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Five-Star Tracker: A look at the last five years
Wondering which five-star recruits from the Class of 2012 will have the biggest impact next season?
Take a look at the skill-position players on offense.
With the 2011 season over, we decided to measure the progress of all the five-star prospects from the past four recruiting classes. The quarterbacks, running backs and wide receivers generally were the biggest contributors as freshmen.
Watkins, the Yahoo! Sports/Rivals.com freshman of the year, helped Clemson win the ACC title and became just the third player in NCAA history to earn first-team All-America honors from The Associated Press as a true freshman.
Thomas scored 18 touchdowns - nine on receptions, seven on runs from scrimmage and two on kickoff returns - as a freshman. He closed his season by rushing for 155 yards and two touchdowns on his only two carries in Oregon's 45-38 Rose Bowl victory over Wisconsin.
Watkins and Thomas were merely following the examples of previous five-star prospects at the skill positions.
South Carolina running back Marcus Lattimore is a five-star recruit from 2010 who rushed for 1,197 yards and led the Gamecocks to the SEC East title as a freshman. USC's Matt Barkley, a five-star prospect in 2009, kicked off his career as the Trojans' starting quarterback. Ohio State's Terrelle Pryor, the nation's No. 1 prospect in 2008, rushed for 631 yards and threw for 1,311 yards as a true freshman.
Here's a rundown of how each of the five-star prospects from the past five signing classes has fared. Each player's name is linked to his Rivals.com prospect profile which includes high school video.
Recruiting class of 2011 five-star tracker
1. South Carolina DE Jadeveon Clowney
Buzz: He wasted no time making an impact. In the second game of his college career, Clowney had two sacks and forced a fumble that was returned for a touchdown to spark South Carolina to a victory over Georgia. That set the tone for the rest of his season. Clowney collected eight sacks and forced five fumbles to earn Yahoo! Sports/Rivals.com first-team Freshman All-America honors.
2. Ohio State LB Curtis Grant
Buzz: The highlight of Grant's season came Oct. 30, when he recovered a fumble at Wisconsin's 1 to set up a touchdown in Ohio State's 33-29 upset of the Badgers. He otherwise struggled to work his way up the depth chart and finished the season with just two tackles.
3. USC WR George Farmer
Buzz: Farmer was expected to redshirt this season, but he made his college debut Oct. 13 against California. He showed his versatility in scant playing time by rushing for 15 yards on five carries, catching four passes for 42 yards and returning three kickoffs for 59 yards.
4. Alabama OT Cyrus Kouandjio
Buzz: Kouandjio played in Alabama's first eight games as a reserve before suffering a season-ending knee injury.
5. Oregon ATH De'Anthony Thomas
Buzz: Thomas made an instant impact as one of the nation's most versatile big-play performers. He rushed for 595 yards and seven touchdowns while averaging 10.8 yards per carry. He caught 46 passes for 605 yards and nine touchdowns. And he also scored on two kickoff returns and averaged 27.3 yards per attempt. He scored from 91 yards out and 64 yards away in his only two carries in Oregon's Rose Bowl victory over Wisconsin.
6. LSU OL La'El Collins
Buzz: Collins received little playing time this season while serving as a backup at guard. The graduation of Will Blackwell could allow Collins to compete for a starting role next season.
7. Alabama S Hasean Clinton-Dix
Buzz: Clinton-Dix made 11 tackles and broke up two passes as a reserve safety. The graduation of SS Mark Barron could allow Clinton-Dix to compete for a starting role in 2012.
8. Florida State S Karlos Williams
Buzz: Williams was a backup safety who also earned playing time on special teams this season. He made eight tackles and returned eight kickoffs for 186 yards.
9. Georgia DE Ray Drew
Buzz: Drew had eight tackles - 3.5 for loss - and one fumble recovery in a backup role this season. He also was credited with three quarterback pressures.
10. Texas RB Malcolm Brown
Buzz: Brown rushed for a team-high 707 yards and five touchdowns despite missing three games with injuries. He averaged 4.4 yards per carry. Brown rushed for 135 yards and two touchdowns against Oklahoma State, 119 yards and two touchdowns against Kansas and 110 yards and one score against UCLA.
11. Florida State RB James Wilder Jr.
Buzz: A true freshman led the Seminoles in rushing this season, but Wilder wasn't the guy. While former four-star prospect Devonta Freeman - the nation's No. 108 player in the 2011 class - rushed for a team-high 579 yards and eight touchdowns, Wilder rushed for 160 yards and one touchdown on 35 carries.
12. Oklahoma RB Trey Metoyer
Buzz: Metoyer was academically ineligible for the 2011 season and enrolled at Hargrave (Va.) Military Academy. He is expected to be a part of Oklahoma's 2012 signing class and is rated as the nation's No. 1 prep school prospect.
13. Clemson LB Tony Steward
Buzz: After making five tackles and playing 36 snaps over the first five games of the season, Steward tore his ACL in practice and missed the rest of the season.
14. Oklahoma RB Brandon Williams
Buzz: After rushing for 219 yards and one touchdown on 46 carries during the regular season, Williams announced in December that he planned to transfer to Texas A&M. His most productive game as a Sooner came Nov. 26 when he ran for 80 yards on 11 carries against Iowa State.
15. Clemson WR Sammy Watkins
Buzz: Watkins was the Yahoo! Sports/Rivals.com national freshman of the year and was the third true freshman in NCAA history to get selected as a first-team All-American by The Associated Press (the others were Georgia's Herschel Walker in 1980 and Oklahoma's Adrian Peterson in 2004). Watkins caught 82 passes for 1,219 yards and 12 touchdowns. He also rushed for 231 yards on 32 carries.
16. Notre Dame DE Ishaq Williams
Buzz: Williams made six tackles as a reserve outside linebacker this season.
17. LSU DT Anthony Johnson
Buzz: Johnson didn't make any starts as a true freshman, but he played in each of LSU's 14 games and recorded 12 tackles - three for loss - and one sack. He recorded two tackles for loss and a sack in an early-season victory over Mississippi State.
18. LSU WR Jarvis Landry
Buzz: Landry made four catches for 43 yards in a backup role. Three of his catches came in the first three games of the season.
19. Alabama RB Demetrius Hart
Buzz: Hart sat out the season to recover from surgery after injuring his right knee in a summer workout.
20. Auburn LB Kris Frost
Buzz: Frost missed the season after undergoing shoulder surgery in July. He tore his labrum during a summer weightlifting session.
21. Ole Miss LB C.J. Johnson
Buzz: Johnson compiled 32 tackles - four for loss - and one sack this season. He started the last three games at defensive end.
22. Notre Dame DE Stephon Tuitt
Buzz: Tuitt delivered 30 tackles - three for loss - and two sacks as a true freshman despite sitting out four games. He recorded one sack and three quarterback pressures in a Champs Sports Bowl loss to Florida State.
23. Georgia RB Isaiah Crowell
Buzz: Crowell rushed for 850 yards and five touchdowns to lead Georgia in both categories this season. He averaged 4.6 yards per carry and earned first-team Freshman All-America honors from Yahoo! Sports/Rivals.com despite missing two games and tailing off late in the season. He exceeded 100 yards against South Carolina (118), Ole Miss (147), Mississippi State (104) and Auburn (132). But he gained just 29 yards on 15 carries in Georgia's last four games.
24. Clemson LB Stephone Anthony
Buzz: Anthony's best performance of the season came when he recorded two tackles for loss, forced a fumble and delivered a sack in Clemson's ACC championship game victory over Virginia Tech. He made three starts.
25. Clemson RB Mike Bellamy
Buzz: Bellamy rushed for 343 yards and three touchdowns on 57 carries. Bellamy ran for 81 yards and a touchdown on just three carries in a season-opening victory over Troy, but he couldn't match that total the rest of the season. He was suspended from the Orange Bowl loss to West Virginia for a violation of team rules.
26. Oregon ATH Colt Lyerla
Buzz: Lyerla caught seven passes for 147 yards and five touchdowns as a backup tight end. He scored twice against Missouri State and added one touchdown each against Nevada, Oregon State and UCLA.
Recruiting class of 2010 five-star tracker
1. Florida DE Ronald Powell
Buzz: Powell recorded a team-high six sacks to go along with 32 overall stops and nine tackles for loss this season in a hybrid end/outside linebacker position. He had made 16 tackles as a backup as a true freshman.
2. Miami OT Seantrel Henderson
Buzz: After starting at right tackle as a true freshman and earning second-team Freshman All-America honors from Rivals.com, Henderson battled injuries for much of his sophomore season. He had back surgery in August, played just eight games and made only two starts.
3. USC WR Kyle Prater
Buzz: Prater made just one catch for 6 yards in his two seasons at USC. Prater redshirted in 2010 and caught his lone pass this season against Stanford. Prater announced this week that he plans to transfer. Prater reportedly is considering Illinois, Northwestern and Wisconsin.
4. Florida DT Sharrif Floyd
Buzz: Floyd started 11 games at defensive end this season and made 46 tackles, with 6.5 tackles for loss and 1.5 sacks. He made 23 tackles - eight for loss - and two starts as a true freshman in 2010.
5. California DB Keenan Allen
Buzz: Although he was listed as a defensive back during the recruiting process, Allen has emerged as a star receiver for Cal. He caught 98 passes for 1,343 yards and six touchdowns this season to earn first-team All-Pac-12 honors. He had more than 100 receiving yards in five of Cal's first six games this season.
6. USC WR Robert Woods
Buzz: Woods has caught 176 passes for 2,084 yards and 21 touchdowns through his first two seasons at USC. He set a Pac-12 single-season record this season with 111 receptions. He also had 1,292 receiving yards and 15 touchdown catches as a sophomore and was named one of three finalists for the Biletnikoff Award given annually to the nation's top receiver.
7. Florida DT Dominique Easley
Buzz: Easley made 37 tackles, with 7.5 tackles for loss and 1.5 sacks, as a fulltime starter in 2011 after playing six games and making just four tackles in 2010. Easley tore the ACL in his left knee during the regular-season finale against Florida State and is expected to miss spring practice.
8. UCLA DE Owamagbe Odighizuwa
Buzz: After making six starts and 10 tackles - four for loss - as a true freshman, Odighizuwa started one game and made 21 tackles this season. His 21-tackle total included three stops behind the line of scrimmage.
