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Our mother's sacrifices
I will always remember Easter morning in my childhood home. Running downstairs from our bedrooms, my sisters and I discovered our Easter baskets on the kitchen table. In yellow, pink or purple paper, the multicolor baskets contained a bunny, a candy cross, jellybeans and foil-covered eggs nestled in green grass. We had given up chocolate for Lent, so we waited until after church to open them. Later, we spent the day eating only candy. Our mother, Doris, always gave us Easter outfits along with the baskets. Mom bought all five of us a new dress, coat, hat, shoes and a pocketbook.
My mother raised five girls alone, and I will never know how she gave us this perfect day. Our family was poor, and the price of clothing, accessories, baskets and candy was high. Lately, I think about what my mother must have sacrificed to give us those beautiful and delicious Easter gifts. She never once complained.
Today when I think about what to give up for Lent, I remember those precious Easter memories, my mother, and what she did for us. Now, besides sacrificing something for Lent, I also give my time, talent and support to others in order to honor and remember my mother.
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Blessed with a glorious redesign for the current model year, the 2019 Ram 3500 is a behemoth to behold. Landing above the Ram 1500 and Ram 2500 in terms of both capability and price, this is a vehicle to look into if you need to transport very, very heavy things (or just want the ability do so).
The redesign brings along refinements to every aspect of the Ram 3500, particularly in key areas such as power, technology, comfort, and performance. Additionally, the truck's drag coefficient has been reduced and efficiency increased thanks to the streamlined design. The 2019 Ram 3500 comes in five trim levels, with a starting MSRP of just $34,845. We're continually awed by the machine's perfect balance of comfort and capability.
A good heavy-duty truck needs power, perhaps more than anything else. Luckily, the 2019 Ram 3500 brings the muscle in spades (that's an intriguing image). The newly standard 6.4-liter HEMI® V8 engine outputs a brain-bursting 410 horsepower and 429 pound-feet of torque. If you're working at Jurassic Park and need to carry a dinosaur in the bed, no worries: the engine's maximum payload is 7,680 pounds.
Though the lower trims do a great job of giving you an excellent vehicle without unnecessary fodder, pick-ups these days are offering more and more luxury level features. The 2019 Ram 3500 does not hold back in this regard. Cutting-edge safety will keep you and your passengers secure, while you'd be forgiven for thinking the high-tech user interface was discovered through a rift in the fabric of time.
Trucks are known for their stiff rides, but new innovations in the design of the 2019 Ram 3500 dampen that roughness significantly. In addition, tight handling, light steering, and quick easy turning ability take the bulkiness out of controlling such a big roller. You'll be doing it all in peaceful silence too, as new active-noise cancelling technology keeps the cabin comfortable and quiet, cutting noise levels by a full ten decibels compared to the previous model.


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03 February, 2012
Hershey's Air Delight Chocolate
13 comments:
- TomW said...
Well, now I feel a challenge to leave a three word comment to your post. I will go with:
Thank you Dave!
Tom - 03 February, 2012 17:24
- Dave said...
And a three word recommendation for ALDI chocolate:
Moser-Roth Dark - 03 February, 2012 19:12
- Michele Hays said...
I first tried this via the polish brand Wawel, which has an aerated very dark chocolate bar. The aeration makes it melt more quickly in your mouth (sometimes a problem with very high-cocoa chocolates.) I can't find it anywhere online, but I recommend it.
Can't stand either Hersheys or Nestle. - 03 February, 2012 21:48
I think we have some Hershey bars aging somewhere
deep in our top cupboard. Some kind of 12 pack box from a random campout from which they were orphaned. I see them from year to year cozied up against a can chocolate soda I picked up at an asian supermarket. I always hesitate tossing them. "That's our emergency chocolate!", I tell my wife. "In case of nuclear war we can take it out and hurl it at attacking atomic zombies!"
Dave is right.
Hershey is bad.
I'm gonna look for some Wawel! - 03 February, 2012 22:35
- Tony said...
I actually really like these lol.
- 04 February, 2012 10:12
- Lyn said...
Dave, I agree with the initial unpleasant graininess but will admit to caving and purchasing two with a bogo coupon. Oddly enough, I really liked a large $1 chocolate bar with almonds that I saw by the Family Dollar checkout; it was quite good, but I threw the wrapper--I'll check it out when I go again. Lyn
http://anoldcookbookcollector.blogspot.com - 04 February, 2012 10:19
Almost forgot that Hershey's makes those Symphony
Bars! Those make me give some love back to Hershey's. Yummy, yummy in my tummy.
So much better than their regular fare! - 04 February, 2012 22:50
- J. Astro said...
I like 'em. Get bored with regular chocolate mouth-feel and welcomed the slight difference. Although the whiff of a smelly wrapper on one of these kinda reminded me of a vague fart-smell. But then again, I'm faaaaar from picky or even discerning. I would eat one again.
- 05 February, 2012 01:14
- Sally Norris said...
Thanks, Dave. I was suspicious of Hershey's intention. Thanks for the recommendation for Moser-Roth Dark.
- 05 February, 2012 08:42
- Dave said...
Sally: I'm not the Dave that owns this blog. On the National Cooking Echo we are known as Clean Dave and Dirty Dave. We are also separated by half a continent in distance. I buy a few bars of the 70% Moser-Roth nearly every time I visit one of my local ALDI stores. It doesn't even upset my glucose meter that all diabetics are tied to.
- 05 February, 2012 16:58
- Lyn said...
I have the name of the large $1 chocolate bar that I got at the Family Dollar store. It is a HAMLET CHOCOLATES brand that comes in a 5.3 oz. size with plain, almond, and crispy, and they are good! Lyn
http://anoldcookbookcollector.blogspot.com - 11 February, 2012 18:56
Aero bars are super popular in Canada.. I didn't know Hershey had come out with this equivalent. I actually really like Aero and Aero-Mint bars. True you are getting less chocolate, but they do melt deliciously.
- 15 February, 2012 18:15
These are actually pretty good. I have been eating these for years before hersheys decided to try to make them. I think the mint chocolate kind is pretty good. - 02 April, 2012 19:57


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For more than a year, beauty industry organizations the Professional Beauty Association (PBA) and Independent Cosmetic Manufacturers And Distributors (ICMAD) have been working collaboratively with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to create much-needed modernized and comprehensive federal regulations of the cosmetics industry for the first time since the 1960s. On March 6, 2014, the FDA issued an unforeseen public letter criticizing these industry organizations and their ongoing efforts to create this challenging yet vital legislation.
In response to the FDA letter, PBA and ICMAD would like to offer the following statement: "We are disappointed with the FDA's letter stating that they have precipitously decided to discontinue negotiations with the cosmetics industry regarding legislation to modernize national cosmetic legislation. Our industry organizations met in good faith for over a year with the FDA, and were diligently working to reach a framework, which we still hope to achieve, that would be the basis for a new legislative initiative," responded Pamela Jo Busiek, president and CEO of ICMAD, and Steve Sleeper, executive director of the PBA.
According to ICMAD and the PBA, the FDA (in its letter to the industry that was released on March 6, 2014) mischaracterized the cosmetics industry's position and misleads the public regarding the basis for negotiations breaking down, citing issues of safety and limitation of the FDA's enforcement authority.
In response to these allegations, PBA and ICMAD would like to state that the industry has voluntarily regulated itself and spent millions of dollars on supporting the safety of its cosmetic products for many years. Furthermore, they asked, what other industry, if any, has worked to increase regulation oversight? According to ICMAD and the PBA, the beauty industry believes a transparent and regulated beauty industry produces superior products that protect consumers and beauty professionals, and notes that the beauty industry has a very open, clear safety record and sincerely hopes that the FDA will reconsider its position and reopen this important dialogue.
A more detailed response specifically addressing the points raised in the FDA's letter to industry and most importantly portions of the letter which mischaracterize the industry's positions, will be available shortly. PBA and ICMAD support the statement made by their affiliated organization, the Personal Care Product Council, on March 6, 2014.


