ways as possible: morse code, vowel analyis"
DD125233: Historical events for sections 1 to 6: 1871 morse code, 1877 early telephone, early radio, countdown to liftoff of Apollo 11.
DD125201: Reverse of DD125233: An Outside Studios schedule dated 21 April 1971
DD125258: Notes: "A B C" (reproduced in Special Sound, p.136)
DD125358: List of source recordings to get
DD150238: "Reel 1: 30's Marconi bleeps / 40s "Title music" / Elect. Storm / Telstar tune / Early bird" ... "Walking on moon music"
- DD076: Makeup tape
- DD260: "IEE 100 Peter Z"
- TRW 7397: "I.E.E. 100 (Institute of Electrical Engineers Centenary)"
- Performed at the Royal Festival Hall in presence of HRH Queen Elizabeth II on Wednesday 19th May 1971.[7]
- Two short excerpts were broadcast during the Sculptress of Sound documentary on BBC Radio.
- Excerpts can be heard in the background of the Wee Have Also Sound Houses radio documentary.
Problems listening to this file? See media help. |
- ↑ Special Sound, p.135.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Delia, from recordings used in Sculptress of Sound
- ↑ In the film Sisters with Transistors at 36:15.
- ↑ Desmond Briscoe in The BBC Radiophonic Workshop: The First 25 Years
- ↑ Louis Niebur's interviews with Brian from 2004-2008 for Special Sound
- ↑ Louis Niebur, Special Sound, pp. 134-135.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 The Tape Library List's entry for TRW 7397.
- ↑ Delia in Sisters with Transistors.


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Free Any Data Recovery is a comprehensive data recovery solution to help you retrieve any accidentally deleted data from your hard drives and portable storage media.
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Overall, Free Any Data Recovery is great at recovering data held on almost any device you can think of, it has stacks of format support and can even recover data from corrupted devices too. The application is lightweight and the user interface is clean, fresh and uncluttered.
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Create a Website Account - Manage notification subscriptions, save form progress and more.
Show All Answers
The Nampa Recreation Center is a self funded facility. That means that we must recover enough revenue to cover our expenses in payroll, utilities, new equipment, etc. We are not a tax subsidized facility which means that in order to keep up with rising costs, we must increase our rates. They typically raise at the current rate of inflation.
No. The purchase of a Nampa Recreation Center annual membership obligates you to the entire year membership. Nampa Recreation Center memberships are non-refundable. Monthly payment options may be cancelled with no penalty after the completion of 12 monthly payments.
Yes, you may transfer your membership to another person as long as they are not a current member of the Nampa Recreation Center. You must contact the Nampa Rec Center front desk to process a transfer and there is a $30 transfer fee.
The Nampa Recreation Center was founded on the idea that it would remain an affordable place for all families. When the original pricing structure was put in place it was designed that the Couple Membership would include children for free, no matter if there were 2 children or 6 children. This has become known as the Family Membership.
No. The bank allows us one day per month to process the payments and that is on the 1st of the month.
Yes, you may pay off your membership contract in full early. For details please contact our Membership Coordinator.


text:
- Science-Based Nutrition
- Dietary Supplement
- Non-GMO
- Gluten Free
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Helps Support Visual Function and Neutralize Free Radicals
Doctor's Best Lutein with FloraGLO supplies highly bioavailable carotenoids nutrients lutein and zeaxanthin from Marigold flowers. FloraGLO is manufactured with a proprietary process to ensure that the naturally-sourced lutein maintains its quality and consistency. It's the first lutein brand introduced into the global marketplace and the most clinically researched lutein in the world.
Lutein and zeaxanthin are the major carotenoids found in the blood, and are highly concentrated in the retina of the eye. Constant exposure to ultra violet (UV) and blue light emitted from computers and mobile devices may potentially damage to the retinal cell. Lutein and zeaxanthin helps neutralize free radical to support healthy visual function, macular health, and cognitive acuity.
- Helps support visual function
- Helps absorb damaging blue light
- Helps support cognitive acuity
- Helps neutralize free radicals
Suggested Use
Adult Use: Take 1 softgel daily with or without food, or as recommended by a nutritionally-informed physician.
Other Ingredients
Safflower oil, sunflower lecithin, yellow beeswax, softgel capsule (gelatin, glycerin, purified water).
Store in a cool, dry place.
While The Supplement Shop strives to ensure the accuracy of its product images and information, some manufacturing changes to packaging and/or ingredients may be pending update on our site. Although items may occasionally ship with alternate packaging, freshness is always guaranteed. We recommend that you read labels, warnings and directions of all products before use and not rely solely on the information provided by The Supplement Shop.
Supplement Facts | ||
Serving Size: 1 Softgel | ||
Serving Per Container: 60 | ||
Amount Per Serving | %Daily Value | |
Lutein (from FloraGLO marigold flower ext., (Tagetes erecta)) | 20 mg | † |
Zeaxanthin (from FloraGLO marigold flower ext., (Tagetes erecta)) | 1 mg | † |
† Daily Value not established. |