9. Tennessee WR Da'Rick Rogers
Buzz: Rogers delivered a breakthrough performance in 2011, with 67 catches for 1,040 yards and nine touchdowns. Rogers was a first-team All-SEC selection by The Associated Press and a second-team pick by the league's coaches. He caught 11 passes for 167 yards and two touchdowns in 2010.
10. South Carolina RB Marcus Lattimore
Buzz: Lattimore rushed for 1,197 yards and 17 touchdowns in 2010 to carry South Carolina to an SEC East title as a true freshman. He ran for 818 yards and 10 touchdowns through the first seven games of the 2011 season before an injury to his left knee knocked him out for the rest of the season.
11. Auburn RB Michael Dyer
Buzz: After rushing for more than 1,000 yards in each of his first two seasons at Auburn, Dyer has announced he will transfer. He reportedly is headed to Arkansas State. Dyer ran for 1,093 yards and five touchdowns in 2010. He rushed for 1,242 yards and 10 touchdowns this season, when he was a first-team All-SEC pick by the league's coaches and The Associated Press. He was suspended from the Chick-fil-A Bowl for a violation of team rules.
12. Texas DE Jackson Jeffcoat
Buzz: Jeffcoat emerged as a disruptive force as a sophomore and earned second-team All-Big 12 honors. Jeffcoat had 7.5 sacks, with all of them coming in the last seven games of the season. He had two sacks in a Holiday Bowl victory over California.
13. North Carolina State OT Robert Crisp
Buzz: Crisp has made three starts through his first two seasons. He started two games at right tackle this season, including the Belk Bowl victory over Louisville. Although he was in a backup role for most of the season, he earned ample playing time and was on the field for 298 snaps during the regular season.
14. Florida State DB Lamarcus Joyner
Buzz: After spending his freshman year as a reserve cornerback, Joyner moved to the starting lineup at safety this season and earned second-team All-ACC honors. Joyner had 54 tackles and four interceptions this season. His 77-yard kickoff return helped spark FSU's come-from-behind victory over Notre Dame in the Champs Sports Bowl.
15. Miami ATH Latwan Anderson
Buzz: Anderson arrived at Miami intending to compete for the Hurricanes in football and track. But he left the football team in October 2010 because he was upset about his lack of playing time. Miami officials announced in January 2011 that Anderson had withdrawn from school the previous month.
16. Texas LB Jordan Hicks
Buzz: Hicks made 51 tackles this season after recording 23 tackles in a reserve role as a true freshman. He had 3.5 tackles for loss in the final two games of the 2011 season, including 2.5 tackles for loss and 1.5 sacks in the Holiday Bowl.
17. USC RB Dillon Baxter
Buzz: Baxter garnered plenty of attention in 2010 with a spectacular run in spring practice that made him a YouTube sensation, but he couldn't create similar highlights during the regular season. After running for 252 yards on 59 attempts in 2010, Baxter had just nine carries for 29 yards this season. He left the team in midseason and is in the process of transferring.
18. California DE Chris Martin
Buzz: Martin, an Oakland native, announced in July 2010 that he was transferring from California because he was encountering too many distractions in the Bay Area. He landed at Florida, but left the Gators in the summer of 2011 for Navarro College, a junior college in Corsicana, Texas. He then left Navarro and his whereabouts are unknown.
19. LSU ATH Spencer Ware
Buzz: After running for 175 yards and a touchdown on 24 attempts as a freshman, Ware gained 707 yards on 177 carries this season. Ware's sophomore season included a 109-yard, two-touchdown performance against Florida. He also rushed for 107 yards against Mississippi State.
20. Florida State LB Christian Jones
Buzz: Jones ranked third on his team this season with 56 total tackles, including six behind the line of scrimmage. He had two tackles for loss in a 21-7 victory over Florida. Jones made 18 tackles in a reserve role as a true freshman.
21. Michigan State DE William Gholston
Buzz: Gholston made 70 tackles - 16 for loss - and five sacks for the Spartans this season after making just 13 total stops as a freshman. He was a second-team All-Big Ten pick by the league's media and coaches. Gholston had five tackles for loss, two sacks and a fumble recovery in an Outback Bowl victory over Georgia.
22. Auburn OT Shon Coleman
Buzz: Coleman was diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the spring of 2010 and didn't enroll in school until January 2011. He didn't play in 2011. His status for the 2012 season remains uncertain.
23. Alabama CB DeMarcus Milliner
Buzz: Milliner made 11 starts as a true freshman and recorded 55 tackles, seven pass breakups and one interception. He made six starts this season and had 27 tackles, three interceptions and nine pass breakups. He scored on a 35-yard interception return against Auburn.
24. USC WR Markeith Ambles
Buzz: Ambles made just one catch during a USC career that was beset by off-field issues. He was suspended indefinitely midway through the 2010 season. After returning to the team, Ambles was declared academically ineligible for the 2011 season. He withdrew from school last summer.
25. Florida S Matt Elam
Buzz: Elam led the Gators in tackles for loss (11) and pass breakups (seven) this season as a starting safety. He also ranked second on the team with 78 overall tackles. He made 22 tackles as a freshman while working primarily in a nickelback role.
26. Oregon RB Lache Seastrunk
Buzz: After redshirting in 2010, Seastrunk announced last summer that he was transferring to Baylor. Seastrunk sat out the 2011 season and will make his debut for the Bears next fall.
Recruiting class of 2009 five-star tracker
1. Tennessee RB Bryce Brown
Buzz: Brown rushed for 104 yards on just 11 carries against Western Kentucky in his college debut in September 2009, but things have gone downhill since. After rushing for 460 yards as a freshman, Brown - a native of Wichita, Kan. - transferred to Kansas State. He ran for 16 yards on just three carries at Kansas State this season before leaving the team in late September. There have been reports that he will apply for the NFL draft; there also are rumors that he will play FCS football in the fall.
2. LSU WR Rueben Randle
Buzz: Randle caught 11 passes for 173 yards and two touchdowns as a freshman, then had 33 receptions for 544 yards and three touchdowns in 2010. But his big breakthrough came this season, as he tallied 53 receptions for 917 yards and eight touchdowns. He earned first-team All-SEC honors from the league's coaches and was a second-team all-league pick by The Associated Press.
3. Alabama OT D.J. Fluker
Buzz: After making nine starts at right tackle as a true freshman, Fluker started each of Alabama's 13 games during its run to the national championship this season.
4. Missouri DT Sheldon Richardson
Buzz: Richardson finally began his college career at Missouri this season after spending two years at the College of the Sequoias (Calif.). He recorded 37 tackles - eight for loss - and two sacks for the Tigers.
5. USC QB Matt Barkley
Buzz: Barkley finished sixth in the 2011 Heisman balloting and set a Pac-12 single-season record with 39 touchdown passes. He also set a school single-season record by completing 69.1 percent of his passes. Barkley will head into his senior season as a Heisman front-runner.
6. Alabama RB Trent Richardson
Buzz: Richardson spent his first two seasons at Alabama as arguably the nation's best backup tailback. This year, he became arguably the nation's best tailback, period. He won the Doak Walker Award as the nation's top running back and finished third in the Heisman balloting. Richardson rushed for 1,679 yards and 21 touchdowns on 283 carries, then announced Thursday that he was turning pro.
7. LSU QB Russell Shepard
Buzz: The versatile Shepard has struggled to carve out a niche throughout his college career. He rushed for 277 yards as a freshman. In his sophomore season, he had 226 rushing yards and 254 receiving yards as a wide receiver. Shepard caught 14 passes for 190 yards and four touchdowns this season, and he also ran for 52 yards on seven carries. Shepard had said be would bypass his senior year to enter the NFL draft, but Friday he announced he had changed his mind.
8. USC DE Devon Kennard
Buzz: Kennard has alternated between linebacker and end during his career. He had 72 tackles as a middle linebacker in 2010. Kennard moved to defensive end this season and delivered 29 tackles - four for loss - and two sacks.
9. Arizona State LB Vontaze Burfict
Buzz: Burfict, a three-year starter, ranked second on his team in tackles (69) in 2009 and led the team in that category (90) in 2010. He made 69 tackles and five sacks as a junior this season. Burfict will forgo his senior season to enter the NFL draft.
10. Florida LB Jelani Jenkins
Buzz: After redshirting in 2009, Jenkins moved into the starting lineup in 2010 and ranked second on his team with 76 tackles. He had 75 tackles - six for loss - and broke up six passes as a starter this season.
11. Alabama CB Dre Kirkpatrick
Buzz: Kirkpatrick broke up nine passes this season and earned second-team All-America honors from The Associated Press. He also was a second-team All-SEC selection by the league's coaches and the AP. As a sophomore in 2010, Kirkpatrick collected 53 tackles and three interceptions as a sophomore. He announced Thursday he is turning pro.
12. Notre Dame LB Manti Te'o
Buzz: Te'o was a finalist for the Butkus Award this season. He recorded 115 tackles - 13 for loss - and earned second-team All-America honors from The Associated Press. Te'o has 311 career tackles to rank eighth on Notre Dame's career list.
13. Miami S Ray Ray Armstrong
Buzz: Armstrong earned second-team All-ACC honors and made 79 tackles in 2010, but he had a relatively disappointing junior season. Armstrong began the season on a four-game suspension and finished with only 34 tackles.
14. Texas DE Alex Okafor
Buzz: Okafor recorded 50 tackles - 12.5 for loss - and seven sacks this season to earn first-team All-Big 12 honors. Six of his sacks came during a five-game stretch midway through the season. He had two sacks against Texas Tech and forced two fumbles against Kansas.
15. Florida State DT Jacobbi McDaniel
Buzz: A dislocated ankle sidelined McDaniel for the last seven games of the 2011 season. McDaniel had 25 tackles - four for loss - as a true freshman in 2009. He followed that up with 31 overall stops and 5.5 tackles behind the line of scrimmage as a sophomore.
16. North Carolina DE Donte Moss
Buzz: Paige-Moss had 29 tackles and two sacks this season. He also forced fumbles in back-to-back games against North Carolina State and Virginia Tech. Paige-Moss had 49 tackles - 13 for loss - and seven sacks in 2010. Paige-Moss plans to forgo his senior season to enter the NFL draft.
17. Tennessee S Janzen Jackson
Buzz: Jackson had 69 tackles and five interceptions to earn second-team All-SEC honors from the league's coaches in 2010, but he left the team last summer and transferred to FCS program McNeese State. He had 29 tackles and two interceptions in nine games for McNeese State this season.