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Seminar • Vom Konzertsaal zu YouTube – Die Aufführungsgeschichte der Wiener Schule
Michelle Ziegler |
Arnold Schönberg Center Thursday, 01 December 2022 3.00 pm Arnold Schönberg: Drei Klavierstücke op. 11, Handexemplar Eduard Steuermann | Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
All dates:
THU October 20, 2022 | 3.00 – 6.00 pm
FRI October 21, 2022 | 10.00 am – 1.00 pm
THU December 1, 2022 | 3.00 – 6.00 pm
FRI December 2, 2022 | 10.00 am – 1.00 pm
THU January 12, 2023 | 3.00 – 6.00 pm
FRI January 13, 2023 | 10.00 am – 1.00 pm
Registration: mdwOnline or michelle{dot}ziegler{at}unibas{dot}ch
Over one hundred years of performance history shaped the sound and manifestation of compositions in the Viennese School: What performance practice was advocated by the composers themselves and their contemporaries? How have the works been performed since then and presented in reproductions? In this seminar, performance traditions will be interpreted in case studies, with typical examples in the context of ensemble and reception history, performance space, and forms of media transmission. Annotated scores and other written sources, as well as reproduction and sound documents (including YouTube videos with animated graphics) will be examined here.
Seminar at the Center for Research on Arnold Schönberg and the Viennese School at the Department of Musicology and Performance Studies of the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna


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The Merlin Phone System has been a leader in the small system environment for many years. The Merlin phone system is expandable from 2 to 40 lines and from 6 to 120 telephones, depending on the system, the Merlin phone system may be the perfect communications solution for your small business. Many standard features on the Merlin phone system can also be expanded with the use of feature cartridges or upgraded releases. All Merlin phone system solutions are capable of speed-dialing, privacy, transfer, intercom, etc.s.
For further information on Merlin Classic and to see what other components or consoles are compatible with Merlin Classic please email firstname.lastname@example.com or call 1-800-955-6082.
Visit ComtalkInc's Library of Pdf's for Administration, Installation, Overview and Comparison of Avaya Products.


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John McCain
Candidate for the 2008 Republican presidential nomination
by Beth Rowen
Related Links |
In one of the most pivotal U.S. elections since World War II, John McCain lost his second bid at the presidency to the Democratic candidate, Sen. Barack Obama. On Nov. 4, 2008, McCain finished the race for 44th U.S. president with 161 electoral votes—177 votes behind Obama, who accrued 338, including votes from crucial swing states like Ohio and Pennsylvania.
During his campaign for president in 2008, John McCain once again toured the country in his Straight Talk Express campaign bus, but he ran a markedly different campaign for the Republican presidential nomination than he did in 2000.
McCain tempered his maverick nature. Instead of challenging many conventional Republican ideals, he reached out to the party's conservative base as well as its moderate contingent. In fact, many reports said he selected political neophyte, Sarah Palin, the governor of Alaska since 2006, as his running mate over his first choice, Sen. Joe Lieberman, because Lieberman's pro-choice stance incensed socially conservative Republicans.
Mended Fences with Bush
The four-term senator from Arizona patched up his once troubled relationship with President Bush—McCain's former rival whose vitriolic smear campaign during the South Carolina primary in 2000 very likely cost him the Republican nomination and handed McCain his first ever electoral loss. He supported Bush's tax cuts, which he once deemed fiscally irresponsible, and defended Bush in 2006 when fellow Vietnam veteran John Kerry famously botched a joke that was intended to lampoon Bush's intellect, but instead came out as an insult to troops in Iraq. (And who can forget Bush's embrace of McCain during the 2004 presidential race?)
McCain's détente with Bush has its limits, however. In 2005, under the threat of a presidential veto, the Senate passed McCain's anti-torture amendment that banned "cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment" of prisoners held in U.S. custody. Although he supports the war in Iraq and endorsed the surge of troops that arrived in Baghdad in February 2007, McCain has been critical of Bush's execution and management of the war. He reserved his sharpest criticism for former secretary of defense Donald Rumsfeld.
"I think that Donald Rumsfeld will go down as one of the worst secretaries of defense in history," McCain said at a speech in February 2007.
A Champion of Reform
Although McCain somewhat reinvented himself as a mainstream Republican candidate, he can still spark the ire of many in his party. Indeed, his support of the failed Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act alienated many core Republicans. Some observers say it affected his fundraising over the summer.
In July 2007, McCain's campaign nearly imploded. He was running precariously low on money, with only about $2 million on hand, and his longtime strategist John Weaver quit, leading the charge to the door for other members of his senior staff. McCain survived the storm, and now boasts that he's running a lean, mean machine.
McCain remained steadfast in his opposition to pork-barrel spending and committed to campaign-finance reform. He co-sponsored legislation, passed in 2002, with Democrat Russ Feingold that banned soft money—unlimited contributions to political parties. McCain still has a penchant for calling things—and people—as he sees them. He derided the diminutive North Korean leader Kim Jong Il as a "pip-squeak in platform shoes."
McCain consistently leaned conservative. He is anti-abortion, and favors teacher testing and school vouchers. He believes in small government and lower taxes.
Vietnam Veteran, U.S. Senator
John S. McCain was born August 29, 1936 in the Panama Canal Zone into a family steeped in military history. At age 17, McCain enrolled in the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis. He graduated four years later, fifth from the bottom of the class. As an ensign in the Navy he trained as an aircraft carrier pilot.
His service in Vietnam was nothing short of catastrophic. In July 1967, aboard the USS Forrestal, he narrowly escaped death when the aircraft carrier was accidentally hit by a missile and engulfed in flames. More than 130 men died in the accident. Only three months later, McCain set off for a bombing mission over Hanoi. His plane was hit by a missile, and he went down. He suffered two broken arms and a broken leg. He was snatched up by the North Vietnamese, who interned him in the "Hilton Hanoi."
McCain's father, Admiral Jack McCain, became commander of U.S. forces in the Pacific shortly after the younger McCain was taken prisoner. McCain's captors offered him early release as propaganda, but he refused and spent five-and-a-half years as a POW, two of them in solitary confinement.
After a long rehabilitation, McCain resumed his service with the Navy. He served as U.S. Navy Liaison Officer to the U.S. Senate from 1977 to 1980, and retired as a captain in 1981. He served two terms in the U.S. House of Representatives before being elected to the Senate in 1986. He was re-elected in 1992, 1998, and 2004.
Not Without Scandal
The decorated war hero has weathered his scandals, including his admitted infidelity that led to the break-up of his first marriage. Senator McCain was also a member of the Keating Five, a group of five senators who worked behind the scenes on behalf of savings and loan operator Charles H. Keating, later convicted of fraud.
After his loss in 2000, McCain doubted he'd take another shot at the presidency. Though a few years older and a little slower on his feet, McCain, a former boxer, still has the fight in him. If he had won in November 2008, McCain would have been 72, the oldest person—by more than two years—ever elected president.
- More from Campaign 2008


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Announcing the Pop-Up Maker Share Zone!
Hey Folks, this suggestion just popped up from Jeff Edmonston — East Bay Dad/Maker/EBMMF Facebook friend. Thanks Jeff!
Got a great idea or presentation and didn't have the bandwidth to apply by our deadline? Buy a ticket to the Faire and bring your project to our Pop-Up Maker Share Zone
Bring your DIY project, your hacked up wonders, your art, and your smile.
The Community Share Zone is an area where you can show off your projects and check out what your other Makers have been doing.
Amaze friends and strangers, start an impromptu circuit bending music jam, let your LEDs shine. You don't need to have a full scale booth or fancy presentation to share your stuff at the East Bay Maker Faire, just be willing to demo and talk about your project, meet others in the community and exchange ideas. Have something awesome you made from Adafruit, Sparkfun, Make Weekend Projects, Instructables, or any of the many kit makers and idea markets that have exploded to fill our idle hours with joy? Bring it out and share your enthusiasm with others. This is not for adults only – let the kids bring their first soldering creations, bugbots, models, science fair projects, EVERYTHING!