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Carousel - Poster
Tax excluded.Shipping calculated at checkout
• 5 Trees planted with each order
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French photographers.
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We are committed to providing you with the highest quality posters , designed with passion and dedication. Every poster you buy from us is created to arouse admiration and satisfaction.
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Quality fine art prints are essential to faithfully reproducing an original work of art or photograph. In this regard, giclée printing stands out as a preferred digital printing technique. It is characterized by the use of high-end printing equipment and durable materials , thus guaranteeing reproductions of exceptional quality. We work in partnership with trusted companies in Europe and the United States to minimize the environmental impact of our deliveries, while respecting the world around us. 🌍📦
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For us, nature is at the heart of our concerns. By selling posters , we realize the importance of the paper used and its impact on the environment . That's why, for every poster you buy, we commit to planting 10 trees . This commitment reflects our desire to preserve the beauty of our planet and ensure a sustainable balance .
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Our adventure is a passion dedicated to sharing and adventure, imbued with common sense and love. Our ranks are growing day by day, made up of amateur and professional photographers, united by heart to share moments of life and unique photographs. We want to offer you the opportunity to escape from your daily life by decorating your interiors with posters carefully selected from our travels and memories.
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- Great Lakes
a series of five lakes between the U.S. and Canada, comprising Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Superior; connected with the Atlantic by the St. Lawrence River.
* * *
IChain of lakes, central North America.Comprising Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, they form a natural boundary between the U.S. and Canada. They cover an area of about 94,850 sq mi (245,660 sq km), and constitute the largest freshwater surface in the world. They are connected to form a single waterway that discharges down the St. Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean. With the St. Lawrence Seaway they form a 2,000-mi (3,200-km) shipping lane that carries oceangoing traffic as far west as Duluth, Minn. Large quantities of iron ore, coal, grain, and manufactured goods are moved between lake ports and shipped overseas. While commercial fishing was once a major industry on the lakes, pollution and other factors led to its collapse; recovery has been slow and partial. The lakes are used for many recreational activities, including boating and sailing.IIGroup of large lakes located chiefly in the Great Rift Valley, eastern central Africa.* * *
▪ lake system, North AmericaIntroductionchain of deep, freshwater lakes in east-central North America comprising Lakes Superior (Superior, Lake), Michigan (Michigan, Lake), Huron (Huron, Lake), Erie (Erie, Lake), and Ontario (Ontario, Lake). They are one of the great natural features of the continent and of the Earth. Although Lake Baikal in Russia has a larger volume of water, the combined area of the Great Lakes—some 94,250 square miles (244,106 square kilometres)—represents the largest surface of fresh water in the world, covering an area exceeding that of the United Kingdom. Their drainage basin of about 295,710 square miles (which includes the areas of the lakes themselves and their connecting waterways) extends approximately 690 miles from north to south and about 860 miles from Lake Superior in the west to Lake Ontario in the east. Except for Lake Michigan, the lakes provide a natural border between Canada and the United States, a frontier that was stabilized by a boundary-waters treaty of 1909. It is a source of pride for both countries that there are no fortifications or warships along the boundary.Areas and volumes of the Great LakesIndividually, the lakes rank among the 14 largest in the world (see Table (Areas and volumes of the Great Lakes)). They played a central role in the European colonization and development of North America and for decades have attracted people and industry; Lakes Erie and Ontario and the southern portion of Lake Michigan are now ringed with large population concentrations. The lakes have not benefited from this development, however, and have been seriously affected by pollution. Concern over the fate of the lakes reached a high pitch in the late 20th century, with both the U.S. and the Canadian governments and individuals investigating methods for reversing the consequences of years of misuse of the lakes' waters.The Great Lakes form the western portion of the larger St. Lawrence (Saint Lawrence River and Seaway) hydrographic system. This system extends generally eastward from the St. Louis River in Minnesota (which flows into Lake Superior), through the lakes and the St. Lawrence River, and empties into the Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of St. Lawrence. For a discussion of the system east of Lake Ontario, see Saint Lawrence River and Seaway.Physical featuresGeologyThe age of the Great Lakes is still not definitely determined. Estimates range from 7,000 to 32,000 years of age. Water began filling the glacially scoured basins as soon as the ice receded, some 14,000 years ago. It is generally accepted that Lake Erie reached its present level about 10,000 years ago, Lake Ontario about 7,000 years ago, and Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior some 3,000 years ago.The present configuration of the Great Lakes basin is the result of the movement of massive glaciers through the mid-continent, a process that began about one million years ago during the Pleistocene Epoch. Studies in the Lake Superior region indicate that a river system and valleys formed by water erosion existed before the Ice Age. The glaciers undoubtedly scoured these valleys, widening and deepening them and radically changing the drainage of the area.The last glaciation in North America is called the Wisconsin (Wisconsin Glacial Stage) Glacial Stage because it left many fresh landforms and sediments in that state. As the ice sheet melted and receded about 14,000 years ago, the first segments of the Great Lakes were created. Lake Chicago, in what is now the southern Lake Michigan basin, and Lake Maumee, in present-day western Lake Erie and its adjacent lowlands, originally drained southward into the Mississippi River through the Illinois and Wabash drainages, respectively. As the ice retreat continued, Lake Maumee was drained into Lake Chicago through a valley that now contains the Grand River in Michigan. Eventually, drainage to the east and into the Atlantic Ocean was established, at one time down the valleys of the Mohawk and Hudson rivers and then along the course of the upper St. Lawrence River. At one high-water stage, the waters of the Huron and Michigan basin formed one large lake—Lake Algonquin (Algonquin, Lake). At the same time, Lake Duluth, in the western Lake Superior basin, also drained to the Mississippi.The weight of the ice sheet exerted enormous pressures on the Earth's crust. As the ice sheet retreated, low-lying, glacially depressed areas, such as the region to the east of Georgian Bay, were exposed. About 10,000 years ago, the upper lakes evidently discharged through this area via the Ottawa River valley, and their levels were substantially reduced. After the weight of the ice was removed, the land (i.e., the outlet to the lakes) began to rise, closing off some outlets and allowing the water levels of the lakes to slowly rise. The largest postglacial lake, Nipissing (Nipissing, Lake), occupied the basins of Huron, Michigan, and Superior. Drainage through the Ottawa River valley ceased, and outflow from the upper lakes was established by way of the St. Clair and Detroit rivers into Lake Erie. Uplift has continued at a rate of about 1 foot (30 centimetres) every 100 years; this is evidenced by the drowned river mouths of western Lakes Erie and Superior.A wide range of rock types and deposits are found in the Great Lakes because of their broad area and glacial origin. The ancient rocks of the Canadian Shield cover part of the Superior and Huron basins, while Paleozoic sedimentary rocks make up the remainder of the basins. There are limestone outcrops and large deposits of sand and gravel, usually near shore. Glacial clays and organic sediments occur in the deep areas.PhysiographyThe lakes drain roughly from west to east, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean through the St. Lawrence lowlands. Except for Lakes Michigan and Huron, which are hydrologically one lake, their altitudes drop with each lake, usually causing a progressively increasing rate of flow.Lake Superior, bordered by Ontario, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, is the northernmost and westernmost lake and can be considered the headwater of the system. It is the deepest lake (mean depth 483 feet [147 metres]), lies at an altitude of 600 feet above sea level, and discharges into Lake Huron through the St. Marys River (Saint Marys River) at an average rate of 75,600 cubic feet (2,141 cubic metres) per second. The tremendous volume of this lake (its deepest point is 732 feet below sea level) means that it has a retention time of 191 years.Lake Michigan lies south of Lake Superior and is bordered by the Upper and Lower peninsulas of Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin. It has a mean depth of 279 feet. The average water level is 577 feet above sea level, and its waters flow northward into Lake Huron through a deep gorge at the Straits of Mackinac (Mackinac, Straits of) at 47,800 cubic feet per second.Lake Huron lies at the same altitude as Lake Michigan and is slightly larger. Its mean depth, however, is only 195 feet. It is bounded by Ontario and Michigan. The average outflow is 183,000 cubic feet per second through the St. Clair River, the shallow basin of Lake St. Clair, and the Detroit River to Lake Erie.Lake Erie is bordered by Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and lower Michigan. It is the shallowest of the Great Lakes, with a mean depth of 62 feet. The basin slopes from west to east with depths of 24 feet and 210 feet, respectively. It lies at an altitude of 569 feet, and its waters discharge at an average flow of 202,000 cubic feet per second. The natural course of the outflow is along the Niagara River and includes a rapid plunge over Niagara Falls before the waters reach Lake Ontario. Some water is diverted from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario via the Welland Canal.Lake Ontario has the smallest surface area of the system. It has, however, the second greatest mean depth—283 feet. It lies between Ontario and New York, at an altitude of 243 feet, and discharges into the St. Lawrence River at an average rate of 242,000 cubic feet per second.Hydrology and climateThe Great Lakes watershed is not a closed hydrologic system. Humans have created direct and indirect diversions of water out of the watershed and use water consumptively; the great majority of consumptive water loss leaves the system as steam from cooling towers at power plants. However, water is directly diverted out of the basin into canals at Chicago, where the water enters the Des Plaines River and Illinois River watersheds. Almost equally balancing this out-diversion is a diversion of water into the basin from the Hudson Bay watershed through Long Lake and the Ogoki River into Lake Superior. These diversions and consumptive uses may affect water levels on the Great Lakes and in so doing, indirectly affect the potential for hydroelectric-power production at Niagara Falls. Water levels are also a concern for shoreline property owners, as high levels cause beach erosion and low levels raise concerns for shipping and pleasure-craft operation along the shores. Water levels on the Great Lakes are monitored by the International Joint Commission of the United States and Canada.The lakes ultimately receive their water supply from precipitation, which increases from west to east and from north to south. The average annual precipitation in the Lake Superior basin is 30 inches (760 millimetres), in Lakes Huron and Michigan it is 31 inches, and in Lakes Erie and Ontario it is 34 and 36 inches, respectively. Between 65 and 85 percent of the annual precipitation is lost by evaporation, with the largest proportion occurring on Lake Erie (Erie receives most of its water from Lake Huron). Some water enters Lake Superior from the Hudson Bay drainage system via the Long Lake–Ogoki River diversion, while water drains out of Lake Michigan through the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal and the Chicago River diversion.The lakes greatly modify the climate of the surrounding region. They absorb a large quantity of heat in the warmer months, which is then lost to the atmosphere during the colder months. This causes cooler summers and warmer winters than would otherwise occur in the region. Wintertime precipitation is substantially higher along the eastern shores of the lakes, creating a snowbelt that afflicts Erie, Pa., Buffalo, N.Y., Traverse City, Mich., and similarly situated cities. Severe storms can occur over the lakes, particularly in late fall and early winter. Winds can reach gale force and generate waves 10 feet or more in height. Large areas of the surface waters freeze during winter, although open patches usually remain in the centres of the lakes.Lake levels generally vary about one to two feet throughout the year, the highest levels occurring in mid-summer and the lowest in late winter. There are small tides of about two inches, but they are relatively unimportant. Seiches—harmonic oscillations of the lakes—are caused by such atmospheric disturbances as winds or differences in barometric pressure. They have resulted in water piling up temporarily on one side, or end, of the lakes and have caused differences in the water level between Buffalo, N.Y., and Toledo, Ohio, on Lake Erie, as high as 13 feet or more. Currents are highly variable, they respond quickly to wind changes, and their direction is determined by the rotation of the Earth and the shape of the lake basins.The Great Lakes have bicarbonate-rich waters, the alkalinity of which ranges from 46 parts per million of carbonates in Lake Superior to 113 parts per million in Lake Michigan. Because Lake Huron is fed by both Superior and Michigan, its chemical content lies in the middle of the range. Alkalinity then increases slightly as the waters flow into and through Lakes Erie and Ontario. The high carbonate content of the waters is because of the abundance of limestone and dolomite rocks in the basin.The overall chemical composition of the lakes does not differ greatly from that of other large bodies of fresh water. Limestone in the Lake Michigan basin supplies large amounts of calcium and magnesium to the system, while sodium concentrations are greater than those of magnesium in Erie and Ontario. Although chemical distribution