18. Texas QB Garrett Gilbert
Buzz: After throwing for 2,744 yards with 17 interceptions and 10 touchdown passes in 2010, Gilbert went 15-of-31 for 247 yards with one touchdown and two interceptions this season before losing his starting job in September. He has since left Texas and is transferring to SMU.
19. USC ATH Patrick Hall
Buzz: Hall has struggled to make an impact thus far in an injury-riddled career. Hall missed the 2011 season after tearing knee ligaments in spring practice.
20. LSU S Craig Loston
Buzz: Loston made a couple of starts as a redshirt freshman in 2010 and worked in a reserve role this season. He recorded 14 tackles, with seven of them coming in a victory over Auburn.
21. Florida WR Andre Debose
Buzz: Debose caught 16 passes for 432 yards - a whopping 27.0 yards per reception - and four touchdowns this season. He also averaged 26.1 yards per kickoff return, including a 99-yard touchdown in the Gator Bowl win over Ohio State. Debose scored on two kickoff returns in 2010.
22. Texas A&M RB Christine Michael
Buzz: Michael rushed for 899 yards and eight touchdowns this season despite missing the last four games with a torn ACL in his left knee. One year earlier, he rushed for 631 yards and four touchdowns before missing the final five games of the season with a broken right leg. He rushed for 844 yards and 10 touchdowns in a full season as a true freshman.
23. Florida DT Gary Brown
Buzz: Brown was kicked off Florida's team after being arrested and charged with two counts of misdemeanor battery in February 2010. He had 69 tackles - nine for loss - and 3.5 sacks for East Mississippi Community College in 2010. He didn't play football in 2011.
24. Arkansas CB Darius Winston
Buzz: Winston made six starts in 2010 and had 23 tackles, two fumble recoveries and an interception. He had 18 tackles and made six starts this season.
25. LSU DT Chris Davenport
Buzz: Davenport redshirted in 2009 and played two games at defensive tackle in 2010 before moving over to the other side of the ball last spring. He got more playing time this season as a reserve offensive tackle.
26. Michigan DT William Campbell
Buzz: After moving to the offensive line midway through the 2010 season, Campbell went back to defense this season. He recorded 14 tackles - 2.5 for loss - and two sacks as a reserve tackle.
27. Florida State CB Greg Reid
Buzz: Reid was the nation's leading punt returner as a true freshman and has continued making an impact. He had 65 tackles, three interceptions and 14 pass breakups in 2010. Reid had 32 tackles, two interceptions and eight pass breakups this season.
28. Georgia CB Branden Smith
Buzz: Smith made seven starts this season and had 24 tackles and two interceptions. He started nine games as a sophomore and had 17 tackles, four pass breakups and two interceptions.
29. Texas OL Mason Walters
Buzz: After a stress fracture in his left foot forced him to take a redshirt in 2009, Walters made 11 starts at right tackle in 2010 and earned second-team Freshman All-America honors from Rivals.com. He remained a starter this season but moved to right guard.
30. USC S T.J. McDonald
Buzz: McDonald collected 67 tackles and three interceptions to earn first-team All-Pac-12 honors this season. He was a second-team all-conference selection in 2010 with a team-high 89 tackles to go along with three interceptions.
31. Ohio State CB Corey Brown
Buzz: Brown made just four tackles in a backup role this season. A season-ending injury to his left knee in October 2010 has slowed his progress.
32. Alabama LB Nico Johnson
Buzz: Johnson made six starts at middle linebacker in 2010 before moving to outside linebacker this season. He had 33 tackles and an interception in 2010. Johnson ranked fourth on the team this season with 47 tackles, including 6.5 stops behind the line of scrimmage. He recorded three tackles for loss over Alabama's final two games.
33. Ohio State LB Dorian Bell
Buzz: Brown was suspended for the 2011 season for a violation of team rules. Bell then transferred to Duquesne, where he made 37 tackles in seven games this season. Bell made nine tackles as an Ohio State reserve in 2010 and missed three games to recover from a concussion.
Recruiting class of 2008 five-star tracker
1. Ohio State QB Terrelle Pryor
Buzz: He's the ultimate good news-bad news recruit on this list. Pryor led Ohio State to back-to-back BCS victories - a Rose Bowl triumph over Oregon and a Sugar Bowl victory over Arkansas - before getting involved in the NCAA investigation that resulted in the departure of Buckeyes coach Jim Tressel. Pryor threw for 6,177 yards and rushed for 2,164 yards in his three-year career. The Oakland Raiders selected him in the third round of last summer's supplemental draft.
2. Clemson DE DaQuan Bowers
Buzz: Bowers led the nation in sacks (15.5) and was second in the nation in tackles for loss (26) in 2010. He won the Nagurski Trophy given annually to the nation's top defensive player and the Ted Hendricks Award that goes to the nation's best defensive end. Bowers left school after his junior season and went to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the second round of the 2011 NFL draft.
3. Ohio State OT Mike Adams
Buzz: Adams earned first-team All-Big Ten honors as the Buckeyes' starting left tackle in 2011. He was suspended for the first five games of the 2011 season for his role in the scandal that ended up costing former Ohio State coach Jim Tressel his job.
4. Alabama WR Julio Jones
Buzz: Jones caught 179 passes for 2,653 yards and 15 touchdowns in his three-year career. He had 78 receptions for 1,133 yards and seven touchdowns in 2010 to earn second-team All-America honors from The Associated Press. Jones turned pro after his junior season and went to the Atlanta Falcons with the sixth overall pick in the 2011 draft.
5. LSU CB Patrick Peterson (formerly Patrick Johnson)
Buzz: Peterson won the 2010 Bednarik Award given to the nation's top defensive player and the Jim Thorpe Award that goes to the nation's most outstanding defensive back. Peterson picked off four passes and scored on two punt returns that season. He turned pro after his junior season and went to the Arizona Cardinals with the fifth overall pick in the 2011 draft.
6. Colorado RB Darrell Scott
Buzz: Scott rushed for a total of 438 yards in two seasons at Colorado before transferring to USF. He rushed for a team-high 814 yards and five touchdowns on 153 carries this season in his lone year with the Bulls. Scott has chosen to bypass his final year of eligibility to turn pro.
7. Miami DT Marcus Forston
Buzz: Forston earned freshman All-America honors from Rivals.com in 2008. After a shoulder injury limited him to three games in 2009, Forston had 12 tackles for loss in 2010. He played just three games this season before a knee injury knocked him out for the rest of the year. Although he had one year of eligibility remaining, Forston has chosen to enter the 2012 draft.
8. Nebraska OL Baker Steinkuhler
Buzz: Steinkuhler redshirted his first season on campus and eventually moved to defensive tackle. He made 46 tackles and 3.5 sacks in 2010. Steinkuhler followed that up by compiling 40 tackles and two sacks this season.
9. Georgia WR A.J. Green
Buzz: Green caught 166 passes for 2,619 yards and 23 touchdowns in his three-year college career. Although he was suspended for the first four games of the 2011 season, he still managed to catch 57 passes for 848 yards and nine touchdowns that year. Green turned pro after his junior season and went to the Cincinnati Bengals with the fourth overall pick in the 2011 draft.
10. Florida ATH Will Hill
Buzz: Hill made a combined 15 starts at safety for the Gators in the 2009 and '10 seasons. He recorded 144 tackles and four interceptions during his college career. Hill turned pro after the 2010 season, but he wasn't drafted.
11. USC OT Matt Kalil
Buzz: Kalil moved into USC's starting lineup in 2010 and blossomed into one of the nation's best offensive linemen this season. Kalil earned first-team All-America honors from The Associated Press and Yahoo! Sports/Rivals.com among others. He anchored a line that allowed only eight sacks all season. Kalil will bypass his final year of eligibility to enter the 2012 draft, and he's projected to be the first offensive lineman selected.
12. Ohio State C Michael Brewster
Buzz: Brewster earned Freshman All-America honors from Rivals.com in 2008 and was a finalist for the 2010 Rimington Trophy, given annually to the nation's best center. Brewster also earned first-team all-Big Ten honors in 2010. He was a second-team All-Big Ten pick by the league's coaches this season.
13. Oklahoma DE R.J. Washington
Buzz: Washington collected five sacks and broke up five passes in a backup role as a redshirt junior this season. He closed the season by delivering two sacks in an Insight Bowl victory over Iowa.
14. Missouri QB Blaine Gabbert
Buzz: Gabbert threw for 6,822 career yards with 40 touchdown passes and 18 interceptions in his college career. The two-year starter had three 400-yard passing games at Missouri. He left school after his junior season and went to the Jacksonville Jaguars with the 10th overall pick in the 2011 draft.
15. USC OT Tyron Smith
Buzz: Smith won the 2010 Morris Trophy as the Pac-10's top offensive linemen; the winner is decided by a vote of the conference's defensive linemen. Smith left school after his junior season and was taken by the Dallas Cowboys as the ninth overall pick - and first offensive lineman - in the 2011 draft.
16. Florida State LB Nigel Bradham
Buzz: Bradham led the Seminoles in tackles in each of the past three seasons. He made 93 tackles in 2009, 98 in '10 and 86 as a senior in '11. Bradham also picked off two passes and recovered a fumble this season.
17. Florida DT Omar Hunter
Buzz: After starting a combined 17 games in the 2009 and '10 seasons, Hunter made his lone start of the '11 campaign in the Gator Bowl. He made 31 tackles - 2.5 for loss - this season. Since he redshirted in 2008, Hunter has one year of eligibility remaining.
18. Florida OT Matt Patchan
Buzz: Patchan began his career on an injury-depleted defensive line before moving back to offense. A knee injury limited him to four games in 2009, and a wrist injury knocked him out for the 2010 season. Patchan made two starts at left tackle and five at right tackle this season, though a back injury prevented him from playing in the Gator Bowl.
19. Oklahoma RB Jermie Calhoun
Buzz: After rushing for 220 yards on 45 carries as a redshirt freshman in 2009, Calhoun ran just 11 times for 22 yards in four games in 2010 before a torn ACL knocked him out for the rest of the season. Calhoun announced in mid-September that he was transferring. He reportedly will play next season for Division II program Angelo State in Texas.
20. Notre Dame TE Kyle Rudolph
Buzz: Rudolph missed a combined nine games in the 2009 and '10 seasons because of shoulder and hamstring injuries, but he still caught a total of 61 passes for 692 yards and six touchdowns during that two-year stretch. He turned pro after his junior season and went to the Minnesota Vikings in the second round of the 2011 draft.