Don't have something to share? Make sure to come by here and see projects that people have made their very first time soldering or creating, get inspired at the Pop-Up Maker Share Zone
Crash the Faire!


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Physcial Sciences Division
Research Highlights
May 2013
Breaking Apart Clusters to Understand Growth
Scientists determine activation barrier in ammonia-sulfuric acid clusters that could lead to cloud formation
The two-step sequential ammonia-sulfuric acid loss pathway shows the presence of barriers for addition of ammonia and sulfuric acid to the clusters. Current atmospheric particle models do not consider these barriers, which may limit their precision. Enlarge Image
Results: Ammonia must overcome an energy barrier to join sulfuric acid and water to create clusters that can lead to cloud formation, according to scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the University of Delaware. The team used surface-induced dissociation, which breaks apart molecules under controlled conditions. They found that when the clusters fragmented, they either lost an ammonia molecule followed by a sulfuric acid molecule, or lost the two molecules simultaneously. The energy required to dissociate a cluster is higher than the energy of the final products. This energy requirement implies that there is an energy or activation barrier that must be overcome for an ammonia molecule to join the cluster and help it grow. The research also suggests that the more conventional and simple-to-calculate diffusion rate should not be assumed to be the growth rate.
Why It Matters: Acidic and basic gases released by gasoline-powered engines, coal-fired power plants, and other sources form clusters of sulfuric acid, water, and ammonia. These clusters can come together to create and grow clusters, which eventually grow large enough to be particles that can serve as the seeds for clouds. Because clouds influence the climate, scientists are developing the most accurate models possible to analyze the impact of regulations and different scenarios. This work paves the way for climate and cloud models with improved accuracy.
Methods: The team evaluated the dissociation of two positively charged ammonium bisulfate clusters, which are similar to clusters found in the atmosphere. Surface-induced dissociation of these ammonium bisulfate clusters indicated two unique pathways for cluster fragmentation:
- a two-step pathway, where a cluster initially loses an ammonia molecule then a sulfuric acid molecule
- a one-step pathway that proceeds via the loss of an ammonium bisulfate molecule.
The team compared experimental data to quantum chemical calculations of cluster dissociation thermodynamics and determined that the loss of either an ammonia molecule or an ammonium bisulfate molecule is greater than the corresponding thermodynamic value. These results suggest the presence of an activation barrier for ammonia incorporation into molecular clusters as they grow, which may impact cluster distributions in the atmosphere.
What's Next: The team is continuing to address the formation and growth of the sulfuric acid-ammonia clusters, including examining the height of the activation barrier, the effect of polarity, and the role of water. Further, the team is investigating whether an activation barrier can exist in larger clusters, and if so, how does it affect the cluster's reactivity.
Sponsor: This research by the University of Delaware team was supported by the National Science Foundation, graduate fellowships from the University of Delaware, American Chemical Society, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The research was alos upported by NSF/XSEDE supercomputing resources. Dr. Julia Laskin at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (modeling and simulation) was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division.
Research Area: Chemical Sciences
User Facility: The SID experiments were performed at EMSL
Research Team: Bryan R. Bzdek, Joseph W. DePalma, Douglas P. Ridge, and Murray V. Johnston, University of Delaware; Julia Laskin, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Reference: Bzdek BR, JW DePalma, DP Ridge, J Laskin, and MV Johnston. 2013. "Fragmentation Energetics of Clusters Relevant to Atmospheric New Particle Formation." Journal of the American Chemical Society 135(8):3276-3285. DOI: 10.1021/ja3124509


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A person appointed to manage the affairs of another or to represent another in a judgment.
In ENGLISH LAW, the name formerly given to practitioners in ecclesiastical and ADMIRALTY courts who performed duties similar to those of solicitors in ordinary courts.
In old English law, a proctor was an attorney who practiced in the ecclesiastical and admiralty courts. Proctors, also known as procurators, served a similar function as solicitors in the ordinary courts of England. The title of proctor was merged with that of solicitor in 1873, but it is sometimes used in the United States to designate practitioners in probate and admiralty courts.
The use of proctors and procurators was an important step in English law because it signified the acceptance of LEGAL REPRESENTATION. Procuration allowed one person to give power to another to act in his behalf. The proctor became the agent of the client, legally entitled to perform all actions that the client could have performed.
A "procuracy" was the writing or instrument that authorized a proctor or procurator to act. The document called a "power of attorney," which authorizes an attorney or agent to represent a person's interests, is based on this relationship. A POWER OF ATTORNEY may be general, giving the agent blanket authority to perform all necessary acts for the person, or specific, limiting the agent to certain actions.
The term procuracy was shortened to proxy, which has gained a more specific meaning. A proxy is a person who is substituted or designated by another to represent her, usually in a meeting or before a public body. Shareholders in a corporation commonly use a written proxy to give someone else the right to vote their shares at a shareholders' meeting.
Additional topics
Law Library - American Law and Legal InformationFree Legal Encyclopedia: Prerogative orders to Prohibition


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BOSTON, MA – (July 1, 2010) – Major League Lacrosse (MLL), the premier professional outdoor lacrosse league, and New Balance today announced a partnership that will use the upcoming Major League Lacrosse All Star game to raise funds and awareness for the Boston-based MetroLacrosse program, which is the largest urban lacrosse program in the US, serving more than 700 urban youths in Boston, Chelsea, Brockton and Lawrence.
The MLL All Star game, in which the Major League Lacrosse All Stars take on the US Men's National Team, will take place on July 8th at 7PM at Harvard Stadium in Boston and be broadcast on ESPN2HD. All Team MLL players will autograph their limited-edition jerseys worn during the game and the jerseys will be auctioned off from 9 p.m. July 8- to 9 p.m. July 18th. The New Balance Foundation will match the funds raised by fans and all proceeds from the auction will benefit MetroLacrosse's efforts to expand its successful urban lacrosse program to other major cities.
"Major League Lacrosse is very pleased to do all we can to support the work of MetroLacrosse, which has changed the lives of so many young people in the Boston area," said MLL commissioner David Gross. "We have seen MetroLacrosse grow over the last decade to become the country's largest urban lacrosse program and we look forward to seeing the organization expand into other major cities across the country."
"New Balance is proud to partner with MetroLacrosse, an organization that not only works to bring lacrosse to urban youth but provides academic support and mentoring to its participants," said Mark Cavanaugh, general manager of team sports for New Balance. "Lacrosse is America's fastest growing team sport and we support MetroLacrosse for making it accessible to young people who otherwise would not have access to the excitement and lessons in teambuilding that come with this game."
Since 2007, Major League Lacrosse, with the generous support of the New Balance Foundation, has raised over $120,000 for charities through the online auctioning of limited-edition, autographed All-Star Game jerseys. Past beneficiaries of the MLL All Star Game have included Wounded Warrior Project (2007), Special Olympics North America (2008), and the Boys and Girls Clubs of America (2009).
"We are very grateful for being chosen as this year's MLL All Star Game Charity and for the ongoing support of Major League Lacrosse and New Balance as we've grown over the last decade," said Emily Helm President & CEO of MetroLacrosse. "The proceeds from this event and the further support of New Balance and Major League Lacrosse will help MetroLacrosse take our successful model to other major cities where we will involve more urban youth in lacrosse and promote academic and personal excellence in each of our participants."
Tickets for the MLL All Star Game can be purchased by calling 617-746-9933 and at www.bostoncannons.com.