is relatively uniform in any one lake, concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen are greatest along the shores, in bays and harbours, and especially near urban centres.During the 20th century, concentrations of most chemicals have increased significantly in all the lakes except Superior. Chloride, sodium, and sulfate have increased considerably in Lakes Erie, Michigan, and Ontario. Chloride concentrations have increased almost four times over levels reported in 1900, and limited data for Lake Erie indicate that nitrogen concentrations increased fivefold and phosphorus threefold in 30 years. Special importance is attached to these nutrients because they stimulate growth of algae, and their increased concentrations reflect the process of nutrient enrichment called eutrophication.Plant and animal lifeDiatoms (diatom)—microscopic algae with glasslike shells of silica—are the major forms of algae, although green and blue-green algae are abundant during the summer in Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Michigan. Copepods and cladocerans, microscopic crustaceans, are important in the animal forms of plankton. Most abundant during the spring months in the upper lakes, plankton reaches two peaks of abundance—spring and fall—in the lower lakes and in the more productive waters of the upper lakes.The organisms living on the bottom in shallow waters are the same kinds of snails, clams, worms, mayflies, and caddisflies found in most small lakes. The deep waters, however, are the realm of some organisms that are found only in the deep, cold lakes of the northern latitudes. These include the delicate opossum shrimp, the deepwater scud (a crustacean), two types of copepods, and the deepwater sculpin (a spiny, large-headed fish). During the 1980s two nonindigenous creatures—the spiny water flea (a crustacean) and the zebra mussel (a mollusk)—gained access to the lakes and established large populations. Both have threatened the food web of native species, and the zebra mussel has become a nuisance by clogging water-intake pipes, covering spawning reefs, and fouling boat hulls.The fish community of the lakes and tributaries includes representatives of most families of North American fishes. Lake trout, whitefish, salmon, and lake herring have always been important in the lakes, while perch, walleye, bass, and catfish are abundant in the shallow, warmer waters. The fish population has changed drastically over the past century. By 1880 the damming and pollution of tributaries had caused the elimination of Atlantic salmon and the restriction of whitefish. At the same time, lake sturgeon were purposely overfished, and carp were introduced. Smelt entered Lake Michigan in 1927 and in a short time had spread throughout the lakes; however, since the early 1980s their populations have dwindled dramatically. The predatory sea lamprey migrated into the upper lakes and established spawning populations in the 1930s, causing the collapse of the lake trout populations in Lakes Huron and Michigan by the early 1950s. Other large predators also were drastically reduced in numbers by the sea lamprey. Consequently, when the alewife migrated into the upper lakes between 1931 and 1954, it met little competition and predation and soon became the most abundant species. Alewives are of little commercial value, however, and have caused costly sanitary operations when, periodically, millions of them die and are washed up to rot on the beaches. A major international program to control the sea lamprey reduced its population substantially; and during the 1960s lake trout were reintroduced when it appeared that the sea lamprey was under control. Coho and chinook salmon were introduced both to provide a sports fishery and to control the alewife. Among the accidently introduced species, the small, perchlike ruffe preys on the eggs of native fishes, while the bottom-dwelling round goby competes for food and habitat with indigenous species.Herring and ring-billed gulls and terns are the most common birds; small islands are important nesting grounds for them. The lakes are important as wintering areas for ducks such as the scaup and the old-squaw duck, and a diversity of shorebirds and songbirds migrate through the region during the spring and fall. Various places along the shoreline, such as Point Pelée (Ontario) in Lake Erie and Whitefish Point (Michigan) in Lake Superior, are favoured locations for bird-watching.The economyEarly interest in the lakes was stimulated by the easy transportation route that they offered into the heartland of the continent. The value of the extensive forests and fertile land in the region was soon realized, and lumbering and agriculture became important. Large coalfields and deposits of iron, copper, salt, limestone, and other minerals were found along or near the extensive shorelines. The combination of these vast resources with a plentiful water supply naturally favoured the development of huge industries and large metropolitan areas around the Great Lakes. Major urbanized areas include a band that extends from Milwaukee, Wis., through Chicago and around southern Lake Michigan; a band that stretches southward from Detroit, Mich., and then continues along the southern shore of Lake Erie; and the Toronto-Hamilton area on the northern shore of Lake Ontario.ResourcesAlthough most of the virgin pine forests in the basin were felled by 1910, timber remains important and is supported by both federal and state governments. About half of the land in the counties bordering the lakes in the United States is devoted to farming, while nearly one-third of that in the bordering Canadian provinces is under agriculture. The major crops raised are corn (maize), soybeans, wheat, animal fodder, and fruits and vegetables; pork, beef, and dairy products are produced as well.The ranges around Lake Superior—such as the Mesabi (Mesabi Range) in Minnesota and the Marquette in Michigan—are a major source of iron ore for the United States. Peak production occurred in 1953, when almost 100 million net tons were produced. The large deposits of rich ores have since been depleted, but low-grade taconite ores are now efficiently processed into iron-ore pellets. Lake Superior's Keweenaw Peninsula was once a major source of copper; sources outside of the lakes are now relatively more important. Sand dunes along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan are valued for their beauty and as a source of clean sand for industry.Of major importance is the water supply that the lakes provide for bordering industries and municipalities. Hydroelectric generating stations exist on the St. Marys, Niagara, and St. Lawrence rivers. Numerous coal- and nuclear-powered generating plants around the lakes utilize lake water for cooling.Industry and transportationThe industry of the lakes region is highly diversified. The large steel mills in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Ontario and the automobile industry centred in the Detroit area produce a large proportion of the continent's steel and motor vehicles. Nonetheless, many more workers are employed in the service industry.Most of the total shipping tonnage includes iron ore, coal, grain, and limestone for lake ports, but some tonnage is shipped overseas through the St. Lawrence Seaway. The Welland Canal allows passage around Niagara Falls from Lake Ontario into Lake Erie, and the channels and locks in the St. Marys River at Sault Ste. Marie have made Lake Superior accessible to ships up to 800 feet in length.Fishing and recreationCommercial fishing was once a primary industry on the lakes, but the decline of the more desirable species led to its collapse. A limited amount of commercial fishing is still carried on, however, for species such as whitefish. Emphasis has switched to sport fishing based on coho and chinook salmon, lake trout, walleye, and rainbow trout; this has grown into a major industry.The value of the lakes for a broad spectrum of recreational activities is inestimable. Powerboating and sailing have become popular activities, and numerous marinas have been built. Many miles of high-quality, sandy beaches stretch along the lake shores. State, provincial, federal, and county lands offer hundreds of camping, picnicking, and park areas for a thriving tourist industry.Human impact on the lakesThe multiple uses of the lakes are often conflicting. The shipping and hydroelectric-power industries favour higher water levels, for example, but property owners along the shoreline find that high levels increase erosion of the shoreline. Conservationists believe that the diversion of treated sewage away from the lakes, such as is being done at Chicago and various other cities, is the best solution for maintaining the quality of the lake waters. Regardless of the approach that is taken, it is clear that changes have occurred in the plant and animal life of the lakes and that these changes have been related to increases in the content of introduced chemicals, depletion of dissolved oxygen in some places, and the accumulation of sewage sludge on lake bottoms near urban areas.Significant changes first became noticeable in about 1900 and paralleled the buildup of human population around the lakes. Misuse of the lakes became all too apparent and was perhaps most clearly dramatized by the growing number of beaches that were closed after 1950 because of pollution; but the less obvious accumulation of toxic substances in wildlife, especially fish and fish-eating birds, had much more serious implications. It came to be realized that pollution could affect either directly or indirectly all uses—raising the cost of water treatment, killing valuable fish species or rendering other species unfit to eat, and adversely affecting the tourist industry and the value of shoreline property. Since the 1970s a major cooperative effort at pollution control has been undertaken by authorities in Canada and the United States, and this has resulted in improved water quality and the resurgence of some fish populations.Study and explorationThe Great Lakes region was inhabited for centuries by numerous American Indian peoples. With the colonization and expansion of European (European exploration) peoples in North America, the lakes became an integral part of the exploration and development of the continent. It was once speculated that Vikings (Viking) explored the region in the 14th century—based on the discovery of a broken sword, an ax, and a shield boss near Nipigon Lake, Ont., and a rune stone at Kensington, Minn.—but it is much more likely that the first Europeans entered the region in 1535, when the French explorer Jacques Cartier (Cartier, Jacques) traveled up the St. Lawrence River to the site of modern Montreal in his search for a route to the Orient. The Huron Indians told him of the great seas lying beyond, but the upper St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario were controlled by the Iroquois, who were unfriendly to the Europeans. Consequently, further exploration by another leading French explorer of North America, Samuel de Champlain (Champlain, Samuel de), followed the course of the Ottawa River, Lake Nipissing, and the French River to Georgian Bay. He reached Lake Huron in 1615 and is credited with being the first European to see the Great Lakes. In 1634 Jean Nicolet (Nicolet, Jean)—dispatched by Champlain to seek a route to China—led an expedition into Lake Michigan and down the length of Green Bay to the Fox River, where he encountered the Winnebago Indians. Other French explorers, including René-Robert Cavelier, Lord de La Salle, explored the lakes, made peace with the Indians, and established early settlements.Three major conflicts affected the history and development of the Great Lakes. The French and Indian War (1754–63)—a struggle between the French and British to gain control of rich fur-producing lands—concluded with the cession of Canada to England. The main consequences of the American Revolution (1775–83) for the Great Lakes region were the migration of thousands of loyalists to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario and the establishment of the present international boundary between the United States and Canada. During the War of 1812, Lake Erie was the site of a major naval battle.Although several of the early explorers recorded observations of short-term fluctuations in water levels in early geographic writings, the first purely scientific expedition on the Great Lakes was not carried out until 1848. It was led by the Swiss naturalist Louis Agassiz (Agassiz, Louis) and concentrated on studies of the north shore of Lake Superior. Water-level gauges were established in all the lakes by 1860, and all waters were charted by 1882. Studies of plant and animal life began in the 1870s, and the first study of lake currents was conducted in the early 1890s. Research on the lakes since 1900 largely has been in response to a sequence of crises. The collapse of the lake-herring fishing industry in the 1920s resulted in two major studies of Lake Erie. The invasion of the sea lamprey in the 1930s and concern over lake pollution and eutrophication since World War II has led to international research and cooperation for mitigative measures. Since 1980 additional research has been stimulated by concerns over shoreline erosion and the possible effects of global climatic change.Alfred M. BeetonAdditional ReadingJack L. Hough, Geology of the Great Lakes (1958), provides information on the lakes' geologic origin. A summary of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the Great Lakes, with an account of early research in the field, is offered in Alfred M. Beeton and David C. Chandler, "The St. Lawrence Great Lakes," in David G. Frey (ed.), Limnology in North America (1963), pp. 535–558. A thorough, scientifically advanced treatise on the geologic evolution of the Great Lakes, focusing on glaciation, is provided in P.F. Karrow and P.E. Calkin, Quaternary Evolution of the Great Lakes (1984). Harlan Hatcher and Erich A. Walter, A Pictorial History of the Great Lakes (1963), surveys early exploration, shipping, and settlement in the region. Useful background information on the region is found in Lee Botts et al., The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book (1987); and R.A. Assel et al., Great Lakes Ice Atlas (1983). A history of ecological changes in the basin and their effect on the lakes is presented in William Ashworth, The Late, Great Lakes (1986). Theodora E. Colborn et al., Great Lakes, Great Legacy? (1990), discusses the Great Lakes as an ecosystem, changes in the lakes' environment, and institutional arrangements for dealing with these problems. The region's economic situation is assessed in Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago and Great Lakes Commission, The Great Lakes Economy (1985), a compendium of data on resources and industry, and The Great Lakes Economy: Looking North and South (1991), an interpretive analysis. Noel M. Burns, Erie: The Lake That Survived (1985), discusses the environmental and economic degradation of the lake and its environs and the signs of rehabilitation. Also useful is Great Lakes Science Advisory Board, Report (biennial), which includes summaries of health, societal, and education issues related to pollution and toxic chemicals.Alfred M. Beeton* * *
Universalium. 2010.