21. Ohio State WR Devier Posey
Buzz: Posey finished his college career with 136 catches for 1,955 yards and 18 touchdowns. He caught 60 passes for 828 yards and eight touchdowns in 2009. He followed that up with 53 catches for 848 yards and seven touchdowns in 2010. Posey played only three games in 2011 because of his role in the scandal that rocked Ohio State's program, and he caught 12 passes for 162 yards and two touchdowns.
22. Southern Miss WR DeAndre Brown
Buzz: Brown caught a combined 114 passes for 1,902 yards and 21 touchdowns his first two seasons at Southern Miss before injuries limited his production. He broke his left leg in the New Orleans Bowl as a sophomore and later injured his right leg as well. He caught 20 passes for 305 yards and three touchdowns as a junior in 2010. Brown left school after his junior season, but he wasn't drafted.
23. Miami LB Arthur Brown
Buzz: Brown made a total of 17 tackles in two seasons at Miami before transferring to Kansas State. He had much more success at his new school. Brown recorded a team-high 101 tackles and made 9.5 stops behind the line of scrimmage this season to earn first-team All-Big 12 honors. He also was named the Big 12 defensive newcomer of the year.
24. Georgia ATH Richard Samuel
Buzz: Samuel's career thus far has been marked by injuries and position switches. He started his career at running back, moved to linebacker, then went back to running back. He rushed for 240 yards and one touchdown on 82 carries this season. Samuel still has one year of eligibility remaining.
25. Notre Dame QB Dayne Crist
Buzz: Crist made eight starts in 2010 and threw for 2,033 yards, 15 touchdowns and seven interceptions in 2010 before a ruptured patellar tendon knocked him out for the rest of the season. He headed into the 2011 season as Notre Dame's starting quarterback, but he was benched at halftime of a season-opening loss to USF and never regained the job. As a graduate transfer, Crist will play next season at Kansas in a move that will reunite him with former Irish coach Charlie Weis.
26. Pittsburgh WR Jonathan Baldwin
Buzz: Baldwin caught 57 passes for 1,111 yards and eight touchdowns as a sophomore and had 53 receptions for 822 yards and five touchdowns as a junior in 2010. He turned pro after the '10 season and went to the Kansas City Chiefs with the 26th overall pick in the 2011 draft.
27. Notre Dame WR Michael Floyd
Buzz: Floyd set virtually every major Notre Dame receiving record during his four-year career. He is Notre Dame's career leader in catches (271), receiving yards (3,686), touchdown catches (37), receiving yards per game (86.6) and 100-yard receiving games (17).
28. Alabama ATH Burton Scott
Buzz: Scott moved from wide receiver to defensive back while at Alabama, but he could never move up the Crimson Tide's depth chart before transferring to FCS program South Alabama. He made 48 tackles and broke up four passes for South Alabama this season.
29. Oklahoma G Stephen Good
Buzz: Good made seven starts in 2009 and two starts in 2010. He closed his career this season by making two more starts as a senior.
30. Alabama OT Tyler Love
Buzz: After earning a medical redshirt in 2008, Love has spent the past three seasons as a reserve offensive tackle. He still has one year of eligibility remaining.
Recruiting class of 2007 five-star tracker
1. Notre Dame QB Jimmy Clausen
Buzz: Clausen turned pro a year early, after the 2009 season. He finished his career with 8,148 yards, 60 TDs and 27 interceptions, and started all but three games of his career. He was a second-round pick in the 2010 draft.
2. USC RB Joe McKnight
Buzz: While he didn't quite live up to the Reggie Bush comparisons that accompanied his arrival at USC, McKnight still enjoyed a productive three-year career before choosing to enter the 2010 NFL draft. McKnight rushed for 540 yards and three touchdowns on 94 carries as a freshman and gained 659 yards and two touchdowns on 89 carries in 2008. He rushed for 1,014 yards and eight touchdowns on 164 carries in '09. McKnight also caught at least 20 passes in each of his three seasons. He was a fourth-round pick in the 2010 draft.
3. Tennessee SS Eric Berry
Buzz: Berry capped an outstanding three-year career at Tennessee by winning the 2009 Jim Thorpe Award as the nation's top defensive back. Berry picked off 14 passes at Tennessee and ranks second in NCAA history with 494 interception return yards. His most productive season came in 2008, when he picked off seven passes and scored on two interception returns. He was a first-round pick in the 2010 draft.
4. Michigan QB Ryan Mallett
Buzz: Mallett played one season at Michigan before transferring to Arkansas. He threw for 3,869 yards and 32 touchdowns, with 12 picks, this past season, then decided to turn pro. He made three starts as a freshman at Michigan and went 61-of-141 for 892 yards, with seven touchdowns and five interceptions. He went 225-of-403 for 3,624 yards with 30 touchdowns and seven interceptions at Arkansas in 2009, and finished his career with 8,385 yards and 69 TDs. He was a third-round pick, by New England, in the 2011 draft.
5. Florida DE Carlos Dunlap
Buzz: After playing extensively as a reserve in his first two seasons at Florida, Dunlap became a starter as a junior and finished with 39 tackles, nine sacks and six pass breakups. He announced that he was turning pro after the 2009 season and finished his career with 84 tackles, 19.5 sacks, 26 tackles for loss, 11 quarterback hurries, four blocked kicks, and eight pass breakups. He was a second-round pick in the 2010 draft.
6. USC DE Everson Griffen
Buzz: Griffen was an important reserve in his first two seasons with the Trojans before becoming a starter as a junior in 2009. He had 45 tackles and eight sacks, then decided to bypass his senior season and turn pro. He finished his career with 18 sacks and 84 tackles. He was a fourth-round pick in the 2010 draft.
7. North Carolina DT Marvin Austin
Buzz: Austin was ruled ineligible in 2010 by the NCAA for receiving illegal benefits, and he turned pro. After starting three times as a true freshman, Austin was a full-time starter for the Tar Heels as a sophomore and junior. He had 106 tackles, 13.5 tackles for loss, nine sacks, 13 quarterback hurries, four pass breakups, an interception, a forced fumble and a blocked kick in his career. He was a second-round pick of the New York Giants in the 2011 draft.
8. USC WR Ronald Johnson
Buzz: Johnson finished up his Trojans career in 2010 with 64 receptions for 692 yards and eight touchdowns. He finished his career with 138 receptions for 1,750 yards and 20 TDs. San Francisco took him in the sixth round of the 2011 draft.
9. Florida DT Torrey Davis
Buzz: Davis was a backup for FCS member Jacksonville State in 2009, finishing with 16 tackles, three sacks and a fumble recovery, before deciding to turn pro. He wasn't drafted. He played in 19 games in two seasons at Florida, making 14 tackles as a reserve, before leaving the program in spring 2009.
10. Wisconsin OT Josh Oglesby
Buzz: After an injury-plagued career, Oglesby blossomed as a fifth-year senior in 2011, starting 13 games and earning All-Big Ten honors. Oglesby redshirted as a true freshman, started three times at left tackle in 2008, started 10 times at right tackle in 2009 and was limited to five games in '10 by a knee injury.
11. USC LB Chris Galippo
Buzz: Galippo started eight times as a fifth-year senior in 2011, finishing with 47 tackles, including 3.5 tackles for loss and 1.5 sacks. He redshirted as a true freshman because of a back injury, then made 12 tackles as a backup in 2008. He was a starter in 2009 and a part-time starter in 2010.
12. Florida G James Wilson
Buzz: Wilson had an injury-plagued career with the Gators and started just once - in the Gator Bowl against Ohio State in the final game of his career. He redshirted in 2007, played in all 14 games as a backup guard in 2009, played in 10 games as a backup guard in '08 and played in just two games in '09.
13. LSU WR Terrance Toliver
Buzz: Toliver led the Tigers with 41 receptions in 2010, good for 579 yards and five TDs. He started twice as a true freshman and twice as a sophomore before blossoming into a full-time starter as a junior in 2009. His junior season was his best, as he had 53 catches for 735 yards and three touchdowns. For his career, he had 126 catches - including 12 TD receptions - for 1,820 yards. He was not drafted.
14. LSU FS Chad Jones
Buzz: Jones, who doubled as a hard-throwing reliever for LSU's baseball team, was a two-year starter for the Tigers after serving as a reserve as a true freshman. He announced he was turning pro a year early after a solid junior season in 2009 in which he had 73 tackles, three interceptions, five pass breakups, a forced fumble and a blocked kick. He finished his career with 187 tackles, 7.5 tackles for loss, five interceptions, 15 pass breakups, four forced fumbles and one punt-return touchdown. He was severely injured in a car wreck in June 2010; he had been a third-round pick of the New York Giants in the 2010 draft.
15. West Virginia RB Noel Devine
Buzz: Devine had a disappointing senior season in 2010, rushing for 936 yards and six TDs. He ran for 1,465 yards and 13 TDs as a junior and for 1,289 as a sophomore. He finished his career with 4,317 yards and 29 TDs. He was not drafted.
16. Texas OL Tray Allen
Buzz: Allen made six starts in his career, with all six coming this season at left tackle. He missed the 2010 season with a broken bone in his left foot after an impressive spring practice. He was a reserve guard in 2009 after playing tackle in his first two seasons.
17. USC RB Marc Tyler
Buzz: Tyler led the Trojans in rushing with 913 yards and also had nine rushing TDs in 2010, but he was a backup this season, finishing with 568 yards and four TDs. He played in just one game in '09 because of an injured toe that required surgery. He redshirted as a true freshman, then ran for 198 yards and a touchdown on 36 carries as a redshirt freshman in 2008.
18. Tennessee LB Chris Donald
Buzz: Donald redshirted as a true freshman, then played in nine games in two seasons without registering a tackle before deciding to transfer to FCS member Chattanooga after the 2009 season. He moved to defensive end for the Mocs and had 48 tackles, 7.5 sacks, 13.5 tackles for loss and four forced fumbles. He gave up football earlier in 2010 because of wrist problems.
19. South Carolina FS Chris Culliver
Buzz: Culliver was lost for the season with an injury in the eighth game in 2010. He was a two-year starter at free safety for the Gamecocks before moving to cornerback as a senior. He played sparingly as a wide receiver as a true freshman but made his mark as a kick returner that season, earning SEC all-freshman honors in that role. He finished his career with 156 tackles, three picks, 14 pass breakups and three forced fumbles. He was drafted in the third round by San Francisco in 2011.