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Pre-purchase Examinations
When considering the purchase of a new horse, a pre-purchase examination can help a buyer with his or her decision making process. While a pre-purchase exam is not a guarantee of future soundness, it can help a buyer identify reasons to either go ahead with the purchase of that horse or to possibly keep looking for a horse more suitable for his or her needs. Typically, the buyer is responsible for making an appointment and for the costs of a pre-purchase examination. Pre-purchase examinations are designed on a case-by-case basis in accordance with a buyer's expectations. Therefore, prices and the time spent on each examination will range significantly. It is important to have an idea of what you expect from the examination and to discuss your expectations with the VMC veterinarian. A basic pre-purchase examination will include a thorough physical examination and a lameness evaluation (including joint flexion tests). For buyers wishing a more extensive examination, upper airway endoscopy, digital radiography, ultrasound, and other assessments can easily be accommodated for an additional fee. At the end of the examination, the potential buyer will be given a typed record of the exam findings and will then be the owner of that information. It will be his or her discretion to share that information with the horse's current owner. Given the detail of pre-purchase examinations and time required to complete comprehensive evaluations, patients are scheduled at 9 a.m. and 1 p.m. You can expect to spend the morning or afternoon at the hospital while the exam is being completed.
Lameness/performance evaluation
The Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center has equine clinicians with not only years of experience in diagnosing lameness and performance limiting conditions, but who are recognized nationally for their contributions. The Medical Center has state of the art capabilities to diagnose even the trickiest of performance issues. (link "capabilities" to "diagnostic imaging") Lameness evaluations are conducted on a case-by-case basis and can include regional nerve blocks and/or joint blocks to help localize the region causing lameness. More extensive lameness cases may require the aid of diagnostic imaging to arrive at a definitive diagnosis. You should expect your horse to spend half a day with us and it is advisable to bring the horse's full tack to the appointment. If necessary, you should be prepared to ride to allow lameness assessment under saddle. Your clinician will communicate with you throughout the lameness examination to keep you informed of diagnostic plans and treatment options.
The clinicians at the Medical Center are knowledgeable in state-of-the-art therapies and are happy to offer such treatments as Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP), Stem Cell therapy, IRAP, and Extracorporeal Shockwave therapy.
Ground breaking on an indoor performance evaluation center will take place this spring to allow a year-round, climate-controlled environment in which to conduct lameness evaluations. It will be equipped with modern diagnostic, research, and rehabilitation equipment. Stay tuned!
Abdominal Procedures
Gastroscopy is the only way in which to definitively diagnose gastric (stomach) ulcers. This outpatient procedure requires sedation and a small camera is passed through the horse's nasal passages, down the esophagus, and into the stomach. Your horse will need an empty stomach, however, and it is recommended they be held off feed for 12 hours and water for 4 hours prior to your appointment.
Emergency colic surgery
The staff at the LVMC are available at all hours to accept emergencies. Our sterile colic surgery suite is equipped with a closed-circuit camera allowing owners to observe surgery from the privacy of a designated room.
Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that uses multiple small incisions to accommodate specialized instruments. Laparoscopy is available for certain abdominal procedures, such as cryptorchid castration
and ovariectomy.
Diagnostic Imaging
Ultrasound is a diagnostic method used to detect soft tissue injuries. A probe is placed on the area of interest and sound waves are used to reflect an image of the tissues onto the screen. Occasionally a patient will require sedation for this procedure.
Computed Radiography (digital x-rays)
The LVMC is proud to offer digital radiography. The benefit of this over standard film radiographs is improved contrast with a digital image, less time spent in the radiography suite, instant access to images, and images that are portable on a disk or USB drive.
Nuclear Medicine (bone scan)
Bone scans (nuclear scintigraphy) are helpful in detecting subtle lamenesses or musculoskeletal performance disorders that are unable to be blocked out with nerve or joint blocks. The patient is injected in the vein with a radioactive isotope that is taken up by tissues undergoing active remodeling. As the patient is radioactive for a period of time after the procedure, at least two days' hospitalization is required.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging is available for the foot, ankle, and head. The specific detail of structures obtained is the biggest benefit to this imaging technique. General anesthesia is required for this procedure.
CT (coming soon)
A Computed Tomography unit is anticipated to be operational at the LVMC soon. This will allow 3-D imaging of fractures and other more specific imaging of bone and soft tissue structures.
Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgery utilizing a small camera in which access to joints is achieved through small incisions. It is used for the removal of bone fragments, repair of certain intra-articular soft tissue injuries, diagnosis of joint conditions, and treatment of OCD (osteochondritis disssecans). General anesthesia is required as well as hospitalization for at least 2 days.
Fracture Repair
Fractures ranging from small splint bone fractures to those involving the long bones (cannon bone, tibia, etc) are repaired using internal fixation utilizing ASIF principles, external fixation, or other methods of repair.
Tendon and Ligament Injury Evaluation and Treatment
Injury to tendons and ligaments is common in athletes. Each patient will be thoroughly examined to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. Multiple treatment options are available including Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP), Stem Cell therapy, IRAP, and Extracorporeal Shockwave therapy. An underwater treadmill for rehabilitation of soft tissue injuries will be available in the new Performance Evaluation Center. Stay tuned!
Upper Airway Examination
A small camera is passed through the nasal passages and into the pharynx and larynx to observe structures important for proper airway function. Additionally, the guttural pouches are able to be examined for signs of bacterial or fungal infection, inflammation. Sedation may be required for this outpatient procedure.
Treadmill Evaluation
Examination of the upper airway during exercise can be an important part of diagnosing performance limiting disorders. The LVMC has an equine treadmill available for dynamic upper airway evaluation. The endoscope (link to "endoscopy") camera is placed in the nasal passages to view the response of the larynx during the extreme differences in airway pressure experienced during exercise. Horses require at least two days' hospitalization to become accustomed to the treadmill prior to this examination.
General Surgery Procedures
In addition to offering state-of-the-art procedures expected of a university hospital, the LVMC is proud to also offer general surgical procedures such as:
• Castration
• Laceration repair
• Limb deformity correction of foals
• Umbilical hernia repair
• Laser Surgery


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Strategic Plan Review
The Strategic Plan 2006-2010 has guided the Williamsburg Regional Library's operations since the plan's adoption in 2005. At this midpoint in the plan, the review committee was charged with examining four primary areas and evaluating the Library's progress in developing each of them. The committee was asked to prepare a written report presenting findings and recommendations for action during the remainder of the current plan and for consideration in the development of the next strategic plan.
The review committee believes the library has adhered to the plan well. Planning assumptions have generally been correct, and demographic trends have not changed appreciably. While the library can improve on some items related to values and strategic directions, it is making solid progress toward achieving the plan's goals. Future plans will benefit from the refinement of some values statements, clarification about the role of demographic information, and an expanded consideration of technology.
Planning Assumptions
The committee examined the assumptions, assessing how accurate each one has proved to date. Commercial, residential, educational, and not-for-profit development has clearly had "an impact on the use of the Williamsburg Regional Library facilities." Use of the James City County Library is up significantly; we attribute this increase to development in upper James City and York counties. The library has demonstrated its commitment to providing "a wide variety of materials, formats, and delivery options" both in its building-based offerings and in the execution of its outreach plans. The City of Williamsburg and James City County have provided steadfast support for "the services of the Williamsburg Regional Library for their residents." The Friends, Foundation, and other donors have also supported "the provision of non-budgeted resources, services, and special programs." The library's partnership program has continued to evolve. Ineffective partnerships have been terminated and the library has narrowed its focus to a core of central, stable relationships. To date, businesses have preferred informal partnerships.
The assumption that "economic uncertainties will continue to affect the Williamsburg Regional Library" has been a prescient one. The economic downturn that began in late 2007 is having a significant effect at the state and local levels. Virginia's revenue shortfall has triggered decreases in state aid to public libraries. Although the library's Board of Trustees adopted a PSA Dewberry building study in April 2007, financial circumstances have forced James City County to remove a third library from its current capital improvement plan. York County plans to open its own upper county library by April 2009, and it will withdraw all WRL funding in fiscal year 2010. Consequently, the library will continue to examine all options for service to users.
The assumption that an "expanding population will increase demand on library facilities" was a challenging one for the committee to assess. While the area's population grew by 24 percent between 2000 and 2007, the number of library cardholders only increased by 12 percent. The committee attributes this pattern to the availability of information on the Internet, changes in cardholder privileges, and more frequent purges of inactive cards. However, we also believe it demonstrates the need for the library to continually work on its external relations and publicize its collections, programs, and services.