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Country Profile of Cambodia
Cambodia shares the borders with Vietnam to the east, Laos to the north, Thailand to the west, and the ocean coast to the Southwest.
Cambodia Flag [ Click to enlarge flag ]: The flag was designed arround 1850 that has three horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) and red (central) with a depiction of Angkor Watt in the center. The flag was abandoned in a few years during the Khmer Rouge and the occupation of Vietnamese in Cambodia. The flag was readopted in 1993 after the first general election with the returned the monarchy.
COAT OF ARMS or ROYAL ARMS of CAMBODIA
COAT OF ARMS is symbol on the Royal Standard of the reigning monarch of Cambodia.. They were established since the independent Kingdom of Cambodia in 1953.
This Royal Standard was restored in 1993. Armiger - Norodom Sihamoni, King of Cambodia(wikepedia)
- Preah-reach-ana-chak Kampuchea – is the official name used by the Royal Government of Cambodia. It means, the Kingdom of Kampuchea.
- Preah – means Sacred
- Reach – derived from Sanskrit. It means King or Royal
- Ana – derived from Pali It means Authority or Power.
- Chak – derived from Sanskrit. It means Wheel
- Srok Khmer (local short form) – common and general used by Khmer People. Srok means Territory.
- Pra-Tehs Khmer (local short form) - the formal name and general writing. Pra-Tehs means "Country".
- Pra-Tehs Kampuchea (local short form)– Kampuchea was derived from Sanskrit word as Kambuja.
- Camboja – is called in Portuguese
- Kampoja – is called in Indonesian
- Cambodia – is called in English
- Cambodge – is called in French
- Kambodsha – is called in German
- Camboya – is called in Spanish
- Cambogia – is called in Italian
- Main Language: Khmer
- Main Religion: Buddhism (Theravada) - 95% of population
- Population: 15.6 million (World Bank, 2015)
- Poplulation in Phnom Penh: 1,501,725 (Wikipedia - 2012)
- Life expectancy: 62.98 years (2011)
- Ethnic group: Khmer, Vietnamese, Chinese, Tai, Cham, Khmer Loeu
- Monetary currency: Riel
- Currency Code: KHR
- Climate: tropical humid climate: rainy (monsoon) season (May to November) and dry season (December to April)
- Capital: Phnom Penh
- Major Cities: Phnom Penh, Siem Reap, Sihanouk Ville, Koh Kong
- Area: 181,035 sq km (69,898 sq miles) : Water 2.5%
- Border countries: Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km
- Coastline: 443 km
- Independence: 9 November 1953
- Constitution:Promulgated 21 September 1993
- Students: 3.408 million people (2008)
- Teachers: 78,994 people (2007)
- Internet domain: .kh
- Internet Usage: 2.948 million people (2015)
- Mobile Subscriptions: 19.92 million (2016)
- International dialling code: +855
- Electricity: 220V AC 50 Hz
- Cars in use: 2.1 million cars (2001)
- Total road length: 23,770 miles (2004)
- Driving: Right hand side; International Driving Permit required
- Airport: Phnom Penh International (PNH), Siem Reap International Airport, & Sihanoukville International Airport - Website
- Direct Flight: from Bangkok (Thailand), Taipei (Taiwan), Hong Kong (China), Singapore (Singapore), Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam), Vientiane (Lao), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Guangzhou (China), Soul (South Korea)
- Four Major Drivers of Economy: Garment (direct investement, the total US$5.5 billion garment exports in 2014), Construction Real Estate (MLMUPC) approved over $6.5 billion in 2016), Tourism (4.5 million tourists in 2014), & Agriculture (World Bank, 2015)
- GDP: USD $18.05 billion (World Bank, 2015)
- GDP Per Capita: USD $1,158.7 (World Bank, 2015)
- GDP Growth: 7% in 2015 (World Bank, 2015)
- GDP Per Capita Growth: 5.3% in 2015 (World Bank, 2015)
- Exchanged Rate: Riel is pegged to the U.S. dollar - US$1 = Riel 4,075)
- Poverty Reduction: 17.7% in 2012 (World Bank, 2015
- External Debt: USD $5.6 Billion (World Bank, 2014)
- Inflation (Consumer Price): 4.6% at the end of 2013 to 1.2% at the end of 2014 (World Bank, 2014)
- Major Exports: Garments, Fisheries Products, Rubber
- Major Export Trading Countries: : United States (34%), Hong Kong (16%), Singapore (7%), Germany (6%), United Kingdom (6%)
- Major Imports: Gold (22%), Knit or crochet fabric, width <30 cm >5% elastomer (17%), Petroleum oils, refined (5%), Floating or submersible drilling platforms (4%), Other woven fabrics of synthetic staple fibers (3%)
- Major Import Trading Countries: Singapore (26%), China (22%), Hong Kong (14%), Thailand (12%), Viet Nam (5%)
The signing of the Paris Peace Agreements in October 1991 launched Cambodia in a process of reconstruction after two decades of conflict and civil war. The process, which was backed by a United Nations presence until the first national elections in May 1993, facilitated the foundation of a constitutional monarchy with King Norodom Sihanouk as head of State, and led to the establishment of a power-sharing government.
- Type: Constitutional monarchy, Parliamentary representative democracy
- Head of States: His Majesty Samdech Preah Baromneath Norodom Sihamoni (elected October 29, 2004)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Hun Sen (appointed on January 14 1985, elected in 1998, 2003, 2008, and 2013) is in charge of overall execution of national policies and programs, and is accountable to the National Assembly.
- Born April 4, 1951 (family photo)
- Wife: Bun Rany Hun Sen
- Leading 10 deputy prime ministers, 17 senior ministers, 172 secretaries of state, and 28 ministers.
- Directory of the Government
- Legislature: The Constituent Assembly, now called the National Assembly, promulgated Cambodia's sixth Constitution on 24 September 1993. The 1993 Constitution was amended in March 1999 to establish the Senate, a new legislative body. The Constitution declares liberal democracy and a multiparty system as the foundations of the political regime of the Kingdom of Cambodia. Under the Constitution, the Cambodian people are masters of their own country, possess all powers, and exercise their powers through the National Assembly, Senate, Royal Government, and Judiciary. It also stipulates that the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of government shall be separate. Furthermore, all Khmer citizens possess the right to establish associations and political parties.
- Senate(Upper House): Chaired by Samdech Chea Sim and consisting of 62 Senators (referring to Figure 1)
- National Assembly (Lower House): Chaired by Samdech Heng Samrin and consisting of 123 elected members (referring to Figure 2).
- Judiciary Branch: Supreme Council of the Magistracy (provided for in the constitution and formed in December 1997); Supreme Court (and lower courts) exercises judicial authority.
- Local Government: The Constitution divides the territory of the Kingdom of Cambodia into provinces and municipalities. Currently, there are 24 provinces and four municipalities (Phnom Penh, Sihanoukville, Kep, and Pailin). Each province is divided into districts (srok), and each district into communes (khum). In addition, there are a group of villages (phum), although they are not considered formal administrative units. Each municipality is divided into sections (khan), each section into quarters (sangkat). The Ministry of Interior is in charge of administering provinces and municipalities.
Members of Cambodia Senate (2006-01-22 Senate Elections Results). (Figure 1)
King Norminees | Parliamentary Nominees | CPP | Funcinpec | SRP |
2 | 2 | 43 | 9 | 2 |
The 5th Mandate of National Assembly
68 lawmakers of CPP attended the swearing-ceremoney opened on September 23, 2013 by King Norodom Sihamoni
Political Deadlock July 27, 2013 - July 22, 2014
The results of July 27, 2013's parliamentary election favoring the Cambodia People's Party (CPP) to win 68 seats of 123 triggered political deadlock. With international observers's claim, Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP) argues that there are too many irregularities" during the election and refuses to take their seats - 55 of the total 123.
CNRP has done several mass protests joined by its nationwide supporters including 600 thousands of workers
Political deadlock ends as both CNRP and CPP aggreed to reform National Election Committee.
Political Parties | Votes | Percentage | Seats |
Cambodian People's Party | 3,235,969 | 48.83% | 68 |
Cambodian National Rescue Party | 2,946,176 | 44.46% | 55 |
The 4th Mandate Election of Members of National Assembly 2008 (Figure 2)
Political Parties | CPP | SRP | HRP | Funcinpec | NRP | ||
90 | 26 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 123 |
Resources & Referrences:
- Cambodia Profile
- Cambodia News
- Article / Editorials
- Khmer Fonts
- Khmer Rouge
- Web Search
- សារព៌តមានខ្មែរ
Cambodians Known to the World
Cambodia Tycoons - អុកញ៉ា
Exclusive - អត្ថបទក្ដៅគគុក
WikiLeaks: Cables View on Cambodia
Who Owns the Preah Vihear
GW: HOSTILE TAKEOVER (en)
GW: Country for Sale (kh)
GW: Country for Sale (en)
Who Killed Chea Vichea
GW: Cambodias Family Trees (en)
Ho Sok - Funcipec
March 30, 1997
Coup, July 7, 1997
Om Radsady
Assassination of Om Radsady
Statement of Heng Peov
Statement of Peov in Khmer-I
Statement of Peov in Khmer-II
Piseth Pilika
Cambodia Tragedies