20. Tennessee DE Ben Martin
Buzz: Martin missed the 2010 season because of an Achilles injury, then tore it again in the spring of 2011. But his rehab went extremely well and he started eight games and played in all 12 for the Vols this season. He finished the season with 18 tackles. After playing sparingly as a reserve in his first two seasons, Martin emerged as a key lineman for the Vols in 2009. He had 38 tackles, 3.5 sacks and two forced fumbles.
21. Texas CB Curtis Brown
Buzz: Brown had a mildly disappointing senior season in 2010, finishing with just 23 tackles, one interception and four pass breakups. He was a part-time starter as a sophomore in 2008 before emerging as a key component of a solid Texas secondary in 2009. He finished the '09 season with 47 tackles, one interception - which he returned for a touchdown against Oklahoma State - seven pass breakups and a blocked kick. He finished his career with 108 tackles, two picks and 17 pass breakups. He was a third-round pick, by Pittsburgh, in the 2011 draft.
22. North Carolina WR Dwight Jones
Buzz: Jones was one of the best receivers in the ACC as a junior in 2010 and a senior in 2011. He had 79 receptions for 1,119 yards and 11 TDs this season to earn All-ACC honors. As a junior in 2010, he led the Tar Heels with 62 receptions for 946 yards and four TDs. He made five catches in his first two seasons with the Heels. Jones didn't qualify academically out of high school and went to Chatham (Va.) Hargrave Military Academy for a year.
23. Colorado OL Ryan Miller
Buzz: Miller started 44 games for the Buffs in his career, including all 13 at guard this season as a fifth-year senior. He missed just one offensive snap for the Buffs this season. He started all 12 games for the Buffs in 2010 at guard. In 2009, he started all 12 games as well - seven at guard and five at right tackle. He started seven games at right tackle as a true freshman in '07, then missed the 2008 season with a broken leg.
24. Illinois WR Arrelious Benn
Buzz: He turned pro after his junior season in 2009 and was a second-round pick in the 2010 NFL draft. He was the freshman of the year in the Big Ten and a freshman All-America selection in 2007, and that may have been the best season of his Illini career. The '09 season definitely was his worst; he finished with 38 catches for 490 yards and just two touchdowns. For his career, Benn had 159 catches for 2,221 yards and seven touchdowns.
25. Michigan CB Donovan Warren
Buzz: Warren was a three-year starter for the Wolverines who turned pro after his junior season in 2009; he went undrafted. Warren was a freshman All-America in 2007 and a first-team All-Big Ten selection in '09, when he had four interceptions, seven pass breakups and 66 tackles. He finished his career with six picks, 22 pass breakups, 170 tackles, five tackles for loss, one sack and three fumble recoveries.
26. Illinois DE Martez Wilson
Buzz: Wilson was moved to outside linebacker upon his arrival at Illinois, then moved to middle linebacker after the 2008 season. He had a solid season in 2010, leading the Illini with 112 tackles. He added 11.5 tackles for loss, four sacks, an interception, four pass breakups and three forced fumbles. Wilson decided to turn pro after the season and was taken in the third round by New Orleans in the 2011 draft.
27. Virginia Tech QB Tyrod Taylor
Buzz: Taylor threw for 2,743 yards, with 24 TDs and five interceptions as a senior in 2010. He added another 659 yards and five TDs on the ground. He finished his career with 7,017 passing yards and 40 TDs; he also rushed for 2,196 yards and 23 scores. Baltimore drafted him in the sixth round in the 2011 draft.
28. Florida QB Cameron Newton
Buzz: He won the Heisman and led Auburn to the national title in 2010 after transferring in from Blinn College in Brenham, Texas. He decided to turn pro after the season and was the No. 1 overall pick in the draft, by Carolina. He played in five games as Florida's backup quarterback in 2007, then redshirted in 2008. He transferred to Blinn in January 2009 and led Blinn to the national junior college title that fall.
29. USC C Kristofer O'Dowd
Buzz: O'Dowd started every game at center as a Trojans senior in 2010. He was a part-time starter as a true freshman, then was a full-time starter as a sophomore in 2008, earning all-conference honors. He went into the 2009 season as the starter, but knee and shoulder injuries slowed him and he started six games and played in just seven. He wasn't drafted.
Steve Megargee is a national writer for Rivals.com. He can be reached at email@example.com, and you can click here to follow him on Twitter.


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Cornelius Gurlitt's long-secret hoard of 1,280 major artworks set off an international uproar last year over the fate of art looted by the Nazis.
Now his death has triggered a new round of speculation over who will eventually own his unparalleled collection.
A spokesman for the reclusive German collector, who died on Tuesday aged 81 at his apartment in Munich, said Gurlitt had living relatives but he would not say who they are.
It was also not immediately clear whether Gurlitt had written a will or whether a Munich court would appoint a curator of estate, which is often done in Germany if there are open questions surrounding an inheritance.
After much back and forth, Gurlitt eventually agreed last month to a deal with the German government under which hundreds of works he owned would be checked for possible Nazi-era pasts while staying in government hands.
A spokeswoman for the Bavarian justice ministry said that deal would be binding on all possible heirs. Initially Gurlitt had insisted that all of the art work belonged to him and nobody else.
Markus Stoetzel, a German lawyer specialising in the restitution of Nazi-looted art, said: "Everybody involved – the authorities as well as private people who think some of the art may have once belonged to their families – wants to know more than anything what's going to happen to the collection.
"The only thing we know for sure at this point is that the painful process of recovering art taken under Nazi terror will be further delayed,"he added.
Gurlitt was thrust into the public spotlight in November when authorities, following a report by German magazine Focus, disclosed that they had seized 1,280 works by artists including Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse and Marc Chagall from his Munich apartment more than a year earlier.
The only thing we know for sure at this point is that the painful process of recovering art taken under Nazi terror will be further delayed
They had discovered the works while investigating Gurlitt for suspected import tax evasion. Some of the pieces – by Matisse, Chagall and Otto Dix – were previously unknown, not listed in the detailed inventories compiled by art scholars.
Gurlitt had inherited the collection of paintings, prints, drawings and sculptures from his father, Hildebrand Gurlitt, an art dealer who traded in works confiscated by the Nazis and who died in 1956.
German authorities, facing criticism from Jewish groups and art experts for keeping the hoard secret for so long, quickly moved to publicise details of paintings online and put together a task force to speed their identification. They said at least 458 of the works may have been stolen from their owners by the Nazis.
Separately, representatives for Gurlitt later secured a further 238 artworks that were at a dilapidated house he owned in Salzburg, Austria. Gurlitt was never under investigation in Austria and those works were not seized by authorities. It is not clear where those artworks are now.
Gurlitt stayed out of sight after news of his collection broke, barely talking to media, and was apparently overwhelmed by the publicity. In January, his representatives said they were considering Jewish families' claims for some of the works and said he was seeking "fair and just solutions" to the case.
Gurlitt wrote on a newly created website shortly afterwards: "So much has happened in the past weeks and months, and is still happening. I only wanted to live with my pictures, in peace and calm."
He had undergone major heart surgery recently and returned to his home in Munich, where he had hoarded his art for several decades. He was "in nursing care and taken care of in recent weeks around the clock", his spokesman Stephan Holzinger said.
Gurlitt was born in Hamburg in 1932. He came from a prominent German family of artists, composers and collectors, but little is known about his life beyond his position as the heir of his father's art collection.
When US investigators questioned Hildebrand Gurlitt after the end of the Second World War about the origins of his collection, they were doubtful whether all the pieces really belonged to him. But eventually they decided that he was the rightful owner of most of them.
After his father's 1956 death in a car accident, Gurlitt lived together with his mother in Munich, a former famous dancer, until she died in 1968. He reportedly lived a reclusive life, making a living by selling paintings from time to time.
Experts who examined the pieces seized in Munich said they included both what the Nazis called "degenerate art" as well as looted art.
The Nazis took so-called degenerate art – mostly avant-garde modern art, such as expressionism – from museums and public institutions because it was deemed a corrupting influence on the German people.
Looted art was stolen or bought for a pittance from Jewish collectors who were forced to sell under duress during the Third Reich.
For the heirs of those collectors, the discovery of Mr Gurlitt's massive hoard raised hopes of recovering some art, but the slow release of information by the German government has stirred frustration.
After the deal last month, German prosecutors who initially confiscated all the works of art they found at his apartment announced that they were releasing the rest of the collection. Gurlitt's lawyers had argued that the prosecutors acted disproportionately in seizing the entire collection, and that the art was not relevant as evidence for prosecutors' suspicion of import tax evasion.
Germany's Culture Minister Monika Gruetters said that Gurlitt's decision to work with authorities deserved recognition and respect.
"It will remain to Cornelius Gurlitt's credit that he sent an exemplary signal for the search for fair and just solutions with this avowal of moral responsibility," she said.

subset: commoncrawl


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DAVID ANDERS ("ONCE UPON A TIME," "THE VAMPIRE DIARIES") GUEST STARS — Cyrus Vanch (Anders), a nefarious criminal, is recently released from prison and intends to re-secure his position as leader of the underworld. His first step is to take down his biggest opponent in the city – Arrow (Stephen Amell).
Meanwhile, Oliver shows Moira (Susanna Thompson) his father's notebook and questions her about the names on the list. Thea (Willa Holland) is miserable as she starts her internship with Laurel (Katie Cassidy) at the legal aid office and Detective Lance (Paul Blackthorne) makes a deadly mistake that puts Laurel in the cross-hairs of Vanch.
David Ramsey and Colin Donnell also star.


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Elective Requirement: (three or six credits, depending upon duration or practicum or project or whether the student has chosen to complete a thesis)


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Barium and strontium are very closely related to each other chemically. Of the elements themselves we have no provings. The carbonates of these have, however, been proved, as have also the Muriate and Sulphate of Baryta. Baryta is somewhat of a poison. There are not many cases of poisoning by it on record, because it is rarely used in domestic practice.
Baryta carb. has Antimonium tartaricum as its complement, particularly in the complaints of old people.
Animals poisoned with Baryta carb. exhibit some irritation of the abdominal organs, resembling great inflammation there, with increased peristaltic action of the bowels. The heart, too, is affected by it, the animal apparently dying from paralysis of the cardiac muscle. This paralysis happens in systole. Its action is here very much like that of Digitalis. So much for the toxic action of Baryta.