Core Values
The committee consulted with staff members throughout the organization to assess how well the library embraces its core values. Several areas emerged as great strengths. "Free and confidential access," for example, continues to be a priority as evidenced by Internet filtering options and staff training. Staff members also believe that "courteous service" and acting on user input are priorities for the library. Literacy is an ongoing theme in all aspects of library operations; staff members take their roles as stewards of public trust very seriously; and cooperative work with groups in our community is an area where WRL excels.
Staff members note a potential conflict between the statement "we value all residents in our community" and cardholder privileges. Future strategic plans should address the role that jurisdictions' financial contributions play in defining residents and the library services they receive. Expanded Outreach Services will also make more sense if future plans specify the value the library places on serving vulnerable populations who are the least able to visit buildings and vans.
The diversity statement is a broad and somewhat puzzling one. The next strategic plan should restate this value to reflect a commitment not only to diverse collections, but also to diverse programming, staffing, and user groups. Staff members are clearly "talented, well-trained, and knowledgeable." While they generally agree that WRL offers a "positive work environment," many expressed a need for greater inclusion in decision-making processes. The committee encourages the library administration to address this need.
Statistical estimates from the Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service and the U.S. Census Bureau indicate that the trends outlined in the plan have not changed. Rapid population growth has continued; the proportion of the population age 65 and over is expanding; and the proportion age 0-19 is holding steady. The school-age population, in fact, has fallen below projections. This trend has allowed for a one-year delay in the construction of a ninth elementary and a fourth middle school.
The community's Hispanic population is estimated at 2.6 percent, a 30 percent increase from 2000. The proportion of the African-American population has continued to decrease, dropping from 15 to 13 percent of residents. The committee believes future plans will benefit from an examination of additional racial and ethnic groups in our community. Median household incomes in James City County continue to be higher than average; incomes in the City of Williamsburg continue to be below average. While housing prices are moderating, home ownership is still out of reach for many individuals who live and work in our community. Despite the improvements offered by Williamsburg Area Transport, limited public transportation is still an issue.
In the midst of overall affluence, poverty persists in our community. It is less than the statewide average of 10 percent in James City County (where 6.1 percent of residents live in poverty) and higher in the City of Williamsburg (where 22.7 percent of residents live in poverty). Children are particularly likely to be poor in Williamsburg where 32.3 percent of residents age 5-17 live in families in poverty. We recommend that future strategic plans be clear about the role demographic information will play in the library's plans and priorities.
Strategic Directions
The committee examined each division and department's monthly reports to assess progress in these areas. It also consulted with appropriate directors and managers. The library has clearly embraced the directions statements. A 2007 citizen survey ranks the library as the top "community aspect" in James City County. This placement reflects the way staff members treat "all users with courtesy and respect" at public desks and van stops. The ranking is also a result of staff members' hard work behind the scenes in Finance and General Services as well as Automated, Circulation, and Technical Services. A commitment to "putting users' needs and expectations first" is evident in the library's ability to fill over 90 percent of user requests.
WRL provides excellent collections, programs, meeting space, and outreach services. A "focus on books and reading" is evident throughout Youth Services, and Adult Services has a national reputation for its Readers' Advisory work. Statistically, each item in the collection circulates 3.6 times per year, and the library offers materials in a variety of formats. The library uses "technology appropriately," treating it as a means of achieving institutional goals rather than a goal unto itself. Given technology's importance and the pace of technological change, however, future strategic plans should address this topic more completely. Programming is another area of strength. Youth and Mobile Library Services have outstanding traditions of literacy-based programs. Program Services has offered the Dewey Decibel Concert Series for more than twenty-five years and has a long history of hosting exhibits, film series, and book discussion programs. The library has demonstrated a commitment to meeting space by renovating rooms, installing hearing assist loops, and expanding meeting room assistance at the James City County Library. Outreach Services has been a top priority. The library made major changes in its organizational structure to expand that division and purchased new vehicles to further "extend services beyond the walls of library buildings."
Organizational changes in the Facilities Department have significantly improved building cleanliness and maintenance, and the department has completed many projects throughout library facilities. The library now devotes a specific Staff Excellence Award to "day-to-day operations," and its "culture of excellence and innovation" is reflected in staff members' involvement in professional activities and their receipt of awards at the state and national levels.
Between now and 2010, the committee believes there are two areas where the library should refine its focus. First, it should specify the scope of its Adult programming. The Adult Services Division's involvement in programming has expanded in recent years. That programming has proven the most effective for topics (like classic films and some author visits) specifically related to the library's collections. Focusing programming on these areas will free Adult Services staff members to participate in expanded outreach services.
Second, the library should develop a more comprehensive, systematic approach to its external relations. The library's public website, for example, needs attention from both technological standpoints (such as the incorporation of RSS feeds) and organizational ones. The current model, one in which many divisions are responsible for the site, contributes to the website's uneven look, feel, and content. Future models will require continued adaptation of the library's organizational structures. As both adult programming and outreach services have expanded, a need for additional publicity capacity and uniformity of the library's "brand" has also emerged. While the launch of a graphics standards manual and archive has addressed this issue to some degree, divisions continue to need more publicity than current structures offer. Again, this area is one where the redistribution of existing resources will be required.
This review has occurred during a particularly uncertain time for the Williamsburg Regional Library. The committee's discussions often focused on change, transition, priorities, and difficult choices. We believe the library has entered this period of uncertainty with a strong foundation of success and support from staff members, the Board of Trustees, the Friends, the Foundation, the City of Williamsburg, James City County, and the users we serve. With a renewed commitment to inclusive decision-making and a willingness to tackle remaining challenges, we believe the library is well positioned to manage its future.
Genevieve S. Owens, Assistant Director and Chair
Reba Friedrich, Youth Services Librarian
Sarah Houghland, Board of Trustees
Mary H. Norment, Board of Truste
Melissa Simpson, Mobile Library Services Manager
Approved by the Williamsburg Regional Library Board of Trustees June 25, 2008.


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If you've been through all the vinyl flooring sections and still haven't found the product for you, maybe you require something more specialized.
That's why we created this section. Within it you'll discover four different and distinct products that really are in a class by themselves.
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And in your home.
It's enjoying renewed popularity as a flooring choice because it is made of natural ingredients. So you may take a natural liking to it.
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An advantage to you is the fact that the color in linoleum goes all the way through, making it extremely wearable and durable.
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Linoleum can be wiped with water but should not be left wet
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Cork flooring can be a viable alternative for any room in your home.
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However, cork flooring is much warmer than wood as well as being durable and forgiving.
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Maintaining a cork floor depends on the type of finish, but it is usually treated like wood, which means sweeping or vacuuming regularly to keep it grit-free.
Wipe up spills promptly, and only use cleansers that are recommended by the flooring manufacturer.
Cork flooring can be wiped with a barely damp cloth and towel-dried.
Never wet mop.
Waxed cork needs occasional re-waxing and buffing to preserve its beauty.
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One thing is certain, these flooring products are all very unique and definitely out of the mainstream. If that seems to describe you, your lifestyle and living space, welcome home.


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Amsterdam, 8 May 2014. Despite fears over cost, the wide-scale screening of young people to detect risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) is feasible and cost effective, according to a study presented at EuroPRevent 2014.(1) More than 12,000 people aged between 14 and 35 were screened at a cost of £35 (40 euro) each; rates of subsequent referral for further investigation were low and considered of "a relative low additional cost" to health services.
The study was reported today at the EuroPRevent congress 2014 in Amsterdam by Dr Rajay Narain, Clinical Research Fellow from the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, St George's University of London (and Cardiac Risk in the Young Heart Screening Charity), UK.
As background to the study Dr Narain explained that the most publicised cases of SCD in young people occur in elite sports players and athletes. Yet the majority of cases occur as a result of inherited cardiac conditions (such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), and a large proportion of these, he adds, can be detected during life. SCD in a young person is likely to have resulted from an arrhythmia caused by a mutation in one of the cardiac ion channels or from other inherited conditions affecting the muscles of the heart.