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I want to purchase a camera that I can use in a number of settings (out in nature, indoors, etc.) to take photographs of a high quality. I care about clarity and a good representation of color. I also want to be able to take simple point-and-click snapshots once I have configured the settings correctly. However, I will be taking mostly casual photos; I am an amateur.
I see a lot of people with Nikon or Canon cameras with big lenses and great customisability taking the sorts of pictures I want to take. Are there any recommendations for what Camera I should purchase? I'd like to stay under $300.


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The unidentified woman has filed a complaint that is being investigated by internal affairs, Chief Roberto Villasenor said, adding "that kind of force being used" is worrisome.
The incident occurred Saturday night as fans took to the streets near campus after the game and hurled beer bottles and firecrackers at officers, who then used pepper spray to disperse the crowd. Police said 15 people were arrested, many of whom were university students.
A bystander's cellphone video shows an officer apparently shoving the woman who was walking by into a bench. But Villasenor said police will examine police lapel video and conduct interviews with the officer, the woman and possibly other people to learn more, including what happened prior to the pushing.
Though the cellphone video's view is partially obscured by a man standing in front of the camera, "I think without a doubt you can see an officer shoved the young lady," Villasenor said during a telephone interview. "There's no question the young lady was shoved."
But "it is premature to make any kind of judgment" before getting the officer's explanation and other information that will be part of the review, which could take up to a week, he said.
Villasenor said the officer involved was identified, but the name was withheld.
A woman who reportedly took the cellphone footage didn't immediately respond to requests for comment.
Police have said that nine of the 15 people arrested in the Saturday clash with police attend the University of Arizona.
University officials vowed to punish students who participated in the fracas.
Dean of Students Kendal Washington White called the disturbance disappointing and said it was not reflective of the culture of the University of Arizona or Tucson.


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When I was first presented with the opportunity to blog for Boys & Girls Clubs of America, I thought it would be fun; then the reality set in - What the heck do I blog about? Will anybody read it? Would anyone care? Will I find inspiration on a regular basis – and will the words come spewing out the same way John Grisham seems to crank out books? To make a long story short, this has not been the course destined for me.
After settings aside all of my blogging questions and hesitations, I realized that I would just put the thoughts down, throw caution to the wind and see what sticks. Here goes, Mr. Grisham:
So lately, I've been going through a mental "down time"; much like Austin Powers, I felt I've lost my mojo or passion for the work I do. Instead of a weekend getaway or staying home eating ice cream watching romantic comedies to cheer myself up, I decided to try and work through this maudlin period, hoping it would go away. Like the troopers we in youth service have been molded into, I sucked it up, packed my bags and headed to the airport for a week full of work, thinking positively.
As it happens, I'm getting off a plane in Orlando to support the National Keystone Conference with my colleagues when a smiling young woman in her early 30s approaches me and says, "I thought that was you!" She gives me a hug. To my surprise, she is one of my former Club kids and had also been on the plane. We caught up, and then she shared with me what an important role I had played in her life: how I had been her mentor; how I had taught her how to type; how I had helped her become president of the Keystone Club; how I had influenced her growing up as a Club member 20 years ago.
You can't imagine how my spirits lifted. There could not have been a more distinct way for the universe to tell me I have been -- and should continue – doing the right thing. This was the unsolicited testimonial. Whether you call it karma or destiny, it was really cool.
I know that if Brenda's successful life was influenced so greatly by her involvement in the Boys & Girls Club, the 1000-plus youth at the Keystone Conference I was headed to were in for a life-changing experience.
Thanks, Brenda, for reminding me why I love this work!
For more information on Keystone Clubs and the 2011 National Conference, click here.