In all its symptomatology, we find Baryta corresponding to the extremes of life, age and childhood; to old age, when there are mental symptoms and bodily weakness, and to children, when there is in addition, scrofula. The child to whom we may give Baryta effectively, is almost an imbecile. He, very unnaturally, shows no desire to play; he sits in a corner doing nothing. He cannot remember well, and is slow in learning to talk, to read, and to understand. This slowness in learning to talk does not come from defect in the apparatus of speech, the tongue, for instance, but it is the result of mental weakness. The child is rather emaciated, with the exception of the abdomen, which is large. The face, also, is bloated. He may have a voracious appetite, but food is not appropriated by the system, because of the diseased condition of the mesenteric glands. Adults, especially old people, have a rather peculiar aversion to strangers, and shun the approach of any unfamiliar face. They seem to have a fear of the presence of others. They imagine that they are being laughed at. They are easily angered and suffer from cowardice. You all have seen similar symptoms to those in persons of a half-imbecile state of mind from disease, whether in old age or in early life.
You may use Baryta carb. for old people when they suffer from paralysis, particularly paralysis following apoplexy. Very frequently in old people, the brain shrinks and, as the skull does not yield, there would be a vacuum formed, were it not that an effusion of serum takes place. This is followed by a more or less severe paralysis. You will find in such cases, that the patient is childish, and has loss of memory, trembling of the limbs, and well-marked paralysis of the tongue. Baryta carb. is one of the few remedies that cause positive paralysis of the tongue. You will see these paretic symptoms shown also in children of this half-imbecile character of which I have spoken. The mouth is kept partly open and the saliva runs out freely. The child has a silly, vacant look, showing at once that it is NON COMPOS MENTIS.
Both the Muriate and the Carbonate of Baryta may be used in multiple sclerosis of the brain and spinal cord. This is not an uncommon disease in infants and children.
When associated with the symptoms just enumerated, you may use Baryta for non-development of the brain in early childhood. The Chloride of Baryta has been used by old school physicians for this sclerosis, and with more or less success.
The remedy which most resembles Baryta here, is CAUSTICUM. The use of Baryta in catarrhs demands attention. It is one of the best remedies we have for the tendency to tonsillitis, particularly in scrofulous children. Every little exposure to damp or cold weather awakens anew the inflammation of the tonsils. This is not a simple sore throat, a swelling up of the mucous lining of the fauces with trouble in swallowing, but it is an actual inflammation of the tonsils with formation of pus. In these cases you will find enlargement of the glands in the neck, under the jaw, and behind the ear. It is one of our remedies to prevent the return of this catastrophe. It changes the constitutional tendencies of the patient. It is thus more the remedy for the effects of the trouble than for the acute symptoms. The local symptoms for the throat are principally these: The right side of the throat is worse than the left, just as you find under Belladonna; the throat feels worse from empty swallowing. In reference to tonsillitis, I frequently use the same prescription that I employ in diphtheria, namely, a gargle of alcohol and water. This seems to remove the accumulation of phlegm from the throat.
Baryta may also be used in children who, in addition to this tonsillitis, have post-nasal catarrh. Scabs form in the posterior nares. The upper lip and nose are swollen, just as you find in CALCAREA, but the mental symptoms are different.
Baryta is also called for, for a chronic cough occurring in strumous or scrofulous children with swollen glands and enlarged tonsils; Every little exposure to cold or damp causes headache, backache and diarrhoea. Here Baryta is similar to DULCAMARA.
We find Baryta also indicated in old people who have what is known as suffocative catarrh, with orthopnoea. I think you can understand this when you remember the influence of Baryta on the voluntary and involuntary muscular fibres. It paralyzes them. In old people, the chest is very much weakened. They get a catarrh, which is not so severe, but appears suddenly in the night. There is difficulty of breathing, and blueness of the face, etc. Baryta carb. is one of the remedies that come in after the failure of ANTIMONIUM TARTARICUM.
We also find Baryta carb. of use for the fatty tumors which occasionally appear here and there over the body. It is very easy to remove these with the knife. But it is much better to cure them by medicine, if you can do so.
In tabes mesenterica, Baryta is indicated when there are present, in addition to the foregoing symptoms, the following : Food when swallowed, seems to pass over sore spots in the oesophagus. There is always pain in the stomach after the child eats. The stool is sometimes undigested. With this, you find the abdomen hard and swollen, and an offensive sweat on the feet, just as you find in Silicea.
Now, there are remedies which may be compared with Baryta in this form of disease. IODINE is similar to Baryta in that it is suitable in torpid cases. The complexions of the patient in the two remedies are different. The Iodine patient has a dark complexion, dark hair and eyes, and sallow skin. There is, too, extreme hunger. If you observe the child carefully, you will find it anxious and fretful, until he eats, which relieves him for the time being ; and yet he grows thin despite the quantity of food consumed. Then there is a mental symptom which is almost always present when you find Iodine indicated in tabes mesenterica, and that is intolerable crossness, which is even worse than that belonging to ANTIMONIUM CRUDUM.
CALCAREA PHOSPHORICA is indicated in children who are weak-minded, who cannot walk, although they are old enough to do so, who are anxious and restless in their manner, and who suffer from defective osseous growth. The bones are thin and brittle.
Like Baryta, the SILICEA patient suffers from damp changes in the weather. He also has offensive sweat and general emaciation with the exception of the abdomen. The difference between the two remedies lies principally in the mental symptoms. The Silicea child is obstinate and self-willed, and, too, his head is disproportionately large to the size of the body.
CALCAREA IOD. is similar to Baryta in some cases with enlarged glands, particularly when there are enlarged tonsils which are filled with little crypts or pockets.
CONIUM is suited to enlarged tonsils without any tendency to suppuration.
LACTIC ACID has copious sweating of the feet, but it is not offensive.
For the offensive foot sweat, compare SILICEA, THUJA, NITRIC ACID, KALI CARB., GRAPHITES and CARBO VEG.
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Homoeopathy is a system of alternative medicine that is based on the concept of "like cures like." It uses highly diluted substances that are believed to cause similar symptoms as the illness being treated.
There are many online homoeopathic Materia medica, which are resources that list and describe the properties and uses of different homoeopathic remedies. Some popular online homoeopathic Materia medica include:
Boericke's Materia Medica: A comprehensive reference guide to homoeopathic remedies, including information on their uses, indications, and dosages.
Clarke's Dictionary of Homeopathic Materia Medica: A well-respected and widely used reference that includes information on the symptoms that each remedy is used to treat.
Homeopathic Materia Medica by William Boer Icke: A popular homoeopathic reference book that provides in-depth information on a wide range of remedies, including their indications, symptoms, and uses.
The Complete Repertory by Roger van Zandvoort: A comprehensive online reference that provides information on remedies, symptoms, and indications, and allows users to search for treatments based on specific symptoms.
There are many writers who have contributed to the development of homoeopathic materia medica. Some of the most well-known include:
Samuel Hahnemann: The founder of homoeopathy, Hahnemann wrote extensively about the use of highly diluted substances in treating illness. He is best known for his work "Organon of the Medical Art," which outlines the principles of homoeopathy.
James Tyler Kent: Kent was an American homoeopathic physician who is known for his contributions to homoeopathic materia medica. He wrote "Repertory of the Homeopathic Materia Medica," which is still widely used today.
William Boericke: Boericke was an Austrian-American homoeopathic physician who wrote the "Pocket Manual of Homeopathic Materia Medica." This book is considered one of the most comprehensive and widely used homoeopathic reference books.
George Vithoulkas: Vithoulkas is a Greek homoeopathic physician and teacher who has written several books on homoeopathic materia medica, including "The Science of Homeopathy" and "Essence of Materia Medica."
Robin Murphy: Murphy is an American homoeopathic physician who has written several books on homoeopathic materia medica, including "Homeopathic Clinical Repertory" and "Homeopathic Medical Repertory."


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Excellent book, great source for parents
Read this book after getting an advanced reader copy from a friend. I am an avid true crime reader and after reading this book I concluded that the story was nothing more than fantasy. The authors timeline did not add up with his age and alleged associations. Some of the things he claimed to have said and done were things I had actually watched word for word in movies like the accountant with Ben Affleck Did some further research and discovered the author has a long history of scams and pathological lies. He even claimed in 2010 he was a long time member of the Bloods Gang. Do not waste your time or your money
I love the content in this book. It is a great explanation for children. I enjoy reading this to my baby.
Payne is effective at conveying the intoxication of love throughout this work. Between word choice and directness, she is able to send me to a specific memory within a few phrases, as if I was presently there. Single phrases throughout the collection transmitted the stun that a nuanced experience of love can only give us, and I'm grateful she shared her perspective with the world.


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From the décor and jazz to the incredible service, Wildfire has the style and warmth that brings something special to the experience of dining out in one of the Chicago area's best restaurants. We offer a mouthwatering selection of steaks, chops and seafood, along with a variety of fresh salads and sandwiches in a modern-day 1940's dinner club. If you're looking for an amazing steakhouse in Chicago, Minnesota or Virginia, trust Wildfire for the perfect dining experience.
Visit the Oakbrook Center Wildfire location in Oak Brook, IL.


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One more waterfall to add to the mix. This is Royal Arch Cascade, which tumbles down the canyon wall just west of the Arch. Most people don't see this particular view, as it is a zoom view of just the very top of the waterfall.
Saturday, April 30, 2011
Random Thoughts on Yosemite in Spring
One more waterfall to add to the mix. This is Royal Arch Cascade, which tumbles down the canyon wall just west of the Arch. Most people don't see this particular view, as it is a zoom view of just the very top of the waterfall.
Tuesday, April 26, 2011
Spring in the Sierra Nevada: Some of Yosemite Valley's High Waterfalls
Sunday, April 24, 2011
Rockslide on Highway 140 Near Yosemite (Video)
Headed up to Yosemite Valley today to see some waterfalls and enjoy the holiday. Had a wonderful time, but had an extra surprise. Got to see a modest rockslide on Highway 140 on our way there, and managed to catch it on video! We were driving down Highway 140 near Midpines on our way down to the Merced River when the new rockslide caught my attention. A lot of rock had already fallen, and given that there was a bulldozer parked on the other side, it was clear that the main event had happened a day or two earlier, but I decided I wanted a picture so we stopped and I hopped out.
As I approached the slide, I could see a couple of large boulders still perched near the top of the roadcut that looked unstable, and I could hear small pebbles bouncing down the slope. When I got closer, I realized the pebbles and cobbles were dropping out from under the larger boulders. The rock was slowly giving way and I had a suspicion (and yes, a secret hope) that it might be about to collapse. I moved the camera setting to video, and only a minute later I got lucky. I was standing across the highway, and luckily no cars were passing at the moment. A couple of the broken chunks landed on the highway
Sure, it wasn't the biggest slide in the world, but it was very loud, and it was very cool to be standing in front of it when it happened. You can hear me starting to say "I'm O.K." at the end of the recording, mainly because my wife was down the road a bit and heard the rocks drop, but couldn't see me.