"To prevent such tragedies," said Dr Narain, "sporting and scientific bodies recommend pre-participation screening in young athletes. However, this approach is controversial because of cost - and most SCDs in the young are likely to occur in non-competitive athletes. It was thus our aim to see if population screening was feasible in this age group."
The study involved the screening of 12,000 young people irrespective of their athletic ability. Only 13% were considered elite athletes. Screening was performed at a cost of £35 per individual and comprised a health questionnaire, 12-lead ECG and consultation with a cardiologist. Those with abnormalities had an echocardiogram on the day or were referred for further evaluation. Follow-up data were obtained through self-reported patient questionnaires.
Results showed that almost one-in-ten of the population (9.4%) were sent for echocardiography on the day, and 2.7% (323 individuals) were referred for further assessment. Of these who responded to the questionnaire and completed their follow-up investigations (189), a cardiac pathology (or findings necessitating regular follow-up) were identified in 31 (16%). The most common were heart block (10), irregular heart rhythm (9) and valvular heart disease (6). Different cardiomyopathies were evident in 11 cases.
These pathologies were identified following an average of 1.6 further investigations, which included echo, 24-hour ECG and exercise testing.
Commenting on the results, Dr Narain said that the concept of early identification of potential victims is still a highly controversial issue. "Those opposed question the cost effectiveness of pre-participation screening and the need for multiple investigations to identify so many disease processes implicated in sudden cardiac death," he said, adding that there are also concerns about the medical and legal implications of false positive and negative results.
However, by applying such a screening programme as the one investigated here, Dr Nairn said that many of the sudden deaths from these conditions, which number around 15 per week in the UK, can be prevented.
"Fortunately," said Dr Narain, "the incidence of SCD, especially in people doing sports, is low, so several thousand athletes have to be assessed to identify the one who might die suddenly. But despite their rarity, such events are highly visible, particularly when high-profile athletes are involved. The cardiac arrest of the footballer Fabrice Muamba last year is just one example of the societal impact of such tragedies."
Population screening to prevent SCD in young people is "possible and achievable" said Dr Narain, who added: "Most developed countries have the potential for creating an infrastructure in high schools similar to established immunisation programmes. There is evidence that teachers, coaches and even volunteering parents could be trained in ECGs. The incentive is prudent - 25–30% of the population in the Western world is now aged 18 or under."


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This triangle plot shows the relative concentrations of some of the major chemical elements in the Martian rock "Esperance." Some elements are summed together. For example, a rock containing calcium, sodium and/or potassium, but no aluminum and no iron or magnesium, would plot in the lower left corner of this diagram. Silicate minerals that plot below the dashed line tend to be igneous, while ones that plot above it are typically dominated by clays.
The compositions of average Martian crust and of montmorillonite, a common clay mineral, are shown. Also shown, in yellow, are measurements made on Esperance. Some Esperance measurement locations were contaminated with soil or other materials, and so they plot close to average Martian crust. The target location "Esperance6", however, was abraded with Opportunity's rock abrasion tool (RAT) and was relatively uncontaminated. Esperance6 plots close to montmorillonite, providing strong evidence for the presence of clay minerals.


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Water SA
On-line version ISSN 1816-7950
Print version ISSN 0378-4738
Water SA vol.37 n.5 Pretoria Jan. 2011
Eutrophication: present reality and future challenges for South Africa
CE van Ginkel*
Cripsis Environment, 590 20th Avenue, Rietfontein 0084, Pretoria, South Africa
During the past 40 years, eutrophication has become an increasing threat to the usability of South African freshwater resources. Despite legislation moderating the discharge of phosphorus from some wastewater treatment works since the 1980s, eutrophication of freshwater resources is now widespread. Two important consequences are blooms of cyanobacteria, carrying the threat of cyanotoxin contamination, and excessive growth of macrophytes, which clog water-supply structures and reduce the recreational value of aquatic resources. Eutrophication-management options include reduction of phosphorus in detergents, biomanipulation of the food web, accurate prediction of cyanobacterial growth cycles, and mechanical disturbance of the epilimnion. The implementation of adaptive management to deal with eutrophication would ensure the testing and application of the most appropriate methodology to each eutrophic water body. Continued monitoring and reporting of trophic status are essential to establish whether interventions are having any effect.
Keywords: biomanipulation, cyanobacteria, eutrophication, forward prediction, management, low-p detergents, phosphorus, zero-phosphate
Eutrophication is the process of nutrient enrichment and the associated excessive plant growth in water bodies. It is part of the natural ageing process of lakes and is accelerated by human impacts. High nutrient concentrations are the result of cultural and natural influxes of nutrients (Fig. 1).
Cultural eutrophication is related to anthropogenic activities - human, social and economic activities. In theory, this form of eutrophication is controllable, because people can take measures to minimise the impact of their activities. Wellknown impacts of cultural eutrophication include:
Accelerated population growth and associated settlement patterns
Watershed or catchment area alterations, such as dams that are built for water storage to supply increasing population needs
Increased wastewater treatment works discharges
Increased fertiliser applications to increase food production
Intensive farming practices that cause increased nutrientpolluted return flows
Poor agricultural practices, for example when farmers plough and cultivate the riparian zones of water resources
Natural eutrophication is caused by the influx of nutrients from natural sources, including the rocks, soil and other natural features within a catchment area. This type of eutrophication is not reversible or controllable, and will therefore continue slowly and inevitably.
The factors driving eutrophication are high nutrient concentration and stagnation for prolonged periods, with suitable temperature, oxygen concentration and proper light regime. These conditions encourage increased primary growth in the form of algae and macrophytes, culminating in severe blooms and eutrophication or, in extreme cases, a hypertrophic state.
In this paper the current situation regarding eutrophication in South Africa will be assessed and the future challenges facing the country will be identified against a historical background of research and management initiatives. The current reality of the eutrophication situation faced by the country will be outlined, and an account will be given of a number of the more recent initiatives to manage eutrophication, as well as a description of an adaptive management process through which it is proposed that the eutrophication problems be addressed in future.
History of eutrophication research andmanagement in South Africa
The history of eutrophication research and management in South Africa is schematically illustrated in Fig. 2. Numerous studies drew attention to the eutrophication problem in the late 1970s and early 1980s and many eutrophication-management options were suggested (e.g. Toerien, 1977; Walmsley and Butty, 1980; Zohary et al., 1988). An effluent standard of 1 mg/ℓ orthophosphate for wastewater discharges from point sources was therefore promulgated by DWAF on 1 August 1980 (Water, 1988). Note that the 1 mg P/ℓ standard is an effluent discharge standard, not an in-stream or inlake standard. The ameliorating effects of natural in-stream processes are relied upon to act on the discharged effluent and reduce nutrient concentrations to acceptable levels within a river system. Unfortunately, the capacity of in-stream processes to achieve the desired nutrient reduction is often exceeded (Hohls, 1998).
During 1985 the Department of Water Affairs initiated the first eutrophication-focused monitoring programme, which covered the 7 sensitive catchments mentioned in the Government Gazette Notice No. 1567. Unfortunately, the Department of Water Affairs acceded to requests from many of the affected authorities by exempting them for 5 years from compliance with the 1 mg P/ℓ standard (Taylor et al., 1984; Van der Merwe, 1989; Van Ginkel et al., 2001).
During the period 1985 to 1988, the Department of Water Affairs and the CSIR completed an investigation, using the Reservoir Eutrophication Model (REM), to predict the impact of the P-standard on water quality in the sensitive catchments (Grobler and Silberbauer, 1984; Rossouw, 1990). On the basis of these findings the target water quality aimed to control eutrophication was set 'to maintain mean chlorophyll concentrations in the receiving water bodies at such levels that severe nuisance conditions would not occur for more than 20% of the time. This translated into a phosphorus management objective (PMO) or endpoint of maintaining mean total phosphorus concentrations in reservoirs at 130 µg/ℓ P or lower (DWA, 1988; ANON, 1988a; ANON, 1988b).