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4 Start-Up Accounting Tips for the Young Trep When launching a new business, young entrepreneurs tend to forget one very important element: their books. Here's how to avoid making that mistake.
By Amrik Randhawa •
Unless you're an accountant, the word "accounting" probably strikes fear in your heart -- or a little bit of nervousness, at least. For young entrepreneurs, the feeling is probably amplified. After all, poor bookkeeping out of the gate not only can set a project back in the short term, it can really come back to bite you over the long haul. Even young entrepreneurs get audited, you know.
That said, it is possible to avoid the ire of the IRS. Here are a four accounting tips to start your business by:
- Start off on the right foot. In the same way that you go through your email every morning, or in the same way that you do an inventory review each week, make your business accounting a habit. Set a recurring alarm on your calendar: "Review books!" The frequency is up to you, but you should carve out some accounting time at least once a month, if not more.
- Learn the lingo. The cumbersome terminology of accounting is sometimes the biggest hurdle. Chart of accounts? General ledger? Cash vs. accrual? Accounting lingo isn't natural -- and ignoring what's what won't help you. So take some time to understand the basics. The U.S. Small Business Administration's Small Business Development Centers are a good place to start, as are accountancy groups like the American Institute of CPA's and the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants.
- Find software that fits you. Find the accounting software that's right for you. Don't simply opt for what your friends use. If you're always at a desk, a desktop solution, like QuickBooks Desktop might make sense. If you're like most entrepreneurs and on the go 24/7, something mobile like Due may make more sense. If you're running your business from your iPad, go with a cloud-based accounting software package like Easy Books or Kashoo, which both offer iPad apps.
- Value good advice. Chances are, if you spend enough time trying to figure out an accounting issue, you could. But the reality is, you've got a business to run. And considering that you'll need to file taxes quarterly -- not just annually -- there should be a certain degree of urgency involved. For help, look into local resources such as entrepreneur-focused groups for advice. (In Vancouver, where I'm based, we have resources like the British Columbia Innovation Council and the Vancouver Entrepreneur Meetup. Scour your local community for co-working groups as they'll usually have a schedule of talks and classes specifically for entrepreneurs. WeWork Labs in New York is a great example.) Also, ask former bosses and fellow entrepreneurs to see who they use. Usually, there's great value in an accountant or bookkeeper who specializes in small business. If nothing more, they'll be a voice of comfort if you receive some alarmingly confusing IRS mail.
In the end, accounting isn't really that scary. If you start off right, it can actually be fun. After all, that's where you're going to see your fortunes grow.
What better bookkeeping tips would you add to this list? Leave a comment and let us know.


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Therapy Image Library: Coming Soon!
What's New?
You may have noticed that we've slowed down our blog posting schedule; that's because we are working on a new project! At the end of the year you will see a new section header on whereapy called, "Free Downloads."
I'm sure you've noticed the serious shortage of quality images for therapy related blogs on the net. Short of paying $500 an hour for a photographer to do your bidding, the current stock image options leave much to be desired.
To remedy that situation, we've created the Whereapy Therapy & Medical Image Archive. Drawing from our collection of antique journals, public domain illustrations and unique contemporary photos, the image library will offer free downloadable print quality image files for therapists and designers. (Also, the search feature is excellent!)
The collection covers therapies & themes relating to:
Art therapy, physical therapy, psychotherapy, massage therapy, acupuncture, reiki, speech therapy, career coaching, anatomy, occupational therapy, and much more.
Additionally, there will be a selection of pre-designed and editable business card, postcard and brochure templates available for download.
If you are a fine arts photographer we are looking to build up the archive with:
- high quality contemporary therapy images including people of color
- speech therapy images
- occupational therapy images
- historic engravings and medical/therapy images 100+ years old
Please donate to the archive if you can and let us know if you have any specific image requests that you would like added to the archive.
In the meantime:
You can expect the blog to start again once the image library is up and running smoothly. If there is any topic you'd like to see addressed on whereapy just contact us - or better yet, write up the post yourself!
About "hot topics" for the "meantime" - while the Therapy Image Library is being created: the Holidays are upon us; and every therapist I know - of all modalities - is/will be servicing clients with a high level of need in specific areas for the next six-to-eight weeks; at a minimum. Feeler: small article with intentions of assisting those therapists to stay "up" while they facilitate better days for so many "down" people - on the job; and off? Just a thought - feedback welcome! Denise


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SQL Consulting
Welcome to r937.com. My name is Rudy Limeback, and I'm a retired SQL consultant.
This web site is primarily about SQL, the Structured Query Language used with computer databases, and includes SQL articles and commentary as well as links to other SQL resources.
If you're looking for quality SQL consulting services at reasonable rates, please contact me for a free estimate.
Simply SQL
In December 2008, SitePoint published my book Simply SQL. For more information, please visit Simply SQL - The Web Site.


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CALL US (681) 235-3124 105 Liberty Square, Hurricane, WV 25526
Regular price $49.99 $39.99 Sale
California Speedway
This aerial panorama of the California Speedway was taken by Christopher Gjevre and features the speedway during a scheduled NASCAR Nextel Cup race. Located on the eastern edge of the Los Angeles metro area, the 2-mile, 565-acre speedway hosted three different races on its opening weekend in 1997. The California Speedway hosts two NASCAR Nextel Cup races annually and has also hosted the IndyCar Series, the ChampCar World Series and various motorcycle series. The water tower on the track's infield is the only remaining structure of the first steel mill west of the Rocky Mountains.
Orders over $100 receive FREE Shipping !


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Chloe Mini Huggies
Mini Huggies with padparadscha sapphires
- 18k yellow gold
- Padparadscha sapphire approximate total carat weight 0.44
- Also available in white and rose gold & purple with blue sapphires
Handcrafted in New York City
Payments are accepted through PayPal, a secure online payment system that is very easy to use. You may already have an account. If not, you do not need to sign up to use this service and can pay directly through PayPal using a debit or credit card.
Shipping & Rates:
USA/Domestic: Domestic shipping rates vary depending on the speed and amount of insurance required for your item. For 2nd day service, rates range from $35 to $80. For overnight service, rates range from $50 to $150. Saturday delivery is an option that can be requested for some addresses and comes with an additional fee. Shipping fees are non-refundable.
Because every package needs to be insured and signed for, we cannot ship to PO Box addresses.
International: Shipping rates start at $95.00 - Rates and availability depend on the region of your shipment. Local duties and import taxes may apply in addition to our charges: Customer is responsible for any customs duties or clearance for all international shipments. Please contact your local customs official for specifics on your local rates and procedures. Shipping fees are non-refundable. Every shipment requires an adult signature upon delivery, and is insured for the full amount of the order.
If you are not satisfied with your purchase, you can return the item within 10 days of receipt. All jewelry must be unworn & unused and in its original condition and packaging. Engagement rings and custom pieces are not eligible for exchange or return. Shipping cost is not refundable
Refund Policy
To be eligible for a return, your item must be unused and in the same condition that you received it. It must also be in the original packaging. To complete your return, we require a receipt or proof of purchase.
Rings (made to size) & Customized Designs are not refundable.
Any item not in its original condition, is damaged or missing parts for reasons not due to our error will not be refunded.
The refund will be sent to the buyer within 10 business days of return delivery.
Refunds (if applicable)
Once your return is received and inspected, we will send you an email to notify you that we have received your returned item. We will also notify you of the approval or rejection of your refund.
If you are approved, then your refund will be processed, and a credit will automatically be applied to your credit card or original method of payment, within a certain amount of days.
Late or missing refunds (if applicable)
If you haven't received a refund yet, first check your bank account again.
Then contact your credit card company, it may take some time before your refund is officially posted. Next contact your bank. There is often some processing time before a refund is posted.
If you've done all of this and you still have not received your refund yet, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com
Sale items (if applicable)
Only regular priced items may be refunded, unfortunately sale items cannot be refunded.
We are not personally liable for any jewelry once it ships. We use a 3rd party jeweler's insurance during shipping which is void once the package is received by the recipient. It is your responsibility to insure your jewelry, specifically engagement rings, upon arrival. This can be done as a rider to your renters or homeowners insurance, or through a dedicated policy - we recommend Jewelers Mutual. We are happy to provide you with an appraisal for replacement value (what you paid) upon request. Your insurance rider should include loss, loss of just the center stone, and theft.


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Cyan, teal, aqua, aquamarine. Whatever name you wish to call it, that light shade of blue/green was out in force this week.
From left to right: Davide Sanguinetti (Houston), Marion Bartoli in Nike (Family Circle Cup), Rafael Nadal in Nike (Mallorca), and David Nalbandian in Yonex (Mallorca).
>> davis cup fashion: brazil and canada
>> amelia island: pretty in pink (and purple)
>> florida oranges: fashion from miami
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Subscribe in a reader Stumble It!