Professor Incognito Reawakens...
Anyway, I must say that once again my students have exhibited a great deal of restraint in terms of begging for a passing grade. They mostly seem to know where they stand. But with finals coming up, I figure it can't hurt to clue them in as to what might happen if they try to con a grade they don't deserve. After all, they are ALL reading this blog, because I told them at the beginning of the semester that it would be fun and interesting to read. And who ever ignores advice from a professor? Especially my fine students, and in all seriousness, I have some stellar students this year. It actually has been a pleasure working with them, and they will be missed.
Oh, and for those thinking about a geology class in the fall? I welcome you! I welcome you all! Up to the limits being imposed on us all by the rationing of education by the state of California. If you make it into a class, by golly make it count! Don't be the other incognito character below...
Thursday, April 21, 2011
Springtime on the California Prairielands: Violence in a Gentle Landscape (and a gratuitous picture of a duck)
Take the layers revealed in the gentle slopes of the first picture above: a few terraces of dark rock on the distant skyline and some white exposures near the creek. These are two of the distinctive strata that make up much of the Sierra foothill slopes near the Central Valley, the Mehrten Formation and the Valley Springs Formation. The Mehrten layers resulted from numerous volcanic mudflows (lahars) and floods caused by eruptions of andesitic volcanoes in the vicinity of the Sierra Nevada crest in Mio-Pliocene time. Events that form layers like these are no picnic. Volcanoes of the 20th century like Mt. St. Helens and Mt. Pinatubo of the Philippines produced destructive mudflows that caused damage dozens of miles away from the volcanoes.
I would almost be depressed by all the violence, but geologic processes are the very essence of drama, and the earth would be a boring (and probably unliveable) place if we didn't have earthquakes, volcanoes, plate movements and mountain-building. Just the same, I am ending with a picture of a duck that I saw hanging out along the water. As far as I know, the duck is not a terrifying animal unless you happen to be a snail in the creek....
Monday, April 18, 2011
Springtime on the California Prairielands: An Update (and gratuitous baby horsie pictures)
The first picture above shows a vernal pool (or a very good representation of one; there were railroad tracks nearby that may have dammed the swale). Vernal pools develop on the very old alluvial fan surfaces of rivers that flowed from the Sierra during the ice ages. The muddy rivers spread all over the plains, but when the glaciers melted away the rivers started flowing with clear water. The faster moving rivers carved deep channels and narrow floodplains that they have occupied for the last 13,000 years. The surfaces above the floodplains are pockmarked with numerous small basins with small interior drainages (caused by wind deflation or differential settling of the soil). The basins are lined with clay that causes water to pond instead of sinking into the soil. The vernal pools are an ecosystem pretty much unique to the Sierra Nevada foothills.
You can see a fairly sharp delineation in the vegetation at the edges of the pools. The normal grasses don't do as well being inundated with water for a few weeks in the spring, and being rooted in solid clay. A number of plant and animal species have evolved to thrive in the unusual environment. The vernal pools have been decimated by urban and agricultural development; they were a major issue during negotiations for the siting of the University of California Merced campus. The one we looked at was in a pasture and had been heavily trampled by cattle.
A lot of flowers were visible. It's pretty amazing that I can identify dozens of minerals without breathing too hard, but I have a mental block when it comes to any flower called something other than Poppy or Lupine. I'm guessing that this beautiful small blue, white, and yellow flower is a Bacigalupi's Downingia, based on a highly sophisticated internet picture search (looking at pictures is one of those things I tell my students not to do when identifying minerals; look at the properties, I say).
Saturday, April 16, 2011
A Tale of Two Slides: Mass Wasting in the Yosemite Region
Friday, April 15, 2011
What Waterfall in Yosemite Valley is the Tallest? The Answer May Surprise You
Monday, April 11, 2011
Garry Gazes at Granite, a prequel to "Horton Hears a Who"
I usually assume that it is because granite is made of light and dark colored minerals that appear sort of gray at a distance, and granite is the rock that my students are most likely to see in streambeds around our area, but I have come to realize that this doesn't fully explain things. Most casual visitors to Yosemite and other Sierra Nevada destinations rarely actually see granite (or granitic rocks; there are many kinds). Look at the boulder in the picture of Ribbon Falls above. It's a big chunk of El Capitan granite that should be nearly white in color (see the last picture in yesterday's post). Why isn't it? It's covered with...life! Gray life, and lots of other colors too!
My students must have been amused to see me on my knees, hunched over like a bar denizen who's had a bit too much to drink. I was grabbing some pictures of the complex miniature ecosystem that exists on every boulder and rock in Yosemite (and pretty much everywhere else). There are the "trees" of this little environment, the mosses (below). I assume they are 'rooted' in the weathered clay, or in the damp spaces left by departed mica grains;


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2010 Olympic bronze medalist Bryon Wilson is staying strong and consistent as he moves towards the 2018 Olympic Winter Games in PyeongChang. (Kirk Paulsen)
Olympic bronze medalist Bryon Wilson will showcase 15 hand-carved pieces in this year's Kimball Arts Festival.
The newly formed ID One Foundation aims to support freestyle moguls athletes and help relieve some of the costs in their sport.
Mikaela Matthews put down seven clean runs on Ruka's steep mogul course to claim her first career World Cup win at the 2016 FIS Freestyle dual moguls opener.
The U.S. Freestyle Moguls Ski Team returns to competition this Saturday as the 2015-16 FIS Freestyle moguls World Cup kicks offs in Ruka, Finland.
In the last event of the 2015 season, Tom Rowley and Nessa Dziemian were crowned dual mogul champions at the USANA U.S. Freestyle National Championships.
Skiing on the home turf of the strong Canadian freestyle team, five American athletes finished in the top 10 at the FIS Freestyle World Cup in Val St. Come.
Hannah Kearney kicked of 2015 with her first World Cup win of the season in Calgary, Alberta.
Olympians Patrick Deneen and Eliza Outtrim (pictured, center) both put down solid runs to claim the men's and women's U.S. titles at Friday's moguls competition, the opening event of the USANA U.S. Freestyle Championships at Deer Valley.
Olympic bronze medalist Hannah Kearny returned to the top of the World Cup standings Sunday with her win at the snowy Voss dual moguls World Cup, while Bradley Wilson was also able to land on the podium in third.
Hannah Kearney retook her spot at the top of the World Cup moguls standings Sunday with a win at the Inawashiro dual moguls competition.
The U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association has now confirmed Deer Valley Resort as the site for the 2014 U.S. Freestyle Championships Mar. 28 – Mar. 30.
The Visa Freestyle International returns to Deer Valley Resort Jan. 9-11 for moguls and aerials under the lights in vital Olympic qualifying competitions.
The 2014 U.S. Freestyle Moguls Team was named in advance of the Dec. 14 FIS Freestyle World Cup season opener in Ruka, Finland.
Heather McPhie repeated as U.S. moguls champion with Bradley Wilson taking his first title at the Sprint U.S. Freestyle Championships at Heavenly.
Bryon Wilson Quick Facts
Freestyle Athletes » Bryon Wilson |
Additional Info
Bryon Wilson WebsitesAthlete Photo Gallery |
Moguls skier Bryon Wilson knocked everyone's socks off in 2010 when, after a stroke of luck got him a start on the World Cup, he nailed two second-place finishes and a spot on the 2010 Olympic team. But Wilson wasn't done yet, as he took his newfound success and landed a bronze medal in Vancouver. The 2012 season was a comeback year following ACL reconstruction, but 2013 was a show-stopping season for Wilson. He earned his first World Cup win in Kreischberg, Austria and finished the season ranked 10th. In 2014 Wilson proved his staying power by notching four top-10 World Cup finishes. He continued to stay consistent with five top-10 World Cup finishes in 2015 plus a second place finish at U.S. Championships. FIRST TRACKS OFF THE SNOW
HighlightsOLYMPICS WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS WORLD CUP U.S. CHAMPIONSHIPS OTHER |


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The city has new rates that were approved by City Council to meet necessary changes and upgrades for the utility infrastructure.
View PDF version of current rates HERE
When submitting a garden meter adjustment it MUST have the following:
In order for your garden meter to be applied it MUST be turned in between the 1st and 10th of every month.
Your adjustment must be worth $6 or more to be adjusted on your bill, if it is not, we will collect them until you reach the minimum amount.
If you email them or have any questions, please send to firstname.lastname@example.com.
The Office of Billing and Collections is located at 144 N. Sycamore Street.Hours:Monday - Friday: 7:30 am - 5:00 pmSaturday/Sunday: Closed
Utility bills are due on the 5th of the month.
The City reserves the right to revisit this schedule due to continued and/or unforeseen impacts of COVID-19.
We appreciate the patience of our community as we strive to preserve the safety of both our residents and employees.
While vehicle owners no longer need to display a decal in the front window (effective since June 11, 2018), residents with personal property will be charged a registration fee due at the time of the second half of personal property taxes.
Background: Petersburg City Council voted and approved to eliminate the physical vehicle decal and distribution of the decal effective June 11, 2018. A public hearing on this was topic was held on February 6, 2018.


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Programs that make foreign issuers' stock available in domestic markets are known as American Depositary Receipt (ADR) programs. In an ADR program, an issuer's stock is placed with and maintained and controlled by a depository institution (DI). The DI, a domestic financial institution, then offers interests in the issuer's stock, in the form of ADRs, to investors in domestic markets. U.S. investors can trade ADRs on U.S. exchanges and OTC markets, as they do shares of domestic companies.
An ADR program may be either unsponsored or sponsored. An unsponsored ADR is issued without the involvement of the foreign issuer whose stock underlies the ADR. In a sponsored program, the issuer registers with the Securities and Exchange Commission and chooses an exclusive DI. As an inducement to grant an exclusive arrangement for a sponsored ADR program, DIs commonly offer to pay part of the expenses the issuer will incur in setting up the program.
The expenses typically paid by the DI include legal, accounting fees, SEC registration costs, marketing expenses, expenses for participating in investor conventions, and exchange and listing fees. They also include filing and underwriting fees, mailing and printing costs, and other administrative costs. The Internal Revenue Service has ruled that the issuer realizes gross income in an amount equal to the expenses paid by the DI on the issuer's behalf (see AM 2010-006, December 8, 2010).