During the 1990s South African eutrophication-related work focused only on specific impacted areas, for example the Buffalo River Situation Analysis (Van Ginkel et al., 1996). The aim of the Buffalo River study was to understand all the pathways and impacts related to eutrophication within the spe cific catchment areas. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Department of Water Affairs and the WRC assessed the shortcomings in eutrophication research and management with a specific focus on the WRC's contribution and the impact of its research (Walmsley, 2000; Harding, 2006; Frost & Sullivan, 2010). The result was a renewed focus on eutrophication-related problems and management options after 2000 (Quayle et al., 2010; Van Ginkel et al., 2009).
Eutrophication reality in South Africa
South Africa's most limiting natural resource is freshwater (Van Ginkel et al., 2001). Thus, the provision of safe and suf ficient drinking water in South Africa relies on the availability of freshwater resources.
From 1985 onward, the Department of Water Affairs focused its monitoring on areas affected by eutrophication through the Trophic Status Project. After the implementation of the National Eutrophication Monitoring Programme (NEMP) in 2002, the Department also began regularly releasing data maps indicating the extent of eutrophication thereby improving the knowledge about eutrophication in South Africa for an increasing number of sites. The classification system for the sampling sites used by the Department of Water Affairs is shown in Table 1.
From Fig. 3 it is clear that South Africa is facing widespread eutrophication-related problems, most of them associated with the larger metropolitan areas and the dams on which these areas rely for their water supplies.
The main reasons for viewing eutrophication of freshwater resources as a serious problem, which threatens our ability to supply sufficient and safe drinking water to an increasing population, are the following accompanying factors:
Production of cyanotoxins and their potential impact on the health of end users
Financial implications of dealing with noxious macrophyte control
Cyanobacterial blooms
Cyanobacterial blooms and their effects are symptoms of increasing eutrophication. They are widespread, frequent and typically seasonal. Many cyanobacterial genera produce one or more of a range of cyanotoxins (WHO, 1999) and many are associated with taste and odour problems encountered by water treatment works (Wnorowski 1992; Swanepoel et al., 2008). The ingestion of water containing high concentrations of cyanobacterial toxin (in drinking or in recreational waters) presents a risk to human and animal health (Pouria et al., 1998; WHO, 1999; Botes et al., 2004). The increasing frequency of cyanobacterial blooms in South African impoundments and rivers is a cause for concern. Since 1990 the research focus, internationally and nationally, has shifted to expanding our knowledge of the driving forces behind cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxin production. Toxic cyanobacterial blooms are a threat to the supply of safe drinking water in large parts of South Africa (Van Ginkel, 2004), especially in areas where water purification is minimal or not fully functional (Van Ginkel and Conradie, 2001).
Microcystis spp. are the dominant bloom-forming cyanobacterial species present in South Africa (Wnorowski, 1992; Harding and Paxton, 2001; Downing and Van Ginkel, 2003; Van Ginkel, 2004). Additionally Oscillatoria spp. (Harding and Paxton, 2001, Van Ginkel and Conradie, 2001) and Cylindrospermopsis (Van Ginkel and Conradie, 2001) occur in bloom-forming condition.
Production of cyanobacterial toxins in 5 South African hypertrophic systems is several orders of magnitude higher than figures reported for northern hemisphere countries (Fig. 4 and Fig. 5). The 5 most hypertrophic systems in South Africa have cyanotoxin concentrations in excess of 1 µg/ℓ for more than 80% of the time (Fig. 4). South African maximum total microcystin concentrations are also much higher than those reported in Finland and North America.
The severity of cyanobacterial blooms in South Africa is evident from the number of livestock and wild animal deaths recorded since 1950 (Harding and Paxton, 2001). Eutrophication-related contamination of water also occurs in the Kruger National Park and several mammal deaths were reported during 2005 and 2007 (Oberholster, 2009). Clearly, management techniques aimed at preventing widespread cyanotoxin poisoning need to be applied in South Africa.
Excessive macrophyte growth
The presence of high concentrations of nutrients supports the rapid growth of macrophytes. Excessive macrophyte biomass blocks waterways, impedes access to dams and rivers, clogs drainage systems and contributes to flooding and the destruction of canals.
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) control alone costs South Africa in the order of R12 million per annum.
The widespread economic damage is matched by the ecological effects which result in the displacement of indigenous flora and fauna through habitat alteration (Byrne et al., 2010). Many aquatic macrophytes are exotic, problem-causing species, including water hyacinth, red water fern (Azolla spp.), water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), Kariba weed (Salvinia molesta), Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) and parrot's feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum). Hydrilla is the latest addition to this list of problematic species, although its presence was already recorded in South Africa as early as 1963 (Coetzee et al., 2011b).
Extensive research has been done on the management of these noxious aquatic weeds. Many biological control methods (Cilliers, 1991; Cilliers et al., 2003; Modjadje Vegetation, 2008; Coetzee et al., 2011a) and chemical control methods have been implemented with varying degrees of success. An integrated approach appears to be the most promising solution to combat aquatic weeds, especially water hyacinth (Modjadje Vegetation, 2008; Byrne et al., 2010).
Eutrophication management
Over the years, it became increasingly apparent that South Africa needs to perform pilot testing of eutrophication-management options to determine their effectiveness and applicability for implementation at other impacted sites. This realisation prompted the initiation of management-focused research through the WRC (Pillay and Buckley, 2001; Rossouw et al., 2008). A number of the more recent case studies that have been or are being conducted to investigate plausible options to manage eutrophication are discussed below.
Low-P detergents
It is acknowledged that the most effective method to combat nutrient enrichment is to minimise the influx of nutrients into freshwater systems. This perspective prompted the re investigation of means to control the influx of phosphate into water bodies. The first study in this regard was to investigate the desirability of introducing low phosphorus detergents. The WRC consequently commissioned a project entitled 'Investigation of the positive and negative consequences associated with the introduction of zero-phosphate detergents into South Africa', with the main aims of determining:
The contribution of detergent phosphates to the phosphate loading at wastewater treatment facilities
The potential impact of introducing low- to zero-phosphate detergents into South Africa (Quayle et al., 2010).
Impacts of the removal of detergent phosphorus on in-dam phosphate and chlorophyll a levels were modelled based on predicted reductions in inflow loading using the OECD eutrophication model Jones and Lee, 1982) and the Walker Reservoir Models (Thornton and Harding, 2005). Results show a variable decrease in total phosphorus ranging from 3% - 35%, largely dependent on the demographics of each catchment. A mean reduction of 12% across all dams was calculated (Quayle et al., 2010).
Next, a number of dams were studied to determine the potential effect that the introduction of zero-phosphate detergent can be expected to have on the time dams spend in a non-eutrophic state (55 µg/ℓ total phosphorus in-lake median concentration used as a threshold (Harding, 2008)) (Table 2). It is clear that some dams could potentially receive a much lower phosphorus input, especially the most hypertrophic sites. Although this is not the ultimate management option and will not eliminate phosphates from freshwater systems, it is potentially the first important step towards active control of eutrophication in South Africa since the implementation of the 1 mg P/ℓ standard in 1980. Legislation should compel detergent manufacturers to produce low-phosphate or phosphate-free detergents. To promote their use they should be made available at the same cost as detergents containing phosphate. At least one large manufacturer has already undertaken to do this voluntarily (Quayle, 2011).
Biomanipulation techniques target food-chain functioning and involve the use or harvesting of non-desirable organisms to eventually control algal growth or other components of the food chain that may cause eutrophication-related problems. The main aim is to control certain key species at critical points in the food web, e.g. fish species that prey on zooplankton to an extent that may alter the normal functioning of the ecosystem. These methods have been studied extensively in the northern hemisphere, but need to be tested locally in order to evaluate their applicability under South African climatic conditions. The northern hemisphere test sites were in cooler regions with shorter summer seasons than South Africa.