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Wal-Mart's CEO paid $20.7 million in 2012
Wal-Mart's CEO Mike Duke received compensation worth $20.7 million in 2012, up 14 percent
NEW YORK (AP) -- Wal-Mart Stores Inc. gave its CEO Mike Duke a pay package in 2012 worth $20.7 million, a 14 percent increase from the year before, according to an Associated Press analysis of a regulatory filing Monday.
Duke's performance-based cash bonus jumped more than 50 percent for a year that saw the world's largest retailer posting strong financial results despite a challenging economy for its low-income shoppers.
The pay rise came despite allegations of bribery in Wal-Mart's Mexico operations that surfaced a year ago. The company, based in Bentonville, Ark., has launched its own investigation and is working with government officials in the U.S. and Mexico.
In the regulatory filing, Wal-Mart said that starting this year, it will tie some of Duke's compensation, and that of other top executives, to the discounter's success in fortifying its compliance program. Compensation has been traditionally based on such financial measures as sales and operating income.
Duke, 63, has been Wal-Mart's CEO since February 2009. He received a base salary of $1.3 million, up 4 percent from the year-ago period. His stock awards of $13.6 million rose 4 percent. His performance-based cash bonus soared to $4.4 million from $2.9 million, according to documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Duke's other compensation amounted to $644,450, up from $377,258 in the previous year. The perks included $101,947 for the use of the company aircraft. He also received $644,450 in above market interest credited on deferred compensation.
For the latest year ended Jan. 31, Wal-Mart posted a 5 percent increase in sales to $466.1 billion. That figure excludes membership fees from Sam's Club. Wal-Mart's operating income rose 4.7 percent to $27.8 billion in the latest year. Wall-Mart's stock rose 14 percent in 2012, compared with a 13 percent gain in the Standard & Poor's 500.
Wal-Mart, which draws nearly 10 percent of all nonautomotive spending in the U.S., saw its U.S. business come back starting in late 2011 after grappling with an almost two-year slump resulting from mistakes it made in pricing and merchandising. To re-ignite its U.S. business, which accounts for about 60 percent of its total sales, Wal-Mart re-emphasized low prices throughout its stores after it strayed by slashing prices on certain merchandise. It also brought back thousands of items that it culled during an overzealous campaign to de-clutter its stores.
But a bribery scandal threatens to slow its business overseas. Wal-Mart has already slowed its expansion plans in Mexico, and last November, the retailer said in an SEC filing that it was looking into potential U.S. bribery law violations in Brazil, China and India. The New York Times first reported the allegations in April 2012 that Wal-Mart failed to notify law enforcement that company officials authorized millions of dollars in bribes in Mexico to speed up getting building permits and gain other favors.
The New York Times articles have reported that Wal-Mart officials including Duke were allegedly informed starting in 2005 about bribes being made in the country.
Wal-Mart has been strengthening its compliance controls in the wake of the bribery allegations. According to new changes in its executive compensation plan, Wal-Mart said that the audit committee can reduce or eliminate executives' annual cash incentives if Wal-Mart doesn't meet certain compliance goals. It said that the company's senior leadership will evaluate key policies and controls and prepare a timetable for implementing more changes in its compliance program.
The Associated Press formula calculates an executive's total compensation during the last fiscal year by adding salary, bonuses, perks, above-market interest that the company pays on deferred compensation and the estimated value of stock and stock options awarded during the year. The AP formula does not count changes in the present value of pension benefits. That makes the AP total slightly different in most cases from the total reported by companies to the Securities and Exchange Commission.
The value that a company assigned to an executive's stock and option awards was the present value of what the company expected the awards to be worth to the executive over time. Companies use one of several formulas to calculate that value. However, the number is just an estimate, and what an executive ultimately receives will depend on the performance of the company's stock in the years after the awards are granted. Most stock compensation programs require an executive to wait a specified amount of time to receive shares or exercise options.


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May 10 (GMM) Heikki Kovalainen insists it is "no surprise" Caterham has struggled so far in 2013.
The Finn, who has been a leading race driver at the team since its Team Lotus inception in 2010, was dropped for 2013 in favour of pay-drivers Charles Pic and Giedo van der Garde.
31-year-old Kovalainen, however, is now back in a reserve and testing role.
He drove in Friday practice recently in Bahrain, and on Friday in Barcelona he will drive again, at the wheel of Frenchman Pic's car.
He said he hopes an upgrade package for the Spanish grand prix puts Caterham back ahead of usual rival Marussia.
"The car itself is basically the same as last year's," Kovalainen is quoted by Turun Sanomat newspaper.
"The monocoque is the same, only the aerodynamics were modified. So it's no surprise the team has not gone so well, when you're putting an old car against the new ones."
Kovalainen confirmed that Caterham's approach to this year has been deliberate.
"The team is trying to stay – with the least possible effort – in the top ten this year and put more effort into next year," he said.
"The new car is being developed already.
"When the rules change so much, it's important for us to get started with the new car as quickly as possible."


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Sea Secrets |
Some people go whale watching. Some people long to swim with dolphins. Others earn their livelihood fishing for giant tuna in a vast ocean. These marine animals capture our attention and our imagination. We have a connection to all the living things of the ocean, from the microscopic floating plants that supply us with the oxygen we breathe to the huge blue whale that fills its belly with a ton of krill. Microscopic or oversized, plant or animal, from muddy shoreline to deep ocean floor, the ocean's living things attest to its endless variety, its biodiversity. Scientists say that there may be millions more species than we know swimming, floating, and crawling in the deep oceans and as yet unseen by human eyes. With the aid of submersible technology, entire new ecosystems are being discovered. Each ecosystem consists of a community of living things that interact with one another in complex relationships in unique conditions of water temperature, salinity, chemical composition, and currents. Far below the surface of the ocean, where no sunlight reaches, hot water laced with chemicals spews out of cracks in the ocean floor. These cracks (hydrothermal vents) occur most often along the mid-ocean ridge, where Earth's crustal plates are spreading apart. Water reaching temperatures of four hundred degrees Celsius and chemical compounds such as hydrogen sulfide billow out from the vents. At certain vents, as the hot, sulfide-rich water comes in contact with cold seawater, metal sulfides precipitate out. The chemicals pile up into structures that resemble chimneys, which scientists call "black smokers." Scientists have found one black smoker that is as tall as a fifteen-story building. Can living things survive in such a place? The answer is yes. In 1977, scientists aboard the submersible Alvin, exploring five thousand feet below the surface of the Pacific, saw large, four-foot-tall tube worms, some with bright red plumes, living around a hydrothermal vent. Later laboratory investigation revealed that the unusual worms had no digestive system but instead contained about 285 billion bacteria per ounce of tissue! In this sunless world, a type of sulfur-loving bacteria was the worms' food source. Clouds of bacteria, appearing white in the lights of the sub, were able to use hydrogen sulfide as an energy source. In most other food chains, plants convert carbon dioxide into food using sunlight during photosynthesis. These peculiar bacteria were able to convert hydrogen sulfide into food during chemosynthesis. Also found around the vents, feeding on the water rich in chemosynthetic bacteria, were certain kinds of clams and mussels. At this great depth and pressure, some species of octopus prey upon these shelled invertebrates. But when the hot water and chemicals coming from the vent slow down to a trickle, the animals disappear. In the past twenty years, more than three hundred species have been identified in this unique environment. Similar vent organisms have been discovered at the base of the continental shelf, where the ocean water is sulfide-rich but not hot, as in the hydrothermal vents. These "cold seeps," as they are called, illustrate how little we know about the productivity of the ocean bottom. As far as scientists can tell, hydrothermal vents and cold seeps have not yet been affected by human activities. Far away in a tropical ocean is another distinctive marine ecosystem. One in four marine species on our planet lives in a coral reef, an underwater world like no other with its colorful variety of swimming and floating animals making their way among the branching corals. The food chain of the coral reef begins with photosynthetic algae, microscopic organisms that use sunlight to make food. Most of the algae live in harmony within the tiny coral animals themselves. Reef-building corals secrete a hard, stony shell of calcium carbonate that builds up over time and provides the habitat for reef animals. Colorful invertebrates such as the coral shrimp feed on algae and detritus around the coral, where they in turn may become dinner for small fish. Large, sleek, and silvery barracuda patrol the outer reef, preying on smaller fish such as the butterfly fish. However, there is trouble in this paradise: pollution from pesticides, sewage, and soil run-off has damaged many reefs in the Caribbean and Pacific. The practice of dynamite fishing to stun fish and capture them for the aquarium trade has devastated reefs in parts of Asia, the South Pacific, and Africa. Perhaps not as familiar to us is the frigid water of the polar ocean. The food chains of the polar ocean also begin with algae, including symmetrically shaped diatoms with hard silicate shells. Algae are eaten by tiny invertebrate animals, including shrimplike krill. In the ocean around Antarctica, krill are an important food source, eaten by a diverse group of animals including fish, baleen whales, and Adélie penguins. The penguins are in turn preyed upon by leopard seals. The top predator of the Antarctic is the killer whale, which eats penguins and seals. Thus overfishing of krill in polar waters may jeopardize not only krill, but whales, seals, and penguins too. Along more temperate seacoasts, kelp forests form another unique ecosystem. Kelp are brown algae that can grow as much as sixty centimeters in one day, ultimately reaching as long as eighty meters. Tiny crustaceans called copepods are among the animal plankton that feed on the floating algae and detritus in the Pacific along the California coast. Larger invertebrates, such as sea urchins and abalone, graze on the kelp and are in turn eaten by sea otters. The overharvesting of kelp and a decrease in water quality have impaired the productivity of these ecosystems. Discharge from nuclear power plants on the California coast raises the water temperature just enough so that more sea urchins and abalone survive and grow, eating kelp and diminishing the size of kelp beds. Understanding the various marine ecosystems helps us to better understand the important connections among marineorganisms and suggests how much we still have to learn about the oceans. This understanding also raises warning flags about the necessity of monitoring human activity to keep these connections from being severed and to protect marine biodiversity. [ Essay | Procedure | Student Pages | Resources | Next Lesson ] firstname.lastname@example.com |