It is, the IRS noted, "well-established" that the payment of the expenses of a taxpayer by someone else is includible in the taxpayer's gross income (see Old Colony Trust v. Commissioner, 279 US 716 (1929)). The payments are includible regardless of whether they are made directly to the taxpayer or to a third party on his or her behalf.
A taxpayer does not have gross income when it pays the expenses of another person and receives a reimbursement of its payments. When, however, a person pays someone else's expenses mainly to advance the business interests of the person making the payments, the payments are not includible in the gross income of the recipient, notwithstanding any incidental or indirect economic benefit to the recipient. (See United States v. Gotcher, 401 F.2d 118 (5th Cir. 1968); Rev. Rul. 63-77, 1963-1 C.B. 177; and Rev. Rul. 80-348, 1980-2 C.B. 31. In all three instances, the expenditures were primarily for the benefit of the payer.)
Here, though, the expenses paid by the DI are unequivocally those of the issuer in that (1) the payments are for expenses any issuer would expect to incur to sell its stock in the United States; (2) the DI does not have a preexisting obligation to incur these expenses, the source of its obligation being solely by virtue of its agreement with the issuer; (3) the issuer has discretion over which vendor to use in instituting its DI program when it incurs the expenses; and (4) the DI does not pay all the expenses necessary to set up the ADR program, but only up to an agreed amount.
Moreover, the DI has not paid any direct consideration for the exclusive right to serve as such, thus suggesting that its payments of the expenses are intended to compensate the issuer for its agreement to deal exclusively with the DI. Finally, the DI's payments are "primarily and directly" for the issuer's benefit in instituting the ADR program; they are not primarily for the DI's benefit.
As a result of all those reasons, the IRS concluded, the payments by the DI of the issuer's expenses are gross income to the issuer.
For the same reasons that a taxpayer does not have gross income when it pays the expenses of another person and receives a reimbursement of its payments, the taxpayer should not be allowed a deduction for the payment of another's expenses if the other person has agreed to reimburse the taxpayer.
Thus, some may argue that, since the issuer would not be entitled to a deduction for its expenses to the extent it will be reimbursed by the DI for its expenses, it should not have gross income when the DI pays the issuer for the expenses. This argument, however, is specious, according to the IRS. That is because the expenses are the issuer's expenses, not the DI's. Therefore, the issuer should not be denied a deduction for the expenses merely because the DI has agreed to pay a portion of them.
Effectively Connected
Section 1441 of the Internal Revenue Code requires any person making a payment of U.S. source fixed or determinable annual or periodical income (FDAP) to a nonresident alien to withhold a tax from the payment unless the income is "effectively connected" with a U.S. trade or business. Section 1442 provides that payments to foreign corporations are also subject to withholding. FDAP includes all amounts included in gross income, other than gains from the sale of property.
Here, the payments are an inducement for the issuer to enter into a sponsored ADR program with the DI. The payments are strictly consideration for the guarantee of exclusive distribution rights. In a sponsored program, the DI obtains the right to profit from the distribution of shares in the issuer in the U.S. market without competition from other DIs. Inherent in this right is the right to benefit from the use of the issuer's trade name and reputation in marketing the ADRs. These rights, the service observed, represent an interest in intangible property.
A payment made for the right to use an intangible property right is a royalty. Under Section 861(a)(4), royalties for the privilege of using patents, copyrights, franchises, and "other like property" in the United States constitutes U.S. source income. The rights obtained from the issuer under a sponsored ADR program are similar to a franchise arrangement for the distribution of a product within a given marketplace.
Thus, the service concluded, payments under a sponsored ADR program should fall within "other like property" for purposes of Section 861(a)(4). Accordingly, the payments constitute income from sources within the United States. The payments are U.S. source FDAP and, therefore, are subject to withholding, unless the issuer is engaged in a business in the United States.
Contributor Robert Willens, founder and principal of Robert Willens LLC, writes a weekly tax column for CFO.com.


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TNT's 'Dallas' Rivalry: Evil Oil vs. Alternative Energy
the original "Dallas" debuted in 1978, times have changed. Texas has
prospered but the liberal agenda against big oil stayed the same. TNT's
"Dallas" remake introduced the Ewing family feud with a twist, and the
rest of the season is set for a showdown: Alternative energy against
drilling for oil.
Ross Ewing, son of the long-time "Dallas" villain J.R. Ewing (played by
Larry Hagman), has already discovered a major find of oil on Southfork:
the Ewing family's ranch. He wants to drill it, but his uncle Bobby
Ewing opposes drilling on the family land. Of course, he's portrayed as
the bad guy, ruthless, conniving and a "chip off the old block."
supports his adopted son Christopher who wants to make Ewing
Alternative Energy the next "Exxon" but is planning on turning Southfork
into a conservancy. Bobby and Christopher are clearly the good guys in
the drama, as J.R. Ewing says Bobby was "always the one with the
the premier Christopher says, "Oil is the past, John Ross, alternatives
are the future." Although he is worried about funding for his pet
project: "It seems I have only two roads open to me: accept government
subsidies or bending over for the venture capitalists," he lamented.
John Ross revealed to Christopher and Bobby that an ocean of oil lay
under Southfork, Christopher yelled that the oil was so deep underground
it would have to be fracked. "It [Fracking] will be the end of the
ranch!" he shouted.
New York Times" review by Allesandra Stanley said, "In 1978 the Texas
economy was booming, while the rest of the country was still struggling.
Rich Texans were loud, proud, vulgar, exotic and extravagant. J. R.'s
son, John Ross (Josh Henderson), is of course a fracking maniac who
wants to drill all over Southfork and will scheme, lie and connive to
get his way."
The Washington Times review of the show also noted the "capitalist villains,"
but called them "too dull to root against." "J.R. and Bobby are still
around, and while they remain rivals, the battle's locus has shifted to
their sons, J.R.'s scheming oilman son John Ross (Josh Henderson) and
Bobby's earnest alternative energy entrepreneur Christopher."
new generation of "Dallas" may be different but the Hollywood message
is still the same. Oil and its supporters are the real villains.


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Columns Retired Columns & Blogs |
By now those in-the-know will acknowledge that MBL is truly one of the most preeminent ultra high end companies in audio reproduction. MBL prides itself in smart engineering, advancing the state-of-the-art and obsessive attention to detail to bring listener and artist closer together.
The radialstrahler drivers are truly state-of-the-art in every way. When I listened the multi-channel event MBL hosted in NYC back in April, I vividly recall not only the sense of power live music presents but the extraordinary detail, sense of space, scale, effortlessness and coherence. I absolutely side with John Atkinson in his observations.
It's amazing how music reproduced in such manner can have a lasting effect on one's conscious. The experience become etched in one's memory. So much so that just the very thought of the experience can permit one to recall the emotion of event. That's saying something. MBL's Corona line is easily and heartily recommended without qualification.
BTW, Jeremy Bryan l-o-v-e-s music and has the uncanny ability to select superb demonstration pieces and is a maestro at getting the best sound possible from hotel rooms with less than great acoustics. Cheers JB and MBL - Truly World Class!


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ESO Releases The Messenger No. 153
7 October 2013
The latest edition of ESO's quarterly journal, The Messenger, is now available online. Find out the latest news from ESO on topics ranging from new instruments to the latest science discoveries.
Highlights of this edition include:
- ESPRESSO — An Echelle SPectrograph for Rocky Exoplanets and Stable Spectroscopic Observation
- HARPS observations of the Transit of Venus 2012
- Following the G2 Gas Cloud towards the Galactic Centre
- The Magellanic Stream — A Tail of Two Galaxies
- Science Days at ESO
Download The Messenger in PDF format or visit The Messenger website to subscribe and receive a free printed copy.
About the Announcement
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Artificial Turf can increase the value of your home by $8,152
It has been reported that the grass used for landscaping purposes accounts for the majority of water consumption in every private household. Regular mowing, trimming, and blowing of lawns with the use of gas and electrically powered equipment contribute a lot to air pollution. Furthermore, cheaper inorganic fertilizers used to maintain the grass pollutes not only the soil but also contaminates the ground waters. Because of these issues, many towns and municipalities across the region are imposing limits on the size of the lawn per residential home in their respective areas. This made many homeowners use Nampa artificial turf as an alternative. Artificial turf in Nampa was first used in sports arenas where games typically played on grass are being held. As time went by and with the need for a greener landscape increase, artificial turf started to rise in popularity. This artificial grass will remain green all year round, regardless of the season. Artificial turf is significantly low in maintenance. It does not need watering or mowing, making it eco-friendly and cost-efficient in reducing water, gas, and electricity consumption.
Fair price breakdown
There are several variables involved in determining the cost of having an artificial turf in your lawn. The cheapest artificial turf can be bought at around $15 per square meter. This kind of artificial turf in Nampa can be used for exhibitions and shop windows. Mid-range type can cost $25 up to $29 per square meter. This kind is acceptable but can easily be detected as fake grass. Premium artificial turf ranges from $45 up to $70 per square meter. This type can actually resemble a real grass and is incredibly durable. Premium artificial turfs can last from 10 years up to 20 years. If you are planning to cover your whole lawn, you may opt to purchase artificial turf in rolls. Roll sizes vary and typically starts at 2 meters up to 25 meters in length.
Estimated final cost for artificial turf
Item | Quantity | Fair Price |
Artificial Lawn Cost | 535 Square Feet | $1,657.99 |
Artificial Lawn Labor | 115.4 Hours | $6,799.23 |
Artificial Lawn Job Materials and Supplies | 500 Square Feet | $1,911.24 |
Artificial Lawn Debris Disposal Costs | $245.74 | |
Totals - Cost to Install Artificial Lawn - 535 Square Feet | $10,614.21 | |
Average Cost Per Square Foot | $21.23 |
Find the Best Costs on Artificial Turf - Nampa, 83651
For areas larger than 50 square meters, some manufacturers can give a discount and the price can go as low as $60 per square meter for a premium artificial turf. Although Nampa artificial turf still requires some degree of maintenance, it is not as demanding as natural grass. You will only need to brush off its surface every now and then to remove leaves and twigs on the surface. You may also need to wash it from time to time. Initial Nampa turf installation may cost higher, but with its long life and the money that you will save with maintenance and utility bills, consider it as an investment that will definitely pay off in the long run.
Canyon County Artificial Turf FAQ
Last Updated: Jan 29, 2024
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