DH Environmental Consulting, funded by the Finnish Government in association with DEA and DWA, developed a management plan for the Hartbeespoort Dam. The Department of Water Affairs continued its support of this initiative by funding a project (Harties, Metsi a Me) on the Hartbeespoort Dam to combat the severe eutrophication impacts in this system. This project is testing an integrated water-management system and is managed by the Regional DWA Office at Hartbeespoort Dam. They are testing methodologies, monitoring quite extensively, harvesting fish and improving upstream wetlands. One of the objectives of the project is to improve the zooplankton concentration. At time of publication the project is ongoing and a final assessment is not available, but preliminary results suggest that the concentration of filter-feeding cladoceran zooplankton increased during the summer period from 2008 to 2010 (Fig. 6).
The efficacy of the eutrophication-management methods used for Hartbeespoort Dam still needs to be confirmed during the final evaluation of the successes and failures of the project in combination with results of the monitoring initiative. For example, evidence is needed to support the hypothesis that the gradual increase of filter-feeding cladoceran zooplankton, specifically during summer, is the result of a greater abundance of the edible algal species preferred by zooplankton present in the system, which in turn came about in response to the manipulation of the food chain by fish harvesting.
Prediction of cyanobacterial blooms
The regular occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms and the potential health hazard posed by cyanotoxin production necessitate the development of forecasting tools. This will enable effective risk management by potable water-treatment works operators and controllers and provide early warning for recreational users. By implementing a forward prediction model to determine cyanobacterial bloom development, a water-treatment works controller will know when to stop pre-chlorination. The release of cyanotoxins into the treated water through die-off of algal cells during the pre-chlorination process is thus prevented (Swanepoel et al., 2008). Forewarning of abnormal conditions also enables a water-treatment process manager to purchase extra supplies, such as the case where activated carbon is not part of the normal treatment procedures.
The WRC funded a study that investigated the effectiveness of different models for forward prediction of cyanobacterial biomass (Van Ginkel et al., 2009). The hybrid evolutionary algorithm method, used to develop a rule-based agent for the forward prediction of Microcystis biomass in hypertrophic reservoirs of South Africa, proved to be the best. Data from Hartbeespoort Dam, Roodeplaat Dam and Rietvlei Dam for the period 1991 to 2005 was used to develop the best algorithms for the forward prediction of Microcystis biomass. The model was trained on 12 years' data from each dam, providing a set of 36 years' combined data for the 3 dams, while setting aside 2 years of data from each dam on which to test the developed algorithm. Thus 6 years of data were available for testing the algorithm (Fig. 7).
Sensitivity analysis indicates that initial biomass (estimated from chlorophyll a) and surface temperature, are the most important environmental variables for the 7-day forward prediction of Microcystis biomass in hypertrophic systems.
Under low phytoplankton-growth conditions the increases in initial biomass and surface temperature are the most important environmental variables contributing to the increase in Microcystis biomass. Under bloom-forming conditions, the increased changes in Microcystis biomass are primarily explained by the total phosphorus concentrations within the system (See Fig. 8).
Epilimnion disturbance through laminar flow
Epilimnion mixing is one of the most appropriate methods of combating cyanobacterial blooms (Hart and Hart, 2006). For this reason, the City of Tshwane, through their Rietvlei Water Treatment Works and in collaboration with the Department of Water Affairs, purchased 6 SolarBee® (patented solar-powered water circulator) pumping units and installed them in Rietvlei Dam in July 2008. The instruments were placed primarily near the intake water inflow into Rietvlei Dam. These instruments cause laminar flow that disturbs the water column to such an extent that conditions become unfavourable for cyanobacterial growth. Another 10 SolarBees were purchased in 2009 and placed in the dam, which is now covered extensively by these 16 devices.
The SolarBees in Rietvlei Dam are set up with the intake hoses at a depth of 4 m in order to cause laminar flow and disturb the stability of the epilimnion. The systems therefore do not cause complete mixing throughout the thermocline. The City of Tshwane is monitoring Rietvlei Dam regularly to assess the effectiveness of the SolarBee® instruments under South African conditions. The WRC is funding a follow-up project to the forward prediction model development, which is testing the model at the Rietvlei Dam Water Treatment Works. According to Coetzee (2011) the phytoplankton community has since installation of the SolarBee® instruments shifted away from the regular annual cyanobacterial blooms.
Adaptive eutrophication management
Various initiatives are under way for managing eutrophica tion in South Africa. The nation's research advisors will need to develop strategies to implement the most effective methods. One way to formalise the process is through adaptive eutrophication management (Fig. 10). Herewith the 6 steps that should be followed for successful adaptive eutrophication management:
Step 1: Monitoring
Monitoring is the first step in combating the problem. If monitoring does not happen, the extent of the problem, or sites in need of management, will not be known. Monitoring the extent of eutrophication in the country should lead to directed research to discover or investigate the most appropriate methods to implement at each impacted site.
Step 2: Directed research
Directed research determines the most effective management options for each specific site. This may be done by investigating all potential management options on small or large scale, leading to a better understanding of the problem. Directed research encourages the development of new monitoring methodology, management, and predictive capabilities, nutrient-limiting approaches and in-lake management options. Preferably, research or investigation of each management option should take place at different localities, to enable prioritisation according to efficiency and financial implications. In this way, management options can be considered in isolation and decisions can be based on scientifically sound research. This process will provide managers with several options to select from, when developing the manage ment plans for a specific site.
Step 3: Develop plans
Next, the selected eutrophication-management plans need to be developed with a view to implementation. An adequate budget is essential for this purpose.
Step 4: Implement plans
Next, the eutrophication-management plans need to be imple mented. Budgeting for sufficient funds is the sole responsibility of the national, regional and local institutions.
Step 5: Monitor successes
The functioning of implemented plans needs to be monitored and reported on in order to determine their effectiveness. When successes and failures are monitored and documented well, decisions to adapt management plans should fall in place.
Step 6: Adapt plans
The management plans need to be adapted, if necessary. Adaptation aligned to the outcome of implementation monitoring should ensure that the necessary funding is available for implementing the adapted implementation plans.
The responsibility to manage eutrophication in South Africa lies with the national, regional and local management institutions. In addition to the measures outlined in Steps 2, 3, 5 and 6, research institutions at national, regional and local levels should apply their knowledge in order to assist and improve eutrophication management in South Africa.
By following these 6 steps, South African water-resource managers can select the appropriate eutrophication-management strategy for each impacted site. This pre-empts crisis control. Sustainable management plans can be implemented to ensure safe water and accessible recreational sites to all end users.
Many control methods have been suggested and tested internationally:
Nutrient minimisation
Nutrient inactivation
Flow augmentation or flushing
Hypolimnetic aeration
Selective removal of hypolimnetic water
Laminar epilimnion disturbance
Water-level drawdown
Covering bottom sediment
Chemical control
Research on the effectiveness and applicability of these different methods in South Africa is critically important. The results will assist in selecting eutrophication-control measures suitable for South African climatic and economic conditions, in order to reach the ultimate goal of combating eutrophication sustainably in South African inland waters.
Eutrophication is a serious problem in a number of catchment areas in South Africa which appears to have escalated over time. The root of the problem is nutrient enrichment in freshwater resources and therefore the most important management approach involves minimising the influx of nutrients into freshwater systems. However, this approach is being supplemented with several other methods that are currently being evaluated or have been assessed in the recent past. The contributions of the Water Research Commission, the Department of Water Affairs, the CSIR, and their co-workers have been fundamental in creating the substantial knowledge base that already exists. Integrated water resource management for eutrophication should include:
Continued monitoring programmes
Continued initiatives to reduce the release of phosphorus into water resources; e.g. by introducing the use of low-P detergents
The development of a knowledge base encompassing all efficient and viable eutrophication-management options for
South African climatic conditions and social requirements
In-lake management options for sites that are already hypertrophic
Consideration of the further implementation of effective eutrophication-management methods to be used at further impacted sites
Ensuring adequate funding and efficient expenditure to combat the problem of nutrient enrichment of freshwater resources in a sustainable manner.
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This paper was originally presented at the Water Research Commission 40-Year Celebration Conference, Kempton Park, 31 August - 1 September 2011.
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