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PolyFlex™ TPU95 is a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) based filament specifically engineered to work on most desktop 3D printers. PolyFlex™ is a highly flexible yet easy to print 3D printing material. Featuring good elasticity and a large strain-to- failure, PolyFlex™ opens up a completely new realm of applications.
Diameter: 1.75mm ( ± 0.05 mm tolerance)
Spool Size: 750 grams (0.75kg)
Why Choose PolyFlex?
- Flexible : PolyFlex™ features a "Shore A" hardness of 90-95A and a large strain-to-failure of over 400%. These aren't just figures on a page, but are tested values obtained from actual printed parts. What this means is that PolyFlex™ gives you cool flexible parts with no worry about the part breaking. PolyFlex™ is truly your best tool for creating fun flexible parts.
- Printer Compatibility: One of our main goals when developing PolyFlex™ was to make it easy for everyone to use. Flexible filaments are known to be difficult to work with. Well not any more. PolyFlex™ is designed to be compatible with almost all desktop FDM/FFF printers and requires no hardware modification. Not only does it print smoothly but adheres well to a large variety of surfaces with no need for a heated build plate leaving you to think about nothing other than what model your going to print.
- Flex-up Your Imagination : The soft and flexible nature of PolyFlex™ opens up a new dimension of what one can do with desktop 3D printers, clothing, shoes, wearables, prosthetics…you name it. The possibilities are endless.


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TechRadar Verdict
- +
Good battery life
- +
Cheap for a new handset
- +
Stylish design
- +
Compact form factor
- -
Low resolution, resistive touch-screen
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No Wi-Fi
- -
No Exchange support
- -
Poor browser
- -
Slow data performance
- -
No GPS or map application
- -
No app store for adding functionality
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Terrible shutter lag on camera
- -
Low quality video recording
Why you can trust TechRadar
"Quietly Brilliant" – that's HTC's latest marketing slogan. And although we're not generally won over by such rhetoric, in this particular case, it rings pretty true.
While Apple has been busy trying to convince the world that the launch of the iPad is akin to the second coming of Christ, HTC has spent its time in a less ostentatious manner, launching some of the best mobile phones we've ever seen.
The new HTC Smart has a lot to live up to when you consider the company's recent track record. In the past few months we've seen the beautifully crafted HTC Legend, which was quickly followed up with the HTC Desire – arguably the best mobile phone money can buy right now.
Even a Windows Phone operating system couldn't stop the HTC HD Mini from being a great handset for anyone who's resistant to buy into Google's Android platform.
But the Smart is a very different proposition to those feature-packed handsets. Although it clearly falls into the smartphone category, it's not aimed at the kind of power user who would want an HTC Desire or Apple iPhone.
The Smart is aimed clearly at the average consumer who would like a few smartphone features, but doesn't care about lightning fast processors or app stores. Oh, and they want it to be affordable too, even without a contract.
You can usually spot a budget phone at 20 paces, but that's simply not the case with the HTC Smart. Put simply, it looks and feels every bit as good as the Desire, which is pretty impressive for a brand new handset that can be had for free on a £15 per month contract, or £100 on prepay.
With dimensions of 104 x 55 x 12.8mm the Smart is very comfortable to hold, while at 108g, it won't weigh you down either. That makes it roughly the same size and weight as the HTC HD Mini, which is no bad thing.
O2 offers the Smart in either black or white, but HTC sent us a pink version. Even in pink this is a good-looking phone, with the chrome accents around the edges breaking things up a little.
The front of the Smart is dominated by the 2.8-inch screen, which is surprisingly bright and vibrant for a budget phone.
The 320 x 240 QVGA resolution gives the game away slightly, but it doesn't spoil the party for the most part. The one area where the resolution really is a limitation is when you're using the web browser, but more about that later.
Below the screen are four buttons, the largest being (by some margin) the Back button. This is something of multi-function button, though, since it doubles as the phone's Home button, too.
Pressing the Back button once will generally take you to the previous page/menu, while pressing and holding it will take you to the main Home screen. Pressing the Back button while on the main Home screen will then open up the Programs menu.
Either side of the Back button are Call and Hang-up buttons, while the final front fascia control is a Menu button located just below the screen.
Along the bottom you'll find an older style mini-USB port, rather than the newer micro USB connector. The only other connector is a 3.5mm headphone jack, which is always good to see on any phone, especially a budget model.
The Smart sports 256MB ROM and 256MB RAM, but there's a microSD card slot for increasing storage space up to a maximum of 32GB. A nice touch is that the card slot is accessible without having to remove the battery.
There's a relatively modest 300MHz Qualcomm CPU beating at the heart of the Smart, although there didn't seem to be any issues when it came to general speed of operation.
HSDPA speeds are limited to 3.6mbps, rather than the 7.2mbps theoretical maximum seen on higher end phones. Obviously real world data speeds are limited by your network, but in use the Smart did feel a little sluggish in the data department.
That slightly disappointing cellular data performance is compounded by the fact that the Smart doesn't have Wi-Fi, so even when you're at home or in the office, you can't make use of a fast connection.
You do get Bluetooth with A2DP though, so the Smart will happily work with a hands-free kit, while also pumping music to your car stereo.
Another major departure from the recent trend of HTC phones is the use of Qualcomm's Brew mobile platform. In a world stuffed full of cutting edge mobile platforms like Android, WebOS and iPhone OS, can Brew offer enough to make even a budget handset attractive? That's the question we're about to answer.


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Temple University has a rich tradition of awarding honorary degrees to outstanding leaders, artists, scientists, journalists and professionals from all walks of life whose values and achievements exemplify the mission and ideals of the university. Honorary degrees are generally conferred at the official Commencement Exercises in May.
The University Committee on Honorary Degrees seeks nominations of deserving candidates from members of the Temple community. The committee will provide recommendations to the President and the Academic Affairs Committee of the Board of Trustees. Honorary degrees are not awarded by individual schools or colleges of the University, and must be approved by the Board of Trustees.
Selection Criteria
Recipients of Temple honorary degrees will serve as models of Temple University's aspirations for its students and community. Candidates should be nominated on the basis of their life's work and should exemplify the highest quality of professional, intellectual, humanitarian or artistic achievement and leadership. Evaluation will be based on the level of intellectual and professional attainment and the significance of the nominee's contributions to the enrichment and/or welfare of the state, the nation or the world.
Nominations and supporting information may be submitted to the chairman of the University Committee on Honorary Degrees at the following address:
University Committee on Honorary Degrees
c/o Executive Office of the President
200 Sullivan Hall
1330 Polett Walk
Philadelphia, PA 19122
Supporting information should include sufficient explanation of the candidate's qualifications for the honorary degree based on the selection criteria outlined above.
Liaison with Honorary Degree Recipients
The Executive Office of the President manages all communications, logistics and arrangements for honorary degree recipients upon selection and throughout the Commencement Exercises.
Past Honorary Degree Recipients
Temple University confers honorary degrees to distinguished individuals whose values and accomplishments exemplify the university's mission and ideals. Temple has awarded more than 850 honorary degrees throughout its history.